hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Layered hidden Markov model
The layered hidden Markov model (LHMM) is a statistical model derived from the hidden Markov model (HMM). 
A layered hidden Markov model consists of N levels of HMMs, where the HMMs on level i + 1 correspond to observation symbols or probability generators at level i.
Every level i of the LHMM consists of Ki HMMs running in parallel.

Statistical model
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables.  As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).
Grace Wolf-Chase
Grace Annamarie Wolf-Chase (née Wolf) is an American astronomer and science educator, working as a senior scientist and senior education and communication specialist at the Planetary Science Institute. Her research interests include star formation and planet formation. She is also interested in citizen science, and was one of the creators of The Milky Way Project, searching for stellar-wind bubbles in the Milky Way. Her work has also involved writing and communicating about the relation between astronomy and religion.

Stellar-wind bubble
A stellar-wind bubble is a cavity light-years across filled with hot gas blown into the interstellar medium by the high-velocity (several thousand km/s) stellar wind from a single massive star of type O or B. Weaker stellar winds also blow bubble structures, which are also called astrospheres. The heliosphere blown by the solar wind, within which all the major planets of the Solar System are embedded, is a small example of a stellar-wind bubble.

Stellar-wind bubbles have a two-shock structure. The freely-expanding stellar wind hits an inner termination shock, where its kinetic energy is thermalized, producing 106 K, X-ray-emitting plasma.  The hot, high-pressure, shocked wind expands, driving a shock into the surrounding interstellar gas. If the surrounding gas is dense enough (number densities  or so), the swept-up gas radiatively cools far faster than the hot interior, forming a thin, relatively dense shell around the hot, shocked wind.
George Teague
George Theo Teague (born February 18, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Green Bay Packers, Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins. He played college football at the University of Alabama.

Nickelback (American football)
In American football, a nickelback, also referred to as a slot cornerback or slot corner, is a cornerback or safety who serves as the additional defensive back in a nickel defense. A base defense consists of two cornerbacks and two safeties, making the nickelback the fifth defensive back on the field, thus tying the name of the position to the name of the North American 5-cent piece.
Addictions: Volume 1
Addictions: Volume 1 is the first compilation album by English singer Robert Palmer, released in 1989 by Island Records. It contains singles and album tracks, some in remix form, from Palmer's solo studio albums Double Fun (1978), Secrets (1979), Clues (1980), Pride (1983), Riptide (1985) and Heavy Nova (1988), plus two tracks from the live album Maybe It's Live, two tracks from the soundtrack to the film Sweet Lies, and one track from the Power Station's self-titled album (1985), on which Palmer is lead vocalist.

The Power Station (band)
The Power Station were a British-American 1980s/1990s rock and pop music supergroup originally formed in New York City and London in 1984. It was made up of singer Robert Palmer, former Chic drummer Tony Thompson, and Duran Duran members John Taylor (bass) and Andy Taylor (guitar). Bernard Edwards, also of Chic, was involved on the studio side as recording producer and for a short time also functioned as the Power Station's manager. Edwards also replaced John Taylor on bass for the recording of the band's second album. The band was formed in New York City late in 1984 during a break in Duran Duran's schedule that became a lengthy hiatus. The Power Station was named after the Power Station recording studio in New York, where their first album was conceived and recorded.
1973 US Open – Women's doubles
Françoise Dürr and Betty Stöve were the defending champions but lost in the quarterfinals to Chris Evert and Olga Morozova.

Margaret Court and Virginia Wade won the title by defeating Rosemary Casals and Billie Jean King 3–6, 6–3, 7–5 in the final.

Françoise Dürr
Françoise Dürr (born 25 December 1942; sometimes referred to by English writers as Frankie Durr) is a retired French tennis player. She won 50 singles titles and over 60 doubles titles.

Durr played with an unorthodox backhand, which she played with an Eastern forehand grip and her index finger extended up the handle. She is also noted for having an unorthodox serve that "might not have registered on a radar gun" according to her official Tennis Hall of Fame biography.

According to Lance Tingay, Bud Collins, and the Women's Tennis Association, Dürr was ranked in the world top ten from 1965 through 1967, from 1970 through 1972, and from 1974 through 1976, reaching a career high of world No. 3 in those rankings in 1967. She finished second to Billie Jean King in prize money earnings in 1971.

Dürr reached a total of 27 Grand Slam finals – one in singles, 18 in women's doubles, and eight in mixed doubles. She won twelve of them.
Columbia County Historical Society
The Columbia County Historical Society and CCHS Museum & Library (founded in 1916) collects, preserves, interprets, and presents the history, heritage, and culture of Columbia County, New York, and serves residents of all eighteen Columbia County towns and the city of Hudson.

CCHS collections include important and rare genealogical materials, archives, paintings, photographs, textiles, furniture and decorative arts relating to Columbia County's heritage.

The Columbia County Historical Society owns and maintains four historic properties including a museum & library at its headquarters located in the village of Kinderhook, New York at the corner of Broad Street and Albany Avenue. It also publishes an annual magazine, Columbia County History & Heritage.

Hudson, New York
Hudson is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, New York, United States. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,894. On the east side of the Hudson River, 120 miles (190 km) from the Atlantic Ocean, it was named after the river's explorer, Henry Hudson.

Often called the "Brooklyn of Upstate New York", Hudson is a tourist destination known for its antique shops and boutiques.
Brooksville, Mississippi
Brooksville is a town in Noxubee County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2020 census, Brooksville had a population of 915.

The Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge is located west of the town, and the Black Prairie Wildlife Management Area is located to the north.

Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge
Sam D. Hamilton Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge is a 48,000 acres (190 km2) National Wildlife Refuge located in the U.S. state of Mississippi, in Noxubee, Oktibbeha, and Winston Counties. The refuge serves as a resting and feeding area for migratory birds and as example of proper land stewardship. Also, the refuge extensively manages land for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker.
Human wave attack
A human wave attack, also known as a human sea attack, is an offensive infantry tactic in which an attacker conducts an unprotected frontal assault with densely concentrated infantry formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders by engaging in melee combat. The name refers to the concept of a coordinated mass of soldiers falling upon an enemy force and sweeping them away with sheer weight and momentum, like an ocean wave breaking on a beach.

People's Volunteer Army
The People's Volunteer Army (PVA), officially the Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV), was the armed expeditionary forces deployed by the People's Republic of China during the Korean War. Although all units in the PVA were actually transferred from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) under the orders of Chairman Mao Zedong, the PVA was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the United States. The PVA entered Korea on 19 October 1950 and completely withdrew by October 1958. The nominal commander and political commissar of the PVA was Peng Dehuai before the ceasefire agreement in 1953, although both Chen Geng and Deng Hua served as the acting commander and commissar after April 1952 following Peng's illness. The initial (25 October – 5 November 1950) units in the PVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 50th, 66th Corps; totalling 250,000 men. About 3 million Chinese civilian and military personnel had served in Korea throughout the war.
The Silver Brumby (film)
The Silver Brumby (also known as The Silver Stallion or The Silver Stallion: King of the Wild Brumbies in overseas markets such as the United States) is a 1993 Australian drama film-family film, directed by John Tatoulis, and starring actors Caroline Goodall, Russell Crowe and Amiel Daemion. It is based on the Silver Brumby series of novels by Elyne Mitchell.

Children's film
A children's film, or family film, is a film genre that generally relates to children in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind. Children's films come in several major genres like realism, fantasy, adventure, war, musicals, comedy, and literary adaptations.
Camp Roosevelt
Camp Roosevelt may be:

Camp Roosevelt, part of the Katahdin Scout Reservation

Camp Theodore Roosevelt/R-C Scout Ranch - Arizona

Roosevelt Scout Reservation - Salem County, New Jersey

NF-1, Camp Roosevelt - (Camp Roosevelt Recreation Area), George Washington National Forest

Camp Roosevelt,  Irondale Scout Reservation

Camp Roosevelt,  Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War

Camp Roosevelt, Stalag VI-A, Hemer

Camp Roosevelt (Chesapeake)

Camp Roosevelt, Culebra, Puerto Rico

German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II
Nazi Germany operated around 1,000 prisoner-of-war camps (German: Kriegsgefangenenlager) during World War II (1939-1945).

The most common types of camps were Oflags ("Officer camp") and Stalags ("Base camp" – for enlisted personnel POW camps), although other less common types existed as well.
Yngve A. A. Larsson
Yngve Axel Andreas Larsson (9 January 1917 – 22 March 2014) was a Swedish pediatrician, medicine professor and diabetologist. He worked for the  Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Later he worked in Linköping, Sweden, where he was in charge of diabetology at Linköping University. Larsson was a member of the Advisory Council for the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, and worked for several years for the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.

Medical education
Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, including the initial training to become a physician (i.e., medical school and internship) and additional training thereafter (e.g., residency, fellowship, and continuing medical education).

Medical education and training varies considerably across the world. Various teaching methodologies have been used in medical education, which is an active area of educational research.

Medical education is also the subject-didactic academic field of educating medical doctors at all levels, including entry-level, post-graduate, and continuing medical education. Specific requirements such as entrustable professional activities must be met before moving on in stages of medical education.
George Thompson (Australian politician)
George Edmund Thompson (born 27 May 1945) is a former Australian politician, who served as the member for Rockdale in the NSW State Parliament.

Thompson went to school at Marist Brothers, Kogarah and after finishing, got a job at the Rural Bank. While working at the bank, he became interested in industrial relations and trade unions, completing courses at Sydney and Harvard universities. In 1974, he was elected secretary of the Australian Bank Employees Union (State Bank Branch)
.

When the former NSW Premier and Member for Rockdale Barrie Unsworth stepped down in 1991, Thompson (who had been Unsworth's campaign manager) was elected to replace him. He was a member of the NSW Parliament for twelve years, before stepping down at the 2003 state election. He is married with a son and a daughter.

Kogarah, New South Wales
Kogarah (/kɒɡərə/) is a suburb of Southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Kogarah is located 14 kilometres (9 miles) south of the Sydney central business district and is considered to be the centre of the St George area.
Shawnessy, Calgary
Shawnessy is a suburban residential neighbourhood in the southwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is bounded by Shawnessy Boulevard to the north, Macleod Trail to the east, 162 Avenue S to the south and James McKevitt Road to the west.

Shawnessy was established in 1981. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 13 councillor.

It is served by the Shawnessy station of the C-Train LRT system. Shawnessy Town Centre is a regional shopping area located east of the community.

Calgary City Council
The Calgary City Council is the legislative governing body that represents the citizens of Calgary. The council consists of 15 members: the chief elected official, titled the mayor, and 14 councillors. Jeromy Farkas was elected mayor in October 2025 as the city's 38th. The mayor represents the interests of the city as a whole. Each of the 14 councillors represents one of the city's 14 wards.
Stockstadt Roman Fort
Stockstadt Fort is a former Roman fort located in Stockstadt am Main in the district of Aschaffenburg in Lower Franconia. Following several years of excavations, mainly in the early 20th century, evidence was uncovered indicating the existence of a fort complex comprising two previously documented predecessor buildings, as well as a succession of different troops stationed there. From the early period of the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes to the fall of the Limes, Stockstadt was therefore an important military camp on the Main Limes, the so-called Wet Limes. The site is of significant archaeological interest due to the large number of stone monuments that have been discovered, particularly in the vicus area, which encompasses two mithrae, a Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary and a beneficiarius station.

Lower Franconia
Lower Franconia (German: Unterfranken, pronounced [ˈʊntɐˌfʁaŋkn̩] ⓘ) is one of seven districts of Bavaria, Germany. The districts of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia make up the region of Franconia. It consists of nine districts and 308 municipalities (including three cities).
Locational astrology
Locational astrology (sometimes referred to as astrocartography or astrogeography) is any of various types of astrology that factor in specific locations of the Earth.  The different types also carry a range of astrological techniques.

House (astrology)
Most horoscopic traditions of astrology systems divide the horoscope into a number (usually twelve) of houses whose positions depend on time and location rather than on date. The houses of the horoscope represent different fields of experience wherein the energies of the signs and planets operate—described in terms of physical surroundings as well as personal life experiences.
Pablo Lucio Vasquez
Pablo Lucio Vasquez (August 11, 1977 – April 6, 2016) was an American man convicted of the murder of a 12-year-old boy and executed in the U.S. state of Texas. The murder occurred in Donna, Texas, in the state's Rio Grande Valley region.

Due to the way he murdered his victim, Vasquez was called "the vampire killer".

Lower Rio Grande Valley
The Lower Rio Grande Valley (Spanish: Valle del Río Grande), often referred to as the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of South Texas, is a region located in the southernmost part of Texas. It is located along the border of Texas with Mexico located in a floodplain of the Rio Grande near its mouth. The region includes the southernmost tip of South Texas. It consists of the Brownsville-Harlingen and McAllen-Edinburg-Mission metropolitan areas, and the Rio Grande City-Roma and Raymondville micropolitan areas. The area is generally bilingual in English and Spanish, with a fair amount of Spanglish due to the region's diverse history and transborder agglomerations. It is home to some of the poorest cities in the nation, as well as many unincorporated, persistent poverty communities called colonias. A large seasonal influx occurs of "winter Texans" – people who come down from the north for the winter and then return north before summer arrives.
Ahpeatone, Oklahoma
Ahpeatone is an unincorporated community in Cotton County, Oklahoma, United States. It is named for Ahpeatone, a Kiowa chief.  The town had a post office between July 22, 1907 and June 30, 1916.  The locale is about 16 miles directly west of the county seat of Walters, just south of Oklahoma State Highway 5.

Walters, Oklahoma
Walters is a town in Cotton County, Oklahoma, United States. Its population was 2,412 as of the 2020 United States census.  The city, nestled between twin creeks, is the county seat of Cotton County. The city's motto is "Small Town; Big Heart".
A460 road
The A460 is a main road in the Midlands of England. It runs from Wolverhampton in the West Midlands to Rugeley in Staffordshire. It is also a primary road linking Wolverhampton and Cannock with the M54, M6 and M6 Toll.

Cannock Chase
Cannock Chase, often referred to locally as The Chase, is a mixed area of countryside in the county of Staffordshire, England. The area has been designated as the Cannock Chase National Landscape, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and much of it is managed by Forestry England for its important ecology and for recreational use. The Chase gives its name to the Cannock Chase local government district. It is a former Royal forest.
Port Alma Wind Farm
Port Alma Wind Farm is a large wind farm project located on the north shore of Lake Erie in the Municipality of Chatham–Kent, Ontario, Canada.

It began generating electricity in November, 2008. It is owned and operated by Kruger Energy. The power will be fed into the Ontario electricity market administered by the Independent Electricity System Operator.

The wind farm consists of forty four Siemens 2.3 (MW) Mark II wind turbines, with an installed capacity of 101.2 (MW). It is capable of generating approx. 300 (GWh) annually, which will produce enough energy to power 30,000 households.Port Alma Current Output

The project study area is approx. 285 km2 centred on Port Alma.

A substation was built to step-up the power to transmission level voltage and approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of transmission line was built for connection to the Hydro One owned 230 kV circuits about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)  east of Tilbury.

Volt
The volt (symbol: V), named after Alessandro Volta, is the unit of measurement of electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI).
James Wallace Stewart
James 'Jimmie' Wallace Stewart (1921 – 10 June 2006), was a professor of haematology at Middlesex Hospital, London.

Stewart was born in Assam, India, where his father was a medical doctor. At the age of ten, Stewart went to school at St George's College, Weybridge. He studied medicine at Middlesex hospital medical school from 1940 to 1944, and became an assistant pathologist at Middlesex Hospital, London, in 1948 after national service. He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1950, reader in 1959, and professor in 1970, and retired in 1986. He was treasurer of the British Society for Haematology for its first 15 years, and a founder fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists. His laboratory was one of the first in the United Kingdom to have a Coulter counter, and he helped to develop quality assurance in haematology. He was consultant haematologist to the London Clinic well beyond his 70th year.

Stewart married Margaret (Peggy) in 1946; they had five children and eight grandchildren.

Royal College of Pathologists
The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) is a professional membership organisation.
Its main function is the overseeing of postgraduate training, and its Fellowship Examination (FRCPath) is recognised as the standard assessment of fitness to practise in this branch of medicine.
1989 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1989 Wexford Senior Hurling Championship was the 79th completed staging of the Wexford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Wexford County Board in 1889.

Buffers Alley entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final, was played on 24 September 1989 at Wexford Park, between Buffers Alley and Oulart–the Ballagh, in what was their third meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in seven years. Buffers Alley won the match by 3–16 to 2–13 to claim their 10th championship title overall and a second title in succession.

Buffers Alley GAA
Buffers Alley is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the villages of Kilmuckridge and Monamolin in County Wexford, Ireland. The club fields teams in Intermediate hurling, Gaelic football and camogie. It competes in Wexford competitions.
Stephen Hobbs (priest)
Christianity portal

Stephen Hobbs (1815-1893) was an Anglican Archdeacon.

Hobbs was educated at the Church Missionary Society College, Islington
and ordained in 1839. He served in India at Palamcottah, Tinnevelly, Nallur, Sathankulam, Dohnavur and Suviseshapuram. In 1856 he was transferred to Mauritius, serving firstly at Plaines Wilhems then Creve coeur. He was appointed Archdeacon of the Seychelles from 1871 until 1873;  then of Mauritius from 1873 to 1879.

Church Missionary Society College, Islington
Christianity portal

The Church Missionary Society Training College in Islington, north London was founded in 1820 to prepare Anglican missionaries of the Church Missionary Society for work overseas. Prior to the establishment of the College the CMS missionaries received their training under Thomas Scott.
Prince of Turov
The Prince of Turov was the kniaz, the ruler or sub-ruler, of the Rus' Principality of Turov, a lordship based on the city of Turov, now Turaŭ in Homiel Voblast, Belarus.

Although not mentioned in his Testament of 1054, the city of Turov was ruled by the descendants of Iziaslav Iaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev. It fell into the control of  Vladimir Monomakh and the latter's son Mstislav Vladimirovich, who delegated control,  until the Iaroslavichi regained control in 1157 in the person of Iurii Iaroslavich in 1157.

Gomel region
Gomel region, also known as Gomel oblast or Homyel voblasts, is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel. The total area of the region is 40,400 square kilometres (15,600 sq mi). As of 2024, it had a population of 1,338,617.

Its largest settlements include Gomel, Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svyetlahorsk, Rechytsa, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow and Dobrush.

Both Gomel region and Mogilev region suffered severely from the Chernobyl disaster. Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places, and parts of it have been designated as mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.