hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Merger doctrine (civil procedure)
The merger doctrine in civil procedure stands for the proposition that when litigants agree to a settlement, and then seek to have their settlement incorporated into a court order, the court order actually extinguishes the settlement and replaces it with the authority of the court to supervise the behavior of the parties. Under this doctrine, the court is free to modify its order as necessary to achieve justice in the case, and may hold a party that breaches the agreement in contempt of court.

In U.S criminal law, merger doctrine holds that if a defendant has committed acts that simultaneously meet the elements of a more serious and less serious offense, the defendant may be charged with the more serious offense and the lesser offense drops in order to avoid implicating double jeopardy.

Court order
A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case. A court order must be signed by a judge; some jurisdictions may also require it to be notarized. A court order governs each case throughout its entirety. If an individual violates the court order, the judge may hold that person in contempt.
Spotted laughingthrush
The spotted laughingthrush (Ianthocincla ocellata) is a bird species in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

The spotted laughingthrush was at one time placed in the genus Garrulax but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Ianthocincla.

Laughingthrush
The laughingthrushes are a family, Leiothrichidae, of Old World passerine birds. The family contains 143 species and is divided into 17 genera. The species are diverse in size and coloration. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent.  The entire family used to be included in the Old World babbler family Timaliidae.
Age-related mobility disability
Age-related mobility disability is a self-reported inability to walk due to impairments, limited mobility, dexterity or stamina. It has been found mostly in older adults with decreased strength in lower extremities.

Self-report study
A self-report study is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without any outside interference. A self-report is any method which involves asking a participant about their feelings, attitudes, beliefs and so on. Examples of self-reports are questionnaires and interviews; self-reports are often used as a way of gaining participants' responses in observational studies and experiments.

Self-report studies have validity problems. Patients may exaggerate symptoms in order to make their situation seem worse, or they may under-report the severity or frequency of symptoms in order to minimize their problems.  Patients might also simply be mistaken or misremember the material covered by the survey.
Uforia Audio Network
Uforia Audio Network ( /juːˈfɔːriə/) is the radio broadcasting and music events division of TelevisaUnivision USA. Formerly known as Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation and Univision Radio, it is the eighth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States, and the largest specifically catering to Hispanic and Latino Americans. The company is headquartered in Los Angeles.

Marcos A. Rodriguez
Marcos A. Rodriguez (born 22 July 1958) is a Cuban-American entrepreneur, movie producer, businessperson and investor. He is the founder and CEO of numerous American media outlets including KLTY; KUUR; an FM radio station serving the Carbondale, Colorado, area; and "TV Aspen" KCXP-LP, a television station in Aspen, Colorado. These radio and television stations represented the only locally owned stations in Aspen.
Amadigi di Gaula
Amadigi di Gaula (HWV 11) is a "magic" opera in three acts, with music by George Frideric Handel. It was the fifth Italian opera that Handel wrote for an English theatre and the second he wrote for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington in 1715. The opera about a damsel in distress is based on Amadis de Grèce, a French tragédie-lyrique by André Cardinal Destouches and Antoine Houdar de la Motte. Amadigi was written for a small cast, employing four high voices. Handel made prominent use of wind instruments, so the score is unusually colorful, comparable to his Water Music.

The opera received its first performance in London at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket on 25 May 1715, in a lavish successful production. Charles Burney maintained near the end of the eighteenth century: Amadigi contained "...more invention, variety and good composition, than in any one of the musical dramas of Handel which I have yet carefully and critically examined".

Italian opera
Italian opera is both the art of opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. Opera was born in Italy around the year 1600 and Italian opera has continued to play a dominant role in the history of the form until the present day. Many famous operas in Italian were written by foreign composers, including Handel, Gluck and Mozart. Works by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi and Puccini, are amongst the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world.
Herb Aach
Herbert Aach (March 24, 1923 – October 13, 1985) was an American painter and writer. Aach's painting style is known for its intense and well placed pigmentation, which stemmed from his deep interest in color theory and color relationships. This interest in color theory and philosophy would lead him to write one of the most notable translations of Goethe's Color Theory.

Art critic
An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogues and on websites. Some of today's art critics use art blogs and other online platforms in order to connect with a wider audience and expand debate.
Columbia County
Columbia County is the name of eight counties in the United States:

Columbia County, Arkansas

Columbia County, Florida

Columbia County, Georgia

Columbia County, New York
Columbia County Airport

Columbia County, Oregon

Columbia County, Pennsylvania

Columbia County, Washington

Columbia County, Wisconsin

Columbia County, Washington
Columbia County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,952, making it the second-least populous county in Washington. The county seat and largest city is Dayton. The county was created out of Walla Walla County on November 11, 1875, and is named after the Columbia River (which does not flow through the county). Columbia County is included in the Walla Walla, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Wague
Wague is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Georges Wague (1874–1965), French mime, teacher, and actor

Ismaël Wagué, Malian military officer

Mamadou Wague (born 1990), French footballer

Molla Wague (born 1991), Malian footballer

Moussa Wagué (born 1998), Senegalese footballer

Molla Wagué
Molla Wagué (born 21 February 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back. Born in France, he represented the country at U19 youth level before switching to the Mali senior national team.
Calcutta (band)
Calcutta is an alternative rock band formed in 1995, in Camarillo, California. Their musical influences include U2, Rush, Jimmy Eat World, and Smashing Pumpkins. From small beginnings as a garage band, Calcutta quickly set themselves apart by garnering a loyal following in Southern California. The band's success has been noted in local media outlets like the Ventura Country Star, California State University, Fullerton's Daily Titan, UCLA's Daily Bruin, University of California, Irvine's The New University, on radio stations like 95.1 KBBY, and also on websites like www.buzzcast.com, www.purevolume.com, and www.themusicedge.com.

Jimmy Eat World
Jimmy Eat World is an American rock band formed in Mesa, Arizona, in 1993. The band is composed of vocalist and lead guitarist Jim Adkins, rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Tom Linton, bassist Rick Burch, and drummer Zach Lind. They have released ten studio albums, all but the first featuring the current line-up.

The four-piece's commercial breakthrough came with the release of several singles from their album Bleed American (2001), four of which charted within the top 20 positions of the Alternative Songs chart, with "The Middle" reaching No. 1. Their follow-up album, Futures (2004), featured their No. 1 song "Pain".

The RIAA certified Bleed American platinum and Futures gold, rewarding the two albums for selling over 1.5 million records between them. The band's sixth LP, Chase This Light (2007), became their highest-charting album and peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200. The band released their tenth album, Surviving, in October 2019.
Lordship of Beirut
The Lordship of Beirut was a feudal seigneury in the Kingdom of Jerusalem centered on the city of Beirut (in modern-day Lebanon). The lord of Beirut was one of the most powerful vassals of the king of Jerusalem. In the 12th century the lordship was ruled by the Brisebarre family. At some point between 1165 and 1174, Beirut was taken back into the royal domain. Count Raymond III of Tripoli held it in 1185-86, and in 1187 it was conquered by the Ayyubids. It was recovered in 1197, and in the 13th century the lordship was held by the Ibelin family.

Seigneur
A seigneur (French pronunciation: [sɛɲœʁ] ⓘ) or lord is an originally feudal title in France before the Revolution, in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. The seigneur owned a seigneurie, seigneury, or lordship—a form of title or land tenure—as a fief, with its associated obligations and rights over person and property. In this sense, a seigneur could be an individual—male or female, high or low-born—or a collective entity, typically a religious community such as a monastery, seminary, college, or parish. Seigneurialism was repealed in Acadia in 1733, France in 1789 and the Province of Canada in 1854. Since then, the feudal title has only been applicable in the Channel Islands and for sovereign princes by their families.
Deivanayaka Easwarar Temple
13°00′14″N 79°48′33″E﻿ / ﻿13.003825°N 79.809278°E﻿ / 13.003825; 79.809278

Deivanayaka Easwarar Temple (தெய்வநாயக ஈஸ்வரர் கோயில்)  or Arambeshwarar  Temple is a Hindu temple located at Elumiyankottur near Perambakkam village in the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The presiding deity is Shiva.

Tiruvallur district
Thiruvallur district, also spelled as Tiruvallur district, is one of the 38 districts (an administrative district) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The fast developing city of Tiruvallur is the district headquarters. The district has a mixture of urban and rural characteristics. The eastern part of Tiruvallur district is dominated by urban characteristics while the Northern part of the district has influence of Andhra culture due to its position. In 2011, the district had a population of 3,728,104 with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males.

The district has been divided into three revenue divisions viz, Tiruvallur, Tiruttani and Ponneri. There are four taluks under Tiruvallur division, two under Tiruttani divisions and two under Ponneri division. There are 46 firkas and 820 revenue villages. Likewise there are 12 blocks, five municipalities and ten town panchayats which implement rural development activities.
Lawrence Lee
Lawrence Stanley Lee (18 September 1909 – 25 April 2011) was a British stained glass artist whose work spanned the latter half of the 20th century. He was best known for leading the project to create ten windows for the nave of the new Coventry Cathedral. His other work includes windows at Guildford and Southwark Cathedrals as well as a great number of works elsewhere in the UK, and some in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

New Malden
New Malden is a suburban area in southwest London, England. It is within the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames and the London Borough of Merton, and is 9.4 miles (15.1 km) from Charing Cross. Neighbouring localities include Kingston, Kingston Vale, Roehampton, Norbiton, Raynes Park, Coombe, Tolworth, Motspur Park, Old Malden, and Worcester Park. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, New Malden was in the administrative county of Surrey.
Catlett, Virginia
Catlett is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fauquier County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 297. It is located west of the Prince William County line. Catlett was formerly a rail stop on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and the area was the site of many raids on the railroad during the American Civil War.

The Catlett Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, and Auburn Battlefield in 2011.

Orange and Alexandria Railroad
The Orange and Alexandria Railroad (O&A) was a railroad in Virginia, United States. Chartered in 1848, it eventually extended from Alexandria to Gordonsville, with another section from Charlottesville to Lynchburg. The road played a crucial role in the American Civil War, saw the first of many mergers in 1867, and eventually became an important part of the modern-day Norfolk Southern rail system.
1994 Tel Aviv Open
The 1994 Tel Aviv Open was a men's tennis tournament played on hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was played at the Israel Tennis Centers in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat HaSharon, Israel from October 10 through October 17, 1994. First-seeded Wayne Ferreira won the singles title.

Israel Tennis & Education Centers
Israel Tennis & Education Centers (ITEC) (Hebrew: מרכזי הטניס והחינוך בישראל) is a  nonprofit organization established in 1976 that operates more than 20 tennis and education centers and 190 tennis courts across Israel. 

The organization provides tennis instruction, coach training, recreational and competitive programs, and educational initiatives. Its programs serve children, youth, immigrants, refugees, Arab communities, people with disabilities, and low-income families, combining athletic training with educational and social support. ITEC also organizes regional tournaments and offers public access to its courts, facilitating community engagement and recreational play.
Lufa Farms
45°31′54″N 73°39′20″W﻿ / ﻿45.53162°N 73.65559°W﻿ / 45.53162; -73.65559

Lufa Farms is an urban agricultural company located in the Ville Saint-Laurent neighborhood of Montreal, Quebec. The company states its mission is to "grow food where people live and grow it more sustainably". The company, founded in 2009, has installed commercial greenhouses on the rooftops of several large industrial buildings in the greater Montreal area.

Saint-Laurent, Quebec
Saint-Laurent (French: [sɛ̃lɔʁɑ̃] ⓘ) is a borough of the city of Montreal, Canada, located in the northern part of the island. Although it is no longer an independent city, it is still commonly known as Ville Saint-Laurent (City of Saint-Laurent) or by its initials, VSL.

Saint-Laurent is the largest of Montreal's boroughs by land area. Its population was 98,828 inhabitants in 2016.
1986 Copa Perú
The 1986 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 1986), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football.

In this tournament after many qualification rounds, each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided, qualify a team. Those teams enter in the Regional round (8 groups) by geographical proximity. Some winners went to the Division Intermedia and some others with some runners-up went to the National round and then to the Final round, staged in Lima (the capital).

The champion was promoted to 1987 Torneo Descentralizado.

1987 Torneo Descentralizado
The 1987 Torneo Descentralizado, the top tier of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 30 teams. The season started in 1987 and ended in early 1988. The national champion was Universitario .

The national championship was divided into two tournaments, the Regional Tournament and the Descentralized Tournament. The winners of each tournament faced off in the final and received the berths for the Copa Libertadores 1988. The Regional Tournament divided the teams into four groups; Metropolitan, North, Central, and South. Each group had its teams qualify for the Regional Finals, the Descentralized Tournament and the Intermediary Division. The Regional Finals determined the Regional Champion. The Descentralized Tournament divided the teams in three groups and had its teams qualify for the Descentralized Liguilla which decided the Descentralized Champion. The Intermediary Division was a promotion/relegation tournament between first and second division teams.
Braidwood (surname)
Braidwood is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Braidwood (born 1984), Canadian football player

Chuck Braidwood (1903–1945), American football player

Ernie Braidwood (1895–1968), English footballer

James Braidwood (firefighter) (1800–1861), Scottish firefighter

Linda Braidwood (1909–2003), American archaeologist

Phil Braidwood (born 1949), Manx politician

Robert John Braidwood (1907–2003), American archaeologist and anthropologist

Thomas Braidwood (1715–1806), founder of a school for the deaf in Scotland

Thomas Braidwood Wilson (1792–1843), Australian surgeon and explorer

Tom Braidwood (born 1948), Canadian actor

Chuck Braidwood
Charles Grant Braidwood (October 15, 1903 – January 8, 1945) was an American professional football player who was an end for four seasons for the Portsmouth Spartans, Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cardinals, and Cincinnati Reds.

After ending his playing career, Braidwood was a wrestling referee in Tennessee. During World War II, he was an American Red Cross program director, working overseas to help the Allied war effort. While serving in the Red Cross, he died of a heart attack on Biak Island. He is buried in Fort William McKinley in Manila, Philippines.

Braidwood was the son of James Grant Braidwood and Cornelia Mayerhofernee McDole. He was one of four children; his siblings were Louise I Braidwood, Andrew W. Braidwood and Edna Braidwood.
Dao, Capiz
Dao, officially the Municipality of Dao (Capiznon/Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Dao; Tagalog: Bayan ng Dao), is a municipality in the province of Capiz, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 34,555 people.

Capiznon language
Capiznon or Capiceño (Bisaya nga Kinapisnon) is an Austronesian regional language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Capiznon is concentrated in the province of Capiz in the northeast of Panay Island. It is a member of the Bisayan language family and the people are part of the wider Visayan ethnolinguistic group, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. The language is often confused with Hiligaynon due to dialectological comprehension similarities and as high as 91% mutual intelligibility, but it has its certain unique accent and vocabulary that integrates Aklanon and Waray lexicon. Despite its distinct corruption of Hiligaynon lateral approximants, a prevalent feature among rural farmers, ethnic convergence and cosmopolitanism has led to a shift back to the purely Hiligaynon prosodic form of slower tonality and softer and longer vowels most particularly among the younger generations.
Nordic Junior Combined Events Championships
The Nordic Junior Combined Events Championships (Norwegian: Nordisk juniormesterskap i mangekamp) is an annual outdoor combined track and field events competition for athletes under-20 from the Nordic countries – Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland. Athletes must be 19 years of age or younger by December 31 of the year the championship is held. Men compete in the decathlon and women compete in the heptathlon. In the early history of the competition, the women's pentathlon was held instead of heptathlon.

The competition was first held in 1969 as part of the Nordic Combined Events Championships. When the senior event folded after 1970, the junior event was established in its own right in 1974.

Women's pentathlon
The pentathlon or women's pentathlon is a combined track and field event in which each woman competes in five separate events over one day (formerly two days). The distance or time for each event is converted to points via scoring tables, with the overall ranking determined by total points. Since 1949 the events have been sprint hurdling, high jump, shot put, long jump, and a flat race. The sprint hurdles distance was 80 m outdoors until 1969 and thereafter 100 m; in indoor pentathlon the distance is 60 m. The flat race was 200 m until 1976 and thereafter 800 m.  In elite-level outdoor competition, the pentathlon was superseded in 1981 by the heptathlon, which has seven events, with both 200 m and 800 m, as well as the javelin throw. Pentathlon is still contested at school and masters level and indoors.
Billesdon Rural District
Billesdon was a rural district of Leicestershire, England.  It originated with the Billesdon Poor Law Union, formed in 1835.  In 1894 the area became a rural district.  It was named for the village of Billesdon.

In 1935 the rural district was decreased by the annexing of Humberstone, most of Evington, and some of Thurnby civil parishes to Leicester (with some small parts going to Oadby in 1936).  It was further reduced in 1966 by the annexation of part of Scraptoft, Stoughton and Thurnby parishes. In 1974 it became part of the Harborough non-metropolitan district, along with the Lutterworth Rural District, Market Harborough Rural District, and Market Harborough urban districts.

Humberstone and Hamilton
Humberstone and Hamilton is an electoral ward and administrative division of the City of Leicester, England. It comprises the north-eastern Leicester suburbs of Humberstone, Humberstone Garden City, Hamilton and Netherhall.
Yurginsky District, Tyumen Oblast
Yurginsky District  (Russian: Юрги́нский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Yurginsky Municipal District. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,800 square kilometers (2,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Yurginskoye. Population: 12,313 (2010 Census);  13,475 (2002 Census); 16,051 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Yurginskoye accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population.

Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast (Russian: Тюме́нская о́бласть, romanized: Tyumenskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is located in Western Siberia, and is administratively part of the Ural Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The oblast, including its autonomous okrugs, is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 (2010).

Tyumen is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast, and the first Russian city in Siberia.

Tyumen Oblast is the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the country, and has experienced an oil boom since the early 2000s. The rapid growth of the fuel industry has made the oblast by far the richest federal subject of Russia, with an average GDP per capita several times the national average since 2006.