hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
I-type granite
I-type granites are a category of granites originating from igneous sources, first proposed by Chappell and White (1974). They are recognized by a specific set of mineralogical, geochemical, textural, and isotopic characteristics that indicate, for example, magma hybridization in the deep crust. I-type granites are saturated in silica but undersaturated in aluminum; petrographic features are representative of the chemical composition of the initial magma. In contrast S-type granites are derived from partial melting of supracrustal or "sedimentary" source rocks.

Crystal twinning
Crystal twinning occurs when two or more adjacent crystals of the same mineral are oriented so that they share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner. The result is an intergrowth of two separate crystals that are tightly bonded to each other. The surface along which the lattice points are shared in twinned crystals is called a composition surface or twin plane.

In crystallography twinned crystals are described by a number of twin laws, which are specific to the crystal structure. The type of twinning can be a diagnostic tool in mineral identification. There are three main types of twinning. The first is growth twinning which can occur both in very large and very small particles. The second is transformation twinning, where there is a change in the crystal structure. The third is deformation twinning, in which twinning develops in a crystal in response to a shear stress, and is an important mechanism for permanent shape changes in a crystal.
Cellular approximation theorem
In algebraic topology, the cellular approximation theorem states that a map between CW-complexes can always be taken to be of a specific type. Concretely, if X and Y are CW-complexes, and f : X → Y is a continuous map, then f is said to be cellular if f takes the n-skeleton of X to the n-skeleton of Y for all n, i.e. if  for all n. The cellular approximation theorem states that any continuous map f : X → Y between CW-complexes X and Y is homotopic to a cellular map, and if f is already cellular on a subcomplex A of X, then we can furthermore choose the homotopy to be stationary on A. From an algebraic topological viewpoint, any map between CW-complexes can thus be taken to be cellular.

N-skeleton
In mathematics, particularly in algebraic topology, the n-skeleton of a topological space X presented as a simplicial complex (resp. CW complex) refers to the subspace Xn that is the union of the simplices of X (resp. cells of X) of dimensions m ≤ n. In other words, given an inductive definition of a complex, the n-skeleton is obtained by stopping at the n-th step.

These subspaces increase with n. The 0-skeleton is a discrete space, and the 1-skeleton a topological graph. The skeletons of a space are used in obstruction theory, to construct spectral sequences by means of filtrations, and generally to make inductive arguments. They are particularly important when X has infinite dimension, in the sense that the Xn do not become constant as n → ∞.
Scalectrix
Scalectrix is the debut EP by Australian post-grunge band, Gyroscope, and was released in April 2000. The five-track EP was recorded at Revolver Studios in Perth and engineered by Laurie Sinagra and Gav Tempany. This release helped the band secure support spots with national and international touring acts, including Millencolin, Bodyjar, 28 Days, Unwritten Law and Toe To Toe.

Unwritten Law
Unwritten Law is an American punk rock band formed in 1990 in Poway, California by drummer Wade Youman. The band has undergone multiple line-up changes, with Youman the sole remaining original member – however, he has left the group twice in its three-decade history. They are best known for their singles "Seein' Red" and "Save Me (Wake Up Call)," both of which peaked in the top 5 in the US Modern Rock charts and the former topping it. The band have also toured extensively both nationally and internationally, most notably as part of the Warped Tour. The band has released seven full-length studio albums to date; their most recent, The Hum, was released in 2022.
Ashahoor
Ashahoor (or Asha Hoor) is a medium size village in Phillaur tehsil of Jalandhar District of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.2 km from Nagar, 9 km from postal head office in Phillaur, 53 km from Jalandhar and 118 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of the village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Phillaur
Phillaur is a town and a municipal council as well as a tehsil in Jalandhar district in the Indian state of Punjab. The city is situated 20 km from Ludhiana, 45 km from Jalandhar and 140 km from Amritsar. It is situated on the border of the Doaba and Puadh regions.This city was Founded by a Rajput Maharaja Ratan Pal Naru, during the 12-13th century to 1947 as Kingdom of Phulnagar, but later came to be known as Phillaur.
Ben Watson (politician)
Benjamin Luther Watson (born July 27, 1959) is an American politician who has served in the Georgia State Senate from the 1st District since he was elected in 2014. He previously served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 2010 to 2014. Watson is an active member of the Republican Party, and he has served on various legislative committees. Since 2019, he has chaired the State Senate's Health and Human Services committee.

Georgia House of Representatives
33°44′57″N 84°23′18″W﻿ / ﻿33.749070°N 84.388362°W﻿ / 33.749070; -84.388362

The Georgia House of Representatives is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature) of the U.S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members. Republicans have had a majority in the chamber since 2005. The current House Speaker is Jon G. Burns.
Kiskassa
Kiskassa (Croatian: Kaša) is a village in Baranya county, Hungary. It is located 17 kilometers to the south-east of the city Pécs, the capital city of Baranya.
Until the end of World War II, the majority of the inhabitants was Danube Swabian, also called locally as Stifolder, because their ancestors had arrived in the 17th and 18th centuries from Fulda (district).  Most of the former German settlers were expelled to Allied-occupied Germany and Allied-occupied Austria in 1945–1948, under the Potsdam Agreement.
Only a few Germans of Hungary live there, the majority today are the descendants of Hungarians from the Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange. They got the houses of the former Danube Swabian inhabitants.

Baranya County
Baranya (Hungarian: Baranya vármegye, pronounced [ˈbɒrɒɲɒ ˈvaːrmɛɟɛ]; German: Branau; Croatian: Baranjska županija) is a county (vármegye) in southern Hungary. It is part of the Southern Transdanubia statistical region and the historical Baranya region, which was a county (comitatus) in the Kingdom of Hungary dating back to the 11th century. Its current status as one of the 19 counties of Hungary was established in 1950 as part of wider Soviet administrative territorial reform following World War II. Its county seat and largest city is Pécs.

As of 2025, it has a population of 351,158. Of the 19 counties of Hungary (excluding Budapest), it is ranked 10th, both in terms of geographic area and population.
Viramgam
Viramgam is a town and former princely state in the Indian state of Gujarat. The town is located in the Ahmedabad district, which contains the city of Ahmedabad, the state's largest city. Gateway Distriparks notably flagged off the first export train service from the newly built inland container depot (ICD) at Viramgam.

Ahmedabad district
Ahmedabad (Amdavad) district is a district comprises the city of Ahmedabad, in the central part of the state of Gujarat in western India. It is the seventh most populous district in India (out of 739). Ahmedabad District Surrounded By Kheda district in the east, Mehsana district in the north, Anand district in the south and Surendranagar district in the west.
Eruvin (Talmud)
Eruvin (Hebrew: עֵרוּבִין, lit. 'Mixtures') is the second tractate in the Order of Moed in the Talmud, dealing with the various types of eruv.  In this sense this tractate is a natural extension of Shabbat; at one point these tractates were likely joined but then split due to length.

The Ra'ya Mehemna (14th century) introduced ענ״י as an acronym for "Eruvin, Niddah, and Yevamot". According to Jacob Emden, עני destitute is a pun which references the reputed difficulty of these tractates, and the acronym serves to warn off students. Eliezer Sofer uses it for "Eruvin, Nazir, Yevamot", arguing that Nazir is more difficult, and some also use "Eruvin, Nedarim, Yevamot".

Jacob Emden
Jacob Emden, also known as the Yaʿavetz (June 4, 1697 – April 19, 1776), was a leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed traditional Judaism in the face of the growing influence of the Sabbatean movement. He was widely acclaimed for his extensive knowledge.

Emden was the son of the hakham Tzvi Ashkenazi and a descendant of Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chełm. He spent most of his life in Altona (now part of Hamburg, Germany). His son, Meshullam Solomon, served as rabbi of the Hambro Synagogue in London and claimed authority as Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom from 1765 to 1780.

The acronym Yaʿavetz (יעב״ץ, also rendered Yaavetz) is formed from his Hebrew name, Yaʿkov ben Tzvi (יעקב בן צבי).

Seven of his 31 works were published posthumously.
Spalgis lemolea
Spalgis lemolea, the lemolea harvester or African apefly, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1890. It is found in Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, from Gabon to Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, northern Zimbabwe and Botswana. The habitat consists of forests and dense savannah (Guinea savannah and miombo woodland), as well as thick riverine bush. They resemble the coccids upon which they feed. These include Dactylopius (including Dactylopius longispinus, Dactylopius virgatus var. madagascariensis), Pseudococcus, Phenacoccus, Planococcoides, Ferrisiana and Planococcus species.

Hamilton Herbert Druce
Hamilton Herbert Charles James Druce (26 October 1866 – 21 June 1922) was an English entomologist who specialised in Lycaenidae and to a lesser extent Hesperiidae. He is not to be confused with his father, the English entomologist Herbert Druce (1846–1913) who also worked on Lepidoptera.

H. H. Druce was a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London and of the Entomological Society of London.

The H. H. Druce collection was sold to James John Joicey and is now in the Natural History Museum in London.
Winnipeg—Birds Hill
Winnipeg—Birds Hill was a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1979 to 1988.

This riding was created in 1976 from parts of Selkirk and St. Boniface ridings. It was contested at federal elections in 1979, 1980, and 1984. For its entire history, its Member of Parliament was New Democrat Bill Blaikie.

Boundary redistribution in 1987 abolished Winnipeg—Birds Hill. Its territory outside the city of Winnipeg plus the North Kildonan area was reassigned to Selkirk (later Selkirk—Red River), while the rest of its urban territory went to Winnipeg Transcona. Blaikie continued to serve as MP for Winnipeg Transcona under that name, and later the name of Elmwood—Transcona, from the 1988 federal election until he retired from Parliament in 2008.

Bill Blaikie
William Alexander "Bill" Blaikie PC OC (June 19, 1951 – September 24, 2022) was a Canadian politician. He served as a member of Parliament (MP) from 1979 to 2008, representing Elmwood—Transcona and its antecedent ridings in the House of Commons of Canada for the federal New Democratic Party. Following his retirement from federal politics, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 2009 until 2011, representing the Winnipeg division of Elmwood as a member of the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, and served as Minister of Conservation and Government House Leader.

Blaikie had the longest continuous parliamentary record in the 38th and 39th Canadian Parliaments, and in this capacity served as the Dean of the House. He was a member of the King's Privy Council for Canada. Blaikie was the Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 2006 to 2008.

Prior to the 2011 Manitoba election, he announced that he was retiring from political life.
Man's Best Friend (1935 film)
Man's Best Friend is a 1935 feature film about the adventures of a boy and his dog Lightning.  The film stars Douglas Haig, an American child actor of the 1920s and 1930s;  Lightning, a grandson of Strongheart; Frank Brownlee;  and Mary McLaren.

Man's Best Friend was the high point of Douglas Haig's career as a film actor.  In 1986, TV Guide described the film as a "simple, unpretentious story of a little mountain boy and his pet police dog".

Man's Best Friend has been released on DVD, together with The Secret Code.

Mary MacLaren
Mary MacLaren (born Mary Ida MacDonald, also credited Mary McLaren; January 19, 1900 – November 9, 1985) was an American film actress in both the silent and sound eras. She was the younger sister of actresses Miriam and Katherine MacDonald and appeared in more than 170 films between 1916 and 1949.
Palanivel Govindasamy
Palanivel s/o K. Govindasamy (Tamil: பழனிவேல் கோவிந்தசாமி, romanized: Paḻaṉivēl Kōvintacāmi; 1 March 1949 – 17 June 2025), commonly known as G. Palanivel, was a Malaysian politician who served as Minister of Natural Resources and Environment from May 2013 to July 2015, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department from August 2011 to May 2013, Deputy Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities, Deputy Minister of Rural Development, Deputy Minister of Welfare and Family Development, Senator from May 2010 to May 2013, Member of Parliament (MP) for Cameron Highlands from May 2013 to May 2018 and Hulu Selangor from October 1990 to March 2008. He was a member and served as the 8th President of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), a component party of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, from December 2010 to June 2013.

Minister of Plantation and Commodities (Malaysia)
The Minister of Plantation and Commodities (Malay: Menteri Perladangan dan Komoditi; Jawi: منتري ڤرلاداڠن دان كومودتي‎), is a minister in the Government of Malaysia, with responsibility for the Ministry of Plantation and Commodities (MPIC).

The incumbent minister is Noraini Ahmad who was appointed by Anwar Ibrahim on 17 December 2025. She has been deputised by Huang Tiong Sii since 17 December 2025.
Old Settler's Irrigation Ditch
The Old Settler's Irrigation Ditch, near Rosston, Oklahoma, in both Beaver County, Oklahoma and Harper County, Oklahoma, was constructed during 1893 to 1905.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Beaver County, Oklahoma in 1983.

It enabled Ditch Valley to become a lush green area, in contrast to the surrounding arid lands.  It is about 12 feet (3.7 m) wide for much of its 14 miles (23 km) length.  It is supplied by water from a diversion dam on the Cimarron River.

Harper County, Oklahoma
Harper County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,272, making it the third-least populous county in Oklahoma. The county seat is Buffalo. It was created in 1907 from the northwestern part of Woodward County, and named for Oscar Green Harper, who was clerk of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention.
Bouville, Seine-Maritime
Bouville (French pronunciation: [buvil] ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. This farming village, situated in the Pays de Caux some 19 miles (31 km) northwest of Rouen, is at the junction of the D104, D22 and the D6015 roads.

Pays de Caux
The Pays de Caux (/ˈpeɪ də koʊ/, French pronunciation: [pei də ko], literally Land of Caux) is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French département of Seine Maritime in Normandy. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extending to the cliffs on the English Channel coast; its coastline is known as the Côte d'Albâtre. In the east, it borders on the Pays de Bray where the strata below the chalk show through.

Cauchois is a notable dialect of the Norman language. The Pays de Caux is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language outside the Cotentin (or Cherbourg) peninsula.

The principal communities are Le Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, Yvetot, and Étretat.
Wor Nanny's a mazer
Wor Nanny's a mazer is a famous Geordie folk song written in the 19th century by Tommy Armstrong, in a style deriving from music hall. It is regarded by many as one of the classics.

This song tells the tale of a husband and wife setting out on a train trip from Rowlands Gill, a village in County Durham, to "toon" - meaning 'town', presumably Newcastle upon Tyne - to do some shopping. The trip starts to go wrong when they miss their train. The pair end up in a pub where the wife becomes "a bit the worse for wear". We are left to assume no shopping was done and no clothes bought.

Tommy Armstrong (singer-songwriter)
Thomas Armstrong (1848–1920), known as Tommy Armstrong, was an English poet, singer-songwriter and entertainer dubbed "The Pitman Poet": 106  and "The Bard of the Northern Coalfield". Writing largely in the Geordie and Pitmatic dialects, he was renowned for his ability to chronicle the lives of the mining communities in and around Stanley in north-east Durham and to commemorate mining disasters.: 144–145
Bolokhovo
Bolokhovo (Russian: Бо́лохово) is a town in Kireyevsky District of Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the Olen River (Oka's basin), 20 kilometers (12 mi) southeast of Tula, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  9,622 (2010 Census); 10,364 (2002 Census); 11,787 (1989 Soviet census).

Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, romanized: Tulʹskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi). It has a population of 1,553,925 (2010 census). Tula is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast.

Tula Oblast borders Moscow Oblast in the north, Ryazan in the east, Lipetsk in the southeast, Oryol in the southwest, and Kaluga in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-Novomoskovsk Agglomeration, an urban area with a population of over 1 million.
Desulfobacteraceae
The Desulfobacteraceae are a family of Thermodesulfobacteriota. They reduce sulfates to sulfides to obtain energy and are strictly anaerobic. They have a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Some species are chemolithotrophic and use inorganic materials to obtain energy and use hydrogen as their electron donor.

Sulfide
Sulfide (also sulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.  Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and bisulfide (HS−) are the conjugate acids of sulfide.
Kir-Tlyavli
Kir-Tlyavli (Russian: Кир-Тлявли; Bashkir: Ҡыр-Теләүле, Qır-Teläwle) is a rural locality (a selo) in Bazgiyevsky Selsoviet, Sharansky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 190 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Sharansky District
Sharansky District (Russian: Шара́нский райо́н; Bashkir: Шаран районы, Şaran rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Bakalinsky District in the northwest and north, Chekmagushevsky District in the northeast, Buzdyaksky District in the southeast, Tuymazinsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is 1,384 square kilometers (534 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Sharan. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,514, with the population of Sharan accounting for 26.3% of that number.
Dendropsophus soaresi
Dendropsophus soaresi is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Hylidae
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Everything Must Go (Manic Street Preachers album)
Everything Must Go is the fourth studio album by Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers, released on 20 May 1996 by Epic Records. It was the first record released as a trio, following the disappearance of lyricist and rhythm guitarist Richey Edwards.

Released at the height of Britpop in the mid-1990s, the album was a commercial and critical success, it reached its peak in the UK on separate occasions, debuting and peaking at number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and earned the band accolades in the 1997 Brit Awards. It represented a shift in the group's sound due to Edwards' departure. The album charted in mainland Europe, Asia and Australia, eventually selling over two million copies. Everything Must Go is frequently featured and voted highly in lists for one of the best albums of all time by many music publications such as NME and Q.

Vox (magazine)
Vox was a British music magazine, first issued in October 1990.  It was published by IPC Media, and was later billed as a monthly sister-magazine to IPC's music weekly, the NME.

Although Vox was seen as IPC's response to EMAP's Q magazine, it was unable to match the circulation figures generated by Q in the 1990s  and was closed in the late 1990s as IPC had launched Uncut. Even though Uncut was first established as an entertainment magazine targeting men aged 25 to 45 with a mixture of movies and music, it soon moved into the space vacated by Vox in the magazine marketplace, becoming more of a music magazine aimed at EMAP's rival Mojo (now published by the Bauer Media Group).
The Cement Garden (film)
The Cement Garden is a 1993 British drama film written and directed by Andrew Birkin. It is based on the 1978 novel written by Ian McEwan. It was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival, where Birkin won the Silver Bear for Best Director.

Silver Bear for Best Director
The Silver Bear for Best Director (German: Silberner Bär/Bester Regie) is an award presented annually at the Berlin International Film Festival since 1956. It is given for the best achievement in directing and is chosen by the International Jury from the films in the Competition slate at the festival.

At the 6th Berlin International Film Festival held in 1956, Robert Aldrich was the first winner of this award for his work on Autumn Leaves, and Grant Gee is the most recent winner in this category for his work on Everybody Digs Bill Evans at the 76th Berlin International Film Festival in 2026.