hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kolbe nitrile synthesis
The Kolbe nitrile synthesis, named for Hermann Kolbe, is a method for the preparation of alkyl nitriles by reaction of the corresponding alkyl halide with a metal cyanide. A side product for this reaction is the formation of an isonitrile because the cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile.  The ratio of product isomers depends on the solvent and the reaction mechanism, and can be roughly predicted by Kornblum's rule.  Conditions conducive to free cyanide ions (alkali counterion, polar aprotic solvents) tend to give nitriles, whereas cyanometalate and hydrogen cyanide intermediates generally react to form isonitriles.

The reaction occurs particularly well in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent, as DMSO enables harsher conditions for cyanidation of sterically hindered electrophiles (secondary and neopentyl halides) without rearrangement side-reactions.

Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide (also called prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the formula HCN and structural formula H−C≡N. It is a highly toxic and flammable liquid that boils slightly above room temperature, at 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). HCN is produced on an industrial scale and is a highly valued precursor to many chemical compounds ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals. Large-scale applications are for the production of potassium cyanide and adiponitrile, used in mining and plastics, respectively. It is more toxic than solid cyanide compounds due to its volatile nature. A solution of hydrogen cyanide in water, represented as HCN(aq), is called hydrocyanic acid. The salts of the cyanide anion are known as cyanides.

Whether hydrogen cyanide is an organic compound or not is a topic of debate among chemists. It is traditionally considered inorganic, but can also be considered a nitrile, giving rise to its alternative names of methanenitrile and formonitrile.
Classic Albums: Iron Maiden – The Number of the Beast
Classic Albums: Iron Maiden – The Number of the Beast is a documentary about the making of the album of the same name by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, released on 26 November 2001 as part of the Classic Albums documentary series. Directed by Tim Kirkby, it featured cuts from the title track, "Children of the Damned", "Run to the Hills", and "The Prisoner," in addition to extended interviews and live footage of "Hallowed Be Thy Name", recorded during the band's performance at the Rock in Rio festival in 2001.

The video reached No. 9 in the Norwegian DVD Charts, and was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association.

It was released in DVD, VHS and UMD formats, and featured subtitles in six different languages, Dutch, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and French.

Universal Media Disc
The Universal Media Disc (UMD) is a discontinued optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on its PlayStation Portable handheld gaming and multimedia platform. It can hold up to 1.8 gigabytes of data and is capable of storing video games, feature-length films, and music.
Mevani
Mevani is a village lying on the bank of the Bhavani River, near Gobichettipalayam (15 km), Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Agriculture is the main occupation here.  Various films were shot in and around this village.  Pariyur kondathu Kaliamman Temple is near to this place.  A bridge connects Mevani with Keelvani, a village which lies on other side of the river.

Paddy and Sugar Cane are cultivated the most and the "Bhavani River" serves as the main water resource.

Bhavani River
Bhavani is an Indian river which flows through the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It originates in the Nilgiris in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, and flows westwards into Kerala for some distance, before turning east, and flowing back towards Tamil Nadu. It stretches for 234 km (145 mi), and joins the Kaveri at Kooduthurai. The river basin covers an area of 1,410 km2 (540 sq mi) across three districts in Tamil Nadu. The major tributaries include the Moyar, and Siruvani Rivers. There are multiple dams across the river, including the Upper Bhavani, Bhavanisagar dam, and Kodiveri dam.
Collins and Maconie's Hit Parade
Collins and Maconie's Hit Parade was a radio programme that aired from May 1994 to June 1997. There were 74 hour-long episodes and it was broadcast on BBC Radio 1. It starred Andrew Collins and Stuart Maconie, with regular comedy input from fellow NME journalist David Quantick. Produced by BBC Radio 1 DJ Mark Goodier's production company Wise Buddah, it was essentially a revival of the defunct round table format, in which the week's new singles are assessed by two regular guest contributors, predominantly music journalists, such as Caitlin Moran, Adrian Deevoy and John Harris of Q magazine.

The series won a Sony Radio Academy Award in 1995.

Round table (discussion)
Round table is a form of academic discussion. Participants agree on a specific topic to discuss and debate. Each person is given equal right to participate, as illustrated by the idea of a circular layout referred to in the term round table.

Round-table discussions, together with houses of hospitality and agronomic universities, is one of the key elements of the Catholic Worker Movement, as formulated by Peter Maurin, one of the co-founders of the movement.

Round table discussions are also a common feature of political talk shows.  Talk shows such as Washington Week and Meet the Press have roundtables of reporters or pundits.  Most of these are done around a table in a studio, but occasionally they report in split-screen from remote locations.  Some sports shows, such as ESPN's Around the Horn, employ a virtual augmented reality round table format. The round table method is still highly used to this day.
Victor Kanke
Victor Andreyevich Kanke (Russian: Виктор Андре́евич Ка́нке) (29 April 1944) is a Russian philosopher born in the village of Nekrasovo, Slavgorod District, Altai Territory to a German family. He taught physics at school (1966-1974) and philosophy at the Biysk State Teacher Training Institute (1976-1987) and the Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering (since 1987).

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Roman Dittrich
Roman Dittrich is a Czech sprint canoeist who competed in the mid-to-late 1990s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (C-4 200 m: 1995) and two bronzes (C-4 200 m: 1994; C-4 500 m: 1993).

1993 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1993 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark for the third time. The Danish city had hosted the event previously in 1950 and 1970.

The men's competition consisted of eight Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Five events were held for the women, all in kayak. This was the first championship following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the first since Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in early 1993.

This was the 25th championships in canoe sprint.
Coucougnette
A coucougnette is a confection made with almonds, marzipan, and chocolate. The sweet consists of a whole roasted almond coated in dark chocolate and rolled in a mixture of crushed almonds, cane sugar, ginger brandy, and Armagnac. Each coucougnette is dipped in raspberry juice, giving it a pink color.

Coucougnettes received the award for Best French Bonbon at the Paris "Intersuc" Salon in 2000.

Marzipan
Marzipan is a confection consisting primarily of sugar and almond meal (ground almonds), sometimes augmented with almond oil or extract.

It is often made into sweets; common uses are chocolate-covered marzipan and small marzipan imitations of fruits and vegetables. It can also be used in biscuits or rolled into thin sheets and glazed for icing cakes, primarily birthday cakes, wedding cakes and Christmas cakes. Marzipan may also be used as a baking ingredient, as in stollen or banket. In some countries, it is shaped into small figures of animals as a traditional treat for New Year's Day or Christmas. Marzipan is also used in Tortell, and in some versions of king cake eaten during the Carnival season.
2023 Westmeath Senior Hurling Championship
The 2023 Westmeath Senior Hurling Championship was the 119th staging of the Westmeath Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Westmeath County Board in 1903.

Fr Daltons were promoted to the championship as Senior 'B' Hurling champions,
replacing relegated Cullion from the previous year.

A total of six teams contest the Westmeath Senior Hurling Championship. Castletown Geoghegan enter the championship as the defending champions. Castlepollard, Clonkill, Fr Daltons, Lough Lene Gaels, and Raharney round out the field.

Fr Daltons were relegated from Senior 'A' after one season, while St Oliver Plunketts were promoted from Senior 'B' for next year.

The final at TEG Cusack Park in Mullingar between Lough Lene Gaels and Raharney, was their first meeting in a decider since 1992. Raharney won the final for their first county championship since 2021, and their 15th overall.

Castletown Geoghegan GAA
Castletown Geoghegan Hurling Club is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Castletown Geoghegan, County Westmeath, Ireland. The club first fielded a championship team in 1920 and is exclusively concerned with the game of hurling.

In senior hurling, Castletown Geoghegan HC competes annually in the Westmeath Senior Hurling Championship, which they have won fourteen times as of 2022. The club also fields adult teams at the intermediate and junior levels. They also field teams at all underage groups.
Bill Viola (martial artist)
William Viola II (born November 5, 1947) is an entrepreneur, martial arts instructor, and mixed martial arts pioneer credited by some as the co-creator of the sport of MMA. In 1979, he co-founded CV Productions, Inc., the first mixed martial arts company in America and the Tough Guy Contest. His life is the subject of the book Godfathers of MMA and the film Tough Guys.

Heinz History Center
The Senator John Heinz History Center, an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution, is the largest history museum in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States. Named after U.S. Senator H. John Heinz III (1938–1991) from Pennsylvania, it is located in the Strip District of Pittsburgh.

The Heinz History Center is a 275,000-square-foot (25,500 m2) educational institution "that engages and inspires a diverse audience with links to the past, understanding in the present, and guidance for the future by preserving regional history and presenting the American experience with a Western Pennsylvania connection."

In 2024, the Heinz History Center was named the best history museum in the United States by readers of USA Today as part of their annual Readers' Choice poll.
ANESRIF
ANESRIF (Arabic: الوكالة الوطنية للدراسات ومتابعة إنجاز الإستثمارات في السكك الحديدية) is a transport business created by the government of Algeria, to expand and modernise the Algerian railway system.

Hassi Messaoud
Hassi Messaoud (Arabic: حاسي مسعود) is a town in Ouargla Province, eastern Algeria, located 85 kilometres (53 mi) southeast of Ouargla. As of 2008 it had a population of 45,147 people, up from 40,360 in 1998, and an annual population growth rate of 1.1%, the lowest in the province. Oil was discovered there in 1956 and the town's prominence has grown rapidly since then; it is considered as the First Energy town in Algeria where all the big oil and gas companies have offices and bases. It is an oil refinery town named after the first oil well. A water well, dug in 1917, can be found on the airport side of town. Today there are over 800 wells within a 25 kilometres (16 mi) radius of the town.
Victor Lebedev
Victor Mikhailovich Lebedev  (5 January 1935 – 11 March 2021) was a Russian composer (Heavenly Swallows, Be My Husband, Gardes-Marines, Ahead!). He was born in Leningrad, USSR. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of Russia in 2005.

In 1968, he composed an opera of Aleksandr Volkov's The Wizard of the Emerald City, a Russian retelling of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, on a  libretto by William Roshchin and Vladimir Uflyand.

Author of music for 106 Russian films. Member of the Guild of Composers of the Union of Cinematographers of the Russian Federation.

He was married three times. Second marriage with ballerina and actress Natalya Sedykh.

Union of Cinematographers of the Russian Federation
The Union of Cinematographers of the Russian Federation (Russian: Союз кинематографистов России), also known as the Russian Filmmakers' Union, is the trade union of cinematographers, actors, and other professionals of Russian cinema. Founded in 1991, it was preceded by the Guild of Actors of Soviet Cinema in 1988, which became the Russian Film Actors Guild.
Rhynchocypris dementjevi
Rhynchocypris dementjevi is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, which includes the daces, chubs, true minnows and related fishes. This fish is endemic to the Chu River catchment in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Phoxinus
Phoxinus is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Leuciscidae of order Cypriniformes, and the only members of the subfamily Phoxininae, or Eurasian minnows. The other species in this genus are also commonly known as minnows. The name "minnow" was what early English fisherman used to describe "small and insignificant". The genus Phoxinus is found throughout Eurasia, and includes 21 known species. Previously, members of the North American genus Chrosomus were also believed to form part of this genus.
Georges Bouriano
Georges Bouriano/George Burianu was a Romanian racing car driver (20 August 1901, Brăila – 1996, Waterloo) who raced in the Bugatti T35C. He came second in the 1929 Monaco Grand Prix.  He was the last living participant in the race.

Brăila
Brăila (/brəˈiːlə/, also US: /-lɑː/, Romanian: [brəˈila] ⓘ) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County. The Sud-Est Regional Development Agency is headquartered in the city.

According to the 2021 Romanian census, Brăila had a population of 154,686 inhabitants, making it the 11th most populous city in Romania and the 9th largest on the Danube. The city's current mayor is Viorel Marian Dragomir of the PSD.
Pulsed power
Pulsed power is the science and technology of accumulating energy over a relatively long period of time and releasing it instantly, thus increasing the instantaneous power. They can be used in some applications such as food processing, water treatment, weapons, and medical applications.

Water treatment
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
David Banks (cricketer, born 1975)
David Banks (born 28 November 1975) is a former English cricketer. Banks was a right-handed batsman who played primarily as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Southampton in 1975.

Banks made his List-A debut for the Hampshire Cricket Board in the 1999 NatWest Trophy against Suffolk. Banks played in five List-A matches for the Hampshire Cricket Board, his final appearance came in the first round of 2003 Cheltenham and Gloucester Trophy, which was held in 2002.

Hampshire Cricket Board
The Hampshire Cricket Board (HCB) was formed in 1996 and is the governing body for all recreational cricket in the historic county of Hampshire. Following a restructuring in January 2010, the HCB now operates as a limited company.
Sweep frequency response analysis
Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) is a method to evaluate the mechanical integrity of core, windings and clamping structures within power transformers by measuring their electrical transfer functions over a wide frequency range.

Wheel clamp
A wheel clamp, also known as wheel boot, parking boot, or Denver boot, is a device that is designed to prevent motor vehicles from being moved. In its most common form, it consists of a clamp that surrounds a vehicle wheel, designed to prevent removal of both itself and the wheel.

In the United States, the device became known as a "Denver boot" after the city of Denver, Colorado, which was the first place in the country to employ them, mostly to force the payment of outstanding parking tickets.

While primarily associated with law enforcement and parking violations, a variety of wheel clamps are now available to consumers as theft deterrent devices for personal use as an alternative to the steering-wheel lock.
Wild Things Run Fast
Wild Things Run Fast is the eleventh studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell. Her first of four releases for Geffen Records, it was released in 1982 and represents her move to a more 1980s pop sound. This was her first album to work with bassist Larry Klein, whom she married in 1982. Klein would play bass on and co-produce her next four albums.

Geffen Records
Geffen Records (formerly The David Geffen Company from 1980 to 1992 and Geffen Records Inc. from 1993 to 2004) is an American record label owned by Interscope Geffen A&M (IGA), a division of the Interscope Capitol Labels Group, which is owned by Universal Music Group. It was founded in 1980 by David Geffen, as a music subsidiary of his then film company Geffen Pictures, with financial and distribution support from Warner Bros. Records.

In 1990, the label was sold to MCA Music Entertainment, which later became part of Universal Music Group (UMG) through acquisitions by Panasonic and Seagram. Since its merger into the Interscope Geffen A&M group in 1999, Geffen has served as a syndicate label within Interscope Records, expanding its catalog through the absorption of other imprints. It has operated as a key platform for new releases, especially following its 2003 expansion and 2017 relaunch. As of 2024, Geffen is part of Universal Music Group's Interscope Capitol Labels Group.
Fulvous
Fulvous /ˈfʊlvəs/ is a colour, sometimes described as dull orange, brownish-yellow or tawny; it can also be likened to a variation of buff, beige or butterscotch.  As an adjective it is used in the names of many species of birds, and occasionally other animals, to describe their appearance. It is also used as in mycology to describe fungi with greater colour specificity, specifically the pigmentation of the surface cuticle, the broken flesh and the spores en masse.

The first recorded use of fulvous as a colour name in English was in the year 1664. Fulvous in English is derived from the Latin "fulvus", a term that can be recognised in the scientific binomials of several species, and can provide a clue to their colouration.

Butterscotch
Butterscotch is a type of confection whose primary ingredients are brown sugar and butter. Some recipes include cream, vanilla, and salt. The earliest known recipes, in mid-19th century Yorkshire, used treacle (molasses) in place of, or in addition to, sugar.

Butterscotch is similar to toffee, but the sugar is boiled to the soft crack stage, not hard crack. Often credited with their invention, S. Parkinson & Sons of Doncaster made butterscotch boiled sweets and sold them in tins, which became one of the town's best-known exports. They became famous in 1851 after Queen Victoria was presented with a tin when she visited the town. Butterscotch sauce, made of butterscotch and cream, is used as a topping for ice cream (particularly sundaes).

The term "butterscotch" is also often used more specifically for the flavour of brown sugar and butter together, even if the actual confection butterscotch is not involved, such as in butterscotch pudding (a type of custard).
James Ferguson Hill
James Ferguson Hill (November 5, 1871 – October 15, 1936) was a farmer and politician in Ontario, Canada. He represented Hastings East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1923 to 1936 as a Conservative.

The son of Matthew Hill and Elizabeth Pegan, he was born in Shannonville and was educated in Deseronto and Belleville. In 1896, Hill married Clara May Leslie. He was a member of the Orange lodge.

Hill died in office at the age of 64.

Tyendinaga, Ontario
Tyendinaga is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Hastings County. The community takes its name from a variant spelling of Mohawk leader Joseph Brant's traditional Mohawk name, Thayendanegea.
KnowledgeBench
KnowledgeBench is a proprietary software suite which is used in the development of new products such as pharmaceuticals, food and drink, speciality chemicals, paint, oil, and plastics.  It has modules to support formulation, management and reporting, expert systems, knowledge management, and Product Lifecycle Management.  The software is used by companies including AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Wrigley.  It is built using methods from the field of artificial intelligence that include rule based systems and case based reasoning.

Wrigley Company
Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, also known as the Wrigley Company or simply Wrigley's, is an American multinational candy and chewing gum company, based in the Global Innovation Center (GIC) in Goose Island, Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1891, it is currently the largest manufacturer and marketer of chewing gum in the world.

For almost a century, the Wrigley Company continuously marketed three brands of gum: Wrigley's Spearmint, Doublemint, and Juicy Fruit. Since the late 20th century, it has expanded and created multiple more brands. Wrigley's became a subsidiary of Mars Inc. in 2008, and, along with Mars chocolate bars and other candy products, makes up "Mars Wrigley Confectionery".

The company currently sells its products in over 180 countries and districts, operates in over 50 countries, and has 21 production facilities in 14 countries.
Francesco Ruspoli, 8th Prince of Cerveteri
Francesco, Principe Ruspoli (23 February 1899 – 27 October 1989) was the 8th Principe di Cerveteri, 8th Marchese di Riano, 13th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was also Noble Guard.

Son of Alessandro Ruspoli, 7th Prince of Cerveteri and wife Marianita dei Duchi Lante Montefeltro della Rovere. His maternal grandmother was an American heiress from New York City, New York.

Riano, Lazio
Riano is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Latium. It is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Rome, in the Tiber River valley, not far from Veio.

Riano borders the following municipalities: Castelnuovo di Porto, Monterotondo, Rome, Sacrofano.
Burzec
Burzec [ˈbuʐɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojcieszków, within Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

In the years 1975-1998 the town administratively belonged to the Siedlce Voivodeship.

In Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel The Deluge, the village is mentioned in the eleventh chapter as belonging to Jan Skrzetuski.

In the interwar period, Sienkiewicz's cousin Stefan Dmochowski lived in the local manor, as well as his brother Roman, the owner of the village Sarnów.

Siedlce Voivodeship
Siedlce Voivodeship (Polish: województwo siedleckie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by Masovian Voivodeship and Lublin Voivodeship. Its capital city was Siedlce.