hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bag-of-words model
The bag-of-words (BoW) model is a model of text which uses  an unordered collection (a "bag") of words. It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). It disregards word order (and thus most of syntax or grammar) but captures multiplicity.

The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where, for example, the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier. It has also been used for computer vision.

An early reference to "bag of words" in a linguistic context can be found in Zellig Harris's 1954 article on Distributional Structure.

Multiplicity (mathematics)
In mathematics, the multiplicity of a member of a multiset is the number of times it appears in the multiset.  For example, the number of times a given polynomial has a root at a given point is the multiplicity of that root.

The notion of multiplicity is important to be able to count correctly without specifying exceptions (for example, double roots counted twice).  Hence the expression, "counted with multiplicity".

If multiplicity is ignored, this may be emphasized by counting the number of distinct elements, as in "the number of distinct roots". However, whenever a set (as opposed to multiset) is formed, multiplicity is automatically ignored, without requiring use of the term "distinct".
John J. Allen (Canadian politician)
John J. Allen (August 2, 1871 – June 7, 1935) was mayor of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, from 1931 to 1933.

He was born in Dungannon in Huron County, Ontario in 1871. In 1900, he came to Ottawa and opened a drug store; eventually, he and his partner, William Cochrane, sold their business to United Drug Stores, later Rexall. Allen and Cochrane later established a brokerage firm. He served as president of the Rotary Club in the city and later served as district governor. During Allen's term as mayor, he initiated repairs of the city sewer system which helped generate employment during the Great Depression.

Allen died of a heart attack in Montreal in 1935 and was buried in the Beechwood Cemetery.

Rexall
Rexall was a chain of American drugstores, and the name of their store-branded products. The stores, having roots in the federation of United Drug Stores starting in 1903, licensed the Rexall brand name to as many as 12,000 drug stores across the United States from 1920 to 1977. The "Rex" in the name was derived from the name of Ellen M. Regis—"Regis" being Latin for "of the king"—who developed "Rexall remedies" and from whom the company purchased the mark.
Chevron B5
The Chevron B5 is a sports racing car, designed and developed by British manufacturer Chevron, and built by David Bridges, in 1967. Only one single car was constructed. It was powered by a naturally-aspirated 2.0 L (120 cu in) BRM V8 engine. Over its racing career, spanning 4 years, it won a total of 3 races, and scored 7 podium finishes.

Chevron Cars Ltd
Chevron Cars Ltd. is an English manufacturer of racing cars, founded by Derek Bennett in 1965.  Following Bennett's death in 1978, the firm has remained active in various guises.  The original company's designs and name continue to be used to build replacement parts and continuation models of earlier Chevrons.  In 2000, Chevron Racing Cars Ltd., founded by Vin Malkie acquired the trade mark Chevron Racing Cars Ltd and in addition to the company's other activities has designed and built new grand tourer racing cars under the Chevron name, as well as other continuation models of earlier Chevrons.
Jared Jordan
Jared Ahern Jordan (born October 14, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player for various teams in Basketball Bundesliga (BBL). He last played for CSU Sibiu of the Liga Națională in Romania during the 2019–20 season.

Liga Națională (men's basketball)
The Liga Națională de Baschet Masculin (LNBM) (English: National League) is the top-tier professional basketball league of Romania. The winner of the league each season is crowned the Romanian national champion. Founded in 1950, the league consists of 24 teams playing in three different divisions.  Currently, the clubs from the Liga Națională also participate in the European competitions, and can qualify for the Basketball Champions League or the FIBA Europe Cup based on their performance in the national league and cup competition. The most successful club in the league's history is Dinamo București, who has won a record 22 titles. Asesoft Ploieşti won the championship seven times in a row between 2004 and 2010, and again between 2012 and 2014. They became the only Romanian team to win a European title with their success in the FIBA EuroCup Challenge in 2005.
White-throated thrush
The white-throated thrush (Turdus assimilis) is a species of bird in the family Turdidae. It is found in Mexico and Central America. It also has strayed to the southwestern United States. It previously was called the white-throated robin, a name also used for the Old World species Irania gutturalis.

Thrush (bird)
The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycatchers. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
Cal (command)
cal is a shell command that prints a calendar as ASCII text for one or more months. With no command-line options, it prints a calendar for the current month.

It is specified in the Single UNIX Specification and available on various operating systems including Unix, Plan 9, Inferno and Unix-like systems such as Linux. It was present in 1st Edition Unix. A cal command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2. It is also available for FreeDOS (developed by Charles Dye) in which it supports the Gregorian calendar (new style) and may be distributed freely, with or without source.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Li Chengjiang
Li Chengjiang (Chinese: 李成江; pinyin: Lǐ Chéngjiāng; born April 28, 1979) is a Chinese former competitive figure skater. He is the 2001 Four Continents champion, the 2004 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, and a six-time Chinese national champion. Li placed as high as fourth at the World Championships (2003) and competed twice at the Winter Olympics. He retired from competition in 2009 and became a coach in Beijing, working with Zhao Ziquan among others.

2003 World Figure Skating Championships
The 2003 World Figure Skating Championships were held at the MCI Center in Washington, D.C., USA from March 24 to 30. The senior-level international figure skating competition was sanctioned by the International Skating Union. Medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
1935 Estonian Football Championship
The 1935 Estonian Football Championship was the 15th official football league season in Estonia. Eight teams, five from Tallinn, one from Pärnu, Narva and Tartu, took part in the league. JS Estonia Tallinn successfully defended the title, winning the league for the second time in their short history.

Pärnu
Pärnu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈpærˑnu]) is a city in southwest Estonia. Pärnu is located 128 kilometres (80 mi) south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and 176 kilometres (109 mi) west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga, which is a part of the Baltic Sea. In the city, the Pärnu River drains into the Gulf of Riga.

Pärnu is a popular summer holiday resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches.  The city is served by Pärnu Airport.
Big Society
The Big Society was a sociopolitical concept of the first 15 years of the 21st century, developed by the populist Steve Hilton, that sought to integrate free market economics with a conservative paternalist conception of the social contract that was influenced by the 1990s civic conservatism of David Willetts. The Big Society influenced the 2010 UK Conservative Party general election manifesto and the legislative programme of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement. The relevant policy areas were devolved in Northern Ireland, in Scotland and in Wales, to, respectively, the Northern Ireland Executive, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government.

British PM David Cameron, and subsequent British Governments, declined to publicly use the term "Big Society" after 2013. The Big Society Network was dissolved in 2014 and the unfavourable conclusive Big Society audit, by Civil Exchange, was published in January 2015.

Steve Hilton
Stephen Glenn Charles Hilton (born 25 August 1969) is a British-born American conservative political commentator, former political adviser, and contributor for Fox News Channel. He served as director of strategy for the British Prime Minister David Cameron from 2010 to 2012. Hilton hosted The Next Revolution, a weekly current affairs show for Fox News from 2017 to 2023. He is a proponent of what he calls "positive populism" and a strong endorser of U.S. President Donald Trump. He was a co-founder of the crowd-funding platform Crowdpac, but resigned as CEO in 2018.
Culture in Stockholm
Apart from being a large city with an active cultural life, Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, houses many national cultural institutions. There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Stockholm County area: the Royal Palace Drottningholm (within Ekerö Municipality) and the Skogskyrkogården (The Woodland Cemetery).

Stockholm was the 1998 European City of Culture.

Drottningholm Palace
Drottningholm Palace (Swedish: Drottningholms slott), or Drottningholm, one of Sweden's royal palaces, situated near Sweden's capital Stockholm, is the private residence of the Swedish royal family.

Located on Lovön island in Stockholm County's Ekerö Municipality, it was built in the late 17th century and was a regular summer residence of the Swedish royal court through most of the 18th century.

Drottningholm Palace is a popular tourist attraction.
Hot Springs Peak (California)
Hot Springs Peak, also known as Skedaddle Mountain, is a mountain located in the Skedaddle Mountains of southeast Lassen County, California. It is around 10 km (6.2 mi) east-northeast of Wendel, California.

Standing at 2,333 m (7,654 ft.), it is the highest point in the Skedaddle Mountains.

Many mountains in the area (including Hot Springs Peak) were burned over during the Rush Fire in 2012, which at the time was the largest fire to ever take place in Lassen County.

Wendel, California
Wendel is an unincorporated community in Lassen County, California. It is located 23 miles (37 km) east-southeast of Susanville, at an elevation of 4012 feet (1223 m). Wendel's ZIP Code is 96136.

The Wendel post office opened in 1915 (when it was transferred from Purser), closed in 1920, and re-opened in 1921. The name Wendel was bestowed by Thomas Moran, the president of the Nevada–California–Oregon Railway, for a friend.

Wendel was once a crew change point for the railroad, with housing, hotels, and other services for train workers.  Most of the railroad infrastructure in Wendel was demolished in 1996, and the railroad is now abandoned.  A few homes can still be found in the area, however.
Tossal d'en Cervera
Tossal d'en Cervera (Valencian pronunciation: [toˈsal den seɾˈveɾa]) or Pic de Cervera is a mountain in Spain. It is located between the municipal terms of La Sénia, in the Montsià comarca, and  La Pobla de Benifassà, Baix Maestrat, Valencian Community.

This mountain has an elevation of 1,347.5 metres above sea level. The abandoned hamlet of Refalgarí (Rafalgarí) lies on its northern slope.

This mountain is part of the Ports de Tortosa-Beseit system and should not be confused with the Cervera Mountains located further southeast.

La Pobla de Benifassà
La Pobla de Benifassà (Valencian pronunciation: [la ˈpɔbla ðe benifaˈsa]) is a municipality in the comarca of Baix Maestrat in the Valencian Community, Spain.

It is located in the historical comarca of Tinença de Benifassà. Most villages in the area have only residual population owing to massive emigration in the late 20th century.

The Ulldecona Dam is located within the La Pobla de Benifassà municipal limits.
Lycaon (king of Arcadia)
In Greek mythology, Lycaon (/laɪˈkeɪɒn/; Attic Greek: Λυκάων, romanized: Lukáōn, Attic Greek: [ly.kǎː.ɔːn]) was a king of Arcadia who, in the most popular version of the myth, killed and cooked his son Nyctimus and served him to Zeus, to see whether the god was sufficiently all-knowing to recognize human flesh. Disgusted, Zeus transformed Lycaon into a wolf, while Nyctimus was restored to life.

Despite being notorious for his horrific deeds, Lycaon was also remembered as a culture hero: he was believed to have founded the city Lycosura, to have established a cult of Zeus Lycaeus and to have started the tradition of the Lycaean Games, which Pausanias thinks were older than the Panathenaic Games. According to Gaius Julius Hyginus (d. AD 17), Lycaon dedicated the first temple to Hermes of Cyllene.

Culture hero
A culture hero is a mythological hero specific to some group (cultural, ethnic, religious, etc.) who changes the world through invention or discovery. Places like the French Panthéon and the German Walhalla (memorial) show the term is also used for regular people who had civil courage. Although many culture heroes help with the creation of the world, most culture heroes are important because of their effect on the world after creation. A typical culture hero might be credited as the discoverer of fire, agriculture, songs, tradition, law, or religion, and is usually the most important legendary figure of a people, sometimes as the founder of its ruling dynasty.
Asia Star Entertainer Awards 2025
The Asia Star Entertainer Awards 2025 was an award ceremony held at K-Arena Yokohama in Yokohama on May 28–29, 2025. It is the 2025 edition of the annual award show Asia Star Entertainer Awards. The award ceremony was hosted by Juyeon and Rei for the first day and Kim Hye-yoon, Hyungwon, and Younghoon for the second day. It was broadcast live in Japan via TBS and Abema, in Korea via Naver TV, and worldwide via Dalda.

Abema
Abema (アベマ; often stylized as all caps) is a Japanese streaming service that launched on April 11, 2016, under the name AbemaTV. It is majority-owned by CyberAgent, with a 55.2% stake, and TV Asahi, with a 36.8% stake, while the remaining ownership belongs to various other companies, mostly in the media and entertainment industry.

Abema primarily functions as an online television network, featuring multiple FAST channels that offer news, sports, entertainment programming, with the option to become a premium member to view past programs on demand.
Esther Leslie
Esther Leslie FBA (b. 1964) is a Professor of Political Aesthetics at Birkbeck, University of London. She has taught at Birkbeck since January 2000. She has written on Walter Benjamin, Adorno, Kracauer and the Frankfurt School, and explored themes such as animation, chemical industries, including IG Farben and Imperial Chemical Industries, liquid crystals, fascism and culture, Weimar radio, screen and digital cultures, Marxism and Anarchism, fashion, design and craft, Romanticism, and Black radicalism in Somers Town.

Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, the chemical industry converts raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into commodity chemicals for industrial and consumer products. It includes industries for petrochemicals such as polymers for plastics and synthetic fibers; inorganic chemicals such as acids and alkalis; agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides; and other categories such as industrial gases, speciality chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technicians.
Lowden Homes
Lowden Homes is a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) public housing project located in the Princeton Park neighborhood on the far South Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is bordered by 91st and 95th Streets, Wentworth, and Eggleston Avenues.

Roseland, Chicago
Roseland is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois, on the far south side of the city. It includes the neighborhoods of Fernwood, Princeton Park, Lilydale, the southern portion of West Chesterfield, Rosemoor, Sheldon Heights and West Roseland.
Page–Gilbert House
The Page–Gilbert House is a historic home in the Hyde Park Historic District in Austin, Texas, United States. It is also a part of the Shadow Lawn Historic District, a subdivision within the Hyde Park neighborhood established by Hyde Park founder Monroe M. Shipe.

It was built in the late 19th century by its first owner, Christopher Page, a British immigrant who had worked as a stonemason in constructing the Texas State Capitol. It features a muted Victorian style with Queen Anne accents such as a pyramidal steeple roof.

The house is located at 3913 Avenue G, across from the Frank M. and Annie G. Covert House. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Monroe M. Shipe
Colonel Monroe Martin Shipe (March 12, 1847 – April 27, 1924), also called M. M. Shipe, was an American real estate developer who developed Hyde Park, an early streetcar suburb in Austin, Texas. He also founded the Austin Electric Railway Company, a streetcar network that initially served Hyde Park but expanded to become the public transit network for the city of Austin and, eventually, the direct predecessor of Austin's current transit agency, Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Trousdale Estates
Trousdale Estates is a neighborhood of Beverly Hills, California, located in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. It was developed in the 1950s and 1960s and is named after Paul Trousdale, a real estate developer.

As of September 2019, the average sale price of a home in Trousdale Estates was over $11 million. According to Bloomberg L.P. it is one of the 12 most expensive neighborhoods in the USA.

Foothills
Foothills or piedmont are geographically defined as gradual increases in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area. They are a transition zone between plains and low relief hills and the adjacent topographically higher mountains, hills, and uplands.  Frequently foothills consist of alluvial fans, coalesced alluvial fans, and dissected plateaus.
Volcano F (Tonga)
Volcano F (also known as Volcano 0403-091 or by its volcano number 243091), is a submarine volcano in the Tonga Islands of the South Pacific Ocean. It is located 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Vavaʻu, between Late and Fonualei on the Tofua ridge. It is part of the highly active Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone and its associated volcanic arc, which extends from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji, and is formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate.

The volcano was first mapped in 2004, and assigned the name "Volcano F". It consists of a large (8.7 x 6 km) caldera with a depth of 670 – 720 m. The caldera walls are 200 – 300 m high, with the highest peak on the rim only 35 m (115 ft) below sea level. The entire volcano rises 1,000 m (3,300 ft) from the sea-floor.

Submarine volcano
Water vapor cloud

Water

Stratum

Lava flow

Magma conduit

Magma chamber

Dike

Pillow lava

Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. Although most submarine volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in shallow water, and these can discharge material into the atmosphere during an eruption. The total number of submarine volcanoes is estimated to be over one million (most are now extinct) of which some 75,000 rise more than 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) above the seabed. Only 119 submarine volcanoes in Earth's oceans and seas are known to have erupted during the last 11,700 years.

Hydrothermal vents, sites of abundant biological activity, are commonly found near submarine volcanoes.
Skytte
Skytte is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bengt Skytte (1614–1683), Swedish courtier and diplomat

Christina Anna Skytte (1643–1677), Swedish noblewoman

Gustav Skytte (1637–1663), Swedish nobleman and pirate

Johan Skytte (1577–1645), Swedish politician

Karl Skytte (1908–1986), Danish politician

Maria Skytte (died 1703), Swedish noblewoman

Vendela Skytte (1608–1629), Swedish noblewoman, writer, and poet

Vendela Skytte
Vendela Skytte (or Wendela Skytte) (8 December 1608 – 18 August 1629) was a Swedish noblewoman, salonist and writer, poet and Lady of Letters. During her lifetime, she became an ideal and role model for a learned female scholar.
Big Easy Casino
The Big Easy Casino, formerly known as Mardi Gras Casino and Hollywood Greyhound Track, is a casino and formerly a greyhound racing facility located in Hallandale Beach, in the Florida, US. The casino features over 700 slot machines, virtual table games, free to enter poker tournaments and nightly entertainment.

Greyhound racing
Greyhound racing is an organised, competitive sport in which greyhounds race on dedicated tracks. The modern track form of the sport developed from hare coursing and uses a mechanically operated artificial lure (usually a form of windsock) that travels along a rail ahead of the dogs. As with horse racing, greyhound races frequently involve parimutuel or bookmaker betting.

In many countries, greyhound racing is conducted at an amateur level. In other countries, particularly Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States, it forms part of the commercial gambling industry.
Steve Olson
Steve Olson is an American writer who specializes in science, mathematics, and public policy.  He is the author of several nonfiction trade books:  Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins, which was nominated for the National Book Award in 2002; Count Down:  Six Kids Vie for Glory at the World’s Toughest Math Competition in 2004; Anarchy Evolution: Faith, Science, and Bad Religion in a World Without God in 2010; Eruption: The Untold Story of Mt. St. Helens in 2016.

He also has written for many magazines, including the Atlantic Monthly, the Smithsonian, Science, Scientific American, Wired, the Yale Alumni Magazine, the Washingtonian, Slate, and Paste.  His articles have been reprinted in Best American Science and Nature Writing 2003 and 2007.

Washingtonian (magazine)
Washingtonian is a monthly magazine distributed in the Washington, D.C. area, with a focus on local feature journalism, guide book-style articles, real estate, and politics. Founded in 1965 by Laughlin Phillips and Robert J. Myers, it describes itself as "The Magazine Washington Lives By".