hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jakob Modalsli
Jakob Modalsli (1 April 1911 – 31 January 1984) was a Norwegian civil servant.

He was born in Strømm, and graduated from the Norwegian College of Agriculture in 1936. In 1947, he was hired as secretary general of the Norwegian Agrarian Association; in 1949 he became director of the Direktoratet for eksport- og importregulering. From 1952 to 1960 and 1962 to 1966 he was the permanent under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Defence. From 1966 to 1981 he was the County Governor of Østfold. From 1973 to 1977 he was the chair of the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation.

Ministry of Defence (Norway)
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Defence (Norwegian: Det kgl. Forsvarsdepartement) is a Norwegian government ministry in charge of the formation and implementation of national security and defence policy, and for the overall management and control of the activities of subordinate agencies. The ministry is located at Glacisgata 1, Oslo, inside Akershus festning. The ministry is headed by the politically appointed Minister of Defence, currently Tore O. Sandvik. The ministry controls a large group of defence-related agencies, not to be related with Ministry of Foreign Affairs that controls all intelligence-related agencies in the country.
Barton, Alabama
Barton, also known as Barton Station, Barton Depot, or Barton's, is an unincorporated community located in western Colbert County, Alabama, United States. It is about ten miles west of the county seat of Tuscumbia, and just south of Tennessee River. The community is about four miles southeast of Cherokee on US Route 72.

Tuscumbia, Alabama
Tuscumbia is a city in and the county seat of Colbert County, Alabama, United States. The population was 9,054 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 9,169 in 2023. The city is part of The Shoals metropolitan area.

Tuscumbia was the hometown of Helen Keller, who lived at Ivy Green. Several sites in the city are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, especially in the Tuscumbia Historic District. The city is also the site of the Alabama Music Hall of Fame. And the town is famous for their Legendary Annual Catfish Cooking Contest.
Tom Marcello
Tom Marcello has been a jazz photojournalist since the mid 1970s.   His photos have appeared as album covers, in liner notes, in press kits and in the news.   Among his subjects are Woody Shaw, Zoot Sims, Dexter Gordon, Sonny Stitt, Marvin Peterson, Charles Mingus, the Heath Brothers, and Kenny Washington.

Zoot Sims
John Haley "Zoot" Sims (October 29, 1925 – March 23, 1985) was an American jazz saxophonist, playing mainly tenor but also alto (and, later, soprano) saxophone. He first gained attention in the "Four Brothers" sax section of Woody Herman's big band, afterward enjoying a long solo career, often in partnership with fellow saxmen Gerry Mulligan and Al Cohn.
The Daughter of the Regiment (1953 film)
The Daughter of the Regiment (German: Die Tochter der Kompanie, Italian: La figlia del reggimento) is a 1953 musical comedy film directed by Géza von Bolváry and Goffredo Alessandrini and starring Antonella Lualdi, Hannelore Schroth, and Isa Barzizza. Based on the opera The Daughter of the Regiment by Gaetano Donizetti, it was made as a co-production between Italy and West Germany with separate versions released in the two languages.

The film' sets were designed by the art director Piero Filippone. It was shot at the Palatino Studios in Rome.

Antonella Lualdi
Antonella Lualdi (born Antonietta de Pascale, 6 July 1931 – 10 August 2023) was an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French films in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's film The Red and the Black in 1954.
Fats Sadi
"Fats" Sadi Pol Lallemand (23 October 1927, Andenne, Belgium – 20 February 2009, Huy) was a Belgian jazz musician, vocalist, and composer who played vibraphone and percussion.  He chose the name "Sadi" because he disliked his last name, which means "the German" in French. He led a quartet and nonet and won the Belgian Golden Django for best French-speaking artist in 1996.

Huy
Huy (French: [ɥi] ⓘ or [wi] ⓘ; Dutch: Hoei [ɦui] ⓘ; Walloon: Hu) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. Huy lies along the river Meuse, at the mouth of the small river Hoyoux. It is in the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia, home to the Walloon population.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Ben-Ahin, Huy, Neuville-sous-Huy, and Tihange.
The Old Men at the Zoo
The Old Men at the Zoo is a novel written by Angus Wilson, first published in 1961 by Secker and Warburg. It explores the moral compromises of those in power and the fragility of democratic institutions in crisis.

Written from the perspective of an administrator at the London Zoo, the book deals with events before and during a limited, possibly nuclear war that results in the imposition of a dystopian pan-European dictatorship which imprisons anyone suspected of opposition. Fanatic government representatives plan to use the zoo for the public execution of political prisoners in a return to the Ancient Roman Damnatio ad bestias (condemnation to beasts) before a further change in government lead to another reversal of fates.

The book was adapted, with many changes – nuclear bombing of London, not present in the novel, was added – into a 1983 BBC Television series by the scriptwriter Troy Kennedy Martin.

Damnatio ad bestias
Damnatio ad bestias (Latin for "condemnation to beasts") was a form of Roman capital punishment where the condemned person was killed by wild animals, usually lions or other big cats. This form of execution, which first appeared during the Roman Republic around the 2nd century BC, was part of a wider class of blood sports called Bestiarii.

Public damnatio ad bestias was considered a common form of entertainment especially for the lower class citizens of Rome (plebeians). Killings by wild animals formed part of the inaugural games of the Colosseum in AD 80. Between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, this penalty was applied to the worst of criminals, runaway slaves, and Christians.
Meletius II of Constantinople
Meletius II of Constantinople (Greek: Μελέτιος; died 5 January 1780) served as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1768–1769.

He was born in Tenedos. From 1750 until 1768, he served as metropolitan bishop of Larissa and then was elected Ecumenical Patriarch. During the uprising of 1769, he was dismissed and was exiled to Mytilene. In 1775, with permission of the Sultan Abdul Hamid I, he returned to Tenedos and in 1777 to Constantinople, where he died destitute in 1780.

He was probably buried on Tenedos. In the late 20th century, his fragmentary tombstone was discovered in the garden of North Bank, a mansion in Muswell Hill, London, where it may have been taken as a souvenir in the 19th century. In 2013, the stone was returned to Constantinople, in the custody of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

Muswell Hill
Muswell Hill is a district of the London Borough of Haringey, in north London, England. The hill, which reaches over 100 m (330 ft) above sea level, is situated 5+1⁄2 mi (9 km) north of Charing Cross. It has many streets with Edwardian architecture. Neighbouring areas include Highgate, Hampstead Garden Suburb, East Finchley and Crouch End.
John Kincaid (politician)
John Kincaid (February 15, 1791 – February 7, 1873) was a United States representative from Kentucky. He was born near Danville, Kentucky, where he attended the public schools. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Stanford, Kentucky.

Kincaid served as a Kentucky Commonwealth attorney. He was also a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1819. He was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress (March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831). After leaving Congress, he was again a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1836 and 1837. He served as circuit judge in 1836 and 1837 and then resumed the practice of law and also engaged in agricultural pursuits, He moved to Gallatin, Tennessee, in 1870 and died there on February 7, 1873. Kincaid was buried in Bellevue Cemetery, Danville, Kentucky.

Gallatin, Tennessee
Gallatin is a city in and the county seat of Sumner County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 44,431 at the 2020 census and has an estimated population of 52,489 as of 2024. Named for United States Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, the city was established on the Cumberland River and made the county seat of Sumner County in 1802. It is located about 30.6 miles northeast of the state capital of Nashville, Tennessee.

Several national companies have facilities or headquarters in Gallatin, including Facebook, Gap, Inc.,  Beretta and Servpro Industries LLC. Gallatin was formerly the headquarters of Dot Records. The city is also the site of Volunteer State Community College, a two-year college with more than 70 degree programs. In 2017, Gallatin was ranked as "The Nicest Place In America" by Reader's Digest.
Flann Ó Riain
Flann Ó Riain (18 September 1929 – 6 December 2008) was an Irish cartoonist, writer and Irish language activist. He was born on 18 September 1929 in Lucan, County Dublin. He was primarily known for his work as a political cartoonist with the Irish Independent newspaper. Using the nom de plume "Doll", he appeared regularly in the newspaper, where he created satirical cartoons. He was also known as creator of the 1960s Irish language television series Dáithí Lacha, and Rí Rá agus Ruaille Buaille.

Irish Independent
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper and online publication which is owned by Independent News & Media (INM), a subsidiary of Mediahuis.

The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines.

Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper, it introduced an additional compact size in 2004. Further, in December 2012 (following billionaire Denis O'Brien's takeover) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only.
Cates
Cates is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Challen Cates (born 1967), American actress

Clifton Bledsoe Cates (1893–1970), 19th Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps

David Allan Cates (born 1956), American novelist

Fatima Cates (1865–1900), British Muslim convert and activist

George Cates (1911–2002), American musical conductor associated with Lawrence Welk

George Edward Cates (1892–1917), English recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I

Gilbert Cates (1934–2011), American film director

Kristy Cates (born 1977), American stage actress and singer

Michael Cates (born 1961), Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University

Miriam Cates (born 1982), British Member of Parliament elected 2019

Noah Cates (born 1999), American ice hockey player

Opie Cates (1909–1987), American band leader

Phoebe Cates (born 1963), American film actress

Richard Cates (1925–2011), American lawyer and politician

Phoebe Cates
Phoebe Belle Cates Kline (born July 16, 1963) is an American businesswoman and retired actress and model. She appeared in the films Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), Gremlins (1984), Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990), Drop Dead Fred (1991) and Princess Caraboo (1994). In 2005, she founded the Blue Tree boutique.
112P/Urata–Niijima
Comet Urata-Niijima is a periodic comet in the Solar System discovered by Japanese astronomers Tsuneo Niijima and Takeshi Urata on October 30, 1986, at Ojima, the first orbit was calculated by Brian G. Marsden on November 5 giving an orbital period of 6.42 years.

On October 20, 1993, the comet was recovered by J. V. Scotti (Spacewatch, Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, United States), and on the next return on March 4, 2000, by Philippe. L. Lamy and Harold. A. Weaver using the Hubble Space Telescope.

The nucleus of the comet has a radius of 0.90 ± 0.05 kilometers, assuming a geometric albedo of 0.04.

James V. Scotti
James Vernon Scotti (born 1960) is an American astronomer. He was born in Bandon, Oregon, and graduated from Edmonds Woodway High School in Edmonds, Washington in 1978. He received his B.Sc. in Astronomy from the University of Arizona in Tucson in 1983. Ever since that time, he has worked on the Spacewatch project, which is one of a number of projects that look for near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). He wrote the first automatic asteroid detection software for the project in 1984.
Jeanette Rodríguez (actress)
Jeanette Joséfina Rodríguez Delgado (born May 16, 1961, in Caracas, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan television actress and former beauty queen. Rodriguez is remembered for her participation in such telenovelas as "Cristal", "Pobre Diabla" and "Amandote", all of which in where she was the main protagonist, and in "Topacio". She has acted professionally in places such as Venezuela, Argentina, Italy and the United States, where she resides.

Topacio
Topacio is a 1984 Venezuelan telenovela produced by RCTV based on the telenovela by Delia Fiallo Esmeralda produced by rival network Venevisión in 1970. It starred Grecia Colmenares and Víctor Cámara and with the antagonistic participations of Nohely Arteaga, Alberto Marín and Chony Fuentes.
Princess Royal Maternity Hospital
The Princess Royal Maternity Hospital is a maternity hospital in Glasgow, Scotland. It was founded as the Glasgow Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary in 1834 in Greyfriars Wynd, just off the city's High Street. It moved to St Andrew's Square in 1841, then to Rottenrow in 1860 and to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary site in 2001. It is managed by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.

High Street, Glasgow
High Street  is the oldest, and one of the most historically significant, streets in Glasgow, Scotland. Originally the city's main street in medieval times, it formed a direct north–south artery between the Cathedral of St. Mungo (later Glasgow Cathedral) in the north, to Glasgow Cross and the banks of the River Clyde. The High Street now stops at Glasgow Cross, with the southern continuation being the Saltmarket. High Street forms the notional boundary between the city centre to the west, and Dennistoun and Calton to the east.
William Bell (East India Company)
William Bell (1591–24 February 1624) was an East India Company (EIC) factor in the city of Isfahan, the royal capital of Safavid Iran, during the reign of Safavid Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1688-1629). He came to Iran in 1616 during the reign of English King James I on board the barge James, carrying the EIC's first trial shipment of goods to Iran, and he was the first to disembark when the ship anchored at Jask. The records of the EIC note that he died "after a seven nights sore visitation with a burning fever". Bell's funeral, according to the same records, was attended by "Hollanders and such Franks as were resident, but likewise with Cogiah Nazer and other the principal of the Armenians, with all their churchmen... and at least 5000 Julfalines and other Xpians". Bell's grave, located at the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery, is the oldest known British grave in Iran. The headstone is inscribed in Latin.

Shah
Shāh (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه [ˈʃaːɦ] ⓘ) is a royal title meaning 'king' in Persian. Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Khanate of Bukhara and the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, and various Afghan dynasties, as well as among Gurkhas. With regard to Iranian history, in particular, each ruling monarch was not seen simply as the head of the concurrent dynasty and state, but as the successor to a long line of royalty beginning with the original Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great. To this end, he was more emphatically known as the Shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه, šāhanšāh, 'king of kings' [ˌʃaːhanˈʃaːɦ]), since the Achaemenid dynasty. A roughly equivalent title is Pādishāh (پادشاه, pādišāh, pādšāh, 'master king'), which was most widespread during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
NUBP2
Nucleotide-binding protein 2 (NBP 2) also known as cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor NUBP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUBP2 gene.

NUBP2 is a member of the NUBP/MRP gene subfamily of ATP-binding proteins. There are two types in eukaryotes NUBP1 and NUBP2, and one novel human gene that define NBP nucleotide-binding proteins (NUBP/MRP-multidrug resistance-associated protein) in mammalian cells requires the maturation of cytosolic     iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins as Nubp1 is involved in the formation of extramitochondrial Fe/S proteins the cell division inhibitor MinD is homologous and involve two proteins components of the (FeS) protein assembly machinery closely similar cytosolic soluble P loop NTPase where Nar1 is required for assembly, identified Cfd1p in cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S protein biogenesis in yeast. Nubp proteins NTPase Nbp35p. MinD is homologous to members in MinD of E. coli, a relative of the ParA family.

FtsZ
FtsZ is a protein encoded by the ftsZ gene that assembles into a ring at the future site of bacterial cell division (also called the Z ring). FtsZ is a prokaryotic homologue of the eukaryotic protein tubulin. The initials FtsZ mean "Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z." The hypothesis was that cell division mutants of E. coli would grow as filaments due to the inability of the daughter cells to separate from one another. FtsZ is found in almost all bacteria, many archaea, all chloroplasts and some mitochondria, where it is essential for cell division. FtsZ assembles the cytoskeletal scaffold of the Z ring that, along with additional proteins, constricts to divide the cell in two.
AI takeover in popular culture
AI takeover—the idea that some kind of artificial intelligence may supplant mankind as the dominant intelligent species on the planet—is a common theme in science fiction. Famous cultural touchstones include Terminator and The Matrix.

Nick Bostrom
Nick Bostrom (/ˈbɒstrəm/ BOST-rəm; Swedish: Niklas Boström [ˈnɪ̌kːlas ˈbûːstrœm]; born 10 March 1973) is a philosopher known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, whole brain emulation, superintelligence risks, and the reversal test. He was the founding director of the later defunct Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford and has become Principal Researcher at the Macrostrategy Research Initiative.

Bostrom is the author of Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy (2002), Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014) and Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World (2024).

Bostrom believes that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to superintelligence, which he defines as "any intellect that greatly exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in virtually all domains of interest". He views this as a major source of opportunities and existential risks.
Hymenodictyon parvifolium
Hymenodictyon parvifolium Oliv. is a small rubiaceous African tree  and is one of some 24 species in the genus, with a tropical African and Asian distribution. This species grows as a small tree to some 5 metres tall, or sometimes a liane or scrambler to 10.5 m, and is found in low-altitude woodland (250 – 1110 m).

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae (/ruːbiˈeɪsiːˌiː, -siˌaɪ/) is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules and sympetalous actinomorphic flowers. The family contains about 14,200 species in about 615 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family by number of species. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution; however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. Economically important genera include  Coffea, the source of coffee; Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine; ornamental cultivars (e.g., Gardenia, Ixora, Pentas); and historically some dye plants (e.g., Rubia).
Reisterstown, Maryland
Reisterstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore and Carroll counties, Maryland, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 25,968.

Founded by German immigrant John Reister in 1758, Reisterstown is located to the northwest of Baltimore. Though it is older than the surrounding areas, it now serves primarily as a residential suburb of Baltimore. The center is designated the Reisterstown Historic District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Also listed are the Montrose Mansion and Chapel and St. Michael's Church.

Just outside the community, to its north, is the small military reservation of Camp Fretterd, which serves as a training site for the Maryland Army National Guard and Air Guard. The Maryland Defense Force is also headquartered at Camp Fretterd.

Maryland Defense Force
The Maryland Defense Force (MDDF) is the state defense force for the state of Maryland. The MDDF is organized as a state military reserve organization organized parallel to the Maryland National Guard and is designed to augment the National Guard during stateside emergencies. However, as a state defense force, the MDDF is solely under control of the State of Maryland and cannot be federalized or deployed outside the borders of Maryland.
Syria at the Asian Games
Syria first competed at the Asian Games in 1978 and is also a member of the West Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA). The National Olympic Committee for Syria is the Syrian Olympic Committee, founded in 1948. Syria is yet to make its debut at the Asian Winter Games. Syria got its first gold medal in 1978 Asian Games, when Talal Najjar won the weightlifting 110 kg event.

Syrian Olympic Committee
The Syrian Olympic Committee (Arabic: اللجنة الأولمبية السورية; IOC Code: SYR) is the National Olympic Committee in Syria for the Olympic Games movement. It is a non-profit organization that selects players and teams to represent the nation, and raises funds to send to Olympic events organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
NUTS statistical regions of Finland
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing country subdivisions for statistical purposes. The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the European Union's Structural Funds. Each EU member state is hierarchically divided into three NUTS levels. The classification is reviewed at most every three years. The current classification is NUTS 2024, which became legally effective on January 1, 2024.

The NUTS code for Finland is FI. The three levels are:

Below these three NUTS levels are the Local Administrative Unit (LAU) levels. In Finland, there are two LAU levels, which consist of the sub-regions, and the municipalities.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.