hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Asia (1817 ship)
Asia was a 410-ton merchant brig built at Shields in 1817. During her career she made one voyage for the British East India Company (EIC), and one transporting convicts from England to Van Diemen's Land. She is last listed in 1833 and may have wrecked late that year.

Convict
A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". Convicts are often also known as "prisoners" or "inmates" or by the slang term "con", while a common label for former convicts, especially those recently released from prison, is "ex-con" ("ex-convict"). Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as "convicts".

The label of "ex-convict" usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma or reduced opportunities for employment. The federal government of Australia, for instance, will not, in general, employ an ex-convict, while some state and territory governments may limit the time for or before which a former convict may be employed.
Urangela
Urangela is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cosmopterigidae described by August Busck in 1912. It contains only one species, Urangela pygmaea, described by the same author in the same year, which is found in Panama.

August Busck
Augustus Busck (February 18, 1870 in Randers, Denmark – March 7, 1944) was a Danish-American entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Entomology, stationed in the U.S. National Museum. He is best known for his work with microlepidoptera, of which he described over 600 species. His collections of Lepidoptera from North America and the Panama Canal Zone are held by the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
Battle of Ghaghra
The Battle of Ghaghra, fought in 1529, was a major battle for the conquest of India by the Mughal Empire. It followed the first Battle of Panipat in 1526 and the Battle of Khanwa in 1527. The forces of Mughal Emperor Babur of the emerging Mughal Empire were joined by Indian allies in battle against the Eastern Afghan Confederates under Sultan Mahmud Lodi and the Sultanate of Bengal under Sultan Nusrat Shah.

Lohani
Lohani, also known as Nuhani, is a nomadic Pashtun tribe which had made deeper incursions into India, as far as Bihar, and settled therein during the days of the Lodi dynasty.

The exact ethnicity of Lohanis is disputed. While some authors refer to them as an Afghan Powinda tribe, others state them to be a Hindu mercantile caste originating from Sindh that engaged in the Indo-Central Asian trade, and identify them with Lohanas instead.

The earliest mention of the Lohani tribes comes in the form of an inscription written on a tablet from 1496 AD in Bihar during the days of the Lodi dynasty. The inscription records the construction of a certain gate by Darya Khan Nuhani who is thereafter mentioned as one of the ''governors of the kingdom". The Lohani tribes were also mentioned by the Mughal Emperor Babur in his memoirs, the Baburnama, as Nuhani Afghan around 1529.
2020 Dawn Ultra 150
The 2020 Dawn Ultra 150 was the eighth stock car race of the 2020 ARCA Menards Series and the inaugural iteration of the event. The race was held on Friday, July 24, 2020, in Kansas City, Kansas at Kansas Speedway, a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) permanent D-shaped oval racetrack. The race took the scheduled 100 laps to complete. At race's end, Bret Holmes of Bret Holmes Racing would dominate to win his first and so far final career ARCA Menards Series win and his first and only win of the season. To fill out the podium, Ryan Repko of Venturini Motorsports and Riley Herbst of Joe Gibbs Racing would finish second and third, respectively.

Ryan Repko
Ryan T. Repko (born October 1, 1999) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time at Millbridge Speedway in the Micro Sprint division driving the No. 71 Hyper Racing Chassis for Ryan Repko Racing. He has previously competed in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, the ARCA Menards Series, the ARCA Menards Series East, and the ARCA Menards Series West.
Stafford–Manchester line
The Stafford–Manchester line is a major railway line branching from the West Coast Main Line serving Stafford, Stone, Stoke-on-Trent, Kidsgrove, Congleton, Macclesfield, Cheadle Hulme, Stockport and Manchester.

Stone, Staffordshire
Stone is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Stafford in Staffordshire, England. It is situated approximately 7 miles (11 km) north of Stafford, 7 miles (11 km) south of Stoke-on-Trent and 15 miles (24 km) north of Rugeley. As a notable canal town, Stone is recognised for its rich history, originating from the early Bronze Age and continuing through the Industrial Revolution, with the introduction of the Trent and Mersey Canal shaping the town's development and local industry.

Originally governed as an urban district council and a rural district council, Stone became part of the Borough of Stafford in 1974. Over the years, the town has seen a steady growth in its population, which was recorded as 12,305 in the 1991 census, 14,555 in 2001 and 16,385 in 2011.
Ankur Diwakar
Ankur Diwakar  (born 19 April 1991) better known by his alias Jauntytank, is an Indian professional esports player. He is the winner of UCypher MTV India Season 1 tournament in India. He represented India in Asian Games 2018 and won the South Asian Championship.

UCypher
UCypher, also known as U Cypher with MTV, is India's first televised Multi-Platform, multi-game, eSports tournament. Six veteran teams competed over a prize pool of Rs. 51 lakhs in the first season. The battle revolved around 4 games, namely Counter Strike: Global Offensive and Dota 2 on PC, Tekken 7 on PS4 and Real Cricket 2017 on mobile. It was founded by Ronnie Screwvala (founder of U Sports) and sports business veteran Supratik Sen (co-founder and CEO of U Sports).
Coregonus anaulorum
Coregonus anaulorum is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is found in the rivers and estuaries of Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and adjacent Koryakia of the Kamchatka Krai, especially the Anadyr River and its estuary, the Anadyrskiy Liman. It is a benthopelagic fish, and marine populations migrate to freshwater streams to breed.

Koryak Okrug
Koryak Okrug (Russian: Корякский округ, IPA: [kɐˈrʲakskʲɪj ˈokrʊk]; Koryak: Чав’чываокруг, romanized: Caw’cywaokrug), or Koryakia (/kɔːrˈjækiə/; Russian: Корякия, IPA: [kɐˈrʲækʲɪjə]), was an administrative division with a special status within Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It was a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Kamchatka Oblast) from 1931 until July 1, 2007, when it merged with Kamchatka Oblast. Prior to the merger, it was called Koryak Autonomous Okrug (Russian: Корякский автономный округ). Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Palana. Population:  18,759 (2010 census); 25,157 (2002 census); 39,363 (1989 Soviet census).
St. Gallen Schülerhaus railway station
St. Gallen Schülerhaus station is a railway station in the city of St. Gallen, in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is located along Speicherstrasse on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen line of Appenzell Railways (Appenzeller Bahnen, AB), and is served by local light rail trains only.

Appenzell Railways
Appenzell Railways (German: Appenzeller Bahnen, AB) is a Swiss railway company with headquarters in Herisau. It operates a network of railways and a bus line in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, St. Gallen and Thurgau.

It was founded in 2006 through the merger of the former Appenzeller Bahnen (founded in 1988) with the Rorschach–Heiden railway, Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway and Trogenerbahn. In 2021, AB acquired the Frauenfeld-Wil railway.
Dil Na Umeed To Nahi
Dil Na Umeed To Nahi (Urdu: دل نااُمید تو نہیں, lit. 'The heart hasn't lost hope') is a Pakistani social drama television series produced by Kashf Foundation, directed by Kashif Nisar and written by Amna Mufti. It features Yumna Zaidi, Wahaj Ali, Fajar Khan, Bonita Malik, Muhammad Sadoon and Isbah Irfan in leading roles. The story focuses on several social evils including child marriages, child labour, human trafficking/sex trafficking and prostitution. The story revolves around three individuals, Allah Rakhi, Jamshaid and Naseem Zehra who face these problems.

In February 2021, the series received a notice from Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) for allegedly violating the censorship code. The series won rave reviews from the critics and audience for its unique storyline and great acting performances. At the 21st Lux Style Awards, the series received five nominations and won Best Ensemble Play.

Kashf Foundation
Kashf Foundation (Urdu: کشف فاؤنڈیشن) is a non-profit organization, founded by Roshaneh Zafar in 1996. Kashf is regarded as the first microfinance institution (MFI) of Pakistan that uses village banking methodology in microcredit to alleviate poverty by providing affordable financial and non-financial services to low income households - particularly for women, to build their capacity and enhance their economic role. With headquarters in Lahore, Punjab, Kashf have regional offices in five major cities and over 200 branches across Pakistan.

Recipient of many accolades, particularly in microfinance sector, it was awarded Microfinance Excellence Award by the Grameen Foundation and won the AGFUND Second International Prize for Microcredit, competing against 95 countries. In 2008, Kashf was ranked no. 34 among the Top 50 MFIs of the World by Forbes. In 2016, Kashf became the first MFI of Pakistan to win a European Microfinance Award for Microfinance and Access to Education.
The Desert Horseman
The Desert Horseman is a 1946 American Western film directed by Ray Nazarro and written by Sherman L. Lowe. The film stars Charles Starrett, Adele Roberts, Walt Shrum and Smiley Burnette. The film was released on July 11, 1946, by Columbia Pictures. This was the fourteenth of 65 films in the Durango Kid series.

Sherman Lowe
Sherman L. Lowe (born Salt Lake City, Utah, United States (or Russia), 18 October 1894; died 24 Jan 1968, Los Angeles, California, United States) was an American screenwriter. He was a writer of the Frank Buck serial Jungle Menace.
Richmond and Danville Railroad
The Richmond and Danville Railroad (reporting mark R&D) was a railroad that operated independently from 1847 until 1894, first in the U.S. state of Virginia, and later on 3,300 miles (5,300 km) of track in nine states.

Chartered on March 9, 1847, the railroad completed its 140-mile (230 km) line between Richmond and Danville in 1856. During the American Civil War, the railroad was a vital link between the Confederate capital of Richmond and the rest of the Confederacy. After the Civil War, the railroad grew to become the 3,300-mile (5,300 km) Richmond and Danville Railroad Company System.

Placed in receivership in 1892, the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company was sold in 1894 and conveyed into the new Southern Railway Company (later the Norfolk Southern Railway) in 1896 and 1897.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Rebels (EP)
Rebels is the debut EP by American rock band Black Veil Brides, released exclusively through iTunes on December 13, 2011.

The EP contains three new tracks, the first one being an original song titled "Coffin", which was a left over from the group's previous album Set the World on Fire. Coffin's music video was released on June 13, 2012, to members of the BVB mailing list. It was later posted on the official Black Veil Brides website. The other two tracks are covers of the Billy Idol song "Rebel Yell" and Kiss' "Unholy", which also features Zakk Wylde playing the guitar solo. Rebels also contains a six-minute long director's cut of their music video for the song "Rebel Love Song".

The cover art for the EP was painted by Richard Villa, who also painted the cover art for We Stitch These Wounds, Set the World on Fire, Wretched and Divine: The Story of the Wild Ones and Black Veil Brides IV.

Rebel Yell (song)
"Rebel Yell" is a song by the English rock singer Billy Idol. It is the title track of his second studio album Rebel Yell (1983), and was released as the album's lead single in January 1984 by Chrysalis Records. Initially, it only reached No. 62 in the UK and No. 46 in the US upon its release. However, a 1985 re-issue proved to be a big hit, peaking at no. 6 in the UK. The song received wide critical acclaim and in 2009 was named the 79th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 based on a public vote.
Rafidah Aziz
Rafidah binti Aziz (Jawi: رفيدة بنت عزيز‎; born 4 November 1943) is a Malaysian politician who was Member of Parliament (MP) for the Selayang from 1978 to 1982 and Kuala Kangsar constituency from 1982 to 2013. Born in Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Rafidah was Minister of International Trade and Industry from 1987 to 2008. As minister, she was the chairman of MATRADE beginning in 1991. She was a veteran politician from United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) of Barisan Nasional (BN) until 2018.

Selayang (federal constituency)
Selayang is a federal constituency in Gombak District, Selangor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 1974.

The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.
Gerald Schwarz
Gerald Walter Schwarz (born February 15, 1946, Portland, Oregon, United States) is an American mathematician and Professor Emeritus at Brandeis University. Schwarz specializes in invariant theory, algebraic group actions and invariant differential operators.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
The Banksia Atlas
The Banksia Atlas is an atlas that documents the ranges, habitats and growth forms of various species and other subgeneric taxa of Banksia, an iconic Australian wildflower genus. First published in 1988, it was the result of a three-year nationwide program involving over 400 amateur and professional volunteers.

Atlas
An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a continent or region of Earth. Advances in astronomy have also resulted in atlases of the celestial sphere or of other planets.

Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today, many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geographical features and political boundaries, many atlases often feature geopolitical, social, religious, and economic statistics. They also have information about the map and places in it.
Marcella Church & School
The Marcella Church & School is a historic multifunction building on Arkansas Highway 14 in Marcella, Arkansas.  It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof, weatherboard siding, and a small belfry.  The side elevations each have five windows, and the front's only significant feature is the double-door entrance.  Built about 1900, it is a typical and well-preserved example of a building used both as a local schoolhouse and as a church.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Marcella, Arkansas
Marcella is an unincorporated community in Stone County, Arkansas, United States. Marcella is located along Arkansas Highway 14, 14.5 miles (23.3 km) east-southeast of Mountain View. Marcella has a post office with ZIP code 72555.
Nienke Kremers
Nienke Kremers (pronounced [ˈniŋkə ˈkreːmərs]; born 21 February 1985 in Eindhoven, North Brabant) is a Dutch field hockey player, who plays as a midfielder for Dutch club HC Den Bosch.  She also plays for the Netherlands national team and she was part of the Dutch squad that became 2007 Champions Trophy winner.

Netherlands women's national field hockey team
The Netherlands' national women's field hockey team is currently number one on the International Hockey Federation (FIH) world rankings and the reigning world champion. The Netherlands is the most successful team in World Cup history, having won the title a record nine times. The team has also won ten Olympic medals.
Sampledelia
Sampledelia (also called sampledelica) is sample-based music that uses samplers or similar technology to expand upon the recording methods of 1960s psychedelia. Sampledelia features "disorienting, perception-warping" manipulations of audio samples or found sounds via techniques such as chopping, looping or stretching. Sampledelic techniques have been applied prominently in styles of electronic music and hip-hop, such as trip hop, jungle, post-rock, and plunderphonics.

Jungle music
Jungle is a genre of electronic music that developed in the 1990s out of the UK rave scene and Jamaican sound system culture. Emerging from breakbeat hardcore, the style is characterised by rapid breakbeats, heavily syncopated percussive loops, samples and synthesised effects, combined with the deep basslines, melodies and vocal samples found in dub, reggae and dancehall, as well as hip-hop and funk. Many producers frequently sampled the "Amen break" or other breakbeats from funk and jazz recordings. Jungle was a direct precursor to the drum and bass genre which emerged in the mid-1990s.
Turgesius
Turgesius (died 845) (also called Turgeis, Tuirgeis, Turges, and Thorgest) was a Viking chief active in Ireland during the 9th century. Turgesius Island, the principal island on Lough Lene, is named after him. It is not at all clear whether the names in the Irish annals represent the Old Norse Thurgestr or Thorgísl. John O'Donovan and Charles Haliday independently identified him with Ragnar Loðbrók, but the identification is not generally accepted.

John O'Donovan (scholar)
John O'Donovan (Irish: Seán Ó Donnabháin; 25 July 1806 – 10 December 1861), from Atateemore, in the parish of Kilcolumb, County Kilkenny, and educated at Hunt's Academy, Waterford, was an Irish scholar of the Irish language.
Seweweekspoortpiek
Seweweekspoortpiek (Afrikaans for ‘Seven Weeks Defile Peak’) is a peak in the Western Cape, South Africa. It is the highest mountain in the Cape Fold Belt and the highest point in the Western Cape province. Along with its western neighbour, Du Toits Peak, it qualifies as an Ultra and these are the only two in the country.

It is located in the Klein Swartberg range, close to the Seweweekspoort mountain pass.

Ultra-prominent peak
An ultra-prominent peak, or ultra for short, is a mountain summit with a topographic prominence of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) or more; it is also called a P1500. The prominence of a peak is the minimum height of climb to the summit on any route from a higher peak, or from sea level if there is no higher peak. There are about 1,500 such peaks on Earth. Some well-known peaks, such as the Matterhorn and Eiger, are not ultras because they are connected to higher mountains by high cols and thus do not achieve enough topographic prominence.

The term "ultra” derives from "ultra major mountain,” a term proposed by earth scientist Steve Fry, who studied peaks in Washington in the 1980s.
KGGI
KGGI (99.1 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Riverside, California, and broadcasting to the Inland Empire. The station airs a rhythmic contemporary format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios are on Iowa Avenue in Riverside.

KGGI has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 2,550 watts. Its transmitter tower is on Ongo Camp Road in San Bernardino National Forest near Lake Arrowhead and Running Springs. KGGI broadcasts an HD Radio signal. In addition to its core service area of the Inland Empire, the station’s high transmitter site allows it to be heard clearly in the Victor Valley, where it regularly rates #1 in their radio ratings. The HD2 digital subchannel formerly played classic hip hop music, but switched to Bilingual adult contemporary. The station also streams on the iHeartRadio app.

Rhythmic contemporary
Rhythmic contemporary, also known as Rhythmic Top 20, Rhythmic Top 30, Rhythmic Top 40, Rhythmic CHR or rhythmic crossover, is a primarily American music-radio format that includes a mix of EDM, upbeat rhythmic pop, hip-hop and upbeat R&B hits. Rhythmic contemporary never uses hard rock or country in its airplay, but it may occasionally use a reggae, Latin, reggaeton, or an urban contemporary gospel hit. Essentially, the format is a cross between the mainstream radio and urban contemporary radio formats.
Pat Lavery
Patrick H.D. Lavery (born 29 April 1949) is an English-born former Ireland rugby union international.

Born in Cheltenham, Lavery attended Whitefriars School and was an England Under 19 Schools XV representative.

Lavery moved to London after leaving school, where he competed for Richmond and London Irish, while also playing provincial rugby for Munster. He gained two caps for Ireland, debuting in a draw with Wales during the championship winning 1974 Five Nations campaign. His other appearance was in the 1976 Five Nations, also against Wales.

Richmond F.C.
Richmond Rugby Club is a rugby union club in Richmond, London, England. It is a founding member of the Rugby Football Union, and is one of the oldest football clubs (of any code). It fields teams in both men's and women's rugby; the men's first team currently play in Champ Rugby in the 2nd tier of the English rugby union system, following their promotion from the 2024–25 National League 1, while the women's first team play in the Women's Championship.
Index of cognitive science articles
Philosophy portal

Cognitive science is the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994).
Practically every formal introduction to cognitive science stresses that it is a highly interdisciplinary research area in which psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, computer science (in particular artificial intelligence), anthropology, and biology are its principal specialized or applied branches.
Therefore, we may distinguish cognitive studies of either human or animal brains, the mind and the brain.

Outline of linguistics
The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to linguistics:

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. Linguistics has two subdivisions, general and applied.