hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Secondary emission
In particle physics, secondary emission is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles.  The term often refers to the emission of electrons when charged particles like electrons or ions in a vacuum tube strike a metal surface; these are called secondary electrons. In this case, the number of secondary electrons emitted per incident particle is called secondary emission yield. If the secondary particles are ions, the effect is termed secondary ion emission.  Secondary electron emission is used in photomultiplier tubes and image intensifier tubes to amplify the small number of photoelectrons produced by photoemission, making the tube more sensitive.  It also occurs as an undesirable side effect in electronic vacuum tubes when electrons from the cathode strike the anode, and can cause parasitic oscillation.

Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscle in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass. They vary greatly in size or quantity, from subatomic particles like the electron, to microscopic particles like atoms and molecules, to macroscopic particles like powders and other granular materials. Particles can also be used to create scientific models of even larger objects depending on their density, such as humans moving in a crowd or celestial bodies in motion.

The term particle is rather general in meaning, and is refined as needed by various scientific fields. Anything that is composed of particles may be referred to as being particulate. However, the noun particulate is most frequently used to refer to pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere, which are a suspension of unconnected particles, rather than a connected particle aggregation.
Pagliacci (1982 film)
Pagliacci is a 1982 Italian film of Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci, directed by Franco Zeffirelli. All the actors, including Plácido Domingo and Teresa Stratas in the starring roles, were opera singers who sang their own parts. Pagliacci was shot at Milan's La Scala opera house and on a movie sound stage. Georges Prêtre conducted the Orchestra and Choir of La Scala.

The film was screened out of competition at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. It was also shown on Italian and U.S. television and brought Zeffirelli an Emmy Award for Best Director in the category of Classical Music Programming. In 2003, Pagliacci was re-released on DVD by Deutsche Grammophon (having earlier been released by Philips/Decca on DVD), paired with Cavalleria rusticana (also starring Plácido Domingo).

Deutsche Grammophon
Deutsche Grammophon (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ɡʁamoˈfoːn]; DGG) is a German classical music record label that was the precursor of the corporation PolyGram. Headquartered in Berlin Friedrichshain, it is now part of Universal Music Group (UMG) since its merger with the MCA family of labels in 1999. Deutsche Grammophon is the world's oldest surviving established record company. Presidents of the company are Frank Briegmann, Chairman and CEO Central Europe of Universal Music Group and Clemens Trautmann.
Armenia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Armenia was represented at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2017 which took place on 26 November 2017 in Tbilisi, Georgia. The Armenian broadcaster Armenian Public Television (ARMTV) was responsible for organising their entry for the contest. Michael Grigoryan, also known as Misha, was internally selected on 18 July 2017 as the Armenian representative. His song for the contest, "Boomerang", was revealed on 23 October 2017.

Public Television Company of Armenia
Public Television of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրային Հեռուստաընկերություն, romanized: Hayastani Hanrayin Herrustaynkerut'yun; 1TV), also known as AMPTV or ARMTV, is an Armenian public television station that began transmissions in 1956.
Asim Vokshi
Asim Vokshi (1909–1937) was an Albanian Kosovar from Gjakova, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire, and studied at a military academy in Italy.

He served as a staff officer in the Garibaldi Battalion of the XII International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War.

He descended from the Vokshi tribe from Voksh, Kosovo, which has their origins from the Thaçi tribe according to Robert Elsie.

He is buried in the Cemetery of the Martyrs, Shkodër, Albania.

Thaçi (tribe)
Thaçi is a historical Albanian tribe (fis) and region in Pukë, Northern Albania. The ancestors of the Thaçi tribe are said to have migrated from Muriqan in Ana Malit. The Thaçi are often referred to as courageous and smart people by the neighboring tribes due to their supposed qualities of slyness and deception.
Take That Live
Take That Live (also known as the III Tour) was the ninth concert tour by the English band Take That, in support of their seventh studio album III. The shows were announced on 8 November 2014. The demand for the tour led to all dates selling out as soon as they went on sale, with some dates selling out in pre-sale alone. Due to this demand, Take That announced extra dates to their tour. On 26 January 2015, a European leg of the tour was announced. It is their first concert tour since the Progress Live tour in 2011 and the first to feature the band as a trio following the departures of Jason Orange and Robbie Williams.

The tour has received critical acclaim with many saying it is the band's most visually spectacular show to date. The tour opened in Glasgow at The SSE Hydro. The Pollstar 2015 Mid-Year Top 100 Worldwide Tour list revealed the tour as the 6th highest grosser, with a total of $60.8 million from 42 shows, and a total of 558,156 in attendance.

Pollstar
Pollstar is a trade publication for the concert and live music industry. The publication was purchased by Oak View Group, a venue consultancy founded by Tim Leiweke and Irving Azoff, in July 2017.

Pollstar holds an annual award ceremony to honor artists and professionals in the concert industry.
Richard Sleath
Richard Sleath (3 October 1863 – 10 October 1922) was an Australian politician.

Born in Ceres, Fife to ploughman Richard Sleath and Mary Fernie, he migrated to Queensland in 1877, becoming a shearer and prospector. In 1882 he moved to Sydney, working as a contractor before mining at Broken Hill from 1887. On 11 March 1887, he married Jane Dawson with whom he had four sons. He helped found the first Socialist League at Broken Hill and was a member of the central executive of the Labor Party in 1898. In 1894 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Wilcannia. He lost his Labour endorsement in 1901 but was re-elected as an Independent Labor candidate, losing his seat in 1904. In 1917 Sleath, a supporter of conscription, joined the Nationalist Party. He died in Sydney in 1922.

Ceres, Fife
Ceres is a village in Fife, Scotland, located in a small glen approximately 2 miles (3 km) over the Ceres Moor from Cupar and 7 mi (11 km) from St Andrews. The former parish of that name included the settlements of Baldinnie, Chance Inn, Craigrothie, Pitscottie and Tarvit Mill.
Love Is Never Silent
Love Is Never Silent is an American drama television film that premiered on NBC on December 9, 1985, as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series. It is directed by Joseph Sargent and written by Darlene Craviotto, based on the novel In This Sign by Joanne Greenberg. The film stars Mare Winningham, Phyllis Frelich, Ed Waterstreet, Fredric Lehne, Cloris Leachman and Sid Caesar. It follows Margaret Ryder, a young woman who struggles with her own need for independence and the obligation she feels for her deaf parents Abel and Janice.

It received positive reviews from critics and won two Primetime Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Drama/Comedy Special and Outstanding Directing in a Miniseries or a Special for Sargent, from a total of five nominations.

Joseph Sargent
Joseph Sargent (born Giuseppe Danielle Sorgente; July 22, 1925 – December 22, 2014) was an American director, producer, and actor of film and television. His directing career spanned nearly 50 years, between 1959 and 2008, and over 90 productions. He was a four-time Primetime Emmy Award and Directors Guild of America Award recipient.

Sargent's directing credits included the science-fiction film Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970), the Burt Reynolds action film White Lightning (1973), the thriller The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974), the biopic MacArthur (1977) starring Gregory Peck, and the horror anthology Nightmares (1983). On television, he was known as a prolific director of telefilms and miniseries, winning the Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series or Movie three times.

He was the father of voice actress Lia Sargent.
Think About Things
"Think About Things" is a song by Icelandic singer Daði Freyr and his band Gagnamagnið. The song was released on 10 January 2020 with the Icelandic title "Gagnamagnið" (lit. 'The datavolume'), the name of the band. It was selected to represent Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands on 29 February 2020. The band planned to compete in Eurovision with the English version of their song. Prior to the cancellation of the contest, the song was considered one of the favourites to win. The song became a viral hit, receiving acclaim by multiple international celebrities.

The song won Der kleine Song Contest, Sveriges 12:a, ESC: Norge bestemmer and Eurovision 2020: Big Night In!, the Austrian, Swedish, Norwegian and Australian alternative versions of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 respectively.

Sveriges 12:a
Sveriges 12:a (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsvæ̌rjɛs ˈtɔ̂lːva]; "Sweden's twelve [points]") was a one-off music competition in the Eurovision Song Contest format, organised and broadcast by the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT). It served as a local alternative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2020, which was planned to be held in Rotterdam, Netherlands, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The competition consisted of a pre-qualifying round on 9 May 2020, hosted by Christer Björkman and David Sundin, and a final on 14 May 2020, hosted by Christer Björkman and Sarah Dawn Finer. Both shows were broadcast live on SVT1, as well as on the streaming platform SVT Play.
A. Eliason House
A. Eliason House is a historic home located at Mt. Pleasant, New Castle County, Delaware.  It was built about 1850, and is a three-story, five-bay, brick dwelling with a shallow hipped roof.  It has a center passage plan and features two one-story, tetra-style porches. Also on the property are a contributing two-story brick combination carriage house and storage loft, an earthfast cartshed, a braced frame granary containing corn cribs,
and a brick stable.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware (New Castle, Kent, and Sussex). As of the 2020 census, the population was 570,719, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with nearly 60% of the state's population of 989,948. The county seat is Wilmington, which is also the state's most populous city. New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (c. 1593–1676). New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.
Inscape (album)
Inscape is the second album from Canadian composer and pianist Alexandra Stréliski. It consists of eleven pieces for solo piano. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Instrumental Album of the Year at the 2020 Juno Awards, with Stréliski also being nominated for Breakthrough Artist of the Year. Inscape was also long-listed for the 2019 Polaris Music Prize and was the number one classical album on Apple Music at the end of 2018 in the United States, with two of the tracks have reached over 20 million streams on Spotify. It was named number 9 on Exclaim's Top 10 Experimental & Modern Composition Albums released in 2018. The album led to two Felix Awards for Stréliski: "Author or Composer of the Year" and  "Revelation of the Year".

Juno Award for Instrumental Album of the Year
The Juno Award for "Instrumental Album of the Year" has been awarded since 1976, as recognition each year for the best instrumental album in Canada.  The award was originally called the "Instrumental Artist of the Year".
Brazda lui Novac
Brazda lui Novac ("Novac's Furrow") is a Roman frontier system (Latin: limes) in present-day Romania, known also as Constantine's Wall. It is believed by some historians to border Ripa Gothica.

The vallum of Brazda lui Novac starts from Drobeta, nowadays it is visible to Ploiești. There is some evidence that the vallum eastern limit was the Siret River. The height of the vallum was 3 metres and the ditch was 2 metres deep. It is believed that the wall was raised during Tiberius Plautius Aelianus. Some historians such as Ioan Donat date the wall during the 1st century AD, others date the wall to 322 during Constantine I.

Vallum
Vallum is either the whole or a portion of the fortifications of a Roman camp. The vallum usually comprised an earthen or turf rampart (Agger) with a wooden palisade on top, with a deep outer ditch (fossa). The name is derived from vallus (a stake), and properly means the palisade which ran along the outer edge of the top of the agger, but is usually used to refer to the whole fortification.
Igisoro
Igisoro is a two-player variant of the mancala family. It is a variant of the Omweso game of the Baganda people (Uganda), and it is played primarily in Burundi and Rwanda. Igisoro, like Omweso and other mancalas from Eastern Africa, such as Bao, is played with a 4×8 board of pits and 64 seeds. A player's territory is the two rows of pits closest to them.

Mancala
Mancala (Arabic: منقلة manqalah) is a family of two-player turn-based strategy board games played with small stones, beans, marbles or seeds and rows of holes or pits in the earth, a board or other playing surface.  The objective is usually to capture all or some set of the opponent's pieces.

Versions of the game date back past the 3rd century and evidence suggests such games existed in Ancient Egypt. It is among the oldest known family of games still widely played today.
Alexander Breidvik
Alexander Breidvik (born 17 March 1986) is a retired Norwegian football midfielder.

Hailing from Askvoll Municipality, he first became known in 2002, when he won a talent contest held by the television channel TV3. He then joined Sogndal Fotball, and got one Norwegian Premier League game in 2003 and two in 2004. Sogndal were then relegated.

In early 2007, Breidvik suffered a serious head trauma at La Manga, effectively ending his professional career. In 2008 his former teammates arranged a fundraiser for him.

Sogndal Fotball
Sogndal Fotball is the football department of Norwegian sports club Sogndal IL from Sogndal Municipality in Vestland. The club was founded in 1926. The men's team currently plays in second tier 1. divisjon of the Norwegian football league system. The club's home matches are played at the 5,622 capacity Fosshaugane Campus.

The men's team contests for the Norwegian Cup. They achieved for the first time play in the 1976 Norwegian Cup final phase. They were  unsuccessful in the pursuit of the 1976 Norwegian Cup as runner-up in the 1976 Norwegian Cup, losing to SK Brann 2-1. Sogndal became the first third-tier side to play in a Norwegian Cup final. Sogndal men's team contests in the top division Eliteserien. They contested in the 2017 season.
Loaf 'N Jug
Loaf 'N Jug is a chain of convenience stores/gas stations, owned by EG America, headquartered in Westborough, MA. Kroger owned Loaf 'N Jug and its respective brands for over two decades before exiting the convenience store business and selling them to EG Group. Some Kroger supermarket locations, such as King Soopers and Smith's, have retained the Kroger convenience store signage that is still used at Loaf 'N Jug today.

Casper, Wyoming
Casper is a city in, and the county seat of, Natrona County, Wyoming, United States. Casper is the second-most populous city in the state after Cheyenne, with the population at 59,038 as of the 2020 census. Casper is nicknamed "The Oil City" and has a long history of oil boomtown and cowboy culture, dating back to the development of the nearby Salt Creek Oil Field.

Casper is located in east central Wyoming on the North Platte River.
Riley Masters
Riley Masters is a retired American mid-distance runner who specialized in the mile and 1,500 meters events. After a decorated career at Bangor High School in Bangor, Maine, Masters competed at the NCAA level for the University of Maine and then the University of Oklahoma, where he earned multiple All-American honors. He competed in the 2012 and 2016 U.S. Olympic Trials.

Beach to Beacon 10K
The TD Beach to Beacon 10K is a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) road running event that takes place along the coastline of Cape Elizabeth, Maine. It begins at Crescent Beach State Park and ends at the Portland Head Light in Fort Williams Park. One of the most competitive 10K road races in the United States, it was founded in 1998 by U.S. women's marathon runner Joan Benoit Samuelson, who in 1984, won the first ever women's Olympic marathon. The race is managed by DMSE, Inc. whose president, Dave McGillivray, directs the Boston Marathon and more than 30 other races each year. The current President of the race is attorney, David Backer.
Port Dickson (federal constituency)
Port Dickson is a federal constituency in Port Dickson District, Negeri Sembilan and Alor Gajah District (Tanjung Tuan), Malacca, Malaysia that is represented in the Dewan Rakyat from 1959 to 1974 and from 2018 to present. This is only constituency located in two states at same parliamentary seat.

The federal constituency was created in the 1958 redistribution, but it was abolished in the 1974 redistribution. However, in 2018 the Port Dickson federal constituency was re-created and replaced the Telok Kemang federal constituency following the 2018 redelineation and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

Port Dickson District
Port Dickson District (Negeri Sembilan Malay: Podeksen) is a district in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. It is the only coastal district in Negeri Sembilan. The district borders Sepang District, Selangor to the north, the Strait of Malacca to the west, Seremban District to the northeast, Rembau District to the east, and Alor Gajah District, Malacca to the south. It also surrounds Tanjung Tuan, an exclave of Malacca under the jurisdiction of Alor Gajah District, to its southwest.
Reedley Hallows
Reedley Hallows or Reedley is a civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England.  It forms part of Burnley and Brierfield. It had a population of 1,994, reducing to 1,960 at the 2011 Census.

It is on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the construction of a marina started in January 2008 and is expected to be completed in September.   The local railway station, Reedley Hallows Halt on the East Lancashire Line, closed in 1956.  The marina, and the site of the railway station, are both outside the current boundary of the parish, and are in an unparished area, which is part of the town of Burnley.

Reedley Hallows Halt railway station
Reedley Hallows Halt railway station was a station on the East Lancashire line between Brierfield and Burnley in Lancashire, England. It was situated on a bridge crossing Barden Lane near Burnley and was closed in 1956 to passengers. The line remains open between Colne and Burnley, however nothing remains of the halt.
October 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
October 14 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 16

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 28 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 15th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 2.

Kovrov
Kovrov (Russian: Ковро́в) is a city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Klyazma River, a tributary of the Oka. Kovrov's population as of the 2021 Census was 132,417, down from 145,214 recorded in the 2010 Census, and further down from 155,499 recorded in the 2002 Census and 159,942 recorded in the 1989 Census. In terms of population, it is the second-largest city in Vladimir Oblast after Vladimir. In 1977, Kovrov's population had been estimated at 140,000.
David Chuenyane
Lerate David Chuenyane is a retired South African politician who represented the National Party (NP) in the National Assembly from 1994 to 1999. A former member of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), he went into exile in 1964 to join the militant Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) but joined the NP upon his return in 1992. He defected to the African National Congress (ANC) in 1999.

Azanian People's Liberation Army
The Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), formerly known as Poqo, was the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress, an African nationalist movement in South Africa. In the Xhosa language, the word 'Poqo' means 'pure'.

After the murder of several white families the APLA was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation by the South African National government and the United States.

APLA was disbanded and integrated into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in June 1994.
Dhungachalna
Dhungachalna is a village in Achham District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, the village had a population of 3646 living in 676 houses. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census, the population was 4617, of which 16% was literate.

Achham District
Achham (Nepali: अछाम जिल्ला pronounced [ʌt͡sʰam] ⓘ) is a district located in Sudurpashchim province and one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. It is one of the nine districts of the province. The district, with Mangalsen as its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,692 km2 and has a population (2011) of 257,477.
Vatsala Thirumalai
Vatsala Thirumalai is a scientist at Neural Circuits and Development Laboratory, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru. She secured B Tech degree in biotechnology from Anna University, Chennai and PhD degree in neuroscience from Brandeis University, Waltham, MA. She was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY and the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a research Institute under the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India. It is a public deemed university located at Navy Nagar, Colaba in Mumbai. It also has centres in Bangalore, Pune and Hyderabad. TIFR conducts research primarily in the natural sciences, the biological sciences and theoretical computer science.
1997 European Promotion Cup for Junior Men
The 1997 European Promotion Cup for Junior Men was the first edition of the basketball European Promotion Cup for Junior Men, today known as the FIBA U18 European Championship Division C. It was played in Andorra la Vella, Andorra, from 8 to 12 July 1997. Moldova men's national under-18 basketball team won the tournament.

FIBA U18 EuroBasket
The FIBA U18 EuroBasket, formerly the FIBA U18 European Championship, and originally the FIBA European Championship for Juniors is an annual men's youth basketball competition contested by the under-18 national teams from FIBA Europe.

The inaugural tournament was in 1964, and was held biennially until 2002. Since 2004, the competition has been played every year. The tournament serves as qualification for the FIBA Under-19 World Cup in even numbered years. The current champions are Spain.