hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sludge theory
In behavioral economics, sludge is any form of design, administrative, or policy-related friction that systematically impedes individuals' actions or decisions. It encompasses a range of frictions such as complex forms, hidden fees, and manipulative defaults that increase the effort, time, or cost required to make a choice, often benefiting the designer at the expense of the user's interest.

The concept of sludge highlights the importance of transparent and user-friendly design in promoting welfare, efficiency, and equity in decision-making processes.

Sludge was popularized by behavioral economist Richard Thaler and legal scholar Cass Sunstein. They introduced it as the "dark cousin" of nudging in their book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness.

Richard Thaler
Richard H.  Thaler (/ˈθeɪlər/; born September 12, 1945) is an American economist and the Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. In 2015, Thaler was president of the American Economic Association.

Thaler is a theorist in behavioral economics. He has collaborated with Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, and others in further defining that field. In 2018, he was elected a member in the National Academy of Sciences.

In 2017, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics. In its announcement, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences stated that his "contributions have built a bridge between the economic and psychological analyses of individual decision-making. His empirical findings and theoretical insights have been instrumental in creating the new and rapidly expanding field of behavioral economics."
Suwoh
Suoh or Suwoh is an 8 × 16 km wide volcano-tectonic depression in the southern part of Sumatra, Indonesia. Historical maars and silicic lava domes are found along the Great Sumatran fault line. Phreatic eruptions have been recorded after both the major 1933 and 1994 Liwa earthquake. It is located within the West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. The volcano erupted again in a similar fashion on 24 May 2024.

1994 Liwa earthquake
The 1994 Liwa earthquake occurred on 16 February 1994 at 00:07 local time. It was located in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. The magnitude of the earthquake was put at Mw 6.9, Mw 7.0, or Ms 7.2, according to different sources.

The earthquake caused 207 deaths and 2000 injuries. There was damage from landslides, mudslides, and fires in Lampung Province. Power outage occurred in western Lampung. Six-thousand buildings were damaged or destroyed by landslides in the Liwa area. In addition to southern Sumatra, the earthquake could be felt in western Java and Singapore. Intense smoke and gas activity was observed in the Suwoh volcanic area.

The earthquake took place at the Sumatran Fault Zone. The Sumatran Fault Zone is 1,900 km long and highly segmented. It can be divided into about 20 segments. The earthquake occurred in a subparallel strand 2.5 km southwest of the principal trace of the Kumering segment. The focal mechanism is of right-lateral strike-slip faulting.
Whitford's Airport
Whitford's Airport is a public use airport in Cayuga County, New York, United States. It is owned by John Whitford and is located two nautical miles (3.74 km) northeast of the central business district of the Village of Weedsport. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2007-2011, it is categorized as a reliever airport.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned B16 by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

Relief airport
A relief airport or reliever airport is an airport that is built or designated to provide relief or additional capacity to an area when the primary commercial airport(s) requires additional capacity, on a long-term or temporary basis.
Viva Orange
Viva Orange is a line on the Viva bus rapid transit system in York Region, Ontario, Canada. The route primarily runs in an east–west direction along the Highway 7 Rapidway in Vaughan. It is operated by Tok Transit under contract from York Region.

TOK Coachlines
TOK Coachlines (formerly Can-ar Coach Service) is a scheduled and chartered coach operator in the Greater Toronto Area, It is a division of Tokmakjian Inc., a privately held Canadian corporation operating as TOK Group based in Vaughan, Ontario. A related division of TOK Group is TOK Transit which operates public transit services under contract to municipalities.
Piccolo Teatro (Milan)
The Piccolo Teatro di Milano ('Little Theatre of the City of Milan') is a theatre in Milan, Italy. Founded in 1947, it is Italy's first permanent theatre, and a national teatro stabile, or permanent repertory company, and is considered a theatre of major national and European importance. The theatre has three venues: Teatro Grassi, in Via Rovello, between Sforza Castle and the Piazza del Duomo; Teatro Studio, which was originally intended to be the theater's rehearsal hall; and Teatro Strehler, which opened in 1998 with a seating capacity of 974. Its annual programme consists of approximately thirty performances. In addition, the venue hosts cultural events, from festivals and films, to concerts, conferences, and conventions, as well as supporting the Paolo Grassi Drama School.

Sforza Castle
The Sforza Castle (Italian: Castello Sforzesco [kasˈtɛllo sforˈtsesko]; Milanese: Castell Sforzesch [kasˈtɛl sfurˈsɛsk]) is a medieval fortification located in Milan, northern Italy. It was built in the 15th century by Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, on the remnants of a 14th-century fortification. Later renovated and enlarged, in the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the largest citadels in Europe. Extensively rebuilt by Luca Beltrami in 1891–1905, it now houses several of the city's museums and art collections.
Sawan
Sāwaṇ or Sāuṇ (Shahmukhi: ساؤݨ; Gurmukhi: ਸਾਵਣ, ਸਾਉਣ, Punjabi pronunciation: [saːʋəɳᵊ, saːʊɳᵊ]) is the fifth month in the Punjabi calendar and the Nanakshahi calendar. The Nanakshahi solar month begins on July 16th, after Harh, and ends on August 16th, being followed by Bhadon. The traditional Punjabi Bikrami lunisolar month begins on the day after the Harh full moon and ends on the Sawan full moon.

Many Indian calendars started in different eras such as the Shaka Calendar (national calendar of India), the traditional Vikrama, and as well as the Nanakshahi calendar which governs the activities within Sikhi. This month coincides with the Sanskrit Shraavana (श्रावण) month in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar, with which it shares derivation, and with July and August in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long, like the Gregorian and Julian calendars.

This month is the most humid month of the year in South Asia.

Gurmukhi
Gurmukhī (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ [ˈɡʊɾᵊmʊkʰiː], Shahmukhi: گُرمُکھی) is an abugida developed from the Laṇḍā scripts, standardized and used by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad (1504–1552). Commonly regarded as a Sikh script, Gurmukhi is used in Punjab, India as the official script of the Punjabi language.

The primary scripture of Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic title Sant Bhasha or "saint language", in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages.

Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative term paintī or "the thirty-five", plus six additional consonants, nine vowel diacritics, two diacritics for nasal sounds, one diacritic that geminates consonants and three subscript characters.
Geology of New Hampshire
The geology of New Hampshire is similar to that of the rest of New England in comprising a series of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Late Proterozoic to Devonian age, intruded by many plutons and dikes ranging in age from Late Proterozoic to early Cretaceous. New Hampshire is known as "the Granite State", but less than half is underlain by granite; much of it is schist or gneiss, both of which are metamorphic rocks.

Dike (geology)
In geology, a dike or dyke is a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin. Magmatic dikes form when magma flows into a crack then solidifies as a sheet intrusion, either cutting across layers of rock or through a contiguous mass of rock. Clastic dikes are formed when sediment fills a pre-existing crack.
2002 Paris–Nice
The 2002 Paris–Nice was the 60th edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 10 March to 17 March 2002. The race started in Issy-les-Moulineaux and finished in Nice. The race was won by Alexander Vinokourov of the Telekom team.

Issy-les-Moulineaux
Issy-les-Moulineaux (French pronunciation: [isi le mulino]) is a commune in the southwestern suburban area of Paris, France, lying on the left bank of the river Seine. Its citizens are called Isséens in French. It is one of Paris's entrances and is located 6.6 km (4.1 mi) from Notre Dame Cathedral, which is considered Kilometre Zero in France. On 1 January 2010, Issy-les-Moulineaux became part of the  Grand Paris Seine Ouest agglomeration community, which merged into the Métropole du Grand Paris in January 2016.

Issy-les-Moulineaux has successfully moved its economy from an old manufacturing base to high value-added service sectors and is at the heart of the Val de Seine business district, the largest cluster of telecommunication and media businesses in France, hosting the headquarters of most major French television networks.
Yozyovon
Yozyovon (Uzbek: Yozyovon/Ёзёвон, Russian: Язъяван) is an urban-type settlement in Fergana Region, Uzbekistan. It is the capital of Yozyovon District. Its population was 7,458 people in 1989, and 12,800 in 2016.

Fergana Region
Fergana Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in the far east of the country. It borders the Namangan and Andijan Regions of Uzbekistan, as well as Kyrgyzstan (Batken and Osh Regions) and Tajikistan (Sughd Region). Its capital is the city of Fergana. It covers an area of 6,760 km2. The population is approximately 4,014,895 as of 2023, with 45% of the population living in rural areas.
World Chess Championship 2008
The World Chess Championship 2008 was a best-of-twelve-games match between the incumbent World Chess Champion, Viswanathan Anand, and the previous World Champion, Vladimir Kramnik. Kramnik had been granted a match after not winning the World Chess Championship 2007 tournament.

After eleven games, Anand successfully defended his title by a final score of 6½–4½ (three victories and one defeat).

The match took place at the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany in Bonn, Germany, between 14 October and 29 October 2008.

Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany) is one of the most visited museums in Germany. Known as the Bundeskunsthalle for short, it is part of the so-called "Museum Mile" in Bonn. 
It holds exhibitions relating to art and cultural history from around the world. The museum is backed by the Federal Government and the States of Germany. The museum's director is Eva Kraus, a position she has held since 1 August 2020.  Construction of the museum started in 1989 and was completed in 1992.  The museum is located next to the Bonn Museum of Modern Art.
John Roe (mathematician)
John Roe (6 October 1959 – 9 March 2018) was a British mathematician.

Roe grew up in the countryside in Shropshire. He went to Rugby School, was an undergraduate at Cambridge University, and received his D.Phil. in 1985 from the University of Oxford under the supervision of Michael Atiyah. As a post-doctoral student, he was at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) in Berkeley, and then a tutor at Jesus College, Oxford. From 1998 until shortly before his death he was a professor at the Pennsylvania State University.

His research interests center around index theorems, coarse geometry, operator algebras, noncommutative geometry, and the Novikov conjecture in differential topology.  He was an editor of the Journal of Noncommutative Geometry and the Journal of Topology.

In 1996 he was awarded the Whitehead Prize. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Atiyah–Singer index theorem
In differential geometry, the Atiyah–Singer index theorem, proved by Michael Atiyah and Isadore Singer (1963), states that for an elliptic differential operator on a compact manifold, the analytical index (related to the dimension of the space of solutions) is equal to the topological index (defined in terms of some topological data).  It includes many other theorems, such as the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem and Riemann–Roch theorem, as special cases, and has applications to theoretical physics.
Eeckhout
Eeckhout is a Flemish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (1621–1674), painter

Jacobus Josephus Eeckhout (1793–1861), painter

Niko Eeckhout (born 1970), cyclist

Tom Eeckhout (born 1989), real name of singer Tom Dice

Gerbrand van den Eeckhout
Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (19 August 1621 – 29 September 1674) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and a favourite student of Rembrandt. He was also an etcher, an amateur poet, a collector and an adviser on art.
1922 UCI Road World Championships
The 1922 UCI Road World Championships was the second edition of the UCI Road World Championships, the annual world championships for road bicycle racing. The championships took place in Liverpool, United Kingdom on Thursday 3 August 1922.

In the only race, the men's amateur championship, Great Britain swept the podium with David Marsh taking home the gold medal with fellow British riders in Bill Burkill and Charles Davey claiming the silver and bronze medal respectively.

The qualifications of the 1922 UCI Track Cycling World Championships took place across the Mersey at the Tower Athletic Ground in New Brighton, Merseyside. However, due to persistent rain, the finals were organized in Paris, France on 17 September 1922.

UCI Road World Championships
The UCI Road World Championships are the annual world championships for bicycle road racing organized by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). The UCI Road World Championships consist of events for road race and individual time trial, and as of 2019, a mixed team relay.
Ulubrae
Ulubrae was an ancient village about 50 kilometers (30 mi) from Rome, past the Three Taverns on the Appian Way, and at the start of the Pontine Marshes. It is known primarily for its use as a byword for a remote and empty location by Latin authors such as Cicero, Juvenal, and Horace. It could have been located, among the other proposed sites, in the territory of the current comune of Cisterna di Latina.

Its use in this proverbial fashion is also associated with the 18th-century Scottish Boswell family's country seat at Auchinleck. Alexander Boswell inscribed a line from Horace on Auchinleck House—"what thou seekest is here, it is in Ulubrae, unless equanimity is lacking"—and his son James Boswell referred to himself as the "Master of Ulubrae".

Auchinleck
Auchinleck (/ˈæflɛk/ AF-lek; Scots: Affleck [ˈaflɛk]; Scottish Gaelic: Achadh nan Leac) is a village 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Mauchline, and 2 miles (3 km) northwest of Cumnock in East Ayrshire, Scotland.

Surrounding the village is Auchinleck Estate, centred on Auchinleck House, past home of the lawyer, diarist and biographer James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck.
Southern Leyte's 1st congressional district
Southern Leyte's 1st legislative district is one of the two congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Southern Leyte. The district has been represented in the lower house of the Congress since 2022. Established in 2019, it is composed of the city of Maasin and the municipalities of Bontoc, Limasawa, Macrohon, Malitbog, Padre Burgos, and Tomas Oppus. It is currently represented in the 20th  Congress by Roger Mercado of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC).

Bontoc, Southern Leyte
Bontoc, officially the Municipality of Bontoc (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Bontoc; Tagalog: Bayan ng Bontoc), is a municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 29,799 people.

The town is home to the Bontoc Campus of the Southern Leyte State University, which offers agricultural and industrial courses.

The town celebrates their fiesta in honor of the Holy Child Jesus. The Ulang Festival, held annually on January 15, is celebrated by colorful participants dancing in honor of the icon of the Señor Santo Niño (Holy Child Jesus). Some devotees to the Señor Santo Niño said that it can performed miracles that can heal sickness of those who touches the said icon.
Philip F. Deaver
Philip F. Deaver (August 14, 1946 – 	April 29, 2018) was an American writer and poet from Tuscola, Illinois. His work appeared in literary magazines, including the New England Review, Kenyon Review, Frostproof Review, Florida Review, Poetry Miscellany, and The Reaper.

He was a professor of English and permanent writer-in-residence at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida; he retired for health reasons. He also lectured at Spalding University's limited residency Master of Fine Arts program.

Literary magazine
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish a mix of fiction and non-fiction. Short stories and poetry are common literary forms published, but some magazines may publish serial literature—a novel which is revealed in sections over multiple issues. Non-fiction writing may be from staff of the literary magazine to make commentary about their magazine or about culture related to literature. Non-fiction from contributors may take the form of essays, literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews, and letters. Literary magazines are often called literary journals (or little magazines) to contrast them with larger, commercial magazines.
Saint Johns Creek (Missouri)
Saint Johns Creek is a stream in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Missouri River.

The stream headwaters arise northwest of Leslie and Missouri Route 50 at 38°25′51″N 91°16′10″W﻿ / ﻿38.43083°N 91.26944°W﻿ / 38.43083; -91.26944 and the stream meanders to the northeast crossing under Missouri Route 185 north of Beaufort. It continues to the northeast passing under Missouri Route 100 and on to its confluence with the Missouri just northwest of Washington at 38°34′08″N 91°01′17″W﻿ / ﻿38.56889°N 91.02139°W﻿ / 38.56889; -91.02139.

Saint Johns Creek most likely derives its name from an English translation of Fort San Juan del Misuri, a Spanish fort along its course.

Missouri Route 185
Route 185 is a highway in eastern Missouri.  Its northern terminus is at Route 100 west of Washington; its southern terminus is at Route 8 in Potosi.  A spur of Highway 185 goes into Meramec State Park, Miramiguoa Park, and Meramec Conservation Area.
William Allan Reid
William Allan Reid (11 October 1865 – 17 March 1952) was a British Conservative Party politician, who served as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Derby from the 1931 general election until the 1945 general election.

Derby (UK Parliament constituency)
Derby is a former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950. It was represented by two members of parliament. It was divided into the single-member constituencies of Derby North and Derby South in 1950.
FC Panciu
Fotbal Club Panciu, commonly known as FC Panciu, or simply as Panciu, is a Romanian football club based in Panciu, Vrancea County, currently competes in Liga IV – Vrancea County, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system.

During over time the club has had several names such as: Viticultorul, Rapid, Tricotex, CS Panciu and Young Stars.

Romanian football league system
The Romanian football league system, also known as the football pyramid, refers to the system in Romanian club football that consists of several football leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation. The first three leagues are organized at a national level and consist of fully professional teams. Lower divisions are organized at county levels, with each county's football association controlling its respective leagues.

Reserve teams play in the same league system as their parent clubs.
USCGC Fir (WLB-213)
USCGC Fir (WLB-213) is a Juniper-class cutter of the United States Coast Guard. USCGC Fir is under the Operational Control (OPCON) of the Commander of the Seventeenth Coast Guard District and is homeported in Cordova, Alaska. Fir's primary mission is to service and maintain 132 aids to navigation around the Gulf of Alaska. The buoys USCGC Fir maintains are essential to commercial vessel traffic in major shipping ports of the Prince William Sound such as Valdez, Cordova, as well as across the Gulf of Alaska in Yakutat. USCGC Fir conducts heavy lift aids to navigation operations, law enforcement and other missions as directed.

Coast Guard "E" Ribbon
The Coast Guard "E" Ribbon was established in September 1990 and is the United States Coast Guard equivalent to the Navy "E" Ribbon.

Also known as the Coast Guard Excellence Ribbon, the decoration is a unit award which is presented to the officers and crew of any Coast Guard cutter which earns the Operational Excellence Award during annual refresher training.

Subsequent awards for the Coast Guard "E" Ribbon are denoted by a gold star.
8th Royal Bavarian Chevau-légers
The  8th Royal Bavarian Chevau-légers (Königlich Bayerisches Chevaulegers-Regiment Nr. 8) were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Bavarian Army. The regiment was formed in 1905 and fought in World War I. The regiment was disbanded in 1919.

Bavarian Army
The Bavarian Army (German: Bayerische Armee) was the army of the Electorate (1682–1806) and then Kingdom (1806–1918) of Bavaria. It existed from 1682 as the standing army of Bavaria until the merger of the military sovereignty (Wehrhoheit) of Bavaria into that of the German State in 1919. The Bavarian Army was never comparable to the armies of the Great Powers of the 19th century, but it did provide the Wittelsbach dynasty with sufficient scope of action, in the context of effective alliance politics, to transform Bavaria from a territorially-disjointed small state to the second-largest state of the German Empire after Prussia.
Hmong in Wisconsin
Hmong Americans are the largest Asian ethnic group in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Allies of the United States in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War and later stages of the Laotian Civil War, they started seeking asylum as political refugees after the communist takeover in both nations in 1975, including the Hmong genocide in Laos. Hmong in Vietnam and Laos were subjected to targeted attacks in both countries, and tens of thousands were killed, imprisoned or forcibly relocated following the war.

Wausau School District
The Wausau School District is a public school district serving the Wausau metropolitan area, including the City of Wausau and the Towns of Rib Mountain, Wausau, Stettin, and Texas. It contains two high schools, two middle schools, 13 elementary schools, and one alternative high school.