hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Naval operations of the First Italian War of Independence
The naval operations of the First Italian War of Independence took place between April 1848 and August 1849 and involved the Austrian Empire and the forces opposing it from the Republic of San Marco, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Papal States and the Roman Republic. The conflict took place in the northern Adriatic Sea, mostly off the ports of Venice and Trieste. No major naval battles were fought, and much of the war was an ongoing stalemate between fleets lacking the superiority over each other to strike a decisive blow against the enemy.

Civitavecchia
Civitavecchia (Italian: [ˌtʃivitaˈvɛkkja], lit. 'Ancient Town'; Latin: Centumcellae, and later, Civitas Vetus) is a city and major sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea 60 kilometres (37 miles) west-northwest of Rome, Lazio, Italy. Administratively, it is a comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. Civitavecchia's harbour is formed by two piers and a breakwater on which stands a lighthouse.
Carter Malkasian
Carter Malkasian (born 1975) is an American historian and the chair of the defense analysis department at the Naval Postgraduate School. He is a former adviser to American military commanders in Afghanistan.

Naval Postgraduate School
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a Naval command with a graduate university mission, operated by the United States Navy and located in Monterey, California.

The NPS mission is to provide "defense-focused graduate education, including classified studies and interdisciplinary research, to advance the operational effectiveness, technological leadership and warfighting advantage of the Naval service."

It offers master's and doctoral degrees in more than 70 fields of study to the U.S. Armed Forces, Department of Defense civilians and international partners. Established in 1909, the school also offers research fellowship opportunities at the postdoctoral level through the National Academies' National Research Council research associateship program.
Rasmus Hjort
Rasmus Hjort (c. 1525 – 17 April 1604) was a Norwegian priest and humanist.

Neither his exact birthplace or his parentage are unknown. His training had been associated with Poul Madsen (1527–1590), Bishop of the Diocese of Zealand in Denmark. He worked at the Oslo Cathedral School, where he advanced to rector.  From 1562 he served as dean in Tønsberg which Bishop Frants Berg had ceded to him.

He was married to Gidse Frantsdatter Berg, a daughter of Bishop Frants Berg. He is also known for his role as father. In 1613, three of his sons were accused of supporting Roman Catholicism. At that time, strong measures in Denmark and Norway were being made against Catholicism, especially supporters of the Jesuits, due to fear of the Counter-Reformation movement. Two of his sons, Christoffer Hjort, chapel of Akershus Castle and Jacob Hjort, vicar at Onsøy were expelled.

Akershus Fortress
Akershus Fortress (Norwegian: Akershus Festning, pronounced [ɑkəʂˈhʉːs ˈfɛ̂sːtnɪŋ]) or Akershus Castle (Norwegian: Akershus slott [ɑkəʂˈhʉːs ˈslɔtː]) is a medieval castle in the Norwegian capital Oslo that was built to protect and provide a royal residence for the city. It is located on the banks of the Oslofjord. Since the Middle Ages the fortress has been the namesake and centre of the main fief and later main county of Akershus, which was originally one of Norway's four main regions and which included most of Eastern Norway. The fortress itself was located within the Akershus main county until 1919, and also within the smaller Akershus sub-county until 1842.

The castle has also been used as a military base, a prison and is currently the temporary office of the prime minister of Norway.
Japanese submarine I-16
I-16 (伊16) was the first Type C cruiser submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Commissioned in 1940, she deployed a midget submarine for the attack on Pearl Harbor and for an attack on ships at Diego-Suarez in Madagascar, conducted an anti-shipping patrol in the Indian Ocean, and took part in the Guadalcanal campaign, New Guinea campaign, and Bougainville campaign before she was sunk in May 1944.

Cruiser submarine
A cruiser submarine was a very large submarine designed to remain at sea for extended periods in areas distant from base facilities. Their role was analogous to surface cruisers; 'cruising' distant waters, commerce raiding, and otherwise operating independently. When operating in a fleet, cruisers and cruiser submarines were expected to scout for and screen the battle fleet. Cruiser submarines were successful for a brief period of World War I, but were less successful than smaller submarines during World War II. Large submarines remained vulnerable to damage from defensively equipped merchant ships (DEMS), were slow to dive if found by aircraft, offered a large sonar echo surface, and were less able to defensively maneuver during depth charge attacks.
Jim Lash
James Verle Lash (November 12, 1951 – 31 May 2019) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) in the 1970s. He played on two Super Bowl teams with the Minnesota Vikings.

Lash attended Garfield High School in Akron, Ohio, the same high school that fellow NFL wide receiver Steve Craig attended. He played college football for the Northwestern Wildcats. His five-year pro career was spent with the Vikings in which he helped lead to Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX and Super Bowl XI all coming up a bit short against the dynasty teams of the Miami Dolphins, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Oakland Raiders.

Lash died May 31, 2019, in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. Archived June 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine

Garfield High School (Akron, Ohio)
Garfield High School was a public high school located in Akron, Ohio, United States. At the time of its closure in 2017, it was one of seven high schools in the Akron Public Schools. Athletic teams were known as the Golden Rams and competed as members of the Akron City Series.

The school, established in 1926, closed after the 2016–17 school year and was merged with Kenmore High School while the Garfield High School building was razed. The merged school, initially known as Kenmore–Garfield High School, was housed at the Kenmore High School building from 2017 to 2022 while a new facility was built on the site of Garfield High School. Upon moving to the new site in 2022, the school was renamed Garfield Community Learning Center.
Retzius
Retzius is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anders Jahan Retzius (1742–1821), Swedish naturalist

Anders Retzius (1796–1860), Swedish anatomist; son of Anders Jahan Retzius

Gustaf Retzius (1842–1919), Swedish anatomist, liberal publicist; son of Anders Retzius

Gustaf Retzius
Prof Magnus Gustaf (or Gustav) Retzius FRSFor HFRSE MSA (17 October 1842 – 21 July 1919) was a Swedish physician and anatomist who dedicated a large part of his life to researching the histology of the sense organs and nervous system.
Parkman Tavern
The Parkman Tavern is an historic tavern (now a private residence) at 20 Powder Mill Road in Concord, Massachusetts.  It is a 2+1⁄2-story timber-frame structure, built by ship's carpenters with wall frames wider at top of first story than base, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney with multiple ovens, and clapboard siding.  It is estimated to have been built in the late 17th  century (1659), by a member of the locally prominent Wheeler family.  In the late 18th century it was purchased by William Parkman, great-uncle to historian Francis Parkman, who operated a tavern on the premises.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Francis Parkman
Francis Parkman Jr. (September 16, 1823 – November 8, 1893) was an American historian, best known as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life and his monumental seven-volume France and England in North America. These works are still valued as historical sources and as literature. He was also a leading horticulturist, briefly a professor of horticulture at Harvard University and author of several books on the topic. Parkman wrote essays opposed to legal voting for women that continued to circulate long after his death. Parkman was a trustee of the Boston Athenæum from 1858 until his death in 1893.
Johann Joseph Couven
Johann Joseph Couven (10 November 1701 – 12 September 1763) was a German Baroque architect. He was born in Aachen, where he also died. His legacy includes several religious and secular buildings in Germany (mostly in or near Aachen, e.g. Burtscheid Abbey church), Belgium (a.o. in Eupen and Liège) and the Netherlands (in Vaals, Houthem-Sint Gerlach and Oud-Valkenburg).

Vaals
Vaals (Dutch: [vaːls] ⓘ; Vaals dialect: Vols [vɔls]) is a town in the extreme southeastern part of the Dutch province of Limburg, itself in the southeast of the Netherlands.

The municipality covers an area of 23.90 km2 (9.23 sq mi).It is situated in the western foothills of the Ardennes–Eifelrange and lies some 23 km (14 mi) east of Maastricht and 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the German city of Aachen.

Vaals directly adjoins both Belgium and Germany. As such three national borders meet at a point known as the Drielandenpunt and very near the highest point in the Netherlands, the Vaalserberg. The Vaalserberg was previously known as "Hubertusberg", so named for the eighth century St.Hubertus.
2020 MAC Championship Game
The 2020 MAC Championship Game was a college football game played on Friday, December 18, 2020, at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan, to determine the 2020 champion of the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The game was contested by the Buffalo Bulls, East Division champions, and the Ball State Cardinals, West Division champions. Sponsored by mortgage lending company Quicken Loans through their Rocket Mortgage brand, the game was officially known as the Rocket Mortgage MAC Championship Game. Ball State defeated Buffalo, 38–28 to claim their first MAC championship since 1996.

2020 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 2020 Ball State Cardinals football team represented Ball State University during the 2020 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cardinals were led by fifth-year head coach Mike Neu and played their home games at Scheumann Stadium in Muncie, Indiana. They competed as members of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference.

In a season impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Cardinals played to a 5–1 record in a limited regular-season schedule. The team then defeated Buffalo in the conference championship game. The season ended with a victory over San Jose State in the Arizona Bowl for the first bowl game victory in program history.
2024 Turkish Women's Basketball Cup
The 2024 Turkish Women's Basketball Cup (Turkish: 2024 Basketbol Kadınlar Türkiye Kupası), also known as ING Kadınlar Türkiye Kupası for sponsorship reasonsi was the 30th edition of Turkey's top-tier level professional women's domestic basketball cup competition. The quarterfinals of tournament were held on 2 January 2024 in 4 different venues in Istanbul, followed by the semi-finals and the final held from 4 to 5 January 2024 at the Şehit Turgut Solak Spor Salonu in Balıkesir, Turkey.

Turkish Women's Basketball Cup
The Turkish Women's Basketball Cup (Turkish: Basketbol Kadınlar Türkiye Kupası), also known as Halkbank Turkish Women's Basketball Cup for sponsporship reasons, is a basketball cup competition in Turkish basketball, run by the Turkish Basketball Federation since 1992. The current champions are Fenerbahçe, who are also the most successful team in the history of the competition, with 15 titles to their credit.
June beetle
June beetle is the common name for several scarab beetles that appear around June in temperate parts of North America:

In subfamily Cetoniinae:

Cotinis nitida (Green June beetle) of the southeastern United States

Cotinis mutabilis (Figeater beetle) of the western and southwestern United States

In subfamily Melolonthinae:

Amphimallon solstitiale (European June beetle, summer chafer) of Europe (and other species of Amphimallon )

Melolontha (cockchafers or May bugs) of Europe

Phyllophaga (May beetles) of the Americas

Polyphylla decemlineata (Ten-lined June beetle) of the western United States and Canada.

Rhizotrogus marginipes (and other species of Rhizotrogus )

Figeater beetle
The figeater beetle (also green fruit beetle or fig beetle, Cotinis mutabilis) is a member of the scarab beetle family in the subfamily Cetoniinae, comprising a group of beetles commonly called flower chafers, since many of them feed on pollen, nectar, or petals. Its habitat is primarily the southwestern United States (including California) and Mexico. Figeater beetles are often mistaken for green June beetles (Cotinis nitida) and occasionally Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica), which occur in the Eastern US.
Aberdovey Lifeboat Station
Aberdovey Lifeboat Station (Welsh: Gorsaf Bad Achub Aberdyfi) is located in the coastal village of Aberdyfi, on the north bank of the River Dyfi estuary, on Cardigan Bay, in the county of Gwynedd, West Wales.

A lifeboat was first placed at Aberdovey in 1837. Management of the station was transferred to the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) in 1853, with the RNIPLS becoming the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1854.

Since 2016, the station has operated a B-class (Atlantic 85) Inshore lifeboat, RNLB Hugh Miles (B-896), launched by tractor.

This station is classed as an RNLI "Discover" lifeboat station, which welcomes visitors normally during the summer months.

River Dyfi
The River Dyfi (Welsh: Afon Dyfi; Welsh pronunciation: [ˈdəvi]), also known as the River Dovey (/ˈdʌvi/ DUV-ee), is an approximately 30-mile (48-kilometre) long river in Wales.

Its large estuary forms the boundary between the counties of Gwynedd and Ceredigion, and its lower reaches have historically been considered the border between North Wales and South Wales.
Heather (surname)
Heather is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Heather (born 1972), English cricketer

Alison Heather, New Zealand physiology academic

Larry R. Heather, Canadian politician

Nick Heather (1938–2025), British clinical psychologist, alcohol researcher and academic

Peter Heather, British historian

Roy Heather (born 1935), English actor

Scott Heather (born 1975), American college baseball coach

Sean Heather (born 1982), English cricketer

Teariki Heather (born 1959), Cook Island politician

William (Smiley) Heather (born 1958), Cook Island politician

Teariki Heather
Teariki William Heather (born 30 July 1959) is a Cook Islands politician and former Cabinet minister who served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Cook Islands from 2013 to 2018. Previously a member of the Cook Islands Party, he is now the leader of the Cook Islands United Party.
Dead By Sunset
Dead by Sunset is a 1995 true crime nonfiction book by author Ann Rule. It is based on the 1986 Oregon case of the murder of Cheryl Keeton, who was found beaten to death inside her van on the Sunset Highway and the later conviction of her estranged husband, Brad Cunningham. The book made The New York Times Best Seller list in 1996.

Later in 1995, NBC aired a mini-series titled Dead by Sunset. It was based on the book and starred Annette O'Toole as Keeton and Ken Olin as Cunningham.

Following his conviction of first degree murder in the death of Cheryl Keeton, Brad Cunningham was incarcerated at the Oregon State Penitentiary on January 9, 1995, where he is serving a life sentence. Cunningham has since written an ebook entitled Ann Rule Deconstructed. In it, the convicted murderer claims Rule exaggerated the facts surrounding the investigation and his subsequent trial for Keeton's murder in Dead by Sunset.

Ken Olin
Kenneth Edward Olin (born July 30, 1954) is an American actor, television director, and producer. As an actor, Olin is known for his role as Michael Steadman in the ABC drama series Thirtysomething (1987–1991), for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 1990. Olin later began working behind the scenes, as a  director and producer. His credits as a producer include Alias (2001–2006), Brothers & Sisters (2006–2011), and This Is Us (2016–2022). Olin is married to actress Patricia Wettig.
Yacyretá Island
Yacyretá Island (Spanish: Isla Yacyretá; Guaraní: jasý retã "land of the Moon") is an island in the Itapúa Department, Paraguay, located in the Paraná River, sectioned by the Yacyretá Dam. Administratively, it is part of the southern province of Itapúa.
It is known for its white sand dunes. It has a population of about 400 people who live mainly from fishing.

Paraná River
The Paraná River (Portuguese: Rio Paraná [ˈʁi.u paɾaˈna] ⓘ; Spanish: Río Paraná [ˈri.o paɾaˈna] ⓘ; Guarani: Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi). Among South American rivers, it is second in length only to the Amazon River. It merges with the Paraguay River and then farther downstream with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata and empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

The first European to go up the Paraná River was the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot, in 1526, while working for Spain.

A drought hit the river in 2021, causing a 77-year low.
Robin Brundle
Robin Charles Brundle (born 19 September 1962 in King's Lynn, Norfolk) is a British racing driver and businessman. In January 2009, he was appointed as managing director of Lola Cars. He still occasionally competes in historic racing events. He is the younger brother of former Formula One driver and current Sky Sports F1 commentator Martin Brundle.

Brundle previously ran a family car dealership in his home town of King's Lynn known as the Brundle Group. In 2007, he was appointed managing director of Aston Martin Racing, before moving on to Lola. He was appointed as a non-executive director of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn in 2006.

Brundle is married with two children. He is also a keen field hockey player.

Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn
Queen Elizabeth Hospital is a district general hospital situated on the eastern outskirts of  King's Lynn, Norfolk, England. It serves a broad catchment area spanning West Norfolk, parts of Breckland District, South Holland District in Lincolnshire, and the northern section of Fenland District in Cambridgeshire—covering approximately 1,500 square kilometres and serving a population of around 250,000. The hospital is operated by the Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust. It is named in honour of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, not Queen Elizabeth II.
Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants.

The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten",
and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen.

Dick Jefferies
Richard Peter Spencer Jefferies (1932–2010) was a paleontologist famous for developing the Calcichordate Theory of the origin of chordates, now widely discredited. Jefferies joined the British Museum in 1960, and was largely based there for the remainder of his career.

He died in June 2020 at the age of 88.
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Port of Spain)
The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is a Catholic cathedral in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.  It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Port of Spain.  Construction started in 1816 and it was completed in 1851.  The same year the cathedral was given the honorary status of a minor basilica.

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Port of Spain
The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Port of Spain (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Portus Hispaniae) is a metropolitan diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in the Caribbean. The archdiocese encompasses the entirety of the former Spanish dependency of Trinidad, including the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The archdiocese is the Metropolitan responsible for the suffragan Dioceses of Bridgetown, Georgetown, Paramaribo and Willemstad, and is a member of the Antilles Episcopal Conference.

The diocese of Port of Spain was originally erected as a vicariate apostolic in 1818 and elevated to an archdiocese in April 1830.
2023 Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles
Rinky Hijikata and Max Purcell defeated Jamie Murray and Michael Venus in the final, 6–4, 6–1 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2023 Japan Open.

Mackenzie McDonald and Marcelo Melo were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Sander Gillé and Joran Vliegen.

Sander Gillé
Sander Gillé (born 15 January 1991) is a Belgian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles.
He has a career-high doubles ranking of World No. 18 by the ATP, achieved on 25 September 2023. He also has a career-high singles ranking of World No. 574, reached on 24 December 2018.
Gillé has won eight ATP Tour doubles titles with partner Joran Vliegen, including an ATP Masters 1000 title at the 2024 Monte-Carlo Masters.
The Infatuations
The Infatuations (Spanish: Los enamoramientos) is a National Novel Prize-winning novel by Spanish author Javier Marías, published in 2011. The translation into English by Margaret Jull Costa was published by Hamish Hamilton in 2013.

It was shortlisted for the 2014 National Book Critics Circle Award (Fiction).

Margaret Jull Costa
Margaret Elisabeth Jull Costa OBE, OIH (born 2 May 1949) is a British translator of Portuguese- and Spanish-language fiction and poetry, including the works of Nobel Prize winner José Saramago, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Paulo Coelho, Bernardo Atxaga, Carmen Martín Gaite, Javier Marías, and José Régio. She has won the Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize more times than any other translator.
Gardinerpiscis
Gardinerpiscis is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater actinopterygian fish that lived during the Kungurian age of the early Permian epoch in the Kempir Formation of what is now Kazakhstan. It was originally named "Gardineria" by Kazantseva-Selezneva (1981). Because this genus name was already given to an extant scleractinian coral (Gardineria Vaughan, 1907), the new name Gardinerpiscis was erected for the Permian fish. The genus includes a single species (monotypy): Gardinerpiscis akkolkensis.

Gardinerpiscis is named after British palaeontologist and zoologist Brian G. Gardiner (1932 - 2021). The word part piscis is Latin for fish.

Kungurian
In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.3 and 274.4 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian.