hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cutthroat Peak
Cutthroat Peak is an 8,066-foot-elevation (2,459-meter) granitic mountain located on the boundary of Chelan County and Skagit County, in Washington state. The mountain is part of the Okanagan Range which is a subrange of the Cascade Range, and it is situated within the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. Cutthroat Peak is set about two miles west of Washington Pass and one mile east of Rainy Pass. It is a prominent landmark along the North Cascades Highway with an accessible climbing route (South Buttress class 5.8). Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises over 3,000 feet (910 meters) above State Creek in one mile (1.6 km). There is also a Cutthroat Lake, Cutthroat Creek, and Cutthroat Pass on its north and east aspects. This landform's toponym was officially adopted in 1988 by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Molar Tooth is a granite pillar half a mile north on the ridge extending to Cutthroat Pass.

Chelan County, Washington
Chelan County (/ʃəˈlæn/, shə-LAN) is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 79,074. The county seat and largest city is Wenatchee. The county was created out of Okanogan and Kittitas Counties on March 13, 1899. It derives its name from a Chelan Indian word meaning "deep water," likely a reference to 55-mile (89 km)-long Lake Chelan, which reaches a maximum depth of 1,486 feet (453 m).

Chelan County is part of the Wenatchee, Washington, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Inductive dimension
In the mathematical field of topology, the inductive dimension of a topological space X is either of two values, the small inductive dimension ind(X) or the large inductive dimension Ind(X). These are based on the observation that, in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, the boundaries of balls have dimension n − 1. Therefore it should be possible to define the dimension of a general space inductively in terms of the dimensions of the boundaries of suitable open sets in that space.

The small and large inductive dimensions are two of the three most usual ways of capturing the notion of "dimension" for a topological space, in a way that depends only on the topology (and not, say, on the properties of a metric space). The other is the Lebesgue covering dimension. The term "topological dimension" is ordinarily understood to refer to the Lebesgue covering dimension. For "sufficiently nice" spaces, the three measures of dimension are equal.

Ball (mathematics)
In mathematics, a ball is the solid figure bounded by a sphere; it is also called a solid sphere. It may be a closed ball (including the boundary points that constitute the sphere) or an open ball (excluding them).

These concepts are defined not only in three-dimensional Euclidean space but also for lower and higher dimensions, and for metric spaces in general. A ball in n dimensions is called a hyperball or n-ball and is bounded by a hypersphere or (n−1)-sphere. Thus, for example, a ball in the Euclidean plane is the same thing as a disk, the planar region bounded by a circle. In Euclidean 3-space, a ball is taken to be the region of space bounded by a 2-dimensional sphere. In a one-dimensional space, a ball is a line segment.

In other contexts, such as in Euclidean geometry and informal use, sphere is sometimes used to mean ball. In the field of topology the closed -dimensional ball is often denoted as  or  while the open -dimensional ball is  or .
Badger Township, Polk County, Minnesota
Badger Township is a township in Polk County, Minnesota, United States. It is part of the Grand Forks-ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area. Under the United States Public Land Survey System it is a survey township identified as Township 149 North, Range 42 West, Fifth Principal Meridian. The population was 166 at the 2000 census.

Red River cart
The Red River cart is a large two-wheeled cart made entirely of non-metallic materials. Often drawn by oxen, though also by horses or mules, these carts were used throughout most of the 19th century in the fur trade and in westward expansion in Canada and the United States, in the area of the Red River and on the plains west of the Red River Colony.  The cart is a simple conveyance developed by Métis for use in their settlement on the Red River in what later became Manitoba. With carts, the Metis were not restricted to river travel to hunt bison. The Red River cart was largely responsible for commercializing the buffalo hunt.
Raymond James Financial
Raymond James Financial, Inc. is an American multinational independent investment bank and financial services company providing financial services to individuals, corporations, and municipalities through its subsidiary companies that engage primarily in investment and financial planning, in addition to investment banking and asset management. The company is headquartered in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Financial planner
A financial planner or personal financial planner is a qualified financial advisor. Practicing in full service personal finance, they advise clients on investments, insurance, tax, retirement and estate planning.

As a general rule, a financial planner’s work can:

integrate into the range of professional services (eg: lawyer, accountant); or

integrate into the offer of a range of financial products and services (eg: financial advisor, insurance agent); or

not be integrated into other products or services, providing stand alone financial planning.
Louis Frédéric Wickham
Louis Frédéric Wickham (28 February 1861 in Paris – 14 October 1913 in Mesnil-le-Roi) was a French physician and pathologist remembered for describing Wickham striae. He trained in medicine in Paris, receiving his M.D. in 1890. He studied dermatology at the Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris before becoming physician at the Hôpital Saint-Lazare in 1897. After 1905 he worked on research into radium.

Le Mesnil-le-Roi
Le Mesnil-le-Roi (French pronunciation: [lə menil lə ʁwa] ⓘ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is about 3.5 km (2 mi) from Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

The name "Mesnil" comes from Latin: mansionilis meaning "little estate". The name "Le Mesnil-le-Roi" could be said "The King's small estate" (Francis I). On the other hand, the name of Mesnil-le-Roi in the time of the French Revolution was Le Mesnil-Carrières, "Mesnil quarries".

The inhabitants are called Mesnilois (male) and Mesniloise (female).
Serbia at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Serbia competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February 2014. A team of eight athletes in five sports was selected, representing a decrease of two athletes from Vancouver. Serbia has also qualified in snowboarding for the first time ever.

Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard that is always attached to a rider's feet. It features in the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.

Snowboarding was developed in the United States, inspired by skiing and skateboarding, which itself was inspired by surfing. Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century and was introduced as a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. As of 2015, its popularity (as measured by equipment sales) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since.
The Small Meadows in Spring, By
The Small Meadows in Spring, By (French Les Petits Prés au printemps, By) is an 1881 painting by Alfred Sisley, on loan from Tate Britain to the National Gallery since 1997.

The location it shows is now paved, but was then a wooded path along the left bank of the Seine linking the villages of Veneux-les-Sablons and By, with Champagne-sur-Seine in the right background and a young girl just left of centre, probably the artist's twelve-year-old daughter Jeanne. The same path appears in mirror-image in his The Small Meadows at By, Stormy Weather.

Tate Britain
Tate Britain, known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery, is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London, England. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. Founded by Sir Henry Tate, it houses a substantial collection of the art of the United Kingdom since Tudor times, and in particular has large holdings of the works of J. M. W. Turner, who bequeathed all his own collection to the nation. It is one of the largest museums in the country. In 2021, it ranked 50th on the list of most-visited art museums in the world.
Epinotia thapsiana
Epinotia thapsiana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1847. It is found in the Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Russia, Asia Minor, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, China (Tianjin, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guizhou, Shaanxi) and Korea.

The wingspan is 13–16 mm. Adults are on wing from May to June and again from July to August in two generations per year.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, including Thapsia, Ferrula, Crithmum, Ligustrum, Laserpitium and Foeniculum species.

Privet
A privet is a flowering plant in the genus Ligustrum. The genus contains about 50 species of erect, deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees, with a native distribution from Europe to tropical and subtropical Asia, and with one species each native to Australia and north Africa. Some species have become widely naturalized or invasive where introduced. Privet was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub Ligustrum vulgare, and later also for the more reliably evergreen Ligustrum ovalifolium and its hybrid Ligustrum × ibolium used extensively for privacy hedging, though now the name is applied to all members of the genus. The generic name was applied by Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) to L. vulgare. It is often suggested that the name privet is related to private, but the Oxford English Dictionary states that there is no evidence to support this.
Polar Club Glacier
Polar Club Glacier (62°14′S 58°32′W﻿ / ﻿62.233°S 58.533°W﻿ / -62.233; -58.533) is a broad glacier east-northeast of Stranger Point, King George Island, in Antarctica. South of it is Bransfield Strait. Named by the Polish Antarctic Expedition, 1980, after the Polish Polar Club.

Polish Antarctic Expedition
The Polish Antarctic Expedition to the A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station was conducted by a team of doctors, geophysicists, and geomorphologists between 1978 and 1979. It was sponsored by the Polish Academy of Sciences. This was the third expedition organised by the Polish Academy of Sciences, and included establishing a geodetic network in the Bunger Oasis, setting up an astronomical reference point, magnetic observations, and photogrammetric surveys to make maps of the vicinity of the station.
Madonna and Child with a Book
Madonna and Child with a Book is a c.1475 tempera on panel painting by Vincenzo Foppa. In 1863 Antonio Guasconi left an extensive collection of art to the city of Milan, including this painting and it is now in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan.

The frame is inscribed with "AVE. SANCTISSIM(A). MARIA. PORTA. PA.RADIXI. DOMINA. MONDI. PURA. SINGULARISNE. VIRGO. SINGULARIS. TU. CONCEPISTI. IEXU...", the incipit of a prayer in honour of the Immaculate Conception, sometimes thought to have been written by pope Sixtus IV. The size of the work shows it was intended for private devotion.

Sforza Castle
The Sforza Castle (Italian: Castello Sforzesco [kasˈtɛllo sforˈtsesko]; Milanese: Castell Sforzesch [kasˈtɛl sfurˈsɛsk]) is a medieval fortification located in Milan, northern Italy. It was built in the 15th century by Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, on the remnants of a 14th-century fortification. Later renovated and enlarged, in the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the largest citadels in Europe. Extensively rebuilt by Luca Beltrami in 1891–1905, it now houses several of the city's museums and art collections.
Zaharia Stancu
Zaharia Stancu (Romanian pronunciation: [zahaˈri.a ˈstaŋku]; October 7, 1902 – December 5, 1974) was a Romanian prose writer, novelist, poet, and philosopher. He was also the director of the National Theatre Bucharest, the President of the Writers' Union of Romania, and a titular member of the Romanian Academy.

Romanian Academy
The Romanian Academy (Romanian: Academia Română [akadeˈmi.a roˈmɨnə]) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 active members who are elected for life.

According to its bylaws, the academy's main goals are the cultivation of Romanian language and Romanian literature, the study of the national history of Romania and research into major scientific domains. Some of the academy's fundamental projects are the Romanian language dictionary (Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române), the dictionary of Romanian literature, and the treatise on the history of the Romanian people.
Lama Passage
Lama Passage, sometimes referred to as Lama Pass, is a strait on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada, between Denny, Campbell and Hunter Islands. It is part of the Inside Passage shipping route, connecting Seaforth Channel with Fisher Channel.  It was named for a Hudson's Bay Company brigantine, the Lama, under Captain McNeill (namesake of Port McNeill), which with another HBC vessel, the Dryad under Captain Kipling, brought building materials and stores from Fort Vancouver for the founding of Fort McLoughlin in 1833.

British Columbia Coast
The British Columbia Coast, popularly referred to as the BC Coast or simply the Coast, is a geographic region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. As the entire western continental coastline of Canada along the Pacific Ocean is in the province, it is synonymous with being the West Coast of Canada.

While the exact boundaries are variously defined, the region is generally defined to include the 15 regional districts that have coastline along the Pacific Ocean or Salish Sea, or are part of the Lower Mainland, a subregion of the British Columbia Coast. Other boundaries may exclude parts of or even entire regional districts, such as those of the aforementioned Lower Mainland.
Alphonse Guichenot
Antoine Alphonse Guichenot (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃twan alfɔ̃s ɡiʃno]; 31 July 1809 in Paris – 17 February 1876 in Cluny) was a French zoologist who taught, researched, and participated in specimen collecting trips on behalf of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (Paris), including an extensive biological survey of Algeria.

His primary fields of research included fish and reptiles. He is credited with describing the ichthyological genera Agonomalus, Neosebastes (gurnard scorpionfishes) and Glossanodon. He also described numerous new species, including the New Caledonian crested gecko, Correlophus ciliatis (changed to Rhacodactylus ciliatus in 1994, but reclassified as Correlophus ciliatis in 2012).

He retired to solely an assistant naturalist position in 1856, and died in 1876 in Cluny, France.

National Museum of Natural History, France
In France, the National Museum of Natural History (French: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [myzeɔm nɑsjɔnal distwaʁ natyʁɛl]; MNHN) is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne University. The main museum, with four galleries,  is located in Paris, France, within the Jardin des Plantes on the left bank of the River Seine. It was formally founded in 1793, during the French Revolution, but was begun even earlier in 1635 as the royal garden of medicinal plants. The museum now has 14 sites throughout France.

Since the 2014 reform, it has been headed by a chairman, assisted by deputy managing directors. The Museum has a staff of approximately 2,350 members, including six hundred researchers. It is a member of the national network of naturalist collections (RECOLNAT).
R Leonis
R Leonis is a red giant Mira-type variable star located approximately 370 light years away in the constellation Leo.

The apparent magnitude of R Leonis varies between 4.31 and 11.65 with a period of 312 days. At maximum it can be seen with the naked eye, while at minimum a telescope of at least 7 cm is needed. The star's effective temperature is estimated to be 2,930 – 3,080 kelvins and radius spans 320 solar radii (220,000,000 kilometres; 1.5 astronomical units), roughly Mars's orbital zone.

Centimetre
A centimetre (International spelling) or centimeter (American English), with SI symbol cm, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one hundredth of a metre, centi- being the SI prefix for a factor of ⁠1/100⁠. Equivalently, there are 100 centimetres in 1 metre. The centimetre was the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.

Though for many physical quantities, SI prefixes for factors of 103—like milli- and kilo-—are often preferred by technicians, the centimetre remains a practical unit of length for many everyday measurements; for instance, human height is commonly measured in centimetres. A centimetre is approximately the width of the fingernail of an average adult person.
Mae Mo railway station
Mae Mo railway station is a railway station located in Sop Pat Subdistrict, Mae Mo District, Lampang. It is located 609.168 km from Bangkok railway station and is a class 2 railway station. It is on the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand. A freight line once operated to the nearby coalmines but was ceased operations in 1989. The station opened in April 1916 following the opening of the Northern Line Mae Chang-Nakhon Lampang section.

Lampang province
Lampang (Thai: ลำปาง, pronounced [lām.pāːŋ]; Northern Thai: ᩃᩣᩴᨻᩣ᩠ᨦ) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat), situated in upper northern Thailand. The old name of Lampang was Khelang Nakhon.
CNN Millennium
CNN Millennium or Millennium: A Thousand Years of History or MM Millenium or Millennium is a CNN Perspectives television series or miniseries about world history during the 2nd millennium from the 11th to the 20th centuries.

The Millennium series should not be confused with the CNN Millennium 2000 DVD, which documented the celebrations around the world for the arrival of the year 2000.

Sir Jeremy Isaacs, filmmaker of "The World at War" and CNN's Cold War, and Pat Mitchell, president of CNN Productions and Time Inc. Television, served as executive producers.

Ben Kingsley's role as narrator remained confined to introducing the subject matter and placing it into context. Main protagonists such as Genghis Khan tell their individual stories in their native tongues, relayed to viewers through simultaneous translation.

Bernard Heyes was in charge of graphic design and animation. Richard Blackford composed the original musical score for the series.

World history (field)
World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; some leading practitioners have included Voltaire (1694–1778), Hegel (1770–1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975). The field became much more active (in terms of university teaching, textbooks, scholarly journals, and academic associations) in the late 20th century.

It is not to be confused with comparative history, which, like world history, deals with the history of multiple cultures and nations, but does not do so on a global scale. World historians use a thematic approach, with two major focal points: integration (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).
Discovery (British TV programme)
Discovery is a British documentary television programme, produced by Duncan Dallas, for Yorkshire Television. It was first shown in England in 1974.

The first episode was about the post-encephalitic patients described by the neurologist Oliver Sacks (see Awakenings). The documentary won a Red Ribbon at the 1978 American Film Festival and first prize at the 1978 International Rehabilitation Film Festival.

American Film Festival
American Film Festival is a film festival held annually in October in Wrocław, Poland. The first festival was held from 20 to 24 October 2010. The festival is organized by Stowarzyszenie Nowe Horyzonty and co-funded by the Wrocław Municipality and Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.
Raban von Helmstatt
Raban von Helmstatt (c. 1362 – 4 November 1439) was a German nobleman who served as Bishop of Speyer from 1396 and as Archbishop and Elector of Trier from 1430 until his resignation from both positions in 1438. He was appointed Archbishop of Trier by Pope Martin V in May 1430. Raban died in Speyer on 4 November 1439 and was buried in Speyer Cathedral.

Diocese of Speyer
The Diocese of Speyer (Latin: Dioecesis Spirensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Germany.  The diocese is located in the South of the Rhineland-Palatinate and comprises also the Saarpfalz district in the east of the Saarland.  The bishop's see is in the Palatinate city of Speyer.

The current bishop is Karl-Heinz Wiesemann.

As of 31 December 2022, 32.3% of the population of the diocese was Catholic.
Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry
The Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry (sometimes called "Eagle Pass II") is located on the United States–Mexico border at the Camino Real International Bridge. Built in 1999, it is the location where all commercial vehicles entering Eagle Pass, Texas, from Piedras Negras, Coahuila, are inspected.

Eagle Pass, Texas
Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County, Texas, United States. Its population was 28,130 as of the 2020 census.  Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, which is to the southwest and across the Rio Grande river.
Jupunba commutata
Jupunba commutata is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is a tree native to Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. It is confined to a small number of localities in montane  including the Gran Sabana, the Pacaraima Mountains, the Kanuku Mountains, and Tafelberg, where it grows in the montane savanna–forest transition, including shrublands and gallery forests, from 800 to 1200 meters elevation.

Guianan savanna
The Guianan savanna (NT0707) is an ecoregion in the south of Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname and the north of Brazil. It is in the Amazon biome.
The savanna covers an area of rolling upland plains on the Guiana Shield between the Amazon and Orinoco basins.
It includes forested areas, but these are shrinking steadily due to the effect of frequent fires, either accidental or deliberate.
The ecoregion includes the Gran Sabana region of Venezuela.