hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hans Leu the Elder
Hans Leu the Elder (German: Hans Leu der Ältere; 1460–1507) was a Swiss painter, native to Zürich.

The Episcopal collection of the St. Gallen Abbey includes the main altar of the church of the Rüti Abbey, probably a late work by Hans Leu the Elder. During the Reformation in Zürich the altar came to the monastery Wurmsbach where it remained until 1798.

Leu's son was the painter and draftsman Hans Leu the Younger.

Abbey of Saint Gall
The Abbey of Saint Gall (German: Abtei St. Gallen) is a dissolved abbey (747–1805) in a Catholic religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in Switzerland. The Carolingian-era monastery existed from 719, founded by Saint Othmar on the spot where Saint Gall had erected his hermitage. It became an independent principality between 9th and 13th centuries, and was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe. The library of the Abbey is one of the oldest monastic libraries in the world.

The city of St. Gallen originated as an adjoining settlement of the abbey. The abbey was secularized around 1800, and in 1848 its former church became St. Gallen Cathedral, the seat of the Diocese of Saint Gallen. Since 1983 the abbey precinct has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares (Hermitage)
The Portrait of Count-Duke de Olivares is a painting by Spanish artist Diego Velázquez, finished in 1635. It is housed in the Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg.

The picture portrays Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Prime Minister of Spain during the reign of Philip IV. He is portrayed in half bust over a neutral background, the face appearing tired and swollen, markedly aged from the previous, more famous equestrian portrait of Duke de Olivares also by Velázquez. Olivares wears a simple black dress with a white ruff.

Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria, Portuguese: Filipe III; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: Rey Planeta), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War.

By the time of his death, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometres (4.7 million square miles) in area, the largest empire in the world, but in other aspects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. He was succeeded on his death by his young son Charles II as King of Spain and in 1640 (with the collapse of the Iberian Union) by John IV as King of Portugal.
David Nason
David George Nason (born October 6, 1970) is an American lawyer, government official and corporate executive from Washington, DC. He served as the president and CEO of GE Energy Financial Services, a unit of General Electric (GE) from 2013 to 2018. Previously at GE, he was the Chief Regulatory Officer and Compliance Leader at GE Capital. Nason is one of 190 GE officers globally. From 2005–2009 he served as Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions under Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson, during which time he was a key architect of the federal government's response to the 2008 financial crisis.

In 2019, he joined the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America (TIAA) as Executive Vice President and Chief Risk & Compliance Officer. He is now Chief Operating Officer of TIAA and President of TIAA Wealth Management.

TIAA
The Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America-College Retirement Equities Fund (TIAA, formerly TIAA-CREF) is an American financial services organization that is a private provider of financial retirement services in the academic, research, medical, cultural and governmental fields. TIAA is listed on the Fortune 100 and serves over 5 million active and retired employees participating at more than 15,000 institutions and has $1 trillion in combined assets under management with holdings in more than 50 countries (as of December 31, 2017).
Grigori Fursin
Grigori Fursin is a British computer scientist, president of the non-profit CTuning foundation, founding member of MLCommons, and co-chair of the MLCommons Task Force on Automation and Reproducibility. His research group created open-source machine learning based self-optimizing compiler, MILEPOST GCC, considered to be the first in the world. At the end of the MILEPOST project he established cTuning foundation to crowdsource program optimisation and machine learning across diverse devices provided by volunteers. His foundation also developed Collective Knowledge Framework and Collective Mind to support open research. Since 2015 Fursin leads Artifact Evaluation at several ACM and IEEE computer systems conferences. He is also a founding member of the ACM taskforce on Data, Software, and Reproducibility in Publication.

Program optimization
In computer science, program optimization, code optimization, or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or to make it capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or draw less power.
Duvensee archaeological sites
The Duvensee archaeological sites (German: Duvenseer Wohnplätze) are a series of early Mesolithic archaeological sites that are located within the Duvensee bog near Duvensee in Schleswig Holstein, Germany. The bog is one of the oldest and well-researched archaeological settlement areas from the early Holocene in Central Europe. The archaeological sites are renowned for their well-preserved organic remains and are of great importance in understanding the subsistence and settlement strategies of post-glacial hunter-gatherer societies. Recent research has explored the Duvensee societies' diet and land use patterns in relation to the evolution of modern lifestyles and nutrition.

Subsistence economy
A subsistence economy is an economy directed to basic subsistence (the provision of  sufficient food, clothing and shelter to sustain life) rather than oriented to sustaining a market in essential and desirable assets.
Denis Loginov
Denis Loginov (born 5 May 1985) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward.

He was selected by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 7th round (203rd overall) of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft but never signed a contract and remained in Russia. Loginov played in the Russian Superleague for Ak Bars Kazan and HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk.

HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk (Russian: ХК Нефтехимик Нижнекамск) is a professional ice hockey club based in Nizhnekamsk, Russia. It is a member of the Kharlamov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
Henchir-Sidi-Salah
Henchir-Sidi-Salah is a rural locality and archaeological site in the hinterland behind Sfax, Tunisia.

Located at latitude:35°56'18"N, longitude10°8'51"E, Henchir Sidi Salah is close to Ait and Teniour, and Medass Sidi Salah, on the Oued Sidi Salah and near the ruins of Henchir Bou Gherara. The elevation above sea level is 50 metres (160 ft).

The ruins that dot the landscape at Sidi Salah are the remains of a fundus (farm or estate) of the Roman province of Byzacena (North Africa). Inscriptions give the name of the Roman settlement as Fundus [...]itanus assumed to be Fundus (Dic)itanus, though Fundus Tigitanus is also possible. The town flourished from 30 BC to AD 640.

Based on the name "Fundus Dicitanus", it is tentatively proposed that the village/town was the seat of the ancient Christian bishopric of  Dices (or Dicensis) which is a home suppressed and titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

Byzacena
Byzacena (or Byzacium; Ancient Greek: Βυζάκιον, romanized: Byzakion) was a Late Roman province in the central part of Roman North Africa, which is now roughly Tunisia, split off from Africa Proconsularis.
Ringo Dămureanu
Ringo Dămureanu (born 18 August 1973) is a Romanian politician of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians. He was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies in the 2020 parliamentary election. Since 2021, he has served as president of the constitutionality committee. In 2024, he was a candidate for president of the Dolj County Council.

Born in Craiova, he attended from 1987 to 1991 the Frații Buzești National College and from 1992 to 1997 the University of Craiova, graduating with a degree in computer engineering. From 2007 to 2009, he pursued his studies at the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration in Bucharest, obtaining a Master's degree in law and public affairs.

2020 Romanian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Romania on 6 December 2020 to elect the 136 members of the Senate and the 330 constituent members of the Chamber of Deputies.

While the Social Democratic Party (PSD) remained the largest political party in the Parliament, its popular vote share dropped considerably, by a third. The elections resulted in a centre-right coalition government was formed by the National Liberal Party (PNL), USR PLUS, and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians (UDMR/RMDSZ) (i.e. the former Cîțu Cabinet) with former Minister of Public Finance and former PNL president Florin Cîțu as Prime Minister.

The final voter turnout was approximately 32%, the lowest since the end of the communist era in Romania, partially due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
2010–11 Liga III
The 2010–11 Liga III season was the 55th season of the Liga III, the third tier of the Romanian football league system. The season started on August 27, 2010 and ended on June 3, 2011.

The winners of each series promoted to the 2011–12 Liga II.

The bottom three from each division relegated at the end of the season to the county football leagues (Liga IV). From the 13th placed teams, another three were relegated. To determine this teams, separate standings were computed, using only the games played against clubs ranked 1st through 12th.

Romanian football league system
The Romanian football league system, also known as the football pyramid, refers to the system in Romanian club football that consists of several football leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation. The first three leagues are organized at a national level and consist of fully professional teams. Lower divisions are organized at county levels, with each county's football association controlling its respective leagues.

Reserve teams play in the same league system as their parent clubs.
Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1974
The Netherlands was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 with the song "I See a Star", composed by Hans van Hemert, with lyrics by Gerrit den Braber, and performed by duo Mouth and MacNeal (Willem Duyn and Maggie MacNeal). The Dutch participating broadcaster, Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS), selected its entry through a national final, after having previously selected the performer internally.

Maggie MacNeal
Maggie MacNeal (born Sjoukje Lucie van 't Spijker; 5 May 1950) is a Dutch singer. She was a member of Mouth & MacNeal, a pop duo from the Netherlands, who are best known for their million-selling recording of "How Do You Do" in 1972, which topped the Dutch chart and became a US top ten hit, and for representing the Netherlands at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing third with the song "I See a Star", which went on to become a UK top ten hit. In 1980, she represented the Netherlands at the 1980 Eurovision Song Contest, finishing fifth with the song Amsterdam.
Pat Welsh (author)
Patricia Ruth Fisher-Smith Welsh, also known as Pat Welsh and Patricia Fisher, (born 1929) is an American television performer, columnist, garden editor, public speaker, and author.

Welsh is known for her books, videos, and television programs on gardening. She is also known as an early advocate of using Mediterranean gardening techniques in the coastal areas of California.

Columnist
A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs. They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. Columns are sometimes written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, or (in effect) a brand name. Columnists typically write daily or weekly columns. Some columns are later collected and reprinted in book form.
Burgus
A burgus (Latin, plural burgi ) or turris ("tower") is a small tower-like castrum of late antiquity, which was sometimes protected by an outwork and surrounding ditches. Timothy Darvill defines it as "a small fortified position or watchtower usually controlling a main routeway."

Burgus was a term used in the later period of the Roman Empire, and particularly in the Germanic provinces.

Fortified tower
A fortified tower (also defensive tower or castle tower or, in context, just tower) is one of the defensive structures used in fortifications, such as castles, along with defensive walls such as curtain walls. Castle towers can have a variety of different shapes and fulfil different functions.
Pretnar
Pretnar is a Slovenian surname. Notable people with this name include:

Igor Pretnar (1924 – 1977) Slovenian film director

Cveto Pretnar (born 1957) Slovenian ice hockey player who represented Yugoslavia at the 1984 Winter Olympics

Špela Pretnar (born 1973) Slovenian alpine skier who represented Slovenia at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Klemen Pretnar (born 1986) Slovenian ice hockey player who represented Slovenia at the 2011 IIHF World Championship

Igor Pretnar
Igor Pretnar (3 April 1924 – 8 April 1977) was a Slovenian film director.

Pretnar won the Golden Arena for Best Director for his film Wild Growth (Samorastniki, 1963) at the 1963 Pula Film Festival. His 1976 film Idealist was entered into the 10th Moscow International Film Festival.
Brown's representability theorem
In mathematics, Brown's representability theorem in homotopy theory gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a contravariant functor F on the homotopy category Hotc of pointed connected CW complexes, to the category of sets Set, to be a representable functor.

More specifically, we are given

F: Hotcop → Set,

and there are certain obviously necessary conditions for F to be of type Hom(—, C), with C a pointed connected CW-complex that can be deduced from category theory alone.  The statement of the substantive part of the theorem is that these necessary conditions are then sufficient.  For technical reasons, the theorem is often stated for functors to the category of pointed sets; in other words the sets are also given a base point.

The theorem is due to Edgar H. Brown who published it in 1962.

Functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories.  Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces.   Nowadays, functors are used throughout modern mathematics to relate various categories. Thus, functors are important in every area of mathematics where category theory is applied.

The words category and functor were borrowed by mathematicians from the philosophers Aristotle and Rudolf Carnap, respectively.  The latter used functor in a linguistic context;
see function word.
Frear
Frear is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Frear (1820–1882), American politician

Bryan Frear (1933–1997), English professional footballer

Caz Frear, British novelist

Elliott Frear (born 1990), footballer who is currently playing for Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers

James A. Frear (1861–1939), U.S. Representative from Wisconsin

J. Allen Frear Jr. (1903–1993), American businessman and politician

Joseph Frear (builder) (1846–1926), New Zealand builder and businessman

Mary Dillingham Frear (1870–1951), First Lady of the Territory of Hawaii

Scott Frear, American football coach in the United States and Finland

Walter F. Frear (1863–1948), lawyer and judge in the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii

Mary Dillingham Frear
Mary Emma Dillingham Frear (1870–1951) was a Hawaiian civic leader. She served as the First Lady of the Territory of Hawaii from 1907 to 1913, and was a regent of the University of Hawaii for two decades. The granddaughter of missionaries, she was the first Hawaii-born wife of a governor of Hawaii.
Cape au Moine
The Cape au Moine (1,941 m) is a mountain of the Swiss Prealps, located on the border between the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg. It lies north of the Col de Jaman and south of the Col de Soladier, among of a crest of peaks extending roughly north into Fribourg to the Dent de Lys, on the range between Lake Geneva and the valley of Gruyère.

Col de Jaman
The Col de Jaman (1,512 m) is a mountain pass in the western Swiss Alps, connecting Montreux in the canton of Vaud to Montbovon in the canton of Fribourg. The pass itself, overlooked by the Dent de Jaman, is located within the canton of Vaud, the border with the canton of Fribourg running one kilometre east.

The pass is connected to Les Avants by a paved road. A railway tunnel (Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line) runs below the pass.
Thomas G. Mitchell
Thomas Greenfield Mitchell is an American medical mycologist, clinical microbiologist,
and academic. He is an Associate Professor Emeritus in Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Duke University.

Mitchell's research uses DNA-based methods to identify fungal pathogens, resolve taxonomic issues, and study the population genetics and virulence factors of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. His work is focused on correlating genotypes with clinically relevant phenotypes, including drug resistance, in immunocompromised patients, with publications in journals such as the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Analytical Chemistry, and Molecular Ecology. His work has been cited in notable studies, including one conducted by researchers from the Tri-Institutional Molecular Mycology and Pathogenesis Training Program.

Mitchell is a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the American Academy of Microbiology, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Molecular Ecology (journal)
Molecular Ecology is a twice monthly scientific journal covering investigations that use molecular techniques to address questions in ecology, evolution, behavior, and conservation. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell. Its 2022 impact factor is 4.9. It was established in 1992 with Harry Smith as founding editor-in-chief, while Loren Rieseberg is the current editor.
Valhalla (2019 film)
Valhalla is a 2019 Danish dark fantasy adventure film, directed by Fenar Ahmad, and based on the comic book of the same name ("Cry Wolf") by Peter Madsen, Hans Rancke-Madsen and Henning Kure.

The film was released on 10 October 2019, the same date as the original 1986 film.

Dark fantasy
Dark fantasy is a subgenre of literary, artistic, and cinematic fantasy works that incorporates disturbing and frightening themes. The term is ambiguously used to describe stories that combine horror elements with one or other of the standard formulas of fantasy.
Rozhniativ settlement hromada
Rozhniativ settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Рожнятівська селищна громада) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kalush Raion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. The administrative center is the rural settlement of Rozhniativ.

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківська область, romanized: Ivano-Frankivska oblast), also referred to as Ivano-Frankivshchyna (Івано-Франківщина) or simply Frankivshchyna, is an oblast (region) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. It has a population of 1,351,822 (2022 estimate).

The area, also known as Prykarpattia, was part of the historical region of Galicia, where the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia flourished. After World War I, the area became part of the Second Polish Republic and was administered as part of Stanisławów Voivodeship until the invasion of Poland. The area was annexed by the Soviet Union and was known as Stanislav Oblast until 1962, when its administrative center was renamed after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Kolomyia was a historical center of the oblast and remains a major cultural center of Pokuttia, the traditional name for the southern part of the oblast.
Cupidesthes thyrsis
Cupidesthes thyrsis is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Ubangi, Uele, Tshopo, Equateur, Kinshasa, Sankuru and Lualaba).

Bioko
Bioko (/biːˈoʊkoʊ/; Spanish: [biˈoko] ⓘ; Bube: Ëtulá a Ëri; historically known as Fernando Pó, European Portuguese pronunciation: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃.dʊ ˈpɔ]) is an island of Equatorial Guinea. It is located 32 km (20 mi) south of the coast of Cameroon, and 160 km (99 mi) northwest of the northernmost part of mainland Equatorial Guinea. Malabo, on the north coast of the island, is the former capital city of Equatorial Guinea. Bioko's population was 335,048 at the 2015 census and it covers an area of 2,017 km2 (779 sq mi), making it the fourth largest island in Africa (after Madagascar, Socotra and Tenerife). The island is part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes and is located off the Cameroon coast, in the Bight of Biafra portion of the Gulf of Guinea. Its geology is volcanic; its highest peak is Pico Basile at 3,012 m (9,882 ft).
Next Green Party of Canada leadership election
The Green Party of Canada will hold a leadership election on an undetermined date, due to current leader Elizabeth May announcing on August 19, 2025 that she will not lead the party into the next federal election. The party is yet to schedule a leadership contest.

Jonathan Pedneault
Jonathan Pedneault (born 1990) is a Canadian politician, activist, and journalist who served as the co-leader of the Green Party of Canada in 2025, alongside Elizabeth May. He had previously served as the party's deputy leader from 2022 to 2024. He is the first Québécois to serve as leader of the Greens.
Paddy Forde
Patrick Forde (22 July 1922 – 13 May 1972) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. Forde stood unsuccessfully for election at the 1965 general election. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) at the 1969 general election for the Cork Mid constituency. He died in 1972 during the 19th Dáil, a by-election was held on 2 August 1972 which was won by Gene Fitzgerald of Fianna Fáil.

1965 Irish general election
The 1965 Irish general election to the 18th Dáil was held on Wednesday, 7 April, following the dissolution of the 17th Dáil on 18 March by President Éamon de Valera on the request of Taoiseach Seán Lemass. The general election took place in 38 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 144 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas. The governing Fianna Fáil saw a slight increase, though did not obtain a majority.

The 18th Dáil met at Leinster House on 21 April to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Lemass was re-appointed Taoiseach, forming the 11th government of Ireland, a single-party minority Fianna Fáil government.