hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thomas William Downes
Thomas William Downes (18 February 1868 – 6 August 1938) was a New Zealand historian, ethnologist and river works supervisor.

Downes was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 18 February 1868. His family moved to Bulls in the 1870s and he went to school there. He married Margaret Thomson there in May 1890. They moved to Wanganui in 1898. He died in Wanganui on 6 August 1938, survived by Margaret and their married daughter.

Bulls, New Zealand
Bulls (Māori: Pūru) is a town in the Rangitikei District of New Zealand. It is in a fertile farming area at the junction of State Highways 1 and 3, 28 km (17 mi) northwest of Palmerston North. According to a June 2025 Statistics New Zealand estimate, Bulls has a population of 2,110 inhabitants.

Recent marketing makes puns with the name, for example, "New Zealand gets its milk from Bulls" or the sign for the local police station "Const-a-bull".
1989 World Club Challenge
The 1989 World Club Challenge (known for sponsorship reasons as the Foster's World Club Challenge) was the third ever and first official World Club Challenge match. 1989's NSWRL season premiers, the Canberra Raiders travelled to England to play 1988–89 RFL champions, Widnes.

Australian Rugby League Commission
The Australian Rugby League Commission Limited (ARL), formerly the Australian Rugby Football League Limited is an Australian rugby league football competition operator.

It was founded in 1986 as the Australian Rugby Football League Limited and succeeded the Australian Rugby Football League Board of Control which had been formed in 1924. Since its inception, the ARL has administered the Australian national team and represented Australia in international rugby league matters. Prior to 1998, the code in Australia had been principally administered by individual state leagues on a domestic basis, and the ARL on a national and international basis.
Tawfiq Ali
Tawfiq Ali Abuhammad (Arabic: تَوْفِيق عَلِيّ أَبُو حَمَّاد; born 8 November 1989) is a Palestinian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Palestine national football team and  Jabal Al-Mukaber in the West Bank Premier League.

He received his first senior cap in the bronze medal match of the 2011 Pan Arab Games against Kuwait. His first clean sheet as national team goalkeeper came on 29 February 2012 in a friendly against Azerbaijan, that ended with a 2–0 win for Palestine.

Kuwait national football team
The Kuwait national football team (Arabic: منتخب الكويت لكرة القدم, romanized: muntakhab alkuayt likurat alqadam) represents Kuwait in international football and it is controlled by the Kuwait Football Association. Kuwait made its only FIFA World Cup appearance in 1982 and managed to get one draw in the group stage against Czechoslovakia. In the AFC Asian Cup, Kuwait reached the final in 1976 and won the tournament four years later in 1980.

The Kuwait national football team has faced multiple suspensions by FIFA due to governmental interference and failure to comply with regulations, notably in 2007, 2008, and 2015. These suspensions, which were later lifted after legal reforms, caused the team to miss major tournaments, including the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, and led to a significant drop in the country's FIFA World Rankings. In 2017, following the lifting of its suspension, Kuwait hosted the Gulf Cup.
Barneys New York
Barneys New York is an American brand founded in 1923 by Barney Pressman that operated full-line department stores from 1923 until 2020. Barneys introduced major luxury brands to the American market including Armani, Azzedine Alaïa, Comme des Garçons, Christian Louboutin, and Zegna.

Barneys New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2019. Authentic Brands Group acquired Barneys' intellectual property and has licensed the brand to Saks Fifth Avenue for specialty departments within its flagship stores since 2021. As of 2026, Barneys continues its partnership with Saks Fifth Avenue, with two branches operating in New York City and Greenwich. Along with this, the partnership with Laox Holdings continues with six standalone locations and four outlet stores in Japan. The skincare and fragrance line Barneys New York Beauty also operates under a licence with the South-Korean Gloent Group.

Comme des Garçons
Comme des Garçons (CDG, pronounced [kɔm de ɡaʁsɔ̃]) is a Japanese fashion label, founded by Rei Kawakubo in 1969. It is based in Paris, where its main office is located. Other than fashion, the label has expanded to include jewelry and perfume (under the brand Comme des Garçons Parfums).

The company shows its collections during Paris Fashion Week and Paris Men's Fashion Week. In 2017, it was reported that the company and its affiliates generated a revenue "of over $280 million a year".
Putative marriage
A putative marriage is an apparently valid marriage, entered into in good faith on the part of at least one of the partners, but that is legally invalid due to a technical impediment, such as a preexistent marriage on the part of one of the partners. Unlike someone in a common-law, statutory, or ceremonial marriage, a putative spouse is not legally married. Instead, a putative spouse believes themself to be married in good faith and is given legal rights as a result of this person's reliance upon this good-faith belief.

Putative marriages exist in both Catholic canon law and in various civil laws, though the rules may vary.  In some jurisdictions, putative marriages are a matter of case law rather than legislation. In many jurisdictions, under civil law, the marriage becomes valid if the impediment is removed.  If it is not removed, the innocent spouse, at least, is often entitled to the protections of a divorce for division of property and child custody.

Good faith
In human interactions, good faith (Latin: bona fidēs) is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction. It is an important concept within law and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense).
Amorino (gelato)
Amorino is a French multinational chain of gelato boutiques headquartered outside of Paris, France. The company was founded in 2002 by Cristiano Sereni and Paolo Benassi, two childhood friends from Reggio Emilia.

The first boutique opened on Île Saint-Louis in 2002, and offers gelato and sorbetto made according to Italian tradition. As of July 2021, the company had more than 250 stores in Europe, Asia, the United States, and Mexico and typically serves gelato in the shape of a flower. Amorino boutiques additionally offer macarons, crêpes, waffles, tarts, milkshakes, and Italian-style coffee.

Reggio Emilia
Reggio nell'Emilia (Emilian: Rèz; Latin: Regium Lepidi), usually referred to as Reggio Emilia, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, and known until 1861 as Reggio di Lombardia, is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. With a population of 172,518, it is the 4th-largest city in Emilia-Romagna and the 22nd-largest in Italy.

The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called Reggiani, while the inhabitants of Reggio di Calabria, in the southwest of the country, are called Reggini.

The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream.
Telecommunications facility
In telecommunications, a facility is defined by Federal Standard 1037C as:

A fixed, mobile, or transportable structure, including (a) all installed electrical and electronic wiring, cabling, and equipment and (b) all supporting structures, such as utility, ground network, and electrical supporting structures.

A network-provided service to users or the network operating administration.

A transmission pathway and associated equipment.

In a protocol applicable to a data unit, such as a block or frame, an additional item of information or a constraint encoded within the protocol to provide the required control.

A real property entity consisting of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility system, pavement, and underlying land.

System
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning. Systems are the subjects of study of systems theory and other systems sciences.

Systems have several common properties and characteristics, including structure, function(s), behavior and interconnectivity.
Bela Soos
Bela Soos (Hungarian: Soós Béla; 6 March 1930 in Târgu Mureș – 12 September 2007 in Frankfurt) was a Romanian chess player of Hungarian descent who was awarded the title of International Master in 1967. As a youth, he was a football player, representing Dinamo Bucharest during his military service. He represented Romania in 4 chess olympiads in 1956, 1962, 1966 and 1968, before defecting to West Germany in the early 1970s. Following his defection, all further mention of him was suppressed in Romanian publications. He is noted for two wins over leading Soviet grandmaster Efim Geller, including a crushing win in 23 moves at the 1962 olympiad in Varna, Bulgaria.

Defection
In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state. More broadly, defection involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie, as of allegiance or duty.

This term is also applied, often pejoratively, to anyone who switches loyalty to another religion, sports team, political party, or other rival faction. In that sense, the defector is often considered a traitor by their original side.
Bielefeld – Gütersloh II
Bielefeld – Gütersloh II is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 131. It is located in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, comprising the city of Bielefeld and a small part of the district of Gütersloh.

Bielefeld – Gütersloh II was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2017, it has been represented by Wiebke Esdar of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

1949 West German federal election
A federal election was held in West Germany on 14 August 1949 to elect the members of the first Bundestag, with a further eight seats elected in West Berlin between 1949 and January 1952 and another eleven between February 1952 and 1953. They were the first free federal elections in West Germany since 1933 and the first after the division of the country.

The CDU/CSU formed a centre-right coalition government with the FDP and the DP.
Mihoubi
Mihoubi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ahmed Mihoubi (1924–2004), Algerian-born French footballer

Azzedine Mihoubi (born 1959), Algerian journalist, poet, novelist, and politician

Hemza Mihoubi (born 1986), Algerian-French footballer

Maroine Mihoubi (born 1999), French footballer

Maroine Mihoubi
Maroine Mihoubi (born 26 July 1999) is a professional footballer who currently plays as a centre-back for Latvian side Tukums 2000 in the Optibet Virslīga.  Born in France, he has represented Tunisia internationally.
Klaus Kærgård
Klaus Kærgaard (born 21 October 1976) is a Danish retired professional football, who most notably won the 2000 Danish Cup with Viborg FF. He was a forward for Danish clubs Viborg FF and FC Midtjylland. From 1998 to 2007, Kærgård played a combined total 171 games and scored 38 goals in the Danish Superliga championship for the two teams. He ended his career prematurely in 2007, due to injuries.

Danish Superliga
The Danish Superliga (Danish: Superligaen, pronounced [ˈsuˀpɐliːˌkɛˀn̩]) is a professional association football league in Denmark and the highest level of the Danish football league system. The league is currently contested by 12 teams each year, with 2 teams relegated. It is the current Danish football championship tournament, and administered by the Divisionsforeningen.
Romario (footballer, born 1990)
Romario da Silva Resende known as Romario (born 3 December 1990, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian football forward.

He previously played for Beroe Stara Zagora in Bulgaria. On 7 May he scored his single goal for the club in a 3–1 away win against Akademik Sofia.

PFC Akademik Sofia
Akademik Sofia (Bulgarian: Академик) was a Bulgarian football club from Sofia, which last played in the B Group, before dissolving in 2012. The team's stadium is located in the Slatina municipality of Sofia and its capacity is 10,000.

Akademik was founded in 1947 by students from the Sofia University and debuted in A PFG in 1949. The team would quickly establish itself as a top flight team in Bulgarian football in the next decades. Akademik became one of the top Bulgarian teams in the 1950s and 1970s, performing strongly in the domestic and European competitions alike, having been crowned Balkans Cup champion in 1974, among other achievements. Akademik's last appearance in the Bulgarian First League came in 2010-11, after which the club experienced financial problems and folded after the 2011-12 season. An unofficial successor (Akademik 1947 Sofia) was founded in 2013, starting from the fourth division.
Network Security Toolkit
Network Security Toolkit (NST) is a Linux-based Live DVD/USB Flash Drive that provides a set of free and open-source computer security and networking tools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks. The distribution can be used as a network security analysis, validation and monitoring tool on servers hosting virtual machines. The majority of tools published in the article "Top 125 security tools" by Insecure.org are available in the toolkit. NST has package management capabilities similar to Fedora and maintains its own repository of additional packages.

Fedora Linux
Fedora Linux is a free and open-source Linux distribution developed by the Fedora Project. It was originally developed in 2003 as a continuation of the Red Hat Linux project. It contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of open-source technologies. It is now the upstream source for CentOS Stream and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Since the release of Fedora 21 in December 2014, three editions have been made available: personal computer, server and cloud computing. This was expanded to five editions for containerization and Internet of Things (IoT) as of the release of Fedora 37 in November 2022. A new version of Fedora Linux is released every six months.

As of February 2016, Fedora Linux has an estimated 1.2 million users, and is also the distribution used by Linus Torvalds, creator of the Linux kernel (as of November 2025).
Stone Fox
Stone Fox is a children's novella by John Reynolds Gardiner. It is the first and best known of Gardiner's books. Stone Fox was acclaimed and popular when it was published in 1980. It sold three million copies and was turned into a television movie starring Buddy Ebsen, Joey Cramer, and Gordon Tootoosis and directed by Harvey Hart in 1987. It was named a New York Times Notable Book of the Year for 1980 (Nov. 30, 1980. p. BR4), and was included in 100 Best Books for Children by Anita Silvey.

The book centers on a boy named Willy who enters a dog sled race in order to win $500 to pay back the taxes on his grandfather's farm. It is written in simple prose and is set at an indeterminate time in the American Old West. The book was inspired by a Rocky Mountain legend that Gardiner heard when he visited Idaho. Stone Fox was originally intended as a screenplay but became a book at the suggestion of a producer.

Jackson, Wyoming
Jackson is a resort town in Teton County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 10,760 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 10,680 in 2024. It is Teton County's only incorporated municipality and its county seat, and it is the largest incorporated town in Wyoming. Jackson is the principal town of the Jackson, WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Teton County in Wyoming and Teton County in Idaho. The town is often called Jackson Hole, which is the name of the valley in which it is located. Jackson is a popular tourist destination due to its proximity to the ski resorts Jackson Hole Mountain, Snow King Mountain, and Grand Targhee. Jackson also acts as a gateway community for Grand Teton National Park and Yellowstone National Park.
Bhala Khar
Bhala Khar (also Palākhar, Bhalakar, Bhalākaris) is a village and union council in Punjab, Pakistan.

On 1 July 2004, Bhala Khar became the Union Council of Tehsil Kallar Syeda. Rawalpindi District was a Union Council of the Tehsil Kahuta.

"Palakhar" is a combination of two words 'polkh' and 'kaar'. The first word, 'polkh', refers to Polakh Khan Gakhar, the father of Sultan Hathi Gakhar. Hathi Gakhar was the chief of the Pothwar region, and fought against the Mughal emperor Zahir ud-din Muhammad. The second word, 'kaar', means "home", as it was the home of Polakh Gakhar, who is buried in Bhala Khar along with Zahir ud deen Babur.

Kahuta
Kahuta (Punjabi, Urdu: کہوٹہ) is a census-designated place, city and tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. The population of the Kahuta Tehsil is approximately 220,576 at the 2017 census. Kahuta is the home to the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) which was founded to undertake the Kahuta Project as part of the atomic bomb project. Before the Kahuta Project, the site was occupied by retired officers of the Pakistan Army and contained a small public community.
Stunning Luxury
Stunning Luxury is the second studio album by English band Snapped Ankles. It was released on 1 March 2019 under The Leaf Label. Described as a "10-song Gang of Four style takedown of modern capitalism" and "a stridently political album that loses neither its sense of humour nor its capacity for bangers", the album's themes and settings are based in the city and suburbs rather than the forests of 2017's Come Play The Trees.

The Quietus placed the album at #16 in their Albums Of The Year 2019.

The Leaf Label
The Leaf Label is a British independent record label based in Yorkshire, England. Initially an electronic music label, releasing mainly instrumental music, the company's approach now features artists spanning jazz and post-punk.
Ras Alsheikh Hamid
28°07′59″N 34°35′34″E﻿ / ﻿28.1329677°N 34.5928069°E﻿ / 28.1329677; 34.5928069
Ras Alsheikh Hamid (Arabic: راس الشيخ حميد) is an uninhabited headland located in the Tabuk Region in Saudi Arabia between the beginning of the Gulf of Aqaba and the end of the Red Sea. It is known to be the location where Catalina N5593V, a Consolidated PBY-5A amphibious aircraft have landed in 1960 with an American family on board, where later were found and taken to Jeddah and handed to the American Embassy there.

In April 2016, the Saudi Arabia and Egypt approved the Saudi Egypt Causeway. A plan suggested that the causeway will link Ras Alsheikh Hamid to Sharm el-Sheikh.

Western end of THE LINE

Consolidated PBY Catalina
The Consolidated Model 28, more commonly known as the PBY Catalina (U.S. Navy designation), is an American flying boat and amphibious aircraft designed by Consolidated Aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s. In U.S. Army service, it was designated as the OA-10 and in Canadian service as the Canso, and it later received the NATO reporting name Mop. It was one of the most widely used seaplanes of World War II. Catalinas served with every branch of the United States Armed Forces and in the air forces and navies of many other nations.  The last military PBYs served until the 1980s.
Orașu Nou
Orașu Nou (Hungarian: Avasújváros; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɒvɒʃuːjvaːroʃ]) is a commune of 7,100 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Romania.

It is composed of five villages:

The villages of Racșa and Racșa-Vii were part of Orașu Nou from 1925 to 1949 and from 1956 to 2010, when they were split off to form Racșa Commune.

Orașu Nou is located in the northeastern part of the county, in the Oaș Country ethnographic region, on the border with Maramureș County. The commune is traversed by national road DN19, which connects it to the county seat, Satu Mare, 37 km (23 mi) to the west.

Satu Mare County
Satu Mare County (Romanian: Județul Satu Mare, pronounced [ˌsatu ˈmare], Hungarian: Szatmár megye) is a county (județ) of Romania, on the border with Hungary and Ukraine. The capital city is Satu Mare.
Host-directed therapeutics
Host-directed therapeutics, also called host targeted therapeutics, act via a host-mediated response to pathogens rather than acting directly on the pathogen, like traditional antibiotics. They can change the local environment in which the pathogen exists to make it less favorable for the pathogen to live and/or grow. With these therapies, pathogen killing, e.g.bactericidal effects, will likely only occur when it is co-delivered with a traditional agent that acts directly on the pathogen, such as an antibiotic, antifungal, or antiparasitic agent. Several antiviral agents are host-directed therapeutics, and simply slow the virus progression rather than kill the virus.  Host-directed therapeutics may limit pathogen proliferation, e.g., have bacteriostatic effects.  Certain agents also have the ability to reduce bacterial load by enhancing host cell responses even in the absence of traditional antimicrobial agents.

Salmonella enterica
Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod-shaped, flagellate, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium and a species of the genus Salmonella. It is divided into six subspecies, arizonae (IIIa), diarizonae (IIIb), houtenae (IV), salamae (II), indica (VI), and enterica (I). A number of its serovars are serious human pathogens; many of them are (more specifically) serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.
Yusuf Hamied
Yusuf Khwaja Hamied (born 25 July 1936) is an Indian scientist, billionaire businessman and the chairman of Cipla, a generic pharmaceuticals company founded by his father Khwaja Abdul Hamied in 1935. He is also an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy.

Billionaire
A billionaire is a person whose net worth is at least one billion units of a given currency, typically USD. It is a sub-category of the concept of the ultra high-net-worth individual. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed billionaire in 1916.

Nineteen individuals had attained the status of centibillionaires, each with a net worth of at least $100 billion, as of January 2026. As of March 2025, there are 3028 billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over $16.1 trillion, up nearly $2 trillion over 2024.
Julian Wolpert
Julian Wolpert (born 1932) is Bryant Professor Emeritus of Geography, Public Affairs, and Urban Planning at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, where he taught from 1973 to 2005 and chaired the Program in Urban and Regional Planning. He was previously a member of the Regional Science Department at the University of Pennsylvania (1963–73).

Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
The Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (abbrev. SPIA; formerly the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs) is a professional public policy school at Princeton University. The school provides an array of comprehensive coursework in the fields of international development, foreign policy, science and technology, and economics and finance through its undergraduate (AB) degrees, graduate Master of Public Affairs (MPA), Master of Public Policy (MPP), and PhD degrees.