hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tetrad (geometry puzzle)
In geometry, a tetrad is a set of four simply connected disjoint planar regions in the plane, each pair sharing a finite portion of common boundary. It was named by Michael R. W. Buckley in 1975 in the Journal of Recreational Mathematics. A further question was proposed that became a puzzle, whether the 4 regions could be congruent, with or without holes, other enclosed regions.

Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. Intuitively, this corresponds to a space that has no disjoint parts and no holes that go completely through it, because two paths going around different sides of such a hole cannot be continuously transformed into each other. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial.
Hose (surname)
Hose is a surname originating from England. It is a topographical name from the Middle English, "hose", "huse" meaning "brambles", "thorns". Derived from Old English "hos", plural of "hoh" meaning "spur of the land" (literally "heel"), a habitational name from a place in Leicestershire.

Notable people with the surname include:

Brutil Hose (born 1979), soccer player

Charles Hose (1863–1929), British ethnologist

Henry Hose also Hubert Hose, Lord Wardens of the Cinque Ports in 1225 and 1236–1241 respectively

Josh Hose (born 1986), Australian wheelchair rugby player

Katja Hose (born 1980), German-educated computer scientist working in Denmark and Austria

Michael Hose (born 1984), German politician

Sam Hose, African American worker lynched in 1899

Simon Hose (born 1967), Australian rules footballer

Lynching of Sam Hose
Sam Hose (born Samuel Thomas Wilkes; c. 1875 – April 23, 1899) was an African American man who was tortured and murdered by a white lynch mob in Coweta County, Georgia, after being accused of rape and murder.
2023 Open Castilla y León
The 2023 Open Castilla y León was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 37th edition of the tournament and part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in El Espinar, Segovia, Spain, between 24 and 30 July 2023.

Pierre-Hugues Herbert
Pierre-Hugues Herbert (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ yɡ ɛʁbɛʁ]; born 18 March 1991) is a French professional tennis player. In doubles, he has completed the Career Grand Slam with titles at the 2015 US Open, the 2016 Wimbledon Championships, the 2018 French Open, the 2021 French Open, and the 2019 Australian Open partnering Nicolas Mahut. His career-high doubles ranking is world No. 2 achieved on 11 July 2016. The pair have also claimed seven ATP Tour Masters 1000 titles and ATP Finals titles in 2019 and 2021. In singles, Herbert has reached four ATP career finals and achieved his career-high singles ranking of world No. 36 on 11 February 2019.
Çağlayan, Trabzon
Çağlayan (literally "Waterfall")  is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Ortahisar, Trabzon Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,716 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is situated along the valley of Altındere creek. It is on Turkish state highway D.885 which connects Trabzon to hinterland (and Sümela Monastery). The distance to Trabzon is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).

The area around Çağlayan was inhabited during the ancient ages, but Çağlayan is a relatively recent settlement. In 1946 owing to its situation along the valley, it was founded as a common market place of the neighbouring villages. It quickly flourished and in 1969 it was declared a seat of township. The economy of the town depends on agriculture. Lately kiwifruit production is promoted.

2013 Turkish local government reorganisation
Municipalities (Turkish: belediyeler)  are the basic units of local government in Turkey.  According to the Turkish Statistical Institute the population of Turkey was 76,667,864 as of 31 December 2013. The majority of the population live in settlements with municipalities.  The number of municipalities in Turkey was 2,947 in 2009.  But in 2013, most of the small town (Turkish: belde) municipalities were merged to district (Turkish: ilçe) municipalities by the Act 6360 which came into effect at the 2014 local elections sharply decreased the number of municipalities to 1,394.
Jay Bilas
Jay Scot Bilas (born December 24, 1963) is an American college basketball analyst who currently works for ESPN. Bilas is a former professional basketball player and coach who played for and served as an assistant under Mike Krzyzewski at Duke University, as well as a practicing attorney in North Carolina. In February 2024, Bilas signed an exclusive partnership agreement with Washington Speakers Bureau (WSB).

Duke University School of Law
The Duke University School of Law is the law school of Duke University, a private university in Durham, North Carolina.

The school is a constituent academic unit that began in 1868 as the Trinity College School of Law. In 1924, following the renaming of Trinity College to Duke University, the school was renamed Duke University School of Law.
John Steven Gurney
John Steven Gurney (born 1962) is an American author and illustrator of children's books. Gurney is the author and illustrator of the picture book Dinosaur Train, as well as the Fuzzy Baseball graphic novel series. He has illustrated over 150 books. including popular series such as The Bailey School Kids, A to Z Mysteries, and the Calendar Mysteries. His work has also appeared in popular children’s magazines such as Cricket, Babybug, and Ladybird. Gurney is also an art educator. He is on the faculty at both Hollins University in Hollins, Virginia and Kutztown University of Pennsylvania in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, where he teaches illustration

Hollins, Virginia
Hollins is a census-designated place (CDP) in Botetourt and Roanoke County, Virginia, United States.  Hollins covers much of the area known locally as "North County". The population was 15,574 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Roanoke metropolitan area. The area is also the home of Hollins University in addition to four properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Black Horse Tavern-Bellvue Hotel and Office, Harshbarger House, the Hollins College Quadrangle, and Old Tombstone.
Plantago rhodosperma
Plantago rhodosperma is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common names redseed plantain and redseed indianwheat. It is native to the Great Plains and Southwest of the United States.

This species is an annual herb growing from a taproot. The leaves are lance-shaped and may reach 35 cm (14 in) long, but are usually smaller. The leaves are gray-green and lightly hairy. The inflorescence is a narrow spike up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Each small flower produces two red or reddish black seeds.

This species is planted to provide a forage and to revegetate wildlife habitat and rangeland. The seed provides food for many types of game birds and the foliage is consumed by several types of animals, such as deer.

Taproot
A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally and horizontally. Typically, a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproot is a storage organ so well developed that it has been cultivated as a vegetable.

The taproot system contrasts with the adventitious- or fibrous-root system of plants with many branched roots, but many plants that grow a taproot during germination go on to develop branching root structures, although some that rely on the main root for storage may retain the dominant taproot for centuries—for example, Welwitschia.
Skrypnyk
Skrypnyk (Ukrainian: Скрипник) is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Mstyslav Skrypnyk (1898–1993), Ukrainian Orthodox Church Patriarch

Mykola Skrypnyk (1872–1933), Soviet Bolshevik politician and statesman

Oleksiy Skrypnyk (1964–2022), a Ukrainian politician.

Viktor Skrypnyk (born 1969), Ukrainian footballer

Mykola Skrypnyk
Mykola Oleksiiovych Skrypnyk (Ukrainian: Микола Олексійович Скрипник; 25 January [O.S. 13 January] 1872 – 7 July 1933), was a Ukrainian Bolshevik revolutionary and Communist leader who was a proponent of the Ukrainian Republic's independence, and later led the cultural Ukrainization effort in Soviet Ukraine. When the policy was reversed and he was removed from his position, he committed suicide rather than be forced to recant his policies in a show trial. He also was the Head of the Ukrainian People's Commissariat, equivalent to the modern-day position of Prime Minister of Ukraine.
Boris Shapiro
Boris Z. Shapiro (born 1957, Moscow, Soviet Union) is a Russian-Swedish mathematician, whose research concerns differential equations, commutative algebra and Schubert calculus. The Shapiro–Shapiro conjecture (or simply the Shapiro conjecture) was named after Michael Shapiro and him (it is now the well-known Mukhin–Tarasov–Varchenko theorem).

Shapiro enrolled in the Ph.D. program at Moscow State University, Soviet Union in 1985 as a student of Vladimir Arnold, but his thesis defense was rejected by the examining committee. He then defended the same thesis at Stockholm University, Sweden in 1990, and was awarded his Ph.D. He became the most prolific Ph.D. student of Arnold, in terms of academic descendance.  He has been a professor at Stockholm  University since 1993.

Stockholm University
Stockholm University (SU) (Swedish: Stockholms universitet) is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden, founded as a college in 1878, with university status since 1960. With over 33,000 students at four different faculties: law, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, it is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia.

Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university. As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large.
James Robson (academic)
James Robson (born December 1, 1965) is an American sinologist and a James C. Kralik and Yunli Lou Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University and William Fung Director of the Harvard University Asia Center. Robson is the incoming director of the Harvard-Yenching Institute, succeeding Elizabeth J. Perry.

William Fung
William Fung Kwok-lun OBE JP (Chinese: 馮國綸; Jyutping: fung4 gwok3 leon4; born 21 February 1949) is a Hong Kong billionaire businessman who is the group managing director of Li & Fung Group, one of the largest trading companies in Hong Kong.
Halcurin
Halcurin is a polypeptide neurotoxin from the sea anemone Halcurias sp. Based on sequence homology to type 1 and type 2 sea anemone toxins it is thought to delay channel inactivation by binding to the extracellular site 3 on the voltage gated sodium channels in a membrane potential-dependent manner.

Halcurias
Halcurias is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Halcuriidae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

Halcurias capensis Carlgren, 1928

Halcurias carlgreni McMurrich, 1901

Halcurias endocoelactis Stephenson, 1918

Halcurias macmurrichi

Halcurias mcmurrichi Uchida, 2004

Halcurias minimus Carlgren, 1928

Halcurias pilatus McMurrich, 1893

Halcurias sudanensis Riemann-Zürneck, 1983
Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega
Gabriel Lobo Lasso de la Vega (1555–1615) was a Castilian poet, playwright, and historian of the Spanish Golden Age.

De la Vega came from a minor noble family, the Counts of Puertollano, and was born and died in Madrid.  He studied under the epic poet Alonso de Ercilla from 1571 to 1572. He was a king's guardsman under Philip II and Philip III.  This gave him plenty of time to pursue literature.

Puertollano
Puertollano (Spanish pronunciation: [pweɾtoˈʎano]) is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha. The city has a population of 45,539 (2022). Contrasting to the largely rural character of the region, Puertollano stands out for the importance of industry, with a past linked to industrial and mining activities. It lies on the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line (opened 1992).
Andover Museum and Museum of the Iron Age
Andover Museum and Museum of the Iron Age is a museum with two collections: the Andover Museum focuses on the history of the town of Andover, and the Museum of the Iron Age serves as a major focus for museum and educational activities surrounding archaeological work at the nearby Danebury hill fort. It is run by Hampshire Cultural Trust.

Danebury
Danebury is an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, England, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of Winchester (grid reference SU323376). The site, covering 5 hectares (12 acres), was excavated by Barry Cunliffe in the 1970s. Danebury is considered a type site for hillforts, and was important in developing the understanding of hillforts, as very few others have been so intensively excavated.

Built in the 6th century BC, the fort was used for almost 500 years, during a period when the number of hillforts in Wessex greatly increased. Danebury was remodelled several times, making it more complex and resulting in it becoming a "developed" hillfort. It is a Scheduled Monument and a  Local Nature Reserve called Danebury Hillfort. The Scheduled Monument is surrounded by a Site of Special Scientific Interest, designated as Danebury Hill.
Greensleeves Rhythm Album 30: Bollywood
Greensleeves Rhythm Album #30: Bollywood is an album in Greensleeves Records' rhythm album series.  It was released in October 2002 on CD and LP.  The album features various artists recorded over the "Bollywood" riddim. The riddim was produced by Byron Murray and Clifford Smith for the In The Streetz label.  The riddim is an interpolation of the DJ Quik-produced record Addictive by singer Truth Hurts and samples the song "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" by Indian singer Lata Mangeshkar.

Jyoti (1981 film)
Jyoti (transl. Light) is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language action drama film, produced and directed by Pramod Chakravarty, and written by Sachin Bhaumick. It stars Jeetendra and Hema Malini, with music composed by Bappi Lahiri.
Connecticut's 31st State Senate district
Connecticut's 31st State Senate district elects one member of the Connecticut State Senate. It consists of the communities of Bristol, Plainville, Plymouth, Thomaston, and part of Harwinton. It has been represented by Republican Henri Martin since 2015.

Thomaston, Connecticut
Thomaston is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Naugatuck Valley Planning Region. The population was 7,442 at the 2020 census. The urban center of the town is the Thomaston census-designated place, with a population of 1,928 at the 2020 census.
South Broad Street Historic District (Monroe, Georgia)
The South Broad Street Historic District in Monroe, Georgia is a 15 acres (6.1 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.  The listing included 14 contributing buildings.

The largest properties are the Walker-FieIds House and the Wright-Henson House;  the oldest is the John Felker House, which has elements of both Plantation Plain and American Gothic architecture.

Monroe, Georgia
Monroe is a city and the county seat of Walton County, Georgia, United States. It is located both one hour east of Atlanta via US 78 and GA 138 to I-20 and east of Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport and is one of the exurban cities in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The population was 14,928 at the 2020 U.S. census.
2001 Tamworth state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Tamworth on 8 December 2001 because Tony Windsor (Independent) resigned to successfully contest the federal seat of New England at the 2001 election.

Independent politicians in Australia
An independent politician is a person who has served in a political office while not affiliated to any political party. Many of these have either resigned or been expelled from membership in political parties, and some have gone on to form their own political parties over time. In some cases members of parliament sit as an independent while still holding party leadership. This can be for a multitude of reasons including expulsion from party room, de-registration of party and suspension of membership.
Gamsiella
Gamsiella is a fungal genus in the Mortierellaceae family.

The genus name of Gamsiella is in honour of Konrad Walter Gams (1934—2017), who was an Austrian botanist and scientist.

The genus was circumscribed by Gerald Leonard Benny and Meredith Blackwell in Mycologia Vol.96 (Issue 1) on page 147 in 2004.

Walter Gams
Konrad Walter Gams (9 August 1934 – 9 April 2017) was an Austrian mycologist. He worked as a scientist for his entire career at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute) in the Netherlands. He served in the international authority on classification of fungi, the Special Committee on Fungi and Lichens (renamed Nomenclatural Committee for Fungi), from which he contributed to the development of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants. Some species of fungi he identified became sources of pharmaceutical drugs such as cephalosporin C (antibiotic) from Sarocladium strictum and Acremonium chrysogenum, and ciclosporin (immunosuppressant) from Tolypocladium inflatum.
Rímac District
Rímac (pronunciation: [ˈri.mak]) is a district of Lima, Peru. It is one of the oldest parts of the city, and was formally made into a district in 1920. Due to its age, vestiges of the city's Spanish era remain today in the district's Monumental Zone, the old quarter that's part of the Cultural heritage of Peru since 1972, and a World Heritage Site since 1988 as part of the Historic Centre of Lima.

Cultural heritage of Peru
The cultural heritage of Peru, officially the Cultural heritage of the Nation (Spanish: Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación), is the name given to the set of goods, both tangible and intangible, accumulated over time. These goods can be paleontological, archaeological, architectural, historical, artistic, military, social, anthropological or intellectual. In Peru, the competence for the protection of cultural heritage is in the hands of the Ministry of Culture.

In 1999, the National Institute of Culture published the Relación de Monumentos Históricos del Perú, the most comprehensive inventory to date of historic monuments declared in the country, listing properties built from the 16th to the 20th century. In August 2000, the Institute also published a list of temples, convents and cemeteries declared cultural heritage.
El Cenepa District
El Cenepa is a district of the province of Condorcanqui in Peru. The district of El Cenepa, created on September 1, 1941 by Law Nº 9364, belongs to the province of Condorcanqui, department of Amazonas. It has an area of 5,558 km2, which represents 24% of the territory of Alto Marañón. El Cenepa has 8,363 inhabitants, and a population density of 1.5 inhabitants/km2.

Localities within the district include:

Shamatak

4°04′59″S 78°18′00″W﻿ / ﻿4.08306°S 78.30000°W﻿ / -4.08306; -78.30000

Province
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Turkey. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
Kiorr language
Kiorr (Kha Kior) is a Palaungic language of Luang Namtha Province, Laos.

Diffloth & Zide (1992) had listed Con as a Lametic language.  However, it is treated as a dialect of Kiorr in Sidwell (2010). Kiorr could be a historical name for the Saamtaav people.

Luang Namtha province
Luang Namtha (Lao: ຫລວງນໍ້າທາ, pronounced [lǔaŋ nâːm.tʰáː]; literally 'royal sugar palm' or "'royal green river') is a province of Laos in the country's north. From 1966 to 1976 it formed, together with Bokeo, the province of Houakhong. Luang Namtha province covers an area of 9,325 square kilometres (3,600 sq mi). Its provincial capital is Luang Namtha. The province borders Yunnan, China to the north, Oudomxai province to the east and southeast, Bokeo province to the southwest, and Shan State, Myanmar to the northwest. The province contains the Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area and is a sugar cane and rubber producing area. There are some 20 temples in Muang Sing, including Wat Sing Jai and Wat Namkeo. The anthropological Luang Namtha Museum is in Luang Namtha.
Portrait of Sir Francis Burdett (Archer Shee)
Portrait of Sir Francis Burdett is an 1843 portrait painting by the Irish artist Martin Archer Shee.  It depicts the English politician Sir Francis Burdett. Burdett was a Whig known for his radical views. He is shown at the end of his lengthy career. Archer Shee had previously produced a slightly larger 1838 portrait, with both likely to have been commissioned by Burdett's daughters.

Archer Shee was a noted portraitist of the Regency era who succeeded his rival Thomas Lawrence as President of the Royal Academy in 1830 and held the position until his death in 1850.

This painting was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1844 held at the National Gallery in London. It is now in the collection of the neighbouring National Portrait Gallery, haven't been donated by Burdett's daughter in 1876.

Radicals (UK)
The Radicals were a loose parliamentary political grouping in Great Britain and Ireland in the early to mid-19th century who drew on earlier ideas of radicalism and helped to transform the Whigs into the Liberal Party.
East Stow Rural District
East Stow was a rural district in East Suffolk, England from 1894 to 1934.

It was created under the Local Government Act 1894, from the part of the Stow rural sanitary district that was in East Suffolk (the rest forming Thedwastre Rural District in West Suffolk.) Its name derives from the historic hundred of Stow, whose boundaries it closely matched.

It was abolished in 1934 under a County Review Order.  Its area went to form part of Gipping Rural District, with a small part being transferred to Stowmarket urban district. In 1974 the area became part of Mid Suffolk district.

Stow Hundred
Stow was a hundred of Suffolk, consisting of 22,710 acres (91.9 km2).

Stow Hundred a fertile and picturesque district in central Suffolk around seven miles (11 km) in length and breadth. It is bounded by Cosford, Bosmere and Claydon, Thedwestry, Blackbourn and Hartismere Hundreds. It is in the Deanery to which it gives name and was in the Archdeaconry of Sudbury until 1837 when it was added to the Archdeaconry of Suffolk, and is thus still in the Diocese of Norwich. It is watered by the River Gipping.

The word "stow" means place, as in "stow away", and the name of the hundred was probably derived from an old name for Stowmarket, the hundred's largest town.