hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
The European Society of Neurogastroenterology & Motility (ESNM) is a professional medical non-profit organization that was founded in 1982. The ESNM has over 3,100 European members, who are involved in the study of neuroscience and the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal function, and more generally in the advancement of neurogastroenterology.

The ESNM is a member of the United European Gastroenterology, a larger organization of European medical societies concerned with gastroenterology and digestive diseases.

Public
In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere.

The concept of a public has also been defined in political science, psychology, marketing, and advertising.  In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field.

Although it has definitions in the theory of the field that have been formulated from the early 20th century onward, in more recent years it has suffered from being blurred, as a result of conflation of the idea of a public with the notions of audience, market segment, community, constituency, and stakeholder.
Energy in Mongolia
Mongolia had a total primary energy supply (TPES) of 6.66 Mtoe in 2019. Electricity consumption was 7.71 TWh. Mongolia is a big producer of coal, which is mostly exported. Domestic consumption of coal accounts for about 70% of Mongolia's primary energy and makes up most of the electricity generation, accounting for about 87% of the domestic electricity production in 2019.

Tonne of oil equivalent
The tonne of oil equivalent (abbreviated toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil. It is approximately 42 gigajoules or 11.630 megawatt-hours, although as different crude oils have different calorific values, the exact value is defined by convention; several slightly different definitions exist. The toe is sometimes used for large amounts of energy.

Multiples of the toe are used, in particular the megatoe (Mtoe, one million toe) and the gigatoe (Gtoe, one billion toe). A smaller unit of kilogram of oil equivalent (kgoe or koe) is also sometimes used denoting 1/1000 toe.

A related concept is the physical quantity oil-equivalent mass (or mass of oil equivalent), expressed in the ordinary units of mass and its multiples: kilogram (kg), megagram (Mg) or tonne (t), etc.
Watching Scotty Grow
"Watching Scotty Grow" is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Mac Davis and recorded by Bobby Goldsboro in 1970 on his album, We Gotta Start Lovin. Davis recorded his version on his 1971 album, I Believe in Music.

This song deals with a father witnessing the activities of his son growing up, while the father does his usual laid back adult activities. The phrase, "that's my boy" is used in all 3 verses. One of the verses, "Mickey Mouse says it's thirteen o'clock," refers to the Mickey Mouse watches which were popular at the time. (In the 24-hour clock, 1300 is 1:00 PM).

I Believe in Music (album)
I Believe in Music is the second album released by singer-songwriter and actor Mac Davis. It was released in 1971, although the title song had already charted in 1970. The title track went on to become a standard and was covered by many artists in the 1970s, including a top 30 pop hit by Gallery in 1972.

Music reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine considered many of the songs to be more suitable for the album than on radio, and said:

The next time around, Davis would give himself his big, splashy original tune "Baby Don’t Get Hooked on Me", thereby finally hitting the big time, but here he’s still finding his voice as a recording artist. He’s almost there, but the results are most interesting in how his versions of his older songs point the way at what was to come".

The title song became Davis's signature song. His hit "Baby Don't Get Hooked On Me" was released after this album debuted, later in 1972.
Pudwągi
Pudwągi [pudˈvɔnɡi] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Reszel, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) east of Reszel, nine west of Kętrzyn, and 60 km (37 mi) northeast of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Kętrzyn County
Kętrzyn County (Polish: powiat kętrzyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kętrzyn (former Rastembork), which lies 88 kilometres (55 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county also contains the towns of Reszel, lying 16 km (10 mi) west of Kętrzyn, and Korsze, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Kętrzyn.

The county covers an area of 1,212.97 square kilometres (468.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 66,165, out of which the population of Kętrzyn is 28,000, that of Reszel is 5,098, that of Korsze is 4,632, and the rural population is 28,435.
Wilton culture
Wilton is a term archaeologists use to generalize archaeological sites and cultures that share similar stone and non-stone technology dating from 8,000-4,000 years ago. Archaeologists often refer to Wilton as a technocomplex (Archaeological culture), or Industry. Technological industries are defined by a common tradition of stone tool assemblages, but these technological industries extend to common cultural behaviors. As such, archaeologists use these industries to define a discrete cultural taxonomy. However, technological industries have the potential to generalize different cultures and communities at regional scales that, in more local settings, are distinguishable in both technology and cultural behaviors.

Archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between these types is an empirical observation. Their interpretation in terms of ethnic or political groups is based on archaeologists' understanding. However, this is often subject to long-unresolved debates. The concept of the archaeological culture is fundamental to culture-historical archaeology.
Tony Tarracino
Tony Tarracino (August 10, 1916 – November 1, 2008), commonly called Captain Tony, was an American saloonkeeper, boat captain, politician, gambler, and storyteller in Key West, Florida. He was a well-known personality in the city and has been called "arguably the city's most beloved resident" and "the conscience of Key West."

Storytelling
Storytelling is the social and cultural activity of sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation, theatrics or embellishment. Every culture has its own narratives, which are shared as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation or instilling moral values (sometimes through morals). Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include plot, characters and narrative point of view. The term "storytelling" can refer specifically to oral storytelling but also broadly to techniques used in other media to unfold or disclose the narrative of a story.
Franco Ceccuzzi
Franco Ceccuzzi (born 9 February 1967 in Montepulciano) is an Italian politician.

He was elected for the coalition L'Ulivo at the 2006 Italian general election, serving as member of the Chamber of Deputies for two legislatures (XV, XVI). He has been a member of the Democratic Party since 2007.

Ceccuzzi was elected Mayor of Siena on 18 May 2011. He resigned in May 2012 after an internal government crisis and was removed from office on 12 June 2012.

Legislature XV of Italy
The Legislature XV of Italy (Italian: XV Legislatura della Repubblica Italiana) started on 28 April 2006 and ended on 28 April 2008. Its composition resulted from the election of 9–10 April 2006, called after President Ciampi dissolved the houses on 11 February 2006, at the end of the previous legislature. This legislature was the second shortest in the history of the Italian Republic, lasting exactly two years, and ending when President Giorgio Napolitano dissolved the houses on 6 February 2008, after a vote of no confidence on the incumbent Prodi Cabinet.

The election was the first one with the new preferential block electoral system (also known as Porcellum) introduced by Roberto Calderoli in 2005, and later declared partially unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court.
Microdon
Hover flies (family Syrphidae) of the genus Microdon are unusual among the Diptera. Like other members of the subfamily, they are myrmecophiles, meaning they inhabit the nests of ants.

There are 249 species known worldwide, with the greatest diversity being from the tropics; 30 species are known from North America, though it is expected that many of these species will be placed in other genera in time, as Microdon has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species not placed in other genera.

Mario Bezzi
Mario Bezzi (1 August 1868, in Milan – 14 January 1927, in Turin) was an Italian professor of zoology at the University of Turin. He was also director of the Turin Museum of Natural History (Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali (Regional Museum of Natural Sciences), Torino). He was a Doctor of Science.

Bezzi worked with Paul Stein, Theodor Becker and Kálmán Kertész on Katalog der Paläarktischen dipteren published in Budapest from 1903.
Algebraic stack
In mathematics, an algebraic stack is a vast generalization of algebraic spaces, or schemes, which are foundational for studying moduli theory. Many moduli spaces are constructed using techniques specific to algebraic stacks, such as Artin's representability theorem, which is used to construct the moduli space of pointed algebraic curves  and the moduli stack of elliptic curves. Originally, they were introduced by Alexander Grothendieck to keep track of automorphisms on moduli spaces, a technique which allows for treating these moduli spaces as if their underlying schemes or algebraic spaces are smooth. After Grothendieck developed the general theory of descent, and Giraud the general theory of stacks, the notion of algebraic stacks was defined by Michael Artin.

Jean Giraud (mathematician)
Jean Giraud (French: [ʒiʁo]; 2 February 1936 – 27 or 28 March 2007) was a French mathematician, a student of Alexander Grothendieck. His research focused on non-abelian cohomology and the theory of topoi. In particular, he authored the book Cohomologie non-abélienne (Springer, 1971) and proved the theorem that bears his name, which gives a characterization of a Grothendieck topos.

From 1969 to 1989, he was a professor at École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud.

From 1993 to 1994, he was deputy director for research of École normale supérieure de Lyon, where he was made interim director in 1994 and director from 1995 to 2000.
Tail flick test
The tail flick test is a test of the pain response in animals, similar to the hot plate test. It is used in basic pain research and to measure the effectiveness of analgesics, by observing the reaction to heat. It was first described by D'Amour and Smith in 1941.

Nociception assay
A nociception assay (nocioception or nocioperception assay) evaluates the ability of an animal, usually a rodent, to detect a noxious stimulus such as the feeling of pain, caused by stimulation of nociceptors. These assays measure the existence of pain through behaviors such as withdrawal, licking, immobility, and vocalization. The sensation of pain is not a unitary concept; therefore, a researcher must be conscious as to which nociception assay to use.
Cobham Hall School
Cobham Hall School is a private co-educational day and boarding school in the English parish of Cobham, Kent, for girls and boys aged 11-19. It is a Round Square school and a member of the Girls' Schools Association. The school is housed in Cobham Hall, a Tudor era Grade I listed manor house situated in 150 acres of historic parkland on the edge of the Kent Downs. The school featured in the film Wild Child in 2008, as the fictional school that the characters attended, called Abbey Mount.

On 23 February 2021 it was announced that the school would become part of the Mill Hill School Foundation.

Tudor period
In England and Wales, the Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603, including the Elizabethan era. The Tudor period coincides with the reign of the House of Tudor, which began with the accession of Henry VII and ended with the death of Elizabeth I.  Under the Tudor dynasty, art, architecture, trade, exploration, and commerce flourished. Historian John Guy (1988) argued that "England was economically healthier, more expensive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time since the ancient Roman occupation.
Skug River
The Skug River is a 4.9-mile-long (7.9 km) river in North Andover, Andover, and North Reading, Massachusetts that constitutes part of the Ipswich River watershed.
A popular etymology gives Skug as a misspelling of Skunk, however the name is more likely derived from the Abenaki skog, meaning snake.

The river arises from wetlands just south of Boston Hill in the Harold Parker State Forest, and flows mainly southwest to empty into Martin's Pond in North Reading. From there, Martin's Brook carries its waters onwards to the Ipswich River.

The river was dammed over 200 years ago for a sawmill and grist mill. Although the dam has since disappeared, the large stone walls of its millrace can still be seen in the Harold Parker State Forest and Andover Village Improvement Society Skug River Reservation, as can the old Jenkins Soapstone Quarry abutting the river.

Andover Village Improvement Society
The Andover Village Improvement Society (AVIS) is a private land trust in Andover, Massachusetts. Founded in 1894, AVIS is the second oldest land preservation society in the United States. Its goal is to acquire land within Andover and preserve it in its natural state.

The organization controls 29 reservations totaling about 1,100 acres (4.5 km2), with 30 miles (48 km) of trails for hiking, skiing, or other passive recreational use. The largest AVIS reservations are Deer Jump at 131 acres (0.53 km2), Goldsmith at 170 acres (0.69 km2), and Rafton at 226 acres (0.91 km2). Motor vehicles, hunting, fires, or camping in these conservation lands are prohibited. Volunteer wardens are responsible for the care and oversight of each reservation.

With the rapid suburbanization and development occurring in Andover since the 1970s, AVIS has played a vital role in preserving Andover's land.
Chase Sherman
Chase Sherman (born November 16, 1989) is an American professional mixed martial artist and former bare-knuckle boxer. A professional MMA competitor since 2014, he has competed for the UFC and Titan FC.

Titan Fighting Championships
Titan Fighting Championship (Titan FC) is an American mixed martial arts promotion based out of Pompano Beach, Florida.  Their shows were originally run in and near Kansas City and have since expanded to include venues all over North America and eventually, international locations. Since July 2015, Titan FC events are broadcast on the UFC online streaming service UFC Fight Pass, which also showcases a library of the organization's previous events.
Hultin
Hultin is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Göran Hultin (1897–1949), Swedish athlete

Ida Hultin (1858–1938), American advocate for woman suffrage

Jerry MacArthur Hultin (born 1942), United States Navy officer

Johan Hultin (1924–2022), Swedish-American pathologist

Katie Hultin (born 1982), American women's soccer player

Randi Hultin (1926–2000), Norwegian journalist and critic

Jerry MacArthur Hultin
Jerry MacArthur Hultin (born May 17, 1942) was the United States Under Secretary of the Navy from 1997 to 2000. He was the president of the Polytechnic Institute of New York University from 2005 until 2012. He is currently the Chairman of the Global Futures Group, which advises cities, states and countries on best practices in smart city development.
Gato (video game)
GATO is a real-time submarine simulator published in 1984 by Spectrum HoloByte for MS-DOS. It simulates combat operations aboard the Gato-class submarine USS Growler (SS-215) in the Pacific Theater of World War II. GATO was later ported to the Apple IIe, Atari ST, and Mac. In 1987, Atari Corporation published a version on cartridge for the Atari 8-bit computers, to coincide with the launch of the Atari XEGS.

Spectrum HoloByte
Spectrum HoloByte, Inc. was an American video game developer and publisher. The company, founded in 1983, was known for its simulation games, notably the Falcon series of combat flight simulators, and for publishing the first version of Tetris outside the Soviet Union (in 1988 for MS-DOS). Spectrum HoloByte published games for various home computers and video game consoles.
CGR 3rd Class 4-4-0 1883
The Cape Government Railways 3rd Class 4-4-0 of 1883 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1882, the Cape Government Railways placed orders with Neilson and Company for eighteen 3rd Class tender locomotives with a 4-4-0 American type wheel arrangement. They were intended for fast passenger service on all three Cape Systems and were delivered early in 1883.

Joy valve gear
Joy valve gear is a type of steam locomotive valve gear, designed by David Joy (3 March 1825 – 1903), Locomotive and Marine engineer, and patented (no. 929) on 8 March 1879. The British patent has not been found but the US patent (US252224 of 10 January 1882) has. Joy's gear is similar to Hackworth valve gear but has a compensating mechanism  which corrects for "the slight inequality in the motion of the valve arising from the arc of the lever".

The drawing (right) shows the Joy gear as applied to a London and North Western Railway locomotive. The US patent shows several modifications of the gear. In figure 6 of the patent, one of the levers has been replaced by a slide.

On 10 January 1882, Mr. Joy received U.S. Patent No. 252,224 for the invention.
Metalink Ltd.
Metalink Ltd. was an Israeli-based hi-tech company specializing in silicon solutions for wireless and wireline broadband communications. Metalink offered integrated circuits and board level solutions targeting residential gateways, access points, routers, PC cards, set-top boxes (STB), digital media adapters (DMA) and wireless HDTVs. The products complied with IEEE 802.11n standard defining WLAN using Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO). Other product lines included SDSL and VDSL products for triple-play services.

The company was headquartered in Yakum, Israel, with design centers in the US, Ukraine, and Taiwan.

Wireless LAN
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building. This gives users the ability to move around within the area and remain connected to the network. Through a gateway, a WLAN can also provide a connection to the wider Internet.

Wireless LANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standards are the most widely used computer networks in the world. These are commonly called Wi-Fi, which is a trademark belonging to the Wi-Fi Alliance. They are used for home and small office networks that link together laptop computers, printers, smartphones, Web TVs and gaming devices through a wireless network router, which in turn may link them to the Internet. Hotspots provided by routers at restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports allow consumers to access the internet with portable wireless devices.
PDE6B
Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta is the beta subunit of the protein complex PDE6 that is encoded by the PDE6B gene. PDE6 is crucial in transmission and amplification of visual signal. The existence of this beta subunit is essential for normal PDE6 functioning. Mutations in this subunit are responsible for retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa or congenital stationary night blindness.

Visual phototransduction
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina. A photon is absorbed by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells, then through the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) comprising the optic nerve.
Confederation Heights
Confederation Heights is an area in south Ottawa, Canada, made up of mostly government buildings. It is bounded on the east by Data Centre Road, on the north and west by the Rideau River and on the south by Brookfield Road.

Confederation Heights includes the Clarke Memorial Centre (RA Centre), the Taxation Data Centre (Canada Revenue Agency), 1500 Bronson Avenue (formerly Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and Communications Security Establishment's Edward Drake Building), the Sir Leonard Tilley Building (formerly Communications Security Establishment), Canada Post Place (Canada Post headquarters), the Sir Charles Tupper Building (Public Works Canada), Hog's Back Park, Vincent Massey Park and Mooney's Bay station.

Brookfield Road
Brookfield Road (Ottawa Road #51) is a short connecting street in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It runs from Riverside Drive (as a continuation of Hog's Back Road through lands owned by the National Capital Commission) past Brookfield High School to the Airport Parkway, and then in a separate segment as a local road in a residential area for some distance toward Bank Street.

These two segments were continuous prior to the construction of the Airport Parkway, which eradicated a small railway-junction settlement whose traces can still be seen just southeast of the interchange.

The main segment of Brookfield is a four-lane undivided minor arterial road, with a speed limit of 50 km/h (31 mph).

Before 1997, the NCC had control over Brookfield Road, as it connected Colonel By Drive to the Airport Parkway. However, it changed jurisdiction when the Airport Parkway was handed to the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton (now the City of Ottawa), making the NCC parkway link redundant.