hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Hood Dunwoody
William Hood Dunwoody (March 14, 1841 – February 8, 1914) was an American banker, merchants, miller, art patron and philanthropist. He was a partner in what is today General Mills and for thirty years a leader of Northwestern National Bank, today's Wells Fargo.

Dunwoody sold American flour to British bakers, creating an export market and environment in which Minneapolis, Minnesota, became for a time the world's center of flour milling. By 1901, he was one of sixteen millionaires in Minneapolis.

He is remembered today for his bequests that created the Dunwoody Institute (now the Dunwoody College of Technology), Abbott Hospital (now Allina Health), and The William Hood Dunwoody Fund of the Minneapolis Institute of Art.

Thomas Cole
Thomas Cole (February 1, 1801 – February 11, 1848) was an Anglo-American artist who founded the Hudson River School art movement. He painted romantic landscapes and history paintings. Influenced by European painters, but with a strong American sensibility, he was prolific throughout his career and worked primarily with oil on canvas. His paintings are typically allegoric and often depict small figures or structures set against moody and evocative natural landscapes. They are usually escapist, framing the New World as a natural eden contrasting with the smog-filled cityscapes of Industrial Revolution-era Britain, in which he grew up. His works, often seen as conservative, criticize the contemporary trends of industrialism, urbanism, and westward expansion.
Saint-Christophe, Charente
Saint-Christophe (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ kʁistɔf]; Occitan: Sent Crestòfa) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.  It is a member of the Charente Limousine group of coummunes, bordering Haute-Vienne.  It is located 14 km from Confolens and 67 km northeast of Angoulême.

The village is also 5 km east of Lesterps, 13 km north of Saint-Junien, 18 km north-east of Chabanais, 21 km south-west of Bellac and 37 km north- west of Limoges.

The main road in the commune is the D 82 route from Confolens and Lesterps to Limoges via Oradour-sur-Glane, which crosses it from west to east. The village is also served by the D 163 which goes south-west to Chabanais, and the D 330 south to Brigueuil and Saint-Junien.

The nearest station is in Saint-Junien, served by TER buses to Saillat and Limoges.

Saint-Junien
Saint-Junien (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒynjɛ̃]; Occitan: Sent Junian) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in west-central France.  Its sister city is Jumet, Belgium.
Marcelo Moraes
Marcelo Pires Moraes (born 7 August 1979) is a Brazilian politician serving as a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2019. From 2011 to 2018, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul. He is the son of Sérgio Moraes.

Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
The Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese: Assembleia Legislativa do Rio Grande do Sul) is the regional parliament of Rio Grande do Sul, a federative unit in Brazil. It has 55 state deputies elected every 4 years.
Baraka (footballer)
Andres Fernandes Gonçalves (born 21 July 1986), known as just Baraka, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Oeste. He is the brother of Pedro Fernandes, a model, actor and musical artist.

Osasco Sporting
Osasco Sporting, formerly known as Oeste Futebol Clube, is a Brazilian association football club based in Osasco. They currently play in the Campeonato Paulista Série A2, the second division of the São Paulo state football league.

Originally from Itápolis in São Paulo state, was founded on 25 January 1921. After was played in Barueri. They play in blue and white shirts, white shorts and blue socks.
Dorin Junghietu
Dorin Junghietu (born 10 August 1986) is a Moldovan energy expert and politician currently serving as Moldova's Minister of Energy. He was appointed to the position on 19 February 2025. At the time, Junghietu had over 16 years of international professional experience in the coordination and implementation of major energy projects according to the Moldovan government.

Junghietu worked at a subsidiary in Kazakhstan of the Italian company Sicim, at the Australian company Worley, at the Saudi company Saudi Aramco and at the Petrotel Lukoil Refinery in Romania. He studied a bachelor's and master's degree in Exact Sciences and Chemical Engineering at the Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiești in Romania and later a master's degree in Political Sciences and Conflict Management at the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom.

Ministry of Energy (Moldova)
The Ministry of Energy (Romanian: Ministerul Energiei) is one of the fourteen ministries of the Government of Moldova. The ministry was established on 16 February 2023 following the restructuring of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Currently, the Moldovan minister of energy is Dorin Recean. The Ministry of Energy aims for the energy independence of Moldova. It was created following a heavy energy crisis in the country.
Charles Nombret Saint-Laurent
Laurent-Charles Nombret Saint-Laurent (2 July 1791 at Bergues – 30 July 1833 at Boulogne-sur-Mer) was a French dramatist and librettist. An administrator at the Ponts-et-chaussées, he has authored some vaudevilles which have been performed on the most important parisian stages of the 19th century : Théâtre des Nouveautés, Théâtre des Variétés, Théâtre du Vaudeville etc.

Comédie en vaudevilles
The comédie en vaudevilles (French: [kɔmedi ɑ̃ vodvil]) was a theatrical entertainment which began in Paris towards the end of the 17th century, in which comedy was enlivened through lyrics using the melody of popular vaudeville songs.
David Webster (anthropologist)
David Webster (1 December 1944 – 1 May 1989) was a South African academic and anti-apartheid activist. He worked as an anthropologist at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was a senior lecturer at the time of his assassination.

Webster was a founding member of the Detainees' Parents' Support Committee (DPSC) in 1981, a founder member of the Five Freedoms Forum, and a committed comrade in the United Democratic Front. Webster was also an active member of the Orlando Pirates supporters' club and he assisted in the mobilisation and organisation of South African musicians during the Struggle in the 1980s.

He was a long-term ethnographic researcher and his work near Kosi Bay on the Mozambican border resulted in a number of peer-reviewed academic publications.

Webster was assassinated by apartheid security forces outside his home on 1 May 1989.

United Democratic Front (South Africa)
The United Democratic Front (UDF) was a South African popular front that existed from 1983 to 1991. The UDF comprised more than 400 public organizations including trade unions, students' unions, women's and parachurch organizations. The UDF's goal was to establish a "non-racial, united South Africa in which segregation is abolished and in which society is freed from institutional and systematic racism." Its slogan was "UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides." The Front was established in 1983 to oppose the introduction of the Tricameral Parliament by the white-dominated National Party government, and dissolved in 1991 during the early stages of the transition to democracy.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 19
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 19 (P. Oxy. 19) is a fragment of the first book of the Histories of Herodotus (chapter 76), written in Greek. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The fragment is dated to the second or third century. It is housed in Princeton University Library (Curator of Manuscripts). The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The manuscript was written on papyrus in a roll. The fragment is 125 by 80 mm and contains 16 lines of text. The text is written in small square uncial script.

Bernard Pyne Grenfell
Bernard Pyne Grenfell FBA (16 December 1869 – 18 May 1926) was an English scientist and egyptologist. Excavations he did with Arthur Surridge Hunt uncovered manuscripts including the oldest Oxyrhynchus Papyri.
Truculentus
Truculentus is a comedic Latin play by the early Roman playwright Titus Maccius Plautus.  Following the relationships between prostitutes and their customers, it contains perhaps Plautus's most cynical depiction of human nature in comparison with his other surviving plays.

The title means "Truculent (or Surly)", referring to the bad-tempered slave who tries to prevent his young master Strabax from wasting money on his love affair with the courtesan Phronesium, but who later himself falls for the charms of her maid Astaphium.

According to Cicero, the Truculentus was written in Plautus's old age. De Melo argues in his edition that certain references (such as falsis de pugnis in line 486, a reference to a speech of Cato made in 190 BC, or Homeronida ("son of Homer") in line 485, a possible reference to a play by Ennius produced in 187 BC) make it probable that the play was produced in 186 BC.

Ennius
Quintus Ennius (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkᶣiːnt̪ʊs̺ ˈɛnːiʊs̺]; c. 239 – c. 169 BC) was a writer and poet who lived during the Roman Republic. He is often considered the father of Roman poetry. He was born in the small town of Rudiae, located near modern Lecce (ancient Calabria, today Salento), a town founded by the Messapians, and could speak Greek as well as Latin and Oscan (his native language). Although only fragments of his works survive, his influence in Latin literature was significant, particularly in his use of Greek literary models.
John Gainsford (died 1543)
John Gainsford (died 1543) was an English landowner and courtier, active during the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII.

He was the son of John Gainsford (died 1491) and Anne Worsley. He inherited estates at Hampton Poyle and Crowhurst Place. Some stained glass with his heraldry survived in the hall at Crowhurst, with the feather device of the Prince of Wales.

Gainsford’s connections extended to the royal household through his great uncle, Nicholas Gaynesford, who served as an usher to Elizabeth of York.

Gainsford was Sheriff of Surrey in 1500 and 1517, a role that placed him among the county’s leading figures.

He died in 1543 and was buried at Guildford, Surrey, where his family’s presence had long been established.

Crowhurst Place
Crowhurst Place, Crowhurst, Surrey, England is a medieval hall house dating from the early 15th century. In the 20th century, the house was reconstructed and enlarged by George A. Crawley, firstly for himself and subsequently for Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough. It is a Grade I listed building.
James Arthur Harris
James Arthur Harris (1880–1930) was a botanist and biometrician, known for the Harris–Benedict equation.

He was the head of the department of botany at the University of Minnesota from 1924 to 1930. (He was both preceded and succeeded by Carl Otto Rosendahl.)

In 1922, he was elected as a fellow of the American Statistical Association.

Biostatistics
Biostatistics (sometimes referred to as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in the biological sciences, with a focus on clinical medicine and public health applications. 
The field encompasses the design of experiments, the collection and analysis of experimental and observational data, and the interpretation of the results.
It is closely related to medical statistics.
Konstantin Bromberg
Konstantin Bromberg (October 17, 1935 – January 10, 2020) was a Soviet, Russian and American film director, author of children's and musical films, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (1996), laureate of the USSR State Prize (1982) for the film The Adventures of the Elektronic.

Interned at the Adat Shalom Memorial Park, Livonia, Michigan, United States.

Livonia, Michigan
Livonia (/ləˈvoʊnjə/ lə-VOHN-yə) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A western suburb of Detroit, Livonia is located roughly 20 miles (32.2 km) northwest of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 95,535. Originally organized as Livonia Township in 1835, it was incorporated as a city in 1950.
Siekierki, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Siekierki [ɕɛˈkʲɛrki] (German: Zäckerick) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cedynia, within Gryfino County West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) south of Cedynia, 52 km (32 mi) south of Gryfino, and 72 km (45 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 173.

Cedynia
Cedynia ([t͡sɛˈdɨɲa]; German: Zehden, Latin: Cedene) is a historic town in Poland, and the administrative seat of Gmina Cedynia in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is situated close to the Oder river and the border with Germany. The town is known for the 972 Battle of Cedynia, the first historically recorded battle of Poland.
Black masculinity in American media
Masculinity, often linked to manhood, encompasses traits, behaviors, and roles traditionally associated with men. In Western societies, masculinity is often characterized by strength, leadership, and independence. For African American men, this identity intersects with broader societal and cultural norms shaped by historical subjugation and systemic oppression. In We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity, the author bell hooks argues that historical factors like slavery and systemic oppression shaped notions of Black masculinity, pushing some men to adopt hyper-masculine traits for survival and recognition. African American masculinity both adapts to and resists dominant narratives, such as hegemonic masculinity often tied to White culture, while facing scrutiny in various social settings. This complex identity reflects adaptation, resistance, and the influence of historical and ongoing racial dynamics.

We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity
We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity is a 2004 book about masculinity by feminist author bell hooks. It collects ten essays on black men. The title alludes to Gwendolyn Brooks' 1959 poem "We Real Cool". The essays are intended to provide cultural criticism and solutions to the problems she identifies.

Hooks suggests that black men are forced to repress themselves in white America. She suggests the ways in which racist and sexist attitudes developed in American culture have criminalized and dehumanized black men, and the ways in which these myths have harmed the black community. Hooks states that she believes that hip-hop as a whole strongly reflects imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy.
The Heart of Lilian Thorland
The Heart of Lilian Thorland (German: Das Herz der Lilian Thorland) is a 1924 German silent film directed by Wolfgang Neff and starring Esther Carena, Evi Eva and Hermann Picha.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Franz Schroedter.

Wolfgang Neff
Wolfgang Neff (8 September 1875 – disappeared 1945) was an Austrian film director. He directed 50 films between 1920 and 1930. He was born in Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic).

In January 1922, he founded Work-Film GmbH (1922–1925), and in October 1923, he became the sole owner of India-Film GmbH (1923–1929). His mountain film, The Death Road on the Bernina, was the last German silent film released in 1931. With the advent of sound cinema, he no longer received directing assignments.
Wrestling Dontaku 1993
Wrestling Dontaku 1993 was the first Wrestling Dontaku professional wrestling television special event produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on May 3, 1993, in Fukuoka, Fukuoka at the Fukuoka Dome. As part of working relationships between NJPW and American promotions World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Federation (WWF), WCW's Sting and WWF's Brutus Beefcake, Hulk Hogan and Jimmy Hart took part in the event. Professional wrestlers from Japanese promotion Wrestle and Romance (WAR) also appeared at the event.

The event featured ten professional wrestling matches. The main event was a tag team match featuring Japanese wrestling's top four wrestlers as Antonio Inoki and Tatsumi Fujinami teamed to take on Genichiro Tenryu and Riki Choshu. Inoki and Fujinami won the match. The event also featured a "dream match" between Hulk Hogan, the reigning WWF Champion, and The Great Muta, the reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion.

Card (sports)
In sports, a card lists the matches taking place in a title match combat-sport event. Cards include a main event match and the undercard listing the rest of the matches. The undercard may be divided into a midcard and a lower card, according to the perceived importance of the matches.  Promoters schedule matches to occur in ascending order of importance.
Kopexil
Kopexil (INCI name diaminopyrimidine oxide, trade name Aminexil) is a chemical compound similar to minoxidil. Minoxidil was originally used to treat high blood pressure; a side effect was increased body hair. Both compounds have been used for therapy of alopecia. Kopexil is not approved for use as a drug in the United States or in Europe.

International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients
The International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) is a group of unique identifiers for cosmetic ingredients such as waxes, oils, pigments, and other chemicals that are assigned in accordance with rules established by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), previously the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA). INCI names often differ greatly from systematic chemical nomenclature or from more common trivial names and is a mixture of conventional scientific names, Latin and English words. INCI nomenclature conventions "are continually reviewed and modified when necessary to reflect changes in the industry, technology, and new ingredient developments".
Alatau, Almaty Region
Alatau (Kazakh: Алатау, Alatau; Russian: Алатау, Alatau), formerly known as Zhetigen, Nikolaevka (Kazakh: Жетіген, Jetıgen, جەتٸگەن; Russian: Жетыген, Zhetygen) is a small town in Almaty Region of Kazakhstan. It is located some 50 km north of Almaty, on the Turksib rail line.

Turkestan–Siberia Railway
The Turkestan–Siberian Railway (commonly abbreviated as the Turk–Sib, Kazakh: Түрксіб, romanized: Türksib, pronounced [tʉrksɪ́p]; Russian: Турксиб) is a 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) broad gauge railway that connects Central Asia with Siberia. It starts north of Tashkent in Uzbekistan at Arys, where it branches off from the Trans-Aral Railway. It heads roughly northeast through Shymkent, Taraz, Bishkek (on a spur) to the former Kazakh capital of Almaty.  There it turns northward to Semey before crossing the Russian border.  It passes through Barnaul before ending at Novosibirsk, where it meets the West Siberian portion of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The bulk of construction work was undertaken between 1926 and 1931.
Scottish Airlines
Scottish Airlines (Prestwick) Limited was formed in 1946 as a subsidiary of Scottish Aviation Limited. The airline commenced worldwide passenger and cargo charter flights from bases at Prestwick and Stansted. It also participated in the Berlin Airlift, became a trooping carrier for the British Armed Forces, and began contract flights on behalf of Air France, British European Airways (BEA), Compagnie Belge des Transports Aériens, Iceland Airways and KLM.

Scottish Airlines also operated scheduled services in its own right between Prestwick Airport in Scotland and Ronaldsway Airport on the Isle of Man. Scottish Airlines ceased operations in 1960. Its aircraft and routes were taken over by Dan-Air in 1961.

Isle of Man Airport
Isle of Man Airport (Manx: Purt Aer Vannin, also known as Ronaldsway Airport) (IATA: IOM, ICAO: EGNS) is the main civilian airport on the Isle of Man. It is located in the south of the island at Ronaldsway near Castletown, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) southwest of Douglas, the island's capital. Along with the Isle of Man Sea Terminal, it is one of the two main gateways to the island. The airport has scheduled services to the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Paul Tournon
Paul Tournon (b. 19 February 1881 – 22 December 1964) was a French architect. He was born in Marseille and died in Paris.

He was an architect in chief of many French civil buildings and national palaces, and a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts.

Académie des Beaux-Arts
The Académie des Beaux-Arts (French pronunciation: [akademi de boz‿aʁ]; lit. 'Academy of Fine Arts') is a French learned society based in Paris. It is one of the five academies of the Institut de France. As of 2025, the president of the academy is Coline Serreau, a French actress and film director.
John MacDonell (Nova Scotia politician)
John MacDonell (born April 2, 1956) is a Canadian retired educator and politician.

A native of Halifax, MacDonell was educated at Acadia University and Saint Mary's University. MacDonell worked on a dairy farm and taught biology at Hants East Rural High School from 1985 to 1998.

Hants East Rural High School
Hants East Rural High (HERH) is a Canadian high school located in Milford, Nova Scotia. Built in 1957, the school was officially opened on 13 June 1958. An extension comprising new classrooms and labs opened in 1968.

HERH is administratively part of the Chignecto-Central Regional School Board. One of its feeder schools is Riverside Education Centre, also in Milford.
Car boot sale
A car boot sale or boot fair is a form of market at which individuals sell household goods and other personal belongings. The term refers to the selling of items from the boot, or trunk, of a car. While some sellers at car boot sales are professional traders, most of the goods on sale are used personal possessions sold by private individuals. A wide variety of items are sold, including antiques and collectables, as in a flea market.

Car boot sales are popular in the United Kingdom, where they are often referred to simply as "car boots", and also in parts of Australia and mainland Europe.

Outdoor car boot sales typically take place during the summer, but indoor boot sales and all-year hard-standing outdoor boot sales are now appearing in some parts of the UK.

The rotation of surplus household stock at car boot sales reduces waste and promotes frugality.

Frugality
Frugality is the quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent, or economical in the consumption of resources, whether they be food, time, or money. It involves the avoidance of waste, extravagance, and lavishness.

In behavioral science, frugality has been defined as the tendency to acquire goods and services in a restrained manner, and resourceful use of already-owned economic goods and services, to achieve a longer term goal.
Peripteros
In Classical architecture, a peripteros (Ancient Greek: περίπτερος; see peripterous) is a type of ancient Greek or Roman temple surrounded by a portico with columns. It is surrounded by a colonnade (pteron) on all four sides of the cella (naos), creating a four-sided arcade, or peristyle (peristasis). By extension, it also means simply the perimeter of a building (typically a classical temple), when that perimeter is made up of columns. The term is frequently used of buildings in the Doric order.

Peristyle
In ancient Greek and Roman architecture, a peristyle (/ˈpɛrɪˌstaɪl/; Ancient Greek: περίστυλον, romanized: perístulon) is a continuous porch formed by a row of columns (a colonnade) surrounding the perimeter of a building or a courtyard. Tetrastoön (τετράστῳον/τετράστοον, tetrástōion/tetrástoon, 'four arcades') is a rarely used archaic term for this feature. The peristyle in a Greek temple is a peristasis (περίστασις, perístasis). In the Christian ecclesiastical architecture that developed from the Roman basilica, a courtyard peristyle and its garden came to be known as a cloister.