hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Samokov
The Battle of Samokov  took place between the Ottoman army under the command of Lala Shahin Pasha, the Second Bulgarian Empire under the command of Ivan Shishman, and the Serbian Empire under the command of Uglješa Mrnjavčević. Ottoman Turks headed to the city of Samokov after the conquest of Ihtiman.
They encountered the armies of the Serbian and Bulgarian kings. Although the Serbian and Bulgarian armies were far superior to him in numbers, Lala Şahin Pasha did not hesitate to fight and achieved victory with a strong attack. The victory was so complete that the soldiers of the Serbian and Bulgarian armies fled without taking any of their provisions, leaving everything behind.

Samokov
Samokov (Bulgarian: Самоков [ˈsamokof]) is a town in Sofia Province in the southwest of Bulgaria. It is in the Samokov Valley between the mountain ranges of Rila, Vitosha, and Sredna Gora, 55 kilometres from the capital Sofia. Due to the suitable winter sports conditions, Samokov, together with the nearby resort Borovets, is a major tourist centre.

In the past, Samokov was a centre of handicrafts and art, with notable Bulgarian National Revival figures like Zahari Zograf, Hristo Dimitrov and Nikola Obrazopisov. The town's name is a compound word of "samo" and "kov", respectively meaning "self" and the root of the verb "forge, hammer", and comes from the samokov, a mechanical forge powered by water, since the town of Samokov was a major iron-producing centre during the Middle Ages.
Ngirhaphium
Ngirhaphium is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It includes six species known from mangroves in Southeast Asia. Ngirhaphium closely resembles the genus Rhaphium and was originally placed in the subfamily Rhaphiinae, though several molecular phylogenetic analyses were unable to resolve its phylogenetic position. The genus is named after Peter Kee Lin Ng, a professor at the National University of Singapore; the genus name combines the family name "Ng" and the generic name Rhaphium.

Peter Kee Lin Ng
Peter Kee Lin Ng (born 1960) is a Singaporean carcinologist and ichthyologist at the National University of Singapore, concurrently working as Director of both the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum and the Tropical Marine Science Institute. He has written extensively with over 510 technical papers, mostly in international journals - his research is primarily on the diversity and biology of marine and freshwater crabs in the Indo-West Pacific. He has many awards, the Singapore National Youth Award (Excellence in Science and Technology), National Youth Movement, People's Association (1993); the National Science Award 1995, National Science & Technology Board, Ministry of Trade and Development; and the ASEAN Young Science and Technologist Award, ASEAN Science and Technology Ministers, 4th ASEAN Science Ministers Meeting, Bangkok (1995).
Koormavatara
Koormavatara (Kannada: ಕೂರ್ಮಾವತಾರ) is a 2011 Indian Kannada drama film directed by Girish Kasaravalli, based on short story of the same name written by Kum. Veerabhadrappa. It stars Shikaripura Krishnamurthy, Jayanthi and Apoorva Kasaravalli in the lead roles, and Harish Raj, Cheswa, Rashmi Sumukha, Goa Dattu and Sumukha Bharadwaj feature in supporting roles. The story revolves around a government employee cast in a play to portray Mahatma Gandhi, who, on course, realizes that playing Gandhi is easier than imbibing and implementing his principles in real-life.

The film was screened in 17 film festivals and won acclaims Bangkok, New York and Vancouver. At the 59th National Film Awards, it was awarded the Best Feature Film in Kannada.

Vancouver International Film Festival
The Vancouver International Film Festival (VIFF) is an annual film festival held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, for two weeks in late September and early October.

The festival is operated by the Greater Vancouver International Film Festival Society, a provincially-registered non-profit and federally-registered charitable organization, which also runs the year-round programming of the Vancity Theatre and Lochmaddy Studio Theatre at the VIFF Centre.

Both in terms of admissions and number of films screened (133,000 and 324 respectively in 2016), VIFF is among the five largest film festivals in North America. The festival screens films annually from approximately 73 countries on 10 screens.

The festival has three main programming platforms: East Asian film, Canadian film, and nonfiction films. Besides films from around the world, VIFF also includes talks, workshops, performances, and other special events related to cinema.
Executive Order 12148
Executive Order 12148 was an executive order enacted by President Jimmy Carter on July 20, 1979, to transfer and reassign duties to the newly formed agency, known as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), created by Executive Order 12127. The order combined several federal agencies tasked with emergency preparedness and civil defense spread across the executive departments into a unified entity that was established as an independent agency, free of Cabinet interference, with authority as the lead federal agency in a presidentially-declared disaster.

The agency's place within the governmental structure was changed on March 1, 2003, when FEMA became part of the Department of Homeland Security's Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate.

Homeland Security Act of 2002
The Homeland Security Act (HSA) of 2002 (Pub. L. 107–296 (text) (PDF), 116 Stat. 2135, enacted November 25, 2002) was an Act of Congress, introduced in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, that established the Department of Homeland Security and reorganized the US federal government. The HSA was cosponsored by 118 members of Congress. The act passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 90–9, with one senator not voting. It was signed into law by President George W. Bush in November 2002.

The HSA also established the secretary of homeland security as a cabinet-level position. The HSA imposed the largest federal government reorganization since the Department of Defense was created via the National Security Act of 1947 (as amended in 1949).   It also includes many of the organizations under which the powers of the USA PATRIOT Act are exercised.
José de Almeida Batista Pereira
José de Almeida Batista Pereira (26 July 1917 – 30 January 2009) was a Brazilian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.

Pereira was born in São Gonçalo, Brazil and was ordained a priest on 22 December 1940. He was appointed Auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Niteroi, along with Titular Bishop of Baris in Pisidia, on 22 December 1953 and ordained titular bishop of Baris in Pisidia on 2 February 1954. In 1955, Pereira was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Sete Lagoas where he remained until 1964. On 7 April 1964, Pereira was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Guaxupé where he remained until his resignation from the diocese 16 January 1976.

Archdiocese of Niterói
The Archdiocese of Niteroi (Nictheroy) (Latin: Archidioecesis Nictheroyensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the city of Niterói in Rio de Janeiro state, southeast Brazil. It is a metropolitan see.

Its archiepiscopal see is the Metropolitan Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, in downtown Niterói. The city also has the Minor Basilica of Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora, dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help, and is set to complete a future cathedral by Guanabara Bay: the Nova Catedral São João Batista (New Cathedral of Saint Hohn the Baptist).
Mikhail Rusinov
Mikhail Mikhailovich Rusinov (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Русинов, 11 February 1909 – 29 September 2004) was a Russian scientist specialising in optics. He co-founded the USSR Science School of Computational Optics and discovered several optical phenomena, including aberration vignetting (1938), projection centre distortion (1957), and existence of second-order aberration (1986). The phenomenon of projection centre distortion became the basis for engineering photometry.

Photometry (optics)
Photometry is a branch of optics that deals with measuring light in terms of its perceived brightness to the human eye. It is concerned with quantifying the amount of light that is emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received by an object or a system.

Photometric quantities (e.g., luminous flux) are related to their radiometric analogs (e.g., radiant flux) through standardized luminous efficiency functions that model the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. Typically, this wavelength-dependent weighting function is the photopic sensitivity function, although the scotopic function or other functions may also be applied in the same way. The weightings are standardized by the CIE and ISO.

Photometry is a branch of radiometry. Radiometric quantities are not limited to light (i.e., cover other kinds of optical radiation and are sometimes extended to other kinds of electromagnetic radiation) and are not spectrally weighted.
Joseph-Paul Strebler
Joseph-Paul Strebler (12 September 1892, Mertzwiller – 12 March 1984, Saint-Pierre) was a French Roman Catholic bishop and missionary. He was ordained a Priest of the Society of African Missions on 10 July 1921. He was assigned to Togo in 1937, appointed Prefect of Sokodé on 24 July 1937. He became Archbishop of Lomé on 14 September 1955, a position which he served until 16 June 1961. On 16 June 1961 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Nicopolis in Epirus, a position he held until his resignation on 11 June 1971.

Sokodé
Sokodé is the second largest city in Togo, with a population of about 189,000. It is a commercial center for the surrounding agricultural areas, and seat of the Tchaoudjo Prefecture and Centrale Region. It is in the center of the country, 339 kilometres (211 mi) north of Lomé, between the Mo and Mono rivers. It is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious city, but is dominated by Islam. The ethnic majority are Kotokolis, who live alongside Muslims.
John E. Redwine
John E. Redwine (June 6, 1823 - ?) was a farmer, lawyer, newspaper editor, clerk, and state legislator for Hall County, Georgia. He lived in Gainesville, Georgia. He was born in North Carolina.

He was born in Randolph County, North Carolina. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1878. He was elected again and served in 1882 and 1883. He published the Gainesville Eagle.

He married and had seven children. Lyman A. Redwine was one of his children.

Gainesville, Georgia
Gainesville is a city in and the county seat of Hall County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 42,296. Because of its large number of poultry processing plants, it has been called the "Poultry Capital of the World." Gainesville is the principal city of the Gainesville, Georgia metropolitan area.
Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk
Elizabeth de Mowbray, Duchess of Norfolk (née Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan; 8 July 1366 – 8 July 1425) was an English noblewoman and the wife of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk.

Through her eldest daughter, Lady Margaret Mowbray, Elizabeth was an ancestress of Queens consort Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard, and the Howard Dukes of Norfolk. Her other notable descendants include Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk; Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby; Sir Thomas Wyatt, the younger; and Lady Jane Grey (through both parents).

Thomas Wyatt the Younger
Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger (10 September 1521-11 April 1554) was an English politician and rebel leader during the reign of Queen Mary I; his rising is traditionally called "Wyatt's rebellion". He was the son of the English poet and ambassador Sir Thomas Wyatt.
John Watson MacNaught
John Watson MacNaught, PC (19 June 1904 – 25 December 1984) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Coleman, Prince Edward Island, he was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada representing the riding of Prince in the 1945 federal election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1949 and 1953. He was defeated in 1957 and in 1958. He was re-elected in 1963 and was defeated in 1965. He was defeated again in 1974. He was the Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Fisheries. From 1963 to 1965, he was the Solicitor General of Canada and a Minister without Portfolio. In 1965, he was the Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys.

1974 Canadian federal election
The 1974 Canadian federal election was held on July 8, 1974, to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 30th Parliament of Canada.  The governing Liberal Party was reelected, going from a minority to a majority government, and gave Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau his third term. The Progressive Conservatives, led by Robert Stanfield, did well in the Atlantic provinces, and in the West, but Liberal support in Ontario and Quebec ensured a majority Liberal government.
Long Range Certificate
The Long Range Certificate is an internationally valid certificate issued to radio station operators. It entitles the holder to participate in marine communications on leisure crafts using Marine VHF, Medium Frequency, High Frequency radios and Inmarsat satellite communication as agreed in Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.

The certificate is consistent with the agreement of the Article S47 of the ITU Radio Regulations.

Inmarsat
Inmarsat is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate with ground stations through fifteen geostationary telecommunications satellites.

Inmarsat's network provides communications services to a range of governments, aid agencies, media outlets and businesses (especially in the shipping, airline and mining industries) with a need to communicate in remote regions or where there is no reliable terrestrial network. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Connect Bidco, a consortium consisting of Apax Partners, Warburg Pincus, the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, in December 2019.

On 8 November 2021, Inmarsat's owners and Viasat announced the purchase of Inmarsat by Viasat. The acquisition was completed in May 2023.
All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese
The All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese (ACFROC) is a people's organization of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to influence overseas Chinese. Part of the united front, ACFROC has 27 seats on the national committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is the national-level organization that represents the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the political advisory body in the People's Republic of China.

The CPPCC National Committee is composed of a chairman, several vice chairpersons, a secretary-general and regular members. The National Committee of the CPPCC typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC). The CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are collectively called the Two Sessions. When the CPPCC National Committee is not in session, the Standing Committee of the National Committee exercises most of its powers on its behalf.
Deco*27
Deco*27 (stylized in all caps and pronounced "Dekoniina") is a Japanese musician, Vocaloid producer, and songwriter. He is considered to be one of the most influential Vocaloid producers of the early 2010s, along with Wowaka and Kenshi Yonezu.

Shoko Nakagawa
Shoko Nakagawa (中川 翔子, Nakagawa Shōko; born May 5, 1985) is a Japanese media personality, singer, actress, voice actress, illustrator, YouTuber, and cosplayer. Also known by her nickname Shokotan (しょこたん), she is best known as the presenter of Pokémon Sunday, and as the performer of the opening theme from the anime Gurren Lagann.
Jenefer Shute
Jenefer Shute is an author of four novels: Life-Size, Sex Crimes, Free Fall and User I.D.. She has also written for Harper's, The Nation, salon.com, The Guardian, Tikkun, the Boston Review, and Modern Fiction Studies.

Boston Review
Boston Review is an American quarterly political and literary magazine. It publishes political, social, and historical analysis, literary and cultural criticism, book reviews, fiction, and poetry, both online and in print. Its signature form is a "forum", featuring a lead essay and several responses. Boston Review also publishes an imprint of books with MIT Press. The editors in chief are Deborah Chasman and political philosopher Joshua Cohen. The magazine is published by Boston Critic, Inc., a nonprofit organization. It has received praise from notable intellectuals and writers including John Kenneth Galbraith, Henry Louis Gates Jr., John Rawls, Naomi Klein, Robin Kelley, Martha Nussbaum, and Jorie Graham.
Haryana State Pollution Control Board
Haryana State Pollution Control Board was formed as statutory organisation by Government of Haryana in the year 1974 to preserve the wholesomeness of water and prevent water pollution after Government of India legislation of Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The board was given additional responsibility to prevent Air Pollution from the year 1981 with the enactment of  Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and in general for implementation of Environment laws and rules.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is an Act of the Parliament of India to prevent air pollution in India. The law was amended in 1987. This was the first attempt by the Government of India to combat air pollution.
Saskatchewan Group
The Saskatchewan Group is a stratigraphical unit of Frasnian age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

It takes the name from the province of Saskatchewan, and was first described in the Mobil Oil Woodley Sinclair Cantuar X-2-21 well by A.D Baillie in 1953.

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.
Cbl TKB domain
In molecular biology, the Cbl TKB domain (tyrosine kinase binding domain), also known as the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain is a conserved region found at the N-terminus of Cbl adaptor proteins.  This N-terminal region is composed of three evolutionarily conserved domains: an N-terminal four-helix bundle domain, an EF hand-like domain and a SH2-like domain, which together are known to bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues.

Signal transducing adaptor protein
Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs) are proteins that are accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway. Adaptor proteins contain a variety of protein-binding modules that link protein-binding partners together and facilitate the creation of larger signaling complexes. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves, instead mediating specific protein–protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins include MYD88, Grb2 and SHC1.
Maurizio Melina
Maurizio Melina (born 15 July 1975) is an Italian former footballer.

Melina started his career at FC Luzern in Swiss Super League. He then spent 10 seasons for SC Kriens in Swiss Challenge League, except on loan to FC Sion in Super League.

On 20 July 2006, he left for SC Cham in 1. Liga. He followed the club promoted in the next season.

Swiss Super League
The Super League (also known as the Brack Super League for sponsorship reasons) is a professional association football league in Switzerland and the highest level of the Swiss football league system. It has been played in its current format since the 2003–04 season. The Swiss Super League is ranked 16th in Europe according to UEFA's ranking of league coefficients, which is based upon Swiss team performances in European competitions. The 2025–26 season is the 129th season of the Swiss top-flight, making it the longest continuously running top-flight national league.
Doris Ogilvie
Doris Ogilvie (1919–2012) was a Canadian judge and activist.

A graduate in law from the University of New Brunswick, Ogilvie was a judge in both the juvenile and provincial court systems. She chaired the Canadian Commission of the International Year of the Child, and was a member of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.

International Year of the Child
UNESCO proclaimed 1979 as the International Year of the Child.  The proclamation was signed on January 1, 1979, by United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim. A follow-up to the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, the proclamation was intended to draw attention to problems that affected children throughout the world, including malnutrition and lack of access to education. Many of these efforts resulted in the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.
Mylae (Cilicia)
Mylae or Mylai (Ancient Greek: Μυλαί), also called Mylas (Μύλας) or Myle, was a town of ancient Cilicia, located on a promontory of the same name, between Aphrodisias and Cape Sarpedon (modern Incekum Burnu).

Its site is located near Manastır in Asiatic Turkey.

Cilicia
Cilicia (/sɪˈlɪʃə/, sil-ISH-ə) is a geographical region of southern Anatolia in West Asia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia borders Pamphylia to the west, Lycaonia and Cappadocia to the north, Commagene to the north-east, Syria to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (Turkish: Çukurova). The region includes the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Jhon Jarrín
Jhon Jarrín (21 December 1961 – 9 March 2021) was an Ecuadorian track cyclist.

He was seen as a Colombian track cycling pioneer. After he became an established track cyclist, he competed in the individual and team pursuit events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

He became the South American, Bolivarian Games and Pan American champion. He continued with track cycling in the masters category. He was together with footballer Arturo Cárdenas the torch lighter at the 1985 Bolivarian Games.

Jarrín was hit by a motorist in Cuenca on 9 March 2021 and died from the injuries shortly after.

Bolivarian Games
The Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos, full name Juegos Deportivos Bolivarianos) are a regional multi-sport event held in honor of Simón Bolívar, and organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (Organización Deportiva Bolivariana, ODEBO). The event is open to athletes from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. In 2010, the ODEBO decided to include Chile as the seventh member of ODEBO. Except Panama and the Dominican Republic, all other participating countries are Andean states.