hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2024 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2024.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.
Lisa McShane
Lisa Meier McShane is an American biostatistician and an expert on biomarkers and biometrics for precision medicine, especially as applied to the testing and treatment of cancer. She is associate director of the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis and head of the Biometric Research Program at the National Cancer Institute, and co-editor-in-chief of the journal Statistics in Medicine.

Biostatistics
Biostatistics (sometimes referred to as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in the biological sciences, with a focus on clinical medicine and public health applications. 
The field encompasses the design of experiments, the collection and analysis of experimental and observational data, and the interpretation of the results.
It is closely related to medical statistics.
Albèrt Arnavièlha
Albèrt Arnavièlha (Albert Arnavielle in French) was an Occitan poet and journalist born in Alès on 22 July 1844. He died in Montpellier on 11 November 1927. He wrote both in French and Occitan and was a majoral of Frederic Mistral's Felibritge. He also was a royalist militant for Action française and a close friend of Charles Maurras's.

Félibrige
The Félibrige (French pronunciation: [felibʁiʒ]; Lo Felibritge in classical Occitan, Lou Felibrige in Mistralian spelling, pronounced [lu feliˈβɾidʒe]) is a literary and cultural association founded in 1854 by Frédéric Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the Occitan language (also called the langue d'Oc) and literature. It is presided over by a capoulié (classical norm: capolièr). The name possibly derives from an apocryphal Provençal story of Christ disputing in the temple with the seven doctors [sét félibre] of law.
Shu-ou Shan
Shu-ou Shan is a Chinese American biologist who is a professor at the California Institute of Technology. Her research combines mechanistic enzymology with biophysical characterization techniques (e.g. Cryo em and fluorescence spectroscopy) to understand biogenesis pathways. She was awarded the 2024 National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology.

Cryogenic electron microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique applied to samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Developed in the 1970s, advances in detector technology and software allow biomolecular structures to be imaged at near-atomic resolution. The approach has become a popular alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy in structural biology.

When scanning biological specimens, sample structure is preserved by embedding in vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane.

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." Nature Methods also named cryo-EM as the "Method of the Year" in 2015.
Ellerbe Springs Hotel
Ellerbe Springs Hotel is a historic rural resort hotel located near Ellerbe, Richmond County, North Carolina.  It was built around 1875 and is a two-story, three part, rambling frame dwelling in the Late Victorian style.  It consists of a five bay central block with five bay flanking wings and steep hipped roofs.  It features a one-story, wraparound porch.  Also on the property is a contributing late-19th century dance pavilion. The hotel developed around a mineral spring.  Eleanor Roosevelt was a visitor to the site in 1940, when she spoke of the president's National Youth Administration program.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Richmond County, North Carolina
Richmond County is a county located on the central southern border of the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its county seat is Rockingham. The county was formed in 1779 from a portion of Anson County and named in honor of Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,946.
Załom, Goleniów County
Załom [ˈzawɔm] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goleniów, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Goleniów and 11 km (7 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

In 1964, a part of the village was included within the city limits of Szczecin, now known as the neighbourhood of Załom-Kasztanowe.

Załom-Kasztanowe
Załom-Kasztanowe (until 2012: Załom, formerly German Arnimswalde) is a municipal neighborhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the right bank of Oder river, east of the Szczecin Old Town, and Szczecin-Dąbie.

The area became part of the emerging Duchy of Poland under its first ruler Mieszko I around 967, and following Poland's fragmentation in 1138, it formed part of the Duchy of Pomerania. During the Thirty Years' War, the settlement was ruled by the Swedish Empire. From 1871, it was part of Germany until the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II in 1945 when the area was reintegrated back into Poland.
Speed climbing at the 2018 IFSC Climbing World Cup
Speed climbing competitions at the 2018 IFSC Climbing World Cup were being held at eight stops. The winners were awarded trophies, and the best three finishers received medals.

At the end of the season an overall ranking was determined based upon points, which athletes were awarded for finishing in the top 30 of each individual event. Bassa Mawem won the men's seasonal title, Anouck Jaubert won the women's seasonal title, and Russian Federation defended its national team title.

Danyil Boldyrev
Danyil Boldyrev (Ukrainian: Данило Владиславович Болдирєв; born 15 May 1992, in Donetsk, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian competition speed climber. He is the IFSC World champion, multiple World and European Championships medalist and 2017 World Games silver medalist. He was also World Speed Climbing Record holder.
Mavi García
Margarita Victoria "Mavi" García Cañellas (born 2 January 1984) is a Spanish professional racing cyclist and duathlete, who currently rides for UCI Women's WorldTeam UAE Team ADQ. In July 2025 García won the second stage of the Tour de France, becoming the oldest woman to win a stage of the Tour de France Femmes.

Duathlon
Duathlon is an athletic event that consists of a running leg, followed by a cycling leg and then another running leg in a format similar to triathlons. The World Triathlon governs the sport internationally.
Great Sauk State Trail
Great Sauk State Trail is a bike trail in Sauk County, Wisconsin. The trail was built in 2017 on a former Milwaukee Road railroad line. The trail begins in Sauk City at the Wisconsin River and ends just south of Devil's Lake State Park. The trail will eventually connect with the existing 400 State Trail in Reedsburg.

Reedsburg, Wisconsin
Reedsburg is a city in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. Its population in 2020 was 9,984. The city is located 55 miles (89 km) northwest of Madison within the Baraboo micropolitan area. The city is surrounded by the Town of Reedsburg and is situated along the Baraboo River. It is the second-largest city in Sauk County after Baraboo, with a population of 9,984 at the time of the 2020 United States census.

Prior to the arrival of non-indigenous people in the 19th century, the region was home to the Ho-Chunk people.  Reedsburg was first settled by James W. Babb in 1845. David C. Reed arrived in 1847, building a dam and being the namesake of the town. After the town was platted in 1852, growth would continue through its incorporation as a city in 1887. Historically, the area has relied on agriculture and manufacturing industries.

Reedsburg would grow significantly following World War II and again from 1990–2010.
Anthranilate N-malonyltransferase
In enzymology, an anthranilate N-malonyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.113) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

malonyl-CoA + anthranilate  CoA + N-malonylanthranilate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are malonyl-CoA and anthranilate, whereas its two products are CoA and N-malonylanthranilate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is malonyl-CoA:anthranilate N-malonyltransferase.

Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. Every genome sequenced to date encodes enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester) as a substrate. In humans, CoA biosynthesis requires cysteine, pantothenate (vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

In its acetyl form, coenzyme A is a highly versatile molecule, serving metabolic functions in both the anabolic and catabolic pathways. Acetyl-CoA is utilised in the post-translational regulation and allosteric regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and carboxylase to maintain and support the partition of pyruvate synthesis and degradation.
Gosaukamm
The Gosaukamm is an Austrian mountain chain within the Dachstein range of the Northern Limestone Alps. Although relatively short in length, the chain forms an imposing backdrop to the valley and town of Gosau. Its highest point reaches an elevation of 2,458 metres (8,064 ft).

Dachstein Mountains
The Dachstein Mountains (German: Dachsteingebirge) are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps.

The term is used by the Austrian Alpine Club in its classification of the Eastern Alps as one of the 24 sub-ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps (AVE No. 14).

The Dachstein range includes:

The Dachstein Massif proper with its highest peak, the Hoher Dachstein (2,995 m (AA))

Grimming (2,351 m above sea level (AA)) in the east to the upper Styrian Enns valley

Sarstein (1,975 m above sea level (AA)) in the north at the other bank of the River Traun
Bardhok Biba
Bardhok Biba (January 28, 1920 – August 7, 1949) was an Albanian politician who was a key political figure of the Mirditë region serving as political secretary of the party committee in the district. Biba was also a member of the People's Assembly. He was awarded the title of Hero of the People.

Kaçinar
Kaçinar is a village and a former municipality in the Lezhë County, northwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mirditë. The population at the 2023 census was 257.
Green envelope
A green envelope (Malay: sampul hijau or sampul duit raya) is an Islamic adaptation of the Chinese red envelope custom. During the festival of Eid ul-Fitr, Muslims in Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, and Indonesia hand out money in green envelopes to guests who visit their homes. The colour green was chosen for its association with the Islamic paradise. The idea of handing out green envelopes is based on the Islamic concept of zakat, where every Muslim is required to provide at least 2.5% of their wealth to the needy. However, Malays now hand out these green envelopes during Eid not only to poor guests, but also to the middle and upper classes. The amount of money depends on how much the host can afford to give their guests.

Islam in Singapore
Islam constitutes the third-largest religion in Singapore, after Buddhism and Christianity. Muslims account for approximately 15.6% of the population, as indicated by the 2020 census. Singaporean Muslims are predominantly Sunni adhering to either the Shafi‘i or Hanafi schools of thought. The majority of Muslims, about 80%, are ethnic Malays, while 13% are of Indian descent; the remaining fraction comprises local Chinese, Eurasian, and Arab communities, in addition to foreign migrants.
Laguna San José (Puerto Rico)
The San José Lagoon (Spanish: Laguna de San José) is a shallow saline lake or lagoon located between the municipalities of San Juan and Carolina in northeast of the main island of Puerto Rico. Despite being located in a highly urbanized area, this body of water is important for its mangrove forests. The Teodoro Moscoso Bridge directly connects the Luis Muñoz Marín Airport in the Isla Verde resort and residential district to the Hato Rey financial and commercial center in the main metropolitan area of Puerto Rico.

Hato Rey
Hato Rey (Spanish for ''king’s cattle farm''), often considered the central business district of Puerto Rico, is a highly urbanized financial, commercial, and residential area in San Juan, the capital municipality of the archipelago and island. Located to the immediate south of Santurce barrio in the center of the San Juan metropolitan area and divided into the Hato Rey Norte, Hato Rey Central, and Hato Rey Sur barrios, it is about 3 to 6 miles (4.8 to 9.7 km) from the Old San Juan historic quarter, Condado and Isla Verde resort areas, and SJU airport. Hato Rey is home to the Milla de Oro financial district, José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum, Hiram Bithorn Stadium, Telemundo International television network headquarters, and Plaza Las Américas shopping mall, the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico offices, among others. It was formerly a barrio of the dissolved municipality of Río Piedras, which was merged into San Juan in 1951.
Gerken
Gerken is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Barbara Gerken (born 1964), American tennis player

Dean Gerken (born 1985), English footballer

George Gerken (1903–1977), American baseball player

Heather K. Gerken (born 1969), American legal scholar

Jason Gerken (fl. from 1992), American musician

LouAnn Gerken (born 1959), American academic

Lüder Gerken (born 1958), German economist

Martin Gerken, World War 2 German communist

Paul Gerken (born 1950), American tennis player

Robert Gerken (1932–2022), British Royal Navy officer

Rudolph Gerken (1886-1943), American Catholic archbishop

Rudolph Gerken
Rudolph Aloysius Gerken (March 7, 1887 – March 2, 1943) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe in New Mexico from 1933 until his death in 1943.  He previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Amarillo in Texas from 1926 to 1933.
Mount Bozdağ
The Mount Bozdağ (Azerbaijani: Bozdağ dağı) is a mountain in the Caucasus Mountains near Mingechevir, the fourth most populous  city of Azerbaijan. Near the mount, where the Kura River flows, Mingachevir reservoir was built in 1953.

Mingachevir
Mingachevir (Azerbaijani: Mingəçevir (listen)ⓘ) is the fourth largest city in Azerbaijan with a population of about 106,000. It is often called the "city of lights" because of its hydroelectric power station on the Kura River, which divides the city down the middle.

The current city was founded in 1948, partly by German prisoners of war captured during World War II. Mingechevir is also home to Mingachevir Polytechnic Institute. The city forms an administrative division of Azerbaijan. The district is located 323 km from the capital Baku and 17 km from the Baku-Tbilisi railway. Geographically, the region is located in the center of the republic on both sides of the Kura River.
Artemisia nesiotica
Artemisia nesiotica is a rare California species of sagebrush in the daisy family, known by the common name island sagebrush. It is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, found on 3 of the 8 islands (San Nicolas, San Clemente, and Santa Barbara Islands).

San Clemente Island
San Clemente Island (Tongva: Kinkipar; Spanish: Isla de San Clemente) is the southernmost of the Channel Islands of California. It is owned and operated by the United States Navy, and is a part of Los Angeles County. It is administered by Naval Base Coronado. It is 21 miles (34 km) long and has 147.13 km2 (56.81 sq mi) of land. The 2018 census estimates 148 military and civilian personnel reside on the island. The city of San Clemente in Orange County, California, is named after the island.
Bedbugs and Ballyhoo
"Bedbugs and Ballyhoo" is a single by Echo & the Bunnymen that was released in 1987. It was the third single from their 1987 eponymous album. The single was released as a 7-inch single and a 12-inch single by WEA Records and by Sire Records.

Jagger–Richards
Jagger–Richards (spelled Jagger–Richard from 1963 to 1978) is the songwriting partnership between English musicians Mick Jagger and Keith Richards (both born 1943), founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones. They are one of the most successful songwriting partnerships in history. In addition to Jagger and Richards' songwriting partnership, they have also produced or co-produced numerous Rolling Stones albums under the pseudonym the Glimmer Twins.

Similar to the contemporary English songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, both Jagger and Richards write lyrics and music.
2019 Kashmir earthquake
The 2019 Kashmir earthquake struck regions of Pakistan with an epicentre in Azad Kashmir on 24 September at 16:02 local time (11:02 UTC). It had a magnitude of 5.4 Mww and a maximum felt intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale or VIII (Heavily damaging) on the European macroseismic scale. There was severe damage in Mirpur District, causing the deaths of 40 people and injuring a further 850. The epicentre of the shallow quake was near the city of Mirpur, Pakistan. The tremors were felt in the Kashmir region, Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab (India), Uttarakhand and northern parts of India including New Delhi.

Continental collision
In geology, continental collision is a phenomenon of plate tectonics that occurs at convergent boundaries. Continental collision is a variation on the fundamental process of subduction, whereby the subduction zone is destroyed, mountains produced, and two continents sutured together. Continental collision is only known to occur on Earth.

Continental collision is not an instantaneous event, but may take several tens of millions of years before the faulting and folding caused by collisions stops. The collision between India and Asia has been going on for about 50 million years already and shows no signs of abating.  Collision between East and West Gondwana to form the East African Orogen took about 100 million years from beginning (610 Ma) to end (510 Ma). The collision between Gondwana and Laurasia to form Pangea occurred in a relatively brief interval, about 50 million years long.
PF-05105679
PF-05105679 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the TRPM8 ion channel, which is the main receptor responsible for the sensation of cold. It was developed as a potential analgesic, and blocks the sensation of cold in both animals and human trials. It also lowers core body temperature in small mammals, but does not produce this effect in humans in the normal dosage range.

Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, controlling the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells, and regulating cell volume. Ion channels are present in the membranes of all cells. Ion channels are one of the two classes of ionophoric proteins, the other being ion transporters.

The study of ion channels often involves biophysics, electrophysiology, and pharmacology, while using techniques including voltage clamp, patch clamp, immunohistochemistry, X-ray crystallography, fluoroscopy, and RT-PCR. Their classification as molecules is referred to as channelomics.
Akinbode Oluwafemi
Akinbode Oluwafemi Listenⓘ is a Nigerian environmental activist, Social justice campaigner, and tobacco control advocate. He was the Deputy Director of Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria (ERA/FoEN). He is a recipient of the 2009 Bloomberg Awards for Global Tobacco Control. The award ceremony was held at the 14th World Conference on Tobacco or Health held in Mumbai, India. He is the Executive Director at Corporate Accountability and Public Participation Africa (CAPPA), where he has over two decades experience in grassroots organising, policy advocacy and building strong coalitions.

Tobacco control
Tobacco control is a field of international public health science, policy and practice dedicated to addressing tobacco use and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality it causes. Since most cigarettes and cigars and hookahs contain or use tobacco, tobacco control also addresses these products. Tobacco control is a priority area for the World Health Organization (WHO) as a part of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. References to a tobacco control movement may have either positive or negative connotations, depending upon the commentator.

Tobacco control aims to reduce the prevalence of tobacco and nicotine use and this is measured with the "age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older". E-cigarettes do not contain tobacco itself, but often contain nicotine, and are thus often are considered within the context of tobacco control.
Edward Strong the Younger
Edward Strong the Younger was an English master mason and architect-builder active in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He is best known for his work with Sir Christopher Wren and later with Wren’s circle on major works of English Baroque, including St Paul’s Cathedral, Marlborough House, parts of Greenwich Hospital/Palace, and multiple new London parish churches of the post–Great Fire rebuilding programme. He and his father, Edward Strong the Elder (1652–1724), led one of the most important stonemasonry and building enterprises in England at the turn of the 18th century.

English Baroque architecture
English Baroque is a term used to refer to modes of English architecture that paralleled Baroque architecture in continental Europe between the Great Fire of London (1666) and roughly 1720, when the flamboyant and dramatic qualities of Baroque art were abandoned in favour of the more chaste rule-based Neo-classical forms espoused by the proponents of Palladianism.

It is primarily embodied in the works of Christopher Wren, Nicholas Hawksmoor, John Vanbrugh, and James Gibbs, although a handful of lesser architects such as Thomas Archer also produced buildings of significance. In domestic architecture and interior decor, Baroque qualities can sometimes be seen in the late phase of the Restoration style, and the William and Mary style, the Queen Anne style, and early Georgian architecture are varieties of Baroque.