hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
D. C. Riddy
Donald Charles Riddy CBE (10 September 1907 – 20 November 1979) was a British linguist and educationalist. After the Second World War, he was the British Controller-General of the Education Branch, Control Commission for German - British Element, tasked with assisting the de-nazification of Germany through a process of re-education. He was later co-ordinator of the Council of Europe Modern Languages Programme and, for most of his career, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Modern Languages in Schools. He was described as a man of ‘wide administrative experience and enormous energy, for whom material difficulties were a challenge which he met with enthusiasm’.

Allied Commission
Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allies were in control of the defeated Axis countries.  Anticipating the defeat of Germany, Italy and Japan, they had already set up the European Advisory Commission and a proposed Far Eastern Advisory Commission to make recommendations for the post-war period. Accordingly, they managed their control of the defeated countries through Allied Commissions, often referred to as Allied Control Commissions (ACC), consisting of representatives of the major Allies.
Thomson scattering
Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism. It is the low-energy limit of Compton scattering: the particle's kinetic energy and photon frequency do not change as a result of the scattering.  This limit is valid as long as the photon energy is much smaller than the mass energy of the particle: hν ≪ mc2, or equivalently, if the wavelength of the light is much greater than the Compton wavelength of the particle (e.g., for electrons, longer wavelengths than hard x-rays).

Kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.

In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is .

The kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work, or force (F) in the direction of motion times its displacement (s), needed to accelerate the object from rest to its given speed. The same amount of work is done by the object when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest.

The SI unit of energy is the joule, while the English unit of energy is the foot-pound.

In relativistic mechanics,  is a good approximation of kinetic energy only when v is much less than the speed of light.
Yury Zakharevich
Yury Ivanovich Zakharevich (Russian: Юрий Иванович Захаревич, born January 18, 1963) is a former Olympic weightlifter for the Soviet Union. He trained at Dynamo in Dimitrovgrad. Yury competed in the middle-heavyweight (90 kg), sub-heavyweight (100 kg) and heavyweight (110 kg) weight classes during his career.

Yury Zakharevich has been described as one of the most technically gifted weightlifters of all time. In his analysis of the snatch technique of Yury Zakharevich, the biomechanist Robert Roman said that "Zakharevich raised the barbell in the snatch to "the minimal possible height of the lift lifters of his height can raise a barbell and still successfully fix it overhead."

Dimitrovgrad, Russia
Dimitrovgrad (Russian: Димитровград; Russian pronunciation: [dʲɪˌmʲitrɐvˈɡrat]), formerly Melekess (Russian: Мелекесс) until 1972, is a city in Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia. It is the administrative center of Melekessky District, although it is not within the district and is an independent city. The city is located in the Volga Region, at the confluence of the Melekesska River and the Bolshoy Cheremshan River, a tributary of the Volga River. Dimitrovgrad has a population of 122,580 (2010 Census), the second-largest city in Ulyanovsk Oblast, after Ulyanovsk.
Akasha Lawrence-Spence
Akasha Lawrence-Spence is an American politician and a former Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate. She previously represented the 36th district in the Oregon House of Representatives; appointed on January 17, 2020, to replace Jennifer Williamson who resigned to run for Secretary of State. Lawrence-Spence was appointed by the Multnomah County Commission which by law appoints members of the same party to replace resigning legislators. She did not run for re-election. She has previously served as a member of the Portland Planning and Sustainability Commission.

In November 2021, Lawrence-Spence was appointed to the Oregon Senate to fill the vacancy caused by Ginny Burdick's resignation.

Oregon Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Oregon, an elected constitutional officer within the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon, is first in the line of succession to the governor. The duties of the office are auditor of public accounts, chief elections officer, and administrator of public records. Additionally, the secretary of state serves on the Oregon State Land Board and chairs the Oregon Sustainability Board. Following every United States Census, if the Oregon Legislative Assembly cannot come to an agreement over changes to legislative redistricting, the duty falls to the secretary of state.

The current secretary of state is Democrat Tobias Read, who took office on January 6, 2025.
Pol Boël
Count Pol Boël (11 May 1923 – 19 July 2007) was a Belgian industrialist and liberal politician. He was a son of René Boël (1899–1990) and Yvonne Solvay (1896–1930). Pol Boël was married with Nicole Davignon, a sister of Étienne Davignon and together they have two children, Yvonne and Nicolas.

Étienne Davignon
Étienne, Count Davignon (French pronunciation: [etjɛn daviɲɔ̃]; born 4 October 1932 in Budapest) is a Belgian former diplomat, top civil servant, businessman, and former vice-president of the European Commission.
Mass for Five Voices
The Mass for Five Voices is a choral Mass setting by the English composer William Byrd (c. 1540–1623). It was probably written c. 1594 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and is one of three settings of the Mass Ordinary which Byrd published in the early 1590s.  It consists of the text of the Mass (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei) set for a five-part choir.

Credo
In Christian liturgy, the credo (Latin: [ˈkreːdoː]; Latin for "I believe") is the portion of the Mass where a creed is recited or sung. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed or the Apostles' Creed are the primary creeds used for this purpose.
Albon (surname)
Albon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Albon (1921–1989), British anarchist and publisher

Alex Albon (born 1996), Thai racing driver

Lee Albon (born 1959), Australian cricketer

Mark Albon (born 1969), British racing driver

Nigel Albon, British racing driver

Teodora Albon (born 1977), Romanian football referee

Lee Albon
Leanne Margaret Albon (born 7 November 1959) is an Australian former cricketer. She played four one day internationals for the Australia national women's cricket team in the 1980s.

Albon played as an opening bat with the Victorian state women's cricket team.
Josh Schuberth
Josh Schuberth (born 23 September 1983) is an Australian producer, audio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. His list of credits includes work with numerous notable performers, including Ben Folds, Josh Pyke, Alex Lloyd, Jessica Mauboy, Sara Storer, Graeme Connors, Lenka, Melanie Horsnell, Jenny Queen, Suzy Connolly, Tim Freedman, Greg Storer, and the bands Peregrine and The Sleep-ins. He also records as a solo performer under the name Miracle Pill.

Jenny Queen
Jenny Queen (born March 18, 1979) is a singer-songwriter and author. Both her songs and her literary writing often deal with memory and how people process memory over time. Her musical style encompasses elements from genres of roots, indie folk, neotraditional country, country and pop. Her lyrical content and voice have been described as a "combination of little girl and windswept and bruised woman."
W85 at the 2014 European Masters Athletics Championships
The nineteenth European Masters Athletics Championships were held in Izmir, Turkey, from August 22–31, 2014. The European Masters Athletics Championships serve the division of the sport of athletics for people over 35 years of age, referred to as masters athletics.

European Masters Athletics Championships
The European Masters Athletics Championships (formerly European Veterans Athletics Championships) are the biannual championships for masters athletics events held under the auspices of European Masters Athletics (formerly European Veterans Athletics Association) that held its first edition in 1978.
Lázně Darkov
Lázně Darkov (formerly Darkov; Polish: Darkówⓘ, German: Darkau) is a spa village and administrative part of Karviná in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. Till 1948 it was a separate municipality. It lies on the Olza River in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. In 2011, Lázně Darkov had a population of 301.

Moravian-Silesian Region
The Moravian-Silesian Region (Czech: Moravskoslezský kraj) is one of the 14 administrative regions of the Czech Republic. Before May 2001, it was called the Ostrava Region (Czech: Ostravský kraj). The region is located in the north-eastern part of its historical region of Moravia and in most of the Czech part of the historical region of Silesia. The region borders the Olomouc Region to the west and the Zlín Region to the south. It also borders two other countries – Poland (Opole and Silesian Voivodeships) to the north and Slovakia (Žilina Region) to the east.

It is a highly industrialized region, its capital Ostrava was actually called the "Steel Heart of the Republic". In addition, it has several mountainous areas where the landscape is relatively preserved. Nowadays, the economy of the region benefits from its location in the Czech/Polish/Slovak borderlands.
Canillas de Abajo
Canillas de Abajo is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca,  western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 77 people. The municipality covers an area of 39 km2 (15 sq mi).

It lies 814 metres (2,671 ft) above sea level and the postal code is 37448.

Postal code
A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, PIN or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

As of August 2021, the Universal Postal Union lists 160 countries which require the use of a postal code.

Although postal codes are usually assigned to geographical areas, special codes are sometimes assigned to individual addresses or to institutions that receive large volumes of mail, such as government agencies and large commercial companies. One example is the French CEDEX system.
Socialist Republican Party (Turkey)
The Socialist Republican Party (Turkish: Sosyalist Cumhuriyet Partisi, SCP), formerly known as the Workers' Peasants' Party of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye İşçi Köylü Partisi, TİKP), is a Maoist scientific socialist political party in Turkey, which was founded on 18 June 2010 and led by İsmail Durna. The SCP advocates national democratic revolution strategy (Turkish: Millî Demokratik Devrim).

National democratic revolution
A national democratic revolution is a specific type of revolution according to Marxist–Leninist national democratic theory. This purported revolution seeks to establish a state formation known as the national democratic state and, in certain cases, transform it into a communist state.
Teufelsley (Rhineland-Palatinate)
The Teufelsley (cf. ley) is a hill, 495.9 m above sea level (NHN), in the East Eifel, a region of the Eifel mountains in Germany. It is located near Liers in the county of Ahrweiler in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and consists of the largest contiguous quartzite block in Europe.

Normalhöhennull
Normalhöhennull (German pronunciation: [nɔʁmaːlˈhøːənˌnʊl], "standard elevation zero") or NHN is a vertical datum used in Germany.

In geographical terms, NHN is the reference plane for the normal height of a topographical eminence height above mean sea level used in the 1932 German Mean Height Reference System (Deutsches Haupthöhennetz). The plane is in the shape of a quasi-geoid. The reference height is a geodetic, fixed point on the New Church of St. Alexander at Wallenhorst in the German state of Lower Saxony. The geopotential height of this point was calculated in 1986 as part of the United European Levelling Network (UELN), based on the Amsterdam Ordnance Datum.
Wordsum
Wordsum is a 10-item vocabulary test that has been included as an item on the General Social Survey (GSS) in most survey years since 1974. Each of the test's items ranges in difficulty from very easy to very difficult. It is widely used in research in the social and behavioral sciences. It is taken by about 1,000 people in each year in which it is included as part of the GSS. Its administration involves showing respondents a card containing 10 words, and then asking them to find the synonym for each of them out of a set of five choices. Although most researchers have implicitly assumed that each item on the test deserves equal weight, its validity can be improved by considering the variance for each word separately.

Behavioural sciences
Behavioural science is the branch of science concerned with theorizing on, categorizing, and judging human behaviour. It sits in the interstice between fields such as psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, behavioral biology, behavioral genetics and social science. While the term can technically be applied to the study of behaviour amongst all living organisms, it is nearly always used with reference to humans as the primary target of investigation (though animals may be studied in some instances, e.g. invasive techniques).
Stephan Miller
Stephan K. Miller (May 6, 1968 – April 22, 2008) was an American animal trainer, wrangler, and stunt double who was killed by a bear while making a promotional video.

Miller had worked as a trainer at Predators in Action, an animal training facility operated by his paternal cousin, Randy Miller, who trains wild and exotic animals for film and television appearances. At the time of his death, Miller was not working as a trainer, but was attempting to perform a bear wrestling stunt supervised by Randy Miller.

California Department of Fish and Wildlife
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), formerly known as the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), is an American state agency under the California Natural Resources Agency. The Department of Fish and Wildlife manages and protects the state's wildlife, wildflowers, trees, mushrooms, algae (kelp and seaweed) and native habitats (ecosystems). The department is responsible for regulatory enforcement and management of related recreational, commercial, scientific, and educational uses. The department also prevents illegal poaching.
Versapay
Versapay is a North American financial technology company headquartered in Miami, Florida. Versapay specializes in account receivable software and cash application for midsized businesses. It was listed on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol VPY between January 2010 and February 2020 when it was acquired by private equity firm Great Hill Partners for $126 million.

In 2009, Canadian Business Magazine named Versapay Corporation the fastest growing company in Canada. Revenue for Versapay had grown from $50,000 in 2006 to $5.1 Million in 2008, processing an estimated $230 Million in 2008 from over 2800 clients, by 2013 - Versapay was processessing in excess of $1 billion annually.

Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable, abbreviated as AR or A/R, are legally enforceable claims for payment held by a business for goods supplied or services rendered that customers have ordered but not paid for. The accounts receivable process involves customer onboarding, invoicing, collections, deductions, exception management, and finally, cash posting after the payment is collected.

Accounts receivable are generally in the form of invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame. Accounts receivable is shown in a balance sheet as an asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered. These may be distinguished from notes receivable, which are debts created through formal legal instruments called promissory notes.

Accounts receivable can impact the liquidity of a company.
Salvador arboreal alligator lizard
Salvador arboreal alligator lizard (Abronia salvadorensis) is a species of lizard found in two isolated locations in Honduras.  One population in the department of La Paz and a smaller population in the department of Intibucá.

Intibucá Department
Intibucá (Spanish pronunciation: [in.ti.βuˈka]) is one of the 18 departments in the Republic of Honduras. Intibucá covers a total surface area of 1,186.1 square miles (3,072 km2). Its capital is the city of La Esperanza, in the municipality of La Esperanza.
Belogradchik Glacier
Belogradchik Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Белоградчик, romanized: lednik Belogradchik, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ bɛɫoɡrɐtˈt͡ʃik]) is a 14 km long and 5.6 km wide glacier in the southern Aristotle Mountains on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, situated south of Jeroboam Glacier and west of Ambergris Glacier.  It drains from the southeast slopes of Madrid Dome and flows southeastwards to join Flask Glacier east of Mount Fedallah.

The feature is named after the town of Belogradchik in northwestern Bulgaria.

Oscar II Coast
Oscar II Coast is that portion of the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Fairweather to the north, and Cape Alexander to the south. Discovered in 1893 by Captain C.A. Larsen, who named it for King Oscar II of Norway and Sweden. To the north of this coast is Nordenskjöld Coast.
Niphidium crassifolium
Niphidium crassifolium, commonly known as the graceful fern, is a species of fern in the family Polypodiaceae found in Central and South America. It is predominantly epiphytic, growing on other plants—for example, in the canopies of trees—but occasionally grows on rocks or on the ground, particularly at higher altitude. It has a rhizome from which many fine rootlets covered in dark reddish-brown scales grow. Together they form a root basket that, when growing on trees, helps to trap leaf litter and dust, forming a nutrient-rich soil that holds water. Its leaves are simple in shape, 13–85 centimetres (5–33 in) long and 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) wide and when dry, and covered by a wax-like film. The sori are round and large, occurring in single rows between veins at the far end of the leaf.

Lithophyte
Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks.  Epilithic (or epipetric) lithophytes grow on the surfaces of rocks, while endolithic (or chasmophytes) lithophytes grow in the cracks or crevices of rocks. Obligate lithophytes grow solely on rocks, while facultative lithophytes will grow partially on a rock and on another substrate simultaneously.
Broomistega
Broomistega is an extinct genus of temnospondyl in the family Rhinesuchidae. It is known from one species, Broomistega putterilli, which was renamed in 2000 from Lydekkerina putterilli Broom 1930. Fossils are known from the Early Triassic Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group in the Karoo Basin of present-day South Africa, a region that had been an enclave of Gondwana. Specimens of B. putterilli were once thought to represent young individuals of another larger rhinesuchid such as Uranocentrodon, but the species is now regarded as a paedomorphic taxon, possessing the features of juvenile rhinesuchids into adulthood.

In 2013, a well-preserved skeleton of Broomistega was discovered alongside the skeleton of the cynodont Thrinaxodon (a mammal relative) in a cast of a burrow. The individual probably entered the burrow while the cynodont was in a state of aestivation (dormancy), and afterwards a flash flood filled the burrow with sediment to preserve both bodies together.

Neoteny
Neoteny (/niˈɒtəni/), also called juvenilization, is the delaying or slowing of the physiological, or somatic, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny in modern humans is more significant than in other primates. In progenesis or paedogenesis, sexual development is accelerated.

Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedomorphism (as having the form typical of children) or paedomorphosis (changing towards forms typical of children), a type of heterochrony. It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention is important in evolutionary biology, domestication, and evolutionary developmental biology. Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of larval traits, as seen in salamanders.
Royal Gibraltar Yacht Club
The Royal Gibraltar Yacht Club, formerly the Gibraltar Yacht Club, was established by officers of the Royal Navy in 1829. It was one of the first yacht clubs founded outside of Britain. British monarchs and Gibraltarian governors have been patrons of the club; the first visit by a reigning monarch was in 1954. During the latter twentieth century, the naval presence waned and the membership of locals dominated. The club's sailing school was established in 2001, accredited as a teaching facility in 2004, and became a testing centre in 2010. The reclamation projects in the middle section of Gibraltar Harbour necessitated the club's move from 26 Queensway to temporary premises. A new facility is under construction.

Land reclamation
Land reclamation, often known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground, reclaimed land, or land fill. The term "reclamation" is a misnomer, and promotes confusion with land rehabilitation.
Disodium guanylate
Disodium guanylate, also known as sodium 5'-guanylate and disodium 5'-guanylate, is a natural sodium salt of the flavor enhancing nucleotide guanosine monophosphate (GMP). Disodium guanylate is a food additive with the E number E627. It is commonly used in conjunction with glutamic acid.

As it is a fairly expensive additive, it is usually not used independently of glutamic acid; if disodium guanylate is present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be, it is likely that glutamic acid is provided as part of another ingredient such as a processed soy protein complex. It is often added to foods in conjunction with disodium inosinate; the combination is known as disodium 5'-ribonucleotides.

Disodium guanylate is produced by fermentation. It is often added to instant noodles, potato chips and other snacks, savory rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, and packaged soup.

Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as bacon, sweets, and wines.

With the advent of ultra-processed foods in the late 20th century, many additives having both natural and artificial origin were introduced. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process through packaging, storage or transport.

In Europe and internationally, many additives are designated with E numbers, while in the United States, additives in amounts deemed safe for human consumption are designated as GRAS.