hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peptide spectral library
A peptide spectral library is a curated, annotated and non-redundant collection/database of LC-MS/MS peptide spectra. One essential utility of a peptide spectral library is to serve as consensus templates supporting the identification of peptides and proteins based on the correlation between the templates with experimental spectra.

One potential application of peptide spectral libraries is the identification of new, currently unknown mass spectra. Here, the spectra from the library are compared to the new spectra and if a match is found, the unknown spectra can be assigned the identity of the known peptide in the library.

Spectral libraries have been used in the small molecules mass spectra identification since the 1980s. In the early years of shotgun proteomics, pioneer investigations suggested that a similar approach might be applicable in shotgun proteomics for peptide/protein identification.

Mass spectrum
A mass spectrum is a histogram plot of intensity vs. mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in a chemical sample, usually acquired using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. Not all mass spectra of a given substance are the same; for example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into fragments; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation. A mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment applied. Common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the McLafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage. Straight chain alkanes and alkyl groups produce a typical series of peaks: 29 (CH3CH2+), 43 (CH3CH2CH2+), 57 (CH3CH2CH2CH2+), 71 (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2+) etc.
Government contract flight
A government contract flight is a type of charter airline operation contracted with a government agency.

In the United States, the massive mobility requirements during World War II proved that military transport could not meet all the logistical needs that might arise.  As a result, the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) was developed to use airline capacity to provide maximum airlift support in wartime situations.  As a benefit, airlines that commit planes to CRAF are able to receive peacetime government contracts in an amount proportional to the airline's potential wartime mobilization value.  This is the basis for most routine military charter flights.  The government receives an extremely economical source of emergency capacity as well as reasonable costs for peacetime military transportation.

Rhein-Main Air Base
Rhein-Main Air Base was a United States Air Force air base near the city of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.  It was a Military Airlift Command (MAC) and United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) installation, occupying the south side of Frankfurt Airport. Its military airport codes (IATA: FRF, ICAO: EDAF) are discontinued. Established in 1945, Rhein-Main Air Base was the primary airlift and passenger hub for USAFE. It was billed as the "Gateway to Europe". It closed on 30 December 2005.

During its lifetime, the base's host airlift wing operated C-130 Hercules and C-9A Nightingale aircraft, as well as supporting many transient C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter, C-17 Globemaster III, KC-135 Stratotanker, and KC-10 Extender flight operations each day. Daily or weekly contract air passenger flights were also conducted for United States personnel arriving in or leaving Europe.
Presentes por el Socialismo
Presentes Por el Socialismo (PPS) is a Colombian political party of the left, founded in 1996. Its militants come from different currents including Trotskyism and Marxism-Leninism. It was active part of the foundation of the Social and Political Front (FSP) and Democratic Alternative. As a member of the FSP, it participates in the Alternative Democratic Pole. Its political position is for socialism, the autonomy of the mass organizations and the Marxist alternative to the Capitalist System. It participates in the São Paulo Forum and stands in sympathy with the Trotskyist reunified Fourth International. It has strong bases amongst college students, the trade unions in the banking industry, mass movements and the teaching profession. In the last parliamentary elections it supported the candidacy of the unionist Alexander López Maya to the Senate.

Alexander López Maya
Alexander López Maya (born 26 June 1967) is a Colombian lawyer and politician who has served as General Director of National Planning since March 5, 2024. López Maya has previously served as Member of the Chamber of Representatives from 2011 to 2018, Senator of Colombia from 2018 to 2014 and President of the Senate from June 6 to July 20, 2023.

Since 4 May 2023, he has served as acting president of the Senate after the previous president, Roy Barreras, was declared double militant, for which he was forced to leave the position of president of the Senate.
1984 Virginia Slims of Pennsylvania – Doubles
Lea Antonoplis and Barbara Jordan were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Kateřina Böhmová and Marcela Skuherská.

Böhmová and Skuherská won the title by defeating Ann Henricksson and Nancy Yeargin 6–1, 6–3 in the final.

Ann Henricksson
Ann Henricksson (born October 31, 1959) is an American former professional tennis player whose career spanned from 1981 to 1994.

She played two fourth-round Grand Slam matches: the Australian Open (defeated by Zina Garrison), and at Wimbledon (defeated by Monica Seles).

Henricksson won three WTA doubles tournaments.
Supermodular function
In mathematics, a supermodular function is a function on a lattice that, informally, has the property of being characterized by "increasing differences." Seen from the point of set functions, this can also be viewed as a relationship of "increasing returns", where adding more elements to a subset increases its valuation. In economics, supermodular functions are often used as a formal expression of complementarity in preferences among goods. Supermodular functions are studied and have applications in game theory, economics, lattice theory, combinatorial optimization, and machine learning.

Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.
Kathu Solar Park
Kathu Solar Park is a concentrated solar power (CSP) thermal energy power plant, located near Kathu in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

It has a capacity of 100.0 megawatts (MW), and full-load molten storage capacity of 4.5 hours. It covers an area of approximately 800 hectares (1,977 acres).

The project shareholders, led by Engie include the Public Investment Corporation, SIOC Community Development Trust, Development Bank of Southern Africa, Investec, Lereko Metier and the Kathu Trust. The plant was constructed by the consortium formed by Acciona and SENER, acting as Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) provider.

The plant began commercial operations in January 2019, and currently supplies power for an estimated 179,000 households in South Africa.

Thermal energy
The term "thermal energy" is often used ambiguously in physics and engineering. It can denote several different physical concepts, including:

Internal energy: The energy contained within a body of matter or radiation, excluding the potential energy of the whole system.

Heat: Energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work and transfer of matter.

The characteristic energy kBT, where T denotes temperature and kB denotes the Boltzmann constant; it is twice that associated with each degree of freedom.

Mark Zemansky (1970) has argued that the term "thermal energy" is best avoided due to its ambiguity. He suggests using more precise terms such as "internal energy" and "heat" to avoid confusion. The term is, however, used in some textbooks.
Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji sometimes called Variyamkunnan (1875–1877 – 20 January 1922)  was  a prominent leader during the war in Malabar against the British, during the Malabar rebellion, and the founder of a parallel government. He was an Indian freedom fighter, opposer of the Jenmi system, and an ordinary member of the Khilafat movement.

According to R. H. Hitchcock, who took part in the fight against the rebellion, "Khilafat to him (Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji) was a Turkish matter, not Indian." Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji was just a member of the Khilafat Movement. He established a parallel government in the Malabar District of Madras Presidency in open defiance of the British Raj, which lasted for a short period of six months. With his long-term mentor, Ali Musliyar, Kunjahammed Haji seized large areas of the then Eranad and Valluvanad taluks, now part of Kerala state in India, from British control. He said he was fighting for the independence of India.

Tirurangadi
Tirurangadi is a municipal town in Malappuram district of the Indian state Kerala. It is a historic town famed for its active participation in the freedom struggle, especially those dating back to the 1920s. It serves as a local taluk and is located, 30 km south of Calicut and 140 km north of Ernakulam.

It is located 9 km east of the coastal town of Parappanangadi, 10 km northwest of Kottakkal, 11 km northeast of Tanur town, 16 km southwest of Kondotty town, 17 km north of Tirur, and 18 km west of Malappuram.
Kōichirō Morioka
Kōichirō Morioka (森岡 紘一朗, Morioka Kōichirō; born 2 April 1985) is a Japanese race walker. He has enjoyed success at University and regional levels, having won two bronze medals at both the Summer Universiade (2005, 2007) and the Asian Games (2006, 2010). Morioka has competed at the four World Championships in Athletics (2005 to 2011) and has represented Japan at three Summer Olympics (2008, 2012, 2016). He also won a silver medal at the 2009 East Asian Games.

He walked an Asian record of 39:07.84 minutes for the 10,000 km track walk in 2010, which was broken two years later by Wang Zhen. He also set a new personal best at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Athletics at the 2009 East Asian Games
At the 2009 East Asian Games, the athletics events were held at the Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground in Hong Kong from 10 December to 13 December. A total of 46 events were contested, of which 23 were by male athletes and 23 by female athletes.

China went on to win the most events, with Liu Qing winning golds in the 800 metres, 1500 metres and 4×400 metres relay races. Japan was a clear second place in the medals while South Korea and Chinese Taipei also took a double-digit medal haul. Athletes representing the hosts Hong Kong won seven bronze medals.
Edmunds Center
Edmunds Center is a 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena at Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, that opened on December 5, 1974. It is home to the Stetson Hatters basketball team. The arena is named after J. Ollie Edmunds, fourth president of Stetson University (1948–1967).

It hosted the 1991 and 1996 Atlantic Sun Conference men's basketball tournaments. Many different celebrities and musicians have performed at the Edmunds Center over the years. Notable performers include comedians Bill Cosby, Jay Leno, Steve Martin, and Steven Wright; country music legends Hank Williams, Jr., and Mel Tillis; The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band; Spyro Gyra; and folk singers Harry Chapin, and Don McLean.

Steven Wright
Steven Alexander Wright (born December 6, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer and film producer. He is known for his distinctive lethargic voice and slow, deadpan delivery of ironic, philosophical and sometimes nonsensical jokes, paraprosdokians, non sequiturs, anti-humor, and one-liners with contrived situations.

Wright was ranked as the 15th Greatest Comedian by Rolling Stone in its 2017 list of the 50 Greatest Stand-up Comics. His accolades include the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film for starring in, writing, and producing the short film The Appointments of Dennis Jennings (1988) and two Primetime Emmy Awards nominations as a producer of Louie (2010–2015). He had a supporting role as Leon in the Peabody Award–winning tragicomedy web series Horace and Pete.
61st Guldbagge Awards
The 61st Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honoring the best Swedish films of 2025, took place on 19 January 2026 at Cirkus, Stockholm. Actress Shima Niavarani hosted the ceremony for the third year in a row.

Political thriller film Eagles of the Republic won the most awards with six, including Best Film. Drama films Kevlar Soul and Raptures each won two awards.

Guldbagge Awards
The Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: Guldbaggen, lit. 'the golden scarab') is an official film awards ceremony in Sweden. Presented annually by Swedish Film Institute, the awards honors excellence in cinematic achievements in the Swedish film industry. It is described as the most prestigious in Sweden and the Swedish equivalent of the Academy Awards. Winners are awarded a statuette depicting a rose chafer, hence the name.

The first awards was presented in 1964 at Grand Hôtel in Stockholm. The awards was first televised in 1981 on SVT2, and has since then been broadcast, almost every year, on national channels SVT1, SVT2, or TV4.
Añjanā
Anjana (Sanskrit: अञ्जना, romanized: Añjanā), also known as Anjani and Anjali, is the mother of Hanuman, one of the protagonists of the Hindu epic the Ramayana. She is said to have been a resident of Kishkindha in the text.

Kishkindha
Kishkindha (Sanskrit: किष्किन्धा, IAST: Kiṣkindhā) is a kingdom of the vanaras in Hinduism. It is ruled by King Sugriva, the younger brother of Vali, in the Sanskrit epic Ramayana. According to the Hindu epic this was the kingdom that Sugriva ruled with the assistance of his counsellor, Hanuman. Kishkindha is identified with the present location of Hampi, the erstwhile royal capital of Vijayanagara Empire.

During the Treta Yuga, the whole region was within the dense Dandaka Forest which was founded by King Danda, son of Ikshvaku, and descendant of Vaivasvata Manu in the Satya Yuga, which extended from the Vindhya range to the South Indian peninsula. Thus, this kingdom was considered that of the vanaras. During the Dvapara Yuga, the Pandava Sahadeva is stated to have visited this kingdom in the epic Mahabharata during his southern military campaign to collect tribute for Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice.
2004 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women
The 2004 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women was the third edition of the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women. 12 teams participated in the competition, held in Vannes, France, from 23 July to 1 August 2004. Russia won their second title.

Vannes
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van] ⓘ; Breton: Gwened, pronounced [ˈɡweːnet], [ˈɡɥeːnet]) is a commune in the French department of Morbihan, Brittany, northwestern mainland France. It was founded over 2,000 years ago.
Mælefjell Tunnel
The Mælefjell Tunnel (Norwegian: Mælefjelltunnelen) is a 9.35-kilometre-long (5.81 mi) road tunnel along the European route E134 highway in Telemark county, Norway. The southern end of the tunnel is located at Århus on the north side of the village of Seljord in Seljord Municipality. The northern end of the tunnel is at Gvammen, just east of the village of Hjartdal in Hjartdal Municipality. The tunnel was opened on 19 December 2019, as Norway's seventh longest road tunnel. It is part of the European route E134 highway, and upon its completion, it made the highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) shorter, saving trucks about 18 minutes of driving time between those two places. Construction started in 2013 and the breakthrough occurred on 3 May 2017.

Tunnel hole-through
Tunnel hole-through, also called breakthrough, is the time, during the construction of a tunnel built from both ends, when the ends meet, and the accuracy of the survey work becomes evident.  Many tunnels report breakthroughs with an error of only a few inches, for example:

the 1858 Blue Ridge Tunnel – 6 inches (150 mm)

the 1944 Blue Ridge Tunnel replacement – 4 feet (1.2 m)  - 1944

the Lötschberg Base Tunnel – 10 cm

the Holland Tunnel - 1 cm
Mirko Cvjetićanin
Mirko Cvjetićanin (Serbian Cyrillic: Мирко Цвјетићанин; born 1942 or 1943) was a Serbian politician in the early 1990s. He served in the Vojvodina provincial assembly from 1992 to 1993 as a member of the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS).

Assembly of Vojvodina
The Assembly of Vojvodina (Serbian: Скупштина Војводине, romanized: Skupština Vojvodine), formally the Assembly of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbian: Скупштина Аутономне Покрајине Војводине, romanized: Skupština Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine), is the legislative body of Vojvodina, an autonomous province of Serbia.

The assembly is composed of 120 deputies who are proportionally elected to four-year terms by secret ballot. The current assembly was elected in 2023 provincial elections. The assembly elects a president (speaker) who presides over the sessions, currently Juhász Bálint of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians.
Pasangkayu Regency
Pasangkayu Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Pasangkayu) is one of the six regencies which comprise West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, on the island of Sulawesi. It covers an area of 3,043.75 km2 and had a population of 134,303 at the 2010 Census and 188,861 at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 204,216 (comprising 105,810 males and 98,406 females). The indigenous population speak the Kaili language, also indigenous in the southern part of Donggala Regency and in Sigi Regency to the east. The town of Pasangkayu is the capital and chief town of the regency.

Sigi Regency
Sigi Regency is a regency of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was created on 21 July 2008 by splitting off the southern districts from Donggala Regency. It lies upstream on the Palu River, and immediately south of Palu city, the provincial capital. The regency is almost landlocked; it has a small coastline between Palu city and the western part of Donggala regency. It covers an area of 5,196.02 km2 and had a population of 215,030 at the 2010 Census and 239,421 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 270,189 (comprising 138,405 males and 131,784 females). The principal town lies at Sigi Biromaru.

The northern part of the Sigi Regency was one of the areas in northwest Sulawesi most affected by the 2018 earthquake and tsunami in Sulawesi.  Dozens of people were reported to have been killed by the earthquake and there were reports of "massive liquification" which caused homes to be swept away.
Shogun Warriors (video game)
Shogun Warriors, known in Japan as Fujiyama Buster (富士山バスター, lit. "Mount Fuji Buster"), is a 1992 fighting arcade game developed by Atop and released in North America and Europe by Kaneko, published in Japan by Sammy Corporation. It was the first modern-fighting game based on ancient Japanese mythology (later popularized by SNK's Samurai Shodown and The Last Blade series), and was created during the fighting game trend of the 1990s that began with Capcom's Street Fighter II. Shogun Warriors was followed by a 1994 sequel titled Blood Warrior.

1992 in video games
1992 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Dragon Quest V, Final Fantasy V, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, Street Fighter II: Champion Edition, Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins, and Super Mario Kart, along with new titles such as Art of Fighting, Lethal Enforcers, Mortal Kombat and Virtua Racing.

The year's highest-grossing video game worldwide was Capcom's arcade fighting game Street Fighter II for the second year in a row, while also being the year's highest-grossing entertainment product. The year's best-selling home system was the Game Boy for the third year in a row, while the year's best-selling home video games were Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for the Mega Drive/Genesis and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System port of Street Fighter II, which were both also the year's highest-grossing home entertainment products.
Ekke Väli
Ekke Väli (born April 19, 1952) is an Estonian sculptor.

He graduated from the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR (ERKI) as a sculptor in 1979. He is a member of the Estonian Artists' Association.

Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people (Estonian: eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia.

Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finnic languages, e.g. Finnish, Karelian and Livonian. Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros, Setos), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century.

There are approximately 1.1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland, the United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
Kalpesh
Kalpesh is an Indian masculine given name.

The following are people called "Kalpesh":

Kalpesh Lathigra, British photographer

Kalpesh Parekh, Indian dubbing artist

Kalpesh Patel,  Kenyan cricketer

Kalpesh Patel (Indian cricketer)

Kalpesh Satyendra Jhaveri, Indian Judge

Kalpesh Patel (Kenyan cricketer)
Kalpesh Ashok Patel (born 18 July 1985) is a former Kenyan cricketer who played two One Day Internationals for the national side, although he had no success in either.

Patel's ODIs are the only List A games he played, but he appeared four times at first-class level. He took only three wickets, but did dismiss Scotland's Gavin Hamilton in both innings of a match during the 2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup.

Patel once promised to become a very good cricketer: Andy Moles watched him play at Under-19 level and compared his bowling style with that of Terry Alderman, although he felt that his future was probably more as a batting all-rounder. Moles also praised Patel's "superb" fielding.

He did not play any major cricket since 2006.
1992 The Winston
The 1992 edition of The Winston was a stock car racing competition that took place on May 16, 1992. Held at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, the 70-lap race was an exhibition race in the 1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. This was the first broadcast of The Winston on TNN, which aired the event until 2000. It was also better known as One Hot Night because it was the first ever race that was held on a superspeedway at night. Davey Allison of Robert Yates Racing won the pole, led the most laps, and won the race. This was also the final appearance of Richard Petty and Alan Kulwicki at The Winston; Petty retired at the end of the season and Kulwicki was killed in a plane crash on April 1, 1993.

Yates Racing
Yates Racing was an American stock car racing team that competed in NASCAR through the 2009 season, after which it merged into Richard Petty Motorsports. Previously known as Robert Yates Racing, the team was owned by Doug Yates, who has officially owned the team since his father Robert's retirement on December 1, 2007. The Yates family owned the team since purchasing it from Harry Ranier and J. T. Lundy in October 1988.

The team was noted for its strong engine program and its success on superspeedways.  Throughout most of its history, the team fielded Ford cars numbered 28, 38 and 88, although in its final season it fielded the number 98.