hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
S v Morrison
In S v Morrison 1988 (4) SA 164 (T), an important case in South African criminal procedure, the court considered whether or not there is a duty on the presiding officer to inform the accused of his right to legal representation.

In terms of section 73(2) of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977, the accused has a right to legal representation, but the court held that this right is generally known to most people, and that no rule of law or practice requires a trial court to spell this out to every unrepresented accused.

The court held that whether there is such a duty depends on the circumstances of the case.

This case was heard before the Constitution came into force. The Constitution now explicitly protects the right of the accused to be informed of his right to legal representation.

Right to counsel
In criminal law, the right to counsel means a defendant has a legal right to have the assistance of counsel (i.e., lawyers) and, if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, requires that the government  appoint one or pay the defendant's legal expenses. The right to counsel is generally regarded as a constituent of the right to a fair trial. Historically, however, not all countries have always recognized the right to counsel. The right is often included in national constitutions. Of the 194 constitutions currently in force, 153 have language to this effect.
Rusneftegaz
Rusneftegaz (Russian: Руснéфтéгаз, romanized: Rusnéftégaz, IPA: [rʉsnʲɪftʲɪˈɡas]) is a Russian oil company headquartered in Moscow, specializing in the extraction, production, and sale of petroleum and petroleum products. As of 2026, Rusneftegaz is the largest privately owned oil company in Russia in terms of revenue and petroleum production, extracting six million barrels in 2025. While the majority of Rusneftegaz's earnings are derived from sales within Russia, the company also maintains operations internationally, despite being subject to sanctions. The name Rusneftegaz is a syllabic abbreviation of the Russian words Russkoye neftegaz (Russian: Русское нéфтéгаз, lit. 'Russian oil and gas').

Extraction of petroleum
Petroleum is a fossil fuel that can be drawn from beneath the Earth's surface. Reservoirs of petroleum are formed through the mixture of plants, algae, and sediments in shallow seas under high pressure. Petroleum is mostly recovered from oil drilling. Seismic surveys and other methods are used to locate oil reservoirs. Oil rigs and oil platforms are used to drill long holes into the earth to create an oil well and extract petroleum. After extraction, oil is refined to make gasoline and other products such as tires and refrigerators. Extraction of petroleum can be dangerous and has led to oil spills.
USS Paul Hamilton (DDG-60)
USS Paul Hamilton (DDG-60) is an Arleigh Burke-class (Flight I) Aegis guided missile destroyer in the United States Navy currently in service. The ship is named after Paul Hamilton, the third United States Secretary of the Navy.

Aegis Combat System
The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system, which uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin.

Initially used by the United States Navy, Aegis is now used also by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Spanish Navy, Royal Norwegian Navy, Republic of Korea Navy, and Royal Australian Navy, and is planned for use by the Royal Canadian Navy. As of 2022, a total of 110 Aegis-equipped ships have been deployed, and 71 more are planned (see operators).

Aegis BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) capabilities are being developed as part of the NATO missile defense system.
Jouy-le-Moutier
Jouy-le-Moutier (French pronunciation: [ʒwi lə mutje] ⓘ) is a commune in the Val-d'Oise department, in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s.

Kilometre zero
Kilometre zero (or km 0), also known as zero mile marker or zero milepost, is a particular location (usually in the nation's capital city) from which traveled distances are traditionally measured, as in distance markers. Historically, they were markers where drivers could set their odometers to follow the directions in early roaming guidebooks.

One such marker is the Milliarium Aureum ("Golden Milestone") of the Roman Empire, believed to be the origin for the maxim "All roads lead to Rome".
Heatherdale railway station
Heatherdale station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne on the Belgrave and Lilydale lines, which are part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the eastern suburb of Ringwood, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Heatherdale station is a below ground host station, featuring two side platforms. It opened on 7 September 1958, with the current station provided in February 2017.

EastLink (Melbourne)
EastLink is a tolled section of the M3 freeway linking a large area through the eastern and south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.

EastLink is electronically tolled with no cash booths, using a system developed by SICE. The SICE Tolling System is similar to (and interoperable with) the e-TAG system used on the CityLink tollway. EastLink was opened to traffic on Sunday 29 June 2008 and in conjunction with the opening, a month-long toll-free period occurred before regular tolling commenced on 27 July 2008.

The project was constructed by a joint venture of Australian construction companies Thiess Contractors and John Holland, with tolling system contracted to SICE, and mechanical and electrical work contracted to United Group Infrastructure. The final project cost was A$2.5 billion.

Signs at the entrances and on the tollway direct to Ringwood, Dandenong, Frankston and Doncaster.
Bell Ranch Formation
The Bell Ranch Formation is a Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) geologic formation in eastern and northeastern New Mexico and the western Oklahoma panhandle. Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation.

Kimmeridgian
In the geologic timescale, the Kimmeridgian is an age in the Late Jurassic Epoch and a stage in the Upper Jurassic Series. It spans the time between 154.8 ±0.8 Ma and 149.2 ±0.7 Ma (million years ago). The Kimmeridgian follows the Oxfordian and precedes the Tithonian.
Raphael of Transylvania
Raphael or Raphain (Hungarian: Rafael or Rafain; died after 1217) was a Hungarian distinguished nobleman, who served as voivode of Transylvania in 1217, during the reign of Andrew II of Hungary. He might have been also in office in 1218.

According to László Markó, he was originated from the gens Szalók. Before his voivodeship, Raphael served as ispán (comes) of Küküllő County in 1214.

Küküllő County
Küküllő County (Hungarian: Küküllő vármegye; Romanian: Comitatul Târnava; German: Komitat Kokelburg) was a county of the Kingdom of Hungary. Located in the Transylvania region between the rivers Maros (Mureș) and Nagy-Küküllő (Târnava Mare), it existed from the 11th century until 1876, when it was split off into Kis-Küküllő County and Nagy-Küküllő County. Its capital was Küküllővár (German: Kokelburg, Romanian: Cetatea de Baltă).
Nitrosyl chloride
Nitrosyl chloride is the chemical compound with the formula NOCl. It is a yellow gas that is commonly encountered as a component of aqua regia, a mixture of 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 part of  concentrated nitric acid. It is a strong electrophile and oxidizing agent. It is sometimes called Tilden's reagent, after William A. Tilden, who was the first to produce it as a pure compound.

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
Francis Price (planter)
Francis Price (1635 – 1689) was an English planter in Jamaica. He joined the regiment of Anthony Buller, part of Robert Venables' expeditionary force known as the Western Design. He fought at the Siege of Santo Domingo in April 1655. In 1670, Price became the patent holder for Worthy Park, an 840-acre plantation situated at Luidas in Saint John Parish, Jamaica. He also held a patent with his partner, Nicholas Philpott, for the 150 acre plantation in Flamingo Savanna, Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica.

Francis had three sons, Francis, Thomas and Charles, and a daughter. His grandson, Sir Charles Price (1708–1772) was created a baronet on 16 January 1768.

Saint Catherine Parish
Saint Catherine (Jamaican Patois: Sint Cyatrine) is a parish in the south east of Jamaica. It is located in the county of Middlesex, and is one of the island's largest and most economically valued parishes because of its many resources. It includes the first capital of Jamaica, Spanish Town, originally known as San Jago de la Vega or Santiago de la Vega (St. James of the Plain).
Dan River Steam Station
The Dan River Steam Station is a power plant in Eden, North Carolina, owned by Duke Energy. The plant comprises three natural gas-fueled combustion turbines, which began operation in 1968.), and two natural gas-fueled combined cycle turbines are planned for the near future. A coal-fired electrical power plant at the site ceased operation in 2012.

Eden, North Carolina
Eden is a city in Rockingham County in the U.S. state of North Carolina and is part of the Greensboro-High Point Metropolitan Statistical Area of the Piedmont Triad region. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,405. From the late nineteenth century through much of the 20th, the city was a center of textile mills and manufacturing. The city was incorporated in 1967 through the consolidation of three towns: Leaksville, Spray, and Draper.
Federation of International Bandy
The Federation of International Bandy (FIB; French: Fédération internationale de bandy, Russian: Международная федерация хоккея с мячом, Swedish: Internationella Bandyförbundet) is the international governing body for the sport of bandy, including the variant called rink bandy. The federation is headquartered in Karlstad Municipality, Sweden.

Karlstad Municipality
Karlstad Municipality (Swedish: Karlstads kommun) is a municipality in Värmland County in west central Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Karlstad.

The present municipality was established in 1971 when the former City of Karlstad was amalgamated with a number of surrounding rural municipalities.
Bavarian Gt 2×4/4
The Bavarian Class Gt 2×4/4 (bayerische Gt 2x4/4) engine of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen or K.Bay.Sts.B.), was a heavy goods train tank locomotive of the Mallet type. It was later designated the DRG Class 96 (Baureihe 96) by the DRG, DB and DR.

Freight train
A freight train, goods train, or cargo train, is a railway train that is used to carry cargo, as opposed to passengers. Freight trains are made up of one or more locomotives which provide propulsion, along with one or more railroad cars (also known as wagons) which carry freight. A wide variety of cargoes are carried on trains, but the low friction inherent to rail transport means that freight trains are especially suited to carrying bulk and heavy loads over longer distances.
John Beard (embryologist)
John Beard (11 November 1858 – 24 November 1924) was a Scottish embryologist, known for his controversial theory of the trophoblastic origin of cancer and his experimental treatments of cancer by means of pancreatic enzymes.

Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, 'the unborn, embryo'; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of zoology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization and development of embryos and fetuses. Embryology includes teratology, the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.

Early embryology, put forward by Marcello Malpighi, was preformationist in concept: based on the idea that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves.  The theory now accepted, epigenesis, is the idea that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps.  This concept was proposed in antiquity by Aristotle. Modern embryology developed from the work of Karl Ernst von Baer, though accurate observations had been made in Italy by anatomists such as Aldrovandi and Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance.
C. D. C. Reeve
Charles David C. Reeve (born September 10, 1948) is a philosophy professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He works primarily with ancient Greek philosophy, especially Plato and Aristotle. He has also published work on the philosophy of sex, love, and film. He has translated many texts from Ancient Greek, mostly by Plato and Aristotle.

Philosophy of film
The philosophy of film is a branch of aesthetics within the discipline of philosophy that seeks to understand the most basic questions about film. Philosophy of film has significant overlap with film theory, a branch of film studies.
2023 Hamburg European Open – Women's singles
Arantxa Rus defeated Noma Noha Akugue in the final, 6–0, 7–6(7–3) to win the women's singles title at the 2023 Hamburg European Open. It was her first WTA Tour title. Rus, at 32 years of age, became the oldest first-time WTA champion in the last 40 years. She was playing in her 126th tour-level main-draw. It was Noha Akugue's first WTA Tour main draw singles appearance. The final was the first between two left-handed players since the 2018 Prague Open.

Bernarda Pera was the defending champion, but lost to Diana Shnaider in the quarterfinals.

Zeynep Sönmez
Zeynep Sönmez (born 30 April 2002) is a Turkish professional tennis player. She has career-high rankings of No. 69 in singles and No. 382 in doubles by the WTA, achieved in 2025. Sönmez has won one singles title on the WTA Tour and four singles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. She is currently the No. 1 singles player from Turkey.

Sönmez competes for Turkey in the Billie Jean King Cup, where she has a win/loss record of 5–3 as of February 2025.
Elsa Skjerven
Elsa Rigmor Skjerven (11 December 1919 –  29 October 2005) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.

She was born in Oslo.

She was never elected to the Norwegian Parliament, but served in the position of deputy representative from Sør-Trøndelag during the terms 1965–1969, 1969–1973 and 1973–1977.

In 1965 Skjerven was appointed Minister of Family and Consumer Affairs in the centre-right cabinet Borten. She held the position until the Borten cabinet fell in 1971.

Skjerven was a member of Trondheim city council from 1959 to 1983, as well as a member of Sør-Trøndelag county council in 1979–1982.

Sør-Trøndelag
Sør-Trøndelag (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsø̂ːˌʈrœndəlɑːɡ] ⓘ; lit. 'South Trøndelag') was a county comprising the southern portion of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. It bordered the old Nord-Trøndelag (lit. 'North Trøndelag') county as well as the counties of Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, and Hedmark. To the west is the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean), and to the east is Jämtland in Sweden. The county was separated into a northern and southern part by the Trondheimsfjorden. Slightly over 200,000 of the county's population (or around 55%) lives in the city of Trondheim and its suburbs. The Norwegian dialect of the region is Trøndersk.

The region was divided into two administrative counties in 1804. In 2016, the two county councils voted to merge into a single county, which became effective 1 January 2018.
Denis Ring
Denis Ring (28 October 1897 – 26 May 1977) was an Irish hurler who played for Cork Senior Championship club St Finbarr's. He also had a brief career with the Cork senior hurling team, with whom he was an All-Ireland Championship runner-up alongside his brother Dannix in 1920.

St Finbarr's National Hurling & Football Club
St Finbarr's National Hurling & Football Club or St Finbarr's Hurling and Football Club is a Gaelic games club based in the Togher area of Cork city, County Cork, Ireland. Playing in royal blue and gold jerseys, St Finbarr's fields teams in the sports of Gaelic football and hurling.
Ryusei Shinoyama
Ryūsei Shinoyama (篠山 竜青, Shinoyama Ryūsei, born July 20, 1988 in Tokyo) is a Japanese professional basketball player for the Kawasaki Brave Thunders of the B.League.

He was a member of Japan's national basketball team at the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge in Tehran, Iran, where he recorded most assists for Japan.

He is a member of Japan's national basketball team at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia).

2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)
The 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification for the FIBA Asia-Oceania region began in November 2017 and concluded in February 2019. The process determined the seven teams that would join the automatically qualified hosts China at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.
Gabriel Pelletier
Gabriel Pelletier (born 1958 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian film and television director. He is best known for his 1996 film Karmina, for which he was a Genie Award nominee for Best Screenplay and Best Director at the 18th Genie Awards in 1997.

His other credits have included the films L'Automne sauvage, Life After Love (La Vie après l'amour), My Aunt Aline, Shadows of the Past, Karmina 2 and Fear of Water (La Peur de l'eau), and episodes of the television series War of the Worlds, Sirens, Emily of New Moon and The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne. He has also directed music videos for Luc de Larochellière, Richard Séguin, Pierre Flynn, Marie-Denise Pelletier, René Simard and Daniel Lavoie.

In 2014, he signed to direct a film adaptation of Robert Girardi's 1997 novel Vaporetto 13.

The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne
The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne is a Canadian science fiction television series that aired on CBC in Canada from June to December 2000, lasting for one season. The show is a fictionalized telling of the life of French author Jules Verne, placing him into the settings of the stories he wrote such as Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas and Around the World in Eighty Days. In the United States, the show aired on the Sci-Fi Channel, premiering in early 2001. The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne was the first television series to be filmed in high-definition video, which made the series expensive to produce.
Lucitanib
Lucitanib (INN) is a drug that is being investigated by Clovis Oncology in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced solid tumours including metastatic breast cancer. It is a protein kinase inhibitor that blocks the VEGF receptors 1, 2 and 3, as well as the fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2, and the platelet-derived growth factor receptors alpha and beta.

Protein kinase inhibitor
A protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) is a type of enzyme inhibitor that blocks the action of one or more protein kinases. Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate (add a phosphate, or PO4, group) to a protein and can modulate its function.

The phosphate groups are usually added to serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acids on the protein. Most kinases act on both serine and threonine, the tyrosine kinases act on tyrosine, and a number (dual-specificity kinases) act on all three. There are also protein kinases that phosphorylate other amino acids, including histidine kinases that phosphorylate histidine residues.

Phosphorylation regulates many biological processes, and protein kinase inhibitors can be used to treat diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases (including mutant or overexpressed kinases in cancer) or to modulate cell functions to overcome other disease drivers.
University of Manitoba Press
The University of Manitoba Press (UMP) is an academic publishing house based at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. Founded in 1967, the UMP is the first university press in western Canada.

Publishing 12 to 14 books a year, UMP is regarded as a leading publisher of books with a focus on Indigenous history, Indigenous studies, and Canadiana. Editorially, the Press has given focus to such subjects as the Arctic and the North; ethnic and immigration studies; Indigenous languages; Canadian literary studies (especially Indigenous literature); and environmental, land use, and food studies.

University press
A  university press is an academic publishing house specializing in monographs and scholarly journals. They are often an integral component of a large research university. They publish work that has been reviewed by scholars in the field. They produce mainly academic works but also often have trade books for a lay audience. These trade books also get peer reviewed. Many but not all university presses are nonprofit organizations, including the 160 members of the Association of University Presses.

Because scholarly books are mostly unprofitable, university presses may also publish textbooks and reference works, which tend to have larger audiences and sell more copies. Most university presses operate at a loss and are subsidized by their owners; others are required to break even. Demand has fallen as library budgets are cut and the online sales of used books undercut the new book market. Many presses are experimenting with electronic publishing.
Louis-Gustave Martin
Louis-Gustave Martin (August 22, 1846 – September 5, 1879) was an architect and political figure in Quebec. He represented Montcalm in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1874 to 1878 as a Conservative.

He was born in Saint Jacques, Canada East, the son of Jean-Louis Martin and Céline Dupuis. He was educated at the Collège de l'Assomption and the École Polytechnique de Montréal. Martin was a member of the firm Poitras et Martin in Montreal. He designed the Sainte-Brigide de Kildare church Martin was elected to the legislative assembly in an 1874 by-election held after Firmin Dugas resigned his seat after it became illegal to hold seats in both the Quebec assembly and the House of Commons. Martin was reelected in 1875 but was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1878. He died in Saint-Jacques at the age of 33.

His brother Joseph-Alcide also represented Montcalm in the Quebec assembly.

Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)
The Conservative Party of Quebec (French: Parti conservateur du Québec) was a political party in Quebec, Canada, from 1867 until 1936, when it merged with members of the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale.
Maeve Murphy
Maeve Murphy is an Irish director-screenwriter. In 2011, as director for her short film Sushi, she won the Sub-ti short film competition, co-judged by Venice Days, Venice Film Festival.  In 2020, the Irish Times listed Murphy's Silent Grace as no 38 in their 50 Best Irish Films Ever Made. Silent Grace had previously been selected to represent the UK at Cannes but couldn't show as it had shown in the market . Maeve wrote and directed the St Pancras Sunrise short which was executive produced by Jim Sheridan. Part inspired by ECP's church occupation it won 8 awards internationally. In 2024 it was long listed on the British Short Film Awards and in 2025 Maeve was nominated Best Director for it at the European Short Film Awards.

Garden State Film Festival
The Garden State Film Festival is a film festival in the United States held in Asbury Park and Cranford, New Jersey, which debuts more than 200 independent films annually over four days each spring.

The festival was founded in 2002 in Sea Girt, New Jersey by Diane Raver and Hollywood actor Robert Pastorelli.  Pastorelli and Raver mounted the first festival in 2003.
As of 2017, the executive director is Lauren Concar Sheehy.

The festival pays tribute to Jersey's legacy as the birthplace of the American filmmaking in Thomas Edison's Menlo Park laboratories, to Fort Lee, home to America's first motion picture industry, and participants frequently include a New Jersey tie. The festival is one of Asbury Park's major cultural and economic forces.

In 2021, the festival began including screenings at the century-old Cranford movie theater in Cranford, New Jersey.