hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Muğla Museum
Muğla Museum is a museum in Muğla, Turkey. It is a general purpose museum combining natural history, archaeology and ethnography. The museum building, which is located on Müştak Bey street, is the former prison of Muğla city. The building was restored and opened as a museum in 1994.

One section of the museum exhibits the fossils of animals that lived 5-9 million years ago (i.e., Turolian period) from Kaklıcatepe, a hill close to Muğla. Another section focuses on archaeology; finds from excavations in Stratonicea excavations are exhibited in this area. There is also a skeleton of a gladiator. In ethnography section clothes and everyday tools from Muğla area are exhibited. There are 5460 items in the museum.

Turolian
The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian and Messinian ages.

References
Raye-sur-Authie
Raye-sur-Authie is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Montreuil-sur-Mer, on the river Authie, the border with the Somme department.

Authie (river)
The Authie (French pronunciation: [o.ti] ⓘ; Picard: Eutie; (West Flemish: Otie)) is a river in northern France whose 108-kilometre (67 mi) course crosses the departement of the Pas-de-Calais and the Somme. Its source is near the village of Coigneux. It flows through the towns of Doullens, Auxi-le-Château, Nempont-Saint-Firmin and Nampont, finally flowing out into the Channel near Berck.

Its steady flow has attracted mankind for many centuries, developing an agricultural environment that is still dominant today. The valley of the Authie, with many towns, villages, abbeys and chateaux, holds a rich architectural heritage alongside the banks of the river, while the river mouth forms a sizeable bay between Fort-Mahon-Plage and Berck, typical of  Picardy estuaries. The area is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna.
CBXFT-DT
CBXFT-DT (channel 11) is an Ici Radio-Canada Télé station in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, serving the province's Franco-Albertan population. It is part of a twinstick with CBC Television station CBXT-DT (channel 5). The two stations share studios at the Edmonton City Centre (across from Churchill Square) in Downtown Edmonton; CBXFT-DT's transmitter is located in Sherwood Park.

Churchill Square (Edmonton)
Churchill Square (officially "Sir Winston Churchill Square") is the main downtown square in Edmonton, Alberta, which plays host to a large number of festivals and events including: the Edmonton International Street Performers Festival, Edmonton Fashion Week, The Works Art & Design Festival, Taste of Edmonton, Cariwest, and Edmonton Pride.
Wolong National Nature Reserve
Wolong National Nature Reserve (from Chinese 卧龙; wòlóng; 'crouching dragon'), officially known as Wolong Special Administrative Region, is a national protected area in Wenchuan County in China. It was established in 1963 with an initial size of about 20,000 ha (49,000 acres). It was expanded in 1975 to an area of about 200,000 ha (490,000 acres) in the Qionglai Mountains region. It hosts over 4,000 species. In 2006, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

According to China's Third National Giant Panda Survey, about 150 wild giant pandas live in Wolong National Nature Reserve. The reserve is also a home to many other endangered species including snow leopards, red pandas, golden snub-nosed monkeys and  white-lipped deer. Before the devastating 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Wolong received up to 200,000 visitors every year.

The reserve became part of the Giant Panda National Park in 2020.

Giant Panda National Park
Giant Panda National Park (Chinese: 大熊猫国家公园) is a national park of China. It is a large protected area within the Sichuan, Gansu, and Shaanxi provinces of China. Established in 2020, the park is made up of 67 nature reserves and is 27,134 km2 (10,476 sq mi) in size, making it more than three times the size of Yellowstone National Park.

The main purpose of the national park is to protect China's small giant panda population. The park's area is home to 1,864 giant pandas, which makes up 80% of the species' population in China. This amount accounts for most of the population of giant pandas worldwide. This includes the estimated 100 to 350 individuals of the Qinling panda subspecies housed in the park.
Tahir Pasha Mahmud Bey-zade
Tahir Pasha Mahmud Bey-zade (Turkish: Tahir Paşa Mahmud Bey-zâde, Serbian: Тахир-паша Махмудбеговић; fl. 1711–18) was an Ottoman governor (mutasarrıf), the sanjak-bey of Dukakin (or İpek). In 1711, he and his nephew Ahmed fought at the Moldavian battlefield. In 1717 to 18, he was appointed by the government to deal with the rebellious Serb rayah in the Sanjak of Vučitrn (see Uprising in Vučitrn).

Rayah
The rayah or reaya[a] was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri (military) and kul (slaves, including Janissaries). Ottoman subjects were initially divided into roughly two taxable classes, the military class (askeri) and working class (rayah). The term was attributed to the peasant tax-paying subjects of the Timariots, active until the disintegration of the timar system in the 16th century. A clear social distinction was made between the Muslim and Christian rayah, with legal and religious discrimination against the latter, viewed of as infidels (giaour). Although the term initially and generally was used to encompass all of the subject lower class (taxed Muslims, Christians and Jews), it was particularly attributed to the Christian (also called zimmi), mostly Eastern Orthodox communities (the Rum Millet) in the Balkans (Rumelia).
MAC times
MAC times are pieces of file system metadata which record when certain events pertaining to a computer file occurred most recently. The events are usually described as "modification" (the data in the file was modified), "access" (some part of the file was read), and "metadata change" (the file's permissions or ownership were modified), although the acronym is derived from the "mtime", "atime", and "ctime" structures maintained by Unix file systems. Windows file systems do not update ctime when a file's metadata is changed, instead using the field to record the time when a file was first created, known as "creation time" or "birth time". Some other systems also record birth times for files, but there is no standard name for this metadata; ZFS, for example, stores birth time in a field called "crtime". MAC times are commonly used in computer forensics. The name Mactime was originally coined by Dan Farmer, who wrote a tool with the same name.

Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is data that defines and describes the characteristics of other data.  It often helps to describe, explain, locate, or otherwise make data easier to retrieve, use, or manage. For example, the title, author, and publication date of a book are metadata about the book. But, while a data asset is finite, its metadata is infinite.

As such, efforts to define, classify types, or structure metadata are expressed as examples in the context of its use. The term "metadata" has a history dating to the 1960s where it occurred in computer science and in popular culture. Different types of metadata serve different functions. For example, descriptive metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, file size and keywords.
Longyao Road station
Longyao Road (simplified Chinese: 龙耀路; traditional Chinese: 龍耀路; pinyin: Lóngyào Lù) is a station on Line 11 of the Shanghai Metro. It opened on August 31, 2013.

The station is located in Longhua Subdistrict, Xuhui District, Shanghai, and is the first station in Puxi when travelling northwest-bound from Pudong.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
Roots of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Roots of the Cuban Missile Crisis is a 48-minute 2001 Cold War documentary by New Line Home Video with "film footage from the era [and] newly created interviews covering U.S./Soviet relations from post-WWII Europe through the end of the crisis". The documentary is a "Beyond the Movie feature" on the infinifilm DVD for the movie Thirteen Days and synthesizes archival footage and still photography, interviews, Trinity and Beyond documentary scenes, and Thirteen Days movie scenes and sequences (many with archival footage).

Topics regarding the crisis' roots covered by the film include the 1938 Munich Agreement, Yalta Conference, British withdrawal from Greece & Turkey, Berlin Airlift, Bomber Gap, Kennedy-Nixon Debate, Cuban Revolution, Missile Gap, Bay of Pigs Invasion, and Crateology. The last third of the film covers events of the crisis (e.g., Operation Ortsac, EXCOMM, Kennedy Presidential recordings) and includes film dramatized scenes from Thirteen Days.

Bomber gap
The bomber gap was the Cold War belief that the Soviet Union's Long Range Aviation department had gained an advantage in deploying jet-powered strategic bombers. Widely accepted for several years by US officials, the gap was used as a political talking point in the United States to justify a great increase in defense spending.

Two main causes of the gap were the 1955 Soviet Aviation Day, which created the appearance of a larger bomber fleet than actually existed, and a 1956 U-2 surveillance mission which counted the number of bombers at a single Soviet airbase and extrapolated from that to an estimate of an entire bomber fleet, when in fact the entire bomber fleet was at the airbase in question. In response to these estimates, the US Air Force undertook a massive buildup of its bomber fleet, which peaked at over 2500 bombers to counter the perceived Soviet threat.

By 1960, subsequent U-2 surveillance flights had proven that the bomber gap did not exist.
Bismarck white-eye
The Bismarck white-eye or black-headed white-eye (Zosterops hypoxanthus) is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to the Bismarck Archipelago in Papua New Guinea, where it occurs in New Britain, New Ireland and a number of smaller islands. It is sometimes considered to be the same species as the black-fronted white-eye of the mainland of New Guinea. The species is found in forests, forest edges, secondary forest, gardens and plantations, generally in hill and mountain areas and more rarely down to sea level.

The species has a black face, dark olive neck, back and wings, and olive rump with a black tail (paler in some subspecies), and bright yellow undersides. The white eye-ring is bright but incomplete, broken at the front. The plumage of the male and female are similar.

Bismarck Archipelago
The Bismarck Archipelago (German: Bismarck-Archipel, pronounced [ˈbɪsmaʁk ˌaʁçiˈpeːl]) is a group of islands located just off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean, part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea. Its area is about 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi).
Dachung Gyang
Dagwom Dachung Gyang was the very first head of the Berom peoples who reigned over the other Berom districts in Riyom from 1935 to 1941. Bearing the royal title of Dagwom Berom, it was the same traditional stool that will later with the sanctioning of the government of British Colonial Nigeria evolve into the modern Gbong Gwom Jos monarchical institution.

Riyom
Riyom is a Local Government Area in Plateau State, Nigeria. It was carved out of the old Barkin Ladi Local Government Area on 1 October 1996 by the Federal Military Government of General Sani Abacha. It is headquartered in the town of Riyom to the north of the area at 9°38′00″N 8°46′00″E﻿ / ﻿9.63333°N 8.76667°E﻿ / 9.63333; 8.76667.

It has an area of 807 km2 (312 sq mi) and a population of 131,557 at the 2006 census, which is predominantly Berom. The LGA has boundaries with Kaduna and Nasarawa State. Riyom is the birthplace of all Berom peoples.

It is the gateway to the State when coming from the East and from Abuja. Riyom is also the site of the famous Riyom rocks formation that is featured in many things Plateau and has become a trademark of the state.

The postal code of the area is 931.
Aspergillus igneus
Aspergillus igneus (also known as Neosartorya aurata) is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Fumigati section. The species was first described in 1989. It has been reported to produce helvolic acid.

Helvolic acid
Helvolic acid is a steroidal antibiotic compound classified as a fusidane-type nortriterpenoid. It is a tetracyclic steroid acid characterized by a 29-nordammarane skeleton, which is substituted with acetoxy groups at positions C-6 and C-16, oxo groups at C-3 and C-7, and double bonds at C-1, C-17(20), and C-24. Its molecular formula is C33H44O8.
Lee Han-wi
Lee Han-wi (born June 17, 1961) is a South Korean actor. Since his acting debut in 1983, Lee has become a prolific supporting actor on Korean film and television. He is particularly known for his mastery of ad-libbing.

Ad libitum
In music and other performing arts, the phrase ad libitum (/æd ˈlɪbɪtəm/; Latin for 'at one's pleasure' or 'as you desire'), often shortened to "ad lib" (as an adjective or adverb) or "ad-lib" (as a verb or noun), refers to various forms of improvisation.

The roughly synonymous phrase a bene placito ('in accordance with [one's] good pleasure') is less common but, in its Italian form a piacere, has entered the musical lingua franca (see below).

The phrase "at liberty" is often associated mnemonically (because of the alliteration of the lib- syllable), although it is not the translation (there is no cognation between libitum and liber). Libido is the etymologically closer cognate known in English.

In biology and nutrition, the phrase is used to describe feeding without restriction.
Murders of Oluwatoyin Salau and Victoria Sims
On June 13, 2020, two community activists local to the Tallahassee area, 19-year old Oluwatoyin Salau and 75-year old Victoria Sims, were found murdered in Tallahassee, Florida.

The suspect, Aaron Glee Jr., who was 49 at the time of the murders, was arrested and charged with first-degree  murder and felony murder among other charges. He pleaded guilty to first-degree murder and kidnapping to avoid the death penalty, which the prosecution sought. However, Glee was sentenced to life in prison on September 22, 2023.

Capital punishment in Florida
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida.

Since 1976, the state has executed 127 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of February 24, 2026, 250 offenders are awaiting execution.
Shadow Cabinet of Athol Trollip
The Democratic Alliance retained their position as official opposition in South Africa following the 2009 general elections and announced their shadow cabinet on May 15.

The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet was led by Athol Trollip who succeeded Sandra Botha as the Democratic Alliance's parliamentary leader. Trollip represented party leader Helen Zille, who was serving as Premier of the Western Cape. The Shadow Cabinet included the Democratic Alliance's Federal Executive Chairperson James Selfe, former President of AgriSA Lourie Bosman, CODESA negotiator Dene Smuts, along with former Fulbright Scholars Sej Motau and Wilmot James, former Rhodes Scholar Gareth Morgan and Harvard Mason Fellow David Maynier.

The shadow cabinet was succeeded by the Shadow Cabinet of Lindiwe Mazibuko.

Sej Motau
Sejamothopo "Sej" Motau (born 18 July 1943) is a politician, journalist, communications and corporate affairs expert, and a former Fulbright Scholar. He was South Africa's Shadow Minister of Presidency, and a Member of Parliament for the opposition Democratic Alliance. From 2009 to 2012, he was the Shadow Minister of Energy.

Motau is a former journalist with the Pretoria News and The Star, and holds undergraduate and honours degrees from the University of South Africa, and a master's degree in journalism from the University of California, Berkeley.

Motau has worked as divisional manager of corporate affairs at Mercedes-Benz South Africa, and as head of corporate affairs at Transnet and Sasol. He worked as an independent communications consultant prior to joining the Democratic Alliance.

Motau left parliament at the 2019 general election.
Kinderhook Creek
Kinderhook Creek is a 49.0-mile-long (78.9 km) tributary to Stockport Creek, an inlet of the Hudson River in the United States. From its source in Hancock, Massachusetts, the creek runs southwest through the Taconic Mountains into Rensselaer County, New York, and then into Columbia County. It flows through the towns of Stephentown, New Lebanon, Nassau, Chatham, Kinderhook and Stuyvesant to its mouth at Stockport Creek in the town of Stockport.

Kinderhook Creek has a drainage area of over 329 square miles (850 km2).

Stephentown, New York
Stephentown is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. The population was 2,791 at the 2020 census. The town, which was originally Jericho Hallow in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was renamed for Stephen Van Rensselaer. The town is located in the southeastern corner of the county, and has a sign proclaiming it to be the only Stephentown on Earth.
Battle of Madurai (1656)
The Battle of Madurai in 1656 was fought between the forces of Kingdom of Mysore and the Madurai Nayaks, with strong support from the Maravars. The Mysore army first made gains and advanced close to Madurai creating fear in the city. At this critical moment the Maravar king Raghunatha Sethupathi came to the Nayak’s aid with a large force which changed the course of the battle. After fierce fighting and heavy losses on both sides the Mysore army was defeated and driven back towards Dindigul.

Tirumala Nayaka
Tirumala Nayaka (reigned 1623 – 16 February 1659) was the ruler of Madurai Nayak Dynasty from 1623 and 1659. His contributions are found in the many splendid buildings and temples of Madurai. He belongs to Balija caste. His kingdom was under constant threat from the armies of Bijapur Sultanate and the other neighbouring Muslim kingdoms, which he managed to repulse successfully. His territories comprised much of the old Pandya territories which included Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Madurai districts, Aragalur in southern Tamil Nadu and some territories of the Travancore kingdom.

Tirumala Nayaka was a great patron of art and architecture and the Dravidian architecture evolved into the Madurai style. He rebuilt and renovated a number of old temples of the Pandya period. His palace, known as the Tirumala Nayaka Palace, is a notable architectural masterpiece.
Beslan Bartsits
Beslan Konstantinovich Bartsits (Russian: Беслан Константинович Барциц; born 23 July 1977) is a former Prime Minister of Abkhazia, having been appointed by President Raul Khajimba on 5 August 2016 with his term ending 25 April 2018. He previously served as head of the presidential administration, head of Gagra District and Member of Parliament.

Gagra District
Gagra District is a district of Abkhazia. It corresponds to the Georgian district by the same name. In medieval times, it was known as the southern part of Sadzen. It is located in the western part of Abkhazia, and the river Psou serves as a border with the Krasnodar Krai territory in Russia. The district’s capital is also called Gagra.
Mickey Mouse (comic book)
Mickey Mouse (briefly Mickey Mouse and Friends) is a Disney comic book series that has a long-running history, first appearing in 1943 as part of the Four Color one-shot series. It received its own numbering system with issue #28 (December 1952).

The book emphasizes stories with Mickey and his supporting cast: Goofy, Donald Duck, Minnie Mouse, Pluto and Mickey's nephews Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse. Mickey's perpetual rival is the criminal Peg-Leg Pete (sometimes "Black Pete", "Sneaky Pete" or "Big Bad Pete"). Other adversaries have included Emil Eagle, Eli Squinch, Sylvester Shyster, the team of Dangerous Dan McBoo and Idjit the Midget, and the Phantom Blot. Two major artistic influences on the appearance of Mickey in comics are Floyd Gottfredson, who drew the Mickey Mouse comic strip from 1930 to 1975, and comic book artist Paul Murry, who drew Mickey stories from 1950 to 1984.

Floyd Gottfredson
Arthur Floyd Gottfredson (May 5, 1905 – July 22, 1986) was an American cartoonist best known for his defining work on the Mickey Mouse comic strip, which he worked on from 1930 until his retirement in 1975. His contribution to Mickey Mouse comics is comparable to Carl Barks's on the Donald Duck comics. 17 years after his death, his memory was honored with the Disney Legends award in 2003 and induction into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006.
Central Indian campaign of 1858
The Central India Campaign was one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. The British Army and Bombay Army overcame a disunited collection of states in a single rapid campaign, although determined rebels continued a guerrilla campaign until the spring of 1859.

Kumaon Regiment
The Kumaon Regiment is one of the oldest infantry regiments of the Indian Army. The regiment traces its origins to the 18th century and has fought in every major campaign of the British Indian Army and the Indian Army, including the two world wars, and is one of the highest decorated regiments of the Indian Army.
Zhao Zong-Yuan
Zhao Zong-Yuan (simplified Chinese: 赵宗辕; traditional Chinese: 趙宗轅; pinyin: Zhào Zōngyuán; born 26 June 1986) is an Australian chess Grandmaster. As of September 2019, he was the third-ranked active chess player in Australia.

Khanty-Mansiysk
Khanty-Mansiysk (Russian: Ха́нты-Манси́йск; Khanty: Ёмвоҷ, Jomvoćś; Mansi: Абга, Abga) is a city in west-central Siberia in Russia. Technically, it is situated on the eastern bank of the Irtysh River, 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from its confluence with the Ob, in the oil-rich region of Western Siberia. Though it is an independent city, Khanty-Mansiysk also functions as the administrative centre of Khanty-Mansiysky District, and the administrative center of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra.

With 101,466 estimated inhabitants, Khanty-Mansiysk is among Russia's few regional capitals that are not the largest cities in their surrounding area, as it is surpassed in population by Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk and Nefteyugansk.
Martín Olleta
Martín Olleta was a Chono chieftain who was an important broker between Spanish authorities in Chiloé Archipelago and indigenous people of the fjords and channels of Patagonia. He is known for rescuing the survivors of the wreck of HMS Wager in 1742. He was identified as chieftain by the British and referred to as "gobernadorcillo de dicha nación chonos" ("little governor of the Chono nation") by the Spanish governor of Chiloé Victoriano Martínez de Tineo. He used a rod with a silver handle as symbol of authority.

Fjords and channels of Chile
The southern coast of Chile presents a large number of fjords and fjord-like channels from the latitudes of Cape Horn (55° S) to Reloncaví Estuary (42° S). Some fjords and channels are important navigable channels providing access to ports like Punta Arenas, Puerto Chacabuco, and Puerto Natales.