hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galois geometry
Galois geometry (named after the 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois) is the branch of finite geometry that is concerned with algebraic and analytic geometry over a finite field (or Galois field). More narrowly, a Galois geometry may be defined as a projective space over a finite field.

Objects of study include affine and projective spaces over finite fields and various structures that are contained in them. In particular, arcs, ovals, hyperovals, unitals, blocking sets, ovoids, caps, spreads and all finite analogues of structures found in non-finite geometries. Vector spaces defined over finite fields play a significant role, especially in construction methods.

Oval
An oval (from Latin  ovum 'egg') is a closed curve in a plane which resembles the outline of an egg. The term is not very specific, but in some areas of mathematics (projective geometry, technical drawing, etc.), it is given a more precise definition, which may include either one or two axes of symmetry of an ellipse. In common English, the term is used in a broader sense: any shape which reminds one of an egg. The three-dimensional version of an oval is called an ovoid.
Two-stream instability
The two-stream instability is a very common instability in plasma physics. It can be induced by an energetic particle stream injected in a plasma, or setting a current along the plasma so different species (ions and electrons) can have different drift velocities. The energy from the particles can lead to plasma wave excitation.

Two-stream instability can arise from the case of two cold beams, in which no particles are resonant with the wave, or from two hot beams, in which there exist particles from one or both beams which are resonant with the wave.

Two-stream instability is known in various limiting cases as beam-plasma instability, beam instability, or bump-on-tail instability.

Instability
In dynamical systems instability means that some of the outputs or internal states increase with time, without bounds.  Not all systems that are not stable are unstable; systems can also be marginally stable or exhibit limit cycle behavior.

In structural engineering, a structural beam or column can become unstable when excessive compressive load is applied. Beyond a certain threshold, structural deflections magnify stresses, which in turn increases deflections. This can take the form of buckling or crippling. The general field of study is called structural stability.

Atmospheric instability is a major component of all weather systems on Earth.
1927 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1927 UCI Road World Championships was the inaugural edition of the professional event. The race took place on Thursday 21 July 1927 in Adenau, Germany. The race was won by Alfredo Binda of Italy.

This was the first year a world champion was crowned among professional cyclists. Professional cyclists and amateurs rode together, but separate rankings were drawn up for the two categories. A total of 55 riders competed, including 22 professionals.

Adenau
Adenau (German: [ˈaːdənaʊ] ⓘ) is a town in the High Eifel in Germany. It is known as the Johanniterstadt because the Order of Saint John was based there in the Middle Ages. The town's coat of arms combines the black cross of the Electorate of Cologne with the lion of the lords of Nürburg. The northern loop of the Nürburgring lies just outside the town.

The Breidscheid section of Adenau was a separate municipality until 1952. The lords of Breidscheid are mentioned in the 13th century. The chapel of Breidscheid is dedicated to Saints Roch and Sebastian and was built in 1630 as a plague chapel.
Atlantic Airlines (Nicaragua)
Atlantic Airlines was an airline based in Nicaragua's capital city, Managua. It was a scheduled and charter airline, established in 1997 and operating domestic and international flights in Central America. Its main base was Managua International Airport.  The airline ceased operations in 2007.

Corn Islands
Corn Islands (Spanish: Islas del Maíz) is a municipality of the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua. It is located approximately 70 km (43 mi) east of the Caribbean mainland. The municipality consists of two islands: Big Corn Island (Isla Grande del Maíz) and Little Corn Island (Isla Pequeña del Maíz). The islands are known for their Afro-Caribbean cultural heritage, coral reef ecosystems and tourism-based economy.
JS Jingei
Jingei (じんげい ) is a diesel-electric submarine of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and the third boat of the Taigei class. Her name is written in kanji as 迅鯨 (fast whale), derived from the expression "of the king of the sea, the whale, racing through the waves." She is the third warship to be named Jingei, after the Imperial Japanese Navy's paddle steamer Jingei, and the lead ship of the Jingei-class submarine tenders. Like her older sisters Taigei and Hakugei, Jingei will be equipped with a dedicated living area for up to six female crew members from the time of commissioning.

Jingei-class submarine tender
The Jingei-class submarine tenders (迅鯨型潜水母艦,, Jingei-gata Sensuibokan) were a class of submarine tenders of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), and served from the 1920s through World War II.  Two vessels of this class were built between 1922 and 1924 under the Eight-eight fleet plan.
Bugatti Type 51
The Bugatti Type 51 series succeeded the famous Type 35 as Bugatti's premier racing car for the 1930s. The main distinction is that it uses a twin cam engine. Unlike the dominant Type 35s of the prior decade, the Type 51 (and later Type 53, Type 54, and Type 59) were unable to compete with the government-supported German and Italian offerings.

Achille Varzi
Achille Varzi (8 August 1904 – 1 July 1948) was an Italian racing driver. He is remembered as the winner of the 1933 Monaco Grand Prix, as well as the winner of the first Formula One Grand Prix at the 1946 Turin Grand Prix, and as the chief rival of Tazio Nuvolari.
MS Polaris
MS Polaris was a Russian-owned, Danish-built passenger ship in service with the Murmansk Shipping Company and based in Murmansk. It was built in 1968, and until 2000, it served as a ferry between cities in Greenland, mainly passenger transfers along the Greenland coastline. In 2000 she was bought by Scandinavian Cruise Line and was refurbished in Denmark by Master Mariner AB, Sweden. She was named M/S Shearwaterto and changed to Bahamian flag. She was sold to Norway 2001. It moved to Russia in 2005

It holds 80 passengers and is equipped with a lounge with bar, as well as a library, covered deck, outside deck and a gift shop. It was renovated at Tallinn, Estonia in 2005 and offered cruises in the Barents Sea and transfers from Murmansk to Saint Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, the Solovets Islands and was also the only ship that stops at Vaygach Island.

It was surveyed in Murmansk on 27 February 2010 and found to be in good condition.

Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (Russian: Архангельск, pronounced [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]) is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea. The city spreads for over 40 kilometres (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded Saint Petersburg.

A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi) railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl, and air travel is served by the Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport. As of the 2021 Census, the city's population was 301,199.
Vefa S.K.
Vefa SK is a football club in Vefa, neighborhood of the Fatih (Eminönü between 1928 and 2008) district of Istanbul.  The team currently competing at Bölgesel Amatör Lig 1st Grup which is 5th level of Turkish leagues.  Vefa SK is the first and only Turkish club coached by a female manager, Özgür Gözüaçık Akyıldız.

Fatih
Fatih (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈfaːtih]) or the Historical peninsula (in Turkish: Tarihi Yarımada),  is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 15 km2, and its population is 368,227 (2022). It is home to almost all of the provincial authorities (including the mayor's office, police headquarters, metropolitan municipality and tax office) but not the courthouse. It encompasses the historical peninsula, coinciding with old Constantinople. In 2009, the district of Eminönü, which had been a separate municipality located at the tip of the peninsula, was once again remerged into Fatih because of its small population. Fatih is bordered by the Golden Horn to the north and the Sea of Marmara to the south, while the Western border is demarked by the Theodosian wall and the east by the Bosphorus Strait.
Lower Malad metro station
Lower Malad is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the Yellow Line 2A of Mumbai Metro in Mumbai, India. This station is located in Goregaon, Mumbai. This station is owned by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 19 January 2023.

Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)
Yellow Line (Line 2) is a rapid transit metro line of the Mumbai Metro in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The line connects Dahisar in the northwest with Mandale in Mankhurd, via Andheri, BKC, and Chembur in the east. Phase One of Line 2A was partially opened on 2 April 2022, from Dahisar (East) to Dahanukarwadi. Line 2A was completely opened on 19 January 2023 from Dahanukarwadi to Andheri (West) and consisted of eight new stations.

Construction on the first section of the line, called Metro 2A (between Dahisar and D.N. Road), began in November 2016 and was completed in April 2022. This section will be 18.589 km (11.551 mi) long, and comprise 17 of the 39 stations that form part of this route. The new 9.5 km (5.903 mi) section of the Yellow Line from Dahanukarwadi to DN Nagar, was inaugurated on 19 January 2023, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Paula Bzura
Paula Bzura (born September 4, 1990 in Białystok) is a Polish short-track speed-skater.

Bzura competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics for Poland. She was disqualified in the first round of the 1500 metres, failing to advance. In the 500 metres, she finished second in the opening round, advancing to the quarterfinals, where she finished fourth, not advancing further and finishing 14th overall.

As of 2013, Bzura's best finish at the World Championships is 14th, in the 1500 metres in 2010. She also has one bronze medal as a member of the Polish relay team at the 2013 European Championships

As of 2013, Bzura has not finished on the podium on the ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup. Her top World Cup ranking is 23rd, in the 1500 metres in 2010–11.

ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup
The Short Track Speed Skating World Cup was a series of international short track speed skating competitions, organised yearly by the International Skating Union since the winter of 1998/1999. Every year during the winter, a number of competitions on a number of different distances are held. Skaters can earn points at each competition and the skater who has the most points on a given distance at the end of the series is the winner.

The ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup was replaced by ISU Short Track World Tour starting since the 2024-25 season.
Mount Parsons
Mount Parsons (67°47′S 62°35′E﻿ / ﻿67.783°S 62.583°E﻿ / -67.783; 62.583) is a prominent pointed peak, 1,120 m, standing in the David Range, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) south-southwest of its north extremity. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. The peak was visited in January 1956 by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) party led by John Bechervaise. Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for Neville Parsons, cosmic ray physicist at Mawson Station, 1955.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Parsons". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

David Range
The David Range (67°54′S 62°30′E﻿ / ﻿67.900°S 62.500°E﻿ / -67.900; 62.500 is a mountain range that extends for 26 kilometres (16 mi) in the Framnes Mountains of Mac.Robertson Land in Antarctica. The range is surrounded by, and largely covered by, an ice sheet. Only the peaks are visible.
Slimer
Slimer, originally referred to as the Onionhead and sometimes the Mean Green Ghost and the Ugly Little Spud, is a character from the Ghostbusters franchise. He appears in the films Ghostbusters (1984), Ghostbusters II (1989), the remake Ghostbusters (2016), and Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024), in the animated television series: The Real Ghostbusters, Slimer! and Extreme Ghostbusters, and in the video games: Ghostbusters: The Video Game (2009), Beeline's Ghostbusters (2013), Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed (2022) and Ghostbusters: Rise of the Ghost Lord (2024). Slimer was voiced by Ivan Reitman and Adam Ray in the films and by Frank Welker in the animated series. In The Real Ghostbusters, he is the Ghostbusters' mascot and friend.

Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021) instead features a similar ghost named "Muncher".

Adam Ray
Adam Ray (born June 16, 1982) is an American comedian, actor, and YouTuber. Since 2023, Ray has regularly performed stand-up and improv comedy under the persona of "Dr. Phil", a parody of "Dr. Phil" McGraw.
ECCO Tour Championship
The ECCO Tour Championship was the most prestigious golf tournament on the Denmark-based Danish Golf Tour (titled as the ECCO Tour for sponsorship reasons), being jointly sanctioned by Europe's second-tier Challenge Tour. It ran annually from 2006 to 2012. In 2010, it was held outside Denmark for the first time, when it was hosted at Green Eagle Golf Club in Winsen near Hamburg, Germany.

Challenge Tour
The Challenge Tour, currently titled as the HotelPlanner Tour for sponsorship reasons and also sometimes referred to as the European Challenge Tour, is the second-tier men's professional golf tour in Europe. It is operated by the PGA European Tour and similarly with the main European Tour and the European Senior Tour, some of the events are played outside Europe.
Kürecik Radar Station
Kürecik Radar Station (Turkish: Kürecik Radar Üssü) is a military installation located in the town of Kürecik in Malatya Province, southeastern Turkey. It was established in 2012 for use by NATO as an early-warning radar against ballistic missile attacks.

Malatya Province
Malatya Province (Turkish: Malatya ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey. Its area is 12,259 km2, and its population is 812,580 (2022). It is part of a larger mountainous area. The capital of the province is the city of Malatya, which has a population of 485,484 (2022).

According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.
Cooling bath
A cooling bath or ice bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures, typically between 13 °C and −196 °C.  These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation, to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator, or to perform a chemical reaction below room temperature (see Kinetic control).

Cooling baths are generally one of two types: (a) a cold fluid (particularly liquid nitrogen, water, or even air) — but most commonly the term refers to (b) a mixture of 3 components: (1) a cooling agent (such as dry ice or ice); (2) a liquid "carrier" (such as liquid water, ethylene glycol, acetone, etc.), which transfers heat between the bath and the vessel; (3) an additive to depress the melting point of the solid/liquid system.

A familiar example of this is the use of an ice/rock-salt mixture to freeze ice cream. Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature of water, lowering the minimum temperature attainable with only ice.

Rotary evaporator
A rotary evaporator (rotovap) is a device used in chemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle removal of solvents from samples by evaporation. When referenced in the chemistry research literature, description of the use of this technique and equipment may include the phrase "rotary evaporator", though use is often rather signaled by other language (e.g., "the sample was evaporated under reduced pressure").

Rotary evaporators are also used in molecular cooking for the preparation of distillates and extracts.

A simple rotary evaporator system was invented by Lyman C. Craig. It was first commercialized by the Swiss company Büchi in 1957. The device separates substances with different boiling points, and greatly simplifies work in chemistry laboratories. In research the most common size accommodates round-bottom flasks of a few liters, whereas large scale (20- to 50-liter) versions are used in pilot plants in commercial chemical operations.
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act
The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 (ILSA) was a 1996 act of the United States Congress that imposed economic sanctions on firms doing business with Iran and Libya. On September 20, 2004, the President signed an Executive Order to terminate the national emergency with respect to Libya and to end IEEPA-based economic sanctions on Libya. On September 30, 2006, the Act was renamed the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA). The Act was originally limited to five years, and has been extended several times. On December 1, 2016, ISA was extended for a further ten years.

The Act empowers the President to waive sanctions on a case-by-case basis, which is subject to renewal every six months. As at March 2008, ISA sanctions had not been enforced against any non-US company. Despite the restrictions on American investment in Iran, FIPPA provisions apply to all foreign investors, and many Iranian expatriates based in the US continue to make substantial investments in Iran.

Foreign direct investment in Iran
Foreign direct investment in Iran (FDI) has been hindered by unfavorable or complex operating requirements and by international sanctions, although in the early 2000s the Iranian government liberalized investment regulations. Iran ranks 62nd in the World Economic Forum's 2011 analysis of the global competitiveness of 142 countries. In 2010, Iran ranked sixth globally in attracting foreign investments.

Foreign investors have concentrated their activity in a few sectors of the economy: the oil and gas industries, vehicle manufacture, copper mining, petrochemicals, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Iran absorbed US$24.3 billion of foreign investment from 1993 to 2007 and US$34.6 billion for 485 projects from 1992 to 2009.

Opening Iran's market place to foreign investment could also be a boon to competitive multinational firms operating in a variety of manufacturing and service sectors, worth $600 billion to $800 billion in new investment opportunities over the next decade.
Cathy Schulman
Cathy Schulman (born 1965) is an American film producer.

A graduate of Yale University, Schulman's screen credits include Isn't She Great, Sidewalks of New York, Employee of the Month, Crash, The Illusionist, Darfur Now and Dark Places. She was the executive producer of the Lifetime TV series Angela's Eyes, which went on to be distributed worldwide.

The film Crash earned Schulman a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film. She won the Academy Award for Best Picture as well as the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Film for the movie. She is the CEO and President of Welle Entertainment, a development and production company committed to producing film, television, and media that appeals to diverse audiences, with an emphasis on women and girls.

Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature
The Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature is one of the annual Independent Spirit Awards. It is usually given to the director (or directors) and producer (or producers). The "first feature" designation is applied to the director not the producer(s). Therefore, producers have been nominated multiple times. It was first presented in 1986 with Spike Lee's She's Gotta Have It being the first recipient of the award.

In 2000, this category was split into two separate categories: one for films with budgets over $500,000 and a new category, the Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award, which was restricted to films with budgets under $500,000. In 2001, films could be eligible regardless of their budget as long as it was feature film directorial debut.
Candidates of the 1912 Queensland state election
The 1912 state election in Queensland, Australia was held on 27 April 1912.

The main parties in the election were the Liberal Party, led by Premier Digby Denham and the Labor Party, led by Leader of the Opposition David Bowman.

The election was the first conducted under the Electoral Districts Act 1910 which allowed for 72 single-member electorates based on the principle of one vote, one value.

Queensland Labor Party
The Queensland Labor Party, officially known as the Australian Labor Party (State of Queensland) and commonly referred to as Queensland Labor or simply Labor, is the branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in the state of Queensland. It has functioned in the state since the 1880s. The Queensland branch of the Australian Labor Party was the first Labour Party to win government in the world, when, in December 1899, following the resignation of the Dickson ministry, Queensland Labour leader Anderson Dawson accepted an offer by Lieutenant-Governor Samuel Griffith to form a government.
G10 currencies
The G10 currencies are ten of the most heavily traded currencies in the world, which are also ten of the world's most liquid currencies. Traders regularly buy and sell them in an open market with minimal impact on their own international exchange rates.

The origin of the term G10 currencies is not clear, however it may be derived from the G10 countries and their agreement to participate in the IMF General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB). There is no longer a one-to-one match between the G10 currencies and the G10 countries.

The G10 currencies are:

Australian dollar (AUD)

Canadian dollar (CAD)

Euro (EUR)

Japanese yen (JPY)

New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Norwegian krone (NOK)

Pound sterling (GBP)

Swedish krona (SEK)

Swiss franc (CHF)

United States dollar (USD)

In some banking circles, reference is made to the G11 currencies, which are the G10 currencies plus the Danish krone (DKK).

Market liquidity
In business, economics or investment, market liquidity is a market's feature whereby an individual or firm can quickly purchase or sell an asset without causing a drastic change in the asset's price. Liquidity involves the trade-off between the price at which an asset can be sold, and how quickly it can be sold. In a liquid market, the trade-off is mild: one can sell quickly without having to accept a significantly lower price. In a relatively illiquid market, an asset must be discounted in order to sell quickly. A liquid asset is an asset which can be converted into cash within a relatively short period of time, or cash itself, which can be considered the most liquid asset because it can be exchanged for goods and services instantly at face value.