hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stieltjes matrix
In mathematics, particularly matrix theory, a Stieltjes matrix, named after Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, is a real symmetric positive definite matrix with nonpositive off-diagonal entries.  A Stieltjes matrix is necessarily an M-matrix.  Every n×n Stieltjes matrix is invertible to a nonsingular symmetric nonnegative matrix, though the converse of this statement is not true in general for n > 2.

From the above definition, a Stieltjes matrix is a symmetric invertible Z-matrix whose eigenvalues have positive real parts. As it is a Z-matrix, its off-diagonal entries are less than or equal to zero.

Sign (mathematics)
In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0. Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign. In some contexts, it makes sense to distinguish between a positive and a negative zero.

In mathematics and physics, the phrase "change of sign" is associated with exchanging an object for its additive inverse (multiplication with −1, negation), an operation which is not restricted to real numbers. It applies among other objects to vectors, matrices, and complex numbers, which are not prescribed to be only either positive, negative, or zero.

The word "sign" is also often used to indicate binary aspects of mathematical or scientific objects, such as odd and even (sign of a permutation), sense of orientation or rotation (cw/ccw), one sided limits, and other concepts described in § Other meanings below.
Baldwinson
Baldwinson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Baldwinson (1908–1969), Australian architect

Baldwin Baldwinson (1856–1936), Canadian politician

Jordan Baldwinson (born 1994), English rugby league footballer

Samuel Baldwinson (1823–1856), English cricketer

Samuel Baldwinson
Samuel Baldwinson (14 January 1823 – 2 March 1856) was an English first-class cricketer who was active from 1844 to 1851. He played mostly for Yorkshire sides but also for Manchester Cricket Club in 1845 and 1846.

Baldwinson scored 87 not out for Manchester against Sheffield at Moss Lane, Manchester in 1846, the highest recorded first-class score by a Manchester player.
Jonathan Clark House
The Jonathan Clark House is a historic house located at 13615 N. Cedarburg Rd. in Mequon, Wisconsin. The house was built in 1848 for Jonathan Clark, who migrated to the area from Vermont. The home was built in the Greek Revival style and is built in fieldstone with a limestone front. The house has also been used as a dentist's office.

The house has been opened to the public as a historic house museum.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 2, 1982.

Fieldstone
Fieldstone is a naturally occurring type of stone, which lies at or near the surface of the Earth. Fieldstone is a nuisance for farmers seeking to expand their land under cultivation, but at some point it began to be used as a construction material. Strictly speaking, it is stone collected from the surface of fields where it occurs naturally. Collections of fieldstones which have been removed from arable land or pasture to allow for more effective agriculture are called clearance cairns.

In practice, fieldstone is any architectural stone used in its natural shape and can be applied to stones recovered from the topsoil or subsoil. Although fieldstone is generally used to describe such material when used for exterior walls, it has come to include its use in other ways including garden features and interiors. It is sometimes cut or split for use in architecture.
CCH Canadian
Wolters Kluwer Canada (previously known as CCH Canadian Limited) is one of the four operating units of Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting. Wolters Kluwer Canada is a provider in the area of tax, accounting, law, human resources and financial planning.

Human resources
Human resources (HR) is the set of people who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector, industry, or economy. A narrower concept is human capital, the knowledge and skills which the individuals command.
2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup
The 2015–16 Scottish Junior Cup was the 130th season of the Scottish Junior Cup, the national knockout tournament for member clubs of the Scottish Junior Football Association. The competition was sponsored by ETHX Energy and known as The ETHXenergy Scottish Junior Cup. The winner of this competition entered the following season's Scottish Cup at the first round stage.

A total of 158 clubs entered this year's competition, three fewer than the previous season. Dropping out were Ballingry Rovers, who folded, and Harthill Royal, Luncarty, Portgordon Victoria and Whitehills, who were in abeyance. North Region sides Glentanar and Islavale did not enter. New members Easthouses Lily MW and Gartcairn FA Juniors made their debut in the competition, while Coupar Angus and Fochabers returned to the tournament after a year in abeyance.

Portgordon Victoria F.C.
Portgordon Victoria Football Club was a Scottish football club based in the town of Buckie, Moray. Formed in 2006 as a Welfare club playing over the summer months, they successfully applied for membership of the Scottish Junior Football Association in 2011, and last played in the SJFA North First Division (West).

Initially, the club was known as Buckie Victoria however when the club secured Gordon Park in Portgordon as their home ground, a proviso was made that the village name is incorporated in the club's title. Gordon Park had previously been home to a Portgordon United club in the Juniors from 1993 to 2002. A cash dispute with former committee members of United led to the club being evicted in December 2013 and after a nomadic spell, the club were using Linzee Gordon Park in Buckie as their home.

The club announced in June 2015 they would be taking a year out after failing to find a new manager.
1953 Lafayette Leopards baseball team
The 1953 Lafayette Leopards baseball team represented Lafayette College in the 1953 NCAA baseball season. The Leopards played their home games at Fisher Field. The team was coached by Charlie Gelbert in his 8th year at Lafayette.

The Leopards won the District II Playoff to advanced to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Texas Longhorns.

1953 NCAA baseball season
The 1953 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1953.  The season progressed through the regular season and concluded with the 1953 College World Series.  The College World Series, held for the seventh time in 1953, consisted of one team from each of eight geographical districts and was held in Omaha, Nebraska at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium as a double-elimination tournament.  Michigan claimed the championship.
Tulpan (river)
The Tulpan (Russian: Тулпан) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a left tributary of the Kolva, which in turn is a tributary of the Vishera. The river is 42 kilometres (26 mi) long. It flows into the Kolva 262 kilometres (163 mi) from the Kolva's mouth. The main tributary is the Bolshoy Vadyvash (left).

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
Tony Bua
Tony Bua (born February 11, 1980) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks. His hometown is Liberty, Texas.

Arkansas Razorbacks football
The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas in the sport of American football. The Razorbacks compete in the 
Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Home games are played at stadiums on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System: Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock.

The program began in 1894 and has compiled an all-time record of 740–539–40, for a .576 winning percentage. The Razorbacks have won 13 conference championships and have had 58 players honored as All-Americans. Arkansas claims one national championship (1964) awarded by the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA).
Myoporum niueanum
Myoporum niueanum, alternatively known as the Niue myoporum, is a plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae of unresolved status that was first described by botanist Harold St. John in 1976 based upon plant material originally collected a century earlier. It is believed to be endemic to the Polynesian island nation of Niue. The species is recognized by several authorities as a full species, however there have  been no modern observations and it is unclear if the species may actually have come from a different locality or gone extinct since the original collection. The respected botanist Arthur Whistler formally challenged the terms of the original species description and suggested the type specimen may indeed have been undescribed but actually have come from a different region.

Harold St. John
Harold St. John (July 24/25 1892 – December 12, 1991) was a professor of botany at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa from 1929 to 1958. A prolific specialist in field botany and systematics, he is credited with naming about 500 new species of Pandanus, along with many other species, especially in the Pacific Islands.
Thomas H. Beeby
Thomas H. Beeby (born 1941) is an American architect who was a member of the "Chicago Seven" architects and has been Chairman Emeritus of Hammond, Beeby, Rupert, Ainge Architects (HBRA) for over thirty-nine years.

He is a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture.

Meadows Museum
The Meadows Museum, nicknamed "Prado on the Prairie", is a two-story, 66,000 sq. ft.art museum in Dallas, Texas on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU). Operating as a division of SMU's Meadows School of the Arts, the museum houses one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of Spanish art outside of Spain, with works dating from the 10th to the 21st centuries.
Ramnad Civil War (1637)
The Ramnad Civil War of 1637 was a civil war fought between rival claimants to the throne of the Kingdom of Ramnad. The conflict began after the death of Kuttan Sethupathi, when his son Sadaika Deva II was challenged by his illegitimate brother Thampi who received support from the Tirumala Nayaka. Fighting broke out between Marava forces loyal to Sadaika and the Madurai armies sent to back Thampi. The war caused serious disorder and suffering throughout the Marava country and ended only after several changes of rulers and the later division of the region to bring stability.

Vaigai River
Vaigai is a semi-perennial river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It flows through the districts of Theni, Dindigul, Madurai, Sivagangai, and Ramanathapuram in the southern part of the state. The city of Madurai is situated on the banks of the river. The river is 295 km (183 mi) long, with its drainage basin spread across 7,009 km2 (2,706 sq mi).

Vaigai originates in Varusanadu Hills of the Western Ghats, and flows north through the Cumbum Valley, between the Palani Hills to the north and the Varusanadu Hills to the south. It rounds the eastern corner of the Varushanad Hills, and turns southeast, running through southern Tamil Nadu. The river empties into the Palk Bay near Alagankulam in the Ramanathapuram district. During the 20th century, the river basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of hydroelectric power.
Coat of arms of Augustów Voivodeship
The coat of arms that served as a symbol of Augustów Voivodeship (1816–1837), and later Augustów Governorate (1837–1867), of Congress Poland, was divided vertically into two red fields. The left half depicted a knight in a white (silver) armor, sitting on a white (silver) horse with a blue saddle and shabrack, standing on its back hoofs. The knight has a blue shield with a yellow (golden) cross of Lorraine on it, put on his left arm, and hold a sword in his right hand. The right half depicted a black bear facing left and standing on its back legs, with a yellow (golden) collar on its neck.

Order of St. Andrew
The Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-Called (Russian: Орден Святого апостола Андрея Первозванного, romanised: Orden Svyatogo apostola Andreya Pervozvannogo) is the highest order conferred by both the Russian Imperial Family (as an order of chivalry) and by the Russian Federation (as a state order). Established as the first and highest order of chivalry of the Russian Tsardom and the Russian Empire in 1698, it was removed from the honours system under the USSR before being re-established as the top Russian civil and military order in 1998.
Mr. Christie's Book Awards
The Mr. Christie's Book Awards (French: Prix du livre M. Christie) was a Canadian literary prize awarded by Christie, Brown & Company, a division of Nabisco. The awards were discontinued in 2004. The awards were generally considered to be the "Giller Prize for children's authors".

William Mellis Christie
William Mellis Christie (5 January 1829 – 14 June 1900) is the namesake for the Canadian Mr. Christie brand of cookies and biscuits, owned by Mondelez International.

Christie was born in Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the only child of John Christie and Jane Grant. He apprenticed as a baker before arriving in Canada in 1848.
William Walther
William Walther (born 5 February 1906, date of death unknown) was a German boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1928, he was eliminated in the first round of the welterweight class after losing his fight to Leonard Hall of Rhodesia.

Boxing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Welterweight
The men's welterweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1928 Summer Olympics.  The weight class was the fourth-heaviest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 147 pounds (66.7 kilograms). The competition was held from August 7, 1928 to August 11, 1928.
Alexander Tsfasman
Alexander Naumovich Tsfasman (Russian: Александр Наумович Цфасман; born December 14, 1906 - died February 20, 1971) was a Soviet Jazz pianist, composer, conductor, arranger, publisher and activist. He was an important figure in Soviet Jazz from the period of the mid-1920s until the late 1960s.

Tsfasman was born in Alexandrovsk (now Zaporizhya, Ukraine) in the Russian empire, and graduated from the Nizhegorod Musical Technicum in 1923, where he played percussion in the orchestra, and graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in 1930 from the piano class of Felix Blumenfeld.

Felix Blumenfeld
Felix Mikhailovich Blumenfeld (Russian: Фе́ликс Миха́йлович Блуменфе́льд; 19 April [O.S. 7 April] 1863 – 21 January 1931) was a Russian and Soviet composer and conductor of the Imperial Opera St-Petersburg, pianist, and teacher.
Circuit de la Vallée de la Senne
The Tour of the Zenne Valley (Dutch: Omloop der Zennevallei) was a men's road cycling road race that took place annually from 1962 to 1976 around Dworp, in Belgian Flemish Brabant.

The competition's roll of honor includes the successes of Rik Van Looy and Eddy Merckx.

Dworp
Dworp (Dutch pronunciation: [dʋɔrp]; French: Tourneppe [tuʁnɛp]) is a small town in the municipality of Beersel, south of Brussels in Flanders. Dworp has an area of 9.61 square kilometers. As of January 1, 2002, it has a population of 5,277 inhabitants.
Jeremiah 16
Jeremiah 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. In the first part of this chapter (verses 1 to 9), Jeremiah is instructed to adopt a lifestyle which will serve as a "symbolic enactment of God's word", comparable to the instructions given to other prophets: see Hosea 1:2–9, Isaiah 8:3–4 and Ezekiel 24:15–24.

Nevi'im
The Nevi'im (/nəviˈiːm, nəˈviːɪm/; Biblical Hebrew: נְבִיאִים, romanized: Nəviʾim, lit. 'spokespersons, prophets') is the second major division of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), lying between the first division, the Torah (lit. 'instruction') and the third division, Ketuvim (lit. 'writings'). The Nevi'im are divided into two groups. The Former Prophets (Hebrew: נביאים ראשונים Nəviʾim Rishonim) consists of the narrative books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings; while the Latter Prophets (נביאים אחרונים Nəviʾim Aḥaronim) include the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets.
1990 Puerto Rico Open – Doubles
There were no defending champions in this edition, as the last year final was cancelled due to rain. Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington, winners of the 1988 edition, did not compete this year.

Elena Brioukhovets and Natalia Medvedeva won the title by defeating Amy Frazier and Julie Richardson 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Jill Hetherington
Jill Hetherington-Hultquist (born October 27, 1964) is a Canadian former professional tennis player. She played college tennis for the University of Florida, and was women's tennis head coach at the University of Washington until May 2014.
Muri, Razavi Khorasan
Muri (Persian: موري, also Romanized as Mūrī; also known as Ma’vī and Ma’vá) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 14 families.

Nishapur County
Nishapur County (Persian: شهرستان نیشاپور) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Nishapur, the second largest city in the province and the third largest city in Eastern Iran.
Friends of the British Library
The Friends of the British Library is a registered charitable organisation in the UK with close links to the British Library.  It provides funding in the form of grants to the British Library in order to allow the Library to acquire new items and collections, procure new equipment and facilities, and produce exhibitions.

Art Fund
Art Fund (formerly the National Art Collections Fund) is an independent membership-based British charity, which raises funds to aid the acquisition of artworks for the nation. It gives grants and acts as a channel for many gifts and bequests, as well as lobbying on behalf of museums and galleries and their users. It relies on members' subscriptions and public donations for funds and does not receive funding from the government or the National Lottery.

Since its foundation in 1903 the Fund has been involved in the acquisition of over 860,000 works of art of every kind, including many of the most famous objects in British public collections, such as Velázquez's Rokeby Venus in the National Gallery, Picasso's Weeping Woman in the Tate collection, the Anglo-Saxon Staffordshire Hoard in Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery and the medieval Canterbury Astrolabe Quadrant in the British Museum.
36 Capricorni
36 Capricorni is a single, yellow-hued star in the southern constellation of Capricornus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.50. The distance to this star, as determined from an annual parallax shift of 19.06±0.29 mas, is around 171 light years. It is currently moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s, and will come within 145 ly (44.58 pc) in about 685,000 years ago.

This is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G7IIIb Fe–1, where the suffix notation indicates an underabundance of iron found in the spectrum. At the age of 770 million years it has become a red clump giant, meaning it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. It has 2.26 times the mass of the Sun, but has expanded to 8.6 times its radius. It is radiating 43 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,047 K.

Astronomical spectroscopy
Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, infrared and radio waves that radiate from stars and other celestial objects. A stellar spectrum can reveal many properties of stars, such as their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance and luminosity. Spectroscopy can show the velocity of motion towards or away from the observer by measuring the Doppler shift. Spectroscopy is also used to study the physical properties of many other types of celestial objects such as planets, nebulae, galaxies, and active galactic nuclei.
Murgap District, Turkmenistan
Murgap District   is a district of Mary Province in Turkmenistan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Murgap.

Founded as Stalin District in February 1935, this district joined Mary four years later, in November 1939. Twenty-two years later, it was renamed to its current name, Murgap, as part of a de-Stalinization campaign. It was administered directly by the Turkmen SSR government after Mary dissolved in January 1963.

In December 1970, Murgap joined Mary again, where it stays until this day.

De-Stalinization
De-Stalinization (Russian: десталинизация, romanized: destalinizatsiya) comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power, and his 1956 secret speech "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", which denounced Stalin's cult of personality and the Stalinist political system.

Monuments to Stalin were removed, his name was removed from places, buildings, and the state anthem, and his body was removed from the Lenin Mausoleum (known as the Lenin and Stalin Mausoleum from 1953 to 1961) and buried. These reforms were started by the collective leadership which succeeded him after his death on 5 March 1953, comprising Georgi Malenkov, Premier of the Soviet Union; Lavrentiy Beria, head of the Ministry of the Interior; and Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
Martha Rainville
Martha T. Rainville (née Trim, born April 9, 1958) is a retired U.S. Air Force officer who attained the rank of major general. She was the first woman in U.S. history to become a state adjutant general when she served in that post with the Vermont National Guard.

In 2006 she ran as the Republican candidate for Vermont's at-large congressional district and was defeated by Democratic candidate Peter Welch. Rainville was later appointed to senior executive roles at FEMA, and then became Chief Operating Officer of Civil Support International LLC, a disaster preparedness and crisis response consulting firm.

State adjutant general
Each state in the United States has a senior military officer, as the state adjutant general, who is the de facto commander of a state's military forces, including the National Guard residing within the state, the state's naval militia, and any state defense forces. This officer is known as TAG (The Adjutant General), and is subordinated to the chief executive (generally the state's governor). They do not have authority over police forces, only military forces.