hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Spirit of the Ghetto
The Spirit of the Ghetto: Studies of the Jewish Quarter in New York is a 1902 book by Hutchins Hapgood about the lives of Jews in New York City. Originally published by Funk & Wagnalls and illustrated by Jacob Epstein, Harvard's Belknap Press reissued the book in 1967.

Funk & Wagnalls
Funk & Wagnalls was an American publisher known for its reference works, including A Standard Dictionary of the English Language (1st ed. 1893–5), and the Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia (25 volumes, 1st ed. 1912).

The encyclopedia was renamed Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Encyclopedia in 1931 and in 1945, it was known as New Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia, Universal Standard Encyclopedia, Funk & Wagnalls Standard Reference Encyclopedia, and Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (29 volumes, 1st ed. 1971).

The last printing of Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia was in 1997. As of 2025, annual Yearbooks are still in production.

The I.K. Funk & Company, founded in 1875, was renamed Funk & Wagnalls Company after two years, and later became Funk & Wagnalls Inc., then Funk & Wagnalls Corporation.
Pearl Index
The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method. It is a very approximate measure of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure that is simple to calculate, but has a number of methodological deficiencies.

The index was introduced by Raymond Pearl in 1934.  It has remained popular for over eighty years, in large part because of the simplicity of the calculation.

Raymond Pearl
Raymond Pearl (June 3, 1879 – November 17, 1940) was an American biologist, regarded as one of the founders of biogerontology. He spent most of his career at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Pearl was a prolific writer of academic books, papers and articles, as well as a committed populariser and communicator of science. At his death, 841 publications were listed against his name. An early eugenicist, he eventually became an important critic of eugenics. He also advanced the concept of carrying capacity, although he didn't use the term, and was a Malthusian concerned with resource limits. He was a critic of mass consumption.
Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 66 kg
The Boys' 66 kg tournament in Judo at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics was held on August 21 at the International Convention Centre.

This event was the second lightest of the boy's judo weight classes, limiting competitors to a maximum of 66 kilograms of body mass.  The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match. There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals. Each judoka who had lost before the finals competed in the repechage with the two finalists getting bronze medals.

Suntec City
Suntec City is a major mixed-use development located in Marina Centre, a subzone of the Downtown Core in Singapore, which combines a shopping mall, office buildings, and a convention centre. Construction began on 18 January 1992 and was completed on 22 July 1997.
Simone Bagnoli
Simone Bagnoli (born December 6, 1981) is an Italian professional basketball player. Standing at 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in), he plays at the center position in Serie B Basket. In 2004-05 he was elected the best Italian player in Legadue.

Serie A2 (basketball)
Serie A2, known for sponsorship reasons as Serie A2 Old Wild West, is a men's basketball league in Italy. It constitutes the second-tier of the Italian league pyramid, below the first division LBA and above the third division Serie B, with promotion/relegation occurring between these leagues.

It is run by the Lega Nazionale Pallacanestro (LNP), itself regulated by the FIP, the Italian federation.
Abdul-Razzaq Ahmed Taha
Abdul-Razzaq Ahmed Taha (died aged 88) was an Iraqi chess player and former president of the Iraqi Chess Federation.

He represented the Iraqi national team in the Chess Olympiad on three occasions, 1972 in Skopje, 1974 in Nice and 1984 in Thessaloniki. In the 1972 Olympiad he played the top board for Iraq which eventually finished second last, Taha scoring 4 wins, 4 draws and 9 losses. However his upset win over the grandmaster Walter Browne in the match against Australia was spectacular and became part of the chess education for all Iraqi chess players, and Simon Webb in Chess for Tigers selected this game as one of two examples of "How to trap Heffalumps", in a chapter on how to play against opponents who are considerably stronger than oneself.

Heffalump
A Heffalump is an elephant-like creature in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories by A. A. Milne. Heffalumps are mentioned, and only appear, in Pooh and Piglet's dreams in Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and are seen again in The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Physically, they resemble elephants; E. H. Shepard's illustration shows an Indian elephant. They are later featured in the animated television series The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991), followed by two animated films in 2005, Pooh's Heffalump Movie and Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie.
Papineau (horse)
Papineau (6 April 2000 – 4 February 2024) was a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as a juvenile, he showed promise as a three-year-old in France, winning two races including the Prix de l'Avre. As a four-year-old, he was campaigned in England and was unbeaten in three starts. After winning a minor race on his seasonal debut he won a strongly-contested edition of the Henry II Stakes and then recorded his biggest success in the Ascot Gold Cup. He made two appearances as a five-year-old but failed to recover his best form.

Henry II Stakes
The Henry II Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Sandown Park over a distance of 2 miles and 50 yards (3,264 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late May.
Amydrium
Amydrium is a genus of primarily epiphytic, climbing plants in the arum and aroid family Araceae, that is native to Southeast Asia, South China and New Guinea.

Amydrium is distinguished from other members of the tribe Monstereae by having two ovules in each ovary. The seeds tend to be heart shaped. Similar to other aroid genera, the leaves of Amydrium often have perforated leaves.

Amydrium hainanense (H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng) H.Li - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Yunnan and Vietnam.

Amydrium humile Schott - Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra.

Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Moritzi) Nicolson - Borneo, Java, Maluku, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra and Thailand.

Amydrium sinense (Engl.) H.Li - Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Vietnam.

Amydrium zippelianum (Schott) Nicolson - Maluku, New Guinea, Philippines and Sulawesi.

Ovule
In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the integument, forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the female gametophyte (formed from a haploid megaspore) in its center. The female gametophyte — specifically termed a megagametophyte — is also called the embryo sac in angiosperms. The megagametophyte produces an egg cell for the purpose of fertilization. The ovule is a small structure present in the ovary. It is attached to the placenta by a stalk called a funicle. The funicle provides nourishment to the ovule. On the basis of the relative position of micropyle, body of the ovule, chalaza and funicle, there are six types of ovules.
Hans Krausner
Hans Krausner is an Austrian luger who competed in the 1950s. He won a gold medal in the men's doubles event at the inaugural FIL World Luge Championships in Oslo in 1955.

Krausner also won five medals at the European luge championships with two golds (Men's doubles: 1951, 1953), two silvers (Men's singles: 1956, Men's doubles: 1952), and one bronze (1954).

FIL European Luge Championships 1956
The FIL European Luge Championships 1956 took place in Imst, Austria under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT - International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation in (in French)) under their "Section de Luge". It would be the last championship under the FIBT until the formation of the International Luge Federation (FIL) the following year.
Lycoming O-435
The Lycoming O-435 is an American six-cylinder, horizontally opposed, internal combustion aircraft engine.  Used on both 
fixed-wing airplanes and helicopters, the engine is a six-cylinder version of the four-cylinder Lycoming O-290.

Fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using aerodynamic lift. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft (in which a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft generates lift), and ornithopters (in which the wings oscillate to generate lift). The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites, hang gliders, variable-sweep wing aircraft, and airplanes that use wing morphing are all classified as fixed wing.

Gliding fixed-wing aircraft, including free-flying gliders and tethered kites, can use moving air to gain altitude. Powered fixed-wing aircraft (airplanes) that gain forward thrust from an engine include powered paragliders, powered hang gliders and ground effect vehicles. Most fixed-wing aircraft are operated by a pilot, but some are unmanned or controlled remotely or are completely autonomous (no remote pilot).
Spatalla confusa
Spatalla confusa the long-tube spoon is a flowering shrub native to the Western Cape Province of South Africa, where it forms part of the fynbos. It is found in the Cederberg up to the Hottentots Holland Mountains, Swartberg and Kammanassie Mountains

Cederberg
The Cederberg mountains are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about 32°30′S 19°0′E﻿ / ﻿32.500°S 19.000°E﻿ / -32.500; 19.000. The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature.

Cederberg is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants.
William O'Donovan (politician)
Dr William James O'Donovan OBE (1886 – 13 January 1955) was a British dermatologist and Conservative Party politician.

Born in Tonbridge, Kent, he was the son of Patrick O'Donovan from Clonakilty, County Cork, Ireland and his wife Beatrice née Gibson of Eynsford. He was educated at the University of London and abroad.

He began his medical career as a registrar at the London Hospital, and became a well-known figure in the East End of London. He went to become a Consulting Physician in skin departments in a number of hospitals in the capital, and served a president of the Dermatological Section of the British Medical Association.

Politically a Conservative, from 1931 to 1935 he was Member of Parliament (MP) for Mile End. He attempted to return to the Commons at the 1950 general election, unsuccessfully contesting Fulham West.

An active Roman Catholic, he was awarded the papal Order of St. Gregory the Great. He was also awarded the Order of the British Empire.

British Medical Association
The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union and professional body for doctors in the United Kingdom. It does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council. The BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service (NHS) employers alongside the Hospital Consultants and Specialists Association as one of two national contract negotiators for doctors.

The BMA's stated aim is "to promote the medical and allied sciences, and to maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession".
Sarma Melngailis
Sarma Melngailis (born September 10, 1972) is an American chef, cookbook author, businesswoman and convicted criminal. She was the owner and co-founder of Pure Food and Wine and One Lucky Duck, both vegan raw food restaurants in New York City. Melngailis' restaurant appeared in New York Magazine's Top 100 Restaurants round up, and made it into Forbes' list of All Star New York Eateries for five consecutive years. Both businesses closed in 2016 after staff walked out over unpaid wages. After fleeing New York with husband Anthony Strangis, Melngailis was tracked down in Tennessee and arrested in 2016. She pleaded guilty in 2017 to grand larceny, scheming to defraud, and criminal tax fraud. She admitted stealing over $2 million from investors and employees. She spent nearly four months in jail.

Raw foodism
Raw foodism, also known as rawism or a raw food diet, is the dietary practice of eating only or mostly food that is uncooked and unprocessed. Depending on the philosophy, or type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selection of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, eggs, fish, meat, and dairy products. The diet may also include simply processed foods, such as various types of sprouted seeds, cheese, and fermented foods such as yogurts, kefir, kombucha, or sauerkraut, but generally not foods that have been pasteurized, homogenized, or produced with the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, solvents, and food additives.

The British Dietetic Association has described raw foodism as a fad diet. Raw food diets, specifically raw veganism, may diminish intake of essential minerals and nutrients, such as vitamin B12. Claims made by raw food proponents are pseudoscientific.: 44
Tuesday (horse)
Tuesday (foaled 3 June 2019) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. She finished second on her only run as a two-year-old and won a minor race on her three-year-old debut. She then emerged as a top-class performer, finishing third in the 1000 Guineas and second in the Irish 1000 Guineas before winning the Epsom Oaks and Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf at Keeneland in the US.

Irish Derby
The Irish Derby (Irish: Dearbaí na hÉireann) is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ireland open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile and 4 furlongs (2,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late June or early July.

It is Ireland's equivalent of the Derby Stakes, and it is usually held four weeks after the English race.
Manes (surname)
Manes, Mánes or Mánes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antonín Mánes (1784–1843), Czech painter

Donald R. Manes (1934–1986), borough president of Queens, New York

Édouard Manès (1835–1898), governor general of French India

Facundo Manes (born 1969), Argentine neurologist and politician

Gina Manès (1893–1989), French film actress

Josef Mánes (1820–1871), Czech painter

Michelle Manes, American mathematician

Pablo Curatella Manes (1891–1963), Argentine painter

Quido Mánes (1828–1880), Czech painter

Facundo Manes
Facundo Manes (born 11 January 1969) is an Argentine neurologist and politician. Since 2021, he has been a National Deputy of Argentina elected in Buenos Aires Province. He is a member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR).
Soor ploom
A Soor ploom (Scots for "sour plum") is a sharp-flavoured, round, green boiled sweet originally associated with Galashiels, Scotland. They are sold loose by weight in paper bags, traditionally in "quarters" — a quarter of a pound.

They are said to have been first made in 1337 in commemoration of a skirmish near Galashiels. A raiding party from England were overwhelmed and killed by local men when discovered eating unripe plums. "Soor Plooms" is the motto of the town of Galashiels in Selkirkshire, Scotland.

Described as a "childhood favourite," they are green and "slightly acidic" in flavour. They have been featured in Oor Wullie and The Broons cartoons; additionally, there is a Border pipe tune from 1700 called "Soor Plooms of Galashiels".

Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders (Scottish Gaelic: Crìochan na h-Alba; Scots: The Mairches), often shortened to the Borders within Scotland, is one of the country's 32 council areas. It is bordered by West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, and East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, Dumfries and Galloway to the south-west, South Lanarkshire to the west, and the English ceremonial counties of Cumbria and Northumberland to the south. The area's largest settlement is Galashiels; its administrative centre is Newtown St Boswells.

The term "Scottish Borders" is also used for the areas of southern Scotland and northern England that bound the Anglo-Scottish border, namely Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders, Northumberland, and Cumbria. The council area occupies approximately the same area as the historic shires of Berwickshire, Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire, and Selkirkshire.
Killylea
Killylea (/kɪliːˈleɪ/; from Irish  Coillidh Léith 'grey forest') is a small village and townland in Northern Ireland.  It is within the Armagh City and District Council area. The village is set on a hill, with St Mark's Church of Ireland, built in 1832, at its summit.  The village lies to the west of County Armagh, and is close to the neighbouring counties of County Tyrone and County Monaghan which is in the Republic of Ireland. It had a population of 253 people in the 2011 census.

County Monaghan
County Monaghan (/ˈmɒnəhən/ MON-ə-hən; Irish: Contae Mhuineacháin) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster and is part of Border strategic planning area of the Northern and Western Region. It is named after the town of Monaghan. Monaghan County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 65,288, according to the 2022 census.

The county has existed since 1585 when the Mac Mathghamhna rulers of Airgíalla agreed to join the Kingdom of Ireland. Following the 20th-century Irish War of Independence and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Monaghan was one of three Ulster counties to join the Irish Free State rather than Northern Ireland.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
The International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is Robert Zimmerman. The focus of this journal is original research, site measurements, and case studies in rock mechanics and rock engineering pertaining to mining and civil engineering.

Rock mechanics
Rock mechanics is a theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behavior of rocks and rock masses.

Compared to geology, it is the branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock and rock masses to the force fields of their physical environment.
Stephanodiscus hantzschii
Stephanodiscus hantzschii is a centric diatom in the family Stephanodiscaceae, recognized for its circular, silica-based frustule and its ecological role as a primary producer in freshwater environments. It thrives in nutrient-rich waters and serves as a bioindicator of eutrophication and a tool in paleolimnology for reconstructing environmental histories.

Stephanodiscaceae
Stephanodiscaceae is a family of diatoms belonging to the order Stephanodiscales.

Genera include:

Brevisira Krammer

Concentrodiscus G.C.Khursevich, A.I.Moisseeva & G.A.Sukhova

Crateriportula Flower & Håkansson

Cribrionella Jovanovska, Cvetkoska, Tofilovska, Ognjanova-Rumenova & Levkov

Cyclocostis Paillès

Cyclostephanopsis Loginova

Cyclostephanos Round

Cyclotella (Kützing) Brébisson

Cyclotubicoalitus Stoermer, E.F.Kociolek & W.Cody

Dimidialimbus H.Tanaka & T.Nagumo

Discotella V.Houk & R.Klee

Edtheriotia Kociolek, Q.M.You, Stepanek, R.L.Lowe et Q-X. Wang
The Journal of Environmental Education
The Journal of Environmental Education is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal focusing on environmental and sustainability education. It covers formal, non-formal, and informal education at all levels: early childhood, primary, secondary, and tertiary education. It is published by Routledge and the editor-in-chief is Alberto "Tico" Arenas (University of Arizona).

Nonformal learning
Non-formal learning includes various structured learning situations which do not either have the level of curriculum, institutionalization, accreditation or certification associated with 'formal learning', but have more structure than that associated with 'informal learning', which typically take place naturally and spontaneously as part of other activities. These form the three styles of learning recognised and supported by the OECD.

Examples of non-formal learning include swimming sessions for toddlers, community-based sports programs, and programs developed by organisations such as the Boy Scouts, the Girl Guides, community or non-credit adult education courses, sports or fitness programs, professional conference style seminars, and continuing professional development. The learner's objectives may be to increase skills and knowledge, as well as to experience the emotional rewards associated with increased love for a subject or increased passion for learning.
2006 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres at the 2006 European Athletics Championships were held at the Ullevi on August 7 and August 8.
Portugal's Francis Obikwelu added the European title to his Olympic Games silver medal in Athens. The 27-year-old was all but last out of the blocks but showed his class with a brilliant surge of pace to finish in 9.99 seconds - the first time the European title has been won with a sub-10 second time. Poland's Dariusz Kuć delayed the drama with a nervy false start.

Ullevi
Ullevi, sometimes known as Nya Ullevi (Swedish: [(ˈnŷːa) ˈɵ̂lːɛˌviː], New Ullevi), is a multi-purpose stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was built for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, but since then has also hosted the World Allround Speed Skating Championships six times; the 1995 World Championships in Athletics and the 2006 European Athletics Championships; the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals in 1983 and 1990; the UEFA Euro 1992 final, the UEFA Cup final in 2004; and annually hosted the opening ceremony of the Gothia Cup, the world's largest football tournament in terms of the number of participants. IFK Göteborg has also played two UEFA Cup finals at the stadium, in 1982 and 1987, but then as "home game" in a home and away final. The stadium has hosted several events, including football, ice hockey, boxing, racing, athletics and concerts.

The stadium is one of the biggest in the Nordic countries, with a seating capacity of 43,000 and a total capacity of 75,000 for concerts.
Sioux Narrows Bridge
The Sioux Narrows Bridge is a bridge on Highway 71 at Sioux Narrows, Ontario, which spans the Sioux Narrows strait between Regina Bay and Whitefish Bay on Lake of the Woods.

Built in 1936 as an all-wooden truss bridge made of Douglas fir timber treated with creosote, it was at 210 feet (64 m) the longest single-span wooden bridge in North America. The bridge overlooks the site of an 18th-century battle in which the local Anishnaabe and Cree nations defeated an invading force of Sioux.

Due to its unique construction, the bridge was designated a heritage site under the Ontario Heritage Act.

Douglas fir
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.  It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. glauca) and Mexican Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. lindleyana).

Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus Abies), spruce (genus Picea), or pine (genus Pinus). It is also not a hemlock (genus Tsuga); the genus name Pseudotsuga means "false hemlock".