hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Les Chemins de Katmandou
Les Chemins de Katmandou ("the roads to Kathmandu") is a 1969 novel by the French writer René Barjavel. It tells the story of a man who joins a group of hippies who live and travel in Nepal, where they take drugs and practice free love in the belief that it will free them from materialism, only to meet disappointment.

Materialism
In philosophy and metaphysics, materialism is a form of monism holding that matter is the fundamental substance of nature, so that all things, including mind and consciousness, arise from material interactions and depend on physical processes, including those of the human brain and nervous system. It contrasts with monistic idealism, which treats consciousness as fundamental, and is related to naturalism, the view that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe, and to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Physicalism extends materialism by including forms of physicality beyond ordinary matter (e.g. spacetime, energy, forces, exotic matter), and some use the terms interchangeably.

Alternative philosophies opposed or alternative to materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, solipsism, panpsychism, and other forms of monism.
Nathuram Mirdha
Nathuram Mirdha (20 October 1921 – 30 August 1996) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter, social reformer and popular farmer leader from Marwar region in Rajasthan. He was elected as member of Lok Sabha for six terms between  1971 and 1997 from Nagaur. He served as member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. He was a popular face of Jat Politics in Rajasthan. He is also Known as Gandhi of Rajasthan. He served in the Union Council of Ministers in 1979–80 and 1989–90. He was Chairman of Maharaja Suraj Mal Institute, New Delhi for ten years.

Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency
Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency (Hindi pronunciation: [n̪aːgɔːɾ]) is one of the 25 Lok Sabha (parliamentary)  constituencies in Rajasthan state in India. Hanuman Beniwal is incumbent member of the Lok Sabha from Nagaur.
Colón, Venezuela
Colón is a town in the Venezuelan Andean state of Táchira.  This town is the shire town of the Ayacucho Municipality and, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, the municipality has a population of 48,982.

States of Venezuela
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is a federation made up of twenty-three states (Spanish: estados), a Capital District (Spanish: Distrito Capital) and the Federal Dependencies (Spanish: Dependencias Federales), which consist of many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. Venezuela claims the disputed Essequibo territory as one of its states, which it calls Guayana Esequiba, but the territory is controlled by Guyana as part of six of its regions.

The states and territories of Venezuela are usually organized into regions (Spanish: regiones), although these regions are mostly geographical entities rather than administrative entities.
Ó Maoilmhichíl
Ó Maoilmhichíl is an uncommon surname of Irish origin devolving into the common Irish surnames Mitchell and Mulvihill.

The surname Mitchell is derived from the sept or clan name Uí Mhaoilmhichíl which means patrons or devotees of Saint Michael the Archangel.

As the English language began to replace Irish and Scottish Gaelic, the surname was anglicised as Mitchell, Michael, Mulvihill, Mulville, or Melville, and other variations.

A family motto Pro aris et focis originates from the Irish family name "Mulvihill".

Michael (given name)
Michael (Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל; Aramaic: ܡܝܟܐܝܠ, romanized: Mīkhāʼēl) is a common masculine given name usually thought to be from the Hebrew rhetorical question מי כאל (mī kāʼēl), "Who [is] like [the Hebrew god] El?", thus being a theophoric name whose answer is "there is none like El", or "there is none as famous and powerful as God." This question is known in Latin as Quis ut Deus? Paradoxically, the name is also sometimes interpreted as "One who is like God."

An alternative spelling of the name is Micheal. While Michael is most often a masculine name, it is also given to women, such as the actresses Michael Michele and Michael Learned, and Michael Steele, the former bassist for the Bangles.

Patronymic surnames that come from Michael include Carmichael, DiMichele, MacMichael, McMichael, Michaels, Micallef, Michaelson, Michiels, Michalka, Michels, Miguélez, Mihály, Mikeladze, Mikhaylov, Mikkelsen, Mitchell, Michalski, Mykhaylenko and Mikaelyan.
Middleton baronets
There have been six baronetcies created for persons with the surname Middleton, four in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. One creation is extant as of 2023.

Middleton baronets of Ruthin (1622)

Middleton baronets of Leighton Hall (1642)

Middleton baronets of Belsay Castle (1662)

Middleton baronets of Hackney (1681)

Middleton, later Noel baronets, of the Navy (1781): see Earl of Gainsborough

Middleton baronets of Crowfield (1804)

Earl of Gainsborough
Earl of Gainsborough is a title that has been created twice, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation ended in extinction when the sixth Earl died without heirs. However, the title was revived in 1841 for a female-line relative.
Appalachian Brewing Company
The Appalachian Brewing Company, commonly known as ABC, is an American brewery in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was founded in January 1997. Appalachian also operates pubs in Gettysburg, Lititz, Mechanicsburg and Shippensburg. The logo features the Rockville Bridge, which crosses the Susquehanna river just north of Harrisburg.

Shippensburg, Pennsylvania
Shippensburg is a borough in Cumberland and Franklin counties in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Settled in 1730, Shippensburg lies in the Cumberland Valley, 41 miles (66 km) southwest of Harrisburg, and is part of the Harrisburg metropolitan area. The population was 5,478 at the 2020 census.

Shippensburg was incorporated as a borough on January 21, 1819. In the past, there were furniture factories, engine and pump works, and other industrial works located within the town. Shippensburg is the home of the Beistle Company, the oldest manufacturer of decorations and party goods in the U.S. In May 2012, Volvo Construction Equipment began a $100 million expansion project to bring its American headquarters to Shippensburg.

Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, one of 14 universities of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, is located just north of the borough limits in Shippensburg Township.
Apidya
Apidya (titled Abidja (アビヂャ) in Japanese characters below the title) is a horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up video game developed by German studio Kaiko and released by Blue Byte (as Play Byte) in 1992 for the Amiga. The game was also released by the disk magazine Amiga Spiele Disc, and later as a budget game by Team17 in 1994.

A 24-bit pixel remake, Apidya' Special, is being developed by ININ Games for release in 2026.

Ubisoft Blue Byte
Ubisoft Blue Byte GmbH (Blue Byte until 2017) is a German video game holding company owned by Ubisoft. It was founded in October 1988 by Thomas Hertzler and Lothar Schmitt as a developer and is best known for developing the Anno and The Settlers series. The studio was acquired by Ubisoft in 2001. Related Designs was merged into Blue Byte in 2013, and a third studio in Berlin was established in 2018. Since 2019, Ubisoft Blue Byte acts as the parent company of Ubisoft's three German studios, which became branded as Ubisoft Düsseldorf, Ubisoft Mainz and Ubisoft Berlin. The three studios comprise 695 employees as of August 2024.
Rønne Formation
The Rønne Formation is a geologic formation on the island on Bornholm, Denmark. It is of middle Hettangian to early Pliensbachian age. Vertebrate fossils have been uncovered from this formation. During the Early Jurassic, on what is now the Bornholm region was transitional between continental and marine settings with tidal influence. There was a lower delta plain, with lagoons and intertidal swamps. The formation is correlated with the lower Rya Formation and the upper Höganäs Formation of Skåne, Sweden.

Hettangian
The Hettangian is the earliest age and lowest stage of the Jurassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 201.3 ± 0.2 Ma and 199.3 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago).  The Hettangian follows the Rhaetian (part of the Triassic Period) and is followed by the Sinemurian.

In European stratigraphy the Hettangian is a part of the time span in which the Lias was deposited. An example is the British Blue Lias, which has an upper Rhaetian to Sinemurian age. Another example is the lower Lias from the Northern Limestone Alps where well-preserved but very rare ammonites, including Alsatites, have been found.
Hans Roepstorff
Hans Roepstorff (1910–1945) was a German chess master.

Roepstorff took 15th at Kraków 1938 (Jaroslav Šajtar won), shared first with Paul Mross but lost to him a play-off at Berlin 1938, tied for 8–10th at Warsaw/Lublin/Kraków 1942 (the third General Government chess tournament, Alexander Alekhine won), took 10th at Vienna 1943 (the 10th German Chess Championship, Josef Lokvenc won), tied for 5–6th at Krynica 1943 (the fourth GG-ch, Lokvenc won), and took third at Radom 1944 (the fifth GG-ch, Efim Bogoljubow won).

German Chess Championship
The German Chess Championship has been played since 1861, and determines the national champion. Prior to 1880, three different federations organized chess activities in Germany: the Westdeutscher Schachbund (WDSB), the Norddeutscher Schachbund (NDSB) and the Mitteldeutscher Schachbund (MDSB). Each one organized its own championship. In 1880, the nationwide Deutscher Schachbund was founded, so afterwards only one German championship was played.

Starting from 1933, the Nazi Party took control of all social activities and until 1943 all chess championships were organized by the Großdeutscher Schachbund. After the end of World War II, separate championships were played in the occupied zones. Afterwards, from 1950 to 1989, two national championships were held in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. After the reunification of Germany in 1989, a single tournament has been played.
Alejandro Zarzuela
Alejandro Zarzuela Beltrán (born 2 April 1987) is a Spanish 3 point wheelchair basketball player. He has represented Spain as a member of the national team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and at the U-23 European Championships.  As a club wheelchair basketball player in Spain, he has played all but two seasons on the same team with his twin brother, Pablo. He has won several Copas del Rey, league championships and a European Champions League.

Wheelchair basketball
Wheelchair basketball is a style of basketball played using a sports wheelchair. The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) is the governing body for this sport. It is recognized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) as the sole competent authority in wheelchair basketball worldwide. FIBA has recognized IWBF under Article 53 of its General Statutes.

The IWBF has 95 National Organizations for Wheelchair Basketball (NOWBs) participating in wheelchair basketball throughout the world, with this number increasing each year. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people play wheelchair basketball from recreation to club play and as elite national team members.

Wheelchair basketball is included in the Paralympic Games. The Wheelchair Basketball World Championship is played two years after every Paralympic Games. Major competition in wheelchair basketball comes from Canada, Australia, the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Japan.
Alberta Diploma Exam
Alberta Diploma Exams are standardized tests taken by Alberta and Nunavut students in grade 12. The government instituted the examinations through Alberta Education to attain greater accountability and ensure its students were well regarded when applying to tertiary institutions. Tests may be administered in English or French. Alberta, out of all Canadian provinces has the most standardized testing procedure of any province.

The Diploma Examinations are taken by students enrolled in 30-1 and 30-2 level courses. Results of the diplomas are an important factor in admissions to universities and colleges across Canada as exam results make up 30% of the course grade for 30-level subjects.

Standardized testing is controversial in general, and Alberta is not an exception. The Alberta Teacher's Association is formally against standardized testing.

Alberta Teachers' Association
The Alberta Teachers' Association (ATA) is the professional association for the teachers of Alberta, Canada. It represents all teachers and teacher administrators in all schools in Alberta's public, separate and francophone school divisions. It also represents teachers in some charter and private schools. There are currently 43,500 members of the ATA. It is affiliated with other teacher organizations in Canada through the Canadian Teachers' Federation.

The Alberta Teachers' Association, as the professional organization of teachers, promotes and advances public education, safeguards standards of professional practice and serves as the advocate for its members.
Dara O'Rourke
Dara O'Rourke is an environmental scientist, information scientist and professor at the University of California, Berkeley where he holds an appointment in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management. O'Rourke is the founder of GoodGuide, an online consumer tool for retrieving information about the supply chain of consumer products such as toys, food, and detergents. GoodGuide was acquired in 2012 and shut down in 2020. Prior to teaching at Berkeley, O'Rourke taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Detergent
A detergent is a product for cleaning that contains surfactants plus other components. Detergents comprise surfactants as main functional components to remove hydrophobic grease or dirt by dispersing them in water. They often further comprise water (to facilitate application), builders (to soften water), enzymes (for breaking down proteins, fats, or starches), and dyes or fragrances (to improve the user's sensory experience).

Common surfactants used in detergents are alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
USS Road Runner
USS Road Runner (AMc-35) was a coastal minesweeper acquired by the United States Navy for the task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Road Runner was named after the bird of that name: a speedy, largely terrestrial bird of the cuckoo family, found from California to Mexico and eastward to Texas.

Road Runner was built in 1939 as Treasure Island, California, by Western Boat Building Co, Tacoma, Washington; acquired by the Navy on 27 November 1940 from Mr. August Felando of San Pedro, Los Angeles; converted at South Coast Co., Newport Beach, California, and placed in service on 2 June 1941.

South Coast Shipyard
33°36′38″N 117°55′41″W﻿ / ﻿33.610608°N 117.928186°W﻿ / 33.610608; -117.928186

South Coast Shipyard  was a shipbuilding company in Newport Beach, California. To support the World War II demand for ships South Coast Shipyard built: minesweepers, Torpedo Boats, Submarine chasers, & Air-sea rescue boats. South Coast Shipyard was opened in 1938 by Walton Hubbard.  After World War II the shipyard continued to build ships for the US Navy till 1955. The shipyard was located at 2300 Newport Boulevard, Newport Beach, California. The shipyard ceased military operation in 1963, however is still open today as one of the prominent shipyards for private pleasurecraft in Newport Beach.
Vojtěch Dobiáš
Vojtěch Dobiáš (born 18 July 2000) is a Czech professional ice hockey forward. He is currently playing for HC ZUBR Přerov of the Chance Liga on loan from PSG Berani Zlín.

Dobias has been a member of Berani Zlín since 2014, where he featured in their various academies. His first exposure to the professional ranks came with a loan spell at LHK Jestřábi Prostějov during the 2018–19 season, where he played six games. He made his senior debut for Zlín during the 2019–20 Czech Extraliga season, playing two games, and signed an extension with the team on 24 April 2000.

LHK Jestřábi Prostějov
LHK Jestřábi Prostějov is an ice hockey team in Prostějov, Czech Republic. They play in the Czech 1. Liga, the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic.
The club was founded as Sportovní Klub Prostějov in 1913.
Silvia Dimitrova
Silvia Dimitrova (Bulgarian: Силвия Димитрова) is a Bulgarian icon painter. She won a place at the School of Applied Arts at Troyan at the age of 13. She graduated in 1989. She then studied icon painting in Sofia under the tuition of Georgi Tchouchev, a master iconographer in Sofia.

She held a solo exhibition in Paris, in the Cultural Centre Edmond Rostand, Rueil-Malmaison in 1997. In the spring of 1999 she was commissioned by Downside Abbey to paint the Icon of St Benedict, Wells. At the beginning of 2000 Silvia worked as an artist-in-residence at Wells Cathedral with a commission to paint the Fourteen Stations of the Cross as a project for the Millennium. In the same year she was married, in Wells Cathedral, to Simon Potter, a house master at Downside School, Somerset.

She works in the traditional technique of icon painting - egg tempera on wood.

Downside Abbey
Downside Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in England and is the senior community of the English Benedictine Congregation. Until 2019, the community had close links with Downside School, for the education of children aged 11 to 18. Both the abbey and the school are at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, between Westfield and Shepton Mallet in Somerset, South West England. In 2020, the community of Downside Abbey consisted of 15 monks. The community left the abbey in 2022, moving first to Devon and then in 2025 to Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire.

The Abbey Church of St Gregory the Great, begun in 1873 and unfinished, is a Grade I listed building; Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described its Gothic Revival style as "a splendid demonstration of the renaissance of Roman Catholicism in England". As of 2025, the monastic buildings on the Downside site are largely vacant.
Fasudil
Fasudil (INN) is a potent Rho-kinase inhibitor and vasodilator. Since it was discovered, it has been used  for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm, which is often due to subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as to improve the cognitive decline seen in stroke patients. It has been found to be effective for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. It has been demonstrated that fasudil could improve memory in normal mice, identifying the drug as a possible treatment for age-related or neurodegenerative memory loss.

It has been approved for use in Japan and China since 1995, but has not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration or by the European Medicines Agency. Woolsey Pharmaceuticals is developing BRAVYL (oral fasudil) for various neurodegenerative diseases.

Angiotensin
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.

An oligopeptide, angiotensin is a hormone and a dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver. Angiotensin was isolated in the late 1930s (first named "angiotonin" or "hypertensin", later renamed "angiotensin" as a consensus by the 2 groups that independently discovered it) and subsequently characterized and synthesized by groups at the Cleveland Clinic and Ciba laboratories.
Wonsan Kalma Coastal Tourist Area
Wonsan Kalma Coastal Tourist Area (Korean: 원산갈마해안관광지구) is a resort opened in 2025 in the city of Wonsan, North Korea. This resort area designed to boost domestic and international tourism, with initial visits reported in July 2025 from Russia.

Kangwon Province, North Korea
Kangwon Province (Kangwŏndo; Korean pronunciation: [kaŋ.wʌn.do]) is a province of North Korea, with its capital at Wŏnsan. Before the division of Korea in 1945, Kangwŏn Province and its South Korean neighbour Gangwon Province  (also spelled Kangwon Province sometimes) formed a single province that excluded Wŏnsan.
Function space
In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions between two fixed sets. Often, the domain and/or codomain will have additional structure which is inherited by the function space. For example, the set of functions from any set X into a vector space has a natural vector space structure given by pointwise addition and scalar multiplication. In other scenarios, the function space might inherit a topological or metric structure, hence the name function space. Often in mathematical jargon, especially in analysis or geometry, a function could refer to a map of the form  or  where  is the space in question. Whilst other maps of the form  between any two spaces are simply referred to as maps. Example of this can be the space of compactly supported functions on a topological space. However in a larger context a function space could just consist of a set of functions (set theoretically) equipped with possibly some extra structure.

Uniform norm
In mathematical analysis, the uniform norm (or sup norm) assigns, to real- or complex-valued bounded functions ⁠⁠ defined on a set ⁠⁠, the non-negative number

This norm is also called the supremum norm, the Chebyshev norm, the infinity norm, or, when the supremum is in fact the maximum, the max norm.  The name "uniform norm" derives from the fact that a sequence of functions ⁠⁠ converges to ⁠⁠ under the metric derived from the uniform norm if and only if ⁠⁠ converges to ⁠⁠ uniformly.

If ⁠⁠ is a continuous function on a closed and bounded interval, or more generally a compact set, then it is bounded and the supremum in the above definition is attained by the Weierstrass extreme value theorem, so we can replace the supremum by the maximum. In this case, the norm is also called the maximum norm.
In particular, if ⁠⁠ is some vector such that  in finite dimensional coordinate space, it takes the form:

This is called the -norm.
Portrait of Lord Westmoreland
Portrait of Lord Westmoreland is an 1806 portrait painting by the English artist Thomas Lawrence. It depicts the British politician John Fane, Earl of Westmorland. Westmoreland was a Tory peer who served in government throughout the Regency era. After serving as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland he spent many years in the cabinet as Lord Privy Seal, beginning during the premiership of William Pitt the Younger.

The Earl is shown in the robes of the House of Lords leaning in a neoclassical pose against a pillar. Today the painting is in the collection of the Prado Museum in Madrid, having been acquired in 1955.

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (UK: /lɛfˈtɛnənt/), or more formally Lieutenant General and General Governor of Ireland, was the title of the chief governor of Ireland from the Williamite Wars of 1690 until the Partition of Ireland in 1922. This spanned the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922). The office, under its various names, was often more generally known as the viceroy, and his wife was known as the vicereine. The government of Ireland in practice was usually in the hands of the Lord Deputy up to the 17th century, and later of the Chief Secretary for Ireland.