hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chinese as a Second Language
Chinese as a Second Language (CSL), or Hanyu jiaoxue yanjiu meiguo zhongwen jiaoshi xuehui xuebao (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報), is an academic journal in the field of language education, focusing upon aspects of Chinese as a foreign language, Chinese linguistics, Chinese culture, and Chinese literature. It is published three times a year by the John Benjamins Publishing Company. The current editor in chief is Dana Scott Bourgerie (Brigham Young University).

CSL was launched in 2016 as a continuation of the former Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, or Zhongwen jiaoshi xuehui xuebao (中文教師學會學報), which was first established in 1966 and was published directly by the Chinese Language Teachers Association.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Sirana
Sirana (also known as Sirana de Odienné) is a village in northwestern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Odienné, Odienné Department, Kabadougou Region, Denguélé District. At the west end of the village is a border crossing with Guinea.

Sirana was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Odienné Department
Odienné Department is a department of Kabadougou Region in Denguélé District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 156,730 and its seat is the settlement of Odienné. The sub-prefectures of the department are Bako, Bougousso, Dioulatièdougou, Odienné, and Tiémé.
Turkish Technic
Turkish Technic (Turkish Airlines Maintenance Center), is the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) center of Turkish Airlines. Third party airlines are also served. Turkish Technic is headquartered at Atatürk Airport (ISL) and owns a maintenance hangar at Istanbul Airport (IST) on the European side of Istanbul. However, a new complex built at Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW) on the Asian (Anatolia) side of Istanbul, formerly named Turkish HABOM (HABOM being short for "Aviation MRO"), is poised to become the main center of operations.

Atatürk Airport
Atatürk Airport (IATA: ISL, ICAO: LTBA) is a public airport located in Yeşilköy, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Formerly the primary international airport of Istanbul and the hub of Turkish Airlines, it was closed to commercial passenger flights on 6 April 2019. From that point, all commercial scheduled passenger flights were transferred to the new Istanbul Airport. Since the move of commercial operations to the new airport, Atatürk Airport is open to general aviation and functions as an executive airport.
Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's keirin
The men's Keirin at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 16 at the Laoshan Velodrome.

This track cycling event consisted of multiple rounds. In each race, the four to seven cyclists in the heat covered 8 laps of the track. The first 5.5 laps were behind a motorized pacer called a derny, which gradually increased speed up to 50 km/h (31 mph; 14 m/s). The derny then left the track and the cyclists then raced the final 2+1⁄2 laps to the finish.

In the first round, four heats were held. The top two cyclists in each heat advanced to the semifinals, with the rest of the cyclists competing again in the repechage. Four of those cyclists advanced from the repechage to the semifinals as well, for a total of 12 semifinalists. They raced again in two semifinals heats. The top three cyclists in each semifinal advanced to the final, while the bottom three competed in the 7th to 12th place classification race.

Derny
A Derny is a motorized bicycle for motor-paced cycling events such as during six-day and Keirin racing and motor-paced road races. Some riders train behind a derny on the road. The Derny is so-called as it was originally produced by the French Derny firm, but the name Derny is now applied to all small cycle-pacing vehicles, regardless of manufacturer.
Arthur Girling
Arthur Girling (1807 – June 1849) was an English first-class cricketer and umpire.

Girling was born at Burton upon Trent in 1807. He made his debut in first-class cricket for the North against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's in 1841, with Girling also featuring in the return fixture at Burton-on-Trent. He next played first-class cricket in 1845, when he appeared for Manchester against Yorkshire at Manchester. He played first-class cricket for Manchester until 1848, making six appearances. Playing as a bowler for Manchester, he took a total of 34 wickets at an average of 11.05, with best figures of 6 for 32. These figures came against Sheffield in 1848, a match in which he took two five-wicket hauls. He also stood as an umpire in two first-class matches in 1840 and 1841. Girling died at Manchester in June 1849.

Moss Lane Cricket Ground
Moss Lane Cricket Ground was a cricket ground in Moss Side, Manchester, Lancashire. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1864, when Manchester Cricket Club played Sheffield Cricket Club.

In 1844, the ground held its inaugural first-class match when Manchester played Sheffield Cricket Club who were called Yorkshire on that occasion. From 1844 to 1846, the ground played host to four first-class matches, the last of which saw Manchester play Sheffield.

The final recorded match on the ground came in 1847 when Manchester Slow Bowlers played Manchester Fast Bowlers. The ground was later developed, with St Mary's Church covering the site today.
Warren Anderson (Australian businessman)
Warren Perry Anderson (born 1942) is an Australian businessman and speculative investor whose net worth in 1990 was estimated by BRW at $190 million, although the following year he was reported to have debts of $500 million, and filed for bankruptcy.

He has been a principal in major developments in Perth, Darwin and Melbourne. He has owned properties such as The Marritz Hotel Perisher Valley, Boomerang, a mansion in Sydney's eastern suburbs, and Tipperary, a premier cattle and crop station in the Northern Territory. He has claimed to have been unfairly stripped of A$50 million in the course of the WA Inc bailout of Rothwells, and was involved in the collapse of Firepower International.

Perisher Valley, New South Wales
Perisher Valley, commonly called Perisher, is a valley formed below Mount Perisher, a mountain that is located in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia.

Located in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council, the valley is the site of one of four resort bases of the Perisher Ski Resort, which also comprises Guthega, Blue Cow and Smiggin Holes.  It is located within the Kosciuszko National Park between Jindabyne and Charlotte Pass on the Kosciuszko Road. Access to the valley is via the Skitube Alpine Railway or by road. Although it is primarily a winter only resort village, year round accommodations are available, including tours, and bush walks.

At the 2021 census, Perisher Valley had a population of 99 people. In winter, the population is approximately 2,500 due to guests.
Qeelin
Qeelin is a fine jewellery company established in 2004 in Hong Kong by Dennis Chan and Guillaume Brochard. The brand's products refer to mystical or superstitious symbols strongly embedded in Chinese culture. The name Qeelin comes from the qilin, (麒麟)  a legendary hooved chimerical creature that appears in Chinese mythology.

The company is headquartered in Hong-Kong, and is owned by the French luxury group Kering. Christophe Artaux has been CEO since 2015, and Dennis Chan creative director since 2004.

Palais-Royal
The Palais-Royal (French: [pa.lɛ ʁwa.jal]) is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Cardinal, it was built for Cardinal Richelieu from about 1633 to 1639 by architect Jacques Lemercier. Richelieu bequeathed it to Louis XIII, before Louis XIV gave it to his younger brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. As the succeeding Dukes of Orléans made such extensive alterations over the years, almost nothing remains of Lemercier's original design.

The Palais-Royal is now the seat of the Ministry of Culture, the Conseil d'État and the Constitutional Council. The central Palais-Royal Garden (Jardin du Palais-Royal) serves as a public park; its arcade houses shops.
Wiener Internationale Gartenschau 64
The Wiener Internationale Gartenschau 64 (English: Vienna International Garden Show 64), often shortened to WIG 64, was a garden festival held in Vienna, Austria. It took place in Kaisermühlen, in the district of Donaustadt, on the site of what is now the Donaupark and the Donau City.

Districts of Vienna
The districts of Vienna (German: Wiener Gemeindebezirke) are the 23 named city sections of Vienna, Austria, which are numbered for easy reference. They were created from 1850 onwards, when the city area was enlarged by the inclusion of surrounding communities. Although they fill a similar role, Vienna's municipal districts are not administrative districts (Bezirke) as defined by the federal constitution; Vienna is a statutory city and as such is a single administrative district in its entirety.
Pat E. Johnson
Patrick E. Johnson (December 31, 1939 – November 5, 2023) was an American martial artist and actor. He was a 9th degree black belt in American Tang Soo Do and was the president of the National Tang Soo Do Congress, which was originally created by Chuck Norris in 1973.

Johnson was famous for the martial arts choreography in The Karate Kid series, in which he also starred as the All Valley Karate Tournament head referee, and was involved in many films, as choreographer and actor, including Enter the Dragon (as a Mafia collection-agent who gets coldcocked by John Saxon), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Mortal Kombat, Green Street Hooligans, and Punisher: War Zone. He was the 1995 Black Belt magazine Instructor of the Year.

United Fighting Arts Federation
The United Fighting Arts Federation (UFAF) is a martial arts organization founded by Chuck Norris in 1979. UFAF is the governing and sanctioning body for the Chuck Norris System, a martial art Norris developed from Tang Soo Do, and which was known as the Chuck Norris System in the early to mid 1980s and as Chun Kuk Do from December 1990 until July 2015. UFAF provides technical standards for instruction and advancement in the system, and also provides its students, instructors, and schools with Chuck Norris System rank certification, educational opportunities, special events, online community access, and other services.
Anthony Davis (politician)
Anthony Davis (born August 8, 1980) is an American politician from Tennessee. He is a Democrat and represented District 51 in the Tennessee House of Representatives from June to October 2023. Davis attended Martin Luther King Magnet at Pearl High School and received a marketing degree from Lambuth University. He represented District 7 on the Nashville Metro Council from 2011 to 2019. Davis established the East Nashville Beer Works craft brewery in 2016. Following the death of Representative Bill Beck, the Nashville Metro Council appointed Davis to represent the 51st district until a special election could be held; he was defeated in the August 3 primary by Aftyn Behn.

Tennessee House of Representatives
The Tennessee House of Representatives is the lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Tennessee. The House convenes, along with the Senate, at the Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville.
Dynasties II
Dynasties II is a 2022 British nature documentary series commissioned by the BBC and narrated by David Attenborough. It is the sequel to Dynasties (2018) and was announced via a press release on 28 December 2020.

Developing on the success of the first series, Dynasties II continues to delve into the secret lives of charismatic, captivating animals as they fight for their families against the odds and get caught up in real life drama.

The series has four episodes, following Angelina the African elephant matriarch, she-cheetah Kali, Rupestre the puma and spotted hyena matriarch Suma. A Christmas special featuring Mac, a Barbary macaque, was broadcast in December 2022.

Barbary macaque
The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus)  is a macaque species native to the Atlas Mountains of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, along with a small introduced population in Gibraltar. It is the type species of the genus Macaca. From the Early Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene, until around 85-40,000 years ago, it was widely distributed in Europe. Today, the Barbary macaques in Gibraltar are the only Old World monkeys in Europe. About 300 individuals live on the Rock of Gibraltar. This population appears to be stable or increasing, while the North African population is declining.

The diet of the Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects. Males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, both sexes and all ages contribute in alloparental care of the young. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years.
Ballet Royal de la Nuit
The Ballet Royal de la Nuit (Royal Ballet of the Night), Ballet Royal de la Nuict in its original spelling and often referred to simply as the Ballet de la Nuit, is a ballet de cour with a libretto by Isaac de Benserade and music by Jean de Cambefort, Jean-Baptiste Boësset, Michel Lambert and possibly others, which premiered on February 23, 1653, at the Salle du Petit-Bourbon in Paris. It took 13 hours to perform and included the debut of the fifteen-year-old Louis XIV as Apollo, the Sun King (Le Roi Soleil).

Jean-Baptiste Boësset
Jean-Baptiste Boësset (1614 – 25 December 1685) was a French composer of sacred and secular music, whose notable works include an Ave Regina caelorum and several airs de cour. He was the eldest son of the court composer Antoine Boësset.
KOYL
KOYL (1310 AM) was a radio station in Odessa, Texas, that served the Midland–Odessa metropolitan area. It was the first country music station in the area. KOYL's air staff as a country music station has included Bill Myrick. It went silent in March 1991.

Midland–Odessa
Midland–Odessa is a metropolitan area located on the Texas High Plains about half-way between El Paso and Fort Worth, Texas. This combined statistical area (CSA) is made up of two metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs - Midland and Odessa) and one micropolitan statistical area (Andrews Micropolitan Statistical Area), and comprises four counties: Andrews, Ector, Martin, and Midland Counties. The Midland–Odessa area is informally known as the Petroplex and Midessa.

In the past, the cities of Midland and Odessa experienced a civic rivalry of bitter competition and political intrigue.  Since the early 1990s, the nature of the rivalry has changed into one of friendly competition and economic cooperation.  The Midland–Odessa area today is marketed as "Two Cities, no Limits".
Stamulumab
Stamulumab (MYO-029) is an experimental myostatin inhibiting drug developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of muscular dystrophy (MD). Stamulumab was formulated and tested by Wyeth in Collegeville, Pennsylvania. Myostatin is a protein that inhibits the growth of muscle tissue, stamulumab is a recombinant human antibody designed to bind to and inhibit the activity of myostatin.

Stamulumab is a G1 immunoglobulin antibody which binds to myostatin and prevents it from binding to its target site, thus inhibiting the growth-limiting action of myostatin on muscle tissue. Research completed in 2002 found that Stamulumab might one day prove to be an effective treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Collegeville, Pennsylvania
Collegeville is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, a suburb outside of Philadelphia on Perkiomen Creek. Collegeville was incorporated in 1896. It is the location of Ursinus College, which opened in 1869. As of the 2020 census, Collegeville had a population of 5,043.
Leading Creek (Ohio)
Leading Creek is a tributary of the Ohio River, 29.5 miles (47.5 km) long, in southeastern Ohio in the United States.  Via the Ohio River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 150 square miles (390 km2) on the unglaciated portion of the Allegheny Plateau.  The creek's headwaters are in southern Athens County and it flows for most of its length in western Meigs County; its tributaries also drain a small area of northeastern Gallia County.

Leading Creek rises northwest of Albany in Lee Township in Athens County and initially flows southward into Meigs County, through Columbia Township, past the community of Carpenter; then southeastward through Salem, Rutland, and Salisbury townships, through the community of Langsville.  It flows into the Ohio River at the south end of the village of Middleport.

Athens County, Ohio
Athens County is a county in southeastern Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 62,431. Its county seat and largest city is Athens. The county was formed in 1805 from Washington County.  Because Ohio's first state university, Ohio University, was  established here in 1804, the town and the county are named for the ancient center of learning, Athens, Greece.

Athens County comprises the Athens, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Marine Corps Gazette
The Marine Corps Gazette is a professional journal by and for members of the United States Marine Corps. Known as "The Professional Journal of U.S. Marines", the Gazette was founded in 1916 at Marine Corps Base Quantico by Colonel John A. Lejeune as the vehicle to launch the Marine Corps Association (MCA).  The MCA continues to publish the Gazette alongside Leatherneck Magazine. The headquarters of the Gazette is in Quantico, Virginia.

Originally published quarterly from 1916 through 1942, the Gazette transitioned to a bi-monthly cycle in 1943 and then monthly in 1944.  Active duty Marines staffed the journal until a change of law in 1976 prompted the Gazette to rely on retired Marines and civilians for publication. Since November 2006, the entire Gazette is available online to members and from Google Books.

The Marine Corps Gazette is available in magazine form, online, and on a mobile app. The magazine has over 15,000 monthly readers.

Quantico, Virginia
Quantico (/ˈkwɒntɪkoʊ/; formerly Potomac) is a town in southeastern Prince William County, Virginia, United States.  The population was 578 at the 2020 census. Quantico is approximately 35 miles southwest of Washington, D.C., bounded by the Potomac River to the east and the Quantico Creek to the north. The word 'Quantico' is a corruption of the name of a Doeg village recorded by English colonists as Pamacocack.

Quantico is surrounded on its remaining two sides by one of the largest U.S. Marine Corps bases, Marine Corps Base Quantico. The base is the site of the HMX-1 presidential helicopter squadron, the FBI Academy, the FBI Laboratory, the Marine Corps Combat Development Command, the Officer Candidates School, The Basic School, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration training academy, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the United States Army Criminal Investigation Division, and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations headquarters.
AM 50
AM 50 is a Czech automatically launched assault bridge used by combat engineers for crossing narrow obstacles such as rivers, canals, and ditches. It is mounted on heavy vehicles (such as the unarmored or lightly armored Tatra 815 8×8 truck), and can bridge a gap up to 52 meters (170 feet 7 inches).

The AM 50 was developed for the Czechoslovak Army in the late 1960s. Today it is in use in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, India and Pakistan.

Czechoslovak Army
The Czechoslovak Army (Czechoslovak: Československá armáda) was the name of the armed forces of Czechoslovakia. It was established in 1918 following Czechoslovakia's declaration of independence from Austria-Hungary.
Edward R. Brunner
Edward R. Brunner (born 1953) is an American lawyer and retired judge.  He was a judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals from 2007 through 2011 in the Wausau-based District III.  Previously, he was a Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge for 19 years, and was Chief Judge of the 10th District of Wisconsin Circuit Courts from 1999 through 2005.

Wausau, Wisconsin
Wausau (/ˈwɔːsɔː/ ⓘ WAW-saw) is a city in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located along the Wisconsin River in central Wisconsin and had a population of 39,994 at the 2020 census. The Wausau metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Marathon County, had a population of 138,013.

The Wausau area was inhabited by various indigenous peoples, including the Ojibwe. It was settled by European immigrants in the mid-19th century and developed as a lumbering center due to its access to pine forests and river transport. Cultural and recreational attractions in Wausau include the Grand Theater, Granite Peak Ski Area, Rib Mountain State Park, Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum, and the Wisconsin River.
Mount Sibayak
Mount Sibayak (Indonesian: Gunung Sibayak) is a stratovolcano overlooking the town of Berastagi in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Although its last eruption was more than a century ago, geothermal activity in the form of steam vents and hot springs remains high on and around the volcano. The vents produce crystalline sulfur, which was mined on a small scale in the past. Seepage of sulfurous gases has also caused acidic discolouration of the small crater lake.

Sibayak is a term from the Karo Batak language referring to a founding community. Mount Sibayak is relatively easy to climb and has been a tourist attraction since colonial times.

Crater of Gunung Sibayak. Mount Sinabung in the back.

Mount Sibayak in the 1920s

The "Sibajak raja berampat", the so-called four princes with their wives, Karolanden, North Sumatra (1914–1919)

On July 11, 1979, a Fokker F28 operating under Garuda Indonesian Airways crashed into this mountain.

Geothermal activity
Geothermal activity is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area, usually caused by the presence of an igneous intrusion underground. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of fumaroles that emit hot volcanic gases.
Rolando Coimbra
Rolando Coimbra (born 25 February 1960) is a Bolivian footballer. He played in 15 matches for the Bolivia national football team from 1983 to 1987. He was also part of Bolivia's squad for the 1983 Copa América tournament.

1983 Copa América
The 1983 Copa América football tournament was played between 10 August and 4 November, with all ten CONMEBOL members participating. Defending champions Paraguay received a bye into the semi-finals.

The cup was won by Uruguay, that beat Brazil in the final match. This achievement ended Uruguay's 16-year streak without an official championship since the 1967 South American Championship, and qualified the Celestes to play the first Artemio Franchi Trophy in 1985 against France, winner of the UEFA Euro 1984.