hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gravity loss
In astrodynamics and rocketry, gravity loss is a measure of the loss in the net performance of a rocket while it is thrusting in a gravitational field.  In other words, it is the cost of having to hold the rocket up in a gravity field.

Gravity losses depend on the time over which thrust is applied as well the direction the thrust is applied in. Gravity losses as a proportion of delta-v are minimised if maximum thrust is applied for a short time, and by avoiding thrusting directly away from the local gravitational field. During the launch and ascent phase, however, thrust must be applied over a long period with a major component of thrust in the opposite direction to gravity, so gravity losses become significant. For example, to reach a speed of 7.8 km/s in low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of between 9 and 10 km/s. The additional 1.5 to 2 km/s delta-v is due to gravity losses, steering losses and atmospheric drag.

Drag (physics)
In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, and also known as viscous force, is a force acting opposite to the direction of motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers, or between a fluid and a solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.

Unlike other resistive forces, drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the relative velocity for low-speed flow and is proportional to the velocity squared for high-speed flow. This distinction between low and high-speed flow is measured by the Reynolds number.
Our Lady of Solitude Cemetery
Our Lady of Solitude Cemetery (Portuguese: Cemitério de Nossa Senhora da Soledade) is a former cemetery and, nowadays, an urban park in Brazil, originally established as a public necropolis in 1850 by Captain Joaquim Vitorino de Sousa Cabral in the Batista Campos neighborhood of Belém, Pará. It was created in response to the epidemics that affected the city during the 19th century. The site was listed as architectural heritage in 1964. In 2023, it was converted into an urban park, museum, and cultural space.

The number of burials at the site exceeds thirty thousand, largely due to the yellow fever epidemic of 1850 and the cholera epidemic of 1885.

Batalhão Cemetery
Batalhão Cemetery is a cemetery located in the city of Campo Maior, Piauí, Brazil. It is a historical heritage site, listed in 1938 by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (Portuguese: Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, IPHAN) and named National Monument in 1990 by the president José Sarney.

The Batalhão cemetery, located in the municipality of Campo maior (PI), was listed by IPHAN in 1938 and has been registered in the Books of Listed Historical Sites and of Fine Arts. The cemetery, one of the most important landmarks in the history of Piauí and in the Independence of Brazil, is home to the remains of the heroes of the Battle of Jenipapo, which took place on March 13, 1823.
Chaos: Making a New Science
Chaos: Making a New Science is a debut non-fiction book by James Gleick that initially introduced the principles and early development of the chaos theory to the public. It was a finalist for the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize in 1987, and was shortlisted for the Science Book Prize in 1989. The book was published on October 29, 1987 by Viking Books.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
Ginjer Buchanan
Ginjer Buchanan (born in Pittsburgh, December 12, 1944) was Editor-in-Chief at Ace Books and Roc Books, the two science fiction and fantasy imprints of Penguin Group (USA). She received a World Fantasy Award—Life Achievement in 2024. She was nominated six times for Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor for long form, winning in 2014. She received the Edward E. Smith Memorial Award in 2013 for her contributions to science fiction.

Edward E. Smith Memorial Award
The Edward E. Smith Memorial Award for Imaginative Fiction, or Skylark, annually recognizes someone for lifetime contributions to science fiction, "both through work in the field and by exemplifying the personal qualities which made the late 'Doc' Smith well-loved by those who knew him". It is presented by the New England Science Fiction Association at its annual convention, Boskone, to someone chosen by a vote of NESFA members. The trophy is a large lens mounted on a simple plinth.

The award was inaugurated in 1966, the year after Smith's death. Sixty-three people have been honored in 60 years to 2026. Hal Clement received the award twice, in 1969 and 1997.

Skylark recipients
PayDirect
Yahoo! PayDirect was the name of a person-to-person money transfer service by Yahoo! via HSBC, competing with Billpoint and PayPal.

Yahoo launched PayDirect in March 2000 after purchasing Arthas.com, a provider of electronic billing services. Arthas' dotBank.com service allowed customers to make online bill payments and to exchange money with other customers. When Yahoo took over the site, the accounts were managed by the international bank HSBC.

In 2000, Yahoo extended the Yahoo PayDirect service to mobile phones, as part of its Yahoo Everywhere initiative.

Yahoo PayDirect was initially launched with CIBC National Bank as the financial partner (based in Maitland, Florida, and a subsidiary of CIBC - one of the major Canadian banks). The service was subsequently migrated to HSBC.

The Yahoo PayDirect service was discontinued effective November 22, 2004, leaving only a web page (biz.yahoo.com/paydirect) showing "The PayDirect service and website is closed and now unavailable."

Money transmitter
In the legal code of the United States, a money transmitter or money transfer service is a business entity that provides money transfer services or payment instruments. Money transmitters in the US are part of a larger group of entities called money service businesses, or MSBs. Under federal law, 18 USC § 1960, businesses are required to register for a money transmitter license where their activity falls within the state definition of a money transmitter.
Eduard Stavytsky
Eduard Anatoliyovych Stavytsky (Ukrainian: Едуард Анатолійович Ставицький, born 4 October 1972) is a Ukrainian politician and government official who held several ministerial portfolios in the Azarov Government (2012–2014).

As part of investigation about facts of state property theft by government officials from the Ministry of Power and Coal Industry, in apartments and offices that belong to Stavytsky were searched by authorities who discovered 42 kg of gold, $4.8 million, and collection of expensive watches.

In 2014 Stavytsky was given political asylum in Israel under name Nathan Rosenberg (Натан Розенберг).

Second Azarov government
The second Azarov government (Ukrainian: Другий уряд Миколи Азарова, Druhyi uriad Mykoly Azarova) was the government of Ukraine from 24 December 2012 to 28 January 2014. It was dissolved amidst the Euromaidan protests. The ministers (except Prime Minister Mykola Azarov who was replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Serhiy Arbuzov (ex officio)), continued briefly as a caretaker government. On 27 February 2014 Ukraine's parliament approved a resolution to formally dismiss the government.
Khalsa College for Women, Sidhwan Khurd
The Khalsa College for Women is an educational institution for women at village Sidhwan Khurd in Ludhiana district of Punjab. The college was established in 1950. The college one of the oldest in state and offers various courses in IT & Software, Accounting & Commerce, Humanities & Social Sciences, Mass Communication & Media and Animation for graduation and post graduation level studies. The college also consists of a library along with ebooks, ejournals and internet facilities.

Ludhiana district
Ludhiana district is one of the 23 districts in the Indian state of Punjab. It is Punjab's largest district by both area and population. Ludhiana, the largest city in Punjab, is the district headquarters.

The main industries are bicycle parts and hosiery. Ludhiana is a hub of ladies footwear manufacturing, with around 10,000 small-scale units. The district is made up of seven tehsils, seven sub-tehsils and twelve development blocks.

Ludhiana district has the highest HDI in Punjab at 0.761 (2004 UNDP).
John O'Gorman (rugby union)
John Francis O'Gorman (born 1 June 1936) is an Australian former rugby union international.

Born in Sydney, O'Gorman attended St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill and started out as a back in the school's 1st XV before transitioning into a number eight. After school, he studied medicine at the University of Sydney, where he played in two Shute Shield premierships. He was also a first-grade player for Manly during his career.

O'Gorman was capped 18 times for the Wallabies as a back-row forward from 1961 to 1967, touring South Africa in his first year with the team. He played in Australia's first ever series win over the Springboks in 1965 and was on the 1966–67 tour of Britain, Ireland and France, featuring in all five Tests. He announced his retirement in 1967.

1961 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa
The 1961 Australia rugby union tour of Southern Africa was a series of six rugby union matches played by the Wallabies in July and August 1961.

The test series was won by the Springboks with two wins from two matches.
Lighthouses in Chile
Chile has a large and intricate coastline of 4000 km with myriads of islands, islets, straits, bays, and fjords.

Moreover, three waterways between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, namely the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel and the Drake Passage, pass the Chilean coasts. In order to mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to harbors, the Chilean authorities maintain 650 lighthouses from the border with Peru to the Atlantic Ocean.

Chilean Navy
The Chilean Navy (Spanish: Armada de Chile) is the naval warfare service branch of the Chilean Armed Forces. It is under the Ministry of National Defense. Its headquarters are at Edificio Armada de Chile, Valparaiso.
Sabreman
Sabreman is a series of action-adventure games developed and published by Ultimate Play the Game for the ZX Spectrum in the 1980s. Some of the instalments were also released on other popular home microcomputers, namely the Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, and MSX. The series stars Sabreman, who is depicted wearing khakis and a pith helmet. While the series went dormant after the sale of Ultimate Play The Game, the developer's successor Rare would release a remake of the original game on the Game Boy Advance. Microsoft owns the series through its acquisition of Rare under Xbox Game Studios.

Xbox Game Studios
Xbox Game Studios (previously known as Microsoft Studios, Microsoft Game Studios, and Microsoft Games) is an American video game publisher based in Redmond, Washington. It was established in March 2000, spun out from an internal Games Group, for the development and publishing of video games for Microsoft Windows. It has since expanded to include games and other interactive entertainment for the namesake Xbox platforms, other desktop operating systems, Windows Mobile and other mobile platforms, web-based portals, and other game consoles.

Xbox Game Studios, alongside ZeniMax Media and Activision Blizzard, are part of the Microsoft Gaming division led by Phil Spencer, who is chief executive officer of the division.
Valentin Bobyrev
Valentin Vasilyevich Bobyrev (Russian: Валентин Васильевич Бобырев; born November 27, 1947) is a member of the State Duma of Russia for the United Russia party. He is a jurist, and sits on the State Duma's Committee on National Security. He used to be a deputy head of the Novosibirsk Oblast government.

Novosibirsk Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast (Russian: Новосиби́рская о́бласть, romanized: Novosibirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk, the third-largest city in the country. As of the 2021 Census, Novosibirsk Oblast had a population of 2,797,176 with the majority, 1.63 million, lives in Novosibirsk.
MGM Holdings
MGM Holdings, Inc. (sometimes legally referred to in full as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Holdings, Inc. in official documents) was an American holding company based in Beverly Hills, California. It was launched on February 11, 2005 by a creditor-oriented consortium, and is the former parent company of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (from which the "MGM" initials were coined). Technology company Amazon acquired the company on March 17, 2022 and later merged it with its Amazon Studios subsidiary on October 3, 2023, forming Amazon MGM Studios.

Annapurna Pictures
Annapurna Pictures, LLC is an American independent media company founded by Megan Ellison on April 2, 2011, and based in Los Angeles, California. It is active in film, television and theatrical production, and video game publishing.
Samuel Christopher Hawkins
Samuel Christopher Hawkins (January 9, 1943 – February 21, 1995), known as The Traveling Rapist, was an American murderer and serial rapist who committed two murders in Texas, from 1976 to 1977. Following his arrest, he was linked to numerous rapes committed across multiple states.

Convicted and sentenced to death for the two murders, he was executed in 1995.

Serial rapist
A serial rapist is someone who commits multiple rapes, whether with multiple victims or a single victim repeatedly over a period of time. Some serial rapists target children. The terms sexual predator, repeat rape and multiple offending can also be used to describe the activities of those who commit a number of consecutive rapes, but remain unprosecuted when self-reported in research. Others will commit their assaults in prisons.

In some instances, a group of serial rapists will work together.  These rapists can have a pattern of behavior that is sometimes used to predict their activities and aid in their arrest and conviction. Serial rapists also differ from one-time offenders because "serial rapists more often involved kidnapping, verbally and physically threatening the victims, and using or threatening the use of weapons."
Algeria–Tunisia relations
Algeria and the Tunisia are both predominantly Muslim nations in the Maghreb region in North Africa. Both countries have historic dynasties primarily focused in Algiers and Tunis that became specialized in piracy and global trade. Eventually these dynasties fell under the influence of the French in the 19th century. Both remained under French control until  Tunisian independence became official in 1956 and Algeria became independent after the conclusion of the Algerian War in 1962. Since independence both countries have had periods of antagonism over issues such as border security and terrorism, however it appears that both countries are trending towards a positive relationship. The Algerian-Tunisian border is around 1034 km (642 mi) long and was officially agreed upon in 1960. Both countries are members of the African Union, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Union for the Mediterranean and the United Nations.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Arabic: منظمة التعاون الإسلامي, romanised: Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; French: Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1969. It consists of 57 member states, 48 of which are Muslim-majority. The organisation claims to be "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony".

OIC has permanent delegations to the United Nations and the European Union. Its official languages are Arabic, English, and French. It operates affiliated, specialised, and subsidiary organs within the framework of OIC Charter.

Member states had a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015, accounting for just under a quarter of the world's population. The collective area is 31.66 m km2.
Anna Brownell Jameson
Anna Brownell Jameson (17 May 1794 – 17 March 1860) was an Anglo-Irish art historian whose work spanned art and literary criticism, philosophy, travel writing, and feminism. She became very well known for her extensive writings.  Jameson was connected to some of the most prominent names of the period including Joanna Baillie, Fanny Kemble, Elizabeth Barrett-Browning and Robert Browning, Harriet Martineau, Ottilie von Goethe (the daughter-in-law of Goethe), Lady Byron, Harriet Hosmer, Ada Lovelace, Charles and Elizabeth Eastlake, and Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon. She was also a pioneer of the women's rights movement in the UK.

Joanna Baillie
Joanna Baillie (11 September 1762 – 23 February 1851) was a Scottish poet and dramatist, known for such works as Plays on the Passions (three volumes, 1798–1812) and Fugitive Verses (1840). Her work shows an interest in moral philosophy and the Gothic. She was critically acclaimed in her lifetime, and while living in Hampstead, associated with contemporary writers such as Anna Barbauld, Lucy Aikin, and Walter Scott. She died at the age of 88.
Etoetonitazene
Etoetonitazene is a benzimidazole derivative with opioid effects, first developed in the 1950s as part of the research that led to better-known compounds such as etonitazene. It is an analogue of etonitazene where the ethoxy sidechain has been extended to ethoxyethoxy. It is less potent than other benzimidazole class opioids, but is still a potent mu opioid receptor agonist with around 50x the potency of morphine, and has been sold as a designer drug since around 2022.

Benzimidazole
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound.  This bicyclic compound may be viewed as fused rings of the aromatic compounds benzene and imidazole. It is a white solid that appears in form of tabular crystals.
Schiedea membranacea
Schiedea membranacea is a rare species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common name papery schiedea and membranous schiedea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Kauai. It is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

This plant is a perennial herb growing from a woody caudex. The stem grows up to a meter long and has no branches. The species grows in moist and wet forest habitat, often on steep cliffs.

Populations of the plant have declined. In 1996 there were six populations of the plant totalling at least 250 individuals. In 2010 there were five populations with fewer than 90 plants. Threats to the species include feral goats, feral pigs, introduced species of plants, and garlic snails (Oxychilus alliarius).

Oxychilus alliarius
Oxychilus alliarius, commonly known as the garlic snail or garlic glass-snail, is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the glass snail family, Oxychilidae.
The Electones
The Electones are a Norwegian jazz/electronic/pop group, comprising musicians Jens Petter Nilsen and Hallvard Hagen (who together form Xploding Plastix), and vocalist Rita Augestad Knudsen. They have released two EPs on the UK Inertia label.

Inertia
Inertia is the natural tendency of objects in motion to stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a force causes its velocity to change. It is one of the fundamental principles in classical physics, and described by Isaac Newton in his first law of motion (also known as The Principle of Inertia). It is one of the primary manifestations of mass, one of the core quantitative properties of physical systems. Newton writes:

LAW I. Every object perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, except insofar as it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.

In his 1687 work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Newton defined inertia as a property:

DEFINITION III. The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to persevere in its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a right line.
André Baozandrivelo
André Baozandrivelo is a Malagasy politician. A member of the National Assembly of Madagascar, he was elected as a member of the Tiako I Madagasikara party in the 2007 Malagasy parliamentary elections. He represents the constituency of Vondrozo.

He had filed for the 2019 Malagasy parliamentary elections also but his candidature was denied due to his condamnation in 1997.

2007 Malagasy parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Madagascar on 23 September 2007, with the vote to be repeated in two constituencies on 14 November 2007. 637 candidates contested the election, in which the 127 seats in the National Assembly were at stake.
Magnesia Prefecture
Magnesia Prefecture (Greek: Νομός Μαγνησίας) was one of the prefectures of Greece. Its capital was Volos. It was established in 1899 from the Larissa Prefecture. The prefecture was disbanded on 1 January 2011 by the Kallikratis programme, and split into the regional units of Magnesia and the Sporades.

The toponym is ancient to the region. Ore that attracts iron is common in Magnesia, which is the origin of words such as magnet and magnetism as well as the chemical elements magnesium, derived from the mineral magnesia alba, and manganese, derived from the mineral magnesia nigra via Latin.

Manganese dioxide
Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula MnO2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery, although it is also used for other battery chemistries such as aqueous zinc-ion batteries. MnO2 is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4). It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols. MnO2 has an α-polymorph that can incorporate a variety of atoms (as well as water molecules) in the "tunnels" or "channels" between the manganese oxide octahedra. There is considerable interest in α-MnO2 as a possible cathode for lithium-ion batteries.