hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
TGF beta signaling pathway
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The pathway is also involved in multiple physiological processes such as regulation of the immune system, the vascular system and embryonic development. The TGFβ signaling pathways are conserved.  In spite of the wide range of cellular processes that the TGFβ signaling pathway regulates, the process is relatively simple. TGFβ superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression.

SMAD5
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 also known as SMAD5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD5 gene.

SMAD5, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic", based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community. It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the  TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members SMAD5 is involved in cell signalling and modulates signals of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's). The binding of ligands causes the oligomerization and phosphorylation of the SMAD5 protein. SMAD5 is a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) and is activated by bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor kinase. It may play a role in the pathway where TGFβ is an inhibitor of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Russian ship Iagudiil (1843)
Iagudiil was a Sultan Makhmud-class ship of the line built for the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet in the 1840s. Iagudiil had an uneventful career in the 1840s, alternating between periods in commission and in reserve. She participated in the early operations of the Black Sea Fleet during the Crimean War in October 1853, but her poor condition kept her from seeing action at the Battle of Sinop. The French and British intervention after Sinop led to the Russian retreat to Sevastopol, which was then besieged from 1854 to 1855. During the siege, Iagudiil battled French and British field artillery. After the Russian defenders were defeated in August 1855, they burned the ship to prevent it from being captured by the British and French, and the wreck was later demolished in 1857.

Carronade
A carronade is a short, smoothbore, cast-iron cannon which was used by the Royal Navy. It was first produced by the Carron Company, an ironworks in Falkirk, Scotland, and was used from the last quarter of the 18th century to the mid-19th century. Its main function was to serve as a powerful, short-range, anti-ship and anti-crew weapon. The technology behind the carronade was greater dimensional precision, with the shot fitting more closely in the barrel, thus transmitting more of the propellant charge's energy to the projectile, allowing a lighter gun using less gunpowder to be effective.

Carronades were initially found to be very successful, but they eventually disappeared as naval artillery advanced, with the introduction of rifling and consequent change in the shape of the projectile, exploding shells replacing solid shot, and naval engagements being fought at longer ranges.
Juanita Terry Williams
Juanita Terry Williams (January 3, 1925 – August 23, 2000) was an American politician and businesswoman.

Williams received her bachelor's degree in elementary education from Savannah State University in 1957 and her master's degree from Clark Atlanta University in 1967. Williams was an African-American and business consultant. Williams served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1985 to 1991 and was a Democrat. Her husband was Hosea Williams who also served in the Georgia General Assembly. They lived in Atlanta, Georgia. Williams died from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; a form of anemia in Atlanta, Georgia.

Savannah State University
Savannah State University (SSU) is a public historically black university in Savannah, Georgia, United States. It is the oldest historically black public university in the state. The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.

Savannah State operates four colleges: College of Business Administration, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, College of Sciences and Technology and the Savannah State University College of Education.
Robert Sterritt Leslie
Robert Sterritt Leslie (April 25, 1875 – 1958) was a Presbyterian minister and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Weyburn in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1929 to 1934 as a member of the Progressive Party.

He was born in St. Marys, Ontario, the son of John Leslie and Mary Standish, and was educated at St. Mary's College and the University of Manitoba. In 1905, he married Mattie Cross. Leslie was speaker for the Saskatchewan assembly from 1930 to 1934.

He served as pastor for Knox Presbyterian Church in Weyburn.

Weyburn
Weyburn is the tenth-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. The city has a population of 11,019. It is on the Souris River 110 kilometres (68 mi) southeast of the provincial capital of Regina and is  70 kilometres (43 mi) north from the North Dakota border in the United States. The name is reputedly a corruption of the Scottish "wee burn," referring to a small creek. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Weyburn No. 67.
Wartburg Knights baseball
The Wartburg Knights baseball program represents Wartburg College in college baseball. The program started in 1958. The team competes in the NCAA Division III and a member of the American Rivers Conference (ARC). The team plays its home games at Harms Stadium at Hertel field in Waverly, Iowa.

Waverly, Iowa
Waverly is a city in Bremer County, Iowa, United States. The population was 10,394 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Bremer County and is part of the Waterloo-Cedar Falls metropolitan area. Waverly is situated along the Cedar River and is accessible via the Avenue of the Saints for transportation.

The sister city of Waverly is the German city of Eisenach, which is famous for the Wartburg castle. Waverly is the location of Wartburg College, which is named after the castle.
Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus
Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus is a 2013 Malayalam-language action comedy film directed by debutante director Marthandan and scripted by Benny P Nayarambalam. Set against the backdrop of theatre, Mammootty plays the title role of Cleetus, a theatre artiste and a gangster. Siddique, Suraj Venjaramoodu, and Honey Rose play other prominent roles in the film. It was released on 12 September 2013.

Benny P. Nayarambalam
Benny P. Nayarambalam is an Indian screenwriter who works in Malayalam films and theatre. He wrote his first theatrical play Athyunnathangalil Deivathinu Sthuthi at the age of 19, for the production company owned by Rajan P. Dev, in which he also performed as Rajan's son. He has a post-graduate degree in Malayalam literature. He made his debut in films as screenwriter through First Bell (1992), directed by P. G. Viswambharan.

Benny had a successful career as a screenwriter, with most of his films turning into blockbusters. And two of his theatre plays Vikalanga Varsham and Arabikkadalum Adbudavilakkum were made into films, Kunjikoonan (2002) and Chanthupottu (2005) respectively. In Chanthupottu, Dileep and Lal played the roles Benny and Rajan P. Dev portrayed in the original play.
Gambrill
Gambrill is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anne Gambrill (1934–2026), New Zealand lawyer and judge

Charles D. Gambrill (1834–1880), American architect

Mike Gambrill (1935–2011), British track cyclist

Stephen Warfield Gambrill (1873–1938), American politician

Anne Gambrill
Anne Gertrude Gambrill CNZM (née Shorland; 16 September 1934 – 10 February 2026) was a New Zealand lawyer and judge. She was the first woman to sit on the High Court bench in New Zealand, and the seventh woman admitted to the judiciary. She was also the first female law clerk at Russell McVeagh and the first woman appointed to the Legal Aid Appeal Authority.
Taekwondo at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 44 kg
The girls' 44 kg competition in taekwondo at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing took place on August 17. A total of 9 women competed in this event, limited to fighters whose body weight was less than 44 kilograms. Preliminaries started at 14:00 and finals at 19:00. Two bronze medals were awarded at the Taekwondo competitions.

2014 Summer Youth Olympics
The 2014 Summer Youth Olympics (Chinese: 2014年夏季青年奧林匹克运动会; pinyin: Èr líng yī sì Nián Xiàjì Qīngnián Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì), officially known as the II Summer Youth Olympic Games Chinese: 第二届夏季青年奧林匹克运动会; pinyin: Dì'èrjiè Xiàjì Qīngnián Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì, and commonly known as Nanjing 2014 (Chinese: 南京2014; pinyin: Nánjīng Èr Líng yī sì), were the second Summer Youth Olympic Games, an international sports, education and cultural festival for teenagers, held from 16 to 28 August 2014 in Nanjing, China. These were the first Youth Olympic Games held in China, making it the first country to host both regular and Youth Olympics following the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and the first Youth Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Thomas Bach.
Emmanuel Adamakis
Metropolitan Emmanuel (in Greek: μητροπολιτικός Εμμανουήλ) (Secular name: Emmanuel Adamakis, in Greek: Εμμανουήλ Αδαμάκης), (b. December 19, 1958, Agios Nikolaos, Crete) is an Orthodox bishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

He served as the Orthodox Metropolitan of France from January 20, 2003, to March 20, 2021. Additionally, he was the president of the Conference of European Churches from 2009 to 2013 and the president of the Assembly of Orthodox Bishops of France.

Since his departure from Paris, he has been the Metropolitan of Chalcedon under Bartholomew I of Constantinople.

Kurt Koch
Kurt Koch (born 15 March 1950) is a Swiss prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since November 2010 and president of the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity since 1 July 2010. He was the bishop of Basel from 1996 until 2010.
Pushthrough
Pushthrough is a resettled fishing community located on Newfoundland and Labrador's south coast, about 20 km northwest of Hermitage. Permanent settlement at Pushthrough happened in 1814, when George Chambers moved there from Gaultois to establish a fishing room (a place for drying and storing fish) and later a store. The community lost population to Gaultois in the 1950s and to Head of Bay d'Espoir in the 1960s. The population peaked at 247 in 1961. In 1968, virtually all the families with school aged children moved, effectively leading to the downfall of the community. The Dawson Point lighthouse is located nearby.

Resettlement (Newfoundland)
Resettlement in Newfoundland and Labrador terms refers to an organized approach to centralize the population into growth areas. It is used in the current context when referring to a voluntary relocation initiated from isolated communities themselves.

Three attempts of resettlement were initiated by the Government between 1954 and 1975 which resulted in the abandonment of 300 communities and nearly 30,000 people moved. Government's attempt of resettlement has been viewed as one of the most controversial government programs of the post-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador.

In the 21st century, the Community Relocation Policy allows for voluntary relocation of isolated settlements. From 2002 to 2020, nine communities relocated.
Tanya Byron
Tanya Byron (née Sichel; born 6 April 1967) is a British psychologist, writer, and media personality, best known for her work as a child therapist on television shows Little Angels and The House of Tiny Tearaways. She also co-created the BBC Two sitcom The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle with Jennifer Saunders, and still contributes articles to various newspapers.

In 2008, she became Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Edge Hill University and was the first Chancellor of the same institution.

Public Understanding of Science
Public Understanding of Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1992 and published by SAGE Publications. It covers topics in the popular perception of science, the role of science in society, philosophy of science, science education, and science in public policy. The editor-in-chief is Hans-Peter Peters (Research Center Jülich & Free University of Berlin, Germany).
Ramgarhia Misl
Ramgarhia Misl (Punjabi: ਰਾਮਗੜ੍ਹੀਆ ਮਿਸਲ (Gurmukhi) • رامگڑھیا مسل (Shahmukhi)) was a sovereign state (misl) in the Sikh Confederacy of Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. The misl's name is derived from Qila Ramgarh, a place located in Ramsar, near Amritsar, which was fortified and redesigned by Ramgarhia Misl chief Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. The Ramgarhia Misl was one of the twelve major Sikh misls, and held land near Amritsar.

Kangra State
Kangra-Lambagraon was a historical state and later princely estate (jagir) of British India located in the present-day state of Himachal Pradesh.

The rulers of the estate belonged to the ancient Katoch dynasty which had ruled the former Kangra State. Kangra is credited with being the oldest and largest state in the Punjab Hills.

In 1846 Kangra was annexed to British India as part of the Treaty of Lahore.
Vahan Papazian
Vahan Papazian (Armenian: Վահան Փափազյան; 1876–1973), also known by his pseudonym Goms (Կոմս) was an Armenian medical doctor, politician, political activist who was one of the leaders of the Armenian national liberation movement. He was the younger brother of Vrtanes Papazian.

He was born in Tabriz to parents from Van. Papazian became a leading Armenian figure in the Van region in 1903 and in 1908 was elected to the Ottoman parliament from the Van Vilayet. During the Armenian genocide, he managed to escape to the Caucasus.

From 1942 to 1945, he was a member of the Armenian National Council, established in Berlin with the support of Alfred Rosenberg.

Papazian was fielded by the ARF candidate for the Armenian Orthodox seat in the Metn constituency in the 1951 Lebanese general election. He was included in the pro-government Constitutional List. He obtained 10,186 votes (out of 22,904 votes cast in the constituency), and was defeated by Dikran Tosbath.

He died in Beirut.

1951 Lebanese general election
General elections were held in Lebanon on 15 April 1951, with a second round in some constituencies on 22 April. Independent candidates won the majority of seats. Voter turnout was 54.7%. The governing party, Constitutional Bloc, did not have a clear organization, so it is difficult to determine the number of its members who participated in this election. Nonetheless, the government backed three "Constutional" lists in Mount Lebanon and had 14 of their 22 candidates elected. Former Constitutionalist minister Camille Chamoun became an opposition candidate in an alliance with Kamal Jumblatt.
David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism
David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism is a biography of David O. McKay, the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the first book to draw upon the David O. McKay Papers at the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, in addition to some two hundred interviews conducted by the authors, Gregory Prince and William Robert Wright. The work was first published on March 9, 2005, through the University of Utah Press and was met with mixed reviews.

Based largely on an extensive body of records gathered and maintained by McKay's longtime secretary, Clare Middlemiss, the book focuses on the years of McKay's presidency, during which the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints faced the challenges of worldwide growth in an age of communism, the American Civil Rights Movement, and ecumenism.

J. Willard Marriott Library
The J. Willard Marriott Library is the main academic library of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. The university library has had multiple homes since the first University of Utah librarian was appointed in 1850. The current building was opened in 1968 and named for J. Willard Marriott, founder of Marriott International, in 1969. After two major renovations, the building is more than 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) and houses more than 4.5 million volumes. The University of Utah Press and Red Butte Press are divisions of the Marriott Library.
704th CBRN Protection Brigade (Ukraine)
The 704th CBRN Protection Brigade (MUN A0807) is a brigade of the Ukrainian Support Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. And the only separate formation of the Radiological, Chemical, and Biological Protection Troops within the Ground Forces of Ukraine.

Military Unit Number
A Military Unit Number (Russian: войсковая часть, в/ ч; Ukrainian: військова частина, в/ ч) is a unique numeric code assigned to military units of the Soviet Union and some Post-Soviet states. It is usually a four or five digit code for the purpose of identifying units of the armed forces and internal troops.

Military Unit Numbers for ground forces are assigned for a specific military unit (corps, division, brigade, etc.) while for the navy it is assigned to an individual ship. The number is also used for the unit's military mail and other logistics.
Forrester RFC
Forrester RFC is a rugby union football club in the Scottish Rugby Union, located at South Gyle Access in Edinburgh. They play in the East Division 2, one of three Scottish Regional Leagues operated by the Scottish Rugby Union.

East Regional League (rugby union)
The East Regional League (currently named the Arnold Clark East League for sponsorship reasons) is one of three Scottish Regional Leagues operated by the Scottish Rugby Union, which play at a level below that of the Scottish National Leagues structure.  Originally, these divisions were district leagues under the jurisdiction of the Edinburgh & District Union and the Scottish Borders Union.

Winners of the top division progress to Scottish National League Division Four.
Orbis (journal)
Orbis is the Foreign Policy Research Institute's (FPRI) quarterly journal of world affairs. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the FPRI, an American think tank, it was founded in 1957 by Robert Strausz-Hupé as a forum for policymakers, scholars, and the public who sought debate that they believed was not found in the journals of that time.

Over 60 years later, Orbis publishes articles on topics relating to American foreign policy and national security and analysis of international developments. The journal is edited by Nikolas Gvosdev (Naval War College). Other recent editors include James Kurth (Swarthmore College, 2005–2007), David Eisenhower (University of Pennsylvania, 2001–2004), and Walter A. McDougall (University of Pennsylvania, 1995–2001).

Walter A. McDougall
Walter Allan McDougall (born December 3, 1946, in Washington, D.C.) is an American historian, currently a professor of history and the Alloy-Ansin Professor of International Relations at the University of Pennsylvania.

McDougall graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College and fought in Vietnam before completing his Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago in 1974. He was a visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution, and a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. He also received an Earhart Foundation Fellowship. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley for 13 years before moving to Pennsylvania. He is a senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and also an editor of Orbis, the quarterly journal of world affairs published by the institute.
2022–23 Greek Football Cup
The 2022–23 Greek Football Cup, also named Novibet Greek Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 81st edition of the Greek Football Cup. The winner of the Cup will qualify for the next season's Europa League third qualifying round.

Match times up to 30 October 2022 and from 26 March 2023 were EEST (UTC+3). Times on interim ("winter") days were EET (UTC+2).

Greek Football Cup
The Greek Football Cup (Greek: Ελληνικό Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου), officially known as Betsson Greek Cup (Greek: Κύπελλο Ελλάδας Betsson) for sponsorship reasons is a Greek association football competition, run by the HFF.

The Greek Cup is the second-most important domestic men's football event in Greece, after the championship of Super League. Since its inception in 1931 it has been held 83 times, with a cup winner being crowned on 82 occasions, the final in 1962 being the only occasion when no champion was crowned.

Olympiacos is the most successful club, having reached the final 43 times and earning 29 trophies.
Artur Schnabel Piano Competition
The Artur Schnabel Wettbewerb is an intern piano competition organized by the Berlin University of the Arts since 1986. While aimed to the institution's alumni, in recent editions pianists under the Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler have joined it.

Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin
The Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin in Berlin, Germany, is one of the leading universities of music in Europe. It was established in East Berlin in 1950 as the Deutsche Hochschule für Musik (German: German Academy of Music) because the older Hochschule für Musik Berlin (now the Berlin University of the Arts) was in West Berlin. After the death in 1962 of one of its first professors, composer Hanns Eisler, the school was renamed in his honor in 1964. After a renovation in 2005, the university is located in both Berlin's famed Gendarmenmarkt and the Neuer Marstall.

The Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin has a variety of ensembles including chamber music, choirs, orchestras and jazz.
Erik Samuelson
Vice Admiral Johan Erik Samuelson (16 April 1893 – 15 December 1964) was a senior Swedish Navy officer. Samuelson's senior postings includes as flag captain (1943–1945), as Commander-in-Chief of the Coastal Fleet (1946–1950), and Commanding Admiral of the Naval Command South (1950–1958).

Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences
The Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (Swedish: Kungliga Krigsvetenskapsakademien) is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden and was founded on 12 November 1796 by Gustaf Wilhelm af Tibell. The academy is an independent organization and a forum for military (army and air force) and defense studies as well as national security issues. Membership is limited to 160 chairs under the age of 62.
Radovan Vítek
Radovan Vítek (born 22 January 1971) is a Czech billionaire real estate investor, and majority shareholder in CPI Property Group, which owns a €9.8 billion property portfolio of 418 properties including offices, retail, 12,306 residential units and 10,488 hotel beds.

Billionaire
A billionaire is a person whose net worth is at least one billion units of a given currency, typically USD. It is a sub-category of the concept of the ultra high-net-worth individual. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed billionaire in 1916.

Nineteen individuals had attained the status of centibillionaires, each with a net worth of at least $100 billion, as of January 2026. As of March 2025, there are 3028 billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over $16.1 trillion, up nearly $2 trillion over 2024.