hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Infield shift
The infield shift in baseball is a defensive realignment from the standard positions, to place more fielders on one side of the field or another. Used primarily against left-handed batters, it is designed to protect against base hits pulled hard into the gaps between the fielders on one side. Originally called the Williams shift, it has periodically been referred to as the Boudreau shift or Ortiz shift since then. After shifts became very effective in reducing base hits by Major League Baseball (MLB) batters, MLB and the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) agreed to begin restricting shifts starting in the 2023 season.

Major League Baseball Players Association
The Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) is the labor union representing all current Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players. All players, managers, coaches, and athletic trainers who hold or have held a signed contract with a Major League club are eligible for membership in the Association. The MLBPA has three major divisions: a labor union, a business (Players Choice Group Licensing Program), and a charitable foundation (Major League Baseball Players Trust).

On August 28, 2022, the MLBPA publicly launched a campaign to help MiLB players unionize. On September 9, 2022, MLB voluntarily recognized the MLBPA as the union for over 5,500 MiLB players playing rookie level to Triple-A.
Copper Mountain (Pierce County, Washington)
Copper Mountain is a 6,302-foot (1,921-metre) mountain summit located in Mount Rainier National Park in Pierce County of Washington state. Part of the Cascade Range, it is situated near the base of the Success Cleaver, overlooking Indian Henry's Hunting Ground. Its nearest neighbor is Iron Mountain 0.3 miles (0.48 km) to the south, and the nearest higher peak is Pyramid Peak, one mile (1.6 km) to the northeast. The summit provides views of Mount Rainier, Mount Adams, Mount St. Helens, and peaks of the Tatoosh Range. Precipitation runoff from Copper Mountain drains into Tahoma Creek and Fishers Horn Pipe Creek, which are both tributaries of the Nisqually River. There were great hopes in the late 1800s that mines on Mount Rainier could be a source of precious metals such as copper, silver, and gold. This landform's toponym was officially adopted in 1932 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

Nisqually River
The Nisqually River /nɪˈskwɑːli/ is a river in west central Washington in the United States, approximately 81 miles (130 km) long. It drains part of the Cascade Range southeast of Tacoma, including the southern slope of Mount Rainier, and empties into the southern end of Puget Sound. Its outlet was designated in 1971 as the Nisqually Delta National Natural Landmark.

The Nisqually River forms the Pierce–Lewis county line, as well as the boundary between Pierce and Thurston counties.
Humbug Scrub
Humbug Scrub is a locality north of Adelaide, South Australia in the local government areas of the Adelaide Hills Council and the City of Playford which contains the southern third of Para Wirra Conservation Park.

City of Playford
The City of Playford is a local government area of South Australia in Adelaide's northern suburbs. It was named in recognition of Sir Thomas Playford, who played a part in the development of the area, and was South Australia's premier from 1938–1965. The city covers an area of 345 km2 (133 sq mi),and is home to over 113,000 residents . Playford was the fastest growing local government area in South Australia in the 2010s.
Boston Music Hall, 12/5/72
Boston Music Hall, 12/5/72 is an album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage.  It was recorded live on December 5, 1972, at the Music Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, and released on November 11, 2003.  It was the second complete New Riders concert that was recorded in the 1970s and released in the 2000s as an album on the Kufala Recordings label.

Eric Andersen was the opening act at the Boston show.  He sat in with the New Riders for their encore — his own song "I Love to Sing My Ballad, Mama" and the Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women".

The album cover photo of the band was taken on or about the date of the concert, and depicts, from left to right, Spencer Dryden, Dave Torbert, John "Marmaduke" Dawson, David Nelson, and Buddy Cage.

Boch Center
The Boch Center (formerly Citi Performing Arts Center and Wang Center for the Performing Arts) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit performing arts organization located in Boston, Massachusetts. It manages the historic Wang and Shubert theatres on Tremont Street in the Boston Theater District, where it offers theatre, opera, classical and popular music, comedy, dance, and Broadway musicals. The center also offers educational workshops and community activities. It maintains partnerships with numerous arts organizations in Boston, including the Celebrity Series of Boston, Fiddlehead Theatre Company, Express Yourself, and more.
Blackstart
The blackstart (Oenanthe melanura) is a chat found in desert regions in North Africa, the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula. It is resident throughout its range.

The blackstart is 14 cm (5.5 in) long and is named for its black tail, which is frequently fanned; the rest of its plumage is bluish-grey or grey-brown (North African races being browner, Middle Eastern races bluer). The sexes are similar. The song is a clear melancholy whistle: CHURlee...TRUloo...CHURlee...TRUlur..., with short phrases from the song used as a call.

The habitats of blackstarts are rocky deserts and mountain slopes; they nest in rock crevices lay 3–4 eggs. They feed on insects, taken mainly on the ground. The blackstart is a confident species, unafraid of people.

Species distribution
Species distribution, or species dispersion, is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its range, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arrangement of individuals within a small family unit, to patterns within a population, or the distribution of the entire species as a whole (range). Species distribution is not to be confused with dispersal, which is the movement of individuals away from their region of origin or from a population center of high density.
Green (The Bear)
"Green" is the eighth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy-drama television series The Bear. It is the 36th overall episode of the series and was written by Joanna Calo & Christopher Storer and directed by series creator Christopher Storer. It was released on Hulu on June 25, 2025, along with the rest of the season.

The series follows Carmen "Carmy" Berzatto (Jeremy Allen White), an award-winning New York City chef de cuisine, who returns to his hometown of Chicago to run his late brother Michael's failing Italian beef sandwich shop. With the financial backing of his uncle Jimmy (Oliver Platt) and help from his cousin Richie (Ebon Moss-Bachrach), sister Sugar (Abby Elliott), and chef Sydney (Ayo Edebiri), Carmy attempts to remodel the dingy Beef into a warm and hospitable fine-dining destination called the Bear.

Jimmy Kalinowski
James Kalinowski, also known as Uncle Jimmy or Cicero, is a fictional character on the FX Network television series The Bear. Created by Christopher Storer and played by Oliver Platt since the show's premiere in 2022, Jimmy is a business gent (industry unknown), who was best friends with the father of the Berzatto kids before dad abandoned the family when baby brother Carmy was still a little kid. Initially possessed of a modest fortune of unidentified origin, Jimmy generously funds the notional small-business ideas of his dissipated but beloved nephew Mikey Berzatto.
Terry Casey (rugby union)
Terence Vincent Casey (born 25 July 1938) is an Australian former rugby union international.

Casey was born in Leeton in the Riverina region of New South Wales and attended St Patrick's College, Goulburn from 1950 to 1955, making the first XV at age 15. A goal-kicking fullback, Casey played first-grade for Sydney club St. George.

Capped six times by the Wallabies, Casey debuted on the 1963 tour of South Africa, featuring in all three of the four Test matches. He was one of Australia's best players in the 3rd Test at Ellis Park, with a drop goal, try and sideline conversion, helping them to a 11–9 win. His other three caps came on the 1964 tour of New Zealand and he accumulated 11 points in a win over the All Blacks in Wellington. A knee injury caused him to withdraw from the 1966–67 tour of Britain and France, after he had been picked in the squad subject to fitness tests.

1966–67 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France
Between October 1966 and March 1967 the Australia national rugby union team – the Wallabies – conducted a world tour on which they played five Tests and thirty-one minor tour matches. Under the captaincy of John Thornett they toured UK, Ireland, France and Canada winning nineteen matches, losing fourteen and drawing three. At one stage they failed to win in four successive matches although in the Test match against England they gave the home side its heaviest defeat in 16 years. The tour marked the climax of the successful "Thornett Era" of Australian Rugby, buoyed by the leadership skills of skipper John Thornett and the outstanding abilities of greats of the game like Ken Catchpole, Peter Johnson and Rob Heming. Dick Marks and Peter Crittle also toured and would later become among the most influential administrators of Australian rugby.
Henri-René Renault
Henri-René Renault (June 6, 1891 – March 23, 1952) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Beauceville, Quebec, Renault was mayor of Beauceville-Est from 1930 to 1933.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a Liberal member for Beauce in 1939. He was a Minister without Portfolio from 1942 to 1944. In 1944, he was Minister of Municipal Affairs, Industry and Commerce. He was defeated in the 1944 election and again in a 1945 by-election.

1939 Quebec general election
The 1939 Quebec general election was held on October 25, 1939, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by former premier Adélard Godbout, defeated the incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis.

This was Godbout's second non-consecutive term of office and his only victory out of four consecutive general elections opposing Duplessis.

The Action libérale nationale, which had won 25 seats in the 1935 election and then merged with the Quebec Conservative Party, was re-formed by Paul Gouin, who had split with Duplessis soon after the formation of the Union Nationale.  However the ALN obtained only 4.5% of the vote and no seats. It soon disbanded.  Also, a rump Conservative Party ran three candidates who won 0.2% of the vote and no seats. This party also disbanded.
Devil Mountain
Devil Mountain, sometimes mistakenly called Devil's Mountain, is a wooded mountain in the Municipality of Temagami, Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It overlies Devil Island in Lake Temagami with an elevation of 375 m (1,230 ft) above sea level. A short trail from Angus Point leads to an overlook some 76 m (249 ft) above Lake Temagami. From here, Maple Mountain can be seen on a clear day.

Devil Mountain is underlain by Nipissing diabase, which forms a 2.2 billion year old magmatic province with an east–west extent of almost 450 km (280 mi) and a north–south extent of up to 350 km (220 mi).

Scenic viewpoint
A scenic viewpoint—also called an observation point, viewpoint, viewing point, vista point, scenic overlook, etc.—is an elevated location where people can view scenery (often with binoculars) and photograph it. Scenic viewpoints may be created alongside scenic routes or mountain roads, often as simple turnouts or lay-bys where motorists can pull over onto pavement, gravel, or grass on the right-of-way.
Pierre Hentges
Pierre Hentges (3 September 1890 – 26 December 1975) was a Luxembourgish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the Luxembourgian team which finished fourth in the team, European system competition and fifth in the team, free system event. In the individual all-around, he finished 18th.

Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic individual all-around
The men's artistic individual all-around was an artistic gymnastics event held as part of the Gymnastics at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held on 12 July at the Stockholm Olympic Stadium. It was the fourth appearance of the event. There were 44 competitors from 9 nations. Each nation was limited to 6 gymnasts (a marked reduction from the 20 permitted in 1908). The event was won by Alberto Braglia of Italy, the first man to successfully defend a title in the artistic individual all-around. The bronze medalist from 1908, Louis Ségura, this time took silver. Braglia and Ségura were the first two men to win multiple medals in the event. Italian Adolfo Tunesi earned bronze.

As in 1908, the individual results were not considered for any of the team competitions. As in 1900 and 1908, there were no separate apparatus events.
NWU Astro
NWU Astro, known as the NWU-PUK Astro, is a field hockey stadium in North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa.

In the past, the stadium has hosted the following major tournaments:

2022 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup

Varsity Hockey in 2013, 2015, 2019

2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League

2022 Men's FIH Hockey Nations Cup

2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League
The 2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League was the third edition of the Men's FIH Pro League, a field hockey championship for men's national teams. The tournament started on 16 October 2021 and finished on 26 June 2022.
Texas A&M Aggies
The Texas A&M Aggies are the students, graduates, and sports teams of Texas A&M University. The nickname "Aggie" was once common at land-grant or "ag" (agriculture) schools in many states. The teams are also simply referred to as "A&M" or "Texas Aggies", and the official school colors are maroon and white. The mascot is a rough collie named Reveille.

The sports teams compete in Division I of the NCAA. Until the dissolution of the Southwest Conference, Texas A&M was a charter member of that conference. The Aggies became members of the Big 12 Conference with its subsequent formation in 1996. On July 1, 2012, they left the Big 12 Conference and joined the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

Jackie Sherrill
Jackie Wayne Sherrill (born November 28, 1943) is an American former college football player and coach. He was the head football coach at Washington State University (1976), the University of Pittsburgh (1977–1981), Texas A&M University (1982–1988), and Mississippi State University (1991–2003), compiling a career head coaching record of 180–120–4. Sherrill is a studio analyst for Fox Sports Net's college football coverage.
2019 Cary Challenger – Doubles
Evan King and Hunter Reese were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Sekou Bangoura and Michael Mmoh won the title after defeating Treat Huey and John-Patrick Smith 4–6, 6–4, [10–8] in the final.

Hunter Reese
Hunter Reese (born January 11, 1993) is an inactive American tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 73 achieved on 27 June 2022. Reese currently competes mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour where he has won 10 titles.
Sternomancy
Sternomancy, from the Greek sternon (chest) is a divination practice involving reading the markings or bumps on the chest or breast bone (or the area "from the breast to the belly", according to some sources).  Sternomancy may have been commonly practiced on victims of sacrifice, including human sacrifice. Sternomancy may also include speaking through the chest (believed to be an early form of ventriloquism).

The size and shape of the sternum bone are taken into consideration, as well as the way in which the bone burns when placed into a fire. The old holiday custom of the breaking of a chicken's or turkey's wishbone by two persons is actually a remnant of this type of divination.

Sternomancy is related to phrenology (head-reading), palmistry (chiromancy) and scapulomancy (divination by observing animal shoulder-blades).

Furcula
The furcula (Latin for "little fork"; pl.: furculae) or wishbone is a forked bone found in most birds and some species of non-avian dinosaurs, and is either an interclavicle or formed by the fusion of the two clavicles. In birds, its primary function is in strengthening the thoracic skeleton to withstand the rigors of flight.
Twittering Birds Never Fly
Twittering Birds Never Fly (Japanese: 囀る鳥は羽ばたかない, Hepburn: Saezuru Tori wa Habatakanai) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kou Yoneda. A sequel to Yoneda's previous one-shot stories Don't Stay Gold (2008) and Though They Drift, They Do Not Sink, But Nor Do They Sing (2009), it has been serialized in the boys' love (BL) manga magazine ihr HertZ, formerly known as HertZ, since August 2011. The manga was adapted into an anime film trilogy produced by Blue Lynx and animated by Grizzly beginning in 2020. It also inspired an original animation DVD (OAD) adaptation of Don't Stay Gold and an ongoing audio drama produced by Frontier Works.

Wataru Hatano
Wataru Hatano (羽多野 渉, Hatano Wataru; born March 13, 1982) is a Japanese voice actor, singer, actor, narrator and comedian affiliated with 81 Produce. At the 2nd Seiyu Awards in 2008, Hatano won the Best Male Rookie Award for his roles as Sam Houston in Toward the Terra and Tenshi Yuri in Saint Beast: Kouin Jojishi Tenshitan. Other major roles voiced include Sōjin Tokita in Sen no Hatō, Tsukisome no Kōki, Shigemo in Jujutsu Kaisen, Gajeel Redfox in Fairy Tail, Metal Bat in One Punch Man and Yūto Ayase in Nogizaka Haruka no Himitsu.  In video games, he voices Josuke Higashikata in the CyberConnect2 developed JoJo's Bizarre Adventure games, and Rufus in the Street Fighter franchise. On April 2, 2018, he announced his marriage with fellow voice actress Mai Hashimoto.
Reibl v Hughes
Reibl v Hughes [1980] 2 S.C.R. 880 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on negligence, medical malpractice, informed consent, the duty to warn, and causation.

The case settled the issue of when a physician may be sued for battery and when it is more appropriate to sue the doctor in negligence. The Court wrote unanimously that "unless there has been misrepresentation or fraud to secure consent to the treatment, a failure to disclose the attendant risks, however serious, should go to negligence rather than to battery."  The case also marked the creation of a standard whereby a physician must give the patient sufficient information so that an objective, reasonable person in the patient's position would be able to make an informed choice about a medical procedure.

Battery (crime)
Battery is a criminal offense involving "unlawful intentional infliction of harmful or offensive physical contact with another person without consent." This is distinct from assault, which is the act of creating reasonable fear or apprehension of such contact.

Battery is a specific common law offense, although the term is used more generally to refer to any unlawful offensive physical contact with another person. Battery is defined by American common law as "any unlawful and/or unwanted touching of the person of another by the aggressor, or by a substance put in motion by them". In more severe cases, and for all types in some jurisdictions, it is chiefly defined by statutory wording. Assessment of the severity of a battery is determined by local law.
Active Intelligence Pte Ltd
Active Intelligence Pte Ltd (Active.Ai) is a private fintech company focusing on artificial intelligence. Its headquarters are in Singapore while its research and development base in Bengaluru. It claims to use natural language processing and machine intelligence as a platform that allows banks to interact with customers using messaging and voice.

Active.Ai was founded by Ravi Shankar, a former Group Executive Vice President at Yes Bank, Shankar Narayanan, and Parikshit Paspulati in 2016.

Active.Ai raised $3 million from ID Ventures India and Kalaari Capital in November 2016. It raised $8.25 million in series A round of funding, co-led by Vertex Ventures, Creditease Holdings and Dream Incubator in November 2017.

Series A round
A series A is the name typically given to a company's first significant round of venture capital financing. It can be followed by the word round, investment or financing. The name refers to the class of preferred stock sold to investors in exchange for their investment.  It is usually the first series of stock after the common stock and common stock options issued to company founders, employees, friends and family and angel investors.

Series A rounds are traditionally a critical stage in the funding of new companies. Series A investors typically purchase 10% to 30% of the company. The capital raised during a series A is usually intended to capitalize the company for 6 months to 2 years as it develops its products, performs initial marketing and branding, hires its initial employees, and otherwise undertakes early stage business operations.

It may be followed by more rounds (Series B, Series C, etc).
Ilus
In Greek mythology, Ilus (/ˈiːloʊs/; Ancient Greek: Ἶλος, romanized: Îlos) is the name of several mythological characters associated directly or indirectly with Troy:

Ilus, the son of Dardanus, and the legendary founder of Dardania.

Ilus, the son of Tros, and the legendary founder of Troy.

Ilus, son of Mermerus, and grandson of Jason and Medea. This Ilus lived at Ephyra, between Elis and Olympia. In a tale recounted in the Odyssey, he played host to Odysseus, but when Odysseus requested from Ilus poison for his arrows, he declined, from fear of divine vengeance.

Ilus, an ally of Turnus, the man who opposed Aeneas in Italy.

Cichyrus
39°14′33″N 20°31′53″E﻿ / ﻿39.242391°N 20.53143°E﻿ / 39.242391; 20.53143

Cichyrus (Ancient Greek: Κίχυρος, Kichyros), earlier called Ephyra (Ἐφύρα or Ἐφύρη), was the capital of ancient Thesprotia, according to the myth built by the Arcadian leader Thesprotos. Thucydides describes it as situated in the district Elaeatis in Thesprotia, away from the sea. At its site is the famous Necromanteion (Νεκρομαντεῖον, "Oracle of the Dead"). First settled during the Bronze Age and resettled in the 14th century BC by colonists most probably from Chaonia and the west Peloponnese region, the city is about 800 m north of the junction of the Kokytos River with the Acheron, and about 4.5 km east of the bay of Ammoudia. Near it was the outlet into the sea of the Acherusian Lake. Strabo (7.7.5) gives the same information and adds that in his time Ephyra was called Kichyros. The name had been changed from Ephyra back to the more ancient name about 200 years earlier.
Shiva Stuti
The Shiva Stuti (Sanskrit: शिवस्तुतिः, romanized: Śivastutī), is a famous stuti (poem) composed by Narayana Panditacharya in praise of the deity Shiva written in the Prithvi metre. Stuti means eulogy, singing praise, panegyric and to praise the virtues, deeds, and nature of God.

Devanagari transliteration
Devanagari transliteration is the process of representing text written in Devanagari script—an Indic script used for Classical Sanskrit and many other Indic languages—in the Latin script, preserving pronunciation and spelling conventions. There are several methods of transliteration from Devanagari to the Latin script (i.e., romanisation), including the IAST notation. Romanised Devanagari is also called Romanagari.