hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Truncated Newton method
The truncated Newton method, originated in a paper by Ron Dembo and Trond Steihaug, also known as Hessian-free optimization, are a family of optimization algorithms designed for optimizing non-linear functions with large numbers of independent variables. A truncated Newton method consists of repeated application of an iterative optimization algorithm to approximately solve Newton's equations, to determine an update to the function's parameters. The inner solver is truncated, i.e., run for only a limited number of iterations. It follows that, for truncated Newton methods to work, the inner solver needs to produce a good approximation in a finite number of iterations; conjugate gradient has been suggested and evaluated as a candidate inner loop. Another prerequisite is good preconditioning for the inner algorithm.

Conjugate gradient method
In mathematics, the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is positive-semidefinite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as an iterative algorithm, applicable to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by a direct implementation or other direct methods such as the Cholesky decomposition. Large sparse systems often arise when numerically solving partial differential equations or optimization problems.

The conjugate gradient method can also be used to solve unconstrained optimization problems such as energy minimization. It is commonly attributed to Magnus Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel, who programmed it on the Z4, and extensively researched it.

The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear optimization problems.
Holy Trinity Church, Nailsea
Holy Trinity Church is an Anglican Church in Nailsea, Somerset, England. It dates from the 15th century and is a Grade I listed building. It features a tower with 6 Bells, a cemetery, and a community centre called "The Trinity Centre".

Community centre
A community centre, community center, or community hall is a public location where members of a community gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. They may be open for the whole community or for a specialized subgroup within the greater community. Community centres can be religious in nature, such as Christian churches, Islamic mosques, Jewish synagogues, Hindu temples, or Buddhist temples; though they can also be secular and in some cases government-run, such as youth clubs or Leisure centres.
Dumalinao
Dumalinao, officially the Municipality of Dumalinao (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Dumalinao; Subanen: Benwa Dumalinao; Chavacano: Municipalidad de Dumalinao; Tagalog: Bayan ng Dumalinao), is a municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 32,928 people.

Poblacion
Poblacion (from Spanish población, meaning "population"), sometimes abbreviated as Pob., is a term used in the Philippines to refer to the administrative center, downtown, old town, or commercial area of a city or municipality. It may consist of a single barangay or multiple barangays. Colloquially, the poblacion area is also referred to as the bayan (see also other definitions of bayan), plaza, or centro.
Honda Crossrunner
The Honda Crossrunner (also called VFR800X) is a versatile touring motorcycle launched by Honda at the 2010 EICMA Milan Motorcycle Show. It went on sale in 2011, with first deliveries later that summer. Its 782 cc (47.7 cu in) V4 engine was derived from the successful VFR800.  While the VFR800 was a sport touring motorcycle, the Crossrunner has a low saddle, wide-handlebars, long-travel suspension, and special Pirelli Scorpion tires better suited to "soft roads".

V4 engine
A V4 engine is a four-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration.

The V4 engine is less common compared to straight-four engines. However, V4 engines have been used in automobiles, motorcycles, and other applications.
Der Kaiser von Schexing
Der Kaiser von Schexing is a German television series produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk. It takes place in the fictitious community of Markt Schexing in the district of Ebersberg.

It was filmed in Unterföhring, Rain, and Isen.

Unterföhring
Unterföhring (German pronunciation: [ʊntɐˈføːʁɪŋ], lit. 'Lower Föhring', in contrast to "Upper Föhring") is a municipality in Upper Bavaria. It lies adjacent to the northeast side of Munich, and is one of the nearest suburbs to Munich's central district.
William Sime
William Arnold Sime CMG, MBE, QC (8 February 1909 – 5 May 1983) was a South African-born English barrister and judge who also played first-class cricket. Educated at Bedford School and at Balliol College, Oxford, he was a right-hand batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler.

He played first-class matches for the Minor Counties between 1929 and 1934, and Oxford University in 1931. He then joined Nottinghamshire in 1935 and stayed with them until 1950, captaining the club in his final three years.

Sime became a QC in 1957. He was Recorder of Grantham and was appointed a Circuit Judge in 1972.

Grantham
Grantham (/ˈɡrænθəm/) is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the banks of the River Witham and bounded to the west by the A1 road; it lies 23 miles (37 km) south of Lincoln and 22 miles (35 km) east of Nottingham. The population in 2016 was 44,580. The town is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the South Kesteven District.

Grantham was the birthplace of the UK's former prime minister Margaret Thatcher. The mathematician and scientist Isaac Newton was educated at the King's School. The town was the workplace of the UK's first warranted female police officer, Edith Smith, in 1914. The UK's first running diesel engine was made there in 1892 and the first tractor in 1896. Thomas Paine worked there as an excise officer in the 1760s. The villages of Manthorpe, Great Gonerby, Barrowby, Londonthorpe and Harlaxton form outlying suburbs of the town.
Elihu Island
Elihu Island is a private island off the coast of Stonington, Connecticut. It is located in Wequetequock Cove, just southwest of Goat Island and northeast of the western tip of Sandy Point Island. It has been variously known as Ledward or Ledward's Island, Elihu's or Elihue's Island, Elihu Chesebrough's Island, and Freeman's Island.

The island, which has a handful of buildings, has been used for weddings. Its sole road is Elihu Island Road, which provides access to the mainland via a causeway. The road crosses one of the last remaining level crossings on the Northeast Corridor. The island is owned by the private Elihu Island Trust, associated with the Wesson and Benchley families. Peter Benchley lived on the island when writing Jaws and several of his other works.

Peter Benchley
Peter Bradford Benchley (May 8, 1940 – February 11, 2006) was an American author. He is best known for his bestselling novel Jaws and co-wrote its movie adaptation with Carl Gottlieb. Several more of his works were also adapted for both cinema and television, including The Deep, The Island, Beast, and White Shark.

Later in life, Benchley expressed regret for his writing about sharks, which he felt indulged already present fear and false belief about sharks, and he became an advocate for marine conservation.  Contrary to widespread rumor, Benchley did not believe that his writings contributed to shark depopulation, nor is there evidence that Jaws or any of his works did so.
The Premonition (novel)
The Premonition (哀しい予感, Kanashī yokan; lit. Sad premonition) is a 1988 novel by Banana Yoshimoto, published by Kadokawa. In 2023, an English translation by Asa Yoneda was published by Counterpoint. It was longlisted for the PEN Translation Prize.

Banana Yoshimoto
Banana Yoshimoto (吉本 ばなな, Yoshimoto Banana; born 24 July 1964) is the pen name of Japanese writer Mahoko Yoshimoto (吉本 真秀子, Yoshimoto Mahoko). From 2002 to 2015, she wrote her name in hiragana (よしもと ばなな).
King of Swords
The King of Swords is a card used in Latin-suited playing cards which include tarot decks. It is part of what tarot card readers call the "Minor Arcana".

Tarot cards are used throughout much of Europe to play tarot card games. In English-speaking countries, where the games are largely unknown, tarot cards came to be utilized primarily for divinatory purposes.

Tarot card games
Tarot games are card games played with tarot packs designed for card play and which have a permanent trump suit alongside the usual four card suits. The games and packs which English-speakers call by the French name tarot are called tarocchi in the original Italian, Tarock in German and similar words in other languages.

Tarot games are increasingly popular in Europe, especially in France where French tarot is the second most popular card game after Belote. In Austria, Tarock games, especially Königrufen, have become widespread and there are several major national and international tournaments each year. Italy, the home of tarot, remains a stronghold. Games of the tarot family are also played in Hungary, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, south Germany and south Poland.
Communauté d'agglomération Chauny Tergnier La Fère
Communauté d'agglomération Chauny Tergnier La Fère is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the towns of Chauny, Tergnier and La Fère. It is located in the Aisne department, in the Hauts-de-France region, northern France. Created in 2017, its seat is in Chauny. Its area is 382.8 km2. Its population was 55,189 in 2019.

La Fère
La Fère (French pronunciation: [la fɛʁ]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in France. It was once famous for its military school (1720), one the oldest commissioned for instructing ordnance officers.
Qina Mich'ini
Qina Mich'ini (Aymara  qina, qina qina a musical instrument, mich'i bow, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, Hispanicized spelling Quenamichini) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high. It is situated in the Moquegua Region, Mariscal Nieto Province, Carumas District. Qina Mich'ini lies southwest of the mountain named Wilaquta and southeast of Phaq'u Tanka, Arichuwa and Qhini Jamach'ini.

Department of Moquegua
Moquegua (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈkeɣwa] ⓘ; Mukiwa (Aymara); Muqiwa (Quechua)) is a department of Peru. It is located in the country's south, extending from the coast to its highlands. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Moquegua, which is among the main Peruvian cities for its high rates of GDP and national education.
Javier Olivares
Javier Olivares Avendaño (born 11 October 1987) is a Chilean journalist, radio and television presenter, and politician from Chile. He has developed an extensive career in the media in his country and the United States, and was elected as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the 2026–2030 term.

Before beginning his political career, Olivares developed an extensive career in the media, standing out as a host of youth television programs in Chile, such as Tremendo choque on Chilevisión and Mekano on Mega. He later worked as a journalist abroad.

From his media profile, he accumulated social capital to promote a political career, emphasizing communication skills and positions critical of the political left. In this process, he found support in the Party of the People (PdG), a political group that brings together detractors opposed both to the right, and to the left itself.

Social capital
Social capital is a concept used in sociology and economics to define networks of relationships which are productive towards advancing the goals of individuals and groups.
It involves the effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity. Some have described it as a form of capital that produces public goods for a common purpose, although this does not align with how it has been measured.

Social capital has been used to explain the improved performance of diverse groups, the growth of entrepreneurial firms, superior managerial performance, enhanced supply chain relations, the value derived from strategic alliances, and the evolution of communities.
Karen Jonz
Karen Jonz Domingos Santos Claudio, known as Karen Jonz (born 29 September 1983), is a Brazilian skateboarder, designer and singer. She won the World Cup Skateboarding four times in the women's vertical class and also won the 2008 X Games women's vert skateboarding competition in Los Angeles.

World Cup of Skateboarding
World Cup Skateboarding (WCS), sometimes referred to as World Cup of Skateboarding, is an international skateboarding organization that hosts the  World Championships of Skateboarding series and other skateboard competitions since 1994.
Kerry–Meath Gaelic football rivalry
The Kerry-Meath rivalry is a Gaelic football rivalry between Irish county teams Kerry and Meath, who first played each other in 1939. Kerry's home ground is Fitzgerald Stadium and Meath's home ground is Páirc Tailteann; however, all but one of their championship meetings have been held at neutral venues, usually Croke Park.

While Kerry have the highest number of Munster titles and Meath are second to Dublin in Leinster, they have also enjoyed success in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, having won 44 championship titles between them to date.

Fitzgerald Stadium
Fitzgerald Stadium (Irish: Staid a' Ghearaltaigh) is the principal GAA stadium in Killarney, Ireland, and is the home championship venue for the Kerry senior football team.

Named in honour of one of the first great players of the Gaelic Athletic Association, Dick Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald Stadium was officially opened on 31 May 1936 by Dr O'Brien, the then Bishop of Kerry, and J. M. Harty, Archbishop of Cashel.
Apna Sapna Money Money
Apna Sapna Money Money (lit. 'Our Dream is [only] Money and Money') is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Sangeeth Sivan. Apna Sapna Money Money is a tale of several characters who are in a mad race to be rich. Produced by Subhash Ghai, the film stars Suniel Shetty, Ritesh Deshmukh, Shreyas Talpade, Celina Jaitly, Koena Mitra, Anupam Kher, Riya Sen, Jackie Shroff, Bobby Darling, Rajpal Yadav, Chunky Pandey, and Sunil Pal. The film received mixed reviews and was a moderate success.

Sangeeth Sivan
Sangeeth Sivan (1958/59 – 8 May 2024) was an Indian film director and screenwriter who worked in Malayalam and Hindi film industries.

He is best known for directing Vyooham (1990), Yodha (1992), Kyaa Kool Hai Hum (2005) and Yamla Pagla Deewana 2 (2013).
Jim Marshall (Georgia politician)
James Creel Marshall (born March 31, 1948) is an American attorney who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2011. Marshall, a Democrat from Georgia, represented a district based in Macon that also included much of rural Central Georgia. His district was numbered the 3rd district from 2003 to 2007 and the 8th district from 2007 to 2011.

Marshall served as president of the United States Institute of Peace from September 2012 to January 2014. In 2013, British Advocacy organization Action on Armed Violence listed Marshall as one of the 100 more influential people in the world for armed violence reduction.

Central Georgia
Central Georgia, also known as Middle Georgia, is an eleven-county region in the U.S. state of Georgia. It abuts the Atlanta metropolitan area, just to the north, and is anchored by both the Macon and Warner Robins metropolitan areas.
Harry Bannerman
Harry Bannerman (born 5 March 1942) is a Scottish professional golfer best known for playing in the 1971 Ryder Cup.

Bannerman turned professional at the age of 23 and had a relatively short spell as a tournament professional before a back injury restricted his career. All his professional tournament wins came on the domestic Scottish circuit where he won the Scottish Professional Championship twice and the Northern Open three times. A consistent run of performances on the 1971 British PGA Circuit, with six top-10 finishes as well as 11th place in the Open Championship, left him in fourth place in the Ryder Cup points list and an automatic place in the Ryder Cup team. In his singles matches he halved his match against Arnold Palmer and beat Gardner Dickinson. He played on the European Tour from 1972 to 1977 and was twice a runner-up.

Boys Home Internationals
The Boys Home Internationals was an amateur team golf championship for boys between the four Home Nations. Ireland was represented by the whole island of Ireland.The event was organised by The R&A. The inaugural event was held in 1985 and the venue cycled between the four nations. The winning team received the R&A Trophy. Originally it was played immediately before, and at the same venue, as the Boys Amateur Championship. However from 1997 it was held as a separate event. In 2021 the match was replaced by a combined Girls and Boys Home Internationals.

A match between Scotland and England boys had been played since 1923 while Ireland and Wales had played a match since 1972.
Philomena, Countess of Paris
Philomena de Tornos y Steinhart (born 19 June 1977) is an aristocrat of Hispanic-Austrian descent. Philomena, who uses the courtesy title of "Countess of Paris", is the wife of Jean d'Orléans, Count of Paris, Orléanist claimant to the defunct throne of France and head of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy (from Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, "rule of the best"; Latin: aristocratia) is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class with hereditary rank and titles. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.
Hans Witdoeck
Hans Witdoeck or Jan Witdoeck (Antwerp, baptized 8 December 1615 - probably Antwerp, after 1642) was a Flemish engraver, draughtsman and art dealer.   He belonged to the last generation of reproductive engravers who worked for Rubens' workshop from the mid-1630s.

Flemish people
Flemish people or Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen [ˈvlaːmɪŋə(n)] ⓘ; French: Flamands) are one of three Belgian main ethnic groups native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Flemish Dutch. Flemish people make up the majority of Belgians, at about 60%.

Flemish was historically a geographical term, as all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders in modern-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands were referred to as "Flemings" irrespective of their ethnicity or language. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval Duchy of Brabant and the medieval County of Loon, where the modern national identity and culture gradually formed.
Los Tipitos
Los Tipitos is a rock band formed in 1994 in the Argentine city of Mar del Plata in the Buenos Aires Province. The band is influenced by important icons of Argentinian rock as Charly García and León Gieco.

Mar del Plata
Mar del Plata is a city of the Atlantic Coast, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the seat of General Pueyrredón district. Mar del Plata is the second largest city in Buenos Aires Province. The name "Mar del Plata"  is short for "Mar del Río de la Plata," and means "sea of the Río de la Plata basin" or "adjoining sea to the (River) Plate region." Mar del Plata is one of the major fishing ports and the biggest seaside beach resort in Argentina.
With a population of 682,605 as per the 2022 census [INDEC], it is the 5th largest city in Argentina.
Asterias amurensis
Asterias amurensis, also known as the Northern Pacific seastar and Japanese common starfish, is a seastar found in shallow seas and estuaries, native to the coasts of northern China, Korea, far eastern Russia, Japan, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and British Columbia in Canada. Two forms are recognised: the nominate and forma robusta from the Strait of Tartary. It mostly preys on large bivalve molluscs, and it is mostly preyed on by other species of starfish. Population booms in Japan can affect the harvest of mariculture operations and are costly to combat.

This species has been introduced to oceanic areas of southern Australia, and is an invasive species there causing damage to native species, especially in Tasmania.

Walter Kenrick Fisher
Walter Kenrick Fisher  (February 1, 1878 – November 2, 1953) was an American zoologist, evolutionary biologist, illustrator, and painter. He taught in Stanford University before eventually becoming Emeritus Professor in Zoology until his retirement in 1943. Fisher was the son of ornithologist Albert Kenrick Fisher.
Bellevue, Pennsylvania
Bellevue is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 8,311 at the 2020 census. A suburb of Pittsburgh, it is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

The borough was incorporated in 1867. There is a public park and library, the Andrew Bayne Memorial Library.

Borough (Pennsylvania)
In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a borough (sometimes spelled boro) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city, but with a similar population density in its residential areas.  Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities.
History of stand-up comedy
Modern stand-up comedy began around the turn of the century, evolving from a variety of sources including minstrel shows and vaudeville. Early stand-up comedians spoke directly to the audience as themselves without props or costumes, which distinguished these acts from vaudeville performances. These comics stood in front of the curtain during their shows, like early 20th century "front cloth" stand-up comics in Britain and Ireland whose numbers allowed the stage behind them to be re-set for another act.

Aside from American and British versions in the early 1900s, other nations did not establish comedy scenes until decades later.  Despite a history of staged comedy acts from the 16th and 17th centuries, modern stand-up in India emerged in the 1980s. Although a few performers in Spain and Brazil introduced stand-up comedy in the 1950s and 1960s, Spain, Brazil, Mexico, and Germany were not considered to have developed stand-up traditions until the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Prop
A prop, formally known as a (theatrical) property, is an object  actors use on stage or screen during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes, and electrical equipment. This includes handheld items such as books, cups, weapons, and tools that actors interact with during a performance. Props help to create a realistic setting, convey information, or add to the storytelling by showing details about the characters or the environment.
Koloamatangi
Koloamatangi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Keaon Koloamatangi (born 1998), Tongan rugby league player

Leo Koloamatangi (born 1994), American football player

Meffy Koloamatangi (born 1995), American gridiron player

Tau Koloamatangi (born 1995), New Zealand rugby union player

Tautuiaki Taula Koloamatangi (born 1991), American professional wrestler

Tevita Koloamatangi (born 1988), New Zealand rugby union player

Leo Koloamatangi
Mafileo "Leo" Koloamatangi (born May 9, 1994) is an American former football center who is a free agent. He played college football at Hawaii, and was signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2017. He was also a member of the New York Jets.