hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Annping Chin
Annping Chin (Chinese: 金安平; pinyin: Jīn Ānpíng; born 1950 in Taiwan) is an American historian and sinologist. She is a senior lecturer of history at Yale. Her fields of study include Confucianism, Taoism, and the Chinese intellectual tradition. Before Yale, she was on the faculty at Wesleyan University.

Chin studied mathematics at Michigan State University and received her Ph.D. in Chinese thought from Columbia University. She lives in West Haven, Connecticut, with her husband Jonathan Spence until his death in 2021. She has two children, writer Mei Chin and video game designer Yar Woo.

Chin was born in Taiwan in 1950 to a Manchu family from Liaoning. In 1962, she and her family moved to the U.S and have lived there ever since.

Chinese intellectualism
The current status of Chinese intellectuals reflects traditions established in the imperial period. For most of this period, government officials were selected from among the literati on the basis of the Confucian civil service examination system. Intellectuals were both participants in and critics of the government. As Confucian scholars, they were torn between their loyalty to the emperor and their obligation to "correct wrong thinking" when they perceived it.

Then, as now, most intellectual and government leaders subscribed to the premise that ideological change was a prerequisite for political change. Historically, Chinese intellectuals rarely formed groups to oppose the established government. Rather, individual intellectuals or groups of intellectuals allied themselves with cliques within the government to lend support to the policies of that clique.
Magdalene laundries in Ireland
The Magdalene laundries in Ireland, also known as Magdalene asylums, were institutions usually run by Roman Catholic orders, which operated from the 18th to the late 20th century. They were run ostensibly to house "fallen women", an estimated 30,000 of whom were confined in these institutions in Ireland. They functioned as penitentiary workhouses in which women did laundry for income.

In 1993, unmarked graves of 155 women were uncovered in the convent grounds of one of the laundries. This led to media revelations about the operations of the secretive institutions. A formal state apology was issued in 2014, and a compensation scheme for survivors was set up by the Irish Government, which by 2022 and after an extension of the scheme had paid out €32.8 million to 814 survivors. The religious orders which operated the laundries have rejected appeals, including from victims and Ireland's Justice Minister, to contribute financially to this programme.

Philomena (film)
Philomena is a 2013 drama film directed by Stephen Frears, based on the 2009 book The Lost Child of Philomena Lee by journalist Martin Sixsmith. The film stars Judi Dench as Philomena Lee, an elderly woman who has been searching for her son for 50 years, and Steve Coogan as Sixsmith, who tries to help her find him.

The film gained critical praise and received several international film awards. Coogan and Jeff Pope won Best Screenplay at the 70th Venice International Film Festival, while the film was also awarded the People's Choice Award Runner-Up prize at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was nominated for four Oscars at the 86th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Actress (for Dench), and Best Original Score. It was also nominated for four BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.
Hela (caste)
The Hela are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They are a sub-group within the larger patel community of North India.

The Hela are a community of agricultural labourers. They are found mainly in the districts of Varanasi, Ghazipur, Maharajganj, Kushinagar and Mirzapur. They are divided into five sub-groups, the Supa Bhagat, Chaudhary, Nourchinwa, Lalbegi and Shaikh-Hela. Traditionally, the community was hierarchical, with the Bhagat considering themselves superior to the other sub-groups.

The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Hela population as 52,314.

Kushinagar district
Kushinagar district is a district of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India situated in the easternmost part of the state. It has the administrative headquarters at Ravindra Nagar Dhoos. The district is named such after the town Kushinagar, a Buddhist pilgrimage site where Gautama Buddha attained parinirvana in the 5th century BCE. Since the independence of India, Kushinagar district was a part of Deoria District and came into existence on 13 May 1994 as a separate district division. It was earlier known as Padrauna and thereafter was renamed Kushinagar on 19 June 1997.
Shield AI
Shield AI, Inc. is an American aerospace and defense technology company based in San Diego, California, United States.  It develops artificial intelligence-powered fighter pilots, drones, and technology for defense operations. Its clients include the United States Special Operations Command, US Air Force, US Marine Corps, US Navy and several international militaries.  The company’s small-unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) Nova became the first AI-powered drone to be deployed for defense purposes in US military history.

Close-quarters battle
Close-quarters battle (CQB), also called close-quarters combat (CQC), is a close combat situation between multiple combatants involving ranged (typically firearm-based) or melee combat. It can occur between military units, law enforcement and criminal elements, and in other similar situations. CQB is typically defined as a short duration, high intensity conflict characterized by sudden violence at close range.
AFL England
AFL England is the governing body for Australian Rules Football in England. It was formed in 2012 to succeed AFL Britain with the aim to be more effective in governing the game in England, as both Scotland and Wales had developed their own autonomous bodies.

AFL England is also the nominated body for Great Britain and as such is responsible for the recruitment and selection for both the Great Britain Bulldogs and Great Britain Swans

Jason Hill was appointed as the President of AFL England in 2018 replacing long-serving President Claire Shapland.

West London Wildcats
The West London Wildcats is an Australian rules football and netball club based in London, England. The club fields teams in each of the three men's AFL London divisions – Premiership, Conference and Social and each of the two women's divisions – Premiership and Conference. The men's reserves team is known as the Shepherds Bush Raiders and wear a green and gold guernsey, while the Social team is known as the Ealing Emus and wear a black, red and yellow guernsey.

The Wildcats are regarded as the most successful Australian rules football club in Europe, and outside of Australia, tallying 43 premierships in the club's history.
Pertteli
Pertteli (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpertːeli]); Swedish: S:t Bertils) is a former municipality of Finland. It was consolidated with Salo on January 1, 2009.

It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality had a population of 3,833 (2004-12-31) and covered an area of 156.08 km2 of which 1.93 km2 is water. The population density was 24.87 inhabitants per km2. Inkere was the administrative center of Pertteli.

The municipality was unilingually Finnish.

Saint Bartholomew is the namesake of the municipality and is the subject of the heraldic shield.

Western Finland Province
Western Finland (Finnish: Länsi-Suomen lääni, Swedish: Västra Finlands län) was a province of Finland from 1997 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Oulu, Eastern Finland and Southern Finland. It also bordered the Gulf of Bothnia towards Åland. Tampere was the largest city of the province.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 15
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 15 (P. Oxy. 15) is a fragment of an epigram by an unknown author, written in Greek. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The fragment is dated to the third century. It is housed in the Glasgow University Library (Special Collections Department). The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a roll. The measurements of the fragment are 92 by 157 mm. The text is written in an irregular and sloping uncial hand.

Bernard Pyne Grenfell
Bernard Pyne Grenfell FBA (16 December 1869 – 18 May 1926) was an English scientist and egyptologist. Excavations he did with Arthur Surridge Hunt uncovered manuscripts including the oldest Oxyrhynchus Papyri.
Akiko Kamei
Akiko Kamei (亀井 亜紀子, Kamei Akiko; born 14 May 1965) is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, and a former member of the House of Representatives. She is also a former member of People's New Party and of the House of Councillors. A native of Tokyo and graduate of Gakushuin University and Carleton University, she was elected for the first time in 2007 in the Shimane at-large district. Her father Hisaoki Kamei was a veteran member of the House of Representatives. She is married.

Kamei contested the Shimane 1st district in 2017 election. While she lost against the longtime incumbent Hiroyuki Hosoda in the race, she received enough votes to be elected through the PR block.

Shimane at-large district
The Shimane at-large district (Japanese: 島根県選挙区, Hepburn: Shimane-ken Senkyoku) was a constituency that represents Shimane Prefecture in the House of Councillors in the Diet of Japan. Councillors are elected to the house by single non-transferable vote (SNTV) for six-year terms. Since the establishment of the current House of Councillors electoral system in 1947, the district has elected two Councillors, one each at elections held every three years. With its 576,297 registered voters (as of September 2015) it is the second-smallest electoral district for the house. Accordingly, a 2015 revision of the Public Officers Election Law will see the district merged with the Tottori At-large district to create the Tottori-Shimane At-large district; this change will begin to take effect at the 2016 election, at which one Councillor will be elected.

The Councillor currently representing Shimane is:

Saburo Shimada (LDP; term ends in 2019)
Institute for Information, Telecommunication and Media Law
The Institute for Information, Telecommunication and Media Law or ITM (German: Institut für Informations-, Telekommunikations- und Medienrecht) is a research and educational organisation located in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. All major research projects conducted by ITM are ordered by the European Commission. The institute's scientific council is made up of Prof. Dr. Gunnar Bender, Wilhelm Berneke, Jon Bing, Santiago Cavanillas, Herbert Fiedler, Heinz Lothar Grob, Fritjof Haft, Bernt Hugenholtz, Hans Jarass, Wolfgang Kilian, Miriam Meckel, Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker, Ursula Nelles and other prominent scientists.

Jon Bing
Jon Bing (30 April 1944 – 14 January 2014) was a Norwegian writer and law professor at the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law (NRCCL), and the Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo. Bing was considered a pioneer in international IT and information law. He held honorary doctorates from the Stockholm University and the University of Copenhagen, and was a visiting professor at King's College London. Bing was part of The Protection of Privacy Committee. From 1979 to 1981 he was head of Norsk Filmråd. Between 1981 and 1982, he was the head of The Council of Europe Committee on Legal Data Processing. Between 1993 and 2000, he headed Norsk kulturråd.
1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season
The 1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season was the 68th season for the Brooklyn Dodgers franchise in Major League Baseball's National League (NL). The season was overshadowed by Walter O'Malley's threat to move the Dodgers out of Brooklyn if the city did not build him a new stadium in that borough. When the best the mayor could promise was a stadium in Queens, O'Malley made good on his threats and moved the team to Los Angeles after the season ended. The Dodgers final game at Ebbets Field was on September 24 as they finished their 68th and last NL season, and their 75th overall, in Brooklyn in third place with an 84–70 record, 11 games behind the NL and World Series champion Milwaukee Braves.

1957 Milwaukee Braves season
The 1957 Milwaukee Braves season was the fifth season in Milwaukee and the 87th season of the franchise. It was the year that the team won its first and only World Series championship while based in Milwaukee. The Braves won 95 games and lost 59 to win the National League pennant by eight games over the second-place St. Louis Cardinals. This season was the best season for the Milwaukee Braves (1953-1965) in terms of wins (95) and winning percentage (.617).

The club went on to the 1957 World Series, where they faced the New York Yankees. Pitcher Lew Burdette was the star and Most Valuable Player, winning three games, including the crucial seventh game played in New York City. The Braves became the first team not based in New York to win the World Series since the Cleveland Indians in 1948.
Siko
Siko is the second largest populated village and a Gram Panchayat in the Begunia block of the Khordha district in the Indian state of Odisha. It is located approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of the state capital, Bhubaneswar. It has a mixed, rich culture mainly consisting of Hindus and Muslims, with Hindus making up a majority. Ardent nationalists from Siko participated in the Paika rebellion of 1817. Today, some "Paika akhada" are found in Siko. They display their warrior acts in various festivals.

Paika akhada
Paika akhada is an Odia term which roughly translates as "warrior gymnasium" or "warrior school". The martial arts performed by the people of Khandayat caste and Gopal caste (Cowherds) in Odisha, eastern India. In former times they served as the Paikas (foot Soldiers) under the kings. Today's paika akhada are used for practicing the traditional physical exercises in addition to the paika dance, a performance art with rhythmic movements and weapons being hit in time to the drum. It incorporates acrobatic manoeuvres and use of the khanda (straight sword), patta (guantlet-sword), sticks, and other weapons.

The word paika comes from the Odia padatika meaning infantry. "Akhada" or akhara refers to a training hall, or in this case referring to a particular string of such schools. The former spelling is an alternate transcription of the proper Sanskrit akhara in which the Oriya letter ଡ଼ ṛ, a flapped [ɽ] sound, is rendered as d as in most Indian languages.
Gwenoro Dam
The Gwenoro Dam is located inside Gwenoro Farm, an estate formerly owned by Ian Douglas Smith (1919-2007), a former Prime Minister of Rhodesia. The farm was seized in stages by the Government of Zimbabwe from Ian Smith and his family between 2002 and December 2012. The Gwenoro Dam supplies water to nearby Gweru and Shurugwi in Zimbabwe. The dam is constructed on the Runde River (formerly Lundi River; a medium density suburb in Gweru is named after the river (Lundi Park)). The name Gwenoro is derived from a wild animal found in the area known in the local language of Shona as Nhoro (gweNORO), which means a 'place inhabited by Nhoro'(kudu). The area is very beautiful and picturesque. The dam is full from January to June. Fish co-operatives are sprouting around the banks of this river. ZIMASCO used to run a mine club but has since stopped. What remains are only buildings.

Runde River
The Runde River (formerly Lundi River) is a river in southeastern Zimbabwe. It is a tributary of the Save River. Major tributaries of the Runde include the Ngezi River, Tokwe River, Mutirikwe River and Chiredzi River.
Frank Lebby Stanton
Frank Lebby Stanton (February 22, 1857 – January 7, 1927), frequently credited as Frank L. Stanton, Frank Stanton or F. L. Stanton, was an American lyricist.

He was also the initial columnist for the Atlanta Constitution and became the first poet laureate of the State of Georgia, a post to which he was appointed by Governor Clifford Walker in 1925 and which Stanton held until his death.

Lyricist
A lyricist is a writer who writes lyrics (the spoken words), as opposed to a composer, who writes the song's music which may include (but is not limited to) the melody, harmony, arrangement and accompaniment.
Sphingonaepiopsis nana
Sphingonaepiopsis nana, the savanna hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found from the Kerman Province, Hormozgan Province and Baluchistan in southern Iran and western Saudi Arabia to the southern Arabian Peninsula (including the United Arab Emirates, northern Oman and Yemen) and eastern Africa to Natal, west to the Gambia.

The wingspan is 25–30 mm. Adults are on wing in March and April. A specimen captured in early October indicates there might be a second generation.

The larvae feed on various Rubiaceae species, including Kohautia, Galium, Rubia and Jaubertia.

Kohautia
Kohautia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are native to tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. Thirty-one species are known. The type species for the genus is Kohautia senegalensis.

Kohautia was named by Adelbert von Chamisso and Diederich von Schlechtendal in 1829. This generic name honors Franz Kohaut (d. 1822), a plant collector who worked in West Africa for the botanist Franz Sieber (1789-1844).
Ogimachi Sanemasa
Count Ōgimachi Sanemasa (Japanese: 正親町実正) (July 20, 1855 – June 26, 1923) was a Japanese courtier and pharmacist who served as Grand Chamberlain to the Emperor from 1919 to 1922.

Born to a prestigious kuge family, his father was an imperial counsellor and his aunt the biological mother of Emperor Kōmei. He was the governor of Saitama Prefecture (1899–1900). He was a recipient of the Order of the Sacred Treasure. He was made a count in 1884, a recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class in 1906, a recipient of the Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1910 and a recipient of the World War I Victory Medal in 1915.

Kuge
The kuge (公家; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯ.ɡe, -ŋe]) was a Japanese aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese Imperial Court in Kyoto. The kuge were important from the establishment of Kyoto as the capital during the Heian period in the late 8th century until the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in the 12th century, at which point it was eclipsed by the bushi. The kuge still provided a weak court around the Emperor until the Meiji Restoration, when they merged with the daimyō, regaining some of their status in the process, and formed the kazoku (peerage), which lasted until the Japanese peerage system was abolished with the 1947 constitution. Though there is no longer an official status, members of the kuge families remain influential in Japanese society, government, and industry.
Comocrus behri
Comocrus is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae erected by Karl Jordan in 1896. Its only species, Comocrus behri, the mistletoe moth or mistletoe day moth, was first described by George French Angas in 1847. It is widely distributed in southern Australia from Perth to Melbourne and adjacent to Bass Strait, occurring as far north as Derby, Western Australia, and Clermont and Rockhampton in Queensland. It may be seen during daylight hours hovering around mistletoe species such as Amyema miquelii, Amyema melaleucae and Amyema cambadgei growing on Casuarina and Eucalyptus trees. The adult moths feed on Eucalyptus flower nectar, have a wingspan of some 58 millimetres and are basically black with white bands running through the wings. Individuals ready to mate exhibit 'hill-topping' behaviour, flying to high points in the landscape and there encountering mates.

George French Angas
George French Angas (25 April 1822 – 4 October 1886), also known as G.F.A., was an English explorer, naturalist, painter and poet who emigrated to Australia. His paintings are held in a number of important Australian public art collections. He was the eldest son of George Fife Angas, who was prominent in the early days of the colonisation of South Australia.
José Bayardi
José Bayardi (born 30 June 1955 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan physician and politician belonging to the Broad Front.

He has served both as Defence and Labor minister during the presidencies of Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica.

In 2020 he takes part in the talk show Todas las voces.

Broad Front (Uruguay)
The Broad Front (Spanish: Frente Amplio, FA) is a political coalition in Uruguay. Since 2025, it has been the ruling party of Uruguay, having previously ruled from 2005 to 2020 and has produced three presidents: Tabaré Vázquez (2005–2010; 2015–2020), José Mujica (2010–2015) and Yamandú Orsi (2025–present). Since 1999, it has been the largest party in Uruguay's General Assembly.
Goodenia perfoliata
Goodenia perfoliata is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to a small area of New South Wales. It is a mostly glabrous, perennial herb with erect flowering stems, lance-shaped leaves with sometimes deeply-toothed edges, and yellow flowers with bracteoles joined to form a disc-like funnel.

Goodeniaceae
Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.
Vuelta al Táchira
The Vuelta ciclista al Táchira (English: Tour of Táchira) is a multi-day road bicycle racing stage race held annually each January since 1966 in the state of Táchira in western Venezuela. The Vuelta al Táchira is part of the UCI America Tour, which is one of six UCI Continental Circuits sponsored by the Union Cycliste Internationale, which is the sport's international governing body, and the Venezuelan Cycling Federation. This event takes place during the Festival of Saint Sebastian which dates back to colonial times.

Race stage
A race stage, leg, or heat is a unit of a race that has been divided in several parts for the reason such as length of the distance to be covered, as in a multi-day event. Usually, such a race consists of "ordinary" stages, but sometimes stages are held as an individual time trial or a team time trial. Long races such as the Tour de France, Absa Cape Epic or the Giro d'Italia are known for their stages of one day each, whereas the boat sailing Velux 5 Oceans Race is broken down in usually four stages of several weeks duration each, where the competitors are racing continuously day and night. In bicycling and running events, a race with stages is known as a stage race. Other examples include ultramarathons and adventure racing.
1941 Brighton by-election
The 1941 Brighton by-election was held on 15 November 1941.  The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Lord Erskine.  It was won by the Conservative candidate Anthony Marlowe, who was unopposed.

Lord Erskine
The Lordship of Parliament of Erskine (Lord Erskine) was created around 1426 for Sir Robert Erskine. The sixth lord was created Earl of Mar in 1565, with which title (and the earldom of Kellie) the lordship then merged.