hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richardson Affair
The phrase, the Richardson Affair, has been used to refer to at least two separate incidents in political and military history:

Richardson Affair in Japanese history - The Namamugi Incident (生麦事件 Namamugi-jiken?) (also known sometimes as the Kanagawa Incident, and as the Richardson Affair) was a samurai assault on British people in Japan on September 14, 1862.

Richardson Affair in US history - The Richardson Affair in US history involved the efforts in the late 1890s by Representative James D. Richardson (1843-1914) to privately copyright a series of published Presidential proclamations.

Printing Act of 1895
The Printing Act of 1895 was a law designed to centralize in the United States Government Printing Office the printing, binding, and distribution of U.S. Government documents. The Act revised public printing laws and established the roles of the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) and the Government Printing Office (GPO) in distributing government information. The act also assigned leadership of the program to the Superintendent of Public Documents, who would be under the control of the GPO.

The Printing Act is also significant because it contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications.
Jennifer McKinley
Jennifer McKinley is a scientist from Northern Ireland, UK. She is currently a Reader at the School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast. Her main areas of research interest include geostatistics, GIS, soil geochemistry, forensics geoscience, weathering. She is the elected president of International Association for Mathematical Geosciences for the period during 2016–2020. She was awarded Chartered Fellow of the Geological Society of London in 2009, a Fellowship awarded competitively.

In May 2024 she resigned as President of the Governing Council of the Chinese Government funded Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) initiative (source: https://www.iugs.org/dde).

Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows.

Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a registered charity, no. 210161
. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members.

The mission of the society is: "Making geologists acquainted with each other, stimulating their zeal, inducing them to adopt one nomenclature, facilitating the communication of new facts and ascertaining what is known in their science and what remains to be discovered".
Duchess of Beaufort
Duchess of Beaufort is a title held by the wife of the Duke of Beaufort in the Peerage of England. In 1657 Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester married Mary Capell and in 1682 the dukedom was created by Charles II, making Henry the first Duke and Mary the first Duchess of Beaufort.

The dukedom was named after Henry Somerset's fifth great-grandfather Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, whose legitimized children held the surname Somerset. The name Beaufort refers to a castle in Champagne, France (now Montmorency-Beaufort) and it is the only current dukedom to take its name from a place outside the British Isles.

The family seat is Badminton House near Chipping Sodbury in the unitary authority of South Gloucestershire. The principal burial place of the Dukes and Duchesses of Beaufort is St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton.

Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset
Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (26 January 1436 – 15 May 1464) was an English nobleman and army commander for the House of Lancaster during the English Wars of the Roses. He is sometimes numbered the 2nd Duke of Somerset, because the title was re-created for his father after his uncle died. He also held the subsidiary titles of 5th Earl of Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Dorset and 2nd Earl of Dorset.
Hilal Al-Quds Club
Hilal Al-Quds Club (Arabic: نادي هلال القدس) is a Palestinian sports and cultural club. Its professional football section was established in 1972 within the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. The club's motto is "Development, training and rehabilitation of Jerusalemite youth is the focus of our cause." Al-Hilal Al-Quds Club is located in the heart of Jerusalem. 12,500-capacity Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium is their home stadium in Al-Ram, near Jerusalem.

Al-Ram
Al-Ram (Arabic: الرّام), also transcribed as Al-Ramm, El-Ram, Er-Ram, and A-Ram, is a Palestinian town which lies northeast of Jerusalem, just outside the city's municipal border. The village is part of the built-up urban area of Jerusalem, the Atarot industrial zone and Beit Hanina lie to the west, and Neve Yaakov borders it on the south, with a built-up area of 3,289 dunums. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, a-Ram had a population of 15,814 in 2017. The head of A-Ram's village council estimates that 58,000 people live there, more than half of them holding Israeli identity cards.
Highway 55 (Israel–Palestine)
Highway 55 is a west–east highway running between Israel and the West Bank. Its Western terminus is in Kfar Saba, and it continues east to Nablus. Much of the road follows the eastern section of the "Aphek Ascent", an ancient east–west trade route connecting the Via Maris and the Way of the Patriarchs.

The road passes near Qalqilya, Alfei Menashe, Azzun, Jit, Karnei Shomron, and Kedumim, and ends in Nablus.

Alfei Menashe
32°10′20″N 35°0′53″E﻿ / ﻿32.17222°N 35.01472°E﻿ / 32.17222; 35.01472

Alfei Menashe (Hebrew: אַלְפֵי מְנַשֶׁה, Arabic: ألفي منشيه, lit. Thousands of Manasseh) is an Israeli settlement on the western edge of the central West Bank. Built over land confiscated from the nearby Palestinian villages of Nabi Ilyas, Islah, and Ras Atiya, it is located in the so-called seam zone of the West Bank. Its name is taken from the bible (Deuteronomy 33:17). It was granted local council status in 1987. In 2023 its population was 8,126.

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.
Sherrill Cheda
Sherrill Cheda (née Schneider) (February 15, 1936 – June 7, 2008) was an American-born Canadian librarian, feminist writer and arts administrator. She worked in a number of academic libraries in the United States and Canada before serving as chief librarian at Seneca College.

In addition to writing for Chatelaine, she co-founded and edited Emergency Librarian, a publication focused on feminist issues in librarianship, with Phyllis Yaffe. Following her position at Seneca, she worked at the Canadian Periodical Publishers Association and the Ontario Arts Council before taking a position with the Ontario Ministry of Culture and Communications.

Feminist literature
Feminist literature is fiction, nonfiction, drama, or poetry, which supports the feminist goals of defining, establishing, and defending equal civil, political, economic, and social rights for women. It often addresses the roles of women in society particularly as regarding status, privilege, and power – and generally portrays the consequences to women, men, families, communities, and societies as undesirable.
Angie Ward
Angie Ward (born June 12, 1968) is a CMA and ACM award-winning media personality and Class of 2021 inductee into the Country Radio Hall Of Fame. She is the Assistant Program Director at IHeartMedia radio station WUBL, known as 94.9 The Bull in Atlanta, GA. She can be heard daily on WUBL (Atlanta), WKKT (Charlotte),WPGB (Pittsburgh), KVET (Austin), WQIK (Jacksonville). WTQR (Greensboro). and WKSF (Asheville). She has more than 25 years of experience both on and off the air in radio broadcasting & television and can also be heard weekly on 45 other Country radio stations across the United States, and streamed on desktop or mobile devices via the iHeartRadio Country channel.

WKKT
WKKT (96.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Statesville, North Carolina, and serving the Charlotte - Metrolina radio market. It airs a country format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. WKKT features two syndicated programs on weekdays from co-owned Premiere Networks: The Bobby Bones Show in evenings and After Midnite with Granger Smith overnight. WKKT's studios are in the 2100 building in Charlotte's south end district.

WKKT is a Class C station. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. It broadcasts using HD Radio technology. In the Boone area, WKKT is subject to co-channel interference from WXBQ-FM, licensed to Bristol, Virginia. The transmitters of the two stations are less than 100 miles (160 km) apart and both use directional antennas. WKKT has its tower on Mill Pond Lane near Shearers Road in Mooresville.
Abramo (surname)
Abramo is a surname. People with this surname include:

Cláudio Abramo (1923–1987), Italian-Brazilian journalist

Jericó Abramo Masso (born 1975), Mexican politician

Lélia Abramo (1911–2004), Italian-Brazilian actress

Livio Abramo (1903–1993), Brazilian-Paraguayan engraver

Perseu Abramo (1929–1996), Brazilian journalist

Philip Abramo (born 1945), Italian-American mobster

Sergio Abramo (born 1958), Italian politician

Perseu Abramo
Perseu Abramo (July 17, 1929 in São Paulo – March 6, 1996) was a Brazilian journalist and writer. Apart from working in many Brazilian vehicles, he also had an intense political life and taught in many higher education institutions. He is one of the creators of Vladimir Herzog Award. He was Cláudio Abramo's nephew.
Tzoumerka
Tzoumerka (Greek: Τζουμέρκα) is a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality North Tzoumerka, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 71.10 km2. Population 717 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Chouliarades.

During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941-1944) the main base of the EDES resistance organization was found in the Tzoumerka mountain.

Ioannina (regional unit)
Ioannina (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ιωαννίνων) is one of the regional units of Greece, located in the northwestern part of the country.

It is part of the region of Epirus. Its capital is the city of Ioannina. It is the largest regional unit in Epirus, and one of the largest regional units of Greece, with a population of 160,773 people, according to the 2021 census.
Yoon-sung
Yoon-sung, also spelled Yun-song, Yun-seong, is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Kang Yun-sŏng (died 1358), father of Queen Sindeok of the Joseon dynasty

Hong Yunsŏng (1425–1475), Joseon dynasty general

Gaeko (born Kim Yoon-sung, 1981), South Korean rapper

K (singer) (born Kang Yoon-sung, 1983), South Korean singer

Jung Yoon-sung (born 1984), South Korean football forward

Kang Yoon-sung (born 1997), South Korean football midfielder

Chung Yun-seong (born 1998), South Korean tennis player

Fictional characters with this name include:

Hong Yun-seong, character in the Soul series of video games, introduced in the 2002 game Soulcalibur II

Lee Yoon-sung, character in the 2011 South Korean television series City Hunter

City Hunter (2011 TV series)
City Hunter (Korean: 시티헌터) is a 2011 South Korean television series based on the Japanese manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Tsukasa Hojo, starring Lee Min-ho, Park Min-young, Lee Joon-hyuk, Kim Sang-joong, Kim Sang-ho, Hwang Sun-hee, Goo Hara, Chun Ho-jin, and Lee Kwang-soo. It premiered on May 25, 2011, on SBS and finished broadcasting on July 28, 2011. This show was successful in Europe and paved way for Lee Min-ho's popularity in Europe.
Cotana postpallida
Cotana postpallida is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1917. It is found in New Guinea.

The wingspan is about 53 mm. The forewings are deep liver brown with a large antemedian grey and black stigma, a median transverse black band and the outer one-third with a somewhat ill-defined postdiscal grey band and grey cloudings beyond. The basal half of the hindwings is orange suffused with brown and crossed by a dark band, while the outer half is dull brown slightly suffused with orange and crossed by a greyish-olive band edged with serrated brownish cloud lines.

Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild
Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937), was a British banker, politician, zoologist, and soldier, who was a member of the Rothschild family. As a Zionist leader, he was presented with the Balfour Declaration, which pledged British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. Rothschild was the president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews from 1925 to 1926.
Arduaine
Arduaine (Scottish Gaelic: An Àird Uaine, lit. 'green/fertile promontory or headland', pronounced "Ar-DOO-nee") is a Scottish coastal hamlet located on the A816 about 20 miles south of Oban and 18 miles north of Lochgilphead. It is in the council area of Argyll and Bute, at the southern boundary of the civil parish of Kilmelford and Kilninver, and comprises about two dozen houses, a hotel and restaurant, and a botanical garden.

The settlement was originally named Asknish, but tea planter J. Arthur Campbell was required to change the name when he bought the estate in 1897 (the previous owners of the estate then started using the name Asknish for the Lochgair mansion house that their predecessors had built in the late 18th century).

Argyll and Bute Council
Argyll and Bute Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Earra Ghàidheal is Bhòid) is one of the 32 local authorities of Scotland, covering the Argyll and Bute council area.

Thirty-six representative members make up the council, elected, since 2007, by single transferable vote and, before that, by the first-past-the-post system. The council has been under no overall control since 2007. In 2024 a coalition of the Scottish National Party, Liberal Democrats, Labour, Scottish Greens and some of the independent councillors took control of the council. It is based at Kilmory Castle at Lochgilphead. The council has been a member of the Islands Forum since 2022.
Livestock and Equipment Barn, Glenn Homestead
The Livestock and Equipment Barn of the Glenn Homestead is a historic farm outbuilding in rural northern White County, Arkansas.  It is located on the north side of Arkansas Highway 124, several miles east of the city of Pangburn.  It is a two-story frame structure, clad in novelty siding and set on a concrete foundation.  Its main section has a visually distinctive rounded roof, with open shed-roofed equipment wings on the sides.  Built about 1939, it is the only known round-roofed barn in the county.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Arkansas Highway 124
Arkansas Highway 124 is a designation for two state highways in Central Arkansas. The western segment of 72.17 miles (116.15 km) runs from Russellville to Rose Bud. An eastern segment of 9.17 miles (14.76 km) runs east in White County from Pangburn to Highway 157.
5185 Alerossi
5185 Alerossi (provisional designation 1990 RV2) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 miles (21 kilometers) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 September 1990, by American astronomer Henry Holt at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was later named for Italian geodesist Alessandro Rossi.

Palomar Observatory
The Palomar Observatory is an astronomical research observatory in the Palomar Mountains of San Diego County, California, United States. It is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Research time at the observatory is granted to Caltech and its research partners, which include the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Yale University, and the National Astronomical Observatories of China.

The observatory operates several telescopes, including the 200-inch (5.1 m) Hale Telescope, the 48-inch (1.2 m) Samuel Oschin telescope (dedicated to the Zwicky Transient Facility, ZTF), the Palomar 60-inch (1.5 m) Telescope, and the 30-centimetre (12-inch) Gattini-IR telescope. Decommissioned instruments include the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and the first telescopes at the observatory, an 18-inch (46 cm) Schmidt camera from 1936.
Paul Pedersen (composer)
Paul Richard Pedersen (born August 28, 1935) is a Canadian composer, arts administrator, and music educator. An associate of the Canadian Music Centre and a member of the Canadian League of Composers, he is particularly known for his works of electronic music; a number of which utilize various forms of multi-media. In 2014 he was made an Honorary Member of the Canadian Electroacoustic Community. Early on in his career, he wrote non-electronic compositions which exhibited a free atonal style.

Arts administration
Arts administration (alternatively arts management) is a field in the arts sector that facilitates programming within cultural organizations. Arts administrators are responsible for facilitating the day-to-day operations of the organization as well as the long term goals by and fulfilling its vision, mission and mandate. Arts management became present in the arts and culture sector in the 1960s. Organizations include professional non-profit (referred to as not-for-profit in Canada) entities. For examples, theaters, museums, symphony orchestras, concert bands, jazz organizations, opera houses, ballet companies and many smaller professional and non-professional for-profit arts-related organizations (e.g. auction houses, art galleries, music companies, etc.). The duties of an arts administrator can include staff management, marketing, budget management, public relations, fundraising, program development evaluation, community engagement, strategic planning, and board relations.
Bracher
Bracher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Barbara Kay Bracher (maiden name) (1955–2001), lawyer and conservative American television commentator

Chris Bracher, three time world champion BriSCA race car driver

Clemens Bracher (born 1987), Swiss bobsledder

Edward Bracher (1823–1887), English Victorian photographer based in Oxford

Elisa Bracher (born 1965), Brazilian artist

Hermann Bracher (1895–1974), highly decorated German Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II

Karl Dietrich Bracher (1922–2016), German political scientist and author

Rose Bracher (1894–1941), British botanist

Barbara Olson
Barbara Kay Olson (née Bracher; December 27, 1955 – September 11, 2001) was an American lawyer and conservative television commentator who worked for CNN, Fox News Channel, and several other outlets. She was a passenger on American Airlines Flight 77 en route to a taping of Bill Maher's television show Politically Incorrect when it was flown into the Pentagon in the September 11 attacks.
Economic substance
Economic substance is a doctrine in the tax law of the United States under which a transaction must have both a substantial purpose aside from reduction of tax liability and an economic effect aside from the tax effect in order to qualify for any tax benefits. This doctrine is used by the Internal Revenue Service to determine whether tax shelters, or strategies used to reduce tax liability, are considered "abusive". Under the doctrine, for a transaction to be respected, the transaction must change the taxpayer's economic position in a "meaningful way" apart from the Federal income tax effects, and the taxpayer must have had a "substantial purpose" for entering into the transaction, apart from the Federal income tax effects.

The economic substance doctrine was originally a common law doctrine. The doctrine was codified in subsection (o) of section 7701 of the Internal Revenue Code by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.

Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 111–152 (text) (PDF), 124 Stat. 1029) is a law that was enacted by the 111th United States Congress, by means of the reconciliation process, in order to amend the Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Pub. L. 111–148 (text) (PDF)). The law includes the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act, which was attached as a rider.

It was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on March 21, 2010, by a vote of 220–211, and passed the Senate by a vote of 56–43 on March 25, after having two minor provisions relating to Pell Grants stricken under the Byrd Rule.  A few hours later, the amended bill was passed by the House with the vote of 220–207. The Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2010, at Northern Virginia Community College.
Khogyani (Pashtun tribe)
The Khugyani, Khogyani or Khogiani tribe is one of the Karlāṇī tribes of the Pashtun people. The tribe originated in the Khogyani district in Nangarhar province of Afghanistan. The Khogyani District is in eastern Nangarhar province of Afghanistan, near the city of Jalalabad and the Kōh-i-Safēd (White mountain range). Descendants of Khogianis in the Indian subcontinent are known as Khakwanis.

Karlani
Karlāṇī or Karrani (Pashto: کرلاڼي) is a Pashtun tribal confederacy. They primarily inhabit the FATA region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and certain parts of eastern Afghanistan. In the 16th century the Karlani founded the Karrani dynasty, the last dynasty to rule the Bengal Sultanate.

.
Simplified Wade
Simplified Wade, abbreviated SW, is a modification of the Wade–Giles romanization system for writing Standard Mandarin Chinese. It was devised by the Swedish linguist Olov Bertil Anderson (1920–1993), who first published the system in 1969. Simplified Wade uses tonal spelling: in other words it modifies the letters in a syllable in order to indicate tone differences. It is one of only two Mandarin romanization systems that indicate tones in such a way (the other being Gwoyeu Romatzyh).  All other systems use diacritics or numbers to indicate tone.

Lund
Lund (/lʊnd/, US also /lʌnd/ LU(U)ND; Swedish: [ˈlɵnːd] ⓘ) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town had 94,393 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 130,288 as of 2023. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Scania County. The Öresund Region, which includes Lund, is home to more than 4.2 million people.

Archeologists date the founding of Lund to around 990, when Scania was part of Denmark. From 1103 it was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Lund, and the towering Lund Cathedral, built c. 1090–1145, still stands at the centre of the town. Denmark ceded the city to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.

Lund University, established in 1666, is one of Scandinavia's oldest and largest institutions for education and research.  The university and its buildings dominate much of the centre of the city, and have led to Lund becoming a regional centre for high-tech industry.
Glenbank
Glenbank was the site of a Roman fortlet associated with the Gask Ridge in Scotland. It was discovered from aerial photography by G. S. Maxwell in 1983. It was confirmed by geophysics and excavations which were carried out in 1984 and 1999. It is beside the Roman road that linked the forts at Ardoch and Doune. It is currently the most southerly of the known Gask fortifications. It was probably built around 70-80 AD. Several other Gask installations have been identified running north to Bertha.

The site is south of the Allan Water close to the A9 road. It seems to have been deliberately demolished by the Romans when they abandoned it.

Castellum
A castellum in Latin is usually:

a small Roman fortlet or tower, a diminutive of castrum ('military camp'), often used as a watchtower or signal station like on Hadrian's Wall. It is distinct from a burgus, which is a later Latin term that was used particularly in the Germanic provinces.

a distribution, header, and settling tank for municipal water in a Roman aqueduct (known as a castellum aquae/castellum divisorium).

It is the source of the English word "castle".