hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Birkhoff's theorem (electromagnetism)
In physics, in the context of electromagnetism, Birkhoff's theorem concerns spherically symmetric static solutions of Maxwell's field equations of electromagnetism.

The theorem is due to George D. Birkhoff.  It states that any spherically symmetric solution of the source-free Maxwell equations is necessarily static. Pappas (1984) gives two proofs of this theorem, using Maxwell's equations and Lie derivatives. It is a limiting case of Birkhoff's theorem (relativity) by taking the flat metric without backreaction.

George David Birkhoff
George David Birkhoff (March 21, 1884 – November 12, 1944) was one of the top American mathematicians of his generation. He made valuable contributions to the theory of differential equations, dynamical systems, the four-color problem, the three-body problem, and general relativity. Today, Birkhoff is best remembered for the ergodic theorem. The George D. Birkhoff House, his residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has been designated a National Historic Landmark.
La Madera, Sandoval County, New Mexico
La Madera is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The CDP is in the southeast corner of the county, bordered to the south by Paa-Ko and Edgewood, both in Bernalillo County. The community sits at the eastern base of the Sandia Mountains, which rise to the west 4 miles (6 km) to the summit of Sandia Crest, elevation 10,678 feet (3,255 m).

Sandia Mountains
The Sandia Mountains (Southern Tiwa: Posu gai hoo-oo, Eastern Keres: Tsepe, Navajo: Dził Nááyisícode: nav promoted to code: nv , Tewa: Oekuu Pʼin, Northern Tiwa: Kep’íanenemą, Jemez: Kiutawe, Zuni: Chibiya Yalanne)  is a mountain range located in Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, immediately to the east of the city of Albuquerque in New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The mountain range is just due south of the southern terminus of the Rocky Mountains, and is part of the Sandia–Manzano Mountains. This is largely within the Cibola National Forest and protected as the Sandia Mountain Wilderness. The highest point is Sandia Crest, 10,678 feet (3,255 m) AMSL.
Syngamia latimarginalis
Syngamia latimarginalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Indonesia (Java), Taiwan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), Equatorial Guinea, Kenya and Mozambique.

Katanga Province
Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914.
It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire), its official name was Shaba Province.

Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (192,000 sq mi). Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau. The eastern part of the province is a rich mining region which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. The region's former capital, Lubumbashi, is the second-largest city in the Congo.
Schloss Hartheim
Schloss Hartheim, also known as Hartheim Castle, is a castle at Alkoven in Upper Austria, some 14 kilometres (9 mi) from Linz, Austria. It was built by Jakob von Aspen in 1600, and it is a prominent Renaissance castle in the country.

The building became notorious as one of the centers for the Nazi program known as Aktion T4, in which German citizens deemed mentally or physically unfit were systematically murdered with poison gas. After the official end of Aktion T4 in August 1941, the facility was used to murder Jews, communists, and other concentration camp prisoners under a program known as "Action 14f13". In this capacity it was known as the Hartheim killing centre, where the Nazis murdered a total of 30,000 people.

Karl Brandt
Karl Brandt (8 January 1904 – 2 June 1948) was a German physician and Schutzstaffel (SS) officer in Nazi Germany. Trained in surgery, Brandt joined the Nazi Party in 1932 and became Adolf Hitler's "escort doctor" (Begleitarzt) in August 1934. A member of Hitler's inner circle at the Berghof, he was selected by Philipp Bouhler, the head of Hitler's Chancellery, to administer the Aktion T4 euthanasia program. Brandt was later appointed the Reich Commissioner of Health and Emergency Services (Bevollmächtigter für das Sanitäts- und Gesundheitswesen). Accused of involvement in human experimentation and other war crimes, Brandt was indicted in late 1946 and faced trial before a U.S. military tribunal along with 22 others in the Doctors' Trial. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed on 2 June 1948.
Kamianka Sich
The Kamianka Sich or Kamianska Sich (Ukrainian: Кам'янська Січ, romanized: Kamjans'ka Sich) was an administrative and military centre of the Zaporozhian Cossacks during its time under the protection of the Crimean Khanate in the first third of the 18th century. The name of the Sich, which is used in historical and local history literature, is explained by the fact that it was located at the mouth of the right tributary of the river Dnipro: the Kamianka, near the village of Respublikanets in Kherson Oblast.

Kakhovka Reservoir
The Kakhovka Reservoir (Ukrainian: Каховське водосховище, romanized: Kakhovs'ke vodoskhovyshche) was a water reservoir on the Dnieper River in Ukraine. It was created in 1956 by construction of the Kakhovka Dam at Nova Kakhovka. It was one of several reservoirs in the Dnieper reservoir cascade.

The dam was breached on 6 June 2023, which consensus attributes to Russian forces mining and blowing the base of the dam, while Russia alternatively described it as a "terrorist" act, in the case of the Russian-installed mayor of Nova Kakhovka, or as caused by a lack of maintenance, in the case of the Russian government. By the end of June, the reservoir was completely dry.
Grand Cru (cipher)
In cryptography, Grand Cru is a block cipher invented in 2000 by Johan Borst. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.

Grand Cru is a 10-round substitution–permutation network based largely on Rijndael (or AES). It replaces a number of Rijndael's unkeyed operations with key-dependent ones, in a way consistent with the security purposes of each operation. The intent is to produce a cipher at least as secure as Rijndael, and perhaps much more secure. The block size and key size are both 128 bits, and the key schedule is the same as Rijndael's.

Grand Cru is designed on the principle of multiple layered security. It is equivalent to a chain of 4 subciphers with independent keys, such that if 3 of the keys are known, the remaining cipher should still be secure.

Key schedule
In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of cipher, where the (de-)ciphering of data is typically done as an iteration of rounds.  The setup for each round is generally the same, except for round-specific fixed values called a round constant, and round-specific data derived from the cipher key called a round key.  A key schedule is an algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key.
Howard Bluestein
Howard Bruce Bluestein is a research meteorologist known for his mesoscale meteorology, severe weather, and radar research. He is a major participant in the VORTEX projects. A native of the Boston area, Dr. Bluestein received his Ph.D. in 1976 from MIT. He served as a professor of meteorology at the University of Oklahoma (OU) from 1976 to 2025, retiring at the start of January 2026.

Mesoscale meteorology
Mesoscale meteorology is the study of weather systems and processes at horizontal scales of approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) to several hundred kilometres. It is smaller than synoptic-scale systems (1,000 km or larger) but larger than microscale (less than 1 km). At the small end, it includes storm-scale phenomena (the size of an individual thunderstorm). Examples of mesoscale weather systems are sea breezes, squall lines, and mesoscale convective complexes.

Vertical velocity often equals or exceeds horizontal velocities in mesoscale meteorological systems due to nonhydrostatic processes such as buoyant acceleration of a rising thermal or acceleration through a narrow mountain pass.
Gorno Prahovo
Gorno Prahovo (Bulgarian: Горно Прахово) is a village in Ardino Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern-central Bulgaria.  It is located 189.762 kilometres (117.913 mi) from Sofia. It covers an area of 8.191 square kilometres and as of 2007 had a population of 561 people. The village of Gorno Prahovo annually hosts a unique traditional event, being a free fight tournament.

Kardzhali Province
41°39′N 25°22′E﻿ / ﻿41.650°N 25.367°E﻿ / 41.650; 25.367

Kardzhali Province  (Bulgarian: Област Кърджали, romanized: Oblast Kărdžali) is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3,209.1 km2 in area. Its main city is Kardzhali. It is Bulgaria's southernmost province.
Chicken pastel
Chicken pastel, also known as pastel de pollo, is a traditional stew or pie from the Philippines made with chicken, sausages, mushrooms, peas, carrots, potatoes, soy sauce, and various spices in a creamy sauce. The sausages used are usually dry chorizos like chorizo de Bilbao or chorizo de Macao, Vienna sausages, and/or hotdogs. It originates from the Spanish dish pastel de pollo, but differs in that Filipino chicken pastel is usually not baked into a pie, uses local Philippine ingredients, and is usually eaten with white rice. It can also be made with pork, in which case it is known as pork pastel. It is commonly served during the Christmas season.

Soy sauce
Soy sauce (sometimes called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds. It is recognized for its saltiness and pronounced umami taste.

Soy sauce was created in its current form about 2,200 years ago during the Western Han dynasty of ancient China. Since then, it has become an important ingredient in East and Southeast Asian cooking as well as a condiment worldwide.
Pearl Prescod
Pearl Priscilla Prescod (28 May 1920 – 25 June 1966) was a Tobagonian actress and singer. She was one of the earliest Caribbean entertainers to appear on British television and was the first Black woman to appear with London's National Theatre Company.

Prescod arrived in Britain in the early 1950s and resided in Notting Hill, London. During her time in Britain, she was cast in numerous television roles and theatre productions, and was active in the anti-racism struggle in London in the late 1950s and early '60s.  With her close friend, journalist and activist Claudia Jones, Prescod helped co-ordinate London's first "Caribbean Carnival" event, which took place in St Pancras Town Hall in January 1959, and is considered a precursor of the Notting Hill Carnival.

Tobago
Tobago, officially the Ward of Tobago, is an island and ward in Trinidad and Tobago. It is 35 kilometres (20 nautical miles) northeast of the larger island of Trinidad and about 160 kilometres (85 nautical miles) off Venezuela's northeastern coast. It is southeast of Grenada and southwest of Barbados.
Council of Canadian Academies
The Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) (French: Conseil des académies canadiennes, CAC) is a private, non-profit corporation that was created to perform independent, expert assessments of the science that is relevant to important public issues.

The CCA received a C$30 million founding grant in 2005 from the Government of Canada. The CCA's assessment scope includes the natural, social and health sciences, engineering and the humanities. The grant supported core operations for 10 years and was renewed twice, in 2015 with an additional $15 million for five years and in 2018 with an additional $9 million for three years starting in 2020–2021.

In 2023, it was provided with C$17.7 million renewed funding through the Strategic Science Fund.

Outline of health sciences
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences:

Health sciences – those sciences that focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. Health sciences relate to multiple academic disciplines, including STEM disciplines and emerging patient safety disciplines (such as social care research).
2002 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 2002 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 102nd staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897. The championship began on 26 April 2002 and ended on 10 November 2002.

Ballygunner were the defending champions.

On 6 October 2002, Mount Sion won the championship after a 1–19 to 2–14 defeat of Ballygunner in the final at Walsh Park.  It was their 32nd championship title overall and their first title since 2000.

Ballyduff Lower's James Cuddihy was the championship's top scorer with 2–25.

Walsh Park
Walsh Park (Irish: Páirc Breathnach) is a GAA stadium in Waterford, Ireland named after Willie Walsh, a well-known referee and long time campaigner for Gaelic games in Waterford. It is one of the two homes of the Waterford Gaelic football and hurling teams, the other being Fraher Field in Dungarvan. The two grounds are rivals for important games. The current Waterford hurling manager Davy Fitzgerald has stated that "(T)here's this endless battle between Walsh Park and Fraher Field, a political battle almost. If one field gets a game, the other has to get the next one. Dungarvan was a nice field, but my personal preference was always Walsh Park, because I felt it had more of the feel of a fortress."

Walsh Park is named after Willie Walsh, who refereed many All-Ireland SFC and SHC finals, including the 1916 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final.
Elkan
Elkan is a surname and given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:

Benno Elkan OBE (1877–1960), German-born British sculptor and medalist

Moses Elkan (died 1822), Hebrew scholar

Sophie Elkan (1853–1921), Swedish-Jewish writer and translator

Vera Elkan (1908–2008), South African photographer

Given name:

Elkan Allan (1922–2006), British television producer and print journalist

Elkan Baggott (born 2002), Indonesian football player

Elkan Blout (1919–2006), professor of biochemistry at Harvard University

Elkan Harrison Powell (1888–1966), the visionary president of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.

Elkan Nathan Adler (1861–1946), Anglo-Jewish author, lawyer, historian, collector of Jewish books and manuscripts

Elkan Naumburg (1835–1924), New York City merchant, banker, philanthropist, musicologist, and sponsor of the arts in Manhattan

Moses Elkan
Moses Elkan (Hebrew: משה אלחנן, romanized: Moshe Elḥanan; died January 31, 1822) was a Russian medical doctor and Hebrew scholar.

Elkan's works include a hymn in Hebrew and French addressed to Czar Alexander I (Munich, 1811). He also published a manual in German on the history of the Jewish people, accompanied by a geographical sketch of Palestine, intended for use in Jewish schools. It was later translated into Russian by Z. Minor (Moscow, 1880).
Nurhan Süleymanoğlu
Nurhan Süleymanoğlu (Kazakh: Нұрхан Сүлейменов, born February 28, 1971) is a Kazakhstan-born Turkish former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2007.

As an amateur, he participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics, where he was stopped in the second round of the light welterweight (63,5 kg) division by Cuba's Héctor Vinent. At the 2000 Summer Olympics he was stopped in the second round by Belarus' Sergey Bykovsky.

Süleymanoğlu won silver medals in the same division at the 1995 World Championships and the 1996 European Championships, as well as a gold medal at the 1993 European Championships.

Boxing at the 2000 Summer Olympics
The boxing competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia was held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre in Darling Harbour. The event was only open to men and bouts were contested over four rounds of two minutes each. Five judges scored the fighters in real time and the boxer with the most points at the end was the winner.

Like other Olympic combat sports, two bronze medals are awarded; in the case of boxing, both losing semi-finalists receive a bronze medal, with no further play-off. As a result, the quarter-final essentially equates to a bronze medal match, a semi-final to a silver medal match, and the final to a gold medal match. 48 medals are therefore available, half of which are bronze medals.
Jójó (footballer, born 2001)
Jorge Miguel Lopes Xavier (born 19 May 2001), known as Jójó, is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Liga Portugal 2 club Vizela. Born in Portugal, he plays for the Cape Verde national team.

F.C. Vizela
Futebol Clube de Vizela is a Portuguese professional football club that plays in Liga Portugal 2, the second tier of Portuguese football. They are based in the town of Vizela and play in the Estádio do Futebol Clube de Vizela, with a capacity of 6,000.
MoneyGram
MoneyGram International, Inc. is an American interstate and international peer-to-peer payments and money transfer company headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It has an operations center in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, and regional and local offices around the world.

On June 1, 2023, Madison Dearborn Partners completed the acquisition of MoneyGram.

Madison Dearborn Partners
Madison Dearborn Partners (MDP) is an American private equity firm which invests in industries, business and government software and services, financial & transaction services, health care sectors. It was established as an independent firm in 1992.
Cycling at the Friendship Games
The cycling competition at the Friendship Games consisted of two road cycling and five track cycling events (all men's). The individual road race was held at the Schleizer Dreieck race track in Schleiz, East Germany on 23 August 1984, the team road race was held in Forst, East Germany on 26 August 1984, while track cycling events were held at the  Velodrome of the Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre in Moscow, Soviet Union between 18 and 22 August 1984.

Schleiz
Schleiz (German pronunciation: [ˈʃlaɪts] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Saale-Orla-Kreis in Thuringia, Germany. The former municipality Crispendorf was merged into Schleiz in January 2019, and Burgk in December 2019.
Mekeel McBride
Mekeel McBride (born 1950) is a poet and professor of writing at the University of New Hampshire. She has held fellowships at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Princeton University, and the MacDowell Colony, as well as being a recipient of two National Endowment for the Arts grants. She is the author of six books of poetry.

University of New Hampshire
The University of New Hampshire (UNH) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Durham, New Hampshire, United States. It was founded and incorporated in 1866 as a land grant college in Hanover, moved to Durham in 1893, and adopted its current name in 1923.

The university's Durham campus comprises six colleges. A seventh college, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, occupies the university's campus in Manchester. The University of New Hampshire School of Law is in Concord, the state's capital. The university is part of the University System of New Hampshire and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

As of 2018, its combined campuses made UNH the largest state university system in the state of New Hampshire, with over 15,000 students. It was also the most expensive state-sponsored school in the United States for in-state students.
Fincher (surname)
Fincher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Fincher, an American film director and producer.

Stephen Fincher, an American politician

Bill Fincher, an American college football player

Alfred Fincher, an American football linebacker

Bob Fincher, an American politician

Jack Fincher (footballer), an Australian footballer

Jack Fincher (screenwriter), an American screenwriter and father of David Fincher

Jack Fincher (screenwriter)
Howard Kelly "Jack" Fincher (December 6, 1930 – April 10, 2003) was an American screenwriter and journalist who had written for various magazines and periodicals, notably as San Francisco bureau chief of Life magazine. He is the father of film director David Fincher.
Arbitrary arrest and detention
Arbitrary arrest and detention is the arrest and detention of an individual in a case in which there is no likelihood or evidence that they committed a crime against legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of law or order. Arbitrary arrest and detention is similar to but legally distinct from wrongful detention, which is broader in scope and does not involve arrest.

Wrongful detention
Wrongful detention is the detention of an individual where there is no likelihood or evidence that they have committed a crime against a legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of law. A person does not need to be arrested in order to be wrongfully detained. Persons can be arbitrarily or wrongfully detained if they are not allowed to leave a specific jurisdiction (a type of travel ban known as an exit ban) or if they are prevented from traveling to or from a specific area or region.
Books Council of Wales
The Books Council of Wales (Welsh: Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru; previously known as the Welsh Books Council) is a national charity and literature advocacy organisation in Wales. Established in 1961, it supports the publishing industry in Wales and is partly funded by the Welsh Government. The Council's aims are to promote the interests of Welsh language books and English language books of interest to Wales, to promote the publishing industry, and to assist and support authors by offering a number of services and distributing grants.

Welsh Government
The Welsh Government (Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru, pronounced [ɬəˈwɔdraːɨθ ˈkəmrɨ]) is the devolved government of Wales. It consists of cabinet secretaries and ministers. The government is led by the first minister, usually the leader of the largest party in the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru), who selects ministers with the approval of the Senedd. The government is responsible for tabling policy in devolved areas (such as health, education, economic development, transport and local government) for consideration by the Senedd and implementing policy that has been approved by it.

The current Welsh Government is a Labour minority administration, following the 2021 Senedd election. It is led by Eluned Morgan who has been the first minister of Wales since August 2024.
Captain Thunderbolt's Death Site
Captain Thunderbolt's Death Site is a heritage-listed paddock in the Kentucky District, in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. It is one of a group of historic sites labelled The Captain Thunderbolt Sites for their association with bushranger Captain Thunderbolt, along with Captain Thunderbolt's Rock, Blanch's Royal Oak Inn, and Captain Thunderbolt's Grave. Collectively, all properties were added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 20 July 2012.

New England (New South Wales)
New England is a geographical region in the north of the state of New South Wales, Australia, about 60 km (37 mi) inland from the Tasman Sea. The area includes the Northern Tablelands (or New England Tablelands) and the North West Slopes regions. As of 2021, New England had a population of 185,560, with over a quarter of the people living in the area of Tamworth Regional Council.