hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Figure-8 laser
A figure-8 laser is a fiber laser with a figure-8-shaped ring resonator. It is used for making pico- and femtosecond soliton pulses. The typical spectrum of such a laser consists of a wide central peak and a few narrow lateral peaks that are placed symmetrically around it. The amplitudes of the narrow peaks are the same as or less than that of the central peak.

Both loops of the resonator work as Sagnac loops. The active medium of the laser is optical fiber with its core doped with rare-earth ions. It is placed asymmetrically with respect to the resonator loops to make a nonlinear difference in phase between opposite waves, ensuring mode locking. In 1992 a figure-8 laser was built with a smaller loop length of 1.6 m and a larger loop length of 60.8 m for generation of 315 fs pulses with repetition rate 125 MHz.

Soliton (optics)
In optics, the term soliton is used to refer to any optical field that does not change during propagation because of a delicate balance between nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium. There are two main kinds of solitons:

spatial solitons: the nonlinear effect can balance the dispersion. The electromagnetic field can change the refractive index of the medium while propagating, thus creating a structure similar to a graded-index fiber. If the field is also a propagating mode of the guide it has created, then it will remain confined and it will propagate without changing its shape

temporal solitons: if the electromagnetic field is already spatially confined, it is possible to send pulses that will not change their shape because the nonlinear effects will balance the dispersion. Those solitons were discovered first and they are often simply referred as "solitons" in optics.
Ascensión de la Cruz Morales
Ascensión de la Cruz Morales is a Mexican artisan from the small community of San Francisco Ocotán, Durango who specializes in making musical instruments such as violins, guitars, tolochoches(similar to a cello) and harps. His work has earned him the title of “grand  master” from the Fomento Cultural Banamex.

Although his family has a tradition of making musical instruments, the artisan learned his craft in Tuxpan, Nayarit where he spent part of his life.

The instruments are made from local woods called guásina, palo blanco, willow and palo chino woods. The work requires patience as an instrument such as the tolochoche can take up to twelve days. Wood must be planed and various pieces curved around molds. The pieces are glued together and the instrument sanded and varnished.

The instruments are often played at mitotes, a type of traditional festival of the Tepehuanos.

Tuxpan, Nayarit
Tuxpan, is both a municipality and a municipal seat in the Mexican state of Nayarit, being the smallest municipality in Nayarit.  It is located in the west of the state and has boundaries with the municipalities of  Rosamorada in the north, Santiago Ixcuintla in the south and west, and Ruiz in the east.

The area of the municipality is 474.3 km2 and the population was 28,550 in 2005, which was a drop from the population of 34,079 in 1980.  The population of the municipal seat was 22,481 in the same year.

Most of the land is flat and there is intensive agriculture.  The main crops are beans, sorghum, tobacco, bananas, and mangoes.  The estuary zone in the west is used for production of shrimp.

The municipality is crossed by the Río San Pedro and there is often extensive flooding in the rainy season.
Torrone Nurzia
Torrone Nurzia, also called torrone tenero al cioccolato aquilano, is a type of nougat originating in the Abruzzo region of Italy.
Conceived by pastry chef Ulisse Nurzia and produced in L'Aquila since the 19th century, it is considered an Italian excellence and is listed as a prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (PAT) by the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies.

Prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale
Prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (PAT) is an official approval for traditional Italian regional food products similar to the protected geographical status of the European Union. A list of approved products is published by the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies. The denomination is attributed by each regional government, in collaboration with the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies.

In 2025 a total of 5,717 products carried PAT certification; the region with the largest number of approved products was Campania, with 610.
Bluhm
Bluhm is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brady Bluhm (born 1983), American actor

Heidrun Bluhm (born 1958), German politician and member of Die Linkspartei

Kay Bluhm (born 1968), East German-German flatwater canoe racer

Lou Bluhm (1940–1990), American bridge player

Neil Bluhm (born 1938), American billionaire real estate and casino magnate, philanthropist

Norman Bluhm (1921–1999), American abstract expressionist painter

Red Bluhm (1894–1952), Major League Baseball player for the Boston Red Sox

Tim Bluhm (born 1970), Californian singer/guitarist and songwriter of the rock band The Mother Hips

Lou Bluhm
Louis Edward Bluhm (March 22, 1940 – April 5, 1990) was an American bridge player. He played bridge professionally and was an expert at both poker and gin rummy, according to the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL).

Bluhm, an accountant, was born in Muskegon Heights, Michigan, but lived in Atlanta, Georgia for 25 years. He attended Valparaiso University. He  served in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War and was stationed at Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina.

He died at Williamson Medical Center in Franklin, Tennessee in 1990, at age 50.

Bluhm was inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 2000. The ACBL Distinguished Player Award had been "originated for him".
Pottikku Potti
Pottikku Potti.. R U Ready ??? (போட்டிக்கு போட்டி நீங்கள் தயாரா?) is a 2022 Indian-Tamil-language reality television show, which premiered on 3 April 2022 and broadcast on Colors Tamil. Baba Bhaskar, Sridhar and Kala as the judges, television host Bhavana Balakrishnan as the hosts.

The show aired from 3 April 2022, on Sunday at 19:00, and from 9 April, aired every Saturday and Sunday aired at 20:00 and ended with 33 episodes on 24 July 2022 and available for streaming in selected markets on Voot. The First Season was won by the Valli Thirumanam Series Team.

Colors Tamil
Colors Tamil is an Indian Tamil language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India on 19 February 2018. The channel's headquarters is in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It primarily telecasts programs such as serials, reality shows and Tamil films.
Live from Madison Square Garden (Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood album)
Live from Madison Square Garden is a double CD and DVD live album by Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood, which was released on 19 May 2009 by Duck / Reprise Records. The album is made up of recordings from Clapton and Winwood's performances at Madison Square Garden in February 2008. It is Clapton's ninth live album and Winwood's first live album as a solo artist.

The duo performed songs from their time in the band Blind Faith as well as selections from Traffic, Derek and the Dominos, Clapton's and Winwood's solo careers and some rock and blues covers. Their band consisted of Willie Weeks on bass, Ian Thomas on drums and Chris Stainton on keyboards.

Reprise Records
Reprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Records, one of its flagship labels.

Artists currently signed to Reprise Records include Green Day, Enya, Michael Bublé, Eric Clapton, Stevie Nicks, Neil Young, Deftones, Lindsey Buckingham, Josh Groban, Disturbed, Idina Menzel, My Chemical Romance, Gerard Way, Dwight Yoakam, Never Shout Never, and Billy Strings.
Manning Milwaukee Railroad Trestle
The Manning Milwaukee Railroad Trestle is a historic structure located in Manning, Iowa, United States. The span was completed in 1913 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. During World War II the rail bridge was guarded by the Iowa National Guard as it was considered part of a valuable transit route. In 1969 a person used dynamite in an attempt to derail the passenger train, sending it into the Nishnabotna River. While the train derailed, it was able to stop before it plunged off the trestle. In 2020, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Manning, Iowa
Manning is a city in Carroll County, Iowa, United States, along Iowa Highway 141. The population was 1,455 at the time of the 2020 census.  It is named for Orlando Harrison Manning, a Lieutenant Governor of Iowa.
Floridablanca, Pampanga
Floridablanca, officially the Municipality of Floridablanca (Kapampangan: Balen ning Floridablanca; Filipino: Bayan ng Floridablanca) is a municipality in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 146,095 people.

Kapampangan language
Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan, is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').

Kapampangan is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam, but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code.
Semblis phalaenoides
Semblis phalaenoides, the spotted caddis fly, is a species of caddisfly in the Phryganeidae family. It is found in Fennoscandia, Poland, the Baltic region, Belarus and Russia.

Larvae have been reared on freshly killed mosquitoes, flies and tiny juveniles of fish.

Fennoscandia
Fennoscandia (Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian: Fennoskandia; Russian: Фенноскандия, romanized: Fennoskandiya), Fenno-Scandinavia, or the Fennoscandian Peninsula, is a peninsula in Europe which includes the Scandinavian and Kola peninsulas, mainland Finland, and Karelia. Administratively, this roughly encompasses the mainlands of Finland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, and parts of northern Leningrad Oblast in Russia.
Explorer 1
Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States in 1958 and was part of the U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The mission followed the first two satellites, both launched by the Soviet Union during the previous year, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2. This began a Space Race during the Cold War between the two nations.

Explorer 1 was launched on 1 February 1958 at 03:47:56 GMT (or 31 January 1958 at 22:47:56 Eastern Time) atop the first Juno I booster from LC-26A at the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Center of the Atlantic Missile Range (AMR), in Florida. It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt, returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months. It remained in orbit until 1970.

Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 00004 and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1, the forerunner to the modern International Designator.

International Designator
The International Designator is an international identifier assigned to artificial objects in space. It consists of the launch year, a three-digit incrementing launch number of that year and up to a three-letter code representing the sequential identifier of a piece in a launch. In TLE format the first two digits of the year and the dash are dropped.
For example, 1990-037A is the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-31, which carried the Hubble Space Telescope (1990-037B) into space. This launch was the 37th known successful launch worldwide in 1990.
133rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 133rd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw service during the First World War in British India, but never as a complete formation. In the Second World War, the brigade fought in the Battle of France in May 1940 and was evacuated at Dunkirk. It later fought in the North African Campaign, and was disbanded on 1 January 1943.

Brigadier (United Kingdom)
Brigadier (Brig) is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. Brigadier is the superior rank to colonel and subordinate to major-general. It corresponds to the rank of brigadier general in many other nations, although it is not considered to be a general officer rank in the United Kingdom.

The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-6, placing it equivalent to the Royal Navy commodore and the Royal Air Force air commodore ranks and the brigadier general (1-star general) rank of the United States military and numerous other NATO nations.
The Quirk
The Quirk was a for-charity literary magazine which publishes work from poets and artists across the world. It printed work from a wide array of writers, including W.D. Snodgrass, Yusef Komunyakaa, Robert Bly, Naomi Shihab Nye, Alberto Rios, Dorianne Laux, Daisy Fried, Diane di Prima, Jim Daniels, Alicia Ostriker, and many others. The magazine was founded in 2005 by Kaveh Akbar when he was a high school student. He was also the editor, as a local general interest magazine. After thirteen issues, The Quirk premiered its first literary issue.

The magazine donated over $3,000 to good causes around the world, including UNICEF and the Keep A Child Alive AIDS fund.

Robert Bly
Robert Elwood Bly (December 23, 1926 – November 21, 2021) was an American poet, essayist, activist and leader of the mythopoetic men's movement. His best-known prose book is Iron John: A Book About Men (1990), which spent 62 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list, and is a key text of the mythopoetic men’s movement. He won the 1968 National Book Award for Poetry for his book The Light Around the Body.
Cortana (virtual assistant)
Cortana is a discontinued virtual assistant developed by Microsoft that used the Bing search engine to perform tasks such as setting reminders and answering questions for users.

Cortana was available in English, Portuguese, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese language editions, depending on the software platform and region in which it was used.

In 2019, Microsoft began reducing the prevalence of Cortana and converting it from an assistant into different software integrations. It was split from the Windows 10 search bar in April 2019. In January 2020, the Cortana mobile app was removed from certain markets, and on March 31, 2021, the Cortana mobile app was shut down globally. On June 2, 2023, Microsoft announced that support for the Cortana standalone app on Microsoft Windows would end in late 2023 and would be replaced by Microsoft Copilot, an AI chatbot. Support for Cortana in the Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft 365 mobile apps was discontinued in fall of 2023.

Microsoft Inspire
Microsoft Inspire (formerly the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference) was a conference held annually by the Microsoft Corporation for its partner community. It was announced in 2024 that it would be replaced by Microsoft's new virtual event, MCAPS Start for Partners.

At Inspire, partners are taught about Microsoft's roadmap for the upcoming year, network and build connections, share best practices, experience the latest product innovations, and learn new skills and techniques. There are also keynote addresses from Microsoft executives, featured speakers, business-track specific offerings, and hundreds of sessions.

In its current form, it has been held since 2003.  
Before 2003, it was two different events, Microsoft Fusion and the Microsoft Business Solutions Stampede. In recent years, not including the Virtual Online events, it has been co-located with the Microsoft internal Microsoft Ready conference.
Abzakovo
Abzakovo (Russian: Абзаково) is the name of several rural localities in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia:

Abzakovo, Baymaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Baymaksky District

Abzakovo, Beloretsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a selo in Beloretsky District, and the ski resort of the same name located there

Abzakovo, Uchalinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Uchalinsky District

Abzakovo, Baymaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan
Abzakovo (Russian: Абзаково, Bashkir: Абҙаҡ, Abźaq) is a rural locality (a village) in Mukasovsky Selsoviet, Baymaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 144 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.
Colleen O'Brien
Colleen A. O'Brien is a judge on the Michigan Court of Appeals. She was appointed to the Court in October 2015 by Governor Rick Snyder.

Prior to her appointment to the Court of Appeals, O'Brien served as a judge of the 6th Circuit Court in Oakland County, beginning in 1998. She has been active in the Michigan Judges Association and has participated in judicial education and community programs.

O'Brien earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and her law degree from the Detroit College of Law (now the Michigan State University College of Law).

In 2012, O'Brien ran with the Republican endorsement for the Michigan Supreme Court but was not elected.  After Diane Hathaway resigned from the Michigan Supreme Court amid fraud charges O'Brien was seen as a strong candidate to replace her, but the appointment eventually went to David Viviano of Macomb County.

Michigan Court of Appeals
The Michigan Court of Appeals is the intermediate-level appellate court of the state of Michigan.  It was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1963, and commenced operations in 1965. Its opinions are reported both in an official publication of the State of Michigan, Michigan Appeals Reports, as well as the unofficial, privately published North Western Reporter, published by West. Appeals from this court's decisions go to the Michigan Supreme Court.
Helvetia Tinde
Helvetia Tinde (Helvetia Peak) is the highest mountain in the Roosevelt Range, Northern Greenland. It is also the highest mountain of the northernmost mountain range on Earth.

Administratively, it belongs to the Northeast Greenland National Park.

Northeast Greenland National Park
Northeast Greenland National Park (Greenlandic: Kalaallit Nunaanni nuna eqqissisimatitaq, Danish: Grønlands Nationalpark) is the world's largest national park and the 10th largest protected area (the only larger protected areas consist mostly of sea). Established in 1974, the Northeast Greenland national park expanded to its present size in 1988. It protects 972,000 km2 (375,000 mi2) of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland and is larger than the area of Tanzania, but smaller than that of Egypt. This means that the national park is bigger than 166 of the world's 195 countries. It was the first national park to be created in the Kingdom of Denmark and remains Greenland's only national park. It is the northernmost national park in the world and the second-largest by area of any second-level subdivision of any country in the world, trailing only the Qikiqtaaluk Region in Nunavut, Canada.
Sport fishing boat
A sport fishing boat, or sport fisher, is a type of power boat designed for recreational boat fishing, usually for angling or trolling with rods on open water, often while travelling at speed.

Typically, these boats are designed with a cockpit at the stern, fitted with a chair fixed to the deck to which a rod can be secured. Alternately, other rods can be used by hand or mounted to the stern or the gunwale. These boats usually have long, high foredeck leading back to a rear-set cabin, which has a flybridge set above. Many such boats are also equipped with on-board fishfinders, as well as a live well to keep captured fish alive.

Bass boats are a subtype of small sport fishers specifically designed for bass fishing, typically with a bow-mounted trolling motor for slow maneuvers in shallow inland waters.

Recreational boat fishing
Recreational fishermen usually fish either from a boat or from a shoreline or river bank. When fishing from a boat, or fishing vessel, most fishing techniques can be used, from nets to fish traps, but some form of angling is by far the most common. Compared to fishing from the land, fishing from a boat allows more access to different fishing grounds and different species of fish.
Corey Miller (tattoo artist)
Corey Miller (born March 13, 1967) is an American tattoo artist and television personality. He began tattooing at the age of 15. He is the owner of a tattoo shop in Upland, California called Six Feet Under. He was one of the core tattoo artists on the reality television show LA Ink.

Miller specializes in black and gray portraits and dragon art. This tattoo form is greatly influenced by traditional and classic styles. He is also known for his freehand work and his talent for drawing directly on the skin without any stencils. His clients have included celebrities, such as James Hetfield from the band Metallica, Jason Giambi, former Dream Theater member Mike Portnoy and Jesse James. Aside from creating art, Miller also plays the drums for his band, PowerFlex 5. Ludwig Drums released a new drum set in 2009 with Miller's flash designs.

Tattoo artist
A tattoo artist (also tattooer or tattooist) is an individual who applies permanent decorative tattoos, often in an established business called a "tattoo shop", "tattoo studio" or "tattoo parlour". Tattoo artists usually learn their craft via an apprenticeship under a trained and experienced mentor.
1973 Tasman Series
The 1973 Tasman Series was a motor racing competition staged in New Zealand and Australia  for cars complying with the Tasman Formula. The series, which began on 6 January and ended on 25 February after eight races, was the tenth Tasman Series. Officially known as the Tasman Championship for Drivers, it was organised jointly by the Motorsport Association New Zealand Incorporated and the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport. The championship was won by Graham McRae, driving a McRae GM1 Chevrolet.

Motorsport Australia
Motorsport Australia, formerly the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), is the nationally recognised governing and sanctioning body for four-wheeled motorsport in Australia. It is affiliated with the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
Thomas Quiwonkpa
Thomas Gankama-Quiwonkpa (27 July 1940 – 15 November 1985) was a Liberian military officer who was a Commanding General of the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL).

Quiwonkpa joined the AFL as a teenager and came to prominence during the 1980 Liberian coup d'état, in which he assisted Samuel Doe in overthrowing President William Tolbert and ending 133 years of Americo-Liberian rule. He then became part of Doe's People's Redemption Council junta where he was promoted to Major general. In 1983, he was purged by Doe after being suspected of plotting a coup, forcing him to flee into exile. In 1985, he led an unsuccessful coup against Doe, in which he was killed and reported partially cannibalized by Doe loyalists.

1980 Liberian coup d'état
The 1980 Liberian coup d'état happened on April 12, 1980, when President William Tolbert of Liberia was overthrown and murdered in a violent coup. The coup was staged by an indigenous Liberian faction of the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) under the command of Master Sergeant Samuel Doe. Following a period of transition, Doe ruled Liberia throughout the 1980s, until his murder in 1990 during the First Liberian Civil War.