hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1950 Divizia B
The 1950 Divizia B was the 11th season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system.

The format with two series has been maintained, but each of them having 12 teams instead of 14. At the end of the season the winners of the series promoted to Divizia A and the last two places from each one of the series relegated to District Championship. Also this was the first season played in the spring-autumn system, a system imposed by the new leadership of the country which were in close ties with the Soviet Union.

Romanian football league system
The Romanian football league system, also known as the football pyramid, refers to the system in Romanian club football that consists of several football leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation. The first three leagues are organized at a national level and consist of fully professional teams. Lower divisions are organized at county levels, with each county's football association controlling its respective leagues.

Reserve teams play in the same league system as their parent clubs.
Ellington (horse)
Ellington (1853 – 1869) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted from 1855 to 1856 he ran eleven times and won four races. A leading two-year-old in 1855, when his wins included the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster, he won only one of his seven races the following year. That win, however, came in The Derby, where his ability to handle soft ground proved to be decisive. Ellington was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season, but had very little impact as a sire.

Doncaster Racecourse
Doncaster Racecourse (also known as the Town Moor course) is a racecourse in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. It hosts two of Great Britain's 36 annual Group 1 flat races, the St Leger Stakes and the Racing Post Trophy.
Ashwaroodan
Ashwaroodan (transl. Equestrian) is a 2006 Indian Malayalam-language action drama film directed by Jayaraj and produced by D. Ramanaidu under the company Suresh Productions. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Padmapriya and Sai Kumar. The background score is composed by M. M. Srilekha.

Jayaraj
Jayarajan Rajasekharan Nair, professionally credited as Jayaraj (born 4 August 1960), is an Indian filmmaker, who predominantly works in the Malayalam film industry.

He has won many awards, including Crystal Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival, the Golden Peacock award at the IFFI, and the FIPRESCI Award from the International Federation of Film Critics. He is also a seven-time recipient of the National Film Award and several Kerala State Film Awards. His films include Paithrukam (1993), Desadanam (1996), Kaliyattam (1997), 4 The People (2004),  Vellapokkathil (2007), Ottaal (2015), Veeram (2016)  and Bhayanakam (2018).
Stan (software)
Stan is a probabilistic programming language for statistical inference written in C++. The Stan language is used to specify a (Bayesian) statistical model with an imperative program calculating the log probability density function.

Stan is licensed under the New BSD License. Stan is named in honour of Stanislaw Ulam, pioneer of the Monte Carlo method.

Stan was created by a development team consisting of 52 members that includes Andrew Gelman, Bob Carpenter, Daniel Lee, Ben Goodrich, and others.

Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods, also called the Monte Carlo experiments or Monte Carlo simulations, are a broad class of computational algorithms based on repeated random sampling for obtaining numerical results. The underlying concept is to use randomness to solve deterministic problems.

Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problem classes: optimization, numerical integration, and non-uniform random variate generation, available for modeling phenomena with significant input uncertainties, e.g. risk assessments for nuclear power plants. Monte Carlo methods are often implemented using computer simulations. They can provide approximate solutions to problems too complex for mathematical analysis.
0% finance
0% financing or zero percent financing, alternatively known as discounted finance, is a widely used marketing tactic for attracting buyers of consumer goods, automobiles, real estate, or credit cards in different parts of the world.

Final good
A final good or consumer good is a final product ready for sale that is used by the consumer to satisfy current wants or needs, unlike an intermediate good, which is used to produce other goods. A microwave oven or a bicycle is a final good.

When used in measures of national income and output, the term "final goods" includes only new goods. For example, gross domestic product (GDP) excludes items counted in an earlier year to prevent double counting based on resale of items. In that context, the economic definition of goods also includes what are commonly known as services.

Manufactured goods refer to products that have undergone processing or assembly, distinguishing them from raw materials.
Colpocephalum californici
Colpocephalum californici, the California condor louse, is an extinct species of chewing louse which parasitized the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus). In an example of coextinction, it became extinct when the remaining, Critically Endangered California condors were deloused and treated with pesticides during a captive breeding program.

Coextinction
Coextinction and cothreatened refer to the phenomenon of the loss or decline of a host species resulting in the loss or endangerment of another species that depends on it, potentially leading to cascading effects across trophic levels. The term was originated by the authors Stork and Lyal (1993) and was originally used to explain the extinction of parasitic insects following the loss of their specific hosts. The term is now used to describe the loss of any interacting species, including competition with their counterpart, and specialist herbivores with their food source.  Coextinction is especially common when a keystone species goes extinct.
The Silent City
Le Silence de la cité is a French language science-fiction novel by Élisabeth Vonarburg. It was first published in Canada in 1981 and has been translated in English under the title The Silent City. It received the 1982 Prix Rosny-Aîné and Grand prix de la science-fiction française (grand prize of French science-fiction).

Élisabeth Vonarburg
Élisabeth Vonarburg (born 5 August 1947) is a science fiction writer.  She was born in Paris (France) and has lived in Chicoutimi (now Saguenay), Quebec, Canada since 1973.

From 1979 to 1990 she was the literary director of the French-Canadian science fiction magazine Solaris. Her first novel, Le Silence de la Cité (The Silence in the City), appeared in 1981.

She has received several awards, including "Le Grand Prix de la SF française" in 1982 and a Philip K. Dick Award special citation in 1992 for In the Mothers' Land the English version of Chroniques du pays des mères.

She is the author of Cycle de Tyranaël.
Estefanía Ramírez (noblewoman)
Estefanía Ramírez (died 1183), daughter of Count Ramiro Fróilaz, was the wife of Count Ponce de Minerva. Both founded the Monastery of Santa María de Sandoval in Mansilla Mayor and, as a widow, she founded, firstly, the monastery of Santa María de Benavides in  Boadilla de Rioseco, and later the monastery of Santa María de Carrizo in Carrizo de la Ribera where she retired with her daughter María who became its first abbess.

Mansilla Mayor
Mansilla Mayor (Spanish pronunciation: [manˈsiʎa maˈʝoɾ]; Leonese: Masiella Mayor) is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2025 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 316 inhabitants.
Emapalumab
Emapalumab, sold under the brand name Gamifant, is an anti-interferon-gamma (IFNγ) antibody medication used for the treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), which has no cure.

The most common side effects include infections, hypertension, infusion-related reactions, and pyrexia.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

In June 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved emapalumab-lzsg for the treatment of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with Still’s disease.

First-in-class medication
A first-in-class medication is a prototype drug that uses a "new and unique mechanism of action" to treat a particular medical condition. While the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research tracks first-in-class medications and reports on them annually, first-in-class is not considered a regulatory category. Although many first-in-class medications qualify as breakthrough therapies, Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapies and/or orphan drugs, first-in-class status itself has no regulatory effect.
Raïna Raï
Raïna Raï, (Arabic: راينا راي) is an Algerian raï band from Sidi Bel Abbès. It formed in 1980 in Paris and continues to this day.
The founding members are Tarik Naïmi Chikhi, Kaddour Bouchentouf, Lotfi Attar  and Hachemi Djellouli.

Sidi Bel Abbès
Sidi Bel Abbès (Arabic: سيدي بلعباس, romanized: Sīdī Bu ’l-ʿAbbās), also called Bel Abbès, is the capital (2005 pop. 200,000) of the Sidi Bel Abbès wilaya (2005 pop. 590,000), Algeria. It is named after Sidi bel Abbass, a Muslim marabout or noble man who is buried there. The city is the commercial center of an important area of vineyards, market gardens, orchards, and grain fields. It was formerly surrounded by a wall with four gates, and today is home to a university. Sidi Bel Abbès is 75 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea.
Pierre-Raymond-Léonard Martineau
Pierre-Raymond-Léonard Martineau (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ʁɛmɔ̃ leɔnaʁ maʁtino]; February 8, 1857 – August 31, 1903) was a lawyer, prothonotary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Montmagny in the House of Commons of Canada from 1898 to 1903 as a Liberal.

He was born in Montmagny, Canada East, the son of Louis Martineau and Adélaide Letellier. Martineau was admitted to the bar in 1882 and set up practice in Montmagny. He was prothonotary for Montmagny district from 1888 to 1896. Martineau was first elected to the House of Commons in an 1898 by-election held after Philippe-Auguste Choquette was named a judge. He died in office in Ottawa at the age of 46.

Prothonotary
A prothonotary is the "principal clerk of a court," from Late Latin prothonotarius (c. 400), from Greek protonotarios "first scribe," originally the chief of the college of recorders of the court of the Byzantine Empire, from Greek πρῶτος protos "first" + Latin notarius ("notary"); the h appeared in Medieval Latin. The title was awarded to certain high-ranking notaries, and was first  recorded in the English language in 1447.
Teh
Teh is an Internet slang neologism most frequently used as an English article, based on a common typographical error of "the". Teh has subsequently developed grammatical usages distinct from the. It is not common in spoken or written English outside technical or leetspeak circles, but when spoken, it is pronounced /tɛ/ ⓘ, /tə/, or /teɪ/.

Article (grammar)
In grammar, an article is any of a small set of words or affixes (such as a, an, and the in English) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.

Articles combine with nouns to form noun phrases, and typically specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun phrase. In English, the and a (rendered as an when followed by a vowel sound) are the definite and indefinite articles respectively. Articles in many other languages also carry additional grammatical information such as gender, number, and case. Articles are part of a broader category called determiners, which also include demonstratives, possessive determiners, and quantifiers. In linguistic interlinear glossing, articles are abbreviated as ART.
The Chief (album)
The Chief is the debut studio album by Nigerian-American hip hop recording artist Jidenna, released on February 17, 2017, by Wondaland and Epic Records. It features guest appearances from fellow labelmates Roman GianArthur, Nana Kwabena, Janelle Monáe and St. Beauty. The album's artwork pays homage to Boz Scaggs' 1980 album Middle Man. It garnered positive reviews from critics for its globe-trotting, genre-hopping production and showcasing Jidenna's charismatic delivery and knack for narrative storytelling. The Chief debuted at number 38 on the Billboard 200 and spawned four singles: "Long Live the Chief", "Chief Don't Run", "Little Bit More" and "The Let Out".

St. Beauty
St. Beauty was an American musical duo consisting of singers Alexe Belle and Isis Valentino. The duo was affiliated with a larger artistic collective called Wondaland Art Society, a group of musicians that also includes Janelle Monáe, Jidenna, Roman GianArthur, and Deep Cotton. Both the duo and the collective are based in Atlanta, Georgia.
Cristoforo Munari
Cristoforo Munari (21 July 1667 – 3 June 1720) was an Italian painter in the Baroque period specializing in still life paintings. He was also known as Cristofano Monari.

His initial training was in Reggio Emilia, his birthplace, and he came under the patronage of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena. He lived in Rome from 1703 to 1706, then moved to Florence, where for about a decade he was attached to the court of the Medici. His still life paintings recall those of Evaristo Baschenis; however, the added disarray of porcelain, glass, and foodstuffs suggests the hangover from the jovial surfeit of the Medici court. He also painted panoplies and war trophies. In 1715, he moved to Pisa, where he worked almost exclusively in art restoration; he died in 1720.

An exhibition of his paintings took place in 1998 in Reggio Emilia, where it attracted wide attention and was a national success.

Conservation and restoration of cultural property
The conservation and restoration of cultural property focuses on protection and care of cultural property (tangible cultural heritage), including artworks, architecture, archaeology, and museum collections. Conservation activities include preventive conservation, examination, documentation, research, treatment, and education. This field is closely allied with conservation science, curators and registrars.
Uyir Thamizhukku
Uyir Thamizhukku (transl. Long live Tamil) is a 2024 Tamil-language political drama film written by Ajayan Bala and Murali Varman, and directed by Adham Bava. The film was produced by Adam Bhava, under the banner of Moon Pictures and V. Creations, It features Ameer Sultan, Imman Annachi, and Chandini Sreedharan as lead roles, while Anandaraj, Saravana Sakthi, Subramaniam Siva, and Mahanadhi Shankar play supporting roles

The music was composed by Vidyasagar with cinematography by Devaraj and editing handled by Ashok Charles. Uyir Thamizhukku was theatrically released on 10 May 2024 to negative reviews from critics.

Mahanadi Shankar
Mahanadi Shankar is an Indian actor and stuntman who has appeared in Tamil language films and television serials, playing mostly supporting and negative roles. He has starred in films such as Mahanadhi (1994), Baashha (1995), Ratchagan (1997), Amarkkalam (1999), and Dheena (2001). The success of the former film meant that he used the title as a prefix to his stage name.
Nnamdi
Nnamdi audioⓘ (pronounced nahm-dee with sustained "n" sound) is a traditional male given name used by the Igbo people of Nigeria. It means "my father lives."

People bearing the name include:

Nnamdi Asomugha (born 1981), American football player

Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904–1996), Nigerian politician and president

Nnamdi Kanu (born 1967), British political activist

Nnamdi Moweta (born 1958), American radio host

Nnamdi Oduamadi (born 1990), Nigerian football player

Nnamdi Ogbonnaya (born 1990), American musician

Nnamdi Udoh (born 1960), Nigerian businessman

Kojo Nnamdi (born 1945), American journalist

Nnamdi Oduamadi
Nnamdi Oduamadi ChidiebereListenⓘ (born 17 October 1990), also known by his shirt name Odu, is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a forward currently under contract for Eccellenza club Colleferro. He has represented the Nigeria national team in the past.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 16th Essex district
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 16th Essex district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of the city of Lawrence and Methuen in Essex County. Since January 4, 2023 Francisco E. Paulino of the Democratic Party has represented the district following the 2022 Massachusetts House of Representatives election.

2022 Massachusetts House of Representatives election
The 2022 Massachusetts House of Representatives election was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2022, with the primary election having been held on Tuesday, September 6, 2022. Massachusetts voters selected all 160 members of the State House to serve two-year terms in the 2023–2024 Massachusetts legislature. The election coincided with United States national elections and Massachusetts state elections, including U.S. House, Governor, and Massachusetts Senate.

Democrats gained four seats, increasing their supermajority to 134 out of 160 seats, the largest majority of any party since 2009. Simultaneously with gains in the state Senate, and Maura Healey's win in the gubernatorial race, Democrats won a trifecta in the state for the first time since 2014.

These were the first elections in Massachusetts following the 2020 United States redistricting cycle, which resulted in some members being assigned to new districts.
Vicente Garrido Genovés
Vicente Garrido Genovés (Valencia, Spain, 1958) is a Spanish criminologist, psychologist and writer. His main fields of specialization are criminal psychology, criminal profiling and juvenile delinquency. He is also a prolific TV guest, known by his appearances in shows like Informe Semanal in RTVE, Espejo Público in Antena 3 and Cuarto milenio in Cuatro, as well as in press and radio. Garrido is also a crime fiction writer in partnership with Nieves Abarca.

Criminal psychology
Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology, is the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of criminals and suspects. It is a subfield of criminology and applied psychology.

Criminal psychologists have many roles within legal courts, including being called upon as expert witnesses and performing psychological assessments on victims and those who have engaged in criminal behavior. Several definitions are used for criminal behavior, including behavior punishable by public law, behavior considered immoral, behavior violating social norms or traditions, or acts causing severe psychological harm. Criminal behavior is often considered antisocial in nature. Psychologists also help with crime prevention and study the different types of programs that are effective to prevent recidivism, and understanding which mental disorders criminals are likely to have.
Science Femme
The Science Femme, Woman in STEM was a hoax in which Craig Chapman, a white male university professor, adopted a persona of "Science Femme" for the purpose of engaging in cyberbullying. Science Femme claimed to be a scientist and woman of color who immigrated to the United States after experiencing childhood poverty. Through this persona, Chapman protested Black Lives Matter, used anti-LGBT rhetoric, and sought to disrupt the research and careers of various female scientists. Another commentator remarked on Science Femme's Islamophobic activities. The connection between the two identities was discovered in October 2020. In February 2021, Chapman resigned from his university position.

Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric comprises themes, catchphrases, and slogans that have been used in order to demean lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people. Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric is widely considered a form of hate speech, which is illegal in countries such as the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.

Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric often consists of moral panic and conspiracy theories. LGBTQ movements and individuals are often portrayed as subversive and foreign, similar to earlier conspiracy theories targeting Jews and communists.
Frederick Noel Hamilton Wills
Frederick Noel Hamilton Wills (1887–1927) of Miserden House, Gloucestershire, was the youngest son of Sir Frederick Wills Bt. of Northmoor, Dulverton and Anne (née Hamilton). Sir Frederick Wills was a director of W D & H O Wills, a member of parliament and a staunch Liberal.  His wife, Anne, was the daughter of Rev. James Hamilton, a noted Scottish cleric.  The influence of both his parents and a close-knit family (two brothers, three sisters) was strong, as was the family home in Northmoor which inspired a passion for the English countryside.

W.D. & H.O. Wills
W.D. & H.O. Wills was a British tobacco manufacturing company formed in Bristol, England. It was the first British company to mass-produce cigarettes. It was one of the 13 founding companies of the Imperial Tobacco Company (of Great Britain and Ireland); these firms became branches, or divisions, of the new combine and included John Player & Sons.

The company was founded by Henry O. Wills in 1786, and went by various names before 1830 when it became "W.D. & H.O. Wills". Tobacco was processed and sold under several brand names, some of which were still used by Imperial Tobacco until the second half of the 20th century. The company pioneered the use of cigarette cards within their packaging. Many of the buildings in Bristol and other cities around the United Kingdom still exist with several being converted to residential use.

The brand "Wills" was withdrawn by Imperial Tobacco in 1988 for the majority of its products.
Tornado outbreak of April 8, 1957
On Monday, April 8, 1957, a widespread tornado outbreak struck the Southeastern United States, particularly the Carolinas, and was responsible for seven deaths and 203 injuries across the region. Most of the activity occurred on either side of the Piedmont, including portions of the Cumberland Plateau. At least 18 tornadoes occurred, including several long-tracked tornado families, one of which included a violent tornado that was retroactively rated F4 on the Fujita scale; activity lasted 211⁄12 hours. Besides tornadoes, the outbreak also generated other severe weather phenomena such as large hail.

Cumberland Plateau
The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and portions of northern Alabama and northwest Georgia. The terms "Allegheny Plateau" and the "Cumberland Plateau" both refer to the dissected plateau lands lying west of the main Appalachian Mountains. The terms stem from historical usage rather than geological difference, so there is no strict dividing line between the two. Two major rivers share the names of the plateaus, with the Allegheny River rising in the Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland River rising in the Cumberland Plateau in Harlan County, Kentucky.