hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vauvert
Vauvert (French pronunciation: [vovɛʁ]; Occitan: Vauverd) is a commune in the far south of the Gard department in southern France. It was known as Posquières in the Middle Ages. The commune comprises the town of Vauvert and the villages of Gallician and Montcalm. Over a third of the population work in industry, which is largely the food industry, especially wine production. The original settlement was called Posquières and was first mentioned in a document of 810. Since then the town has increased in importance and has had a rich history. At its heyday in the mid-nineteenth century it had a population of 6,000 but this decreased by a third after disease struck the grape crop, the mainstay of the economy of the area. Today, the population has grown again to over 11,000.

Leimistin Broussan, opera manager, was born in Vauvert on 3 November 1858.

Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 748,437 as of 2019; its prefecture is Nîmes.

The department is named after the river Gardon. In recent decades of the twenty-first century, local administration and French speakers have returned to the original Occitan name of the river, Gard (Occitan pronunciation: [gaɾ]). It is part of a revival of Occitan culture.
Graphis sitapurensis
Graphis sitapurensis is a species of script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found on the Andaman Islands, it was formally described as a new species in 2005 by Urmila Makhija and Bharati Adawadkar. The type specimen was collected from a moist deciduous forest in Sitapur (Diglipur Range, North Andaman Island). The species epithet refers to the type locality. The ascomata (fruiting bodies) of the lichen are in the form of lirellae, which are elongated and irregularly branched with a concealed disc; this particular set of characteristics is known as the deserpens-morph.

Script lichen
A script lichen, or graphid lichen, is a member of a group of lichens which have spore producing structures that look like writing on the lichen body. The structures are elongated and narrow apothecia called lirellae, which look like short scribbles on the thallus. "Graphid" is derived from Greek for "writing". An example is Halegrapha mucronata.
1976 Seattle nurses strike
The 1976 Seattle nurses strike was a labor dispute between registered nurses represented by the Washington State Nurses Association and Seattle, Washington-area hospitals. More than 1,500 nurses went on strike for more than two months at 15 hospitals. Lasting 65 days, it was the longest nurses strike in U.S. history to that point. The strike was intersected with the feminist movement as many of the younger, university-educated nurses and largely female nurses rejected being yelled at by doctors and other issues of workplace harassment on top of other concerns about wages, staffing and the closed shop.

Labor dispute
A labor dispute is a disagreement between an employer and employees regarding the terms of employment. This could include disputes regarding conditions of employment, fringe benefits, hours of work, tenure, and wages to be negotiated during collective bargaining, imposed through interest arbitration, or the implementation of already agreed upon terms. It could further concern the association or representation of those who negotiate or seek to negotiate the terms or conditions of employment.
Roseana Murray
Roseana Kligerman Murray (December 27, 1950 – ) is a Brazilian children's poet.

Roseana Murray was born on December 27, 1950 in Rio de Janeiro, the daughter of Lejbus Kligerman and Bertha Gutman Kligerman, Polish immigrants to Brazil.  She grew up in the Grajaú neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro.  In 1973, she earned a degree in French Literature and Language from Université Nancy.

Since 1980, Murray has written poetry for children.  Her work has been praised for its accessibility and inventiveness.

Nancy 2 University
Nancy 2 University (Université Nancy 2) was a French university located in Nancy, France. It was a member of the Nancy-Université federation, a group of the three higher education institutions in Nancy. It merged with Nancy-I, Paul Verlaine University – Metz, and the INPL forming the University of Lorraine. The merger process started in 2009 with the creation of a "pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur" or PRES and was completed 1 January 2012.
Jean Clam
Jean Clam (born 1958) is a philosopher, sociologist and psychologist. He is Research Fellow at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, presently affiliated to the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris. His numerous researches deal mainly with sociology and psychology of intimacy, legal theory (in particular that of Niklas Luhmann) and general theory of the human and social sciences.

Research fellow
A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.
Claude Duval (painting)
Claude Duval is an oil on canvas history painting by the British artist William Powell Frith, from 1860. It depicts the French highwaymen Claude Duval who operated in Restoration England. He is shown holding up a coach on a heath.

Highwayman
A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads. Such criminals operated until the mid- or late 19th century. Highwaywomen, such as Katherine Ferrers, were said to also exist, often dressing as men, especially in fiction.

The first attestation of the word highwayman is from 1617. Euphemisms such as "knights of the road" and "gentlemen of the road" were sometimes used by people interested in romanticizing them with a Robin Hood–esque slant. In the 19th-century American West, highwaymen were sometimes known as road agents. In Australia, they were known as bushrangers.
Satan Junior
Satan Junior is a 1919 American silent comedy film, directed by Herbert Blaché and John H. Collins. It was Collins' final involvement in film.  Collins began directing the film, production of which had to be suspended due to the flu epidemic of 1918.  Collins contracted the flu and died in 1918.  When production resumed, Blaché took over directing duties. It stars Viola Dana (Collins' wife), Milton Sills, and Lila Leslie, and was released on March 3, 1919.

Herbert Blaché
Herbert Blaché (5 October 1882 – 23 October 1953), born Herbert Reginald Gaston Blaché-Bolton was a British-born American film director, producer and screenwriter, born of a French father. He directed more than 50 films between 1912 and 1929.
Araure
Araure (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈɾawɾe]) is a town in the Venezuelan state of Portuguesa.  This town is the seat of the Araure Municipality and, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, the municipality has a population of 111,908.

States of Venezuela
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is a federation made up of twenty-three states (Spanish: estados), a Capital District (Spanish: Distrito Capital) and the Federal Dependencies (Spanish: Dependencias Federales), which consist of many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. Venezuela claims the disputed Essequibo territory as one of its states, which it calls Guayana Esequiba, but the territory is controlled by Guyana as part of six of its regions.

The states and territories of Venezuela are usually organized into regions (Spanish: regiones), although these regions are mostly geographical entities rather than administrative entities.
1992 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1992 New Zealand rugby league season was the 85th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the National Provincial Competition that was won by Auckland.

John Lomax (rugby league)
John Junior Lomax (born 6 February 1966) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Primarily a prop, he captained New Zealand and played for the Canberra Raiders, North Queensland Cowboys and Melbourne Storm.
Valve Pormeister
Valve Pormeister née Ulm (13 April 1922 – 27 October 2002) was an Estonian landscape architect who became an architect. She was one of the first women to influence the development of Estonian architecture, becoming one of the country's most inventive modernisers of rural architecture in the 1960s and 1970s. She is often known as the "Grand Old Lady" of Estonian architecture.

Saku Parish
Saku Parish (Estonian: Saku vald) is a rural municipality in Harju County, north-western Estonia.

The administrative centre of Saku Parish is Saku; a small town with population of 4,618 (as of 2005). It is situated 10 km south of Estonia's capital, Tallinn.
Pollatschek
Pollatschek and Polatschek are German-language surnames, Germanized spellings of Polaczek or Poláček.. Notable people with the surname include:

John Pollatschek (born 1943), Scottish footballer

Susanne Pollatschek (born 1977), Scottish actress

Viktor Polatschek (1889-1948), Austrian clarinetist

John Pollatschek
Jean Louis Pollatschek (born 1 August 1943) is a Scottish former footballer and manager who played as a left back in the Scottish League for Queen's Park and Hamilton Academical. He was capped by Scotland at amateur level and after his retirement, he became a manager and coach. Pollatschek managed the Glasgow University team, which reached the second round of the 1975–76 Scottish Cup and later served as manager of Scotland Women. He also coached at Clydebank and former club Hamilton Academical.
One Life (Hedley song)
"One Life" is a song by Canadian pop rock band Hedley. It was released on October 24, 2011, as the second single from their fourth studio album Storms. The song peaked at number 16 on the Canadian Hot 100 and reached within the top 30 on the Canada AC, Canada CHR/Top 40 and Canada Hot AC airplay charts. It was certified Platinum by Music Canada in March 2012.

Music Canada
Music Canada is a non-profit trade organization that was founded 9 April 1963 in Toronto to represent the interests of companies that record, manufacture, produce, and distribute music in Canada. It also offers benefits to some of Canada's leading independent record labels and distributors. It was known as the Canadian Record Manufacturer's Association (French: Association canadienne des fabricants de disques) until 1972 and the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) (French: Association de l'industrie canadienne de l'enregistrement) until 2011.
Siege of Zoutleeuw
The siege of Zoutleeuw or the siege of Léau (29 August 1705 – 5 September 1705) was a siege of the War of the Spanish Succession. Allied troops with 16 artillery pieces under the command of the English Captain general the Duke of Marlborough, besieged and captured the small French-held Brabantine fortified town of Zoutleeuw in the Spanish Netherlands.

Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)
The Grand Alliance  was signed on 20 December 1689 by William III, King of England and Scotland, and  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. A coalition between the Dutch Republic, England, and the Habsburg Monarchy, its primary purpose was to oppose the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France.

With the subsequent additions of Spain and Savoy, the Grand Alliance fought the 1688 to 1697 Nine Years' War against France that ended with the Peace of Ryswick. It was reformed by the 1701 Treaty of The Hague prior to the War of the Spanish Succession, and dissolved in 1713 following the Peace of Utrecht.
Maritime history of the United Kingdom
The Maritime history of the United Kingdom involves events including shipping, ports, navigation, and seamen, as well as marine sciences, exploration, trade, and maritime themes in the arts from the creation of the kingdom of Great Britain as a united, sovereign state, on 1 May 1707 in accordance with the Treaty of Union, signed on 22 July 1706. Until the advent of air transport and the creation of the Channel Tunnel, marine transport was the only way of reaching the British Isles. For this reason, maritime trade and naval power have always had great importance.

Prior to the Acts of Union, 1707, the maritime history of the British Isles was largely dominated by that of England. (See Maritime history of England for more details.)

Battle of the North Cape
The Battle of the North Cape was a Second World War naval battle on 26 December 1943, part of the Arctic campaign. The German battleship Scharnhorst sailed to implement Operation Ostfront, an attack on Arctic convoys carrying supplies from the western Allies to the Soviet Union. Scharnhorst was brought to battle and sunk by the battleship HMS Duke of York and its cruisers and destroyers. The Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Stord played a notable part in the sinking. The result increased the British advantage in major surface units. The battle was the last between British and German big-gun capital ships. It was also the penultimate engagement between battleships in history, the last being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944.
Frank van Diggelen
Frank Stephen Tromp van Diggelen is a Distinguished Engineer at Google. His work concerns GPS/GNSS navigation. He helped to create some of the first GPS chips used in commercial smartphones. Van Diggelen is a fellow of the IEEE, Institute of Navigation and Royal Institute of Navigation.

Institute of Navigation
The Institute of Navigation (ION) is a United States non-profit professional society advancing the art and science of positioning, navigation and timing.  It was founded in 1945 by Samuel Herrick and P. V. H. Weems. It serves communities interested in navigation and positioning on land, air, sea and space.  It is a worldwide organization with members in more than 50 countries.

As of 2022, the ION has approximately 2,500 members.  The ION is headquartered in Manassas, Virginia.
Abramino dall'Arpa
Abramino dall'Arpa (fl ca. 1577–1593) was an Italian harpist and the likely grandson of Abramo dall'Arpa. He was one of the few Jewish musicians in Mantua in the late 16th century. In 1587, he accompanied and comforted the dying Guglielmo I Gonzaga on a trip to Goito.

Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
Guglielmo Gonzaga (24 April 1538 – 14 August 1587) was Duke of Mantua from 1550 to 1587, and of Montferrat from 1574 to 1587. He was the second son of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Margaret Palaeologina of Montferrat. In 1574, Montferrat was elevated to a Duchy and Guglielmo became its first duke. He was succeeded as Duke of both duchies by his son Vincenzo.
Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging
Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging is used to part-of-speech tag a text.

A high percentage of words in a natural language are words which out of context can be assigned more than one part of speech. The percentage of these ambiguous words is typically around 30%, although it depends greatly on the language. Solving this problem is very important in many areas of natural language processing. For example in machine translation changing the part-of-speech of a word can dramatically change its translation.

Sliding window based part-of-speech taggers are programs which assign a single part-of-speech to a given lexical form of a word, by looking at a fixed sized "window" of words around the word to be disambiguated.

The two main advantages of this approach are:

It is possible to automatically train the tagger, getting rid of the need of manually tagging a corpus.

The tagger can be implemented as a finite state automaton (Mealy machine)

Mealy machine
In the theory of computation, a Mealy machine is a finite-state machine whose output values are determined both by its current state and the current inputs. This is in contrast to a Moore machine, whose output values are determined solely by its current state. A Mealy machine is a deterministic finite-state transducer: for each state and input, at most one transition is possible.
Motley County, Texas
Motley County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,063, making it the 10th-least populous county in Texas. Its county seat is Matador. The county was created in 1876 and organized in 1891.  It is named for Junius William Mottley, a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence. Mottley's name is spelled incorrectly because the bill establishing the county misspelled his name. Motley County was one of 30  prohibition, or entirely dry, counties in Texas, but is now a wet county.

Texas Declaration of Independence
The Texas Declaration of Independence, adopted on March 2, 1836 at the Convention of 1836 in Washington-on-the-Brazos, formally declared Texas's independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution. It was signed by delegates the following day after corrections were made to the text.
Jason (painting)
Jason is an 1802 history painting by the British artist J.M.W. Turner. It depicts a scene from the story of Jason and his quest for the Golden Fleece. It was one of a number of works Turner produced inspired by the Ancient World and in this case he based it on a recent translation of the poem Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes. It portrays Jason in Colchis preparing to fight a dragon as part of his quest.

The work was displayed at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition of 1802 at Somerset House, one of four oil paintings he exhibited in his first appearance as a full academician. In 1815 he also sent it to the inaugural exhibition of the Plymouth Institution. Today the painting is in the collection of the Tate Britain in London, having been part of the Turner Bequest of 1856.

Jason
Jason (/ˈdʒeɪ.sən/ JAY-sən; Ancient Greek: Ἰάσων, romanized: Iásōn [i.ǎːsɔːn]) was an ancient Greek mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece is featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was married to the sorceress Medea, the granddaughter of the sungod Helios.

Jason appeared in various literary works in the classical world of Greece and Rome, including the epic poem Argonautica and the tragedy Medea. In the modern world, Jason has emerged as a character in various adaptations of his myths, such as the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts and the 2000 TV miniseries of the same name.
Canton of Volmunster
49°06′54″N 7°19′40″E﻿ / ﻿49.1151368°N 7.3278389°E﻿ / 49.1151368; 7.3278389

The canton of Volmunster (French: Canton de Volmunster) is a former French canton located in the department of Moselle in the Lorraine region (now part of Grand Est). This canton was organized around Volmunster in the arrondissement of Sarreguemines. It is now part of the canton of Bitche.

The last general councillor from this canton was David Suck (NC), elected in 2008.

Moselle (department)
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔzɛl] ⓘ) is the most populous department in Lorraine, in the northeast of France, and is named after the river Moselle, a tributary of the Rhine, which flows through the western part of the department. It had a population of 1,046,543 in 2019. Inhabitants of the department are known as Mosellans.
Alıcı
Alıcı is a Turkish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Burcu Alıcı (born 2001), Turkish weightlifter

Duygu Alıcı (born 2001), Turkish weightlifter

Ecem Alıcı (born 1994), Turkish volleyball player

Turkish name
A Turkish name consists of an ad or an isim (given name; plural adlar and isimler) and a soyadı or soyisim (surname). Turkish names exist in a "full name" format. While there is only one soyadı (surname) in the full name there may be more than one ad (given name). Married women may carry both their maiden and husband's surnames. The soyadı is written as the last element of the full name, after all given names (except that official documents related to registration matters often use the format "Soyadı, Adı").
Arab International University
The Arab International University (AIU; Arabic: الْجَامِعَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ الدَّوْلِيَّةُ, romanized: al-Jāmiʿat al-ʿArabīyat ad-Dawlīyah, formerly Arab European University) is a Syrian private university located in Ghabaghib, Daraa Governorate, Syria, founded in 2005. It was created under Presidential Decree No. 193 on the 06/05/2005.

The campus is located on the international highway between Damascus and Daraa, 37 kilometres (23 miles) away from the capital, and after International University for Science and Technology toward Daraa. The total area of the campus is 211,000 square metres (52 acres).

Campus
A campus traditionally refers to the land and buildings of a college or university. This will often include libraries, lecture halls, student centers and, for residential universities, residence halls and dining halls.

By extension, a corporate campus is a collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a company, particularly in the technology sector. Examples include Bell Labs, the Googleplex and Apple Park.
Rahul Vishwakarma
Rahul Vishwakarma (Nepali: राहुल विश्वकर्मा) (born  19 October 1992) is a Nepalese cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm orthodox spinner. He made his debut for Nepal against Malaysia in October 2007.

He played for the Sagarmatha Legends of the Nepal Premier League, Nepal Army Club of the National League and Pentagon International College, which plays in the SPA Cup.

2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Five
The 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Five was a cricket tournament that took place in February 2010 in Nepal. It formed part of the World Cricket League competition administered by the International Cricket Council, the international governing body for cricket. The tournament was won by Nepal who defeated the United States by 5 wickets in the final.
René Rougeau
René Anthony Rougeau (born March 25, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for Helsinki Seagulls of the Korisliiga. He played college basketball for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas where he starred in his four seasons with the Runnin' Rebels.

Helsinki Seagulls
The Helsinki Seagulls are a professional basketball team, based in Helsinki, Finland. The club plays in the Korisliiga, the highest tier of basketball in Finland.

The Seagulls were founded in 2013 and made its debut in the Korisliiga in 2014, after promoting in its first season. The team has won the Finnish Cup three times. Seagulls won their first Korisliiga championship to date during the 2022–23 season.
Rodolfo Gambini (painter)
Rodolfo Gambini (21 September 1855 – 8 March 1928) was an Italian painter, active mainly in Milan, Lombardy, Piedmont, and Liguria. He painted both history and sacred subjects. He was born in Arluno and died in Alessandria, Piedmont.
He studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan. Piero Vignoli and Giovanni Ferraboschi were two of his pupils.

He frescoed an Ascent of Christ for the apse for the Duomo (Collegiata of San Lorenzo) of Voghera. He painted in the church of San Francesco ai Cappuccini and the Convent of San Martino in Alessandria. He painted for the parish church of San Nicolò in Pozzolo Formigaro. He painted in the church of the Sacro Cuore in the Abbey of Oulx. He painted in the church of Santa Maria Canale, Tortona. He painted for the Rocca de' Giorgi.

Voghera
Voghera (Vogherese dialect of Emilian: Vughera; Latin: Forum Iulii Iriensium) is a town and comune in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. The population was 39,374 as of 2017. It is the third most populated town in the province, after Pavia and Vigevano. It is located 30 km south-southwest of that city, on the Staffora (a tributary of the Po).

It is the main town of Oltrepò Pavese and is an important rail and road hub as well as a renowned wine producer.