hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frege–Church ontology
The Frege–Church ontology is an ontology, a theory of existence. Everything is considered as being in three categories, object (referent, denotation), name, or concept (sense).  The ontology was developed by Alonzo Church based on ideas of Gottlob Frege to resolve some paradoxes.  The ontology is related to certain modal logics.

Referent
A referent (/ˈrɛfərənt/ REF-ər-ənt) is an entity to which a name – a linguistic expression or other symbol – refers. For example, in the sentence Mary saw me, the referent of the word Mary is the particular person called Mary who is being spoken of, while the referent of the word me is the person uttering the sentence.

Two expressions which have the same referent are said to be co-referential. In the sentence John had his dog with him, for instance, the noun John and the pronoun him are co-referential, since they both refer to the same person (John).
Methyl ricinoleate
Methyl ricinoleate is a clear, viscous fluid that is used as a surfactant, cutting fluid additive, lubricant, and plasticizer. It is a plasticizer for cellulosic resins, polyvinyl acetate, and polystyrene. It is a type of fatty acid methyl ester synthesized from castor oil and methyl alcohol.

Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the chemical formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter.
Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced through destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.

Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialized chemicals.
Canopus Crags
The Canopus Crags (71°10′S 66°38′W﻿ / ﻿71.167°S 66.633°W﻿ / -71.167; -66.633) are a cluster of peaks of 3 nautical miles (6 km) extent, located between Vela Bluff and Carina Heights along the south side of Ryder Glacier, in Palmer Land. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the star Canopus in the constellation of Carina.

Carina (constellation)
Carina (/kəˈraɪnə, kəˈriːnə/ kə-RY-nə, -⁠REE-) is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the keel of a ship, and it was the southern foundation of the larger constellation of Argo Navis (the ship Argo) until it was divided into three pieces, the other two being Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails of the ship).
Sandboarding
Sandboarding is a boardsport and extreme sport similar to snowboarding that involves riding down a sand dune while standing on a board, with both feet strapped in. Sand sledding can also be practised sitting down or lying on the belly or the back. It typically involves a sand sled, although it is also somewhat possible to use snow sleds or snowboards. The invention of modern sandboarding is largely attributed to Lon Beale, aka 'Doctor Dune', who began sandboarding in 1972 in California's Mojave Desert.

Sandboarding has adherents throughout the world, but is most prevalent in desert areas or coastal areas with beach dunes. It is less popular than snowboarding, partly because it is very difficult to build a mechanised ski lift on a sand dune, meaning participants must climb or ride a dune buggy or all-terrain vehicle back to the top of the dune. On the other hand, dunes are normally available year-round as opposed to ski resorts, which are seasonal.

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.
Zasadi, Destrnik
Zasadi (pronounced [ˈzaːsadi], German: Sasadi) is a small settlement immediately north of Destrnik in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire Municipality of Destrnik is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

Municipality of Destrnik
The Municipality of Destrnik (pronounced [ˈdeːstəɾnik]; Slovene: Občina Destrnik) is a municipality in northeastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the settlement of Destrnik. It lies in the Slovene Hills (Slovene: Slovenske gorice) north of Ptuj. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
Setting Standards
Setting Standards is an album led by trumpeter Woody Shaw which was recorded in 1983 and released on the Muse label. Setting Standards was released as part of Woody Shaw: The Complete Muse Sessions by Mosaic Records in 2013.

Muse Records
Muse Records was a jazz record company and label founded in New York City by Joe Fields in 1972.

Fields worked as an executive for Prestige Records in the 1960s. Several of the albums were previously released on Cobblestone Records. Muse also had another label, Onyx Records, which operated until 1978, when Fields and collaborator Don Schlitten ended their professional relationship.

In the late 1970s, Muse partnered with the Dutch Timeless Records to distribute Timeless Muse.

Muse was sold in 1996 to 32 Jazz, which repackaged and reissued a large amount of Muse recordings. In 2003, Savoy Jazz (which had become a subsidiary of Nippon Columbia) acquired the rights to the Muse catalog (along with that of Landmark) from 32 Jazz.

Fields later founded HighNote Records and Savant Records; many Muse artists later recorded for these labels as well.
Santa Marta, Montopoli in Val d'Arno
Santa Marta refers a church and its associated former Roman Catholic monastery, now a conservatorio or school, located on Via del Falcone #30 in the urban center of Montopoli in Val d'Arno, in the province of Pisa, region of Tuscany, Italy.

Montopoli in Val d'Arno
Montopoli in Val d'Arno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Florence and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Pisa.

Montopoli in Val d'Arno borders the following municipalities: Castelfranco di Sotto, Palaia, Pontedera, San Miniato, Santa Maria a Monte.

It is home to a tower and an arch named after Castruccio Castracani, once belonging to a castle. Outside of town is the Franciscan Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Romano and the parish church of Santa Maria Novella.
HMS Zebra (1815)
HMS Zebra, was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop of the Royal Navy. She was built of teak in the East India Company's Bombay Dockyard and launched in 1815 as the last of her class. She chased pirates in the Mediterranean, just missed the Battle of Navarino, sailed to East Indies, where she almost foundered, and on to Australia, chased Malay pirates, and was wrecked in 1840 during the Syrian War.

Bombay Dockyard (Royal Navy)
Bombay Dockyard, or formally His Majesty's Indian Dockyard, Bombay, was originally a naval facility developed by the East India Company beginning in 1670. It was formally established as a Royal Navy Dockyard in 1811 and base of the East Indies Station when the Department of Admiralty in London took over it. The yard was initially managed by the Navy Board through its Resident Commissioner, Bombay until 1832 when administration of the yard was taken over by the Board of Admiralty.

After the Independence of India the dockyard was taken over by the Indian Navy.
Powis Almshouses
The Powis Almshouses are a block of almshouses in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, at the junction of Church Street and Bridge Street (formerly St Anne's Street). The building dates from about 1721, and was constructed as a result of a bequest from Thomas Powis, a vintner who was probably born in the town.  The almshouse is a Grade II* listed building.

Almshouse
An almshouse (also known as a bede-house, poorhouse, or hospital) is charitable housing provided to people in a particular community, especially during the Middle Ages. They were often built for the poor of a locality, for those who had held certain jobs, or their widows, and for elderly people who could no longer pay rent. They are generally maintained by a charity or the trustees of a bequest. "Alms" are, in the Christian tradition, money or services donated to support the poor and indigent. Almshouses were originally formed as extensions of the church system and were later adapted by local officials and authorities.
Mule Mountains (California)
The Mule Mountains of California are located in the southeastern part of the state in the United States. The range lies in a northeast-southwesterly direction south of the McCoy Mountains and west of the Palo Verde Valley and Colorado River. The mountain range is approximately 18 miles (29 km) long and is located just south of Interstate 10, about 5 mi (8 km) southeast of Chuckawalla Valley State Prison. The northern end of the range is in Riverside County, and the southern end is in Imperial County. Downtown Blythe, California is about 12 mi (19 km) to the northeast.

Interstate 10
Interstate 10 (I-10) is the southernmost transcontinental highway in the Interstate Highway System of the United States. It is the fourth-longest Interstate in the country at 2,460.34 miles (3,959.53 km), following I-90, I-80, and I-40. It was part of the originally planned Interstate Highway network that was laid out in 1956, and its last section was completed in 1990.

I-10 stretches from the Pacific Ocean at State Route 1 (SR 1, Pacific Coast Highway) in Santa Monica, California, to I-95 in Jacksonville, Florida. Other major cities connected by I-10 include (from west to east) Los Angeles, Phoenix, Tucson, Las Cruces, El Paso, San Antonio, Houston, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, Gulfport, Mobile, Pensacola, and Tallahassee. Over one-third of its total length is within the state of Texas, where the freeway spans the state at its widest breadth.
Cenk Renda
Cenk Renda (born 10 October 1969, in Turkey) is a former Turkish professional basketball player. He played for Turkey national basketball team.

The former power forward is 2.05 m tall. Currently, he is team manager of Fenerbahçe.

Turkey men's national basketball team
The Turkey men's national basketball team (Turkish: Türkiye Millî Basketbol Takımı), recognized as Türkiye by FIBA, represents Turkey in international basketball. They are governed by the Turkish Basketball Federation. Their nickname is the 12 Dev Adam, meaning 12 Giant Men.

Turkey has competed at every major international basketball tournament. Their greatest achievements are winning two silver medals at the EuroBasket, one on home soil in 2001, and another in 2025. They have also won silver at the FIBA World Cup, as hosts in 2010. Turkey won two gold (1987, 2013), one silver (1971), and three bronze (1967, 1983, 2009) medals at the Mediterranean Games. They also won a gold medal at the 1981 Balkan Championship.

Currently, Turkey stands 11th in the FIBA World Ranking.
Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express
The 22197 / 22198 Pratham Swatrantata Sangram Express is a superfast express train belonging to North Central Railway zone that runs between Kolkata and Virangana Lakshmibai Jhansi Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 22197/98 train numbers on a weekly basis.

The train has given name in honour to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, It is also known as the Pratham Swatrantrata Sangram, or First war of Indian Independence.

Naihati Junction railway station
Naihati Junction is a  Kolkata Suburban Railway  junction station on the Sealdah–Naihati line and Naihati–Bandel link. It is located in North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.  It serves Naihati and the surrounding areas including East Naihati, West Naihati, Gouripur, and Rajendrapur.
Thelma Turner
Thelma Mary Turner (née Trask; 31 May 1929 – 26 September 2023) was a New Zealand netball player. She played as goal shoot in the New Zealand team in the second Test match against the touring Australian team in 1948.

Australia national netball team
The Australia national netball team, also known as the Australian Diamonds, represent Netball Australia in international netball tournaments such as the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games, the Constellation Cup, the Netball Quad Series and the Fast5 Netball World Series. They have also represented Australia at the World Games. Australia made their Test debut in 1938. As of 2023, Australia have been World champions on 12 occasions and Commonwealth champions on 4 occasions. They are regularly ranked number one in the World Netball Rankings.
USS Goff
USS Goff (DD-247) was a United States Navy Clemson-class destroyer in commission from 1921 to 1931 and from 1932 to 1945. She saw service during the Second Nicaraguan Campaign and World War II. She was named for Secretary of the Navy Nathan Goff, Jr.

Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)
The Nicaraguan Civil War of 1926–1927, or the Constitutionalist War, broke out after a coup d'état by Emiliano Chamorro, a member of the Conservative Party, removed Nicaragua's democratically elected government, resulting in a rebellion by members of the Liberal Party. The conflict came to an end after a military and diplomatic intervention by the United States resulted in the Pact of Espino Negro, which began the Peace of Tipitapa. Although the civil war came to an end, one Liberal general, Augusto César Sandino, refused to lay down his arms and waged the Sandino Rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and the US Marine Corps until 1933.
Seashore (software)
Seashore is a free and open-source image editor designed specifically for macOS, similar to Photoshop/GIMP, with a simpler user interface. Seashore uses GIMP's native file format, XCF, and has support for a handful of other graphics file formats, including full support for TIFF, PNG, JPEG, JPEG2000, and HEIC and read-only support for BMP, PDF, SVG and GIF. Seashore offers fewer features than Photoshop/GIMP, but is intended to be easy-to-use and to run natively on macOS. It includes layers, alpha channel support, gradients and transparency effects, anti-aliased brushes, tablet support and plug-in filters.

After several years without maintenance, development was restarted by Robert Engels in 2017 to allow it to run on newer versions of macOS. Seashore version 3.41 was released in August 2025 and is considered stable.

The latest release is distributed via the Apple Mac App Store.

Mac App Store
The Mac App Store (also known as the App Store) is a digital distribution platform for macOS apps, often referred to as Mac apps, created and maintained by Apple. The platform was announced on October 20, 2010, at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event. Apple began accepting app submissions from registered developers on November 3, 2010, in preparation for its launch.

The Mac App Store was launched on January 6, 2011, as part of the free Mac OS X 10.6.6 update for all current Snow Leopard users. After 24 hours of release, Apple announced that there were over one million downloads.
Terre-Neuve (New France)
Terre-Neuve (French pronunciation: [tɛʁ nœv] ⓘ, "Newfoundland") was a colony in New France that existed from 1655 to 1713, and which consisted of the southern portion of Newfoundland island (the northern portion being claimed by England). The most, and sometimes only, populated region was Placentia, called "Plaisance" in French. Because of Placentia's geographic position, its main economic activity was fishing, and the settlement could serve as a pit stop for ships traveling to and from France and other New France colonies like Canada or Acadia. Terre-Neuve ceased to exist in 1713, when France evacuated its settlers and transplanted them to Cape Breton. But, France regained the Saint Pierre and Miquelon islands of this colony in 1763, and still has possession over them today.

Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador
Placentia is a town located in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It consists of the amalgamated communities of Placentia ("Townside"), Southeast Placentia, Freshwater, Dunville and Jerseyside and also includes the Argentia Industrial Park.
Wanless (surname)
Wanless is a surname of Scottish and Northeast English origin, derived from the Middle English and Older Scots word "wanles" meaning "luckless", "hopeless", "despairing".

Notable people with this surname include:

Betty Wanless (1928–1995), American baseball player

Derek Wanless (1947–2012), English banker

Elizabeth Wanless (born 1981), American shot putter

Harold R. "Hal" Wanless (born 1942) American geographer and environmentalist

Ian Wanless (born 1969), Australian mathematician

Neville Wanless (1931–2020), English broadcaster

Paul Wanless (born 1973), English footballer

Peter Wanless (born 1964), English civil servant

Robert Wanless O'Gowan (1864–1947), British army officer

Sarah Wanless, English ornithologist

William James Wanless (1865–1933), Canadian medical missionary to India

Older Scots
Older Scots is a distinct historical stage in the development of the Scots language, encompassing its evolution between the 14th and 18th centuries. It is a subfield of study within the wider historical linguistics of Scots. This chronological term is widely used, for example by Scottish Language Dictionaries (formally SNDA), the Oxford Companion to the English Language, and the Cambridge History of English and American Literature. The online Dictionary of the Scots Language includes the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue.: 902

Older Scots is used for the following periods in the history of the Scots language:

Pre-literary Scots to 1375

Early Scots to 1450

Middle Scots to 1700
Charlottesville metropolitan area
The Charlottesville Metropolitan Statistical Area is a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
The combined population is 221,524 (2020 census), not including Buckingham County, which was removed from the MSA in the 2020 census cycle.

Commonwealth (U.S. state)
Commonwealth is a term used by four of the 50 states of the United States in their full official names: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. "Commonwealth" is a traditional English term used to describe a political community as having been founded for the common good, and shares some similarities with the Latin phrase "res publica" ('the public thing'), which ultimately is the origin of the word "republic".

The "commonwealth" appellation is merely stylistic and carries no legal or political significance. The four states that use this term are all in the Eastern United States, and prior to the formation of the United States in 1776 were British colonial possessions (at the time, Kentucky was a part of colonial Virginia). As such, they share a strong influence of English common law in some of their laws and institutions.
HMS Aeolus
Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Aeolus, after one of a number of figures named Aeolus who appear in Greek mythology:

HMS Aeolus (1758) was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate launched in 1758. She was placed on harbour service in 1796, renamed HMS Guernsey in 1800, and was broken up in 1801.

HMS Aeolus (1800) was formerly the French ship Pallas, a 36-gun fifth rate, that a squadron captured in 1800 off the coast of France. She was renamed to Pique in 1801. She was sold for breaking up in 1819.

HMS Aeolus (1801) was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate launched in 1801 and broken up 1817.

HMS Aeolus (1825) was a 46-gun fifth-rate frigate launched in 1825. She was used for harbour service from 1855 and was broken up in 1886.

HMS Aeolus (1891) was an Apollo-class second-class protected cruiser launched in 1891 and sold in 1914.

HMS Aeolus (1758)
HMS Aeolus was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. In 1800, she renamed as HMS Guernsey.

The original name of the ship comes from Greek mythology and means 'quick moving/nimble'. The ship is commemorated with a neo-classical temple in Kew Gardens, London. Aeolus temple was designed by William Chambers, along with two other temples as a memorial to three British ships involved in naval victories in the Seven Years' War.
Sounds Like Teen Spirit
Sounds Like Teen Spirit (also known as Sounds Like Teen Spirit: A Popumentary) is a 2008 documentary and debut feature film of Bafta-Award nominated director Jamie Jay Johnson.

It was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival 2008 and was premiered in Ghent, Belgium and Limassol, Cyprus where the 2008 Junior Eurovision Song Contest was held.

2008 Toronto International Film Festival
The 2008 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This 33rd annual festival was from September 4 to September 13, 2008. The opening night gala was the World War I romantic epic Passchendaele from Canadian director Paul Gross.
Tyler Dupree
Tyler Dupree (born 8 February 2000) is a rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for Toulouse Olympique on season-long loan, from the Wigan Warriors in the Super League.

He previously spent time on loan from the Leeds Rhinos at the York City Knights, Featherstone Rovers and the Batley Bulldogs in the Championship. Dupree has also played for Oldham and the Widnes Vikings in the Championship, and Salford Red Devils in the Super League.

York Knights
The York Knights are the professional rugby league team of York RLFC, based in York, England. The club play their home games at York Community Stadium and competes in the Super League, the top tier of British rugby league.

The club, which was founded as the York City Knights, is a  phoenix club established after the original York club folded in 2002. The Knights played in blue and white until 2017 when they reverted to the city's traditional home colours of amber and black. The club was renamed as York RLFC in 2022 with the men's team continuing to be known as the Knights and the women's team becoming the Valkyrie.
Enborne
Enborne is a village and civil parish, in West Berkshire, England. The River Enborne shares its name, although it does not run through the village; rather, it runs through and rises near the nearby village of Enborne Row. The village name has had many variant spellings in the past, including Anebourne in 1086, as well as Enbourne, Enborn and Enbourn in the last 200 years.

Prior (ecclesiastical)
Prior (or  prioress) is an ecclesiastical title for a  superior in some religious orders. The word is derived from the Latin for "earlier" or "first". The office may head a local house, a region of houses (prior provincial), or the entire order (prior general). Its earlier generic usage referred to any monastic superior. In abbeys, a prior would be lower in rank than the abbey's abbot or abbess.
Asansol Ramakrishna Mission High School
Asansol Ramakrishna Mission High School is a Bengali-medium school for boys in Asansol, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1939 and is part of the Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Asansol; a branch of Ramakrishna Mission. It is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.

Ramakrishna Mission
Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission (RKM) is a spiritual and philanthropic organisation headquartered in Belur Math, West Bengal. The mission is named after the Indian Hindu spiritual guru and mystic Ramakrishna. The mission was founded by Ramakrishna's chief disciple Swami Vivekananda on 1 May 1897.
The organisation mainly propagates the Hindu philosophy of Vedanta–Advaita Vedanta and four yogic ideals – Jnana, Bhakti, Karma, and Raja yoga. The mission bases its work on the principles of Karma yoga, the principle of selfless work done with a dedication to God.