hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cittadella of Alessandria
The Cittadella of Alessandria (Italian: Cittadella di Alessandria) is a star fort and citadel in the city of Alessandria, Italy. It was built in the 18th century by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and today it is one of the best preserved fortifications of that era. It is one of the few fortifications in Europe still in their original environment, since there are no buildings blocking the views of the ramparts, or a road that surrounds the ditches.

On 10 March 1821, during the Piedmont insurrection, the blue, red and black tricolour of the Carbonari was raised on the Cittadella's bastions by Colonel Ansaldi. This was the first use of a tricolour flag in the history of Italy.

The Cittadella has been Italy's tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2006.

Ditch (fortification)
In military engineering, a ditch is an obstacle designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is intended to provide cover to the defenders. In military fortifications, the side of a ditch furthest from the enemy and closest to the next line of defence is known as the scarp while the side of a ditch closest to the enemy is known as the counterscarp.
Wilkes Basin
The Wilkes Basin is a large subglacial basin situated generally southward of George V Coast and westward of Prince Albert Mountains in East Antarctica. The feature is approximately 1400 km long and 400 km wide. The Wilkes Basin is considered to be the largest marine-based drainage basin in East Antarctica, and may be in a state of marine ice sheet instability, caused by warm water intrusion into the shelf cavities.

George V Coast
George V Coast (68°30′S 148°0′E﻿ / ﻿68.500°S 148.000°E﻿ / -68.500; 148.000) is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between Point Alden, at 148°2′E, and Cape Hudson, at 153°45′E.

Portions of this coast were sighted by the US Exploring Expedition in 1840.  It was explored by members of the Main Base party of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) under Douglas Mawson who named this feature for King George V of the United Kingdom.

The segment of land between these lines of longitude is referred to as George V Land. Mertz Glacier is located in this area.
USS Monssen (DD-798)
USS Monssen (DD-798) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy, the second Navy ship named for Lieutenant Mons Monssen (1867–1930), who was awarded the Medal of Honor for putting out a fire in a magazine on Missouri.

Monssen was laid down 1 June 1943 by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Bethlehem Mariners Harbor, Staten Island, New York; launched 30 October 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Mons Monssen; and commissioned 14 February 1944.

Magazine (artillery)
A magazine is an item or place within which ammunition or other explosive material is stored. The word is taken originally from the Arabic word makhāzin (مخازن), meaning "storehouses", via Italian and Middle French.

The term is also used for an ammunition dump, a place where large quantities of ammunition are stored for later distribution. This usage is less common.
McGowan
McGowan /məˈɡaʊən/ is an Irish and Scottish surname. It is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac Gabhann and Scottish Mac Gobhann, both of which mean 'son of (the) smith'. Belonging to the Uí Echach Cobo, located in modern-day western County Down in Ulster, they were of the same stock as the McGuinness clan.

J. P. McGowan
John Paterson McGowan (February 24, 1880 – March 26, 1952) was a pioneering Hollywood actor and director and occasionally a screenwriter and producer. McGowan remains the only Australian to have been made a life member of the Screen Directors Guild (now Directors Guild of America).
Bhootnath Road
Bhootnath Road is a prominent thoroughfare in eastern Patna, Bihar, India. It connects the Old Bypass Road (Kankarbagh main road) to the New Bypass Road (NH-30), serving as a vital link between older residential zones and newer urban developments. The road passes through the Bahadurpur Housing Colony, a well-established residential neighbourhood, and is also located near the Patna Doordarshan TV Tower, a notable local landmark. The area is served by Agamkuan Police Station under Patna Police and B H Colony Post Office.

Super 30
Super 30 is an Indian educational programme started in Patna, India under the banner of Ramanujan School of Mathematics. It was founded by Anand Kumar, a mathematics teacher. The programme selects 30 talented candidates each year from economically underprivileged sections of Indian society and trains them for the JEE. The programme is portrayed in the 2019 film, Super 30, starring Hrithik Roshan as Anand
Kumar, and his school, have been the subject of several smear campaigns, some of which have been carried in Indian media sources.
Christian Gottfried Lorsch
Christian Gottfried Lorsch (11 September 1773, in Nuremberg – 19 February 1830, in  Nuremberg) was the first civilian mayor of Nuremberg after the city's incorporation into the Kingdom of Bavaria, serving from 1818 to 1821.

Lorsch was a doctor of law and practiced as an attorney there beginning in 1796. In 1801 he became a so-called Genannter, a member of the city's board of aldermen. Following a Gemeindeedikt of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria that required the establishment of a local government with a city council, he was elected First Mayor on 26 September 1818. In 1821 he failed to win reelection, but became a member of the "College of Community Overseers" (Kollegium der Gemeindebevollmächtigten, comparable to today's city council).

With Johannes Scharrer, he founded the city's first savings bank in 1821. A street in the Gleißhammer section of the city is named after him.

Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
Maximilian I Joseph (German: Maximilian I. Josef; 27 May 1756 – 13 October 1825) was Duke of Zweibrücken from 1795 to 1799, prince-elector of Bavaria (as Maximilian IV Joseph) from 1799 to 1806, then King of Bavaria (as Maximilian I Joseph) from 1806 to 1825. He was a member of the House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken, a branch of the House of Wittelsbach.
William Kennison Wood House
The William Kennison Wood House is a historic building located in Story County, Iowa, United States near the unincorporated community of Iowa Center.  An Ohio native, Wood settled on this property in 1851 from Polk County, Iowa.  He was a squatter here for two years before the county was organized.  Wood was a farmer and livestock producer, and became one of the largest landholders in the county.  He also served in the Iowa General Assembly from 1869 to 1873.  Wood married four times, and was widowed three times.  He lived here until his death in 1917.  This two-story frame Italianate house was built in three sections.  The last section of the house was the family room on the south side of the house in 1991, which replaced the original summer kitchen. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Polk County, Iowa
Polk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 492,401, and was estimated to be 516,185 in 2024, making it the most populous county in Iowa. The county seat and the largest city is Des Moines, which is also the capital city of Iowa. Polk County is included in the Des Moines–West Des Moines, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Arthur Bache Walkom
Arthur Bache Walkom (8 February 1889 – 2 July 1976) was an Australian palaeobotanist and museum director.

Walkom was born in Grafton, New South Wales and moved with his family to Sydney where he was educated at Petersham Public and Fort Street Model schools and the University of Sydney graduating with a D.Sc. in 1918. He worked under Professor (Sir) Edgeworth David as a junior demonstrator.

He was an Assistant Lecturer in palaeontology and stratigraphy at the University of Queensland from 1913 to 1919.

From 1939 to 1954 Walkom was the director of the Australian Museum. From 1947 to 1954 he served on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's Australian committee for museums.
He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1948.
A fossil conifer genus, Walkomiella, was named after him.

Edgeworth David
Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David KBE CMG DSO FRS (28 January 1858 – 28 August 1934) was a Welsh Australian geologist, Antarctic explorer, and military veteran. He was knighted for his role in World War 1.

A household name in his lifetime, David's most significant achievements were discovering the major Hunter Valley coalfield in New South Wales, leading the first expedition to reach the south magnetic pole, and serving in the Tunnelling Corps during the war.
Anne Maddern
Marguerite Anne Maddern (born 28 October 1955) is an Australian Liberal National politician who was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Maryborough from 2012 to 2015, having defeated Chris Foley at the 2012 state election. She held the seat for one term, losing to Bruce Saunders at the 2015 Queensland State election.

In 2016, Maddern was elected to the Fraser Coast Regional Council as the councillor for Division 2. She retired at the 2020 local government elections.

Electoral district of Maryborough (Queensland)
Maryborough is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.

The district is centred on the regional city of Maryborough and takes in other surrounding communities.
SS Dundee
SS Dundee was a British steamship that was built in Scotland in 1911 and sunk by enemy action in the Celtic Sea in 1917. She was designed as a coastal passenger and cargo liner for the Dundee, Perth & London Shipping Company Ltd, but in 1915 she was converted into an armed boarding steamer for the Royal Navy. She took part in the Action of 16 March 1917, was sunk by a U-boat six months later, and lost members of her crew in both actions.

The Dundee, Perth & London Shipping Co Ltd was founded in 1826. In its long history it had eight ships called Dundee, named after the city of Dundee on the east coast of Scotland. The ship built in 1911 was the fifth of these.

Celtic Sea
The Celtic Sea is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the southern coast of Ireland bounded to the north by Saint George's Channel; other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, parts of Devon and Brittany. The continental shelf, which drops away sharply, delimits the southern and western boundaries. The Iroise Sea off Brittany is entirely included within it. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Haller
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Haller/Galler (Russian: Николай Александрович Галлер 1823-1875) was a Russian Nobleman who was one of the most powerful bankers of Saint Petersburg in his day, philanthropist, connoisseur and collector of expensive guns, engravings and stringed instruments of Italian masters.

He was known for having amassed a magnificent collection of rare Italian string instruments (including the Bass of Spain cello by Antonio Stradivari), buying directly from Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume and  Gand & Bernardel Frères in Paris (in 1870).

Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume
Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist vɥijom]; 7 October 1798 – 19 March 1875) was a French luthier, businessman, inventor and winner of many awards.

He was one of the finest French luthiers of the 19th century and a key figure in the world of violin making. His workshop made more than 3,000 instruments. His vision was the ethics and beauty of the Cremona school.
Justinianopolis (Epirus)
Justinianopolis or Ioustinianoupolis (Ancient Greek: Ἰουστινιανούπολις), was a town of ancient Epirus and of Illyricum, the successor settlement to Hadrianopolis that was repaired and moved by Justinian I. It was one of the cities of the government of old Epirus. The bishop's see that had been established at Hadrianopolis was translated to Dryinopolis rather than to Justinianopolis.

Its site is located near Bregu i Melanit, Nepravishtë, in Albania.

Epirus (ancient state)
Epirus (/ɪˈpaɪrəs/; Epirote Greek: Ἄπειρος, Ápeiros; Attic Greek: Ἤπειρος, Ḗpeiros) was an ancient Greek kingdom, and later republic, located in the geographical region of Epirus, in parts of north-western Greece and southern Albania. Home to the ancient Epirotes, the state was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Ancient Thessaly and Ancient Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north. The Epirote king Pyrrhus is known to have made Epirus a powerful state in the wider Hellenistic world (during 297–272 BC) that was comparable to the likes of Macedon and Ancient Rome. Pyrrhus' armies also attempted an assault against the state of Ancient Rome during their unsuccessful campaign in what is now modern-day Italy.
Dundas, Virginia
Dundas is an unincorporated community in Lunenburg County, Virginia, United States. Dundas is located on Virginia State Route 137 in eastern Lunenburg County, 6.6 miles (10.6 km) east-southeast of Kenbridge. Dundas has a post office with ZIP code 23938, which opened on February 20, 1908. The Dundas Ruritan Club claims to make the best sheep stew in the world, cooking it twice a year in large batches to raise money for Ruritan community-service projects.

Virginia State Route 137
State Route 137 (SR 137) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia.  The state highway runs 12.03 miles (19.36 km) from SR 40 in Kenbridge east to SR 46 at Danieltown.  SR 137 runs concurrently with SR 138 in eastern Lunenburg County and connects Kenbridge with SR 46, the main north–south highway of Brunswick County.
Mabujah
Mabujah (Arabic: المبعوجة also spelled Mabuja, Mabouja, Mabouga, Mabujeh or Al Mab`ujah)  is a village in central Syria located in the Sabburah Subdistrict of the Salamiyah District in Hama Governorate.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Mabujah had a population of 2,929 in the 2004 census. A majority of the village's inhabitants are Ismailis, but there are also significant communities of Alawite and Sunni Muslims.

During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, on 31 March 2015, fighters from the Islamic State attacked the village and murdered from 37 to 44 of its inhabitants, before being repelled by Syrian Arab Army forces hours later. Those killed came from all of the village's religious sects and included whole families. According to a member of the Syrian military, the attack was part of ISIS's efforts to advance toward the cities of Hama and Homs via the Syrian Desert.

Hama Governorate
Hama Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حماة Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to the north, Raqqa Governorate to the east, Homs Governorate to the south, and Tartus and Latakia Governorate to the west. It is the only Governorate (excluding Damascus) that does not border a foreign country. Measures of its area vary from 8,844 km2 to 8,883 km2, with its capital being the city of Hama, also notably being the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries.
Chris Campion
Chris Campion is a British author, journalist, ghostwriter, editor, producer, and filmmaker. His work has been published in The Guardian, Telegraph, Los Angeles Times, Rolling Stone, Vice, and Dazed & Confused. He is the founder of reissue label Saint Cecilia Knows.

Dazed
Dazed (Dazed & Confused until February 2014) is a quarterly British lifestyle magazine founded in 1991. It covers music, fashion, film, art, and literature. Dazed is published by Dazed Media, an independent media group known for producing stories across its print, digital, and video brands. The company's portfolio includes titles Another Magazine, Dazed Beauty and Nowness. The company's newest division, Dazed Studio, creates brand campaigns across the luxury and lifestyle sectors. Based in London, its founding editors are Jefferson Hack and fashion photographer Rankin.
Death ray
The death ray or death beam is a theoretical particle beam or electromagnetic weapon first theorized around the 1920s and 1930s. Around that time, inventors such as Guglielmo Marconi, Nikola Tesla, Harry Grindell Matthews, Edwin R. Scott, Erich Graichen and others claimed to have invented it independently. In 1957, the National Inventors Council was still issuing lists of needed military inventions that included a death ray.

While based in fiction, research into energy-based weapons inspired by past speculation has contributed to actual weapons used by modern militaries sometimes called a sort of "death ray", such as the United States Navy and its Laser Weapon System (LaWS) deployed in mid-2014. Such armaments are technically known as directed-energy weapons.

Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquess (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937), was an Italian radio-frequency engineer, inventor, and politician known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. This led to his being largely credited as the inventor of radio and sharing the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy."
His work laid the foundation for the development of radio, television, and all modern wireless communication systems.

As an entrepreneur and a businessman, Marconi founded The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (later the Marconi Company) in the United Kingdom in 1897. In 1929, he was ennobled as a marquess (Italian: marchese) by King Victor Emmanuel III. In 1931, he set up Vatican Radio for Pope Pius XI.
Froiz
Distribuciones Froiz, S.A. is a Spanish supermarket chain based in Poio, Galicia. It operates in the Spanish regions of Galicia, Castile and León, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid and in Northern Portugal. It is the company with the seventeenth-highest turnover in Galicia. The company was founded in Pontevedra in 1970 by Magín Alfredo Froiz Planes, deceased on 10 March 2022, and remains a family-run business.

In October 2014, Froiz bought rival supermarket Supermercados Moldes becoming the third-biggest supermarket chain in Galicia.

Poio
Poio is a municipality in the province of Pontevedra, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Pontevedra. Poio is located in the north shore of the Ría de Pontevedra, between Sanxenxo and the provincial capital, Pontevedra. The municipality is adjacent with Meaño, Meis, Pontevedra and Sanxenxo and combines mountain and sea areas.

Tambo island, an uninhabited island located in the middle of the Pontevedra estuary, officially belongs to Poio but it is under the control of the Spanish Navy and disembarkment is not allowed.
George Edwards Daika
George Edwards Daika is a Nigerian politician. He is a former Speaker of the Plateau State House of Assembly and a former member of the House of Representatives, where he represented the Shendam/Mikang/Quan'pan Federal Constituency.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
A381 road
The A381 road is a non-trunk 'A'-class road in Devon, England which serves as an important link between the towns of Teignmouth, Kingsteignton, Newton Abbot, Totnes and Salcombe and many villages in between, with the busiest section (in Newton Abbot) having 6 lanes and carrying an average of over 40,000 vehicles per day. The route overlaps with other A-roads for several sections of its length. It is a faster route from Teignmouth to Salcombe than the A379 which meets it at both ends. It is under the control of Devon County Council as highway authority.

Trunk road
A trunk road is a major highway with a specific legal classification in some jurisdictions, notably the United Kingdom, Sweden and formerly Ireland. Trunk roads are planned and managed at the national level, distinguishing them from non-trunk roads which are managed by local authorities. Trunk roads are important routes usually connecting two or more cities, ports, airports and other places, which is the recommended route for long-distance and freight traffic. Many trunk roads have segregated lanes in a dual carriageway, or are of motorway standard.

The term trunk road, or trunk highway, is sometimes used more generically to refer to other categories of major highway.
Togawa Hideyasu
Togawa Hideyasu (戸川 秀安, 1538 – 1596) was a Japanese samurai and commander of the Sengoku period. He was one of the most important vassals of the Ukita clan. Hideyasu was the castle lord in command of Tsuneyama castle and Hayashino Castle.

His mother was a wet nurse of Ukita Naoie's younger brother Ukita Tadaie. 
His son Togawa Michiyasu also served the Ukita clan but he left Ukita clan when Ukita family feuds happened in 1599. 
In the Battle of Sekigahara, Michiyasu belonged to the West squad. After the battle he was given a small territory in Bizen Province and founded Niwase Domain.

Niwase Domain
Niwase Domain (庭瀬藩, Niwase-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now central Okayama Prefecture. It controlled a small portion of eastern Bitchū Province and was centered around Niwase jin'ya in what is now Kita-ku, Okayama. It was ruled for most its history by a branch of the Itakura clan. It was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 and is now part of Okayama Prefecture.Inukai Tsuyoshi, who became Prime Minister of Japan, was from Niwase Domain.
Edmond Verbustel
Edmond Verbustel is a Belgian figure skater who competed in pair skating.

With partner Suzanne Diskeuve, in 1947 he won bronze medals at both the European Figure Skating Championships (in Davos) and the World Figure Skating Championships (in Stockholm).

1947 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1947 European Figure Skating Championships were held in Davos, Switzerland from January 31 to February 2. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations, in addition to the United States, Canada, and Australia, competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating. Athletes from Germany and Austria were not admitted. Austrian skaters Eva Pawlik and Edi Rada probably would have won medals. Barbara Ann Scott is the only winner from outside Europe in ladies' singles.
Francis Plowden (businessman)
Francis John Plowden (born 25 June 1945) is a former member of the Judicial Appointments Commission.

Plowden was born in 1945, the younger son of Edwin Plowden, Baron Plowden and his wife Bridget. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a degree in economics in 1966. Plowden is Chairman of the Greenwich Foundation for the Old Royal Naval College. He was a partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers until 2001, where he was responsible for public policy and management work worldwide. He has previously held board positions in the public, private, and voluntary sectors.  He was Chairman of the National Council for Palliative Care until 2008. He was a lay member of the Judicial Appointments Commission from 2006 to 2012.

Volunteering
Volunteering is an optional and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers have specialized training in the fields that they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others provide their services as needed, such as in response to a natural disaster.