hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deinstedt
Deinstedt (German pronunciation: [ˈdaɪnʃtɛt]; Low German: Deins) is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Deinstedt belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown – interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) – and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which – after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 – incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Deinstedt, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (German: Fürsterzbistum Bremen) was an ecclesiastical principality (787–1566/1648) of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church that after its definitive secularization in 1648 became the hereditary Duchy of Bremen (German: Herzogtum Bremen). The prince-archbishopric, which was under the secular rule of the archbishop, consisted of about a third of the diocesan territory. The city of Bremen was de facto (since 1186) and de jure (since 1646) not part of the prince-archbishopric. Most of the prince-archbishopric lay rather in the area to the north of the city of Bremen, between the Weser and Elbe rivers. Even more confusingly, parts of the prince-archbishopric belonged in religious respect to the neighbouring Diocese of Verden, making up 10% of its diocesan territory.
Piano Trio No. 38 (Haydn)
Joseph Haydn's Piano Trio No. 38 in D major, Hob. XV:24, was written in 1795, during Haydn's second trip to London, and one of a set of three (H. XV:24–26) dedicated to Haydn's friend, the widow Rebecca Schroeter. According to Robert Philip, this work is unusual compared with other later piano trios in that it is serious in tone throughout, "with almost Beethoven-like earnestness". The style of piano writing, with its rich chords, octaves in the bass and lively elaboration in the right hand, was much influenced by the sonorous English pianos Haydn came to appreciate while in London.

Hoboken catalogue
The Hoboken catalogue is a catalogue of the musical compositions by Joseph Haydn compiled by Anthony van Hoboken. It is intended to cover the composer's entire oeuvre and includes over 750 entries. Its full title in the original German is Joseph Haydn, Thematisch-bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis ("Joseph Haydn, thematic-bibliographic catalogue of works"). The Haydn catalogue that now bears Hoboken's name was begun in card format in 1934; work continued until the publication of the third and final book volume in 1978.

Works by Haydn are often indicated using their Hoboken catalogue number, typically in the format "Violin Concerto No. 1 in C major, Hob. VIIa:1".
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller
Abigail Greene Aldrich Rockefeller (October 26, 1874 – April 5, 1948) was an American socialite and philanthropist. She was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family through her marriage to financier and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr., the son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller Sr. Her father was Nelson W. Aldrich, who served as a Senator from Rhode Island. Rockefeller was known for being the driving force behind the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art. She was the mother of Nelson Rockefeller, who served from 1974 to 1977 as the 41st vice president of the United States.

Socialite
A socialite is a person, typically a woman from a wealthy or aristocratic background, who is prominent in high society. A socialite generally spends a significant amount of time attending various fashionable social gatherings, instead of having traditional employment.
Carnival Overture (Dvořák)
The concert overture Carnival (Czech: Karneval, koncertní ouvertura), Op. 92, B. 169, was written by Antonín Dvořák in 1891. It is part of a "Nature, Life and Love" trilogy of overtures, forming the second part, "Life". The other two parts are In Nature's Realm, Op. 91 ("Nature") and Othello, Op. 93 ("Love").

The overture, in A major, is scored for two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, English horn, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, cymbals, tambourine, harp and strings. Its duration is approximately ten minutes.

Overture
Overture (from French ouverture, lit. "opening") is a music instrumental introduction to a ballet, opera, or oratorio in the 17th century. During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn composed overtures which were independent, self-existing, instrumental, programmatic works that foreshadowed genres such as the symphonic poem. These were "at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme".

The idea of an instrumental opening to opera existed during the 17th century. Peri's Euridice opens with a brief instrumental ritornello, and Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607) opens with a toccata, in this case a fanfare for muted trumpets. More important was the prologue, consisting of sung dialogue between allegorical characters which introduced the overarching themes of the stories depicted.
Edward Prince
Edward Philip Prince (1846–1923) was a British engraver and punchcutter, a cutter of the punches used to stamp the matrices used to cast metal type.

Working during the period of the Arts and Crafts movement, after William Morris's Kelmscott Press commissioned him to cut a typeface known as the Golden Type to Morris's design he became known for cutting private typefaces for fine book printing presses. Another client was the Doves Press, whose Doves Type he cut; it was famously thrown into the Thames following a business disagreement. He also worked with the Ashendene Press to cut the Subiaco and Ptolemy types. A somewhat retiring figure, only two photographs of him are known to exist.

Fine press
In printing and publishing, the fine press are printers and publishers publishing books and other printed matter of exceptional intrinsic quality and artistic taste, including both commercial and private presses.
Tashanta, Altai Republic
Tashanta (Russian: Ташанта; Altay: Тожоҥты, Tojoñtı) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Tashantinskoye Rural Settlement of Kosh-Agachsky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 547 as of 2016. There are 13 streets.

Kosh-Agachsky District
Kosh-Agachsky District (Russian: Кош-Ага́чский райо́н, romanized: Kosh-Agachskij raion; Altay: Кош-Агаш аймак, Кӧжӧӧ-Агаш аймак, romanized: Qoş-Ağaş aymaq, Köjöö-Ağaş aymaq; Kazakh: Қосағаш ауданы, romanized: Qosağaş audany) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Altai Republic, Russia. It is located in the south and southeast of the republic. The area of the district is 19,845 square kilometers (7,662 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kosh-Agach. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 18,263, with the population of Kosh-Agach accounting for 43.3% of that number.
Traction powerstation
A traction power station is a power station that produces only traction current, that is, electric current used for railways, trams, trolleybuses or other conveyances.  Pure traction power stations are rare and there are many more power stations that generate current for other purposes, such as standard three-phase alternating current (AC), in addition to traction current.

Trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram (in the 1910s and 1920s), road tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead lines (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded or pneumatically raised trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current in older systems and 750-volts in newer systems, but there are exceptions.

Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.
Bregman Lagrangian
The Bregman-Lagrangian framework permits a systematic understanding of the matching rates associated with higher-order gradient methods in discrete and continuous time. Based on Bregman divergence, the Lagrangian is a continuous time dynamical system whose Euler-Lagrange equations can be linked to Nesterov's accelerated gradient method for gradient-based optimization. The associated Bregman Hamiltonian allows for practical implementation of numerical discretizations. The approach has been generalized to optimization on Riemannian manifolds.

Stochastic gradient descent
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randomly selected subset of the data). Especially in high-dimensional optimization problems this reduces the very high computational burden, achieving faster iterations in exchange for a lower convergence rate.

The basic idea behind stochastic approximation can be traced back to the Robbins–Monro algorithm of the 1950s. Today, stochastic gradient descent has become an important optimization method in machine learning.
Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan
Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan has been encouraged by the Quran burning incident and the leaking online of a video of US troops urinating on Taliban fighters.  Drone strikes have also led to growing anti-Americanism in and beyond Afghanistan.

After the Fall of Kabul in 2021, Taliban parade 'mock funerals' coffins draped in UK and US flags for NATO powers, as they celebrate 'independence day'. Badri 313 Battalion released an image mocking the famed photo of US soldiers raising the American flag on Iwo Jima.

Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters
A video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters was posted to websites in January 2012. The video was widely viewed on YouTube, TMZ and other sites, and caused anger and outrage in Afghanistan and the Middle East.
Gonionota mimulina
Gonionota mimulina is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1883. It is found in Chile.

The wingspan is 17–19 mm. The forewings are bright sulphur yellow with a stripe along the base of the costal nervure reddish, spotted with blackish, and joining at basal third the commencement of a broad triangular reddish patch with blackish edges, which extends nearly to the apex, and is spotted on the costal margin and at its inferior angle with white. There is an externo-discal series of minute blackish dots, sometimes obsolete. The hindwings are sericeous (silky) snow white.

Arthur Gardiner Butler
Arthur Gardiner Butler F.L.S., F.Z.S. (27 June 1844 – 28 May 1925) was an English entomologist, arachnologist and ornithologist. He worked at the British Museum on the taxonomy of birds, insects, and spiders.
Calvados Offshore Wind Farm
49°27′22″N 0°29′53″W﻿ / ﻿49.456°N 0.498°W﻿ / 49.456; -0.498

Calvados Offshore Wind Farm (French: Parc éolien en mer du Calvados) is a wind farm currently under construction off the coast of Normandy, France, near Courseulles-sur-Mer in the Calvados department.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
Ľubomír Vaškovič
Ľubomír Vaškovič (born 2 April 1986) is a Slovak professional ice hockey left winger for SHK Hodonín of the Czech 2.liga.

Vaškovič previously played 48 games in the Czech Extraliga for HC Znojemští Orli between 2005 and 2007. He also played 117 games in the Slovak Extraliga for HK 32 Liptovský Mikuláš, HK Dukla Trenčín and HK 36 Skalica and ten games in the Elite Ice Hockey League for the Dundee Stars.

Czech Extraliga
The Czech Extraliga (Czech: Extraliga ledního hokeje, ELH) is the highest-level ice hockey league in the Czech Republic. It was created in 1993 following the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia midway through the 1992–93 Czechoslovak Extraliga season (which all Slovak and Czech teams played to completion). The league's season usually takes place between September and April and features 14 teams.

Teams from the ELH participate in the IIHF's annual European tournament in the CHL. During the 2022–23 CHL season, the ELH was ranked the No. 5 league in Europe, allowing them to send their top three teams to compete in the CHL.
Equitable right
An equitable right is a legal right guaranteed by equity as opposed to a legal right which derives authority from a legal source.

An example of an equitable right could be seen in Real property law, where mention is made of a beneficial interest i.e. vested interests in an estate which are protected by equity. In essence, a contributor to the purchase of a property, has an equitable right to that property albeit not being the registered proprietor or on the deed, as well as equity of redemption. Equitable rights can be built be upon one another.

In most of the United States, it is no longer necessary to go to an equity court or court of chancery to enforce an equitable right. There are exceptions, such as Delaware.

Equitable rights require "clean hands", that is, that the person petitioning for a court to use equitable powers has done nothing wrong to make the situation worse. If an equitable right is equal to a legal right, the legal right prevails.

Equity (law)
In the field of jurisprudence, equity is the particular body of law, developed in the English Court of Chancery, with the general purpose of providing legal remedies for cases wherein the common law is inflexible and cannot fairly resolve the disputed legal matter. Conceptually, equity was part of the historical origins of the English common law system, yet is a field of law separate from common law because it has its own distinct rules and principles and was administered by courts of equity.

Equity exists in domestic law, both in civil law and in common law systems, as well as in international law. The tradition of equity begins in antiquity with the writings of Aristotle (epieikeia) and with Roman law (aequitas). Later, in civil law systems, equity was integrated in the legal rules, while in common law systems it became an independent body of law.
Aussie Rules Footy
Aussie Rules Footy is the first AFL simulation video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was developed by Melbourne-based Beam Software and published under their "Laser Beam" publishing title in 1991. The release was Australian-only, with distribution handled through Mattel's Australian operations.

Mattel
Mattel, Inc. (/məˈtɛl/ mə-TEL) is an American multinational toy manufacturing and entertainment company headquartered in El Segundo, California. Founded in Los Angeles by Harold Matson and Ruth and Elliot Handler in January 1945, Mattel has a presence in 35 countries and territories. Its products are sold in more than 150 countries.

Mattel is the world's second largest toy maker in terms of revenue, after the Lego Group. Two of Mattel's major brands, Barbie and Hot Wheels, were named the top global toy property and the top-selling global toy of the year for 2020 and 2021 by the NPD Group.
Sakura no Hanabiratachi
"Sakura no Hanabiratachi" (桜の花びらたち, Cherry Blossom Petals) is Japanese idol group AKB48's debut single, released independently through AKS on February 1, 2006. The single was the highest debuting girl group single since Morning Musume's "Morning Coffee", released in 1998. The song was composed by Hiroshi Uesugi and written by Yasushi Akimoto.  The song was re-recorded and released again in 2008 as the group's final single with major label DefStar Records. The song was sung by the original 21 members of AKB48 that later formed Team A. The center of the 2006 version was Minami Takahashi. while the center of the 2008 version was Atsuko Maeda. and the center of the 2025 version is Yui Oguri.

Atsuko Maeda
Atsuko Maeda (前田 敦子, Maeda Atsuko; born July 10, 1991) is a Japanese actress and singer best known for being a former member of the idol girl group AKB48. Nicknamed Acchan (あっちゃん), she was one of AKB48's most prominent members at the time with such monikers as the "absolute ace", "immovable center", and the "face of AKB". After graduating on August 27, 2012, Maeda has since then continued with a solo singing and acting career.
Pidhirtsi Monastery
The Pidhirtsi Annunciation Monastery (also known as the Plisnesk Annunciation Monastery; Ukrainian: Підгорецький благовіщенський монастир, Пліснеський благовіщенський монастир) is a male monastery of the Order of St. Basil the Great, located near the village of Pidhirtsi in the Zolochiv Raion of the Lviv Oblast, on the site of the historic Plisnesk. It was originally Orthodox, but later became part of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.

Order of Saint Basil the Great
The Order of Saint Basil the Great (Ukrainian: Чин Святого Василія Великого, romanized: Chyn Sviatoho Vasyliia Velykoho; Latin: Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni, abbreviated OSBM), also known as the Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat, is a Greek Catholic monastic order of pontifical right that works actively among Ukrainian Catholics and other Greek Catholic churches in central and Eastern Europe. The order received approbation on 20 August 1631 and is based at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius.
Gyroelongated square cupola
In geometry, the gyroelongated square cupola is one of the Johnson solids (J23). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by gyroelongating a square cupola (J4) by attaching an octagonal antiprism to its base. It can also be seen as a gyroelongated square bicupola (J45) with one square bicupola removed.

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that are composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

Regular polygon
In Euclidean geometry, a regular polygon is a polygon that is direct equiangular (all angles are equal in measure) and equilateral (all sides have the same length). Regular polygons may be either convex or star. In the limit, a sequence of regular polygons with an increasing number of sides approximates a circle, if the perimeter or area is fixed, or a regular apeirogon (effectively a straight line), if the edge length is fixed.
Long Bennington Priory
Long Bennington Priory was a priory  in Lincolnshire, England.

The church at Long Bennington was granted by Ralf de Fougères, to the Cistercian abbey of Savigny in 1163, but it seems that the priory did not come into existence until around the end of the twelfth century.

There is mention of a warden or keeper of the house, appointed from Savigny, on the Patent Rolls of 1319 and 1323. It is believed there was only one monk in residence there. The priory was taken into the king's hands, and restored again, in 1339–40.

In 1401 the priory was being farmed for the king by the prior, Michael Rogers, and one Michael Montayn. In 1462 it was granted, with other property of Aliens, for the support of the priory of Mount Grace in Yorkshire.

Priory
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. They are found in the Catholic Church, Lutheran Churches, and Anglican Communion. Priories may be monastic houses of monks or nuns (such as the Benedictines, the Cistercians, or the Charterhouses). Houses of canons & canonesses regular also use this term, the alternative being canonry. Mendicant houses, of friars, nuns, or tertiary sisters (such as the Friars Preachers, Augustinian Hermits, and Carmelites) also exclusively use this term.

In pre-Reformation England, if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status, the abbey became a cathedral priory. The bishop, in effect, took the place of the abbot, and the monastery itself was headed by a prior.
Tremetone
Tremetone is a constituent of the toxic compound tremetol, found in snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), that contributes to cause milk sickness in humans and trembles in livestock. Tremetone is the main constituent of at least 11 chemically related substances in tremetol. Tremetone is toxic to fish, but not to chicken, and is therefore not the major toxic compound in tremetol. Tremetol can be found in a number of different species of the family Asteraceae, including snakeroot and rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora).

Isocoma pluriflora
Isocoma pluriflora, commonly called southern jimmyweed or southern goldenbush, is a North American species of flowering perennial herbs in the family Asteraceae.  It grows in northern Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León) and in the southwestern and south-central United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas).

Isocoma pluriflora grows 1–3.5 feet (0.30–1.07 m) tall. Leaves are narrow, up to 5 cm (2 inches) long. The plant produces numerous flower heads in a cluster at the top of the stem, each head with 8-21 yellow disc flowers but no ray flowers. The species is named "pluriflora", 'many flowered', for its up to 25-50 vertical and approximately parallel stalks, tipped with yellow golden flower heads.
METR
Model Evaluation and Threat Research (METR) (MEE-tər), is a nonprofit research institute, based in Berkeley, California, that evaluates frontier AI models' capabilities to carry out long-horizon, agentic tasks that some researchers argue could pose catastrophic risks to society. They have worked with leading AI companies to conduct pre-deployment model evaluations and contribute to system cards, including OpenAI's o3, o4-mini, GPT-4o and GPT-4.5, and Anthropic's Claude models.

METR's CEO and founder is Beth Barnes, a former alignment researcher at OpenAI who left in 2022 to form ARC Evals, the evaluation division of Paul Christiano's Alignment Research Center. In December 2023, ARC Evals was then spun off into an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit and renamed METR.

GPT-4o
GPT-4o ("o" for "omni") is a multilingual, multimodal generative pre-trained transformer developed by OpenAI and released in May 2024. It can process and generate text, images and audio.

Upon release, GPT-4o was free in ChatGPT, though paid subscribers had higher usage limits. GPT-4o was removed from ChatGPT in August 2025 when GPT-5 was released, but OpenAI reintroduced it for paid subscribers after users complained about the sudden removal.

GPT-4o's audio-generation capabilities are used in ChatGPT's Advanced Voice Mode. On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o which replaced GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. The image generation model GPT Image 1, which is based on GPT-4o, replaced DALL-E 3 in ChatGPT in March 2025.

OpenAI retired GPT-4o from ChatGPT on February 13, 2026. However, as of February 2026 the voice mode is still powered by GPT-4o or GPT-4o mini, depending on the usage and plan.