hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (16 September 1678 – 12 December 1751) was a British Tory politician and philosopher. He was a leader of the Tories, and supported the Church of England politically despite his antireligious views and opposition to theology. Bolingbroke supported the Jacobite rebellion of 1715, which sought to overthrow the new king George I. Escaping to France, he became foreign minister for the Jacobite pretender James Francis Edward Stuart. He was attainted for treason but reversed course and was allowed to return to England in 1723.  According to Ruth Mack, "Bolingbroke is best known for his party politics, including the ideological history he disseminated in The Craftsman (1726–1735) by adopting the formerly Whig theory of the Ancient Constitution and giving it new life as an anti-Walpole Tory principle."

Attainder
In English common law, attainder was the metaphorical "stain" or "corruption of blood" which arose from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entailed losing not only one's life, property and hereditary titles, but typically also the right to pass them on to one's heirs. Anyone condemned of capital crimes could be attainted, sometimes as a substitute for the dreaded common law treason.

Attainder by confession resulted from a guilty plea at the bar before judges or before the coroner in sanctuary. Attainder by verdict resulted from conviction by jury. Attainder by process resulted from a legislative act outlawing a fugitive (a bill of attainder). The last form is obsolete in England (and prohibited in the United States), and the other forms have been abolished.
Meng Jun
Meng Jun (Chinese: 孟军; pinyin: Mèng Jūn, born 5 November 1982) is a Chinese professional field hockey player who represented China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The team finished last in their group, and finished 11th after beating South Africa.

South Africa at the 2008 Summer Olympics
South Africa competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The team included 136 athletes, as of 10 July 2008.
South Africa had its worst medals performance at an Olympics since 1994 (winter games), and tied its performance in the 1936 Games.
Syfy
Syfy (a paraphrased neology of former name Sci-Fi Channel, later shortened to Sci Fi; stylized as SYFY in all caps since 2017) is an American cable television channel owned by Versant, a former subsidiary of Comcast prior to its spin-off to their shareholders in 2026. Launched on September 24, 1992, the channel broadcasts programming relating to the science fiction, horror, and fantasy genres. As of November 2023, Syfy is available in approximately 69 million pay television households in the United States, down from its 2011 peak of 99 million households.

Paraphrase
A paraphrase (/ˈpærəˌfreɪz/) or rephrase is a rewording of a text that retains the original meaning. Paraphrasing can enhance clarity and effectiveness in conveying ideas. It involves expressing the same concepts as the original text in a new way. For example, when someone tells a story they have heard, they paraphrase it in their own words while preserving the meaning. The term comes from the Latin paraphrasis, from Ancient Greek  παράφρασις (paráphrasis) 'additional manner of expression'. The act of paraphrasing is also called paraphrasis.
Rancho La Bolsa Chica
Rancho La Bolsa Chica was an 8,107-acre (32.81 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day coastal northwestern Orange County, California given in 1841 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Joaquín Ruiz. The name means "little pocket", and refers to pockets of land amongst the marsh wetlands of the Santa Ana River estuary.  The rancho lands include the present day city of Huntington Beach, the community of Sunset Beach, and the significant Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve.

Juan Bautista Alvarado
Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo (February 14, 1809 – July 13, 1882) usually known as Juan Bautista Alvarado, was a Californio politician who served as governor of Alta California from 1837 to 1842. Prior to his term as governor, Alvarado briefly led a movement for independence of Alta California from 1836 to 1837, in which he successfully deposed interim governor Nicolás Gutiérrez, declared independence, and created a new flag and constitution, before negotiating an agreement with the Mexican government resulting in his recognition as governor and the end of the independence movement.
Laurence Hussey
Laurence Hussey, or Lawrence Hussey (c. 1527 – after 1602), was an English lawyer, messenger and diplomat.

Laurence was probably the eldest of the three sons of Anthony Hussey and his wife Catherine (Webbe, of Dedham, Essex), who were married by 1526. He was educated at Padua and Bologna.

Laurence Hussey was a groom of the chamber to Edward VI of England. In September 1550 he was sent to Scotland to accompany the French former hostage François de Vendôme, Vidame de Chartres as his harbinger, employed to find his food and lodgings. Hussey was arrested in July 1553 for carrying letters concerning Lady Jane Grey.

Dedham, Essex
Dedham is a village and civil parish in the City of Colchester district of Essex, England. It is near the River Stour, which is the border of Essex and Suffolk. The nearest town to Dedham is the small market town of Manningtree. The area around Dedham is recognised for its natural beauty, being designated as the Dedham Vale National Landscape. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 1,992.
Cañete, Cuenca
Cañete (Spanish: [kaˈɲete] ⓘ) is a municipality in the Cuenca Province, Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

It is home to a Moorish-origin castle, and of a line of walls with a gate from the same age.

It is the birthplace of Álvaro de Luna and the origin of the Sephardic Jewish family Canetti (the most famous member of which is Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Elias Canetti); Canetti is a transformation of Cañete, from a time when the family lived in Italy. It is also the birthplace of Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, an ultraconservative philosopher and scholar of clear anti-semitic penchant.

Ultraconservatism
Ultraconservatism refers to extreme conservative views in politics or religious practice. In modern politics, ultraconservative usually refers to conservatives of the far-right on the political spectrum, comprising groups or individuals who are located to the right of those who hold mainstream conservative views, and continuing further right to include fringe parties.

Elements of ultraconservatism typically rely on cultural crisis; they frequently support anti-globalism – adopting stances of anti-immigration, nationalism, and sovereignty – and use populism and political polarization, with in-group and out-group practices. The primary economic ideology for most ultraconservatives is neoliberalism. The use of conspiracy theories is also common amongst ultraconservatives.
Sevier National Forest
Sevier National Forest was established as the Sevier Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Utah on May 12, 1905 with 357,000 acres (1,440 km2). It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1922 the entire forest was divided between Dixie National Forest and Powell National Forest and the name was discontinued.

National forest (United States)
In the United States, national forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands that are largely forest and woodland areas. They are owned collectively by the American people through the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Forest Service is also a forestry research organization that provides financial assistance to the state and local forestry industry. There are 154 national forests in the United States.
Caladenia applanata
Caladenia applanata is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and up to three flowers. The species was first described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Brown, and the description was published in Nuytsia. In the same paper, Hopper and Brown described two subspecies:

Caladenia applanata subsp. applanata, has red, cream, green or yellow flowers.

Caladenia applanata subsp. erubescens, has pink flowers.

Stephen Hopper
Stephen Donald Hopper (born 18 June 1951) is a Western Australian botanist. He graduated in biology, specialising in conservation biology and vascular plants. Hopper has written eight books, and has over 200 publications to his name. He was Director of Kings Park in Perth for seven years, and CEO of the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority for five. He is currently Foundation Professor of Plant Conservation Biology at The University of Western Australia. He was director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 2006 to 2012.

This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Hopper when citing a botanical name.
Curator bonis
In Scots and Roman-Dutch laws, a curator bonis is a legal representative appointed by a court to manage the finances, property, or estate of another person unable to do so because of mental or physical incapacity. The corresponding office in common law is that of conservator or guardian of the property.

The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 provided that it would no longer be competent to appoint a curator bonis to a person who has attained the age of 16, with existing curators becoming guardians under that Act.

Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000
The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 4) is an act of the Scottish Parliament. It was passed on 29 March 2000, receiving royal assent on 9 May. It concerns the welfare of adults (the age of legal capacity in Scotland being 16) who are unable to make decisions for themselves because they have a mental disorder or are not able to communicate. It provides the framework for other people (such as carers) to act on the behalf of people with incapacity.

The act was one of the first pieces of legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament upon it being reconvened in 1999.
Gov. Luther Hall House
The Governor Luther Hall House is a historic residence located at 1515 Jackson Street in Monroe, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana. It was constructed in 1906 by its owner, Luther E. Hall, who would later serve as the 35th Governor of Louisiana.

Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
Ouachita Parish is a parish located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 160,368. The parish seat and largest city is Monroe. The parish was formed in 1807.

Ouachita Parish is part of the Monroe, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located here is Watson Brake, the oldest indigenous earthwork mound complex in North America. It was built around 3500 BC, making it older than the Ancient Egyptian pyramids or Britain's Stonehenge. It is on privately owned land and not available for public viewing.
Rehabilitation of the Pasig River
The Pasig River is a river in the Philippines running through the heart of Manila. It flows from Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay for 26 kilometers (16 mi). Its average width is 50 meters (160 ft) and average depth around 4–6 meters (13–20 ft). The river runs through some of the most populated areas in the Philippines.

Throughout history, the river was used as a major source of transportation, water, food, and livelihood for many Manila residents. The river was such an important part of the country that many houses were built alongside its shores. Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the president of the Philippines, is located alongside the river.

In October 2018, the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) won the first Asia Riverprize, in recognition of its efforts to rehabilitate the Pasig River. According to the PRRC, aquatic life has returned to the river.

International River Foundation
The International River Foundation, sometimes stylised as the International RiverFoundation, is an Australian environmental organisation focused on global river restoration and protection. It was co-founded in 2003 by Brisbane City Council, the Queensland Government, and the mining companies Thiess and BHP Mitsubishi Alliance.
Second Church of Christ, Scientist (San Francisco)
The former Second Church of Christ, Scientist is an historic Christian Science church building located at the corner of Dolores Street and Cumberland Street, across from Dolores Park in the Mission District of San Francisco, California, United States. Built in 1916, it was designed by San Francisco architect William H. Crim in the Beaux Arts style. The building was sold in 2012, and conversion into four condominiums was completed in 2016.

Mission District, San Francisco
The Mission District (Spanish: Distrito de la Misión), commonly known as the Mission (Spanish: La Misión), is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California. One of the oldest neighborhoods in San Francisco, the Mission District's name is derived from Mission San Francisco de Asís, built in 1776 by the Spanish. The Mission is historically one of the most notable centers of the city's Chicano/Mexican-American community.
Air Rum
Air Rum was an airline registered in Sierra Leone, though based in Amman owned by Jordanian business man Mohammad Ibrahim Abu Sheikh, Jordan. It operated leasing and charter flights out of  Queen Alia International Airport, Amman.

Queen Alia International Airport
Queen Alia International Airport (IATA: AMM, ICAO: OJAI) (Arabic: مطار الملكة علياء الدولي, romanized: Maṭār al-Malika ʿAlyāʾ ad-Dawaliyy) is an international airport located in Zizya, 30 kilometers (18 miles) south of Amman, the capital and largest city of Jordan. It is the largest airport in the country, named after Queen Alia (1948–1977), who died in a helicopter crash in 1977. The airport is home to the country's flag carrier, Royal Jordanian, and serves as a hub for Jordan Aviation.
Global Fund for Women
The Global Fund for Women is a non-profit foundation funding women's human rights initiatives. It was founded in 1987 by New Zealander Anne Firth Murray, and co-founded by Frances Kissling and Laura Lederer to fund women's initiatives around the world.  It is headquartered in San Francisco, California. Since 1988, the foundation has awarded over $100 million in grants to over 4,000 organizations supporting progressive women's rights in over 170 countries. Ms. Magazine has called the Global Fund for Women "one of the leading global feminist funds."

Frances Kissling
Frances Kissling (born 15 June 1943) is an activist in the fields of religion, reproduction, and women's rights. She is the president of the Center for Health, Ethics and Social Policy. She was president of Catholics for Choice (founded 1973) from 1982 until 2007, when she turned over the reins to Jon O'Brien. She is now a visiting scholar at the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, and at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas at UNAM, Mexico City. She regularly contributes pieces to The Nation and The Huffington Post. She contributed the piece "Dancing Against the Vatican" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.
Raymond Sarmiento
Raymond Sarmiento (born July 24, 1992) is an American professional tennis player.

Sarmiento has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 287 achieved on 11 September 2017 and a career-high ATP doubles ranking of No. 386 on 7 March 2016.

Sarmiento made his ATP main draw debut at the 2019 Winston-Salem Open after qualifying for the singles draw by defeating Christopher Eubanks and Daniel Nguyen. He lost in the first round to Jérémy Chardy.

Jérémy Chardy
Jérémy Chardy (French pronunciation: [ʒeʁemi ʃaʁdi]; born 12 February 1987) is a French tennis coach and a former professional player. He has won one ATP Tour singles title, in Stuttgart in 2009. His best major performance in singles was reaching the quarterfinals of the 2013 Australian Open, and in doubles was reaching the final at the 2019 French Open partnering Fabrice Martin. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 25 on 28 January 2013 and No. 24 on 3 February 2020 in doubles.
HMS Forth
Several ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Forth, after the River Forth:

HMS Forth was to have been a 36-gun fifth rate, but she was renamed HMS Tigris in 1812 before being launched in 1813.

HMS Forth (1813) was a 50-gun fifth rate launched in 1813 and broken up in 1819.

HMS Forth (1833) was a 44-gun fifth rate launched in 1833. She was converted to a screw frigate and undocked in 1856. She became a coal hulk in 1869 and was renamed HMS Jupiter, before being sold in 1883.

HMS Forth (1886) was a Mersey-class cruiser launched in 1886. She was to have been renamed HMS Howard in 1920, but this did not happen and she was sold in 1921.

HMS Forth (A187) was a submarine depot ship launched in 1938. She was renamed HMS Defiance between 1972 and 1978 and was sold for scrapping in 1985.

HMS Forth (P222) is the first of five new Batch 2 River-class patrol vessels. She was commissioned in 2018.

Mersey-class cruiser
The Mersey-class cruiser was a class of second class protected cruiser of the Royal Navy commissioned in the late 1880s. They were the first cruisers that had discarded their sailing rigs in the design, making them far more modern in design. They had fairly mundane careers
Trembling Hands
"Trembling Hands" is a song written and performed by Australian indie rock band The Temper Trap. It is included as the third track on their eponymously titled second studio album. It was released as a hype single, released the week before the album's release as the second single on May 9, 2012. The hype factor of the single was increased when it was used in promos for episodes 12 and 13 for the third series of Offspring.

Offspring season 3
The third season of Offspring, an Australian drama television series, began airing on 18 April 2012 on Network TEN. The season concluded after 13 episodes. Offspring is the story of the impossible loves of 30-something obstetrician Nina Proudman (Asher Keddie), and her fabulously messy family, as they navigate the chaos of modern life.

The season was released on DVD as a four disc set under the title of Offspring: The Complete Third Series on 1 August 2012.
National Institute for Testing and Evaluation
The National Institute for Testing and Evaluation (Hebrew: מרכז ארצי לבחינות ולהערכה; Abbreviation: NITE) is Israel's national higher education testing service. The Institute authors and proctors standardized entrance exams used by universities throughout Israel, including the Psychometric Entrance Test (PET) and English Level Placement Test (AMIRNET). The institute is a non-governmental organization; it was founded in 1983, and is still overseen by representatives of its six founding universities.

Entrance examination
In education, an entrance examination or admission examination is an examination that educational institutions conduct to select prospective students. It may be held at any stage of education, from primary to tertiary, even though it is typically held at tertiary stage.
1904 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1904 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the 1904 United States presidential election. Voters chose nine representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

South Carolina voted for the Democratic nominee, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker, over the Republican nominee, President Theodore Roosevelt. Parker won South Carolina by a landslide margin of 90.74 percentage points. Parker indeed won Hampton, Fairfield and Georgetown Counties unanimously due to the nearly complete disfranchisement of the black majority that was the Republican Party's sole support in the state.

With 95.36% of the popular vote, South Carolina would be Parker's strongest victory in terms of percentage of the popular vote.

Parker became the first presidential candidate to sweep every county in South Carolina.

Fairfield County, South Carolina
Fairfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 20,948. Its county seat is Winnsboro. Fairfield County is part of the Columbia, South Carolina metropolitan area.
Agger Rockshelter
Agger Rockshelter is a prehistoric rock shelter located in Stevenstown, in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. The shelter faces west and overlooks a tributary of the Black River. During the 1980s and 1990s the Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center conducted an extensive survey of the Driftless area which led to the discovery of unrecorded rock art.

Black River (Wisconsin)
The Black River is a river in west-central Wisconsin and a tributary of the Mississippi River. The river is approximately 190 miles (310 km) long. During the 19th century, pine logs were rafted down the Black, heading for sawmills at La Crosse and points beyond.
2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards
The 2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards took place on November 22, 2013, at AsiaWorld-Arena in Hong Kong. The ceremony was the fourth consecutive Mnet Asian Music Awards to occur outside of South Korea.

Nominations were announced on October 23, 2013. Leading the nominees were Cho Yong-pil with six, followed by Psy, G-Dragon, and Girls' Generation with five nominations each. By the end of the ceremony, G-Dragon received the most wins with four awards, which includes the daesang (or grand prize) award "Artist of the Year.

MAMA Award for Artist of the Year
The MAMA Award for Artist of the Year (올해의 가수상) is a daesang (or grand prize) award presented by CJ E&M (Mnet) at the annual MAMA Awards. It was first awarded at the event's 8th ceremony held in 2006; the five-member boyband group TVXQ won the award, and it is given in honor for artists with artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the music industry.
Phahonyothin Road
Phahonyothin Road (Thai: ถนนพหลโยธิน, RTGS: Thanon Phahon Yothin, pronounced [tʰā.nǒn pʰā.hǒn jōː.tʰīn]) or Highway 1 is a main road in Bangkok and one of the four primary highways in Thailand, which include Mittraphap Road (Highway 2), Sukhumvit Road (Highway 3), and Phet Kasem Road (Highway 4). It begins at Victory Monument in Bangkok and runs north to the Burmese border, with a total length of 1,005 km (624 mi).

Northern Thailand
Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lan Na, is a region of Thailand. It is geographically characterized by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in neighboring Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys that cut through them. Like most of Thailand, it has a tropical savanna climate, but its relatively high elevation and latitude contribute to more pronounced seasonal temperature variation, with cooler winters than the other regions.

Historically, northern Thailand has been linked to the Hariphunchai Kingdom, which emerged as a powerful state in the region in the 7th century. This kingdom was related to the Dvaravati that existed from the 6th to 11th centuries. The Hariphunchai culture later influenced the development of the Lanna Kingdom, which emerged in the 13th century and lasted until the 18th century.
2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II – Pool A
Pool A of the 2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2019 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the Group I, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group III.

2019 Fed Cup
The 2019 Fed Cup was the 57th edition of the Fed Cup international team women's tennis tournament.

Romania upset title holders and 11-time winners Czech Republic in Ostrava in the quarterfinals, before themselves losing to eventual champions France in the semifinals. France won the final against Australia.