hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Word stem
In linguistics, a word stem is a word part responsible for a word's lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the morphology of the language in question. For instance, in Athabaskan linguistics, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own and that carries the tone of the word.

Typically, a stem remains unmodified during inflection with few exceptions due to apophony (for example in Polish, miast-o ("city") and w mieść-e ("in the city"); in English, sing, sang, and sung, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as sandhi).

Word stem comparisons across languages have helped reveal cognates that have allowed comparative linguists to determine language families and their history.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
A Kiss to Build a Dream On
"A Kiss to Build a Dream On" is a song composed by Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby and Oscar Hammerstein II.  In 1935, Kalmar and Ruby wrote a song called "Moonlight on the Meadow" for the Marx Brothers film A Night at the Opera (1935) but the song was not used. Hammerstein later adapted the lyrics to be "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" and it was recorded by Louis Armstrong in 1951.

It was also performed by Mickey Rooney with William Demarest, by Sally Forrest, and by Kay Brown (virtually the entire cast performed part or all of the song) in the 1951 film The Strip, and was a sort of recurring theme in the film. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1951 but lost out to “In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening”.

A Night at the Opera (film)
A Night at the Opera is a 1935 American comedy film starring the Marx Brothers (Groucho, Harpo and Chico), and featuring Kitty Carlisle, Allan Jones, Margaret Dumont, Sig Ruman, and Walter Woolf King. It was the first of five films the Marx Brothers made under contract for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after their departure from Paramount Pictures, and the first after Zeppo left the act. The film was written by George S. Kaufman and Morrie Ryskind from a story by James Kevin McGuinness, with additional uncredited dialogue by Al Boasberg. The film was directed by Sam Wood.

One of MGM's biggest hits at the 1935 box office, A Night at the Opera was selected in 1993 for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It is also included in the 2007 update of AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, at number 85; and previously in AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs 2000 showing, at number 12.
Nosenko
Nosenko (Ukrainian: Носенко) is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ivan Nosenko (1902–1956), Soviet politician

Vladislav Nosenko (born 1969), Azerbaijani footballer

Yuri Nosenko (1927–2008), KGB officer who defected to US.

Yuri Nosenko
Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko (Russian: Юрий Иванович Носенко; October 30, 1927 – August 23, 2008) was a KGB officer who allegedly defected to the United States in 1964. Controversy arose over whether he was a genuine defector or a KGB "plant." As a result, he was detained by the CIA for over three years. Eventually, he was deemed a true defector. After his release, he became an American citizen and worked as a consultant and lecturer for the CIA.
Battle of Dervenakia
The Battle of Dervenakia (Greek: Μάχη των Δερβενακίων) was the Greek victory over the Ottoman forces on 6–8 August 1822, an important event in the Greek War of Independence.

It resulted in the defeat of a major expedition by Mahmud Dramali Pasha, intended to quell the ongoing Greek rebellion which had begun in 1821. The destruction of Dramali Pasha's forces saved the heartland of the rebellion, the Morea, and secured it for the Greeks until the arrival of Ibrahim Pasha in 1825.

Morea
Morea (Greek: Μορέας or Μωριάς) was the name of the  Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The name was used by the Principality of Achaea, the Byzantine province known as the Despotate of the Morea, by the Ottoman Empire for the Morea Eyalet, and later by the Republic of Venice for the short-lived Kingdom of the Morea.
David Goodstein
David Louis Goodstein (April 5, 1939 – April 10, 2024) was an American physicist and educator. From 1988 to 2007 he served as Vice-provost of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he was also a professor of physics and applied physics, as well as (since 1995) the Frank J. Gilloon Distinguished Teaching and Service Professor.

Provost (education)
A provost is a senior academic administrator. At many institutions of higher education, the provost is the chief academic officer, a role that may be combined with being deputy to the chief executive officer. In some institutions, they may be the chief executive officer of a university, of a branch campus of a university, or of a college within a university.
Your Kisses Will
"Your Kisses Will" is a song written by Van Stephenson, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in July 1979 as the first single from the album We Should Be Together.  The song reached #7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Allen Reynolds
Allen Reynolds (born August 18, 1938) is an American record producer and songwriter who specializes in country music. He has been inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum.
Daily Dose of Sunshine
Daily Dose of Sunshine (Korean: 정신병동에도 아침이 와요) is a South Korean television series directed by Lee Jae-kyoo, and starring Park Bo-young, Yeon Woo-jin, Jang Dong-yoon and Lee Jung-eun. It is based on the Kakao webtoon of the same Korean title by Lee Ra-ha, a former nurse, which highlights the author's real-life experiences. It was released on Netflix on November 3, 2023.

Webtoon
Webtoons (Korean: 웹툰; RR: Weptun) are a type of episodic digital comics that originated in South Korea usually meant to be read on smartphones. While webtoons were mostly unknown outside of South Korea during their inception, there has been a surge in popularity internationally thanks to the easy online accessibility and variety of free digital comics. Today, Webtoons make roughly $5.91 billion globally.
In the country, as digital comics have emerged as a popular medium, print publication of comics has decreased. The amount of material published in webtoon form has now reached an equal amount as that published offline.
Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia
The Motorized Reserves of the Citizens' Militia (Polish: Zmotoryzowane Odwody Milicji Obywatelskiej), commonly known as ZOMO, were paramilitary-police formations during the communist era in Poland. These elite units of Citizens' Militia (MO) were originally created to fight dangerous criminals, to provide security during mass events, and help in the case of natural disasters and other crises; however, they became known instead for their brutal and sometimes repressive lethal actions of riot control and their role in quelling civil rights protests.

The first ZOMO units were deployed in 1956 and became particularly infamous for their ruthless handling of political opponents under Polish martial law (1981–1983). It was permanently disbanded after the fall of communism in 1989, though the term "ZOMO" remains synonymous with police brutality to this day.

Synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that has a similar or identical meaning to another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in English, words like begin, start, commence, and initiate are synonyms: they are synonymous. The standard test for synonymy is substitution: one form can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Words may be synonymous in only one particular sense: for example, long and extended in the context of long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.

Synonyms with identical meanings share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and overlap within a semantic field. The former are sometimes known as cognitive synonyms, and the latter are referred to as near-synonyms, plesionyms, or poecilonyms.
Joseph Yates (cricketer)
Joseph Maghull Yates (19 June 1844 – 17 April 1916) was an English first-class cricketer, later a barrister and magistrate.

Yates was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy (now a suburb of Manchester) and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He played cricket for Cambridge University and appeared in one first-class match in 1866.

While studying at Cambridge Yates was admitted to the Inner Temple and after graduating in 1867 he was called to the bar in 1869. He practised on the Northern Circuit and became a QC in 1893. He was recorder of Salford 1889–1904 and chairman of Quarter Sessions for Salford Hundred. He was also stipendiary magistrate for Manchester 1894–1916. He died in Dunham Woodhouses, Cheshire. His nephew James Yates also played first-class cricket.

Dunham Massey
Dunham Massey is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. The parish includes the villages of Sinderland Green, Dunham Woodhouses and Dunham Town, along with Dunham Massey Hall and Park, formerly the home of the last Earl of Stamford and owned by the National Trust since 1976. Dunham Massey is in the historic county of Cheshire but, since 1974, it has been part of Trafford Metropolitan Borough; the nearest town is Altrincham. At the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 475.

Dunham Massey's history is reflected in its 45 listed buildings. It was a regionally important place during the medieval period and the seat of the Massey barons. The Georgian mansion, with the remains of a castle on its grounds, is a popular tourist attraction. There are two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dunham Massey: Dunham Park, located south of Dunham Town, and Brookheys Covert.
History of the Australia men's national soccer team
The Australia men's national soccer team played their first international match in 1922. They have won one AFC Asian Cup title in 2015 in addition to four OFC Nations Cup titles in 1980, 1996, 2000 and 2004. Australia have never won the FIFA World Cup, with their best performance being a finish in the Round of 16 in 2006 and 2022.

Mark Viduka
Mark Antony Viduka (/vɪˈduːkə/ vih-DOOK-ə; Croatian: [mark ˈʋiduka]; born 9 October 1975) is an Australian former soccer player who played as a centre forward. Regarded as one of the best Australian players of all time, he captained the Australia national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, reaching the Round of 16, which remains their joint-best performance to date.

During his 16-year professional career, Viduka mostly played abroad for clubs in Croatia, Scotland and England. His four UEFA Champions League goals are the most scored in the competition by an Australian player.
New Marston Meadows
New Marston Meadows is a 44.7-hectare (110-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Oxford in Oxfordshire.

These meadows in the floodplain of the River Cherwell are traditionally managed for hay or by grazing. Some plants are typical of those on ancient meadows, such as common meadow-rue, pepper-saxifrage, devil's-bit scabious, adder's-tongue fern, smooth brome and meadow barley. Snake's head fritillary, which is nationally scarce, is also found at the site.

Thalictrum flavum
Thalictrum flavum, known by the common names common meadow-rue, poor man's rhubarb, and yellow meadow-rue, is a flowering plant species in the family Ranunculaceae. It is a native to Caucasus and Russia (Siberia). Growing to 100 cm (39 in) tall by 45 cm (18 in) broad, it is an herbaceous perennial producing clusters of fluffy yellow fragrant flowers in summer.
Powers Home
Powers Home, also known as Davenport Homestead, is a historic home located in the Lansingburgh section of Troy in Rensselaer County, New York.  It was built in 1846 and is a temple style Greek Revival residence.  It is a T-shaped residence with a two-story, three-bay, frame central block with two flanking wings and one long rear wing. The flanking wings were added in 1883–1884. It features a monumental portico composed of four fluted Ionic order columns.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Lansingburgh, New York
Lansingburgh is a neighborhood in the northern portion of the city of Troy, New York. At one time, Lansingburgh was a village. It was first laid out in lots and incorporated in 1771 by Abraham Jacob Lansing, who had purchased the land in 1763. In 1901, Lansingburgh was annexed by the city of Troy.

Lansingburgh has its own school district.
Germán Recio
Germán Ricardo Recio Cuevas (born April 7, 1988  in Neyba) is a male volleyball and beach volleyball player from Dominican Republic, who participated in the NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 2009 with Yewddys Pérez.

At indoor volleyball, he earned the bronze medal at the 2008 Pan-American Cup with his national team.

He also earned two second places with Bahoruco at the Dominican Republic Volleyball League.

NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit 2009
The 2009 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit was a North American beach volleyball tour. The tour consisted of eight tournaments in both genders.

After the decision of the Puerto Rican Volleyball Federation, cancelling its player participation in the Mexican steps of the tour, due to the H1N1 flu outbreak in Mexico, the NORCECA board decided to postpone the Mexican steps from May to late September.
Aminuddin Ihsan
Aminuddin Ihsan bin Haji Abidin (born 23 July 1966) is a Bruneian civil servant, diplomat, and military officer. He served as the commander of the Royal Brunei Land Force (RBLF) from 2008 to 2009 and later as the commander of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) from 2009 to 2014. Following his military career, he was appointed Brunei's high commissioner to the United Kingdom from 2014 to 2018 before serving as the minister of culture, youth, and sports (MCYS) from 2018 to 2022. Additionally, he led Brunei’s first contingent in the International Monitoring Team (IMT) in Mindanao.

Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters
The Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters (Thai: กองบัญชาการกองทัพไทย) (RTARF HQ), is the joint headquarters of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, which is composed of the Royal Thai Army, the Royal Thai Navy and Royal Thai Marine Corps, and the Royal Thai Air Force. Formerly the Supreme Command Headquarters, the name was changed in February 2008.

The headquarters is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces. The chief is supported by several departments and directorates, including four deputy chiefs. The headquarters is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence of Thailand and the Defence Minister.
Slow Children (album)
Slow Children is the debut album by American new wave band Slow Children, released in 1981.

There was a release in the UK with an album cover art concept that was adapted from Jean Cocteau's "The Blood of a Poet". There was also a U.S. release with a different cover featuring photos by Robert Mapplethorpe and a different track listing.

The track "Staring at the Ceiling" was released as a single in the UK the same year.

Robert Mapplethorpe
Robert Michael Mapplethorpe (/ˈmeɪpəlˌθɔːrp/ MAY-pəl-thorp; November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-portraits, and still-life images. His most controversial works documented and examined the gay male BDSM subculture of New York City in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Mapplethorpe's 1989 exhibition, Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment, sparked a debate in the United States concerning both use of public funds for "obscene" artwork and the Constitutional limits of free speech in the United States.
Bruce Liu (politician)
Bruce Liu Sing-lee (born 8 October 1958 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong solicitor and politician. He is the former chairman of the moderate Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood and an elected member of Kowloon City District Council (2008–2011) representing the Kai Tak constituency.

He graduated from the Department of Social Work in the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1983. He was a member of the Wong Tai Sin District Board (1985–1999), the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (1995–1997) and the Provisional Legislative Council (1997–1998).

Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is a public university in Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong.

Established in 1963 as a federation of three colleges – Chung Chi College, New Asia College, and United College, it is Hong Kong's second-oldest university, with the first being the University of Hong Kong. Predecessors of the university included St. John's University, Lingnan University and Yenching University, alongside 10 other Christian universities in China.

The university is organised into nine constituent colleges and eight academic faculties, and remains the only collegiate university in Hong Kong. The university operates in both English and Chinese.

Four Nobel laureates are associated with the university, and it is the only tertiary institution in Hong Kong with recipients of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal, and Veblen Prize sitting as faculty in residence.
2017 Australian Production Car Series
The 2017 Australian Production Car Series was an Australian motor racing competition for Group 3E Series Production Cars. 
It was sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS) as an Authorised Series with Ontic Sports Pty Ltd appointed as the Category Manager.
It was the second Australian Production Car Series following the discontinuation of the Australian Production Car Championship at the end of 2015.

The series was won by Grant Sherrin & Iain Sherrin driving a BMW M4.

Motorsport Australia
Motorsport Australia, formerly the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), is the nationally recognised governing and sanctioning body for four-wheeled motorsport in Australia. It is affiliated with the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
2023 Zavarovalnica Sava Ljubljana – Doubles
Marta Kostyuk and Tereza Martincová were the reigning champions, but chose not to compete.

Amina Anshba and Quinn Gleason won the title, defeating Freya Christie and Yuliana Lizarazo in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Quinn Gleason
Quinn Gleason (born November 10, 1994) is an American professional tennis player.
She has career-high WTA ranking of No. 60 in doubles and No. 323 in singles. Gleason has won two WTA Tour, four WTA 125 doubles titles and 15 on the ITF Circuit as well as one singles title.

She first played college tennis at the University of Notre Dame.
Neston High School
Neston High School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status located in Neston on the Wirral Peninsula, in the English county of Cheshire.

Previously a community school administered by Cheshire West and Chester Council, Neston High School converted to academy status in July 2012. The school continues to coordinate with Cheshire West and Chester Council for admissions.

Community school (England and Wales)
A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate. The formal use of this name to describe a school derives from the School Standards and Framework Act 1998.
Borje, Zagorje ob Savi
Borje (pronounced [bɔˈɾjɛ]) is a small settlement north of Šentlambert in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region. It includes the hamlet of Kobiljek to the north.

Upper Carniola
Littoral

Carniola: 2a Upper, 2b Inner, 2c Lower

Carinthia

Styria

Prekmurje

Upper Carniola (Slovene: Gorenjska pronounced [ɡɔˈɾèːnska]; Italian: Alta Carniola; German: Oberkrain) is a traditional region of Slovenia, the northern mountainous part of the larger Carniola region. The largest town in the region is Kranj, and other urban centers include Kamnik, Jesenice, Domžale and Škofja Loka. It has around 300,000 inhabitants or 14% of the population of Slovenia.
Live at Shea Stadium
Live at Shea Stadium is a live album by the English punk rock band the Clash. It was recorded at Shea Stadium in New York City on 13 October 1982, the band's second night opening for the Who; the concert was produced by Kosmo Vinyl. The album features Terry Chimes on drums instead of Topper Headon, who was fired for heroin abuse earlier in the year. The original recordings were unearthed by Clash frontman Joe Strummer while packing for a move. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 6 October 2008 and in the United States the following day.

Topper Headon
Nicholas Bowen "Topper" Headon (born 30 May 1955) is an English drummer and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the drummer of punk rock band the Clash. Headon was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the rest of the Clash in 2003.

He joined the Clash in 1977 and became famed for his drumming skills. He received his nickname owing to his resemblance to Mickey the Monkey from the Topper comic.
Feadz
Feadz (born Fabien Pianta) is a French music producer, DJ and songwriter currently signed by French music label Ed Banger Records. He combines the genres of hip hop, electronic, techno and French house in his music and frequently collaborates with label-mate and former girlfriend Uffie.

French house
French house (also referred to as French touch, filter house, or tekfunk) is a style of house music devised by French musicians in the 1990s. It is a form of Eurodisco and a popular strand of the late 1990s and 2000s European dance music scene. The defining characteristics of the genre are filter and phaser effects both on and alongside samples from late 1970s and early 1980s European disco tracks. Tracks sometimes contained original hooks inspired by these samples, providing thicker harmonic foundations than the genre's forerunners. Most tracks in this style are in 44 time and feature steady four-on-the-floor beats in the tempo range of 110–130 beats per minute. Purveyors of French house include Daft Punk, David Guetta, Bob Sinclar, Martin Solveig, Cassius, The Supermen Lovers, Modjo, Justice, Air, and Étienne de Crécy.