hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
V. P. Whelan
Vincent Paul Whelan (July 19, 1877 – November 21, 1946) was an American college football player and coach.  He was the head football coachat Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He held that position for the 1902 season. His coaching record at Allegheny was 7–3.

Whelan was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He died in Palm Beach, Florida in 1946.

Allegheny College
Allegheny College is a private liberal arts college in Meadville, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1815, Allegheny is the oldest college in continuous existence under the same name west of the Allegheny Mountains. It is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Presidents' Athletic Conference and it is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
New Royal Opera House in Berlin
The New Royal Opera House in Berlin was a project of the Prussian government and Kaiser Wilhelm II to build a new opera house in Berlin, which was prevented by the First World War and the financial shortage of the Weimar Republic. It was one of the most protracted and convoluted building projects of the imperial era. In 1924, the critic and journalist Paul Westheim described it as the "most grotesque architectural comedy of all time".

Association of German Architects
The Association of German Architects (German: Bund Deutscher Architekten, BDA) is an association of architects founded in 1903 in Germany. It publishes the bimonthly magazine der architekt. The BDA has over 5,000 members. In 1995, it founded the German Architecture Centre DAZ (current director Matthias Böttger) in Berlin.
Softmax function
The softmax function, also known as softargmax: 184  or normalized exponential function,: 198  converts a tuple of K real numbers into a probability distribution over K possible outcomes. It is a generalization of the logistic function to multiple dimensions, and is used in multinomial logistic regression. The softmax function is often used as the last activation function of a neural network to normalize the output of a network to a probability distribution over predicted output classes.

Thermodynamic beta
In statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamic beta, also known as coldness, is the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature of a system: (where T is the temperature and kB is Boltzmann constant).

Thermodynamic beta has units reciprocal to that of energy (in SI units, reciprocal joules, ). In non-thermal units, it can also be measured in byte per joule, or more conveniently, gigabyte per nanojoule; 1 K−1 is equivalent to about 13,062 gigabytes per nanojoule; at room temperature: T = 300K, β ≈ 44 GB/nJ ≈ 39 eV−1 ≈ 2.4×1020 J−1. The conversion factor is 1 GB/nJ =  J−1.
Seniority
Seniority is the state of being older or placed in a higher position of status relative to another individual, group, or organization. For example, one employee may be senior to another either by role or rank (such as a CEO vice a manager), or by having more years served within the organization (such as one peer being accorded greater status over another due to amount of time in). The term "seniority" can apply to either concept or both concurrently.

Seniority in the United States Senate
United States senators are conventionally ranked by the length of their tenure in the Senate. The senator in each U.S. state with the longer time in office is known as the senior senator; the other is the junior senator. This convention has no official standing, though seniority confers several benefits, including preference in the choice of committee assignments, physical offices, and the member's desk assignment. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers, including previous offices held, are used to determine seniority. By tradition, the longest serving senator of the majority party is named president pro tempore of the Senate, the second-highest office in the Senate and the third in the line of succession to the presidency of the United States.
Datze
The Datze is a river of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It forms a pseudobifurcation: its water northeast of Warlin flows towards Friedland and the Landgraben, and its water southwest of Warlin flows towards Neubrandenburg and the Tollense.

River bifurcation
River bifurcation (from Latin: furca, fork) occurs when a river (a bifurcating river) flowing in a single channel separates into two or more separate streams (called distributaries) which then continue downstream. Some rivers form complex networks of distributaries, typically in their deltas. If the streams eventually merge again or empty into the same body of water, then the bifurcation forms a river island.

River bifurcation may be temporary or semi-permanent, depending on the strength of the material that is dividing the two distributaries. For example, a mid-stream island of soil or silt in a delta is most likely temporary, due to low material strength. A location where a river divides around a rock fin, e.g. a volcanically formed dike, or a mountain, may be more lasting as a result of higher material strength and resistance to weathering and erosion. A bifurcation may also be man-made, for example when two streams are separated by a long bridge pier.
Dukhan Iyali
Dukhan Iyali is a village in Dhar Kalan in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 24 kilometres (15 mi) from sub district headquarter, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Pathankot, 92 kilometres (57 mi) from district headquarter and 280 kilometres (170 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the Majha region of the state of Punjab, India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It internationally borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, and the districts of Amritsar, Pathankot, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district. The district is at the foothills of the Himalayas.

As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Punjab (out of 22), after Ludhiana and Amritsar. Batala, with 31% of the district's population, is its largest city.
Timur (given name)
Timur is a masculine Turkic and Mongolic given name which literally means iron. It is a cognate of the Turkish name Demir. In Indonesian, timur translates to east, and symbolizes hope by the rising sun.

Timur (Russian: Тиму́р) is also a popular name for boys in post-Soviet states, due in part to its usage in the novel Timur and His Squad by Arkady Gaidar.

Notable people with the given name include:

Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, relationship, or mathematical formula. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise different concepts and experiences. All communication is achieved through the use of symbols: for example, a red octagon is a common symbol for "STOP"; on maps, blue lines often represent rivers; and a red rose often symbolizes love and compassion. Numerals are symbols for numbers; letters of an alphabet may be symbols for certain phonemes; and personal names are symbols representing individuals. The academic study of symbols is called semiotics.

In the arts, symbolism is the use of a concrete element to represent a more abstract idea. In cartography, an organized collection of symbols forms a legend for a map.
Orson Welles Paul Masson advertisements
Orson Welles acted in a series of advertisements for Paul Masson's California wine from 1978 to 1981, best known for their slogan "We will sell no wine before its time," becoming a much-parodied cultural trope of the late 20th century. Years later, the commercials regained notoriety when a bootleg recording of out-takes was distributed, showing an apparently inebriated Welles on the set of one of the commercials.

Port wine
Port wine (Portuguese: vinho do Porto, Portuguese: [ˈviɲu ðu ˈpoɾtu]; lit. 'wine of Porto'), or simply port, is a Portuguese fortified wine produced in the Douro Valley of northern Portugal. It is typically a sweet red wine, often served with dessert, although it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties.

Port wine is quite different from other wines because of its distinctive characteristics, which includes an intense taste and aroma, rich flavor, varying degree of sweetness and a relatively high alcohol content, typically between 19% and 22% by volume. As a result of the winemaking technique used, Port wines occur in various color styles including red Ports (which comes in various shades like: tawny, golden and light gold) and white Ports which range from pale yellow, straw and golden white.

In the European Union as well as in the United States, only wines from Portugal are allowed to be labelled "port".
HMS Sussex
Several ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Sussex:

Sussex, a fourth-rate Ruby-class frigate launched with either 38 or 40 guns in 1652, later rearmed to 46 guns, and blew up in 1653

HMS Sussex (1693), a third-rate ship of the line that sank in the Mediterranean Sea in 1694

HMS Sussex (96), a County-class heavy cruiser, launched in 1928 and scrapped in 1950

HMS Sussex (RNR) was the name of the Royal Naval Reserve unit in Brighton that closed in 1994

Fourth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a fourth-rate was a ship of the line with two gun decks which mounted between 46 and 60 guns. They served in all conflicts the Royal Navy participated in during the early modern period until they were gradually phased out of active service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, as their usefulness was declining; though fourth-rates often remained in service on distant stations such as the East Indies. Several fourth-rates were created by razeeing larger ships of the line, and occasionally from East Indiamen such as HMS Calcutta.
Madison High School (New Jersey)
Madison High School is a four-year public high school serving students in ninth to twelfth grades in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Madison Public Schools. The school is located entirely in the borough of Madison. Students from Harding Township attend the school as part of a sending/receiving relationship.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 816 students and 71.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.5:1. There were 38 students (4.7% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 9 (1.1% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. More than 90% of the district's graduates move on to a four-year college, with half of those attending highly competitive schools.

Ninth grade
Ninth grade (also 9th or Grade 9) is the ninth year of formal or compulsory education in some countries. It is generally part of high school or secondary school depending on the country. Students in ninth grade are usually 14–15 years old.
Sandavágur stone
The Sandavágur stone (FR 2 M) is a runestone that was discovered in the town of Sandavágur on the Faroe Islands in 1917. The stone can today be seen in the Sandavágur Church.

The inscription describes Þorkell, a man from Rogaland, Norway, who claims to have lived in the Sandavágur area first. He is presumably one of the first settlers, if not the very first one. In both runes and language, the Sandavágur stone corresponds to what is known from Rogaland around the 13th century.

Sandavágur
Sandavágur (Danish: Sandevåg) is a town on the south coast of the Faroese island of Vágar.
The name Sandavágur means sandy bay and refers to the sandy beach which used to be much larger than present. From one point in Sandavágur you can get a view of all the southern islands in the Faroes. Sandavágur used to be a municipality until 1 January 2009, when it fused together with the neighbour village Miðvágur into the new Vágar municipality.

Data:
Clement Renzi
Clement Renzi (born as Clement Edward Joseph Peter Renzi; 1925–2009) was an American sculptor whose figurative bronze and terra cotta works depict people, human relationships, animals, and birds. His work has been popular with collectors in California's Central Valley and is placed in more than 60 public venues, primarily in that region.

Saint Mary's College of California
Saint Mary's College of California is a private Catholic college in Moraga, California, United States. Established in 1863, it is administered by the De La Salle Brothers. The college offers undergraduate and graduate programs with a total student count at under 4,000 as of 2018.
Canton of Charente-Sud
The canton of Charente-Sud is an administrative division in the Charente department, France. It was created following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015 from the former cantons of Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, Blanzac-Porcheresse and Brossac. It consists of 46 communes (9 of which merged into the new communes Val-des-Vignes, Montmérac and Coteaux du Blanzacais):

Coteaux du Blanzacais
Coteaux du Blanzacais (French pronunciation: [kɔto dy blɑ̃zakɛ]) is a commune in the department of Charente, southwestern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2017 by merger of the former communes of Blanzac-Porcheresse (the seat) and Cressac-Saint-Genis. On 1 January 2019, the former commune of Saint-Léger was merged into Coteaux du Blanzacais.
Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Gulu Water Supply and Sanitation Project (GWSSP), also Gulu Water Supply and Sewerage System, is a water intake, purification, distribution and waste water collection and disposal system in the city of Gulu, the largest urban centre in the Northern Region of Uganda. In October 2020, the Uganda government concluded Phase 1 of the improvement of water supply and sanitation in the city, with funding from the World Bank, KfW and the Government of Uganda. Phase 2 improvements are expected to start in 2021, with funding from the World Bank, KfW and the  Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC Group).

British International Investment
British International Investment plc, (formerly CDC Group plc, Commonwealth Development Corporation, and Colonial Development Corporation) is the development finance institution of the UK government. The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office is responsible for the organisation, and is the sole shareholder. It has an investment portfolio valued around US$7.1 billion (year-end 2020) and since 2011 is focused on the emerging markets of South Asia and Africa via its direct investment and cooperation with important global stakeholders such as Standard Chartered.
Zuowei Shen
Zuowei Shen (Chinese: 沈佐伟) is a Chinese mathematician, and Tan Chin Tuan Centennial Professor at the National University of Singapore (NUS). Shen received his BSc in 1982 from Hohai University (China), MSc in 1987 and PhD in 1991 from University of Alberta.  He first joined NUS as a lecturer at the Department of Mathematics in 1993;  was promoted to professor in 2002 and distinguished professor in 2009.  Shen was Head of  Department of Mathematics from 2012 to 2014 and was appointed Dean of Science in 2014.

Shen is known for his work on approximation theory, wavelet theory, and image processing. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 2010 (Section: Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing),
and an invited speaker at the 8th International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) in 2015.

Digital image processing
Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more), digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory); and third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has increased.
Battle of Cyzicus (193)
40°22′48″N 27°53′24″E﻿ / ﻿40.38000°N 27.89000°E﻿ / 40.38000; 27.89000

The Battle of Cyzicus was fought in 193 between the forces of Septimius Severus and his rival for the empire, Pescennius Niger, who was defeated.

The battle took place in the context of the Year of the Five Emperors, a tumultuous period in the Roman Empire when Emperor Pertinax was assassinated by the Praetorian Guards. The Praetorian Guards then held an auction for the throne, which was won by Didius Julianus, who became emperor. The auction was unpopular, and Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger, the governor of Syria (as well as Clodius Albinus, the governor of Britain) all claimed the Roman imperial throne after the auction.

Severus marched to Rome and had Didius decapitated, then marched to meet Pescennius in battle.

The battle was fought near Cyzicus in Asia Minor.

Cyzicus
Cyzicus (/ˈsɪzɪkəs/ SIZ-ik-əs; Ancient Greek: Κύζικος, romanized: Kúzikos; was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peninsula (the classical Arctonnesus), a tombolo which is said to have originally been an island in the Sea of Marmara only to be connected to the mainland in historic times either by artificial means or an earthquake.

The site of Cyzicus, located on the Erdek and Bandırma roads, is protected by Turkey's Ministry of Culture.
Milan Kopecký
Milan Kopecký (born May 11, 1981) is a Czech former professional ice hockey player who played in the Czech Extraliga (ELH) for HC Slavia Praha, HC České Budějovice, and HC Litvínov. Kopecký was drafted in the ninth round of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers, but he has never played professionally in North America.

His elder brother Jan Kopecký also played the sport professionally.

2000 NHL entry draft
The 2000 NHL entry draft was the 38th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on June 24 and 25, 2000, at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, following the 2000 NHL expansion draft on June 23 for the Columbus Blue Jackets and Minnesota Wild. This was the second NHL Entry Draft in which a goaltender was taken first overall (at that point), when the New York Islanders selected Rick DiPietro with the first overall pick. Previously, Michel Plasse was selected first overall in the 1968 NHL amateur draft.

12 players from this draft have won one or more Stanley Cup in their careers: Justin Williams, Ron Hainsey, Antoine Vermette, Marian Gaborik, Brooks Orpik, Niklas Kronwall, Travis Moen, Niclas Wallin, Mike Rupp, Andreas Lilja, Tomas Kopecky, and Ilya Bryzgalov.

The last active players in the NHL from this draft class were Deryk Engelland, Ron Hainsey, Henrik Lundqvist and Justin Williams, who all played their last NHL games in the 2019–20 season.
Sanmin railway station
Sanmin railway station (Chinese: 三民車站; pinyin: Sānmín Chēzhàn) is a railway station located in Yuli Township, Hualien County, Taiwan. It is located on the Taitung line and is operated by Taiwan Railway.

Taiwan Railway
Taiwan Railway (TR) is a state-owned conventional railway in Taiwan. It is operated by the Taiwan Railway Corporation under the supervision of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, responsible for managing, maintaining, and running conventional passenger and freight railway services on 1,097 km (682 mi) of track in Taiwan. Passenger traffic in 2018 was 231,267,955.

The railway was previously operated by Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA). On 1 January 2024, Taiwan Railway Administration became a state-owned corporation, Taiwan Railway Corporation.
Aclonifen
Aclonifen is a diphenyl ether herbicide which has been used in agriculture since the 1980s. Its mode of action has been uncertain, with evidence suggesting it might interfere with carotenoid biosynthesis or inhibit the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Both mechanisms could result in the observed whole-plant effect of bleaching (removal of leaf colour) and the compound includes chemical features (a nitro group attached to a diphenyl ether) that are known to result in PPO effects, as seen with acifluorfen, for example. In 2020, further research revealed that aclonifen has a different and novel mode of action, targeting solanesyl diphosphate synthase which would also cause bleaching.

Mode of action
In pharmacology and biochemistry, mode of action (MoA) describes a functional or anatomical change, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance. In comparison, a mechanism of action (MOA) describes such changes at the molecular level.

A mode of action is important in classifying chemicals, as it represents an intermediate level of complexity in between molecular mechanisms and physiological outcomes, especially when the exact molecular target has not yet been elucidated or is subject to debate. A mechanism of action of a chemical could be "binding to DNA" while its broader mode of action would be "transcriptional regulation". However, there is no clear consensus and the term mode of action is also often used, especially in the study of pesticides, to describe molecular mechanisms such as action on specific nuclear receptors or enzymes. Despite this, there are classification attempts, such as the HRAC's classification to manage pesticide resistance.
Ischigualasto Provincial Park
Ischigualasto Provincial Park (Spanish: Parque Provincial Ischigualasto), also called Valle de la Luna ("Valley of the Moon" or "Moon Valley"), due to its moon-like appearance, is a provincial protected area in the north-east of San Juan Province, north-western Argentina, limiting to the north with the Talampaya National Park, in La Rioja Province. Both areas belong to the same geological formation, the Ischigualasto Formation (sometimes called the Ischigualasto-Talampaya Formation).
Established on 3 November 1971, the park has an area of 60,370 ha (603.7 km2; 233.1 sq mi).

In 2000, UNESCO included Ischigualasto and Talampaya National Park among its World Heritage Sites.

Rhynchosauria
Rhynchosaurs are a group of extinct herbivorous Triassic archosauromorph reptiles, belonging to the order Rhynchosauria. Members of the group are distinguished by their triangular skulls and elongated, beak like premaxillary bones. Rhynchosaurs first appeared in the Early Triassic, reaching their broadest abundance and a global distribution during the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic.