hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chapman Taylor
Chapman Taylor is an international firm of architects, planners and interior designers based in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

The practice has completed over 3,000 projects and won over 300 design awards over its history, including the UK Queen's Award.

Chapman Taylor specializes in residential, retail, leisure, hospitality, transportation and workplace design as well as the combination of these uses in large-scale mixed-use environments.

The King's Awards for Enterprise
The King's Awards for Enterprise, previously known as The Queen's Award for Enterprise, is an awards programme for British businesses and other organizations who excel at international trade, innovation, sustainable development or promoting opportunity (through social mobility). They are the highest official UK awards for British businesses. The scheme was established as The Queen's Award to Industry by a royal warrant of 30 November 1965, and awards are given for outstanding achievement by UK businesses in the categories of innovation, international trade, sustainable development and promoting opportunity through social mobility.

Each award is valid for five years: recipients are invited to a royal reception and are presented with the award at their company premises by one of the King's representatives, a Lord-lieutenant. Recipients are also able to fly the King's Awards flag at their main office, and use the emblem on marketing materials such as packaging and adverts.
Kaala-Gomen
Kaala-Gomen (French: [kala ɡɔmɛn]) is a commune in the North Province of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. It is situated on RT1 and is approximately 18 km south of Koumac, 50 km north of Voh, and 365 km from Nouméa.

The name of the city comes from that of a mountain and from the Gomen tribe. The city was founded on its present site in 1899, with a committee appointed by the municipal government, which became an elected municipal council in 1961 and a fully-fledged commune in 1969.

Kaala-Gomen is also home to the village of Ouaco, known for its beef cannery of the same name and the nickel mines operated by the Mining Society of the South Pacific. The village can be visited on annual heritage days.

The commune is part of the customary area of Hoot ma Waap.

North Province, New Caledonia
The North Province (French: province Nord) is one of three administrative divisions in New Caledonia. It corresponds to the northern and northeastern portion of the New Caledonian mainland.

The provincial government seat is at Koné.
Robert Coleman-Senghor
Robert Coleman-Senghor (November 8, 1940 – April 9, 2011) was an American professor of English at Sonoma State University who served as mayor of Cotati, California for one year.  He died suddenly in the hospital from a blood clot (which two days earlier had caused a heart attack due to a torn aorta) entered his brain, causing hemorrhaging.

Cotati, California
Cotati (/koʊˈtɑːtiː/, /kə-/; Miwok: Kota’ti) is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States, located approximately 45 mi (70 km) north of San Francisco in the 101 corridor between Rohnert Park and Petaluma. Cotati's population as of the 2020 Census was 7,584, making it the least populous incorporated community in Sonoma County.

Like the rest of Sonoma County, Cotati is included in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the North Coast. Located in the Sonoma Coast AVA, Cotati can also be considered part of Wine Country. E & J Gallo Winery operates a 400-acre (160 ha) vineyard called Two Rock Vineyard in the hills west of town. Cotati's hexagonal downtown plaza, one of only two hexagonal town layouts in the United States, is California Historical Landmark number 879. The other U.S. city with a hexagonal layout is Detroit, Michigan.
Quest International
Quest International was a major producer of flavors, fragrances and food ingredients with sales of £560 million in 2005 before its acquisition by rival Givaudan. Quest created and marketed flavours and fragrance concepts and solutions for the fast-moving consumer goods industries. With operations in 31 countries, Quest made ingredients for foods, snacks, beverages, personal care, fine fragrances, and home hygiene products.

Quest Flavours and Food Ingredients was headquartered in Naarden, Netherlands; Quest Fragrances was based in Ashford, Kent, UK.

Major competitors included Firmenich, Givaudan, International Flavors and Fragrances and Symrise.

International Flavors & Fragrances
International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF) is an American corporation that creates products across taste, texture, scent, nutrition, enzymes, cultures, soy proteins, and probiotics categories, which it markets globally. It is headquartered in New York City and has creative, sales, and manufacturing facilities in 44 countries. The company is a member of the S&P 500 index.
Bongolo Dam (South Africa)
Bongolo Dam, (also spelled Bonkolo) is located on the Komani River, near Queenstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa.  The dam has a capacity of 7,015,000 cubic metres (247,700,000 cu ft). The Bongolo Dam, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from town on the Dordrecht road, is one of Queenstown's main sources of water, its main purpose is for industrial and municipal usage. The wall was begun in 1905 and was for years the largest concrete dam wall in South Africa.  Incidentally the origin of the name Bongola has caused some controversy, but it is believed by some to have been derived from the Xhosa language word mbongolo meaning donkey, as these animals were extensively used in the construction of the dam.

Xhosa language
Xhosa (/ˈkoʊsə/ KOH-sə, Xhosa: [ᵏǁʰôːsa] ⓘ), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa, is a Bantu language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8 million people and as a second language in South Africa, particularly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape and Gauteng, and also in parts of Zimbabwe and Lesotho. It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click.
Festus Okotie-Eboh
Chief Festus Okotie-Eboh (18 July 1912 – 15 January 1966) was a Nigerian politician who was the finance minister of Nigeria from 1957 to 1966 during the administration of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

Okotie-Eboh was born to an Itsekiri Chief, Prince Okotie Eboh in Warri, a town along the Benin River in Niger Delta. He was a National Treasurer of the Nigerian First Republic party, NCNC. He was also a leader of the Federal Parliamentary Party of NCNC, replacing K.O. Mbadiwe.

Niger Delta
The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. It is located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, which include: all six states from the South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone and two states (Abia and Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

The Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate.

The delta is a petroleum-rich region and has been the center of international concern over extensive pollution which is often used as an example of ecocide. The principal cause is major oil spills by multinational corporations of the petroleum industry.
Pareiorhaphis steindachneri
Pareiorhaphis steindachneri is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Cubatão River, the Itapocu River, and the Itajaí-Açu River in Brazil. The species reaches 14.3 cm (5.6 inches) in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

Itapocu River
The Itapocu River flows eastward from the planalto or highlands of Northeastern Santa Catarina, Brazil, to the Atlantic Ocean.  Passing through the industrial city of Jaraguá do Sul, it feeds a lake in Barra Velha before reaching the sea. At its terminus, it forms the boundary between the municipalities of Barra Velha and Araquarí.

26°34′S 48°40′W﻿ / ﻿26.567°S 48.667°W﻿ / -26.567; -48.667
Lillian Glinn
Lillian Glinn (May 10, 1902 – July 22, 1978) was an American classic female blues and country blues singer and songwriter. She spent most of her career in black vaudeville. Among her popular recordings were "Black Man Blues," "Doggin' Me Blues" and "Atlanta Blues." The blues historian Paul Oliver commented that there were a number of female blues singers who "deserve far greater recognition than they have had", and one of those he cited was Glinn.

Paul Oliver
Paul Hereford Oliver MBE (25 May 1927 – 15 August 2017) was an English architectural historian and writer on the blues and other forms of African-American music. He was equally distinguished in both fields, although it is likely that aficionados of one of his specialties were not aware of his expertise in the other. He wrote some of the first scholarly studies of blues music, and his commentary and research have been influential.
Bernard Pariset
Bernard Pariset (December 21, 1929 – November 26, 2004) was a French judoka and jujitsuka who studied with many Japanese masters including Jigoro Kano's student, Mikonosuke Kawaishi, and his assistant, Shozo Awazu. He was one of the few non-Japanese to reach the level of 9th Dan and has been officially recognized by both the French Judo and Ju-Jitsu Federation (FFJDA) and the IFNB (International Federation Nippon Budo). This title is not officially recognized by the Kodokan. Founder of the Atemi Ju-Jitsu system in the late 1940s, he designed the first judo and jujitsu methodologies still in use at the FFJDA. He was also famous for defeating judo heavyweight Anton Geesink.

Kodokan Judo Institute
35°42′27″N 139°45′12″E﻿ / ﻿35.7076186°N 139.7534024°E﻿ / 35.7076186; 139.7534024

The Kodokan Judo Institute (公益財団法人講道館), or  Kōdōkan (講道館), is the headquarters of the worldwide judo community.  The kōdōkan was founded in 1882 by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo, and is now an eight-story building in Tokyo.
Stictoptera trajiciens
Stictoptera trajiciens is a moth of the family Euteliidae first described by Francis Walker in 1857. It is found in Oriental tropics of Sri Lanka, to Sundaland, the Philippines, Sulawesi and New Guinea.

The adult has greyish forewings. Its longitudinal striations are broken. There is a diagnostic white spot subtornally and row of tiny white marginal spots. The caterpillar is a dull watery green. Head light orange or greenish orange. Prothorax and anal claspers are yellow. Prolegs are green. There are lateral and subspiracular whitish lines. Before pupation, the larva turns a greenish shiny purple. Host plants include Garcinia indica and Garcinia forbesii.

Sundaland
Sundaland (also called Sundaica or the Sundaic region) is a biogeographical region of Southeast Asia corresponding to a larger landmass that was exposed throughout the last 2.6 million years during periods when sea levels were lower. It includes Bali, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra in Indonesia, and their surrounding small islands, as well as the Malay Peninsula on Mainland Southeast Asia.
Malden A. Studd
Brigadier Malden Augustus Studd DSO, MC, (29 September 1887 – 23 November 1973) was a British Army officer and philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1951. His son was Peter Malden Studd, a Lord Mayor of London.

Philately
Philately (/fɪˈlætəli/; fih-LAT-ə-lee) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums.
The KEE to Bala
The KEE to Bala, originally called "Dunn's Pavilion," is a concert venue and bar located on Lake Muskoka, in the town of Bala, Ontario, Canada. Dunn's Pavilion was originally purchased by owner Gerry Dunn in 1929, and built into a concert hall in 1930 with the aim of hosting big bands. Back in the 1930s the slogan for the concert hall was, "Where All of Muskoka Dances." The existing building was constructed in 1942. The name was changed to The KEE to Bala in the late 1960s after changing ownership twice. In 2023, the Kee was purchased by Live Nation.

Lake Muskoka
Lake Muskoka is located between Port Carling and Gravenhurst, Ontario, Canada. The lake is surrounded by many cottages.  The lake is primarily within the boundary of the Township of Muskoka Lakes,  the southeast corner is within the boundary of the Town of Gravenhurst, and another small portion around the mouth of the Muskoka River is within the boundary of the Town of Bracebridge. The town of Bala is located on the southwestern shores of the lake, where the Moon River starts. Lake Muskoka is connected to Lake Rosseau through the Indian River and lock system at Port Carling. The lake is mainly fed by the Muskoka River, Lake Joseph and Lake Rosseau.
San Giacomo Apostolo, Forlì
The Dominican Church of San Giacomo Apostolo is a  late medieval church in Forlì, Italy.

Built during the 13th century in the southern part of the town, it hosted friars of the Dominican Order, hence it was better known as Church of San Domenico.

In the first half of the 16th century, the two cloisters were restored and the monastery was enlarged.

Between 1715 and 1719, the church interior was restored according to the late Baroque canons.

With the last and final abolishment of the convent in 1867 by Napoleon, the church was expoliated while the monastery was used as a shed for military vehicles. Then it was subject to a hard and progressive deterioration which, in 1978, brought to the collapse of the roof and the church demolition.

The building of San Domenico is currently undergoing a vast recovery project and a part of it has become the seat of a museum.

Saint Dominic
Saint Dominic, OP (Spanish: Santo Domingo; 8 August 1170 – 6 August 1221), also known as Dominic de Guzmán (Spanish: [ɡuθˈman]), was a Castilian Catholic priest and the founder of the Dominican Order. He is the patron saint of astronomers and natural scientists, and he and his order are traditionally credited with spreading and popularizing the rosary.
Tom Anderson (producer)
Tom Anderson is an American producer and screenwriter. He won a Primetime Emmy Award and was nominated for three more in the category Outstanding Comedy Series for his work on the television program Cheers. Anderson produced and wrote for television programs including Living Single, Kevin Can Wait, Something Wilder, Newhart and The Jeff Foxworthy Show.

Anderson is the brother of the former mayor of Willoughby, Ohio, David Anderson.

Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series
The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series is an annual award given to the best television comedy series of the year. From 1960 to 1964, this category was combined with the Comedy Specials (one time programs) category so that both type of programs competed for the same award during those years. The award goes to the producers of the series.
Kripke semantics
Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics, and often confused with possible world semantics) is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems created in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Saul Kripke and André Joyal. It was first conceived for modal logics, and later adapted to intuitionistic logic and other non-classical systems. The development of Kripke semantics was a breakthrough in the theory of non-classical logics, because the model theory of such logics was almost non-existent before Kripke (algebraic semantics existed, but were considered 'syntax in disguise').

Edward N. Zalta
Edward Nouri Zalta (/ˈzɔːltə/; born March 16, 1952) is an American philosopher who is a senior research scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University. He received his BA from Rice University in 1975 and his PhD from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1981, both in philosophy. Zalta has taught courses at Stanford University, Rice University, the University of Salzburg, and the University of Auckland. Zalta is also the Principal Editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Crunchyroll Manga
Crunchyroll Manga is a premium digital manga service from Crunchyroll, LLC offering a vast library of officially licensed manga to readers in the United States and Canada via an ad-free mobile app on iOS and Android. The service's current iteration launched on October 9, 2025, significantly expanding upon its original form, which began distribution on October 30, 2013. Crunchyroll Manga launched with the goal of making manga even more accessible by bringing hundreds of titles from numerous leading publishers onto a single platform. Initial launch partners include AlphaPolis, COMPASS Manga, Square Enix, VIZ Media and Yen Press, with major additions like Shueisha and J-Novel Club planned to follow.

Yen Press
Yen Press is an American manga, graphic novel and light novel publisher co-owned by Kadokawa Corporation and Hachette Book Group. It published Yen Plus, a monthly comic anthology, between 2008 and 2013. In addition to translated material, Yen Press has published original series, most notably Svetlana Chmakova's Nightschool and a manga adaptation of James Patterson's Maximum Ride.
Østen
Østen is a Scandinavian male given name.

People named Østen include:

Østen Kjørn (1727–1805), Norwegian woodcarver

Østen Østensen (1878–1939), Norwegian competitive shooter

Østen Bergøy, Norwegian singer

Tristania (band)
Tristania was a Norwegian gothic metal band formed in 1996 by Morten Veland, Einar Moen and Kenneth Olsson. Tristania's music is usually classified as gothic metal with death influences, due to its strong tie and legacy within the gothic metal history. Their songs largely dealt with dark and sentimental topics, including depression, sadness, suicide, love, absence, and anger.

The band had not had any known activity from 2016 to October 2018, when they announced that they would perform at 70000 Tons of Metal in early 2019. In 2022, they announced they had disbanded.
Song Ong Siang
Sir Ong Siang Song KBE VD (Chinese: 宋旺相; pinyin: Sòng Wàngxiāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sòng Ōng-siang; 14 June 1871 – 29 September 1941) was a lawyer and active citizen of the British Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements. He was an ethnic Chinese of Hokkien descent as well as a third generation Hokkien Peranakan Baba (Peranakan term for man) Chinese with ancestry from Zhangzhou in the Minnan region of China. He was also the first ever Asian in Singapore to be knighted. Song was noted for his contributions to the development of the Singapore civil society, and was held in esteem throughout the Colony.

Singapore in the Straits Settlements
Singapore was part of the Straits Settlements between 1826 and 1942, together with Penang and Malacca. Singapore was the capital and the seat of government of the Straits Settlements after it had been moved from George Town in 1832.

From 1830 to 1867, the Straits Settlements was a residency, or subdivision, of the Presidency of Bengal, in British India. In 1867, the Straits Settlements became a separate Crown colony, directly overseen by the Colonial Office in Whitehall in London. The period saw Singapore establish itself as an important trading port and developed into a major city with a rapid increase in population. The city remained as the capital and seat of government until British rule was suspended in February 1942, when the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Singapore during World War II. Following the war, it was officially replaced by the Colony of Singapore in 1946.
Compass rose
A compass rose or compass star, sometimes called a wind rose or rose of the winds, is a polar diagram displaying the orientation of the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is used on compasses (including magnetic ones), maps (such as compass rose networks), or monuments. It is particularly common in navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons (NDB), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) systems, satellite navigation devices ("GPS").

Diagram
A diagram is a symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques. Diagrams have been used since prehistoric times on walls of caves, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization technique which then become projected onto a two-dimensional surface.
Matteo Castaldo
Matteo Castaldo (born 11 December 1985) is an Italian rower. In the coxless four, he won the bronze medal at the Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, a gold medal at the 2015 World Rowing Championships, and the silver medal at the 2017 World Rowing Championships and at the 2018 World Rowing Championships.

2018 World Rowing Championships
The 2018 World Rowing Championships were the World Rowing Championships held at the regatta course in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The event was held from 9 to 16 September. Events held were men and women's open class, lightweight class, and para-rowing.

Prior FISA regattas that had been held in Plovdiv include the 1999 and 2012 World Rowing Junior Championships, and the 2011 European Rowing Championships.

The 2018 World Rowing Championships were the first world rowing championships where the number of men’s and women’s events was equal. The world governing body made that decision in 2017.
Stochastic gradient descent
Stochastic gradient descent (often abbreviated SGD) is an iterative method for optimizing an objective function with suitable smoothness properties (e.g. differentiable or subdifferentiable). It can be regarded as a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization, since it replaces the actual gradient (calculated from the entire data set) by an estimate thereof (calculated from a randomly selected subset of the data). Especially in high-dimensional optimization problems this reduces the very high computational burden, achieving faster iterations in exchange for a lower convergence rate.

The basic idea behind stochastic approximation can be traced back to the Robbins–Monro algorithm of the 1950s. Today, stochastic gradient descent has become an important optimization method in machine learning.

Parametric statistics
Parametric statistics is a branch of statistics which leverages models based on a fixed (finite) set of parameters.  Conversely nonparametric statistics does not assume explicit (finite-parametric) mathematical forms for distributions when modeling data. However, it may make some assumptions about that distribution, such as continuity or symmetry, or even an explicit mathematical shape but have a model for a distributional parameter that is not itself finite-parametric.

Most well-known statistical methods are parametric. Regarding nonparametric (and semiparametric) models, Sir David Cox has said, "These typically involve fewer assumptions of structure and distributional form but usually contain strong assumptions about independencies".
Nylon (magazine)
Nylon is an American multimedia brand and publishing company, which produces a lifestyle magazine that focuses on pop culture and fashion. Its coverage includes art, beauty, music, design, celebrities, technology, and travel. Originally a print publication, it switched to an all-digital format in 2017. Its name references New York and London, and it is currently owned by the Bustle Digital Group (BDG). In 2023, the magazine announced it would return to print in 2024. It continues to release a print magazine biannually.

Lifestyle journalism
Lifestyle journalism is the field of journalism that provides news and opinion, often in an entertaining tone, regarding goods and services used by readers in their everyday life. Lifestyle journalism covers travel, fashion, fitness, leisure, food, and arts, among other topics.