hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mac A. Fleming
Mac A. Fleming (born September 22, 1945) is a former American labor union leader.

Born in Walnut Grove, Missouri, Fleming began working for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) in 1968, and joined the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees.  He was soon elected as chair of his local union, and then became a system federation officer, serving for six years as general chair of the AT&SF system federation.  He was elected as secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1986, and then as president of the union in 1990.

As leader of the union, Fleming campaigned for improved safety and security, protection of workers' rights, and better funding of Amtrak.  He undertook the largest example of negotiated rulemaking at the time, producing a proposal to improve safety for rail maintenance workers.  In 1995, he was additionally elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO.  In 2004, he retired, due to poor health.

Walnut Grove, Missouri
Walnut Grove is a city in Greene County, Missouri, United States. The population was 652 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Claudette Riley of the Springfield News-Leader described it as "a largely agricultural community with a relatively low tax base."
David Thomas (rugby union)
David Leyshon Thomas (27 March 1909 — 28 September 1952) was a Welsh international rugby union player.

Born in Neath, Thomas started his senior rugby career with Briton Ferry RFC, before transferring to Neath RFC. He was capped for Wales in a 1937 Home Nations match against England at Twickenham, partnering his brother Harold in the second row, then ascended to the captaincy of Neath for the 1937–38 season.

Thomas served with the Royal Air Force in World War II.

While working at Llandarcy Oil Refinery in 1952, Thomas suffered severe burns when gas cylinders exploded and died at his home a month later of his injuries, at the age of 43.

Home Nations
Home Nations is a collective terminology in sport usually referring to England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. When a sport is governed by a council representing the island of Ireland, such as the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), the term can refer to the nations of the constituent countries on the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the island of Ireland as a whole.

The term was originally used when the whole island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The synonymous Home Countries (not to be confused with the home counties) is also sometimes used.
Milton Angier
Milton Sanford Angier (May 28, 1899 – May 3, 1967) was an American track and field athlete. He was born in Beardstown, Illinois and died in Staunton, Virginia.

In July 1920 he was the Amateur Athletic Union's javelin champion. Later in that year he finished seventh in the Olympic javelin throw competition in Antwerp, Belgium. He was the AAU javelin champion again in 1921. In April 1922 he set an American record in the javelin.

Milton was an All-American for the Illinois Fighting Illini track and field team, finishing 4th in the javelin at the 1922 NCAA Track and Field Championships.

Angier served in the Army Air Force in both World War I and World War II, rising to the rank of major. He graduated from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 1924. Angier died in Staunton, Virginia, and is buried with his wife Helen Johns in Thornrose Cemetery in Augusta County, Virginia.

Illinois Fighting Illini track and field
The Illinois Fighting Illini track and field team is the track and field program that represents University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The Fighting Illini compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team is based in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois at the Illinois Soccer and Track Stadium.

The program is coached by Petros Kyprianou. The track and field program officially encompasses four teams because the NCAA considers men's and women's indoor track and field and outdoor track and field as separate sports.

The program has won six national collegiate team titles, beginning at the 1921 NCAA Track and Field Championships and most recently at the 1970 DGWS Outdoor Track and Field Championships.
May 1956 lunar eclipse
A partial lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Thursday, May 24, 1956, with an umbral magnitude of 0.9647. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when one part of the Moon is in the Earth's umbra, while the other part is in the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 4.3 days before apogee (on May 28, 1956, at 22:10 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

This lunar eclipse was the first of an almost tetrad, with the others being on November 18, 1956 (total); May 13, 1957 (total); and November 7, 1957 (total).

This was the first eclipse of the last partial set in Lunar Saros 120.

Earth's shadow
Earth's shadow (or Earth shadow) is the shadow that Earth itself casts through its atmosphere and into outer space, toward the antisolar point. During the twilight period (both early dusk and late dawn), the shadow's visible fringe —sometimes called the dark segment or twilight wedge—appears as a dark and diffuse band just above the horizon, most distinct when the sky is clear.

Since the angular diameters of the Sun and the Moon as viewed from Earth's surface are almost the same, the ratio of the length of Earth's shadow to the distance between Earth and the Moon will be almost equal to the ratio of the diameters of Earth and the Moon.

Since Earth's diameter is 3.7 times the Moon's, the length of the planet's umbra is correspondingly 3.7 times the average distance from the Moon to Earth: about 1.4 million km (870,000 mi). The diameter of Earth's shadow at lunar distance is about 9,000 km (5,600 mi), or 2.6 lunar diameters, which allows observation of total lunar eclipses from Earth.
2006 Estoril Open
The 2006 Estoril Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. This event was the 17th edition of the Estoril Open for the men (the 10th for the women), included in the 2006 ATP Tour International Series and in the 2006 WTA Tour Tier IV Series. Both the men's and the women's events took place at the Estoril Court Central, in Oeiras, Portugal, from 1 May through 7 May 2006.

Portugal Open
The Portugal Open (formerly named Estoril Open) was an ATP and WTA clay court tennis tournament in Portugal. The event took place at the sports complex of Jamor in Oeiras, of which Estoril Court Central is the most prominent show court. In 2015, the tournament was canceled due to lack of sponsorship. A new tournament, Millennium Estoril Open, was created in its place, moving from Oeiras to Cascais.
The 2014 Portugal Open was the last edition.
Nilowal
Nilowal is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) away from branch post office Bahloor Kalan, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from Nawanshahr, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 91 kilometres (57 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

Nawanshahr
Nawanshahr (Punjabi pronunciation: [nə.ʋä̃ːʃɛ́ːɾ]) is a municipal council in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district in the Indian state of Punjab. It was previously a town;  it later became a district in 1995.
WireGuard
WireGuard is a communication protocol and free and open-source software that implements encrypted virtual private networks (VPNs). It aims to be lighter and better performing than IPsec and OpenVPN, two common tunneling protocols. The WireGuard protocol passes traffic over UDP.

In March 2020, the Linux version of the software reached a stable production release and was incorporated into the Linux 5.6 kernel, and backported to earlier Linux kernels in some Linux distributions. The Linux kernel components are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2; other implementations are under GPLv2 or other free/open-source licenses.

Symmetric-key algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private information link. The requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric-key encryption, in comparison to asymmetric-key encryption (also known as public-key encryption). However, symmetric-key encryption algorithms are usually better for bulk encryption. With exception of the one-time pad they have a smaller key size, which means less storage space and faster transmission. Due to this, asymmetric-key encryption is often used to exchange the secret key for symmetric-key encryption.
Rupert Simonian
Rupert Simonian (born 25 January 1991) is a British actor. Simonian's career began at the age of 11 when he was spotted by a casting agent while attending the Harrodian School. He was subsequently cast in Peter Pan, directed by P. J. Hogan, and continued acting throughout childhood, branching out into television, theatre and radio in later years.

P. J. Hogan
Paul John Hogan (born 30 November 1962) is an Australian film director and screenwriter. He is best known for directing the films Muriel's Wedding (1994), My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), Peter Pan (2003) and Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009).
USS Skipper
USS Skipper (AMc-104) was an Accentor-class coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Skipper, a coastal minesweeper, was laid down on 21 May 1941 by H. G. Marr of Damariscotta, Maine; launched on 16 January 1942, sponsored by Miss Irene Jones, and placed in service on 29 May 1942.

Damariscotta, Maine
Damariscotta (/dæmrɪˈskɒtə/ DAM-rih-SKOT-ə) is a town in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,297 at the 2020 census. A popular tourist destination known for its oysters, the towns of Damariscotta and Newcastle are linked by the Main Street bridge over the Damariscotta River, forming the "Twin Villages". The name Damariscotta derives from an Algonquian word 'Madamescontee' which means place of abundance of small fish (alewives), and is shared with a census-designated place located within the town.
Aviv Regev
Aviv Regev (Hebrew: אביב רגב; born 11 July 1971) is a computational biologist and systems biologist and Executive Vice President and Head of Genentech Research and Early Development in Genentech/Roche. She is a core member (on leave) at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and professor (on leave) at the Department of Biology of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Regev is a pioneer of single cell genomics and of computational and systems biology of gene regulatory circuits. She founded and leads the Human Cell Atlas project, together with Sarah Teichmann. Since 2024, she has served as a scientific advisory board member of Arc Institute.

Single-cell sequencing
Single-cell sequencing examines the nucleic acid sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment. For example, in cancer, sequencing the DNA of individual cells can give information about mutations carried by small populations of cells. In development, sequencing the RNAs expressed by individual cells can give insight into the existence and behavior of different cell types. In microbial systems, a population of the same species can appear genetically clonal. Still, single-cell sequencing of RNA or epigenetic modifications can reveal cell-to-cell variability that may help populations rapidly adapt to survive in changing environments.
Róbert Kažimír
Róbert Kažimír (born 30 March 1978) is a Slovak former competitive figure skater. He is a four-time national champion and competed for Slovakia at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, where he placed 26th. His highest placement at an ISU championship was 10th at the 2001 European Championships in Bratislava. Early in his career, Kažimír was coached by Jozef Sabovčík.

Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics
The figure skating events in 1998 Winter Olympics were held at the White Ring in Nagano. There were no changes in the format or scoring systems from 1994. Professionals were again allowed to compete, although they had to declare that intention and compete in ISU-approved events to do so. Previously, the ISU had been accused of rejecting Western professionals, while allowing Eastern Bloc state-sponsored "amateurs" to compete. Most of the top competitors by 1998 were now openly professional.

The competitions took place on the following days:

Pairs: 8–10 February 1998

Men's singles: 12–14 February 1998

Ice dance: 13–16 February 1998

Ladies' singles: 18–20 February 1998

Exhibition gala: 21 February 1998
Exeter Hall
Exeter Hall was a large public meeting place on the north side of the Strand in central London, opposite where the Savoy Hotel now stands. From 1831 until 1907 Exeter Hall was the venue for many great gatherings of activists for various causes, most notably the anti-slavery movement and the meeting of the Anti–Corn Law League in 1846.

Anti–Corn Law League
The Anti–Corn Law League was a successful political movement in Great Britain aimed at the abolition of the unpopular Corn Laws, which protected national farming interests by levying taxes on imported wheat, thus raising the price of bread at a time when factory-owners were trying to cut wages. The League was a middle-class nationwide organisation that held many well-attended rallies on the premise that a crusade was needed to convince parliament to repeal the corn laws. Its long-term goals included the removal of feudal privileges, which it denounced as impeding progress, lowering economic well-being, and restricting freedom.

The League played little role in the final act in 1846, when Sir Robert Peel led the successful battle for repeal. However, its experience provided a model that was widely adopted in Britain and other democratic nations to demonstrate the organisation of a political pressure group with the popular base.
Charles Nokan
Charles Zégoua Gbessi Nokan (28 December 1936 – 1 November 2022) was an Ivorian academic and writer. He was a member of the Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines and the author of several works on theatre, poetry and novels. He was a recipient of the Bernard Dadié national grand prize for literature in 2014.

Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines
The Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines (ASCAD), created on 1 September 2003 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, is an African cultural institution whose objective is to contribute to the development and influence of science, arts, African culture and that of the African diaspora. It is also aimed at economic growth and social progress. Its members include scientists, philosophers, writers, artists and inventors.

The ASCAD has assumed the membership of the Fédération des Associations Scientfiiques de Côte d'Ivoire, a predecessor body Associate of International Council for Science (ICSU) since 1992.
Nikolay Kradin
Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin (Russian: Крадин Николай Николаевич; born in Onokhoy, Buryatia, Russian SFSR on April 17, 1962) is a Russian anthropologist and archaeologist. Since 1985 he has been a Research Fellow of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok. He was Head and Professor of the Department of Social Anthropology in the Far-Eastern National Technical University (1999 - 2011), and also Head and Professor of the Department of World History, Archaeology and  Anthropology in the Far-Eastern Federal University (2011 - 2016). Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2011 and full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2022.

Ethnology
Ethnology (from the Ancient Greek: ἔθνος, ethnos meaning 'nation') is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).
Matthias Kleinheisterkamp
Matthias Kleinheisterkamp (22 June 1893 – 29 April 1945) was a high-ranking German SS commander during the Nazi era. Reaching the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer, he commanded the  SS Division Totenkopf, SS Division Nord, SS Division Das Reich, III SS Panzer Corps, VII SS Panzer Corps, IV SS Panzer Corps, XII SS Army Corps and the XI SS Army Corps in World War II. Kleinheisterkamp died by suicide in the Battle of Halbe after being captured by the Soviets.

Brigadeführer
Brigadeführer (German: [bʁiˈɡaːdəfyːʁɐ], lit. 'brigade leader') was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between 1932 and 1945.  It was mainly known for its use as an SS rank. As an SA rank, it was used after briefly being known as Untergruppenführer in late 1929 and 1930.
France–Switzerland border
The France–Switzerland border  is 572 km (355 mi) long. Its current path is mostly the product of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, with the accession of Geneva, Neuchâtel and Valais to the Swiss Confederation, but it has since been modified in detail, the last time being in 2002. Although most of the border, marked with border stones, is unguarded, several checkpoints remain staffed, most notably on busy roads.

Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland
The periods of Restoration and Regeneration in Swiss history lasted from 1814 to 1847. "Restoration" is the period of 1814 to 1830, the restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte on the centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the Act of Mediation of 1803. "Regeneration" is the period of 1830 to 1848, when in the wake of the July Revolution the "restored" Ancien Régime was countered by the liberal movement. In the Protestant cantons, the rural population enforced liberal cantonal constitutions, partly in armed marches on the cities. This resulted in a conservative backlash in the Catholic cantons in the 1830s, raising the conflict to the point of civil war by 1847.
Otey Cannon
Otey Cannon is an American former soccer forward who was the first black American player in the North American Soccer League.  He also played in the American Soccer League.

Cannon attended Chico State University where he played on the men's soccer team in 1970 and 1971.  Although he played only two season, his 42 goals puts him second on the team's career goals list.  Chico State inducted him into the Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995.

In 1972, Cannon turned professional with the Dallas Tornado of the North American Soccer League.  In 1974, Dallas traded him to the expansion Seattle Sounders.  In 1976, Cannon moved to the Sacramento Spirits of the American Soccer League.

Dallas Tornado
The Dallas Tornado was a soccer team based in Dallas, Texas that played in the North American Soccer League (NASL) from 1968 to 1981.

The club's home fields were Cotton Bowl (1967–1968), P.C. Cobb Stadium (1969), Franklin Field (1970–1971), Texas Stadium (1972–1975, 1980–1981) and Ownby Stadium on the SMU campus (1976–1979). The club played Indoor soccer at Reunion Arena for one season (1980–81), and hosted the two-day 1975 Regionals at Fair Park Coliseum.
Hwangju Byun clan
Hwangju Byeon clan (Korean: 황주 변씨; Hanja: 黃州 邊氏) was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Hwangju County, Hwanghae Province. According to the research in 2015, the number of Hwangju Byeon clan was 8037. Their founder was Byeon Ryeo. He was from Longxi Commandery, China. After Song dynasty collapsed, he was naturalized in Goryeo and settled in Hwangju.

Longxi Commandery
Longxi Commandery (Chinese: trad. 隴西郡, simp. 陇西郡, Lǒngxījùn) was a commandery of imperial China in present-day Gansu, named due to its location west of Mount Long (the southern portion of Mount Liupan).
Lamhay
Lamhay (Urdu: لمحے, lit. 'Moments') is a Pakistani romantic drama television series, produced by Momina Duraid under her banner MD Productions. It premiered on Hum TV on 28 August 2018 replacing Tabeer. It stars Zara Noor Abbas and Shaz Khan in lead roles. The series got low ratings compared to Abbas's previous projects and ended after airing 22 episodes.

Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.
Olivia Coolidge
Margaret Olivia Ensor Coolidge (October 16, 1908 − December 10, 2006) was a British-born American writer and educator. She published 27 books, many for young adults, including The Greek Myths (1949), her debut; The Trojan War (1952); Legends of the North (1951); Makers of the Red Revolution (1963); Men of Athens, one runner-up for the 1963 Newbery Medal; Lives of Famous Romans (1965); and biographies of Eugene O'Neill, Winston Churchill, Edith Wharton, Gandhi, and Tom Paine. 
Olivia Coolidge was born in London to Sir Robert Ensor, a journalist and historian. She earned a degree in Classics and Philosophy at Somerville College, Oxford, in 1931 and a Master's degree in 1940. In Germany, England and the U.S. she taught Greek, Latin, and English. In 1946 she married Archibald C. Coolidge of Connecticut, who had four children.

Robert Ensor
Sir Robert Charles Kirkwood Ensor (16 October 1877 – 4 December 1958) was a British writer, poet, journalist, liberal intellectual, and historian.  He is best known for England: 1870-1914 (1936), a volume in the Oxford History of England series edited by George Clark.
Bogotá prison riot
On 21 March 2020, at least 23 prisoners were killed and 83 injured during a riot which erupted in La Modelo prison in Bogotá, Colombia, amid fears over the spread of SARS-CoV-2 on its premises during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prisoners across the country had been protesting against overcrowding as well as poor health services since the outbreak of COVID-19.

La Modelo
La Modelo (English: The Model [Prison]) is a prison in Bogotá, Colombia. With 15,000 inmates, the facility is known for its violence. Different areas of the prison are controlled by different factions of paramilitaries, guerrilla fighters, and drug cartels. Most of the prisoners at La Modelo are not associated with any factions. Prison guards do not carry weapons in the prison, except for a baton. However, guards in the watch towers do have a rifle. Prisoners have easy access to guns and grenades. The prison's administration allows prisoners to have businesses, such as bakeries or restaurants.

On 27 April 2000, over 100 prisoners were murdered in fighting. After the killings and the publicity it created the government began to change the prison regime. Many of the private shops were shut down and security was stepped up, although inmates still have access to arms.