hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Skin temperature (atmosphere)
The skin temperature of an atmosphere is the temperature of a hypothetical thin layer high in the atmosphere that is transparent to incident solar radiation and partially absorbing of infrared radiation from the planet. It provides an approximation for the temperature of the tropopause on terrestrial planets with greenhouse gases present in their atmospheres.

The skin temperature of an atmosphere should not be confused with the surface skin temperature, which is more readily measured by satellites, and depends on the thermal emission at the surface of a planet.

Stefan–Boltzmann law
The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature.  It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship, and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically.

For an ideal absorber/emitter or black body, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area per unit time (also known as the radiant exitance) is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's temperature, T:

The constant of proportionality, , is called the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. It has the value

In the general case, the Stefan–Boltzmann law for radiant exitance takes the form:

where  is the emissivity of the surface emitting the radiation.  The emissivity is generally between zero and one.  An emissivity of one corresponds to a black body.
Ivana Jirešová
Ivana Jirešová is a Czech television, film and stage actress. She was born 15 July 1977 in Písek, Czechoslovakia. She studied at the State Conservatory in Prague, in the department of Acting. She is in the employment of the F. X. Šalda Theatre, Liberec. She also works as editor of the magazine Harper´s Bazaar. She has a daughter, Sofie Frida Höpner-Jirešová.

Liberec
Liberec (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlɪbɛrɛts] ⓘ; German: Reichenberg) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 108,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in the country. It lies on the Lusatian Neisse River, in a basin surrounded by mountains. The city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Liberec was once home to a thriving textile industry and hence nicknamed the "Manchester of Bohemia". A symbol of the city and the main landmark of the panorama of Liberec is the Ještěd Tower. Since the end of the 19th century, the city has been a conurbation with the suburb of Vratislavice nad Nisou and the neighbouring city of Jablonec nad Nisou.
Shinkiari
Shinkiari (Pashto: شینکیارۍ; Hindko/Urdu: شنکیاری) is a Union Council of Mansehra District (Upper Pakhli) in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is a major tea city with many tea gardens. The police station was established before the partition of India. At that time, Baffa was a police chowki of Shinkiari Police Station and a second police chowki was in Battal. Both chowkis have now become police stations while historically with poor political background Shinkiari is still a police station instead of a tehsil of Mansehra District. Most of the people are from the Swati Pashtun and Gujjar tribes, speaking Pashto and Hindko. Swatis are the biggest landlords here including Panjghol Swatis and Panjmerals Swatis who are further divided into many Khels/sub-clans.

Baffa
Baffa (Urdu: بفہ Pashto :بفه  ) is a town, a union council and capital of Tehsil Baffa Pakhal of Mansehra District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan. It lies about 15 km north of the district capital, Mansehra.
1989 South Pacific Mini Games
The 1989 South Pacific Mini Games were held at Nuku'alofa in Tonga from 22 August to 1 September 1989. It was the third edition of the South Pacific Mini Games.

Tonga's national stadium, the Teufaiva Sport Stadium, was built for the Games on the previous site of the agricultural showgrounds. The stadium, new Atele gymnasium, and tennis courts, were built or refurbished with the aid of Taiwan and France. The venues were eventually completed just in time for the games following some controversy in the preceding months with the construction alarmingly behind schedule.

Teufaiva Sport Stadium
Teufaiva Sport Stadium which was previously known as Tenefaira Field Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga. It is used mostly for rugby union, football and rugby league and the Ikale Tahi team matches. The stadium holds 10,000 people. It is the home ground of the Tonga national rugby union team. Teufaiva is where the Secondary School sports in Tonga are held (every year).

The stadium fell into disrepair in the early 2000s and was unused for eight years. It was reopened after being refurbished in 2017, but badly damaged by Cyclone Gita just a few months later. It was re-opened again in 2019.

On the 4th of May 2024, Moana Pasifika, from the Super Rugby Pacific competition hosted their first game at the stadium against the Highlanders (Dunedin, New Zealand). The Highlanders won 28-17 in wet conditions. This made Tonga the 12th country to host a Super Rugby match.
Willard D. Morgan
Willard "Herc" Detering Morgan (May 30, 1900 – September 18, 1967) was a photographer, writer, editor, and educator and the husband of photographer Barbara Morgan, known for her documentation of Martha Graham's dances.

Morgan's career spanned some of the most influential developments in the history of American photography. He was instrumental in introducing the first 35mm camera in the US, was an early director of photography at MOMA, and was the first to exhibit the Farm Security Administration photographers. He was also a writer and editor of technical publications on photography (from the Leica Manual, to Ansel Adams' Basic Photo Series, Encyclopedia of Photography, to Encyclopædia Britannica), and was a photo editor at LIFE and later a photo editor at Look.

Look (American magazine)
Look was a biweekly, general-interest magazine published in Des Moines, Iowa, from 1937 to 1971, with editorial offices in New York City. It had an emphasis on photographs and photojournalism in addition to human interest and lifestyle articles. It published many important articles about racial injustice and the civil rights movement. A large-sized magazine of 11 in × 14 in (280 mm × 360 mm), it was a direct competitor to market leader Life. Look ceased publication in 1971.
In the Realm of the Senses
In the Realm of the Senses (Japanese: 愛のコリーダ, lit. 'Bullfight of Love', French: L'Empire des sens) is a 1976 erotic art film written and directed by Nagisa Ōshima. It is a fictionalised and sexually explicit treatment of a 1936 murder committed by Sada Abe. An international coproduction between Japanese and French companies, the film generated great controversy at the time of its release. The film had the involvement of pink film luminary Kōji Wakamatsu as co-screenwriter and assistant producer. While intended for mainstream wide release, the film contains scenes of unsimulated sexual activity between the actors (Eiko Matsuda and Tatsuya Fuji, among others).

Controversy
Controversy (UK: /kənˈtrɒvəsi/, US: /ˈkɒntrəvɜːrsi/) is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view. The word was coined from the Latin controversia, as a composite of controversus – "turned in an opposite direction", and also means an exercise in rhetoric practiced in Rome.
Univox 'Lectra
The Univox 'Lectra was a bass guitar made by Univox modeled originally on the Höfner 500/1 bass, popularized by Paul McCartney in the early days of the Beatles, and later on the Gibson EB-1, both violin shaped guitars.  The bass was available from the late 1960s through the mid-1970s.

The 'Lectra had a 22 fret bolt on neck and a hollow body.  The original model had two pickups, while some of the models based on the Gibson EB-1 had one.  Some later models had f-holes cut into the body as well.

Finishes ranged from sunburst or tobacco burst to all black.

Semi-acoustic guitar
A semi-acoustic guitar, also known as a hollow-body electric guitar, is a type of electric guitar designed to be played with a guitar amplifier featuring a fully or partly hollow body and at least one electromagnetic pickup. First created in the 1930s, they became popular in jazz and blues, where they remain widely used, and the early period of rock & roll, though they were later largely supplanted by solid-body electric guitars in rock.

They differ from an acoustic-electric guitar, which is an acoustic guitar that has been fitted with some means of amplification to increase volume without changing the instrument's tone.
Rachelle Lefevre
Rachelle Marie Lefevre (/ləˈfɛv/ lə-FEV, French: [ʁaʃɛl maʁi ləfɛvʁ]; born February 1, 1979) is a Canadian American actress. She has starred in the television series Big Wolf on Campus and had recurring roles in What About Brian, Boston Legal, and Swingtown. She played the vampire Victoria in the first two films of the Twilight saga. In 2011, she starred in the ABC medical drama Off the Map, followed by the CBS series A Gifted Man (2011–2012) and Under the Dome (2013–2015). In 2019, she starred in the FOX legal series Proven Innocent.

Boston Legal
Boston Legal  is an American legal comedy drama television series created by former lawyer and Boston native David E. Kelley, produced in association with 20th Century Fox Television for ABC. The series aired from October 3, 2004, to December 8, 2008. The series stars James Spader, William Shatner and Candice Bergen. It is a direct spin-off and continuation of the TV series The Practice, with several characters from the eighth season of that series moving to Boston Legal. While never a Nielsen ratings smash hit, the show was critically acclaimed. It received 26 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, including for Outstanding Drama Series in 2007 and 2008 and a Peabody Award in 2005.
Plaza de España (Melilla)
The Plaza de España is a square located in the center of the autonomous city of Melilla, Spain. It is part of the urban expansion developed in the early 20th century and constitutes one of the most significant public spaces in the city from an administrative, architectural, and social standpoint.

Designed as part of a modernization and urban expansion project, the square connects the old town of Melilla (Melilla la Vieja) with the new neighborhoods that emerged during the city's growth period. Its design follows urban planning principles of the time, integrating institutional buildings and green areas.

The square is home to various heritage buildings, many of them linked to the modernist style, and it is also a regular venue for civic, cultural, and recreational events. In its central area, there is Hernandez Park, one of the main green spaces in Melilla.

Enrique Nieto (architect)
Enrique Nieto y Nieto (October 6, 1880 or 1883 – January 20, 1954) was a Spanish architect known for his Modernisme style (not to be confused with modernism), which he continued to receive commissions to design even after it fell out of favor.  He was a student of Antoni Gaudí and followed his master's style when he designed noted projects in Barcelona and Melilla. In 1939, he was appointed city architect of Melilla, a Spanish enclave in North Africa. Mellila's collection of modernisme-style buildings constitutes the second largest concentration of representatives of the style outside of Barcelona.
Suspended Family Coaster
A Suspended Family Coaster is a steel inverted roller coaster built by Vekoma designed for families with no inversions. Just like all inverted roller coasters the train runs under the track with the seats directly attached to the wheel carriage. This latter attribute is what sets it apart from the older suspended swinging coaster, which runs under the track, but "swings" via a pivoting bar attached to the wheel carriage.

Steel roller coaster
A steel roller coaster is a type of roller coaster classified by its steel track, which consists of long steel tubes that are run in pairs, supported by larger steel columns or beams. Trains running along the track typically rely on wheels made of polyurethane or nylon to keep each train car anchored to the track. The introduction of tubular steel drastically changed roller coaster innovation, allowing for greater speeds, higher drops, and more intense elements such as inversions.

Arrow Dynamics is credited with inventing tubular steel track and introducing the first modern steel coaster with the opening of Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland in 1959. Older steel-tracked coasters existed previously in a simpler form, such as Little Dipper at Memphis Kiddie Park in Brooklyn, Ohio, which is the oldest operating steel coaster in North America. The oldest in the world is Montaña Suiza at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo (Spain), which has been operating since 1928.
Luckenbach, Texas
Luckenbach (/ˈluːkɪnbɑːk/ LOO-kin-bahk) is an unincorporated town 13 miles (19 km) from Fredericksburg in southeastern Gillespie County, Texas, United States. Named for Carl Albert Luckenbach, son of the early settler Jacob Luckenbach, the town is known as a venue for country music and for its German-Texan heritage.

Fredericksburg, Texas
Fredericksburg is a city in and the county seat of Gillespie County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 Census, this city had a population of 10,875.

Fredericksburg was founded in 1846 and named after Prince Frederick of Prussia. Old-time German residents often referred to Fredericksburg as Fritztown, a nickname that is still used in some businesses. It is located 70 miles northwest of San Antonio, and approximately 80 miles west of Austin. This city is also notable as the center of Texas German, a dialect spoken by the first generations of German settlers who initially refused to learn English. Fredericksburg shares many cultural characteristics with New Braunfels, which had been established by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels the previous year. Fredericksburg is the birthplace of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz. It is the sister city of Montabaur, Germany. On October 14, 1970, the Fredericksburg Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas.
Subscription television in the Philippines
Cable television in the Philippines was introduced in 1969 with the first commercial service of Nuvue Cablevision (later absorbed into Sky Cable); Satellite television in the Philippines was introduced in 2001 with the first commercial broadcast of Dream Satellite TV (now defunct); and IPTV and digital over-the-top streaming services in the Philippines was introduced in 2010 with the first commercial broadcast of iWant TV (now iWant), before the arrival of international-based streaming services such as iflix and Netflix.

There are two non-profit organizations that represent the cable television industry, namely: the Federation of International Cable TV and Telecommunications Association of the Philippines (FICTAP), and the Philippine Cable and Telecommunications Association (PCTA).

Iflix
WeTV iflix, or simply iflix, is a Malaysian free and subscription based over-the-top VOD streaming service focused on emerging markets. Its global headquarters are in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The site serves as a digital hosting and distribution platform for Western, Asian regional and local TV shows and films obtained through partnerships with over 150 studios and content distributors globally.

Iflix is currently available in four countries across Asia including Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. As of April 2020, Iflix has more than 25 million active users on its service, with over 2.5 billion minutes viewed in a month.
Ukhra Mahanta Asthal
Ukhra Nimbarka Peeth Mahanta Asthal is a 250-year-old Mutt (Hindu monastic establishment) of the Nimbarka Vaishnava Sampradaya. It is situated at Ukhra in the district of Paschim Bardhaman, in the state of West Bengal, India near the city of Durgapur. This Mutt has been closely associated with the Zamindars of Ukhra, the Handa family, and has served as the spiritual beacon of the area. Since its foundation this Mutt has propagated Vaishnavism of the Nimbarka Sampradaya far and wide in the area and gained many important personalities as adherents of its philosophy.

Durgapur
Durgapur (Bengali pronunciation: [durgapur]), is a major industrial hub and a planned urban agglomeration in the Indian state of West Bengal. It stands on the northern bank of the Damodar river and is located in Paschim Bardhaman district. Durgapur is a major centre for producing steel and manufacturing train wheels in India. Over the past few years, this city has also been developed as a hub for the IT industry in India. The city was planned by Bidhan Chandra Roy, Joseph Allen Stein and Benjamin Polk in 1955. Durgapur is the only city in eastern India to have an operational dry dock. Durgapur has been nicknamed the 'Steel Backbone of Industrial Bengal'.
Aousserd
Aousserd, Ausert or Auserd is a small town and rural commune in Aousserd Province of the Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab region of Western Sahara, disputed between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and under Moroccan occupation. The number of permanent structures in Aousserd is low, as many residents follow the traditionally nomadic Bedouin lifestyle of the Sahrawis, passing through the town only temporarily and living in tents. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 5832 people living in 225 households.

South of Tindouf, Algeria, there is a Sahrawi refugee camp named after Aousserd.

Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab
Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab (Arabic: الداخلة - وادي الذهب, romanized: ad-dāḵla - wādī ḏ-ḏahab) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco. Before September 2015 it was known as Oued Ed-Dahab-Lagouira (Arabic: وادي الذهب لكويرة). It is situated in the disputed territory of Western Sahara, considered by Morocco to be the southern part of the country. The Polisario Front and other independence-seeking Sahrawis consider this to be a part of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The United Nations and most countries do not recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the area.

The region covers an area of 50,880 km2 and had a population of 219,965 according to the 2024 Moroccan census. The capital is the coastal city of Dakhla, formerly known as Villa Cisneros.

The region comprises two provinces:
Anastasios Karatasos
Anastasios Karatasos (Greek: Αναστάσιος Καρατάσος; 1764 – 21 January 1830) was a Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence was born in the village of Dovras (Δοβράς or Δορβρά), Imathia and is considered to be the most important revolutionary from Macedonia.

Imathia
Imathia (Greek: Ημαθία [imaˈθia]) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia, within the geographic region of Macedonia. The capital of Imathia is the city of Veroia.
Priceless (manhwa)
Priceless (봄봄, Bombom) is a South Korean manhwa series by Lee Young-you, published by Daiwon C.I., and was serialized in its monthly girls' magazine, Issue. It was licensed by Tokyopop in North America, and is currently distributed by Madman Entertainment in Australia, who released the third volume in May 2007.

Manhwa
Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畵; Korean pronunciation: [manβʷa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to Korean comics.

Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access to Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie, drama and television show adaptations.
Underground Rustlers
Underground Rustlers is a 1941 American Western film directed by S. Roy Luby. The film is the eleventh in Monogram Pictures' "Range Busters" series, and it stars Ray "Crash" Corrigan as Crash, John "Dusty" King as Dusty and Max "Alibi" Terhune as Alibi, with Gwen Gaze, Robert Blair and Forrest Taylor. It is also known as Bullets and Bullion (US review title).

S. Roy Luby
Solomon Roy Luby (August 8, 1904, New York City - August 19, 1976 in Los Angeles) was an American animator, editor, and film director.  He used the pseudonyms of Roy Claire, Roy S. Luby, J. Roy Luby, Roy Luby, Sol Luby, and Russell Roy.
Magnetic Island (Antarctica)
Magnetic Island is a small island in the Donskiye Islands group in the Donskiye Islands group lying 500 m north-east of Turner Island, off the Breidnes Peninsula, Vestfold Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica.

Vestfold Hills
The Vestfold Hills are rounded, rocky, coastal hills, 512 square kilometres (198 sq mi) in extent, on the north side of Sorsdal Glacier on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. The hills are subdivided by three west-trending peninsulas bounded by narrow fjords. Most of the hills range between 30 and 90 metres (98 and 300 ft) in height, with the highest summit reaching nearly 160 metres (520 ft).
Gnathophis nystromi
Gnathophis nystromi (known commonly as the conger eel) is an eel in the family Congridae (conger/garden eels). It was described by David Starr Jordan and John Otterbein Snyder in 1901, originally under the genus Leptocephalus. It contains two subspecies, Gnathophis nystromi nystromi, and Gnathophis nystromi ginanago, which was described by Hirotoshi Asano in 1958, originally under the genus Rhynchocymba.

G. nystromi nystromi is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the western Pacific Ocean, including Japan, the South China Sea, and Hawaii. It dwells at a depth range of 250–355 meters, and inhabits reefs. Males can reach a maximum total length of 45 cm (1 ft 6 in), but more commonly reach a TL of 35 cm (1 ft 2 in).

G. nystromi ginanago is a marine, temperate water-dwelling eel which is known from Japan, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Males can reach a maximum total length of 40 centimeters.

David Starr Jordan
David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was the founding president of Stanford University, serving from 1891 to 1913. He was an ichthyologist during his research career. Prior to serving as president of Stanford University, he served as president of Indiana University from 1885 to 1891.

Jordan was also a strong supporter of eugenics, and his published views expressed a fear of "race-degeneration", asserting that cattle and human beings are "governed by the same laws of selection". He was an antimilitarist since he believed that war killed off the best members of the gene pool, and he initially opposed American involvement in World War I.
GameMaker
GameMaker (originally Animo, Game Maker (until 2011) and GameMaker Studio) is a series of cross-platform game engines created by Mark Overmars in 1999 and developed by YoYo Games since 2007.  The latest iteration of GameMaker was released in 2022.

GameMaker accommodates the creation of cross-platform and multi-genre video games using a custom drag-and-drop visual programming language or a scripting language known as Game Maker Language (GML), which can be used to develop more advanced games. GameMaker was originally designed to allow novice programmers to be able to make computer games without much programming knowledge by use of these actions. Recent versions of software also focus on appealing to advanced developers.

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer may be used for jobs that require a programmer.
Định Quán district
Định Quán is a rural district of Đồng Nai province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 187,306. The district covers an area of 967 km2 (373 sq mi). The district capital lies at Định Quán.

Đồng Nai province
Đồng Nai is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam, located east and northeast of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). The capital of Đồng Nai Province is Trấn Biên Ward.

In June 2025, the province was merged with Bình Phước province, forming the new Đồng Nai Province with an area of 12.737,18 km2 and a population of 4,576,125 people.