hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grif Italia
42°14′58″N 12°21′23″E﻿ / ﻿42.2493532°N 12.3563154°E﻿ / 42.2493532; 12.3563154

Grif Italia, or just Grif, is an Italian aircraft manufacturer based in Castel Sant'Elia. The company specializes in hang gliders and wings for ultralight trikes.

The company was founded in 1989 by hang glider pilot and instructor Italo Graziani. The company's motto is "Passion Into Innovation".

Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry.

The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance.  This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation. Most production is done pursuant to type certificates and Defense Standards issued by a government body. This term has been largely subsumed by the more encompassing term: "aerospace industry".
Abu Dhabi TV (Canada)
Abu Dhabi TV is a Canadian exempt Category B Arabic language specialty channel and is wholly owned by Ethnic Channels Group. The channel name is used under license from Abu Dhabi Media, the owners of the Emirati-based channel, Abu Dhabi TV.

Abu Dhabi TV broadcasts programming primarily from Abu Dhabi TV, in addition to Canadian content. It features a wide variety of programming including news, current affairs, sports, films, and more.

Abu Dhabi Media Network
Abu Dhabi Media Network (ADMN; Arabic: شبكة أبو ظبي للإعلام, romanized: Shabakah Abū Ẓaby lil-Iʻlām) is the official media organization of the Government of Abu Dhabi. The organization was established in 1999.

The company manages over 20 brands in two categories. ADM brands include Abu Dhabi TV, Al Emarat TV, Abu Dhabi Sports Channel, Radio 1, Radio 2, National Geographic Abu Dhabi, Yas TV, The Holy Quran Radio, Emarat FM, Abu Dhabi Radio AM And FM, Star FM, Abu Dhabi Classic FM, and Kadak FM. It also includes Al-Ittihad, Zahrat Al Khaleej, Majid TV, and National Geographic Al Arabiya across the publishing platform. ADM operates websites as well as applications for Zahrat Al Khaleej, Majid, Zayed Digital TV, and Mohtawa.
How to Destroy Angels (Coil EP)
How to Destroy Angels is the debut extended play by British experimental band Coil. At this point, the group consisted only of John Balance and Peter Christopherson. It was originally released in 1984 on L.A.Y.L.A.H. Antirecords, but was later re-pressed in 1988.

L.A.Y.L.A.H. Antirecords
L.A.Y.L.A.H. Antirecords is a defunct Belgian record label, started by Marc Monin, notable for releasing early work from several renowned industrial/experimental artists such as Coil, Nurse With Wound, Current 93 and Laibach.

L.A.Y.L.A.H. operated as a sub-label of Les Disques du Crépuscule for manufacturing and distribution, but A&R was independent of Crépuscule.
Wolfgang Kusserow
Wolfgang Kusserow (1 March 1922 – 28 March 1942) was executed by guillotine at Brandenburg-Görden Prison for conscientiously objecting induction into the German Army because of his religious beliefs as a Jehovah's Witness.

One of his older brothers, Wilhelm Kusserow, had similarly been executed on 27 April 1940 for refusing conscription on grounds of his faith.

Conscientious objector
A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of conscience or religion. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service.

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.

On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already] performing military service may develop conscientious objections".
Malkiya, Bahrain
Malkiya (Arabic: المالكية) is a coastal village that lies on the western coast of Bahrain Island in Bahrain. The village is home to the Malkiya Club football team.

In 2007, protests broke out in the area when a powerful member of the Bahraini royal family tried to seize some of the coastline of the village.

The village is also home to the grave and shrine of Zayd ibn Suhan, one of the companions of Ali.

Bahrain Island
Bahrain Island (Arabic: جزيرة البحرين Jazīrah al-Baḥrayn), also known as Awal Island and formerly as Bahrein, is the largest island within the archipelago of Bahrain, and forms the bulk of the country's land mass while hosting the majority of its population.
El-Haraïria
El-Hraïria is a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia located at 36.781395, 10.115375 in an outer western suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, North Africa. El Haraitria is also the site of Roman era ruins of Ad Pertusa, a Roman Civitas that flourished between 30 BC - AD 640.

The town is on the western railway line out of Tunis.

Civitas
In Ancient Rome, a civitas (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkiːwɪtaːs]; plural civitates), sometimes translated as "city", was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by their laws, which gave them responsibilities (Latin: munera) on the one hand, and rights on the other. The agreement (concilium) has a life of its own, creating a res publica or "public entity" (synonymous with civitas), into which individuals are born or accepted, and from which they die or are ejected. The civitas is not just the collective body of all the citizens; it is the contract binding them all together, because each of them is a civis.
Chuck Karmarkovich
George "Chuck" Karmarkovich (March 17, 1927 – January 11, 1951) was an American basketball player. He played college basketball for Waynesburg University where he scored 1,111 points from 1947 to 1950 and was a three time All-State. Following his college career, he played for the Altoona Flyers in the All-American Basketball League (AABL) in 1950. After receiving a trial with Baltimore Bullets of the National Basketball Association, he played for the Johnstown Clippers of the AABL.

Karmarkovich died on January 11, 1951, from injuries sustained in an automobile accident a day earlier. The accident occurred when the car that Karmarkovich was a passenger in, and driven by the Clippers' coach Nat Hickey, skidded on ice, and struck another car. Karmarkovich was taken to Memorial Hospital in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, where he died of a fractured skull and internal injuries. As a result of his death, the Clippers were disbanded and Hickey stepped away from basketball for good.

Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954)
The Baltimore Bullets were a professional basketball team based in Baltimore. The Bullets competed in the American Basketball League (1944–1947), the Basketball Association of America (1947–1949), and (following the BAA's merger with the National Basketball League) the National Basketball Association (1949–1954). On November 27, 1954, the team folded with a 3–11 record on the season, making the Bullets the last NBA franchise to fold. Out of all defunct NBA teams, the Bullets were members of the association for the longest time and the only defunct team to win a championship.

The Bullets name was revived in 1963, when the former Chicago Zephyrs relocated to Baltimore; even after these Bullets relocated to Washington in 1973, they kept their name for 24 more years until they were renamed the Wizards.
Maria de Fátima Agra
Maria de Fátima Agra (born 1952) is a Brazilian botanist and associate professor at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. Agra specializes in ethnobotany, pharmacognosy, and plant morphology, particularly pertaining to plants of the family Solanaceae in northeastern Brazil.

Plant morphology
Plant morphology or phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants. Recent studies in molecular biology started to investigate the molecular processes involved in determining the conservation and diversification of plant morphologies. In these studies, transcriptome conservation patterns were found to mark crucial ontogenetic transitions during the plant life cycle which may result in evolutionary constraints limiting diversification.
Mount Vernon Conference
The Mount Vernon Conference was a meeting of delegates from Virginia and Maryland held at Mount Vernon on March 21–28, 1785, to discuss navigational rights in the states' common waterways. On March 28, 1785, the group drew up a thirteen-point proposal to govern the rights of both states on the Potomac River, Pocomoke River, and Chesapeake Bay. Known as the Mount Vernon Compact and formally titled as the Compact of 1785, this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties, commerce regulations, fishing rights, and debt collection. Ratified by the legislature of both states, the compact helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern.

Duty (tax)
In economics, a duty is a target-specific form of tax levied by a state or other political entity. It is often associated with customs, in which context they are also known as tariffs or dues. The term is often used to describe a tax on certain items purchased abroad.

A duty is levied on specific commodities, financial transactions, estates, etc. rather than being a direct imposition on individuals or corporations such income or property taxes.  Examples include customs duty, excise duty, stamp duty, estate duty, and gift duty.
Robert H. Hewsen
Robert H. Hewsen (born Hewsenian; May 20, 1934 – November 17, 2018) was an American historian and professor of history at Rowan University. He was an expert on the ancient history of the South Caucasus. Hewsen is the author of Armenia: A Historical Atlas (2001), a major reference book, acclaimed as an important achievement in Armenian studies.

South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia, or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
2023 Africa Cup of Nations Group C
Group C of the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations took place from 15 to 23 January 2024. The group consisted of defending champions Senegal, Cameroon, Guinea, and Gambia.

Senegal and Cameroon as the top two teams, along with Guinea as one of the four best third-placed teams, advanced to the round of 16.

Gambia national football team
The Gambia national football team (recognized as The Gambia by FIFA) represents The Gambia in men's international football and is controlled by the Gambia Football Federation. Until 1965, the team and the country were known as British Gambia.The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).
V. Standish Mallory
Victor Standish Mallory (1919 in Englewood, New Jersey – February 15, 2003) was a micropaleontologist, biostratigrapher, Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington Department of Geology, and a Curator Emeritus of Invertebrate Paleontology at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture.

Mallory earned his BS in Geology from Oberlin College and his Masters and Ph. D. studying under Robert Kleinpell at the University of California, Berkeley. He was an expert in the Tertiary of Washington State and specialized in biostratigraphy using Foraminifera. A number of paleontological species from Eastern Washington and Oregon have the specific epithet "malloryi" in honor of his expertise in the stratigraphy and paleontology of the area, including the Miocence chipmunk, Neotamias malloryi plus the Ypresian sumac Rhus malloryi and winter-hazel Fothergilla malloryi.

V. Standish Mallory

Sumac
Sumac or sumach (/ˈsuːmæk, ˈʃuː-/ S(H)OO-mak, UK also /ˈsjuː-/)—not to be confused with poison sumac—is any of the roughly 35 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhus (and related genera) of the cashew and mango tree family, Anacardiaceae. However, it is Rhus coriaria that is most commonly used for culinary purposes. Sumac is prized as a spice—especially in Iranian cuisine, and other Eastern cuisines—and used as a dye and holistic remedy. The plants grow in subtropical and temperate regions, on nearly every continent except Antarctica and South America.
It holds cultural significance as a symbolic item on the Haft-sin table during Nowruz, the Persian New Year.
Plexippus devorans
Plexippus devorans is a jumping spider that has a distribution that stretches from Greece to Central Asia and also includes Algeria. Originally placed in the genus Salticus by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1872, the species was transferred into the genus Hasarius by Eugène Simon in 1876, into Menemerus by Jerzy Prószyński in 1984, and eventually into Plexippus by Prószyński in 2003.

Eugène Simon
Eugène Louis Simon (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn lwi simɔ̃]; 30 April 1848 – 17 November 1924) was a French naturalist who worked particularly on insects and spiders, but also on birds and plants. He is by far the most prolific spider taxonomist in history, describing over 4,000 species.
Roger Snipes
Roger Snipes (born 5 February 1979) is a British bodybuilder, Fitness model, fitness competitor and fitness trainer. He is winner of Mr. UK, Mr. Britannia in 2010 and Fame UK in 2011. He followed it up with a win at Musclemania 2011. He won the WBFF European Championship in 2013 and took second place in the WBFF World Championship 2015. He has been a Shredz, PhD athlete and WBFF Pro Muscle Model.
Team Physique Global

Sport in Northern Cyprus
There are 29 sports federations in Northern Cyprus and 13,838 people registered in them as of 2008. Taekwondo-karate-aikido-kurash is the most popular sport with 6054 athletes. It is followed by association football (2240 athletes), shooting (1150 athletes) and hunting (1017 athletes).

Due to the lack of international recognition, Northern Cyprus is not a member of some international sporting bodies.

Some Northern Cyprus sport clubs participate in Turkey's sport leagues. For example: the Fast Break Sport Club, in Turkey's Men's Basketball Regional League; the Beşparmak Sport Club, in Turkey's Handball Premier League; and the Lefka European University, in Turkey's Table-tennis Super League. The international record for swimming 75 km between Turkey and Northern Cyprus belongs to Turkish national Alper Sunaçoğlu (completed in 26 hours and 15 minutes).
Padua Crucifix
The Padua Crucifix (Italian: Crocifisso di Padova) is a painting in tempera on poplar panel by Giotto of c. 1303–1305. Originally hanging in the centre of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, above the latticework of the iconostasis, it was probably contemporaneous with his frescoes in the same chapel. It now hangs in the Musei degli Eremitani in Padua.

The crucifix was first attributed to Giotto in 1864 by Cavalcaselle; that attribution was initially contested by other art critics such as Rintelen, Weigeit and Brandi due to the work's poor condition at that time, but following restoration it is now accepted as a work by Giotto.

Latticework
Latticework is an openwork framework consisting of a criss-crossed pattern of strips of building material, typically wood or metal. The design is created by crossing the strips to form a grid or weave. 
Latticework may be functional – for example, to allow airflow to or through an area; structural, as a truss in a lattice girder;
used to add privacy, as through a lattice screen; purely decorative; or some combination of these.

Latticework in stone or wood from the classical period is also called Roman lattice or transenna (plural transenne).

In India, the house of a rich or noble person may be built with a baramdah or verandah surrounding every level leading to the living area. The upper floors often have balconies overlooking the street that are shielded by latticed screens carved in stone called jalis which keep the area cool and give privacy.
International recognition of Somaliland
As of January 2026, the Republic of Somaliland is recognised as a sovereign state by one UN member state – Israel. The Republic of Somaliland was proclaimed on 18 May 1991 claiming to be the legal successor to the State of Somaliland which gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 June 1960 and merged into the Somali Republic on 1 July 1960. Somalia continues to claim Somaliland as an integral part of its territory, considering it to be one of its federal member states.

In 2020, Taiwan and Somaliland began engaging in ambiguous, high-level relations. On 26 December 2025, Israel became the first country and UN member state to formally recognise Somaliland as an independent country.

Somali Republic
The Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Italian: Repubblica Somala; Arabic: جمهورية الصومال  aṣ-Ṣūmāl) was formed by the union of the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland). A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate administrations, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly and Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic.  On 22 July 1960, Daar appointed Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as prime minister. On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. The new constitution was rejected by Somaliland.

The administration lasted until 1969, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in a bloodless coup and renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic.
Soruco
Soruco is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ámbar Soruco (born 1996), Chilean footballer

Modesto Soruco (born 1966), Bolivian footballer

José Ramiro Suárez Soruco (born 1939), Bolivian businessman

Nilo Soruco (1927–2004), Bolivian singer-songwriter

José Ramiro Suárez Soruco
José Ramiro Suárez Soruco (born March 16, 1939) is a Bolivian business executive and academic researcher who was the executive president of Bolivian oil company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) during the government of Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé.

He has held a range of leadership and research positions throughout the southern cone, working for YPFB, the Organization of American States, and a range of companies and national governments. Since 1988 he is a member of the Bolivian National Academy of Sciences.

A widely published researcher, Suarez is an expert on paleozoic biostratigraphy, invertebrate paleontology, national parks, wild life sanctuaries, and paleoecology. Among other distinctions in 1997 he received the Robert Dott Memorial Award from the American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
Flintbek
Flintbek is a municipality in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is on the River Eider, c. 10 km southwest of Kiel. The meaning of the name is controversial but one possibility is the combination of flint(stone) with the word bek (beck, brook).

Flintbek is the seat of the Amt ("collective municipality") Eidertal, and of the former Amt Flintbek.

Archeological excavations at Flintbek discovered cart tracks dating from c. 3400 BC underneath a megalithic long barrow, belonging to the Funnelbeaker culture. This is the earliest known direct evidence for wheeled vehicles in the world (i.e. not models or images).

Eidertal
Eidertal is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was created in June 2023 from the former Ämter Flintbek and Molfsee. The seat of the Amt is in Flintbek. The name refers to the valley of the river Eider.

The Amt Eidertal consists of the following municipalities:
Arthur Golf
Arthur Golf (21 July 1877 – 18 February 1941) was a German academic agronomist. A principal focus of his teaching and research was on "colonial agriculture":  another was "selective breeding", concentrating on sheep. During his later years he was a professor at Leipzig University where between 1933 and 1935, and again during 1936/37, he served as University Rector.

German South West Africa
German South West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, when it was captured by the Western Allies during World War I. However, Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.

German rule over this territory was punctuated by numerous rebellions by its native African peoples, which culminated in a campaign of German reprisals from 1904 to 1908 known as the Herero and Nama genocide.

In 1915, during World War I, German South West Africa was invaded by the Allies in the form of South African and British forces. After the war, its administration was taken over by the Union of South Africa (a dominion within the British Empire) and the territory was administered as South West Africa under a League of Nations mandate. It became independent as Namibia on 21 March 1990.
Thermally modified wood
Thermally modified wood is any thermally-treated timber that has been modified by a controlled process of pyrolysis, in which it is heated to temperatures above 180 °C in an oxygen-free atmosphere. This process changes the chemical structure of the wood's cell wall components – lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose – which decreases its hygroscopicity and thus increases its dimensional stability. Low oxygen content prevents the wood from burning at these high temperatures. Several different technologies use different media including nitrogen gas, steam and hot oil. All processes degrade strength and toughness of the treated lumber to some degree.

Hemicellulose
A hemicellulose (also known as polyose) is one of a number of heteropolymers (matrix polysaccharides), such as arabinoxylans, present along with cellulose in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls. Cellulose is crystalline, strong, and resistant to hydrolysis. Hemicelluloses are branched, shorter in length than cellulose, and also show a propensity to crystallize.  They can be hydrolyzed by dilute acid or base as well as a myriad of hemicellulase enzymes.
Kulyk
Kulyk is a Ukrainian-language surname. Russian equivalent: Kulik

Ivan Kulyk (bishop), a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic bishop

Kostyantyn Kulyk (born 1970), Ukrainian professional footballer

Liliya Kulyk, Ukrainian triple jumper

Oleh Kulyk, secular name of Patriarch Moses of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Sergiy V. Kulyk (born 1958), Ukrainian diplomat

Moses (Kulik)
Patriarch Moses was the Patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Canonical, an autocephalous Orthodox church that declares its canonical origin from the Polish Orthodox Church and a 1920s era tomos issued by the Ecumenical Patriarch of that era.

Moses was born May 3, 1962, and given a secular birth name of Oleh Kulyk. On June 17–19, 2005 he was officially elevated to the rank of Patriarch of Kyiv and all of Rus' Ukraine by his Church.