hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simple contract
In contract law, a simple contract, also known as an informal contract, is a contract made orally, in writing, or both, rather than a contract made under seal. Simple contracts require consideration to be valid, but simple contracts may be implied from the conduct of parties bound by the contract.

In his Commentaries on the Laws of England William Blackstone observed that in the seventeenth century, debtors used simple contracts as one of three accepted forms of unsecured debt instruments. In 1828, the Parliament of the United Kingdom amended the statute of frauds so that oral acknowledgments or promises could not be used as evidence to prove the existence of a simple contract. Today, some American jurisdictions have established that a security interest is perfected "when a creditor on a simple contract cannot acquire a judicial lien that is superior to the interest" of the secured party.

Debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor. Debt may be owed by a sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. In financial accounting, debt is a type of financial transaction, as distinct from equity.

The term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on a monetary value. For example, in Western cultures, a person who has been helped by a second person is sometimes said to owe a "debt of gratitude" to the second person.
Mamat Khalid
Mohamad Mohamad Khalid, known professionally as Mamat Khalid (6 April 1963 – 24 October 2021) was a Malaysian screenwriter, film director, producer and actor. He was the younger brother of cartoonist Datuk Mohammad Nor Khalid, better known as Lat.

Apart from his career as a film director, Mamat was a founder and owner of his cafe, Sarang Art Hub which is located at Tanjung Malim and opened in 2016.

Tanjong Malim
Tanjong Malim, or Tanjung Malim, is a town in Muallim District, Perak, Malaysia. It is approximately 70 km (43 mi) north of Kuala Lumpur and 120 km south of Ipoh via the North–South Expressway. It lies on the Perak-Selangor state border, with Sungai Bernam serving as the natural divider.

"Tanjong Malim" usually refers to the territory under administration of Tanjong Malim District Council or Majlis Daerah Tanjong Malim (MDTM), which includes the smaller towns adjacent to the town such as Proton City, Behrang, Behrang 2020, Sungkai and Slim River. "Tanjong Malim" is also referred to the Old Town and New Town divided by the KTM Komuter rail at its heart. Tanjong Malim is home to the main campus of the Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI).
Combat Logistics Battalion 5
Combat Logistics Battalion 5 (CLB-5) is a logistics battalion of the United States Marine Corps. CLB-5 is a subordinate battalion to Combat Logistics Regiment 1 and the 1st Marine Logistics Group. The unit is based out of the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. The battalion callsign is "Warhorse".  The unit slogan is "We bring it to the fight."

1st Marine Logistics Group
The 1st Marine Logistics Group (1st MLG) is a logistics unit of the United States Marine Corps and is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, with several subordinate elements located at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms. It is the logistics combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF).
House of Metal
House of Metal is a metal music festival in Umeå, Sweden, that was conducted for the first time on 16–17 February 2007.

HoM has three different stages for bands of varying size and as well as an additional stage for cover bands. Every year appear about 25 bands from Sweden and the rest of the world.

The 14th edition of House of Metal festival will be at Umeå Folkets Hus, 28-29 February 2020.

The Haunted (Swedish band)
The Haunted is a Swedish heavy metal band from Gothenburg, formed in 1996. The original members were Anders and Jonas Björler, Peter Dolving, Adrian Erlandsson and Patrik Jensen. Both of the Björler brothers and Erlandsson were members of the seminal melodic death metal band At the Gates, a pioneering force in the Swedish death metal scene.

The band currently consists of Marco Aro (vocals), Patrik Jensen (rhythm guitar), Ola Englund (lead guitar), Jonas Bjorler (bass), and Adrian Erlandsson (drums).
KSKS
KSKS (93.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Fresno, California, United States. The station is owned by Cumulus Media and it airs a country music format branded as "93.7 Kiss Country". Its studios are at the Radio City building on Shaw Avenue in North Fresno and its transmitter is off Auberry Road in Meadow Lakes, California. KSKS broadcasts in HD Radio.

As one of the oldest FM stations in the Fresno media market, the station is considered a grandfathered superpower station, as its effective radiated power is 68,000 watts at a height above average terrain of 580 meters (1,903 feet). (Stations at that height in Central California should run less than 3,000 watts, according to current Federal Communications Commission rules for Class B regions; however, KSKS went on the air in 1946, founded before the rules were put in place.)

Grandfather clause
A grandfather clause, also known as grandfather policy, grandfathering, or being grandfathered in, is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in. Frequently, the exemption is limited, as it may extend for a set time, or it may be lost under certain circumstances; for example, a grandfathered power plant might be exempt from new, more restrictive pollution laws, but the exception may be revoked and the new rules would apply if the plant were expanded. Often, such a provision is used as a compromise or out of practicality, to allow new rules to be enacted without upsetting a well-established logistical or political situation. This extends the idea of a rule not being retroactively applied.

A gender-neutral version of the term would be a legacy clause or legacied.
Zhang Lin (swimmer)
Zhang Lin (simplified Chinese: 张琳; traditional Chinese: 張琳; pinyin: Zhāng Lín; born 6 January 1987) is a retired Chinese competitive male swimmer. He is an Olympic silver medalist, world champion, and the current world-record holder in the 800 metre freestyle.

2009 World Aquatics Championships
The 2009 World Aquatics Championships (Italian: Campionati mondiali di nuoto 2009) or the XIII FINA World Championships were held in Rome, Italy from 18 July to 2 August 2009. This was the second time the championships were held in the city after being previously hosted in 1994.

The 2009 Championships featured competition in all 5 aquatics disciplines: diving, swimming, open water swimming, synchronised swimming and water polo.

Rome won the right to stage the event on 16 July 2005 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Rome defeated rival bids from Athens (Greece), Moscow (Russia) and Yokohama (Japan).

A record 2556 athletes from 185 countries participated. FINA's decision to allow the use of polyurethane suits caused these Championships to be dubbed the "Plastic Games".
Usvyaty, Usvyatsky District, Pskov Oblast
Usvyaty (Russian: Усвяты) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Usvyatsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located on the right bank of the Usvyacha River, between Lake Uzmen and Lake Usvyaty, two biggest lakes in the area. Municipally, it is incorporated as Usvyaty Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:  2,961 (2010 census); 3,148 (2002 census); 3,638 (1989 Soviet census).

Pskov Oblast
Pskov Oblast (Russian: Пско́вская о́бласть, romanized: Pskovskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 599,084.
McLeodUSA
McLeodUSA, based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was one of the nation's largest independent competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) during the years preceding its acquisition in 2008. The company also had offices in Springfield, Missouri, Tulsa, Oklahoma, and The Woodlands, Texas.

McLeodUSA provided integrated communications services, including local services, in 25 Midwest, Southwest, Northwest and Rocky Mountain states. The company is a facilities-based
telecommunications provider with, as of September 30, 2005, 38 ATM switches, 38 voice switches, 697 collocations, 432 DSLAMs and approximately 1,700 employees.

Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Cedar Rapids is a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, and the county seat. The population was 137,710 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 137,904 in 2024. making it the second-most populous city in Iowa. The city lies on both banks of the Cedar River, 20 miles (32 km) north of Iowa City and 128 miles (206 km) northeast of Des Moines, the state's capital.

Cedar Rapids is the economic hub of Eastern Iowa, located at the core of the Interstate 380 corridor. The population of the three-county Cedar Rapids metropolitan area, which includes the nearby cities of Marion and Hiawatha, was 276,520 in 2020. The Cedar Rapids metropolitan area is also part of a combined statistical area with the Iowa City metropolitan area.
Lewis Cary
Lewis Cary (March 31, 1798 – November 1834) was an American silversmith active in Boston.

Cary was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. He was apparently apprenticed circa 1811–1815 to Churchill & Treadwell in Boston and provided additional silver for Boston's West Church to supplement silver made by Churchill. It appears that Cary bought a silversmith business in 1820 from Hazen Morse (1790–1874), his brother-in-law, and worked from 1820 to 1832 as a silversmith, with his shop at 5 Piedmont Street. In 1821 he married Adeline Billings in Dorchester, Massachusetts. In 1828 he became a member of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association. Today Cary is remembered primarily for the silver he made for churches in Boston and as far away as Deerfield, Massachusetts. His work is collected in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association
The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association (est.1795) of Boston, Massachusetts, was "formed for the sole purposes of promoting the mechanic arts and extending the practice of benevolence." Founders included Paul Revere, Jonathan Hunnewell, and Benjamin Russell. Through much of the 19th century, the association organized conferences and exhibitions devoted to innovation in the mechanical arts.
Jón Erling Ragnarsson
Jón Erling Ragnarsson (born 18 May 1964) is an Icelandic retired football striker. He also won league titles as a handball player with FH.

Jón Erling joined Norwegian side Viking in 1986 but never played an official match for them.

Viking FK
Viking Fotballklubb, commonly known as Viking or Viking Stavanger internationally, is a Norwegian professional football club from the city of Stavanger. The club was founded in 1899. It is one of the most successful clubs in Norwegian football, having won 9 Norwegian top division titles, most recently in 2025, and 6 domestic Norwegian Cup titles, most recently in 2019. The club has played more top-flight league games than any other club in Norway. It has played in the top division since the league was established, except for the years 1966–67, 1987–88 and 2018. Notable European successes include knocking English side Chelsea out of the UEFA Cup during the 2002–03 season, knocking out Sporting CP from the same tournament in 1999–2000, and qualifying for the group stages of the 2005–06 UEFA Cup.
2004 Scotland rugby union tour of Oceania
The 2004 Scotland rugby union tour of Oceania was a series of matches played in May and June 2004 in Australia and New Zealand by Scotland national rugby union team.

All the matches were played in Australia, except for the test with Samoa, which was played in Wellington (New Zealand)

Ally Hogg
Allister Hogg (born 20 January 1983 in Stirling, Scotland) is a Scottish former  rugby union player who played at either flanker or number eight. He played for Edinburgh and Newcastle Falcons, and won 48 international caps for Scotland.
Benoît Conort
Benoît Conort (born 1956) is a French poet and literary critic.  He also teaches at the  University of Paris X - Nanterre, under the department of modern literature.

He serves on the editorial board of the journal New Series where he published numerous poems and reviews.

Paris Nanterre University
Paris Nanterre University (French: Université Paris Nanterre), formerly University of Paris West, Paris-X and commonly referred to as Nanterre, is a public research university based in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine, France, in the Paris metropolitan area. It is one of the most prestigious French universities, mainly in the areas of law, humanities, political science, social and natural sciences and economics. It is one of the thirteen successor universities of the University of Paris. The university is located in the western suburb of Nanterre, in La Défense area, the business district of the Paris area.

Paris Nanterre University alumni include more than 15 cabinet officials, heads of state or government from France and around the world, like Emmanuel Macron, Nicolas Sarkozy and Dominique de Villepin. Alumni also include heads of central banks, legislators and business people, like Christine Lagarde, Dominique Strauss-Kahn or Vincent Bolloré.
Kureyşlisarıkaya, Üzümlü
Kureyşlisarıkaya (Kurdish: Kureyş) is a village in the Üzümlü District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Alan and Lolan tribes and had a population of 63 in 2021.

The hamlets of Ahmetağa, Akören, Aydoğdu, Hasanağa, Hubar, Ilıçlı, Kazmalı, Memiliağa, Sarıca and Tekdam are attached to the village.

Erzincan Province
Erzincan Province (Turkish: Erzincan ili; is province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. In Turkey, its capital is also called Erzincan. Its area is 11,815 km2, and its population is 239,223 (2022).
Hank Walbrick
Hank Walbrick (c. 1953) is an American former college football coach. He served as the head football coach at the East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma from 1990 to 1998, compiling a record of 34–58–1 and winning an NAIA Division I Football National Championship in 1993.  A native of Lawton, Oklahoma, Walbrick played football at Lawton High School and college football at East Central, where he started at linebacker for three seasons.  He returned to Lawton High School in 1977 as an assistant football coach.

East Central University
East Central University (ECU or East Central) is a public university in Ada, Oklahoma. It is part of Oklahoma's Regional University System. Beyond its flagship campus in Ada, the university has courses available in McAlester, Shawnee, and Durant, as well as online courses. Founded as East Central State Normal School in 1909, its present name was adopted in 1985. Some of its more prominent alumni include former Microsoft COO B. Kevin Turner, Modernist painter Leon Polk Smith, former NFL player Mark Gastineau, past governors Robert S. Kerr and George Nigh, former U.S. Representative Lyle Boren, Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice Tom Colbert, and U.S. Army General James D. Thurman.

ECU is approximately 90 miles (140 km) from Oklahoma City, 115 miles (185 km) from Tulsa and 150 miles (240 km) from Dallas. Today the campus consists of 37 buildings on 135 acres (55 ha); the university typically enrolls more than 3,500 students per semester from more than 30 countries and 25 states.
Mojca Kleva
Mojca Kleva (born March 30, 1976) is a Slovene political scientist and politician born in Koper (Slovenia). On May 9, 2011 she became a Member of the European Parliament replacing Zoran Thaler who resigned from the position due to accusations regarding corruption. She is a member of Social Democrats, center-left wing political party in Slovenia.

Social Democrats (Slovenia)
The Social Democrats (Slovene: Socialni demokrati, SD) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Slovenia. Led by Matjaž Han, the party was known as the United List of Social Democrats (Slovene: Združena lista socialnih demokratov [zələsəˈdə́]) from 1993 until 2005. It is the successor of the League of Communists of Slovenia. As of 2022, the party is a member of a three-party coalition government with Robert Golob's Freedom Movement alongside The Left, as well as a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance.
Lutterworth
Lutterworth is an historic market town and civil parish in the Harborough district of Leicestershire, England. The town is located in southern Leicestershire, close to the borders with Warwickshire and Northamptonshire. It is located 6.5 miles (10.5 kilometres) north of Rugby and 12 miles (19 kilometres) south of Leicester. At the 2021 UK census, Lutterworth had a population of 10,833.

M1 motorway
The M1 motorway connects London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford, to connect to Newcastle. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the UK; the first motorway in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.

The motorway is 193 miles (311 km) long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968. The southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999.

It is also the second longest motorway in the country with the M6 motorway being the longest at 232 miles (373 km).
Unionville, Vermilion County, Illinois
Unionville is an unincorporated community in Georgetown Township, Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. Unionville is located on U.S. Route 150 and Illinois Route 1 along the southern border of Westville.

Westville, Illinois
Westville is a village in Georgetown Township, Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. It is part of the Danville, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Westville had a population of 3,167.
The X-Files literature
During the run of the TV series The X-Files, many books based on it were released, written, including novels based on episodes, a series of comic books from Topps Comics, and many "official" and "unauthorized" non-fiction books.

Some of the novels, which were published in both hardcover and trade paperback editions, came out as audiobooks read by several of the series' stars, including Gillian Anderson (Ground Zero), John Neville (Fight the Future), Bruce Harwood (Skin) and Mitch Pileggi (Antibodies and Ruins).

Apart from the novels, in 2016 first official The X-Files coloring book was released by IDW Publishing.

IDW Publishing
IDW Publishing is an American publisher of comic books, graphic novels, art books, and comic strip collections. It was founded in 1999 as the publishing division of Idea and Design Works, LLC (IDW) and is recognized as the fifth-largest comic book publisher in the United States, behind Marvel, DC, Dark Horse, and Image Comics, ahead of other comic book publishers such as Archie, Boom!, Dynamite, Valiant, and Oni Press. The company is known for its licensed comic book adaptations of films, television shows, video games, and cartoons.
Loculla rauca
Loculla rauca is a wolf spider species of the family Lycosidae endemic to São Tomé Island. It was first described in 1910 by Eugène Simon.

Its female holotype measures 16 mm. The subspecies Loculla rauca minor only measures 8-10 mm.

Eugène Simon
Eugène Louis Simon (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn lwi simɔ̃]; 30 April 1848 – 17 November 1924) was a French naturalist who worked particularly on insects and spiders, but also on birds and plants. He is by far the most prolific spider taxonomist in history, describing over 4,000 species.
2025 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup
The 2025 Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup was the 34th edition of the Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup, Europe's premier indoor hockey club tournament for men organized by the European Hockey Federation. It was hosted by Rotweiss Wettingen at the Tägi Sporthalle in Wettingen, Switzerland from 21 to 23 February 2024.

Léopold won their first title and became the first Belgian club to win the tournament by defeating Mannheimer HC 2–0 in a shoot-out after the final finished 2–2. Complutense won the bronze medal by defeating Voordaan 2–1 in a shoot-out after the match finished 3–3. Gaziantep and OKS Vinnitsa finished in seventh and eighth place respectively, which means Turkey and Ukraine were relegated to the Club Trophy in 2026.

Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)
In field hockey, a penalty shootout is a method used to decide which team progresses to the next stage of a tournament (or wins the tournament) following a tied game. Two methods have been used: the original penalty stroke competition is a best-of-five penalty strokes with sudden death if scores were level after five strokes. An alternate penalty shoot-out competition was introduced at major tournaments in 2011. Sometimes known as a penalty shuffle, the method is similar to penalty shots in ice hockey and consists of one-on-ones between an attacking player and a goalkeeper. Up to 2013, up to two 7.5-minute golden goal periods were played first; that method ceased after.
Ylipe
Philippe Labarthe, pseudonym Ylipe (9 January 1936 – 8 March 2003) was a French humorist, artist, and writer.

He was born in Bordeaux and studied Fine Arts there before moving to Paris to work as a cartoonist, painter and aphorist.  He signed his cartoons φlipe, using the Greek letter phi (φ) in place of the first three letters of his forename. Maurice Nadeau misread the Greek φ as a Latin y and the name Ylipe stuck.

In the 1960s he contributed to Arts, L'Express, and Lettres nouvelles, and signed the Manifesto of the 121 opposing the use of torture during the Algerian War. He later exhibited paintings in New York and Paris under his own name, with backing from Eugène Ionesco and Jacques Prévert.

In 2000, a back injury prevented him painting and he returned to writing aphorisms. His writing and painting often exhibit black humour; Dominique Noguez described him as a "sparkling misanthrope" (French: misanthrope étincelant). He died of lung cancer, having refused medical treatment.

Eugène Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco (/jəˈnɛskoʊ/; French: [øʒɛn jɔnɛsko]; born Eugen Ionescu, Romanian: [e.uˈdʒen joˈnesku] ⓘ; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and was one of the foremost figures of the French avant-garde theatre in the 20th century. Ionesco instigated a revolution in ideas and techniques of drama, beginning with his "anti play", The Bald Soprano which contributed to the beginnings of what is known as the Theatre of the Absurd, which includes a number of plays that, following the ideas of the philosopher Albert Camus, explore concepts of absurdism and surrealism. He was made a member of the Académie française in 1970, and was awarded the 1970 Austrian State Prize for European Literature, and the 1973 Jerusalem Prize.