hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pierre-Gabriel Marest
Pierre-Gabriel Marest (sometimes Maret, Marais; October 14, 1662 – September 15, 1714, in Kaskaskia (Randolph County, Illinois)) was a French Jesuit missionary in Canada.

He entered the novitiate in October 1681 in Paris. For the next six years he was an instructor at Vannes. Then followed a few years of additional studies in Bourges and Paris.

Vannes
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van] ⓘ; Breton: Gwened, pronounced [ˈɡweːnet], [ˈɡɥeːnet]) is a commune in the French department of Morbihan, Brittany, northwestern mainland France. It was founded over 2,000 years ago.
Elina Mikhina
Elina Mikhina (born 16 July 1994, in Ridder) is a Kazakhstani athlete sprinter specialising in the 400 metres. She won the silver medal at the 2016 Asian Indoor Championships. Since January 2018 she has been an athlete at the Kazakhstan professional track and field club Altay Athletics.

Her personal bests in the event are 52.09 seconds outdoors (Almaty 2016) and 52.53 seconds indoors (Ust-Kamenogorsk 2018).

Ridder, Kazakhstan
Ridder (Kazakh: Риддер, romanized: Ridder; formerly known as Leninogorsk; Russian: Лениногорск) is a city in the East Kazakhstan Region in north-eastern Kazakhstan. Its population is approximately 50,500 (2009 census results). The city is situated in the south-western Altai Mountains and north-east of the region's capital, Oskemen, along the Ulba River, at an elevation higher than 700 metres. Ridder is the source of the E40 motorway.
2012 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's singles
Roger Federer defeated Tomáš Berdych in the final, 3–6, 7–5, 7–5 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2012 Madrid Open. With the win, Federer won his record-tying 20th Masters title and third title at Madrid.

Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but lost to Janko Tipsarević in the quarterfinals.

This was the first and only edition of the tournament to be held on blue clay courts.

Igor Andreev
Igor Valeryevich Andreev (Russian: И́горь Вале́рьевич Андре́ев, BGN/PCGN: Andreyev, ISO 9: Andreev, listenⓘ; born 14 July 1983) is a Russian tennis coach and a former professional player. He won three ATP Tour singles titles, reached the quarterfinals of the 2007 French Open and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 18 in November 2008.
Citizens Memorial Healthcare
Citizens Memorial Healthcare (CMH) is a fully integrated rural healthcare system. CMH provides comprehensive care to the residents of eight counties in southwest Missouri. CMH refers to two affiliated corporate entities. Citizens Memorial Hospital District is a Missouri public hospital. Citizens Memorial Health Care Foundation is a 501(c)3 non-profit corporation.

CMH provides the following services: hospital inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, ambulance, outpatient surgery, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, primary care clinics, walk-in clinics and specialty clinics.

CMH serves the residents of Polk, southern Benton, Cedar, Dade, Dallas, Hickory, northern Greene and St. Clair counties, along with residents in the surrounding geographical area. CMH is one of the 10 largest employers in southwest Missouri with 2,100 employees.

501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.
Central Asia plus Japan
The Central Asia plus Japan dialogue is a political initiative between Japan and the Central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, with the goal to create “a new framework for cooperation, thereby elevating relations between Japan and Central Asia to a new level”. The dialogue, according to the Japanese Foreign Ministry, is also meant to serve as a forum to promote inter-regional cooperation. Turkmenistan, maintaining its policy of neutrality, participates only as an observer.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japanese: 外務省, Hepburn: Gaimu-shō) is an executive department of the Government of Japan, and is responsible for the country's foreign policy and international relations.

The ministry was established by the second term of the third article of the National Government Organization Act, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Establishment Act. According to the law, the mission of the ministry is "to aim at improvement of the profits of Japan and Japanese nationals, while contributing to maintenance of peaceful and safe international society, and, through an active and eager measure, both to implement good international environment and to keep and develop harmonic foreign relationships".
Shōchū
Shōchū (Japanese: 焼酎) is a Japanese distilled beverage. It is typically distilled from  rice, barley, sweet potatoes, buckwheat, or brown sugar, though it is sometimes produced from other ingredients such as chestnut, sesame seeds, potatoes, or even carrots.

Typically shōchū contains 25% alcohol by volume, which is weaker than baijiu, whiskey, or vodka, but stronger than huangjiu, sake, or wine. It is not uncommon for multiply distilled shōchū, which is more likely to be used in mixed drinks, to contain up to 35% alcohol by volume.

Whisky
Whisky or whiskey is a type of liquor made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, commonly of charred white oak. Uncharred white oak casks previously used for the aging of port, rum, or sherry may be employed during storage to impart a unique flavour and colour.

Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels.
Hevesi
Hevesi (or Hevesy) is a Hungarian surname. The name derives from Heves, Hungary. Notable people with the surname include:

Alan Hevesi (1940–2023), American politician from New York, brother of Dennis, father of Daniel and Andrew

Andrew Hevesi (born 1973), American politician from New York, son of Alan, brother of Daniel

Daniel Hevesi (born 1970), American politician from New York, son of Alan, brother of Andrew

Dennis Hevesi, reporter for The New York Times, brother of Alan

George de Hevesy (1885–1966), Hungarian chemist and Nobel Prize laureate

Gyula Hevesi (1890–1970) Hungarian chemist, economist and politician

Iván Hevesy (1893–1966) Hungarian art theorist

Lajos Hevesi (1843–1910), Hungarian writer

Andrew Hevesi
Andrew D. Hevesi (born November 19, 1973) is a Democratic member of the New York State Assembly representing the 28th Assembly District, which includes Forest Hills, Rego Park, Richmond Hill, Glendale, Kew Gardens, Ridgewood, and Middle Village.
Ines Wittich
Ines Wittich (born 14 November 1969) is a retired German shot putter.

She represented the sports clubs TV Wattenscheid and TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen, and won the bronze medal at the German championships in 1998.

Her personal best throw was 19.48 metres, achieved in July 1987 in Leipzig.

TV Wattenscheid
TV Wattenscheid 01 Leichtathletik is a German sports club focused on athletics. Founded in 1971 in Wattenscheid, Bochum in the Western part of Germany, the club's history is linked to that of an older club, Turnverein Wattenscheid 01, a gymnastics club in the city which was formed in 1901. The club's main stadium for events and training is Lohrheidestadion.

The athletics section of the club grew in the mid-1960s and received sponsorship from Klaus Steilmann, a local businessman who was involved with textile manufacturing. Shortly after, the team split away from the main club to form a distinct, athletics-specific club. Among the club's first internationally successful athletes was Sabine Braun, who was twice heptathlon world champion. The current chairman of the club is former sprint athlete Jörg Klocke.
Reactions to Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
Reactions to the BDS movement have been polarized.

Supporters of BDS compare the movement to the 20th-century anti-apartheid movement and view their actions similar to the boycotts of South Africa during its apartheid era, comparing the situation in Israel to apartheid.

Critics of the movement, such as Elhanan Yakira, Ethan Felson, and Roberta Rosenthal Kwall, have argued that BDS is a campaign motivated by anti-Zionism and anti-Israel sentiment. Executive vice chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations Malcolm Hoenlein called BDS a "'politically correct' form of anti-Semitism."

Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
The Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations (CoP; commonly Presidents' Conference) is the umbrella organization for the American Jewish community. Comprising 53 national Jewish organizations across the political spectrum, it was founded in 1955 to develop a consensus voice among Jewish organizations, especially to the U.S. government.

Along with the Jewish Federations of North America, Hillel International, and the Anti-Defamation League, the CoP is considered to represent mainstream Jewry in the United States. Since the 1970s, the CoP's chairperson is the American Jewish community's de facto spokesperson on international affairs.
Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
Ḍiyaʾ al-Mulk Aḥmad ibn Niẓām al-Mulk (Persian: ضیاءالملک احمد بن نظام‌الملک), was a Persian vizier of the Seljuq Empire and then the Abbasid Caliphate. He was the son of Nizam al-Mulk, one of the most famous viziers of the Seljuq Empire.

Vizier
A Vizier (/ˈvɪziər/; Arabic: وزير, romanized: wazīr; Persian: وزیر, romanized: vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the countries of "greater Persia". The Abbasid caliphs gave the title wazir to a minister formerly called katib (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the dapir (official scribe or secretary) of the Sassanian kings.

In modern usage, the term has been used for government ministers in much of the Middle East and beyond. Several alternative spellings are used in English, such as vizir, wazir, and vezir.

A collection of Vizier may introduce a Grand Vizier, within their civilization.
Italo-Western languages
Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance.

Gallo-Romance languages
The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal. However, other definitions are far broader and variously encompass the Occitan or Occitano-Romance, Gallo-Italic or Rhaeto-Romance languages.

Old Gallo-Romance was one of the two languages in which the Oaths of Strasbourg were written in 842 AD.
Iron deficiency (plant disorder)
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a plant disorder also known as "lime-induced chlorosis".  It can be confused with manganese deficiency. If soil iron concentration is high, in spite of this it can become unavailable for absorption if soil pH is higher than 6.5.  Excess of elements such as manganese in the soil can interfere with plant iron uptake triggering iron deficiency.

Iron is needed to produce chlorophyll, hence its deficiency causes chlorosis. For example, iron is used in the active site of glutamyl-tRNA reductase, an enzyme needed for the formation of 5-Aminolevulinic acid which is a precursor of heme and chlorophyll.

Glutamyl-tRNA reductase
A glutamyl-tRNA reductase (EC 1.2.1.70) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-glutamate 1-semialdehyde + NADP+ + tRNAGlu  L-glutamyl-tRNAGlu + NADPH + H+

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are L-glutamate 1-semialdehyde, NADP+, and tRNA(Glu), whereas its 3 products are L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu), NADPH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamate-semialdehyde: NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-glutamyl-tRNAGlu-forming). This enzyme participates in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism.
Judge Dredd (role-playing game)
Judge Dredd has been the inspiration for four role-playing game systems. These games are based on the fictional world of the Judge Dredd series from the British comic 2000AD. The role-playing games are unrelated to each other except for the setting.

Judge Dredd
Judge Joseph Dredd is a fictional character created by writer John Wagner and artist Carlos Ezquerra. He first appeared in the second issue of the British weekly anthology comic 2000 AD (1977). He is the magazine's longest-running character, and in 1990 he got his own title, the Judge Dredd Megazine. He also appears in a number of film and video game adaptations.

Judge Dredd is a law enforcement and judicial officer in the dystopian future city of Mega-City One, which covers most of the east coast of North America. He is a "street judge", empowered to summarily arrest, convict, sentence, and execute criminals. Judge Dredd stories often satirise American and British culture, with a focus on authoritarianism and police brutality.

Judge Dredd made his live-action debut in 1995 in Judge Dredd, portrayed by Sylvester Stallone. Later, he was portrayed by Karl Urban in the 2012 adaptation Dredd. In audio dramas by Big Finish Productions, Dredd is voiced by Toby Longworth.
Jungnang A
Jungnang A (Korean: 중랑구 갑) is a constituency of the National Assembly of South Korea. The constituency consists of part of Jungnang District, Seoul. As of 2016, 160,283 eligible voters were registered in the constituency.

Jungnang District
Jungnang District (Korean: 중랑구; RR: Jungnang-gu) is one of the 25 gu, or districts, of Seoul, South Korea. It is located on the north side of the Han River.

It is characterized by a typical residential area with many natural green areas such as Yongma, Mangwoo, and Bonghwasan Mountain. It is also a transportation hub in northeastern Seoul as a gateway to Gyeonggi and Gangwon regions.
Air14
Air14, also named 100 years Swiss Air Force was an international air show held by the Swiss Air Force in late August and early September 2014 at Payerne Air Base, Switzerland. It claimed to be the biggest airshow in Europe of 2014.

Mowag Piranha
The Mowag Piranha is a family of armoured fighting vehicles designed by the Swiss company Mowag (since 2010 General Dynamics European Land Systems – Mowag GmbH).

Five generations of vehicles have been produced, manufactured by Mowag or under licence by other companies such as the LAV, and variants are in service with military forces throughout the world.
Caleb Gardner
Caleb Gardner (January 24, 1739 – December 24, 1806) of Newport, Rhode Island, was an American slave trader and slavery oligarch. He was the owner or part share owner of more than a dozen slave trade vessels. On many voyages, he was also the Captain of the ship.

When he was a boy, he lived near the harbor and owned a boat. This enabled him to become familiar with the waters and islands of Narragansett Bay. As a young man, he became proficient in the triangular trade, sailing his own ship to China and the East Indies. He became a prolific global slave trader, bringing thousands of humans in bondage to the shores of:

Barbados

Charleston, South Carolina

Dominica

Grenada and St. Kitts, West Indies

Havana, Cuba

Montgomery, Alabama

New York

Jamaica

Rhode Island

St. Helena

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Danish West Indies

Cape Coast Castle
Cape Coast Castle (Swedish: Carolusborg) is one of about forty "slave castles", or large commercial forts, built on the Gold Coast of West Africa (now Ghana) by European traders. Cape Coast Castle is located in the Central Region of Ghana. It was originally a Portuguese "feitoria" or trading post, established in 1555, which was named Cabo Corso.

In 1653, a timber fort was constructed by the Swedish Africa Company. It originally was a centre for timber and gold trade, and then was later used in the Atlantic slave trade. Other Ghanaian slave castles include Elmina Castle and Fort Christiansborg. They were used to harbour enslaved Africans before they were loaded onto ships and sold in the Americas, especially the Caribbean. This "gate of no return" was the last stop before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Cape Coast Castle, along with other forts and castles in Ghana, are included on the UNESCO World Heritage List because of their testimony to the Atlantic gold and slave trades.
Barthold Nicolai Landsberg
Barthold Nicolai von Landsberg (c. 1668 – 18 February 1740) was a Dano-Norwegian military officer. He was born in Holstein. He was a lieutenant colonel and in command of the Fredriksten Fortress from 1717, during the Great Northern War, and was responsible for defending the fortress against attacks from Charles XII in 1718. Charles XII was killed during the siege of the fortress, and this effectively ended the Swedish campaign in Norway. Landsberg was assigned the rank of Lieutenant General in 1739. He died in Fredrikstad in 1740. A memorial of Landsberg was raised at the Fredriksten Fortress, and a square in Halden is named after him.

Halden
Halden (pronounced [ˈhɑ̀ɫdn̩] ⓘ), between 1665 and 1928 known as Fredrikshald, is both a town and a municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The municipality borders Sarpsborg to the northwest, Rakkestad to the north and Aremark to the east, as well as the Swedish municipalities Strömstad, Tanum and Dals-Ed respectively to the southwest, south and southeast.

The seat of the municipality, Halden is a border town located at the mouth of the Tista river on the Iddefjord, the southernmost border crossing between Norway and Sweden. The town of Halden is located about 120 km (75 mi) south of Oslo, 190 km (120 mi) north of Gothenburg, and 12 km (7.5 mi) west of the border crossing at Svinesund.
Scanlens
Scanlens is a brand of trading cards first produced in the 1930s and given away with packets of sweets and chewing gum.

The first sports-themed cards series were produced in limited quantities in 1963 featuring 18 players from the Victorian Football League and players in the New South Wales Rugby Football League and Queensland Rugby League competitions, which have since become highly sought-after, with some cards commanding a price of up to $2000 each. The record for a Scanlens card is $7,200, sold in 2014 and featuring Graham "Polly" Farmer; its high price was due to a misprint that greatly reduced supply. 
Scanlens went on to produce further modern card sets (sport and non-sport) between 1963 and 1991, many of which have since become collector's items.

Polly Farmer
Graham Vivian "Polly" Farmer MBE (10 March 1935 – 14 August 2019) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and the East Perth Football Club and West Perth Football Club in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL).

Born in Western Australia and of indigenous heritage through his Noongar mother, Farmer is considered one of the greatest footballers in the game's history; when the Australian Football Hall of Fame was established in 1996, Farmer was among the 12 inaugural players given "legend" status. He is primarily recognised for the way he revolutionised ruckwork and handballing.

After retiring as a player, Farmer returned to Geelong to become the VFL's first coach of indigenous background, and he was also named coach of Western Australia's first State of Origin team.

The Graham Farmer Freeway in his hometown of Perth is named in his honour.
Miron Polyakin
Miron Borisovich Polyakin (Russian: Мирон Борисович Полякин; (February 12, 1895 in Cherkasy - May 21, 1941 in Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet violinist and pedagogue, one of the best known disciples of the famous Leopold Auer.  Between 1917-1926 he toured many countries of the world, and in 1922 gave his New York debut.  Upon his return to the Soviet Union, he undertook the professorship position at the Leningrad Conservatory (1928–1936) and then the Moscow Conservatory (1936–1941).

Leopold Auer
Leopold von Auer (Hungarian: Auer Lipót; June 7, 1845 – July 15, 1930) was a Hungarian violinist, academic, conductor, composer, and instructor. Many of his students went on to become prominent concert performers and teachers.
Estonian Border Guard
The Estonian Border Guard (Estonian: Eesti Piirivalve) was the national security agency responsible for the border security of Estonia. It was subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior. The Border Guard also assisted with Search and Rescue missions. In 2010, the organization was superseded by the Police and Border Guard Board.

Ministry of the Interior (Estonia)
The Ministry of the Interior of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Siseministeerium) is a Ministry in the Estonian Government first established in 1918, before being restored in 1991. The current Minister of the Interior is Igor Taro.

In 2018, Estonia’s ministry of interior planned to introduce the world’s first digital nomad visa in accordance to celebrating its 100 years of independence. The purpose of this visa is to allow non-Estonians access to Estonian services from abroad. This is an addition to groundbreaking initiatives like e-residency and border-less banking which has listed the country as one of the most digitally advanced nations of the decade.
Bahçesaray, Van
Bahçesaray (Armenian: Մոկս, romanized: Moks, Kurdish: Miks) is municipality and district of Van Province, Turkey. Its area is 426 km2, and its population is 13,495 (2022). It was a bucak in Pervari District of Siirt Province until 1964 and in Gevaş district of Van Province between 1964 and 1987. It is at a distance of 110 kilometres (68 mi) from Van. The town is built on the banks of the Bahçesaray River.

Van Province
Van Province (Turkish: Van ili, Kurdish: Parezgêha Wanê, Armenian: Վանի մարզ) is a province and metropolitan municipality in the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. Its area is 20,921 km2, and its population is 1,128,749 (2022). Its adjacent provinces are Bitlis to the west, Siirt to the southwest, Şırnak and Hakkâri to the south, and Ağrı to the north. The capital of the province is the city of Van, with a population of 525,016 as of 2022. The second-largest city is Erciş, with 92,945 inhabitants in 2022. The province was part of ancient province of Vaspurakan and is considered to be one of the cradles of Armenian civilization. Before the Armenian genocide, Van Province was one of the six Armenian vilayets. A majority of the population of the province is Kurdish and considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.