hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wedge sum
In topology, the wedge sum is a "one-point union" of a family of topological spaces. Specifically, if X and Y are pointed spaces (i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints  and ) the wedge sum of X and Y is the quotient space of the disjoint union of X and Y by the identification

where  is the equivalence closure of the relation 
More generally, suppose  is an indexed family of pointed spaces with basepoints  The wedge sum of the family is given by:

where  is the equivalence closure of the relation  
In other words, the wedge sum is the joining of several spaces at a single point. This definition is sensitive to the choice of the basepoints  unless the spaces  are homogeneous.

The wedge sum is again a pointed space, and the binary operation is associative and commutative (up to homeomorphism).

Sometimes the wedge sum is called the wedge product, but this is not the same concept as the exterior product, which is also often called the wedge product.

Closure (mathematics)
In mathematics, a subset of a larger set is closed under a given operation on the larger set if performing that operation on members of the subset always produces a member of that subset. For example, the natural numbers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: 1 − 2 is not a natural number, although both 1 and 2 are.

Similarly, a subset is said to be closed under a collection of operations if it is closed under each of the operations individually.

The closure of a subset is the result of a closure operator applied to the subset. The closure of a subset under some operations is the smallest superset that is closed under these operations. It is often called the span (for example linear span) or the generated set.
Uncle Tom Wins
Uncle Tom Wins is a 1909 American film. It was made by Edison Pictures. The film features a modified version of the character  of Uncle Tom from Uncle Tom's Cabin; although its plot has nothing in common with that novel. In this film, Uncle Tom wins the lottery and has his hiding place for the loot sought after by thieves. It is a short comedy film incorporating "race humor". Another account describes the film as featuring stereotypical minstrel themes.

Edison Studios
Edison Studios was an American film production organization, owned by companies controlled by inventor and entrepreneur, Thomas Edison. The studio made close to 1,200 films, as part of the Edison Manufacturing Company (1894–1911) and then  Thomas A. Edison, Inc. (1911–1918), until the studio's closing in 1918. Of that number, 54 were feature length, and the remainder were shorts. All of the company's films have fallen into the public domain because they were released before 1928.
Gérard Debreu
Gérard Debreu (French: [dəbʁø]; 4 July 1921 – 31 December 2004) was a French-born economist and mathematician. Best known as a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he began work in 1962, he won the 1983 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

The Review of Economic Studies
The Review of Economic Studies (also known as REStud) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering economics. The journal is widely considered one of the top 5 journals in economics. It is managed by the editorial board currently chaired by Ruben Enikolopov. The current joint managing editors are Thomas Chaney at University of Southern California, Xavier D’Haultfoeuille at Center for Research in Economics and Statistics, Andrea Galeotti at London Business School, Bard Harstad at Stanford Graduate School of Business, Nir Jaimovich at University of California, San Diego, Katrine Loken at Norwegian School of Economics, Elias Papaioannou at London Business School, Vincent Sterk at University College London, and Noam Yuchtman at University of Oxford. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 6.345.
Laure of Chabanais
Laure of Chabanais (died 1316), was a Countess regnant suo jure of Bigorre in 1283 to 1307.

Her parents were Alice, Countess of Bigorre and Jordan, Lord of Chabanais.

She married firstly to Simon of Rochechouart, lord of Availles, and secondly to Raymond V Viscount of Turenne. She had three children, all by her first marriage.

After the death of her childless brother Eskivat de Chabanais she fought with her Aunt Martha, Viscountess of Marsan, wife of Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn, for control of Bigorre.

Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn
Gaston VII de Montcada (Latin: Guasto de Biarde; 1225 – 26 April 1290), called Froissard, was the twentieth Viscount of Béarn from 1229. He was the son and heir of Guillermo II de Montcada of the House of Montcada and of Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso II of Provence and Garsenda of Forcalquier. He was succeeded by Roger-Bernard III of Foix.
Defence Export Promotion Organization
The Defence Export Promotion Organization (DEPO) (Urdu: تنظیم برائے فروغِ صادراتِ دفاعی) is an agency of the
Ministry of Defence Production responsible for promoting defence industry exports and fire arms globally.

The DEPO organizes the biennial defence event International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS), which takes places at the Karachi Expo Center in Karachi, Pakistan.

Karachi Expo Center
Karachi Expo Center is the convention center where Pakistani products are showcased internationally. The center consists of 6 halls. The Trade Development Authority of Pakistan also helps support the exhibitions at the center.
The Spitz
The Spitz was a music venue in the East End of London, at 109 Commercial Street on the edge of the Old Spitalfields Market. The venue operated from 1996 to 2007, and was forced to close in a dispute about rent. In 2014, a group of regular performers at the venue adopted the name of "The Spitz" for a charitable trust that, "takes professional musicians into care homes, day centres and hospitals across London."

Acoustic Ladyland
Acoustic Ladyland was a London-based jazz-punk band consisting of Pete Wareham on vocals and saxophone, Seb Rochford on drums, Chris Sharkey on guitar, and Ruth Goller on bass guitar.

Tom Herbert of The Invisible played bass on their first three albums. They are part of the F-IRE Collective. Some of the members are now part of electronic jazz group Melt Yourself Down, whose debut album came out in 2013.
Amherst, Nova Scotia
Amherst (/ˈæmɜːrst/ AM-urst) is a town in northwestern Nova Scotia, Canada, located at the northeast end of the Cumberland Basin, an arm of the Bay of Fundy, and 22 km (14 mi) south of the Northumberland Strait. The town sits on a height of land at the eastern boundary of the Isthmus of Chignecto and Tantramar Marshes, 3 km (1.9 mi) east of the interprovincial border with New Brunswick and 65 km (40 mi) southeast of the city of Moncton.  It is 60 km (37 mi) southwest of the New Brunswick abutment of the Confederation Bridge to Prince Edward Island at Cape Jourimain.

Northumberland Strait
46°05′N 63°35′W﻿ / ﻿46.083°N 63.583°W﻿ / 46.083; -63.583

The Northumberland Strait (French: détroit de Northumberland) is a strait in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in eastern Canada.  The strait is formed by Prince Edward Island and the gulf's eastern, southern, and western shores.
Sweden–America Foundation
The Sweden–America Foundation (Swedish: Sverige-Amerikastiftelsen) is a Swedish foundation which provides fellowships to younger Swedes for scientific and cultural work in the United States and Canada. The objectives for the Foundation are to "work for the development of a relationship between Sweden, on the one hand, and the United States and Canada, on the other, by promoting the exchange of scientific, cultural, and practical experiences through presenting fellowships to young men and women for research and graduate level studies in the United States and Canada."

Foundation (nonprofit)
A foundation (also referred to as a charitable foundation) is a type of nonprofit organization or charitable trust that usually provides funding and support to other charitable organizations through grants, while also potentially participating directly in charitable activities. Foundations encompass public charitable foundations, like community foundations, and private foundations, which are often endowed by an individual or family. Nevertheless, the term "foundation" might also be adopted by organizations not primarily engaged in public grantmaking.
Jack Quinn (politician)
John Francis Quinn Jr. (born April 13, 1951) is a retired American politician and academic administrator from the state of New York. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005, and went on to serve as president of Erie Community College (ECC) from 2008 to 2017.

A native of the Buffalo area, Quinn taught in Orchard Park, New York; worked at a steel plant; and before his election to Congress in 1992, was involved in local politics, sitting on the Hamburg Town Council, as well as serving as the town's supervisor. While in Congress, he was considered a moderately conservative Republican, and was active in numerous committees, subcommittees, and caucuses as chair or member. Prior to becoming a congressional representative,as well as being the town's supervisor. After leaving Congress and prior to taking the top leadership post at ECC, Quinn was also president of a lobbying firm in Washington, D.C.

Siena University (New York)
Siena University, formerly Siena College, is a private Franciscan university in Loudonville, New York, United States. It was founded by the Order of Friars Minor in 1937 and is named after the Franciscan friar Bernardino of Siena. The university enrolls approximately 3,600 students and offers undergraduate and graduate programs through three schools in business, liberal arts, and science. Siena competes in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.
Philip Yung
Philip Yung Tsz-kwong (Chinese: 翁子光) is a Hong Kong film director, screenwriter, and critic.

Yung won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Screenplay at the 35th Hong Kong Film Awards for Port of Call (2015), and won Best Director at the 31st Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards for Papa (2024).

Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award
The Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award (Chinese: 香港電影評論學會大獎) is the annual award given by the Hong Kong Film Critics Society in Hong Kong since 1994. The award is determined by votes cast in three rounds after a substantial discussion session between the members of the society. The transcript of each discussion can be found in the annual journal of Hong Kong film reviews which is published by the society every year.

The society presents the awards in an informal yet prestigious ceremony. Over the years, several venues have been used for the awards presentation, including Planet Hollywood Restaurant (closed), Hong Kong Art Centre, Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, and Hong Kong Film Archive.
Fletcher-Skinner-Nixon House and Outbuildings
Fletcher-Skinner-Nixon House and Outbuildings, also known as Swampside, is a historic plantation complex located near Hertford, Perquimans County, North Carolina.   The main house was built about 1820, and is a two-story, Federal style frame dwelling.  It is sheathed in weatherboard, sits on a brick pier foundation, and features an engaged double-tier piazza. Also on the property are the contributing stuccoed brick dairy (c. 1820), smokehouse, well, and barn (c. 1860). In 1992, the Fletcher-Skinner-Nixon House was adapted for use as a bed and breakfast inn.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.  It is located in the Old Neck Historic District.

Plantation house
A plantation house is the main house of a plantation, often a substantial farmhouse, which often serves as a symbol for the plantation as a whole. Plantation houses in the Southern United States and in other areas are known as quite grand and expensive architectural works today, though most were more utilitarian, working farmhouses.
Galipea
Galipea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae.

Species include:

Galipea dasysperma

Galipea granulosa

Galipea longiflora

†Galipea ossana

Galipea panamensis

Galipea trifoliata

Galipea officinalis is currently a synonym of Angostura trifoliata. Galipea elegans is a synonym of Conchocarpus elegans.

Rutaceae
The Rutaceae (/ruːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.

Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.

The most economically important genus in the family is Citrus, which includes the orange (C. × sinensis), lemon (C. × limon), grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and lime (various). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum, several species of which are cultivated for Sichuan pepper, Melicope, and Agathosma. The family Rutaceae contains about 160 genera.
Z-FA-FMK
Z-FA-FMK, abbreviating for benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl-fluoromethyl ketone, is a very potent irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteases, including cathepsins B, L, and S, cruzain, and papain.  It also selectively inhibits effector caspases 2, 3, 6, and 7 but not caspases 8 and 10. This compound has been shown to block the production of IL1-α, IL1-β, and TNF-α induced by LPS in macrophages by inhibiting NF-κB pathways.

Cathepsin S
Cathepsin S is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSS gene. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyadenylation signals exist for this gene.

Cathepsin S is a member of the peptidase C1 family of cysteine cathepsins, a lysosomal cysteine protease that may participate in the degradation of antigenic proteins to peptides for presentation to the MHC class II. Cathepsin S can function as an elastase over a broad pH range in alveolar macrophages.
2025 Bicester Motion fire
The Bicester Motion fire broke out at around 18:39 BST on 15 May 2025, at Hangar 79 at the Bicester Motion site on Bicester Airfield in Bicester, Oxfordshire. As of August 2025, the cause of the fire is unknown, with Thames Valley Police's Major Crime Unit continuing to investigate. The hangar held various vintage vehicles, including a Bedford 1960's mobile cinema bus, a 1968 Bristol RELH Red & White coach, and a Thirstywagon 1920's mobile bar.

The fire killed three people – firefighters Jennie Logan and Martyn Sadler, and a member of the public, Bicester businessman and "close friend of the site" David Chester. Two other firefighters were taken to hospital with serious injuries, and have since been discharged. Tributes were paid to those who died, including church services and a moment of silence.

Hangar
A hangar is a building or structure designed to hold aircraft or spacecraft. Hangars are built of metal, wood, or concrete. The word hangar comes from Middle French hanghart ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haimgard ("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from *haim ("home, village, hamlet") and gard ("yard"). The term, gard, comes from the Old Norse garðr ("enclosure, garden").

Hangars are used for protection from the weather, direct sunlight and for maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft.
KLTJ
KLTJ (channel 22) is a religious television station licensed to Galveston, Texas, United States, serving the Houston area. Owned and operated by the Daystar Television Network through its Community Television Educators subsidiary, the station maintains transmitter facilities near Missouri City, in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County.

Daystar Television Network
The Daystar Television Network commonly known as Daystar Television or just Daystar, is an American evangelical Christian-based religious television network owned by the Word of God Fellowship, founded by Marcus Lamb in 1993. Daystar is headquartered in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in Bedford, Texas. The network is based around prosperity theology.
Federico Mazzotta
Federico Mazzotta (1839–1897) was an Italian painter, mainly of genre subjects, but also historic and Neo-Pompeian themes.

He was born in Naples and was a resident of Capua. In 1884, at Turin, he exhibited: Un disastro and Un piccolo disastro. In 1886 at Milan, in 1886, he displayed Un trovatello and Il pomo morsicato, and in 1887 at Venice: In campagna.

At the 1866 Promotrice in Naples, he displayed Margherita Pusterla and her jailer. Ten years later at the exhibitions of Genova and Milano, he displayed a Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse. he painted a La tarantella (1873) in Naples, and Il Sandalo (Neo-Pompeian) (1876) for the Promotrice di Genova.

Dionysius I of Syracuse
Dionysius I or Dionysius the Elder (c. 432 – 367 BC) was a Greek tyrant of Syracuse, Sicily. He conquered several cities on Sicily and southern Italy, opposed Carthage's influence on Sicily and made Syracuse the most powerful of the western Greek colonies. He was regarded by the ancients as the worst kind of despot: cruel, suspicious, and vindictive.
Juan Campodónico
Juan Campodónico (Montevideo, Uruguay, 1971), sometimes working under his stage name Campo, is an Uruguayan musician, producer, composer, creator and former member of El Peyote Asesino, Bajofondo and Campo. He produced albums by Jorge Drexler (Frontera, Sea, Eco, 12 Segundos de Oscuridad), Luciano Supervielle, Bajofondo (Tango Club, Mar Dulce, Presente), El Cuarteto de Nos (Raro, Bipolar, Porfiado), La Vela Puerca (El impulso), OMAR, Sordromo, No Te Va Gustar, Santullo and Ximena Sariñana among others.  He created the Bajofondo project alongside iconic producer and two-time Academy Award winner for Best Original Score Gustavo Santaolalla (Brokeback Mountain and Babel). He has been awarded with various Latin Grammy, Premios Gardel and Graffiti awards for his work as a producer, as well as with many golden records.

Premios Gardel
The Premios Gardel a la Música (originally called Premios Carlos Gardel), or just Premios Gardel (in English, the Gardel Awards), is an award presented by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) to recognize the best of Argentine music and to award the talent of Argentine artists in a diversity of genres and categories. The trophy depicts a sculpture of French Argentine tango singer Carlos Gardel, one of Argentina's music icons. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have more popular interest.

The honorees are chosen by a jury consisting of musicians, journalists and other members of the media, event producers, sound engineers, and personalities related to music. The awards are the Argentine equivalent to the American Grammy Awards and the British BRIT Awards. The Premios Gardel have been described as the "most important prize in the country's music business".
BFM TV
BFM TV (pronounced [beɛfɛm teve], stylized as BFMTV) is a French news broadcast television and radio network, wholly owned by RMC BFM. The flagship property of the RMC BFM division of CMA CGM, its headquarters are located in Paris.

As the country's most-watched news channel with 10 million daily viewers, BFM TV "boasts a market share in France that is greater than any equivalent news channel around the world". A BBC News commentator considered its economic coverage "clearly pro-business, pro-reform, and anti the old consensus", which is noteworthy because in France, "economic coverage tends to come from the opposite perspective—the state sector and workers taking precedence over private enterprise".

CMA CGM
Compagnie maritime d'affrètement - Compagnie générale maritime, commonly known as CMA CGM is a French shipping and logistics company founded in 1978 by Jacques Saadé. The name is an acronym derived from its  two predecessor companies, Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètement (CMA) and Compagnie Générale Maritime (CGM), which translate to "Maritime Freighting Company" and "General Maritime Company", respectively.

Headquartered at the CMA CGM Tower in Marseille, France, the group is the third-largest container shipping company in the world. For the 2024 fiscal year, the company reported an annual revenue of US$55.48 billion.

CMA CGM operations include shipping, port operation, supply chain management, and warehousing. The company has a presence in 160 countries with 400 offices, 750 warehouses, 155,000 employees, and a fleet of 593 vessels. CMA CGM serves 420 of the world's 521 commercial ports and operates 257 shipping lines.
Battle of Turnhout (1597)
The Battle of Turnhout, also known as the Battle of Tielenheide, was fought on 24 January 1597 by allied forces of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England against those of the Spanish Empire. The battle took place near Turnhout in the Southern Netherlands (now in modern-day Belgium), and was part of the Eighty Years' War and the concurrent Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).

The engagement occurred as the Spanish were withdrawing ahead of an impending Dutch and English attack on their winter quarters in Turnhout (which did not have defensive walls), to Herentals, the nearest fortified town, 17 kilometres (11 mi) to the southwest. The vanguard of the allied army caught up with the Spanish column en route to Herentals, and after some skirmishing, both armies confronted each other on a heath called Tielenheide. The Spanish cavalry was driven off, after which the English and Dutch cavalry fell upon the disordered Spanish infantry who were routed with heavy casualties.

Vanguard
The vanguard (sometimes abbreviated to van  and also called the advance guard) is the leading part of an advancing military formation. It has a number of functions, including seeking out the enemy and securing ground in advance of the main force.

In naval warfare the van is the advance ship, or fleet, that will make the initial engagement with an enemy fleet.
Merlet
Merlet is a hotel and restaurant in Schoorl, Netherlands. It was awarded a Michelin star in 1998, which it has maintained (as of 2023).

GaultMillau awarded them 17.5points out of 20. It was named Dutch restaurant of the year 2012 by restaurant guide Grootspraak.

Merlet is a member of Alliance Gastronomique Néerlandaise.

Head chef Alan Pearson was the first Merlet chef to be awarded a Michelin star, which was still in place in 2023 following several changes of chef. In 2001 Pearson was succeeded by Wilco Berends, who in turn was succeeded by Timo Munts in 2007. Munts left in 2013 and was succeeded by former sous-chef Frank van Enter, and by Jonathan Zandbergen  in 2015.

Gault Millau
Gault et Millau (French pronunciation: [ɡo e mijo]), formerly Le Nouveau Guide Gault-Millau is a French restaurant guide. It was founded by two restaurant critics, Henri Gault and Christian Millau, in 1969 and sold to the magazine Le Point in 1983.
GM-5022
GM-5022 is a non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogen which is under development for the treatment of depressive, anxiety, and other neurological disorders. It is taken orally. The drug's specific mechanism of action and chemical structure do not appear to have been disclosed yet. GM-5022 is under development by Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals. As of December 2024, it is in the preclinical research stage of development, with an Investigational New Drug (IND) application being worked on.

Chemical structure
A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together and can be represented using structural formulae and by molecular models; complete electronic structure descriptions include specifying the occupation of a molecule's molecular orbitals. Structure determination can be applied to a range of targets from very simple molecules (e.g., diatomic oxygen or nitrogen) to very complex ones (e.g., such as protein or DNA).