hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abbe error
Abbe error, named after Ernst Abbe, also called sine error, describes the magnification of angular error over distance. For example, when one measures a point that is 1 meter away at 90 degrees, an angular error of 1 degree corresponds to a positional error of over 1.745 cm, equivalent to a distance-measurement error of 1.745%.

In machine design, some components are particularly sensitive to angular errors. For example, slight deviations from parallelism of the spindle axis of a lathe to the tool motion along the bed of the machine can lead to relatively large (undesired) taper along the part (i.e. a non-cylindrical part). Vernier calipers are not free from Abbe error, while screw gauges are free from Abbe error. Abbe error is the product of the Abbe offset and the sine of angular error in the system.

Abbe error can be detrimental to dead reckoning.

Formula:

is the error.

is the distance, sometimes called the Abbe offset.

is the angle.

Ernst Abbe
Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905),  was a German businessman, optical engineer, physicist, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems.
White-naped pigeon
The white-naped pigeon (Columba albinucha) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is native to the Western High Plateau, the Adamawa and Bongo massifs and the Albertine Rift montane forests on the other.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat destruction.

Western High Plateau
The Western High Plateau, Western Highlands or Bamenda Grassfields is a region of Cameroon characterised by high relief, cool temperatures, heavy rainfall and savanna vegetation. The region lies along the Cameroon line and consists of mountain ranges and volcanoes made of crystalline and igneous rock. The region borders the South Cameroon Plateau to the southeast, the Adamawa Plateau to the northeast and the Cameroon coastal plain to the south.
Birdsong (surname)
Birdsong is an English surname.  Notable people with the surname include:

Bob Birdsong (born 1948), American former bodybuilder

Carl Birdsong (born 1959), American former professional footballer

Cindy Birdsong (born 1939), American singer

Craig Birdsong (born 1964), American former professional footballer

Edwin Birdsong (1941–2019), American keyboardist and organist

Gary Birdsong, American fundamentalist preacher

Hayden Birdsong (born 2001), American professional baseball player

Jimmy Birdsong (1925–2013), American politician

Joseph Birdsong (born 1988), American singer, songwriter, member of electropop duo Candy Coded

Joyce Birdsong (Joyce Beatty, born 1950), American politician

Keith Birdsong (1959–2019), Native American illustrator

Larry Birdsong (1934–1990), American R&B singer

Mary Birdsong (born 1968), American actress

Mia Birdsong, American activist

Otis Birdsong (born 1955), American former professional basketball player

Larry Birdsong
Lawrence E. Birdsong (June 15, 1934 – August 7, 1990) was an American R&B singer who recorded between the 1950s and 1970s.  His biggest hit was "Pleadin' For Love", which reached the Billboard R&B chart in 1956.
Ambrose Woodall, 1st Baron Uvedale of North End
Ambrose Edgar Woodall, 1st Baron Uvedale of North End MD FRCS (24 April 1885 – 28 February 1974), known as Sir Ambrose Woodall between 1931 and 1946, was a British surgeon.

Woodall was Resident Surgeon at Manor House Hospital from 1921 to 1958 and Medical Adviser to the National Union of Railway Men and other unions from 1922 to 1958. He was knighted in 1931 and elevated to the peerage as Baron Uvedale of North End, of North End in the County of Middlesex, in 1946.

Woodall was childless and his title became extinct upon his death on 28 February 1974, aged 88.

Royal College of Surgeons of England
The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England) is an independent professional body and registered charity that promotes and advances standards of surgical care for patients, and regulates surgery and dentistry in England and Wales. The college is located at Lincoln's Inn Fields in London. It publishes multiple medical journals including the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Faculty Dental Journal, and the Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
Mary Rakowski DuBois
Mary Rakowski DuBois is an inorganic chemist, now retired from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).  She made multiple contributions to inorganic and organometallic chemistry, focusing on synthetic and mechanistic studies. In recognition of her scientific contributions, she received several awards.

Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.
Atari CoJag
The Atari CoJag is an arcade board released in 1995 by Atari Games (a then-subsidiary of Time Warner Interactive that licensed the console hardware) before Atari Corporation's reverse merger with JT Storage. It was based on the Atari Jaguar chipset.

Time Warner Interactive
Time Warner Interactive (TWI) was an American video game developing and publishing division within Time Warner. It was formed in 1993 after Time Warner acquired a controlling interest in Atari Games, which was already partly held by Time Warner. It was active until 1996 when WMS Industries, the owners of the Williams, Bally and Midway arcade brands, bought the company.

Time Warner Interactive was responsible for games such as Rise of the Robots, Primal Rage, and T-MEK.
Mojave Heights, California
Mojave Heights is an unincorporated community in the Victor Valley of the Mojave Desert, within San Bernardino County, California.

It lies just west of the old U.S. Route 66 (National Trails Highway). The town is located just south of Oro Grande, between Victorville and Adelanto.

It lies at an elevation of 2,759 feet (841 m).

U.S. Route 66 in California
U.S. Route 66 (US 66, Route 66) is a part of a former United States Numbered Highway in the  state of California that ran from the west in Santa Monica on the Pacific Ocean through Los Angeles and San Bernardino to Needles at the Arizona state line. It was truncated during the 1964 renumbering and its signage removed in 1974. The highway is now mostly replaced with several streets in Los Angeles, State Route 2 (SR 2), SR 110, SR 66, County Route 66 (CR 66) in San Bernardino County, Interstate 15 (I-15), and I-40.
George Mills (cricketer, born 1923)
George Thomas Mills (12 September 1923 – 15 September 1983) was an English cricketer who played two first-class matches for Worcestershire in 1953. He claimed four dismissals on debut against Cambridge University at Fenner's in May,
and a further five a month later against Middlesex at Worcester,
but these two matches proved to be the sum of his first-class career.

New Road, Worcester
Visit Worcestershire New Road is a cricket ground in the English city of Worcester. The home of Worcestershire County Cricket Club since 1896, it has been rated as one of the world's most beautiful cricket grounds.
Javadiyeh, Nishapur
Javadiyeh (Persian: جواديه, also Romanized as Javādīyeh) is a village in Zeberkhan Rural District, Zeberkhan District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 319, in 77 families.

Nishapur County
Nishapur County (Persian: شهرستان نیشاپور) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Nishapur, the second largest city in the province and the third largest city in Eastern Iran.
Vicki Blight
Victoria Blight is a radio DJ based in the United Kingdom. Blight has presented shows on Heart 106, a regional radio station broadcast to the East Midlands, Absolute Radio, BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio Wales. The name Blight is of Cornish origin.

Radio personality
A radio personality is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host (North American English), radio presenter (British English) or radio jockey. Radio personalities who introduce and play individual selections of recorded music are known as disc jockeys or "DJs" for short. Broadcast radio personalities may include talk radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, and satellite radio program hosts, and non-host contributors to radio programs, such as reporter
Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.

Declaration of independence
A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence", though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.
Christianity and ancient Greek philosophy
Christianity and Hellenistic philosophies experienced complex interactions during the first to the fourth centuries.

As Christianity spread throughout the Hellenic world, an increasing number of church leaders were educated in Greek philosophy. The dominant philosophical traditions of the Greco-Roman world then were Stoicism, Platonism, Epicureanism, and, to a lesser extent, the skeptic traditions of Pyrrhonism and Academic Skepticism. Stoicism and, particularly, Platonism were often integrated into Christian ethics and Christian theology.

Academic skepticism
Academic skepticism was the philosophy of the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although individual philosophers, such as Favorinus and his teacher Plutarch, continued to defend skepticism after this date. Unlike the existing school of skepticism, the Pyrrhonists, they maintained that knowledge of things is impossible. Ideas or notions are never true; nevertheless, there are degrees of plausibility, and hence degrees of belief, which allow one to act. The school was characterized by its attacks on the Stoics, particularly their dogma that convincing impressions led to true knowledge. The most important Academics were Arcesilaus, Carneades, and Philo of Larissa. The most extensive ancient source of information about Academic skepticism is Academica, written by the Academic skeptic philosopher Cicero.
Frances Farmer (librarian)
Frances Farmer (December 5, 1909 – September 13, 1993) was an American law librarian and professor.  From 1944 to 1976, she headed the library at the University of Virginia School of Law, responsible for its growth, modernization, and prestige.  She was also the first female full professor at the University of Virginia School of Law.

University of Richmond
The University of Richmond (UR or U of R) is a private liberal arts college in Richmond, Virginia, United States. It is a primarily undergraduate, residential institution with approximately 3,900 undergraduate and graduate students in five schools: the School of Arts and Sciences; the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business; the Jepson School of Leadership Studies; the University of Richmond School of Law; and the School of Professional & Continuing Studies. It is classified among "Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus".

The university's athletics teams are known as the "Richmond Spiders," after the university's distinctive mascot. A participant in the U.S. Navy's V-12 Navy College Training Program during World War II, Richmond commissions U.S. Army officers through its ROTC program, which is partnered with Hampden-Sydney College and Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia.
A.C. Moore
A.C. Moore was an American arts and crafts retail chain, owned by Nicole Crafts. It had 145 retail locations in the eastern United States, with corporate headquarters in Berlin, New Jersey. On November 25, 2019, A.C. Moore announced that it would wind down its operations, closing all stores, and selling selected leases and other assets to a competitor, Michaels.

A.C. Moore sold a variety of arts and crafts products, including scrapbooking, beading, knitting, rubber stamping, home decor items, floral items, children's crafts, paints, framing, greenery and seasonal items. They were known for a policy of discounts and beating competitors' prices.

Beadwork
Beadwork is the art or craft of attaching beads to one another by stringing them onto a thread or thin wire with a sewing or beading needle or sewing them to cloth. Beads are produced in a diverse range of materials, shapes, and sizes, and vary by the kind of art produced. Most often, beadwork is a form of personal adornment (e.g. jewelry), but it also commonly makes up other artworks.

Beadwork techniques are broadly divided into several categories, including loom and off-loom weaving, stringing, bead embroidery, bead crochet, bead knitting, and bead tatting.
Lee Jung-youl
Lee Jung-Youl (born August 16, 1981) is a South Korean football player who plays for Daejeon Citizen.

His previous clubs were Incheon United, Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma and Chunnam Dragons.

He was part of the South Korea football team in 2004 Summer Olympics, who finished second in Group A, making it through to the next round, before being defeated by silver medal winners Paraguay.

Seongnam FC
Seongnam Football Club (Korean: 성남 FC) is a South Korean professional football club based in Seongnam that competes in the K League 2, the second tier of South Korean football. It is one of the most successful clubs in South Korea and the Asian Football Confederation, having won seven K League 1 titles and 2 AFC Champions League titles.
Hugo Ruf
Hugo Ruf (born 9 April 1925 in Schramberg/Württemberg, died 1 November 1999 in Brauweiler near Cologne) was an influential German harpsichordist, music pedagogue and a pioneer of early music revival in Germany. He is noted in particular for his recordings of music by Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach. He was instrumental (along with the conductor Helmuth Koch) in the 20th century revival of C.P.E.Bach's music.

Early music revival
An early music revival is a renewed interest in music from ancient history or prehistory. The general discussion of how to perform music from ancient or earlier times did not become an important subject of interest until the 19th century, when Europeans began looking to ancient culture generally, and musicians began to discover the musical riches from earlier centuries. The idea of performing early music more "authentically", with a sense of incorporating historically informed performance, was more completely established in the 20th century, creating a modern early music revival that continues today.
The Wahid Institute
The Wahid Institute is a Research Center on Islam, based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was founded in 2004 by the former President of Indonesia, Abdurrahman Wahid and is led by his daughter Yenny Zannuba Wahid.

It is dedicated to "the development of both Indonesian as well as Islamic society, improving the welfare of lower class of the society, building democracy and fundamental justice, and expanding peace and non-violence throughout the world."

President of Indonesia
The president of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police. Since 2004, the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of ten years in office.

The current president is Prabowo Subianto, who assumed office on 20 October 2024.
Durning Library
Durning Library is a public lending library in Kennington, London. It is part of Lambeth Libraries in the London Borough of Lambeth and is in purpose-built Grade II listed building at 167 Kennington  Lane, Kennington, London SE11.

The Durning Library was built in 1889, designed by Sidney R. J. Smith the architect of  Tate Britain, in the Gothic Revival style. It was a gift to the people of Kennington from Jemina Durning Smith.

London Borough of Lambeth
Lambeth (/ˈlæmbəθ/ ⓘ) is a London borough in South London, England, which forms part of Inner London. Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha ("landing place for lambs") and in 1255 as Lambeth. The geographical centre of London is at Frazier Street near Lambeth North tube station, though nearby Charing Cross on the other side of the Thames in the City of Westminster is traditionally considered the centre of London.
James Hannaham
James Hannaham (born 1968) is a writer, performer, and visual artist. His novel Delicious Foods (2015), which deals with human trafficking, won the PEN/Faulkner Award and the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award and was named one of Publishers Weekly's top ten books of the year. The New York Times called it an "ambitious, sweeping novel of American captivity and exploitation."

PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
The PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction is awarded annually by the PEN/Faulkner Foundation to the authors of the year's best works of fiction by living Americans, Green Card holders or permanent residents.  The winner receives US$15,000 and each of four runners-up receives US$5000. Judges read citations for each of the finalists' works at the presentation ceremony in Washington, D.C. The organization claims it to be "the largest peer-juried award in the country." The award was first given in 1981.

Mary Lee Settle was one of the founders of the PEN/Faulkner Award following the controversy at the 1979 National Book Award, when PEN America voted for a boycott on the grounds that the award had become too commercial.
Phalgu River
The Phalgu or Falgu, a river that flows past Gaya, India in the Indian state of Bihar, is a sacred river for Hindus and Buddhists. Lord Vishnu's Temple Vishnupad Mandir is situated on the bank of Phalgu river, also called Niranjana river in sanskrit and Lilagan river. Its called ଭାଲୁକୀ (Bhāluki) in Odia and is also mentioned in Odia Ramayana. Before attaining Enlightenment, the prince Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism for six years (ten or twelve years according to some accounts) on the banks of the river, residing in a forest near the village of Uruvilvā. After realizing that strict asceticism would not lead to Enlightenment, he recuperated after bathing in the river and receiving a bowl of milk-rice from the milkmaid Sujātā.

He sat under the nearby pippala tree, where he finally achieved Enlightenment. This tree became known as the Bodhi Tree, and the site became known as Bodh Gayā.

Madhupayasa
Madhupāyāsa is a Pali language term appearing in certain versions of the Tipitaka in Thailand. It is mentioned in the life story of the Buddha as his first meal following six years of extreme asceticism, given to him by Sujata. It probably refers to a honey-infused kheer or pāyāsa, a rice pudding dish dating back to Ancient India. Today, the name is used for a group of sweetened rice dishes made as offerings in Buddhist festivals in Thailand.
Vern Yocum
George Vernon "Vern" Yocum (April 15, 1909 – September 13, 1991) is best known as copyist and librarian for Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Nelson Riddle. Many of the top artists of the mid-20th century relied on Vern Yocum's Music Service, which was walking distance from the Capitol Records Tower. His client list included: Frankie Laine, Billy Eckstine, Ella Fitzgerald, Rosemary Clooney, Mel Tormé, Peggy Lee, Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gorme, Keely Smith, Sammy Davis Jr., Trini Lopez, Nancy Wilson, Leslie Uggams, Roy Clark, and Julie Andrews.

Leslie Uggams
Leslie Marian Uggams (/ˈʌɡəmz/; born May 25, 1943) is an American actress and singer. After beginning her career as a child in the early 1950s, she garnered acclaim for her role in the Broadway musical Hallelujah, Baby!, winning a Theatre World Award in 1967 and the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1968. Uggams gained wider recognition for portraying Kizzy Reynolds in the television miniseries Roots (1977), earning Golden Globe and Emmy Award nominations for her performance.

Later in her career, Uggams received renewed notice with appearances as Blind Al in the superhero films Deadpool (2016), Deadpool 2 (2018), and Deadpool & Wolverine (2024). Her other prominent roles were as Leah Walker on the Fox musical drama series Empire (2016–2020); as Agnes Ellison in the comedy-drama film American Fiction (2023); and as Betty Pearson in the Amazon Original post-apocalyptic drama series Fallout (2024–present), based on the video game of the same name.
Vessölandet
Vessölandet, also called Vessö is an island situated 10 km to the south of Porvoo in Finland. It has an area of 52 km2 and is the largest island in the region of Eastern Uusimaa. It has a population of 500, of which 400 are Swedish- speaking.

60°17′35.14″N 25°41′47.26″E﻿ / ﻿60.2930944°N 25.6964611°E﻿ / 60.2930944; 25.6964611

Eastern Uusimaa
Eastern Uusimaa or, officially, Itä-Uusimaa (Finnish: Itä-Uusimaa; Swedish: Östra Nyland; literally "Eastern New Land") was one of the 19 regions of Finland, until it consolidated with the region of Uusimaa on 1 January 2011. It bordered the regions of Uusimaa, Päijät-Häme and Kymenlaakso.
Baby (2023 soundtrack)
Baby is the soundtrack album composed by Vijai Bulganin to the 2023 Telugu-language coming of age romantic drama film of the same name directed by Sai Rajesh and produced by Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu, starring Anand Deverakonda, Vaishnavi Chaitanya and Viraj Ashwin. The soundtrack featured seven songs with lyrics written Anantha Sriram, Kalyan Chakravarthy and Suresh Banisetti. Led by five singles, the album was released under the Sony Music India label on 6 July 2023. The music received positive reviews from critics and fetched Bulganin his maiden Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu, while P V N S Rohit, who sang "Premisthunna" won the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer.

Vijai Bulganin
Gorthi Vijai Bulganin (born as Gorthi Vijay) is an Indian composer and singer who works in Telugu cinema. He has produced few independent music videos and later continued as a composer in Telugu films. He received wider recognition for his work in the film Baby (2023), for which he received Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu.