hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Butler (died 1572 or 1573)
John Butler (1503/4? – 1572 or 1573), of Warwick, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Warwick in 1558 and 1563. He also served as Bailiff of Warwick in 1555 and was a servant of the Earl of Leicester.

Warwick
Warwick (/ˈwɒrɪk/ WORR-ik) is a market town, civil parish and the county town of Warwickshire in the Warwick District in England, adjacent to the River Avon. It is 9 miles (14 km) south of Coventry, and 19 miles (31 km) south-east of Birmingham. It is adjoined with Leamington Spa and Whitnash.

Warwick has ancient origins and an array of historic buildings, notably from the Medieval, Stuart and Georgian eras. It was a major fortified settlement from the early Middle Ages, the most notable relic of this period being Warwick Castle, a major tourist attraction. Much was destroyed in the Great Fire of Warwick in 1694 and then rebuilt with fine 18th century buildings, such as the Collegiate Church of St Mary and the Shire Hall. The population was estimated at 36,665 at the 2021 Census.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 25
United Nations Security Council Resolution 25 was adopted on 22 May 1947. The Council deferred Italy's application for United Nations membership to the Committee on the Admission of New Members.

Resolution 25 passed with ten votes to none. Australia abstained.

Member states of the United Nations
The United Nations comprise 193 sovereign states and the world's largest intergovernmental organization. All members have equal representation in the United Nations General Assembly.

The Charter of the United Nations defines the rules for admission of member states. Membership is open to all states which accept certain terms of the charter and are able to carry them out. New members must be recommended by the United Nations Security Council. In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states to be observer states at the UN General Assembly. A member state that has persistently violated the principles of the United Nations Charter can be expelled from the United Nations.
Pau Claris i Casademunt
Pau Claris i Casademunt (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈpaw ˈklaɾiz i ˌkazəðəˈmun]; 1 January 1586 – 27 February 1641) was a Catalan lawyer, clergyman and 94th President of the Deputation of the General of Catalonia at the beginning of the Catalan Revolt. On 16 January 1641 he proclaimed the Catalan Republic under the protection of France.

Salses-le-Château
Salses-le-Château (French pronunciation: [sals lə ʃato] ⓘ; Occitan: Salses lo Castèl; Catalan: Salses) or just Salses is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. It is located north of the city of Perpignan. It is traditionally considered as the northernmost point of the Catalan Countries (the lands in which Catalan language is spoken).
Tor Tønsberg
Tor Tønsberg (born 1948 in Oslo) is a Norwegian lichenologist who has made significant contributions to the taxonomy, chemistry, floristics, and phytogeography of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. Throughout his career, he has described more than one hundred species and genera new to science, advancing the knowledge of lichens in Europe and North America.

Floristics
Floristics is the study of plants of geographical regions. It is a branch of phytogeography. Harvard University has a history of research with early contributions. For example, Asa Gray was a Harvard researcher who studied the plants of North America and its connections to Asia.
Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte
Roxas, officially the Municipality of President Manuel A. Roxas, is a municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,198 people.

Zamboanga del Norte
Zamboanga del Norte (Cebuano: Amihanang Zamboanga; Subanon: Utara Sembwangan; Filipino: Hilagang Zamboanga), officially the Province of Zamboanga del Norte, is a province in the Philippines situated within the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Dipolog and the province borders Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay to the south, Misamis Occidental to the east, and the Sulu Sea to the west.

Zamboanga del Norte is the largest province of the Zamboanga Peninsula region by land area covering 7,301.00 square kilometres (2,818.93 sq mi). Zamboanga del Norte is the 26th populous province in the Philippines.
Jicarón
Jicarón is an uninhabited island of Panama located in Montijo District in Veraguas Province. It lies off the southernmost tip of the island of Coiba in the Gulf of Chiriquí, an arm of the Pacific Ocean, and is part of Coiba National Park.

Veraguas Province
Veraguas (Spanish pronunciation: [beˈɾa.ɣwas]) is a province of Panama, located in the centre-west of the country. The capital is the city of Santiago de Veraguas. It is the only Panamanian province to border both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It covers an area of 10,587.6 km² and in 2023 it had a population of 259,791.
1931 Allan Cup
The 1931 Allan Cup was the Canadian senior ice hockey championship for the 1930–31 season. It was won by the Winnipeg Hockey Club. This team also won the Keane Memorial Cup as Winnipeg's city champions, the Pattinson Cup as Manitoba's provincial champions, as well as the Olympic and world championship held in Lake Placid, New York the following year.

The roster was: Romeo Rivers, Clifford Crowley, George "Tic" Garbutt, Bill Cockburn (Captain), J. Alston "Stoney" Wise, Hugh Sutherland, Victor Lindquist, Billy Bowman (Trainer), Jack Hughes (Coach), W.J. Robertson (Manager), W.R. Bawlf (President), D.G. Thomson (Vice-President), Johnny Myers (Asst. Manager), J. Drake (Trainer), Foster Woolley, Stanley Wagner, Harold "Hack" Simpson, Roy Henkel, and Ken Moore.

The 1913 & 1931 Winnipeg Hockey Club were inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in the team category.

George Garbutt
George Frederick "Tic" Garbutt (June 18, 1903 – September 21, 1967) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1932 Winter Olympics.

In 1932 he was a member of the Winnipeg Hockey Club, the Canadian team that won the gold medal. He played one match and scored one goal.

Garbutt was also a member of the Winnipeg Grads club that represented Canada at the 1931 IIHF world championship tournament in Poland.  Canada, in a thoroughly dominant performance, won the gold medal.  The Canadians went undefeated in their six games and outscored their opponents by an aggregate of 24–0.  (Sweden managed a 0–0 tie versus the Canadians to deprive Canada of a perfect record.)

He is buried in Brookside Cemetery in Winnipeg.
Horní Smrčné
Horní Smrčné is a municipality and village in Třebíč District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 50 inhabitants.

Horní Smrčné lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-west of Třebíč, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of Jihlava, and 128 km (80 mi) south-east of Prague.

Třebíč
Třebíč (Czech pronunciation: [ˈtr̝̊ɛbiːtʃ] ⓘ; German: Trebitsch) is a town in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 35,000 inhabitants.

The beginnings of the town's history are connected with the establishment of a Benedictine monastery, where the castle is located today. In the age of its expansion, Třebíč was the third most important town in Moravia. The population growth started after World War II.

There are several well-known tourist sights in the town. The Jewish Quarter and the St. Procopius Basilica are listed together as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
G. M. J. Moore
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir George Montgomerie John Moore CIE  (22 November 1844 – 5 April 1911) was a British army officer and administrator who served as President of the Corporation of Madras from 1886 to 1902. Moore is remembered for the  creation of Moore Market which was later named after him.

Moore was born in British India, the son of Capt. Thomas Palmer Moore and his wife, Janet. He was baptised in Berhampore, Madras.

Moore was District Grand Master for Madras in the Masonic United Grand Lodge of England.

Order of the Indian Empire
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria on 1 January 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)

Knight Commander (KCIE)

Companion (CIE)

Appointments terminated after 1947, the year that British India became the independent Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. With the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja Meghrajji III of Dhrangadhra, the order became dormant in 2010.
The motto of the Order is Imperatricis auspiciis, (Latin for "Under the auspices of the Empress"), a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the British Indian Empire; the senior one is The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India.
Mahmoud Alizadeh-Tabatabaei
Seyyed Mahmoud Alizadeh-Tabatabaei (Persian: سید محمود علیزاده طباطبایی) is an Iranian lawyer. According to the New York Times, he is "one of the most influential" and "well connected" lawyers to highest leaders in Iran. He was a member of City Council of Tehran from 1999 to 2003.

He is well known as one of the attorneies for the Hashemi Rafsanjani family. Alizadeh-Tabatabaei has also represented Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Zahra Rahnavard, Amir Hekmati, Saeed Malekpour, Ghoncheh Ghavami and Mohammad Ali Taheri among others.

Islamic City Council of Tehran
The Islamic City Council of Tehran (Persian: شورای اسلامی شهر تهران) is the directly elected council that presides over the city of Tehran, elects the mayor of Tehran in a mayor–council government system, and budgets of the Municipality of Tehran.

The council is composed of twenty-one members elected on a plurality-at-large voting basis for four-year terms. The chairman and the deputy chairman of the council are chosen by the council at the first regular meeting in odd-numbered years.

It holds regular meetings on Sunday, Tuesday and Wednesday at 10 am (except on holidays or if decided by special resolution not to meet).
USS McCook (DD-496)
USS McCook (DD-496), a Gleaves-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Commander Roderick S. McCook (1839–1886), who was an officer in the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

McCook was laid down on 1 May 1941 at the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp., Seattle, Washington and launched on 30 April 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Reed Knox, granddaughter of Comdr. McCook. The ship was commissioned on 15 March 1943.

Roderick S. McCook
Commander Roderick Sheldon McCook (10 March 1839 – 13 February 1886) was an officer in the United States Navy. He was a member of the famed family of American Civil War soldiers and sailors, the "Fighting McCooks."
MI15
MI15, the British Military Intelligence Section 15 (now defunct), was a department of the British Directorate of Military Intelligence, part of  the War Office. It was set up in 1942 to handle aerial photography (compare with MI4).

In 1943, this function was transferred to the air ministry and MI15 became responsible for the coordination of intelligence about enemy anti-aircraft facilities.

Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)
The Intelligence Corps (Int Corps) is a corps of the British Army. It is responsible for gathering, analysing and disseminating military intelligence and also for counter-intelligence and security. The Director of the Intelligence Corps is a brigadier.
Canonical link
A canonical link is either

a canonical link element, an HTML element that helps webmasters prevent duplicate content issues; or

a function specified in a generalized linear model in statistics; see Generalized_linear_model#Link_function.

Canonical link element
A canonical link element is an HTML element that helps webmasters prevent duplicate content issues in search engine optimization by specifying the "canonical" or "preferred" version of a web page. It is described in RFC 6596, which went live in April 2012.
Hermetic storage
Hermetic storage is a method of using sealed, airtight units to control moisture and insects in stored dry agricultural commodities. The hermetic storage restricts gas exchanges between the internal and external environments and the stored commodity, maintaining the initial levels of moisture and controlling pests by the lack of oxygen.

The available oxygen in the internal ecosystem is reduced to lethal or limiting levels for any living organisms through the biological activity related to gas exchange of the respiration of grains and organisms, allowing the hermetic storage a way to reduce the attack of insects and fungi on the stored food. Hermetic storage also allows for organic storage without chemical pesticides.

Hermetic seal
A hermetic seal is any type of sealing that makes a given object airtight (preventing the passage of air, oxygen, or other gases). The term originally applied to airtight glass containers, but as technology advanced, it applied to a larger category of materials, including metals, and rubber. Hermetic seals are essential to the correct and safe functionality of many electronic and healthcare products.

Used technically, the term is stated in conjunction with a specific test method and conditions of use. Colloquially, the exact requirements of such a seal varies with the application.
Mongolian numerals
Mongolian numerals are numerals developed from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script.: 28  They are still used on Mongolian tögrög banknotes.

The main sources of reference for Mongolian numerals are mathematical and philosophical works of Janj khutugtu A.Rolbiidorj (1717-1766) and  D.Injinaash (1704-1788). Rolbiidorj exercises with numerals of up to 1066, the last number which he called “setgeshgui” or “unimaginable” referring to the concept of infinity.  Injinaash works with numerals of up to 1059. Of these two scholars, the Rolbiidorj’s numerals, their names and sequencing are commonly accepted and used today, for example, in the calculations and documents pertaining to the Mongolian Government budget.

Mongolian tögrög
The tögrög (Mongolian: ᠲᠥᠭᠦᠷᠢᠭ төгрөг [ˈtʰɵɣ.rɵk]; sign: ₮; code: MNT), also spelt tugrug or tugrik, is the official currency of Mongolia.

It was historically subdivided into 100 möngö (ᠮᠥᠩᠭᠦ мөнгө [mɵŋk]).  Currently, the lowest denomination in regular use is the 10-tögrög note, and the highest is the 20,000-tögrög note. In Unicode, the currency sign is U+20AE ₮ TUGRIK SIGN.
Kate Wyllie
Kate Wyllie (early 1840s – 4 February 1913) was a New Zealand tribal leader. She was born Kate Halbert. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Rongowhakaata iwi. She was born in Tutoko, East Coast, New Zealand. She died in Remuera, Auckland, New Zealand.  She married James Ralston Wyllie on 14 August 1854. In the early 1870s Kate and James Wyllie built a house across the Taruheru River from the Gisborne township, now known as Wyllie Cottage. After James Wyllie died she later remarried Michael Joseph Gannon (9 June 1881; known as Michael Gannon), a licensed interpreter. Gannon stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in 1881 through to 1890.

Gisborne District
Gisborne District or the Gisborne Region (Māori: Te Tairāwhiti or Te Tai Rāwhiti) is a local government area of northeastern New Zealand. It is governed by Gisborne District Council, a unitary authority (with the combined powers of a district and regional council). It is named after its largest settlement, the city of Gisborne. The region is also commonly referred to as the East Coast.

The region is commonly divided into the East Cape and Poverty Bay. It is bounded by mountain ranges to the west, rugged country to the south, and faces east onto the Pacific Ocean.
West Switzerland Company
The West Switzerland Company (French: Compagnie de l'Ouest-Suisse, OS) was a railway company in Switzerland, formed 1854 and absorbed into the Western Swiss Railway in 1872. The OS built a railway network in western Switzerland and connected with France via Geneva in 1858, although Switzerland's first railway was the French Strasbourg–Basel Railway (French: Chemin de fer de Strasbourg à Bâle), which connected Basel with Strasbourg, France in 1844.

Bex
Bex (French: [be]; German: Beis; Arpitan: Bés) is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle. It is a few kilometers south of its sister town municipality of Aigle.
2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
The men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay competition at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 19 at the Saanich Commonwealth Place.  The last champion was Australia.

This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. Each of the four swimmers completed two lengths of the pool. The first swimmer had to touch the wall before the second could leave the starting block.

Saanich Commonwealth Place
Saanich Commonwealth Place is a recreation centre located in Saanich, British Columbia. It opened in 1993 and was used as a venue in the 1994 Commonwealth Games. The facility is owned and operated by the District of Saanich and includes a ~7000 square foot gymnasium, 50-metre competition pool, 25-metre dive tank, 25-metre lap pool, wave pool, weight room, and the Bruce Hutchison Branch of the Greater Victoria Public Library.

Construction of the original facility cost $22 million. The centre regularly undergoes renovations, most recently with the proposed replacement of the pool's waterslide in late 2025. Operating costs in 2018 were $2.3 million.

The facility served as a High Performance Centre for Swimming Canada from its opening until 2020. The high performance program supported a number of successful Canadian swimming athletes, including Ryan Cochrane, Hilary Caldwell and Richard Weinberger.
Tongan castaways
The Tongan castaways were a group of six Tongan teenage boys who shipwrecked on the uninhabited island of ʻAta in 1965 and lived there for 15 months until their rescue. The boys ran away from their boarding school on the island of Tongatapu, stealing a boat in their escape. After a storm wrecked the boat, they drifted to the abandoned, remote island of ʻAta and managed to keep themselves in good order for the duration under the circumstances. Long thought dead, they were discovered and rescued in September 1966 by Australian lobster fisher Peter Warner.

ʻAta
ʻAta is a depopulated island in the far southern end of the Tonga archipelago, situated approximately 160 kilometres (99 mi) south-southwest of Tongatapu.

It is distinct from ʻAtā, an uninhabited, low coral island in the string of small atolls along the Piha passage along the north side of Tongatapu. An unrelated traditional chiefly title from Kolovai is "Ata". Although superficially spelled in similar ways, ʻAta means reflection in Tongan; Ata means dawn and is the title of a chief; and ʻAtā means more room or expanding.: 279
Mansfieldtown
Mansfieldtown or Mansfieldstown (Irish: Baile Mhic Mháirtín) is a townland and a former Church of Ireland parish located between Castlebellingham and Tallanstown in County Louth, Ireland. The townland is in a civil parish of the same name.

It was called Mandelvelleston, Mandevilleston and many other names in historical documents. The name is derived from an Anglo-Norman 
family called Maundeville, which settled there soon after 1172.

After the Rebellion of 1641 Theobald Taaffe, Earl 
of Carlingford, acquired the greater part of the 
parish. The Plunkett family of Bawn, the Gernons in Wottonstown 
and Gilbertstown and the Clintons in Derrycamagh were dispossessed.

The population in 1821 was 1,081 ; in 1831, 1,062 ; in 1841, 
1,107 ;in 1851, 652 ; in 1861, 471 ; in 1871, 445 ; in 1881, 
395 ; in 1891, 296 ; in 1901, 266 (of whom one was a Protestant, the rest Roman Catholics).

County Louth
County Louth (/laʊð/ LOWDH; Irish: Contae Lú) is a coastal county in the Eastern and Midland Region of Ireland, within the province of Leinster. Louth is bordered by the counties of Meath to the south, Monaghan to the west, Armagh to the north and Down to the north-east, across Carlingford Lough. It is the smallest county in Ireland by land area and the 17th most populous, with just over 139,100 residents as of 2022. The county is named after the village of Louth. Louth County Council is the local authority for the county.
Ganglioside
A ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (e.g. N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) linked on the sugar chain. NeuNAc, an acetylated derivative of the carbohydrate sialic acid, makes the head groups of gangliosides anionic at pH 7, which distinguishes them from globosides.

The name ganglioside was first applied by the German scientist Ernst Klenk in 1942 to lipids newly isolated from ganglion cells of the brain. More than 60 gangliosides are known,  which differ from each other mainly in the position and number of NANA residues. It is a component of the cell plasma membrane that modulates cell signal transduction events, and appears to concentrate in lipid rafts.

Recently, gangliosides have been found to be highly important molecules in immunology. Natural and semisynthetic gangliosides are considered possible therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.

Ceramide
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid joined by an amide bond.  Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, since they are component lipids that make up sphingomyelin, one of the major lipids in the lipid bilayer.  Contrary to previous assumptions that ceramides and other sphingolipids found in cell membrane were purely supporting structural elements, ceramide can participate in a variety of cellular signaling: examples include regulating differentiation, proliferation, and programmed cell death (PCD) of cells.

The word ceramide comes from the Latin cera (wax) and amide. Ceramide is a component of vernix caseosa, the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human infants.
Finn and Hengest
Finn and Hengest is a study by J. R. R. Tolkien, edited by Alan Bliss and published posthumously in book form in 1982.

Finn and Hengest are two Anglo-Saxon heroes appearing in the Old English epic poem Beowulf and in the fragment of "The Fight at Finnsburg". Hengest has sometimes been identified with the Jutish king of Kent. He and his brother Horsa (the names meaning "stallion" and "horse") were the legendary leaders of the first Anglo-Saxon immigrants to Britain as mercenaries in the 5th century.

Stallion
A stallion is an adult male horse that has not been gelded (castrated). Stallions follow the conformation and phenotype of their breed, but within that standard, the presence of hormones such as testosterone may give stallions a thicker, "cresty" neck, as well as a somewhat more muscular physique as compared to female horses, known as mares, and castrated males, called geldings.

Temperament varies widely based on genetics and training, but because of their instincts as herd animals, they may be prone to aggressive behavior, particularly toward other stallions, and thus require careful management by knowledgeable handlers. With proper training and management, stallions are effective equine athletes at the highest levels of many disciplines, including horse racing, horse shows, and international Olympic competition.

"Stallion" is also used to refer to males of other equids, including zebras and donkeys.