hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Groos
Groos is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Groos (born 1943), American philologist, musicologist, medievalist and Germanist

David Groos (1918–1976), Canadian politician

Friedrich Groos (1768–1852), German physician and philosopher

Kaare Steel Groos (1917–1994), Norwegian politician

Karl Groos (1861–1946), German psychologist

Margaret Groos (born 1959), American athlete

Richard Groos (died 1407), English politician

Wilhelm Gisbert Groos (1894–1997), German World War I flying ace

Karl Groos
Karl Groos (10 December 1861, in Heidelberg – 27 March 1946, in Tübingen) was a German philosopher and psychologist who proposed an evolutionary instrumentalist theory of play. His 1898 book on The Play of Animals suggested that play is a preparation for later life.

Groos was full Professor of philosophy in Gießen, Basel and 1911–1929 in Tübingen.

His main idea was that play is basically useful, and so it can be explained by the normal process of evolution by natural selection. When animals 'play' they are practising basic instincts, such as fighting, for survival. This is translated from the original as "pre-tuning". Despite this insight, Groos' work is seldom read today, and his connection of play with aesthetics has been termed "misguided". Another area of study was the psychology of literature, including statistical analysis.

Among his scholars is the German philosopher Willy Moog (1888–1935) (doctorate on Goethe supervised by Karl Groos in Gießen 1909).
Witch (film)
Witch (Arabic: ساحرة, translit. Sahira) is a 1971 Egyptian television short film written by Tawfiq al-Hakim and directed by Henry Barakat. It stars Salah Zulfikar and Faten Hamama. The film is produced by Egyptian Television Network.

Egyptian Television Network
The Egyptian Television Network is a television service run by the National Media Authority. It commenced programming on 21 July 1960. Nowadays it has more than fifteen national channels, and several broadcast channels on satellite.
1981 Pot Black
The 1981 Pot Black was a professional invitational snooker tournament, which was held between 28 and 31 December 1980 in the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham. 8 players were competing in 2 four player groups. The matches are one-frame shoot-outs in the group stages, 2 frame aggregate scores in the semi-finals and the best of 3 frames in the final.

Broadcasts were on BBC2 and started at 21:00 on Tuesday 30 December 1980  Alan Weeks presented the programme with Ted Lowe as commentator and top referee John Williams replaced Sydney Lee after 13 years after Lee retired to ill health.

First time players this year are Canadians Kirk Stevens and Jim Wych. The latter made the final against fellow Canadian Cliff Thorburn before losing 0–2.

Jim Wych
Jim Wych (born 11 January 1955) is a Canadian sports commentator, tv presenter and former professional snooker and pocket billiards player. He turned professional in 1979 and reached the quarter-final of the 1980 World Snooker Championship in his debut year, and reached the world championship quarter-final stage again in 1992. Wych also reached the quarter-finals of two other ranking tournaments, the 1986 British Open and the 1989 European Open. He reached the final of the men's doubles at the 1991 World Masters, playing with Brady Gollan.

A two-time Canadian amateur champion, in 1979 and 1999, Wych retired from professional snooker in 1997 and now works mainly as a television pool and snooker commentator, including for Sky Sports, where he started working in the early 1990s.

Wych was ranked in the top 64 players each year for 15 consecutive seasons, from 1980/1981 to 1994/1995. His highest career ranking was 17, in the snooker world ranking lists for 1980/1981 and 1981/1982.
Sally Carns
Sally Carns Gulde is an American graphic designer, who specializes in album art, especially for the music industry in Nashville. She attended Wheaton College, graduating in 1995. She received a Bachelor's degree in Sociology and Graphic Design / Photography, and was part of the college's Equestrian Club and Lacrosse team. Since 1995, she has designed album artwork for country artists including Merle Haggard, Garth Brooks, Brooks and Dunn, Blake Shelton, and Kenny Rogers.

In 1999, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presented Carns with a Grammy Award for her design of the album Ride with Bob by country swing band Asleep at the Wheel.

Album cover
An album cover (also referred to as album art) is the front packaging art of a commercially released studio album or other audio recordings. The term can refer to:

the printed paperboard covers typically used to package:
sets of 10 in (25 cm) and 12 in (30 cm) 78 rpm records
singles and sets of 12 in (30 cm) long-play records
sets of 45 rpm records (either in several connected sleeves or a box)

the front-facing panel of:
a cassette J-card
a CD package

the primary image accompanying a digital download of the album (or of its individual tracks).

For all tangible records, the album art also serves as a part of the protective sleeve.
Oumou Traoré
Oumou Traoré (born 10 October 1969) is a Malian athlete who competed in the discus throw and shot put.

In the discus throw, Traoré finished tenth at the 2001 Jeux de la Francophonie, eighth at the 2003 All-Africa Games was held on October 12. and fourth at the 2004 African Championships. She competed at the 1995 World Championships and the 1996 Summer Olympics without reaching the final.

Her personal best throw is 47.67 metres, achieved in 2000. This is the Malian record.

In the shot put, she won the bronze medal at the 1996 African Championships and the gold medal at the 1999 West African Championships.

1995 World Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw
These are the official results of the Women's Discus Throw event at the 1995 IAAF World Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden. There were a total number of 33 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Saturday, August 12, 1995.
Mahakam River
The Mahakam River (Indonesian: Sungai Mahakam) is the third longest river (with the third greatest volume discharge) in Borneo after the Kapuas River and the Barito River, and is located in East Kalimantan province of Indonesia. It flows 980 kilometers (610 miles) from the district of Long Apari in the highlands of Borneo, to its mouth at the Makassar Strait.

The city of Samarinda, the provincial capital of East Kalimantan, lies about 48 kilometers (30 mi) from the river mouth. The delta of the Mahakam River has a specific micro climate which is influenced by high and low tide at sea level. The southernmost branch of the delta is part of provincial border between East Kalimantan and Nusantara Capital Specific Region.

Intertropical Convergence Zone
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ /ɪtʃ/ ITCH, or ICZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal equator, though its specific position varies seasonally. When it lies near the geographic equator, it is called the near-equatorial trough. Where the ITCZ is drawn into and merges with a monsoonal circulation, it is sometimes referred to as a monsoon trough (a usage that is more common in Australia and parts of Asia).
Indi language
The Indi language or Mag-indi (or Mag-Indi Ayta) is a Sambalic language with around 5,000 speakers. It is spoken within Philippine Aeta communities in San Marcelino, Zambales, and in the Pampango municipalities of Floridablanca (including in Nabuklod) and Porac. There are also speakers in Lumibao and Maague-ague.

Floridablanca, Pampanga
Floridablanca, officially the Municipality of Floridablanca (Kapampangan: Balen ning Floridablanca; Filipino: Bayan ng Floridablanca) is a municipality in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 146,095 people.
Blaine County School District
Blaine County School District 61 (BCSD) is a school district headquartered in Hailey, Idaho.

It is the sole school district with jurisdiction in Blaine County. The school district covers the entire county.

Students living in the rural Yale area in the county's southeastern panhandle are sent to schools in neighboring Minidoka County, operated by the Minidoka County School District. The Blaine district pays money to the Minidoka student to send the Yale students to Minidoka schools. In 1994, there was bus transportation provided by both districts, with Acequia Elementary School in Acequia, operated by the Minidoka district, as the handoff point where the students switch drivers. In 1994, 16 students were sent from Blaine County to Minidoka County.

Minidoka County, Idaho
Minidoka County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,613. The county seat and largest city is Rupert.

Minidoka County is part of the Burley, ID Micropolitan Statistical Area.
The Report from Iron Mountain
The Report from Iron Mountain is a 1967 anti-war satire written by Leonard C. Lewin. The book purports to be a leaked report authored by a Special Study Group tasked by the Kennedy Administration with planning the transition from a wartime economy and assessing the potential social impacts of a "condition of general world peace." It details the group's analyses, which concludes that world peace could cause the United States to collapse; war, or some alternative external threat, is necessary for social stability, the Study Group finds, and recommends the establishment of "a permanent War/Peace Research Agency" to improve "the effectiveness of [war's] major stabilizing functions" and to plan substitutes for war should "a viable general peace" emerge. The book became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into fifteen languages.

Victor Navasky
Victor Saul Navasky (July 5, 1932 – January 23, 2023) was an American journalist, editor, and author. From 1978 to 1995, he edited the progressive weekly magazine The Nation. From 1995 to 2005, he was the magazine's publisher and editorial director, before stepping down to become publisher emeritus. He then went on to direct the George T. Delacorte Center for Magazine Journalism at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, and to chair the Columbia Journalism Review.

Navasky also authored several critically praised books, including Naming Names (1980), which is considered a definitive take on the Hollywood blacklist. Its paperback reprint won him a 1982 National Book Award for Nonfiction.
Argyrodes cognatus
Argyrodes cognatus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to the Seychelles, and can be found on Mahé, Conception, Silhouette and Marianne islands. It is found in woodland habitats where it spins orb webs in herbaceous vegetation. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

Silhouette Island
Silhouette Island lies 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Mahé in the Seychelles. It is the third largest granitic island in the Seychelles. It has an area of 20.1 km2 and has a population of 200, mostly workers on the island. The main settlement is La Passe, where Hilton Hotel is located. The name Silhouette was given after Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), the French minister of finances under Louis XV.
Sue McBeth Cabin
The Sue McBeth Cabin on U.S. Route 12 in Idaho County, Idaho was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

It is a one-story 24 by 16 feet (7.3 m × 4.9 m) frame building built in 1880, with a gabled roof.   It has three rooms.  Its exterior is board and batten and there is an exterior chimney.

It was built for Sue McBeth and was used by her during 1880-1885 as her home and as a schoolhouse in which she taught Nez Perce people to become leaders of their church, in the absence of missionaries.

U.S. Route 12
U.S. Route 12 or U.S. Highway 12 (US 12) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway, running from Aberdeen, Washington, to Detroit, Michigan, for almost 2,500 miles (4,000 km). The highway has mostly been superseded by Interstate 90 (I-90) and I-94, but, unlike most U.S. Highways that have been superseded by an Interstate, US 12 remains intact as an important link for local and regional destinations. The highway's western terminus in Aberdeen is at an intersection with US 101, while the highway's eastern terminus in Downtown Detroit is at the corner of Michigan and Cass avenues, near Campus Martius Park.
Shinichi Eto
Shinichi Eto (江藤 愼一, Shinichi Eto; October 6, 1937 – February 28, 2008) was a Japanese professional baseball outfielder and first baseman in Nippon Professional Baseball.

Eto played for the Chunichi Dragons from 1959 to 1969, where he was the Central League batting champion in 1964 and 1965 (hitting .323 and .336 respectively). In addition, he was a Best Nine Award-winner as an outfielder five times: 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, and 1968.

Eto moved to the Lotte Orions from 1970 to 1971 and the Taiyo Whales from 1972 to 1974. He was the player-manager of the Taiheiyo Club Lions in 1975. He returned to the Lotte Orions for his final season in 1976.

Eto died in 2008 of liver cancer at the age of 70. He was posthumously inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 2010.

Chunichi Dragons
The Chunichi Dragons (中日ドラゴンズ, Chūnichi Doragonzu) are a professional baseball team based in Nagoya, the chief city in the Chūbu region of Japan. The team plays in the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball. They have won the Central League pennant nine times (most recently in 2011) and the Japan Series twice (in 1954 and 2007). They were also champions in the 2007 Asia Series.
Doğanbey, Seferihisar
Doğanbey, named İpsili or İpsili Hisar until the late Ottoman period, is a settlement and former municipality in the district of Seferihisar, İzmir Province, western Turkey. The municipality was merged into the municipality of Seferihisar in 2008. Its population was 2,456 in 2007. It is near the ancient sites of Myonnesos and Lebedos (Lebedus in Latin) and believed to have derived from that settlement from the time when, in antiquity, most of its population was deported to Ephesus.

İzmir Province
İzmir Province (Turkish: İzmir ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in western Anatolia, situated along the Aegean coast. Its capital is the city of İzmir, which is in itself composed of the province's central 11 districts out of 30 in total. To the west, it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea, and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir. Its area is 11,891 square kilometres (4,591 square miles), and its population is 4,462,056 (2022). Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north, Manisa to the east, and Aydın to the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.

Major rivers of the province include the Küçük Menderes river, Koca Çay (with Güzelhisar dam), and Bakırçay.
Karen Marsh
Karen Ann Marsh (married name Hadlee; born 26 December 1951) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm fast-medium bowler. She played a single match for New Zealand, at the 1978 World Cup. She played domestic cricket for Canterbury.

Marsh was born in Whangārei, in New Zealand's North Island. A pace-bowling all-rounder, her sole One Day International (ODI) appearance for New Zealand came at the 1978 World Cup in India, against England. Coming in sixth in the batting order, she scored 14 runs from 17 balls, but was not called upon to bowl. Marsh was married to Richard Hadlee, who also played international cricket for New Zealand (both at Test and ODI level). The pair later divorced. They have two sons together.

All-rounder
An all-rounder is a cricketer who regularly performs well at both batting and bowling. Although all bowlers must bat and quite a handful of batsmen do bowl occasionally, most players are skilled in only one of the two disciplines and are considered specialists. Some wicket-keepers have the skills of a specialist batter and have been referred to as all-rounders, but the term wicket-keeper-batter is more commonly applied to them, even if they are substitute wicket keepers who also bowl.
Eta Octantis
Eta Octantis, Latinized from η Octantis, is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Octans. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.19, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. The object is situated at a distance of 358 light years but is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of −1.7 km/s.

Eta Octantis has a stellar classification of A1 Va, indicating that it is an ordinary A-type main sequence star. At present it has 2.37 times the Sun's mass and 2.6 times the Sun's radius. It shines with a luminosity of 45 L☉ from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,500 K, giving a white hue. Eta Octantis is a rapidly rotating star, with a projected rotational velocity of 152 km/s, and is estimated to be 547 million years old, having completed 72% of its main sequence lifetime.

Stellar rotation
Stellar rotation is the angular motion of a star about its axis. The rate of rotation can be measured from the spectrum of the star, or by timing the movements of active features on the surface.

The rotation of a star produces an equatorial bulge due to centrifugal force. As stars are not solid bodies, they can also undergo differential rotation. Thus the equator of the star can rotate at a different angular velocity than the higher latitudes. These differences in the rate of rotation within a star may have a significant role in the generation of a stellar magnetic field.

In its turn, the magnetic field of a star interacts with the stellar wind. As the wind moves away from the star its angular speed decreases. The magnetic field of the star interacts with the wind, which applies a drag to the stellar rotation. As a result, angular momentum is transferred from the star to the wind, and over time this gradually slows the star's rate of rotation.
Cristopher Moore
Cristopher David Moore, known as Cris Moore, (born March 12, 1968, in New Brunswick, New Jersey) is an American computer scientist, mathematician, and physicist. He is resident faculty at the Santa Fe Institute, and was formerly a full professor at the University of New Mexico. He is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Mathematical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Complex network
In the context of network theory, a complex network is a graph (network) with non-trivial topological features—features that do not occur in simple networks such as lattices or random graphs but often occur in networks representing real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific research (since 2000) inspired largely by empirical findings of real-world networks such as computer networks, biological networks, technological networks, brain networks, climate networks and social networks.
Garwood Public Schools
The Garwood Public Schools is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Garwood, in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the district, comprising one school, had an enrollment of 360 students and 31.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1.

Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Arthur L. Johnson High School in neighboring Clark as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Clark Public School District. As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 884 students and 69.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1.

Ninth grade
Ninth grade (also 9th or Grade 9) is the ninth year of formal or compulsory education in some countries. It is generally part of high school or secondary school depending on the country. Students in ninth grade are usually 14–15 years old.
Combleux
Combleux is a French commune located in the Loiret department in the Centre-Val de Loire region.

The commune is located within the perimeter of the Loire Valley inscribed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO. It is part of Orléans Métropole.

Météo-France
Météo-France is the official French meteorological administration, also offering services to Andorra and Monaco. It has the powers of the state and can exercise them in relation to meteorology. Météo-France is in charge of observing, studying, and forecasting weather and monitoring snowpack. The organization also issues weather warnings for the Metropole and the overseas territories. Météo-France is also in charge of recording and predicting the climate.
Available bit rate
Available bit rate (ABR) is a service used in ATM networks when source and destination don't need to be synchronized. ABR does not guarantee against delay or data loss. ABR mechanisms allow the network to allocate the available bandwidth fairly over the present ABR sources. ABR is one of five service categories defined by the ATM Forum for use in an ATM Network.

The network switches use locally available information to determine the explicit allowable rates or relative rate (increase/decrease) for the source. The newly calculated rates are then being sent to the sources using resource management records (RM-cells). RM-cells are generated by the source and travel along the data path to the destination and sent back. ABR sets a minimum cell rate (MCR) and a peak cell rate (PCR). When transfers exceed the PCR, cells are dropped.

Many implementers consider ABR to be overly complex, and its adoption has been modest.

Data loss
Data loss is an error condition in information systems in which information is destroyed by failures (like failed spindle motors or head crashes on hard drives) or neglect (like mishandling, careless handling or storage under unsuitable conditions) in storage, transmission, or processing. Information systems implement backup and disaster recovery equipment and processes to prevent data loss or restore lost data. Data loss can also occur if the physical medium containing the data is lost or stolen.

Data loss is distinguished from data unavailability, which may arise from a network outage. Although the two have substantially similar consequences for users, data unavailability is temporary, while data loss may be permanent. Data loss is also distinct from data breach, an incident where data falls into the wrong hands, although the term data loss has been used in those incidents.
1982 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 22
The 1982 Giro d'Italia was the 65th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Milan, with a prologue team time trial on 13 May, and Stage 12 occurred on 27 May with a stage from Cava de' Tirreni. The race finished in Turin on 6 June.

Cuneo
Cuneo (Italian: [ˈkuːneo] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Coni [ˈkʊni]; Occitan: Coni [ˈkuni]; French: Coni [kɔni]) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the fourth largest of Italy's provinces by area.

It is located at an elevation of 550 metres (1,800 ft) in the south-west of Piedmont, at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso.

Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Boves, Busca, Caraglio, Castelletto Stura, Centallo, Cervasca, Morozzo, Peveragno, Tarantasca and Vignolo.

It is located near six mountain passes:

Colle della Maddalena at 1,996 metres (6,549 ft)

Colle di Tenda at 1,871 metres (6,138 ft) – Tunnel of Tenda at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long

Colle del Melogno at 1,027 metres (3,369 ft)

Colle San Bernardo at 957 metres (3,140 ft)

Colle di Nava at 934 metres (3,064 ft)

Colle di Cadibona at 459 metres (1,506 ft).