hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American Apollo
The American Apollo (January 6, 1792 - December 25, 1794) was a newspaper published in Boston, Massachusetts in the late 18th century, featuring "political and commercial intelligence, and other entertaining matter." It was issued by printer Joseph Belknap, along with Alexander Young (as "Belknap & Young," January–May 1792) and Thomas Hall (as "Belknap & Hall," May 1792-July 1794) on State Street. In 1792, the newly formed Massachusetts Historical Society's "collections were at first published in ... the American Apollo. " The newspaper ceased in December 1794.

Massachusetts Historical Society
The Massachusetts Historical Society (MHS) is a major historical archive specializing in early American, Massachusetts, and New England history. The Massachusetts Historical Society was established in 1791 and is located at 1154 Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts, and is the oldest historical society in the United States.

The society's building was constructed in 1899 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In 2016, the Boston Landmarks Commission designated it a Boston Landmark.
St Martha, Surrey
St Martha is a hillside, largely wooded, small civil parish in the Guildford borough of Surrey towards the narrower part of the west half of the North Downs.   It includes three homes north of St Martha's Hill, a southern knoll of the range of hills but almost all its population is south of this, in much of the village of Chilworth which is divided between St Martha's and Shalford parishes.  Chilworth gunpowder works mark the southern border of the entity, and are a well-preserved, publicly accessible area of riverside former industry.

Borough status in the United Kingdom
Borough status is granted by royal charter to local government districts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The status is purely honorary, and does not give any additional powers to the council or inhabitants of the district. In Scotland, similarly chartered communities were known as royal burghs, although the status is no longer granted.
Received noise power
In telecommunications, received noise power is a measure of noise in a receiver. For example, the received noise power might be:

The calculated or measured noise power, within the bandwidth being used, at the receive end of a circuit, channel, link, or system.

The absolute power of the noise measured or calculated at a receive point. The related bandwidth and the noise weighting must also be specified.

The value of noise power, from all sources, measured at the line terminals of a telephone set's receiver.' Either flat weighting or some other specific amplitude-frequency characteristic or noise weighting characteristic must be associated with the measurement.

This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).

Amplitude
The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the differences between the variable's extreme values. In older texts, the phase of a periodic function is sometimes called the amplitude.
Harley Flanders
Harley M. Flanders (September 13, 1925 – July 26, 2013) was an American mathematician, known for several textbooks and contributions to his fields: algebra and algebraic number theory, linear algebra, electrical networks, scientific computing.

Chain rule
In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions z and y in terms of the derivatives of z and y. More precisely, if  is the composition such that  for every x, then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation,

or, equivalently,

The chain rule may also be expressed in Leibniz's notation. If a variable z depends on the variable y, which itself depends on the variable x (that is, y and z are dependent variables), then z depends on x as well, via the intermediate variable y. In this case, the chain rule is expressed as
 
and

for indicating at which points the derivatives have to be evaluated.

In integration, the counterpart to the chain rule is the substitution rule.
St. Francis River Bridge (Madison, Arkansas)
The St. Francis River Bridge carries United States Route 70 over the St. Francis River near Madison in St. Francis County, Arkansas, United States. It consists of three Parker through trusses, each 162 feet (49 m) long, and a swing bridge span 230 feet (70 m) long. With approaches, the bridge has a total length of 921 feet (281 m). The swing span is mounted on a central pier, and is rotated by two workers operating a large hickory handle. The bridge was built in 1932–33, with the swing span design made to accommodate the demands of the United States War Department that the river remain navigable by military vessels. The bridge is one of three swing-span bridges in the state. It is likely that the swinging mechanism has never been used.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

St. Francis County, Arkansas
St. Francis County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,090. The county seat is Forrest City.

St. Francis County comprises the Forrest City, Arkansas Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Memphis-Forrest City, TN-MS-AR Combined Statistical Area.
Fly International Luxurious Art
Fly International Luxurious Art is the sixth studio album by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon. The album was released on April 28, 2015, by Ice H20 Records and Caroline Records. The album was supported by the singles "All About You", "Soundboy Kill It" and "Wall to Wall".

Caroline Records
Caroline Records is a record label that was founded in 1973, in the United Kingdom to showcase British progressive rock groups.  The label ceased releasing titles in 1976, and then re-emerged in the United States in 1986. The label released the work of American punk rock, thrash metal and new wave music bands. Caroline had a number of subsidiary labels, including Astralwerks, Gyroscope, Caroline Blue Plate, Beat the World, Scamp and Passenger. In 2013, the brand was relaunched by Universal Music via the Capitol Music Group.
Youks-les-Bains
Youks-les-Bains was the French colonial name of modern Hammamet, Tébessa.

This was the site of the Ancient Roman city and bishopric of Caesarea in Numidia, which only remains as a Latin Catholic titular see.

In World War II, its Youks-les-Bains Airfield played a part in the allied fight against the Nazi Afrika Korps.

Afrika Korps
The German Africa Corps (German: Deutsches Afrikakorps, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʔaːfʁikaˌkoːɐ̯] ⓘ; DAK), commonly known as Afrika Korps, was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the formation fought on in Africa, under various appellations, from March 1941 until its surrender in May 1943. The unit's best known commander was Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, whose reputation as one of the ablest tank commanders of the war earned him the nickname "the Desert Fox" (der Wüstenfuchs).
Villanueva de Teba
Villanueva de Teba is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 57 inhabitants.

It is named after the Countess of Teba, Eugenia María Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó (1880-1962) and her son Carlos Alfonso de Mitjans, 21st Count of Teba, who had a strong presence in the region.

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.
Kazakhstan's 26th electoral district
The Electoral district No. 26 (Kazakh: №26 сайлау округі, romanized: №26 sailau okrugı; Russian: Избирательный округ №26) is a single-mandate territorial constituency in Kazakhstan, represented in the lower chamber Mäjilis of the Parliament. It is one of three constituencies within the Turkistan Region as its seat is centered in Turkistan, which includes the regional districts of Otyrar, Ordabasy, Shardara, and Sauran.

The constituency was originally formed for the 2004 legislative election and existed until being abolished in 2007. However, it has been reestablished in 2022 and is currently represented by deputy Ulasbek Sädibekov (Amanat) since March 2023.

Shardara District
Shardara (Kazakh: Шардара ауданы, Şardara audany) is a district of Turkistan Region in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Shardara. Population: 78,554 (2013 estimate); 74,997 (2009 census results); 64,324 (1999 census results).
Grafenaschau station
Grafenaschau station (German: Haltepunkt Grafenaschau) is a railway station in the municipality of Murnau am Staffelsee, in Bavaria, Germany. It is located on the Ammergau Railway of Deutsche Bahn. The station is named for the village of Grafenaschau in the municipality of Schwaigen, located roughly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the southwest.

Ammergau Railway
The Ammergau Railway or Ammergaubahn (sometimes called the Ammertalbahn or "Ammer Valley Railway", originally the Lokalbahn Murnau–Oberammergau) is a single-tracked, electrified railway line in Bavaria in southern Germany. It runs from Murnau to Oberammergau, its latter stages following the valley of the river Ammer from which it derives its name. This stub line to Oberammergau branches off at Murnau from the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen main line.
Mononuclear phagocyte system
In immunology, the mononuclear phagocyte system or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), also known as the macrophage system, is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the MPS. The mononuclear phagocyte system and the monocyte macrophage system refer to two different entities, often mistakenly understood as one.

"Reticuloendothelial system" is an older term for the mononuclear phagocyte system, but it is used less commonly now, as it is understood that most endothelial cells are not macrophages.

The mononuclear phagocyte system is also a somewhat dated concept trying to combine a broad range of cells, and should be used with caution.

Endothelium
The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries.

These cells have unique functions that include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium. An impaired function can lead to serious health issues throughout the body.
Estado Mayor Presidencial
The Estado Mayor Presidencial — EMP (English: Presidential General Staff) was the institution charged with protecting and safeguarding the President of Mexico, the First Lady of Mexico and their immediate families. It is described in its regulations as a military technical body and an administrative unit (Military staff) of the Presidency of the Republic of Mexico in facilitating the President's fulfillment of his attributes and functions.

The EMP was part of the Mexican Army, and a General always led it, embodied in the Jefatura del Estado Mayor Presidencial. Its last Jefatura was led by General Roberto Francisco Miranda Moreno, whom President Enrique Peña Nieto appointed.

First ladies and gentlemen of Mexico
The first lady of Mexico (Spanish: Primera Dama de México) or first gentleman of Mexico (Spanish: Primer Caballero de México) is the informal title held by the spouse of the president of Mexico, concurrent with the president's term of office.

The position has no legal foundation and was originally started as a courtesy title. However, several holders of the title have taken on ceremonial roles during the presidential tenure of their spouses and have used the position to advocate for various causes.

Jesús María Tarriba is the current First Gentleman of Mexico as the husband of President Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo.
2006 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres
These are the results of the Women's 100 metres event at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden. There were a total number of 30 participating athletes.

The final was held on Wednesday August 9, 2006. Gevaert lead from the start, and was an obvious winner, with a few other athletes in contention however Grigoryeva and the 40-year-old Khabarova claimed the silver and bronze medals respectively.

2006 European Athletics Championships
The 19th European Athletics Championships were held in Gothenburg, Sweden, between 7 August and 13 August 2006. The competition arena was the Ullevi Stadium and the official motto "Catch the Spirit". Gothenburg also hosted the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, and Stockholm, Sweden's capital, hosted 1958 European Athletics Championships.
Christiane Marchello-Nizia
Christiane Marchello-Nizia (born 1941) is a French linguist who specializes in the history of the French language. She was professor at the École normale supérieure de Lyon and Director of the Institute for French Linguistics (Institut de Linguistique Française) until her retirement in 2006.

History of French
French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that specifically is classified under the Gallo-Romance languages.

The discussion of the history of a language is typically divided into "external history", describing the ethnic, political, social, technological, and other changes that affected the languages, and "internal history", describing the phonological and grammatical changes undergone by the language itself.
Sandbakelse
Sandbakelse, sandbakkels (meaning sand pastry), or sandkaker are a type of a sugar cookie commonly served during Christmas in Norway. They are also popular in Finland where they are known as hiekkahentuset.

Sandbakelse are made of flour, ground almond, butter, eggs, sugar, and almond extract—possibly with vanilla or rarely  cardamom. 
After the dough is mixed and cooled, it is pressed into fluted tins, often with help from the smallest children of the family. After ten minutes in the oven, the cookies are removed from the hot tins.

In 1845 a recipe for sandbakelse appeared in a Norwegian cookbook, but they were not widespread until later in the 19th century. They became popular later than the similar krumkake because sandbakelse required fine flour, which was not yet widely available. Emigrants took their tins and recipes west across the sea, where sandbakelse remain an "old-country" Christmas tradition for many Norwegian-Americans.

Eggs as food
Humans and other hominids have consumed eggs for millions of years. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especially chickens. People in Southeast Asia began harvesting chicken eggs for food by 1500 BCE. Eggs of other birds, such as ducks and ostriches, are eaten regularly but much less commonly than those of chickens. People may also eat the eggs of reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Fish eggs consumed as food are known as roe or caviar.

Hens and other egg-laying creatures are raised throughout the world, and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2012, the European Union banned battery husbandry of chickens.
Dan Christian
Daniel Trevor Christian (born 4 May 1983) is an Australian professional cricketer with Aboriginal ancestry. He was considered a Twenty20 specialist and played for franchises all over the globe. Christian is known as a powerful hitter and a useful medium pacer. ESPNcricinfo's Peter English described him as a "natural all-rounder". He is seen as a cricket role model for Australia's indigenous population.

T20 Blast
The T20 Blast, also known as the Vitality Blast for sponsorship reasons, is a professional Twenty20 cricket league in England and Wales. The competition was established by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2003. T20 Blast is the oldest domestic T20 league in the world. It is one of the top-level Twenty20 league in the world. Vitality Blast comprises 18 teams, with 17 in England and 1 in Wales.
The competition has been known by a variety of names due to commercial sponsorship. It was known as the Twenty20 Cup from 2003 to 2009, the Friends Provident t20 and Friends Life t20 from 2010 to 2013, and the Natwest t20 Blast from 2014 to 2017. The competition has been sponsored by insurance company Vitality since 2018 and is known as the Vitality Blast.
Grey Party of Canada
The Grey Party of Canada was a political party in Canada. The party was a protest movement started by senior citizens who want to make views known on specific issues including tax credits for seniors, saving Medicare, and free medications for seniors.

The Grey Party was founded in January 2002 by Jim Webb of New Brunswick, who once ran federally for the Confederation of Regions Party in Saint John, New Brunswick and twice for the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party in the provincial riding of Saint John Lancaster.

In the 2003 New Brunswick general election, the party nominated 10 candidates in the province's 55 ridings, including 23-year-old Mark LeBlanc who ran in the riding of Saint John Kings. At the time, having a 23-year-old candidate for a senior-focused party was a newsmaker. Grey Party candidates received 1,550 votes (0.4% of the popular vote).

The party was deregistered by Elections New Brunswick on October 22, 2004.

Elections New Brunswick
Elections New Brunswick (French: Élections Nouveau-Brunswick) is the non-partisan agency of the legislative assembly in New Brunswick charged with running provincial elections, municipal elections, district education council and regional health authority elections. The Chief Electoral Officer oversees the electoral process and reports to the New Brunswick legislature. The Chief Electoral Officer is not permitted to vote in elections during his or her term.

Elections New Brunswick reports annually to the legislative assembly and is charged with implementing the Election Act (1973), Municipal Elections Act (1979), and the Political Process Financing Act (1978).
Olesya Zaytseva
Olesya Zaytseva (born 8 November 1974) is a Ukrainian retired synchronized swimmer who competed in the women's duet at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Together with her partner Iryna Rudnytska, she marked the debut for Ukraine at the Olympics in the sport of synchronized swimming. They finished 14th. She also represented Ukraine at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships.

After the retirement, Zaytseva has been working as senior coach of Ukraine national team and teaching at Kharkiv Professional College of Sports.

Kharkiv State College of Physical Culture 1
Kharkiv State College of Physical Culture 1 (Ukrainian: Харківське державне вище училище фізичної культури № 1, ХДВУФК) is a sports college in Kharkiv and is subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Note that in Kharkiv are two colleges of Physical Culture, one belongs to the Kharkiv Oblast, another is administered directly by the Government of Ukraine through the Ministry of Sports.
Cap Radio (Morocco)
Cap Radio is a private Moroccan radio station based in Tangier. It covers the audience basins of the Rif geographical region and nearby regions of Morocco. The regions of Casablanca-Settat and Marrakesh-Safi broadcast its news items and programs in Moroccan Arabic, especially from the north and the Rif dialect, to the Southern Provinces.

Regions of Morocco
Regions are currently the highest administrative divisions in Morocco. Since 2015, Morocco officially administers 12 regions, including one (Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab) that lies completely within the disputed territory of Western Sahara and two (Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra and Guelmim-Oued Noun) that lie partially within it. The regions are subdivided into a total of 75 second-level administrative divisions, which are prefectures and provinces.

A region is governed by a directly elected regional council. The president of the council is responsible for carrying out the council's decisions. Prior to the 2011 constitutional reforms, this was the responsibility of the Wali, the representative of the central government appointed by the King, who now plays a supporting role in the administration of the region.
Swansea Heads
Swansea Heads is a locality on the Swansea peninsula between Lake Macquarie and the Pacific Ocean in New South Wales, Australia. It is part of Greater Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie local government area.

Local government areas of New South Wales
This is a list of local government areas (LGAs) in New South Wales, sorted by region. As of September 2024 there were 128 local government areas in New South Wales, there are 33 local government areas in Greater Sydney and 95 local government areas amongst 12 regions of Regional New South Wales. All councils are listed below in alphabetical order by region. There is also the Unincorporated Far West Region which is not part of any local government area, in the sparsely inhabited Far West, and Lord Howe Island, which is also unincorporated but self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board.

Norfolk Island Regional Council is also subject to the state-level legislation of New South Wales.

Local elections are held in New South Wales every four years. The most recent elections were held in September 2024.
Wadi Wurayah
Wadi Wurayah (Arabic: وَادِي ٱلْوُرَيْعَة, romanized: Wādī Al-Wurayʿah) is a 12,700-hectare (31,000-acre) wadi between the towns of Masafi, Khor Fakkan, and Bidiyah in the United Arab Emirates. It has been designated as Ramsar Wetland of International Importance. The lush canyon in the area was named after the tall marsh plant known as ‘warrah’, that flourishes in its wetlands, while the word ‘wadi’ is the Arabic term for valley.

Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar sites (wetlands). It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the convention was signed in 1971.

Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the policy-making organ of the convention which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP15 was held in Montreal, Canada.