hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Niacin test
The niacin test has been widely used since the 1960s to identify mycobacteria at the species level in the clinical laboratory. The niacin test detects niacin (nicotinic acid) in aqueous extracts of a culture. M. tuberculosis strains that test negative for the niacin test are very rare.
Redox reactions happening in Mycobacterium species produce niacin as a part of energy metabolism. Even though all mycobacteria produce niacin, M. tuberculosis accumulates an excess of niacin because of its inability to process niacin, excreting the excess niacin into the culture media, thus allowing it to be detected using the niacin test. The niacin test is typically only conducted on slow-growing, granular, tan colored colonies, as these are the morphology characteristics of M. tuberculosis on an agar plate. Because of its affordability compared to expensive identification methods like pyrosequencing or MALDI-TOF MS that require expensive machines and reagents.

Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq). The word aqueous (which comes from aqua) means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Since water is frequently used as the solvent in experiments, the word solution refers to an aqueous solution, unless the solvent is specified.

A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is not water.
AUM Opera House
29°09′54″N 48°05′56″E﻿ / ﻿29.165°N 48.099°E﻿ / 29.165; 48.099

The AUM Opera House ( للأوبرا  AUM  دار) is an opera house and performing arts venue inside the Cultural Center of the American University of the Middle East (AUM) in Egaila, Kuwait.

The opera house is expected to open its doors in the fall of 2017 as announced.

The AUM Opera House includes two theaters that can host between 500 and 1,500 individuals and around 10,000 square meters of halls and display areas.

The British company Theatretech is one of the companies that supervised the design and construction of theatres at the AUM Cultural Center.

Areas of Kuwait
Kuwait is divided into six governorates, and in each there are several areas (Arabic: مناطِق). They are much less commonly called by other names such as districts or towns. However, they are commonly known inside the English-speaking community in Kuwait and are officially translated to as areas. The Arabic word for area, Mintaqah, means both area and region. Areas are further sub-divided into blocks, each of which is referred by a number. All blocks are divided into streets (Arabic: شارع) šāriʿ. Then some areas may be further sub-divided into (Arabic: جادة) Jadda, which is translated to avenue or lane.

Each area in Kuwait has an official governmental facility called a co-op society or just society (Arabic: جمعية). They are mainly supermarkets that provide foods and products and they take part in maintaining some of the areas landmarks, but they're not legally obliged to. They have elected members who manage them. Only residents of the area can vote for their society's membership.
Dinah Chan
Dinah Chan Siew Kheng (born 24 May 1986) is a Singaporean former road and track cyclist. Chan won the gold medal in the individual time trial at the 2013 South East Asian Games, held in Naypyidaw, Myanmar, ending a 16-year title drought for Singapore. Chan competed for Singapore at the 2010 and 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea, finishing 4th in the individual time trial in the latter. She also participated at the 2010 UCI Road World Championships and 2011 UCI Road World Championships.

2011 UCI Road World Championships
The 2011 UCI Road World Championships took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, over 19–25 September 2011. The event consisted of a cycling road race and a time trial for men, women, men under 23, and for the first time since 2004 the junior men and junior women competed at the same event as the elite riders. It was the 78th running of the Road World Championships. Castelfidardo near Loreto in Italy was also a candidate, but Italy held the UCI Road World Championships in Varese in 2008. It was the first time that Denmark has hosted the event since 1956, when it was also held in Copenhagen.
Vasyl Symonenko
Vasyl Andriiovych Symonenko (Ukrainian: Василь Андрійович Симоненко; 8 January 1935 – 13 December 1963) was a Ukrainian poet, journalist, and activist of the dissident movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Ukrainian literature of the early 1960s. In the opinion of the Museum of the Dissident Movement in Kyiv, the works and early death of Vasyl Symonenko had an enormous impact on the rise of the national democratic movement in Ukraine.

Dissident
A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of authoritarian governments in countries such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Francoist Spain, the Soviet Union (and later Russia), North Korea, China, Turkmenistan and the Middle East. In the Western world, there are historical examples of people who have been considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. In totalitarian countries, dissidents are often incarcerated or executed without explicit political accusations, or due to infringements of the very same laws they are opposing, or because they are supporting civil liberties such as freedom of speech.
Tank Wash (Tooele County, Utah)
Tank Wash is a wash in Tooele County, Utah.

Tank Wash has its source at 40°11′59″N 113°52′44″W﻿ / ﻿40.19972°N 113.87889°W﻿ / 40.19972; -113.87889, at an elevation at 6,210 feet (1,890 meters) on the west southwest slope of 7,260-foot Woodman Peak. Its mouth lies at an elevation at 4,229 feet (1,289 meters) in the mud flat in the southwestern portion of the Great Salt Lake Desert south of Wendover Airport.

Arroyo (watercourse)
An arroyo (/ə.ˈrɔɪ.oʊ/, from the Spanish arroyo (Spanish: [aˈroʝo], "brook") or wash is a dry watercourse that temporarily or seasonally fills and flows after sufficient rain. Flash floods are common in arroyos following thunderstorms. It is akin to the Catalan rambla, which stems from the Arabic rámla, "dry river".

Similar landforms are referred to as wadi (in North Africa and Western Asia), chapp in the Gobi, laagate in the Kalahari, donga in South Africa, nullah in India, fiumare in Italy, and dry valley in England.

The desert dry wash biome is restricted to the arroyos of the southwestern United States. Arroyos provide a water source to desert animals.
Bello Sisqo
Bello Abubakar Shariff, born on 1 November 1998, and known in the entertainment industry as Bello Sisqo, is a German singer, dancer, songwriter, and music director, originally from Maiduguri, Nigeria. Bello has choreographed and instructed dance for many of Ali Nuhu and Adam A. Zango's films. He later collaborated with the renowned Nigerian singer Chizo Germany on the song Fada Da Gaskiya. In 2024, Bello released the album Naija to Germany, featuring various artists such as DJ AB, Ali Jita, Ado Gwanja, and Umar M Shareef. He is currently a traditional Hausa dance tutor in Germany.

Bello Sisqo has secured a major milestone in his career, signing an ambassadorship deal with luxury brand CRISTIANZEROTRE. This exciting partnership highlights his growing influence in music, fashion, and global pop culture.

Adam A. Zango
Adamu Abdullahi Zango (pronunciationⓘ; born 1 October 1985) is a Nigerian actor, singer, dancer, scriptwriter, film producer, and philanthropist, who has appeared in over 100 films and received many accolades. has worked with prominent actors such as Ali Nuhu, Kanayo O. Kanayo, Abba El-Mustapha, Adam Abdullahi Adam, Sani Danja.
Magor Rural District
Magor Rural District is a defunct district council. It was established under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1894 and comprised the parishes of Bishopston, Kemeys, Christchurch, Goldcliff, Langstone, Llandevenny, Llanwern, Llanvaches, Llanfarthin, Llangattock, Llanhennock, Magor, Nash, Penhow, Redwick, Tredunnock, Whitson and Wilcrick in the administrative county of Monmouthshire. The Rural District Council comprised a number of councillors and a chairman and initially replaced the local sanitary authorities. Its responsibilities included sanitary services, sewerage, refuse collection, maintaining local roads, cemeteries and parks, licensing of public entertainments, water supply and housing. The council was administered by a number of committees and by appointed officers including a Clerk, Treasurer, Medical Officer of Health, Surveyor and Sanitary Inspector. Magor Rural District was abolished in 1935 and was mostly absorbed by the new Magor and St Mellons Rural District.

Bishton
Bishton or Bishopston (Welsh: Llangadwaladr Trefesgob or simply Trefesgob) is a small rural community in the east of the city of Newport, South Wales. It lies in the Llanwern electoral district (ward) and contains the eastern end of Llanwern steelworks, the Underwood estate as well as Bishton itself. The population in the 2001 census was 2,181; dropping to 2,137 in 2011.
Lena Ruth Stefanovic
Lena Ruth Stefanovic (born 1970) is a Montenegrin author, poet and literary translator. Her poems have gained recognition in Montenegro and abroad. She has also published a novel and short stories. She has served on the board of the European Writers' Council.

European Writers' Council
The European Writers' Council (EWC, the European Writers' Congress until 2010) is a federation of authors' associations. It represents over 150,000 writers and translators in 60 associations in 34 European countries. It is recognised by the European Union, UNESCO, and WIPO.

Until 2022, the organization was involved in the awarding of the European Union Prize for Literature.
Mammillaria standleyi
Mammillaria standleyi is a species of the family Cactaceae native to the Sierra Madre Occidental of Sinaloa, Chihuahua and Sonora. It has red-purple flowers surrounded by cottony pubescence. Fruits are red and edible, tasting like apples, although too small to be of much food value to humans.

Sierra Madre Occidental
The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system which runs northwest–southeast through northwestern and western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California. The Sierra Madre is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges that forms the western "backbone" of the Americas.
Gavialidae
Gavialidae is a family of large semiaquatic crocodilians with elongated, narrow snouts. Gavialidae consists of two living species, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), both occurring in Asia. Many extinct members are known from a broader range, including the recently extinct Hanyusuchus. Gavialids are generally regarded as lacking the jaw strength to capture the large mammalian prey favoured by crocodiles and alligators of similar size so their thin snout is best used to catch fish, however the false gharial has been found to have a generalist diet with mature adults preying upon larger vertebrates, such as ungulates.

Maomingosuchus
Maomingosuchus is an extinct genus of gavialoid crocodylian from Late Eocene of Southeast Asia. It was discovered in Priabonian-aged deposits of China and possibly also Thailand. The type species, originally Tomistoma petrolica, was named in 1958 and was redescribed as Maomingosuchus in 2017. A second species, Maomingosuchus acutirostris, was described in 2022 from middle-upper Eocence deposits (late Bartonian–Priabonian age, 39–35 Ma) of the Na Duong Basin in northern Vietnam. It is proposed to be a basal member of Gavialoidea, or alternatively within the family Tomistominae. It was a relatively small gavialoid with an estimated total length of 3–3.5 metres (9.8–11.5 ft).
Howard Montgomery
Howard R. "Pee Wee" Montgomery (January 5, 1916 – July 30, 1980) was an American football and basketball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Arkansas State Teachers College—now known as the University of Central Arkansas—in Conway, Arkansas from 1947 to 1951, compiling a record of 26–17–5. Montgomery was also the head basketball coach at Arkansas State Teachers for one season, in 1948–49, tallying a mark of 14–11.

University of Central Arkansas
The University of Central Arkansas (Central Arkansas or UCA) is a public university in Conway, Arkansas, United States. Founded in 1907, the university is one of the oldest in the state. As the state's only normal school at the time, UCA has historically been the primary source of teachers in Arkansas.  It was one of about 180 "normal schools" founded by state governments to train teachers for the rapidly growing public common schools.

The university comprises five colleges, five residential colleges and one commuter college. UCA has about 10,000 graduate and undergraduate students, making it one of the largest universities in the state. The university maintains a student-to-faculty ratio of approximately 17 to 1. Over 150 undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs are offered at the university. UCA occupies over 120 buildings within its 356 acres (1.44 km2).
Gopali
Gopali  is a village situated in the Deoband Mandal, of Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. The village 11.08 kilometres from its Mandal headquarters at Deoband.

Villages nearby include Kendki (1.8 km), Thitki (2.0 km), Tighri (2.0 km), Fulasi (2.4 km), Kuralki (3.2 km), Fulas Akbarpur (3.3 km) and Rajupur (4.1 km).

Saharanpur district
Saharanpur district is the northernmost of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state, India. Bordering the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and close to the foothills of Shivalik range, it lies in the northern part of the Doab region.

The district headquarters are in Saharanpur, which is also the headquarters of Saharanpur Division. Other principal towns are Sarsawa, Behat, Deoband, Gangoh and Rampur Maniharan.
Edwin Linkomies
Edwin Johannes Hildegard Linkomies (22 December 1894 – 9 September 1963, until 1928 Edwin Flinck) was Prime Minister of Finland from March 1943 to August 1944, and one of the seven politicians sentenced to five and a half years in prison as responsible for the Continuation War, on the demand of the Soviet Union. He was paroled in 1948. Linkomies was a prominent fennoman academic, pro-rector (administrative head) of the University of Helsinki 1932 to 1943, rector 1956 to 1962, and the government's Chancellor of the University from 1962 until his death.

War-responsibility trials in Finland
The war-responsibility trials in Finland (Finnish: Sotasyyllisyysoikeudenkäynti, Swedish: Krigsansvarighetsprocessen) were trials of the Finnish wartime leaders held responsible for "definitely influencing Finland in getting into a war with the Soviet Union and United Kingdom in 1941 or preventing peace" during the Continuation War, the Finnish term for their participation in the Second World War from 1941–1944. Unlike other World War II war-responsibility trials, the Finnish trials were not international. The trials were conducted from November 1945 through February 1946 by a special court consisting of the presidents of the Supreme Court of Finland, the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland, a professor from the University of Helsinki and twelve MPs appointed by the Parliament of Finland. The accused were convicted and imprisoned, but later paroled and pardoned.
George P. Putnam
George Palmer Putnam (September 7, 1887 – January 4, 1950) was an American publisher, writer, and explorer. Known for his marriage to (and being the widower of) Amelia Earhart, he also achieved fame as one of the most successful promoters in the United States during the 1930s.

Richard Gere
Richard Tiffany Gere (/ɡɪər/ GHEER; born August 31, 1949) is an American actor. He began appearing in films in the 1970s, playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977) and a starring role in Days of Heaven (1978). Gere came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo (1980), which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol. Gere's other films include An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), The Cotton Club (1984), Internal Affairs (1990), Pretty Woman (1990), Sommersby (1993), First Knight (1995), Primal Fear (1996), Runaway Bride (1999), Unfaithful (2002), Shall We Dance? (2004), I'm Not There (2007), Arbitrage (2012) and Norman (2016). For portraying Billy Flynn in the musical Chicago (2002), he won a Golden Globe Award.
Ghafar
Ghafar (Arabic: الغفر)  is a Syrian village located in Armanaz Nahiyah in Harem District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ghafar had a population of 2090 in the 2004 census.

Armanaz Subdistrict
Armanaz Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية أرمناز)  is a Syrian nahiyah (subdistrict) located in Harem District in Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Armanaz Subdistrict had a population of 27267 in the 2004 census.
Ketamir-2
Ketamir-2, or simply Ketamir, also known as oral ketamine analogue or as 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-2-oxocyclopentan-1-amine, is an NMDA receptor antagonist closely related ketamine and other arylcyclohexylamines which is under development for the treatment of depressive disorders and other conditions such as neuropathic pain. It is the analogue of ketamine in which the 6-membered cyclohexane ring has been replaced with a 5-membered cyclopentane ring. Ketamir-2 is orally active.

Ring (chemistry)
In chemistry, a ring is an ambiguous term referring either to a simple cycle of atoms and bonds in a molecule or to a connected set of atoms and bonds in which every atom and bond is a member of a cycle (also called a ring system). A ring system that is a simple cycle is called a monocycle or simple ring, and one that is not a simple cycle is called a polycycle or polycyclic ring system. A simple ring contains the same number of sigma bonds as atoms, and a polycyclic ring system contains more sigma bonds than atoms.

A molecule containing one or more rings is called a cyclic compound, and a molecule containing two or more rings (either in the same or different ring systems) is termed a polycyclic compound. A molecule containing no rings is called an acyclic or open-chain compound.
Pamela Taylor
Pamela Jane Taylor (born 23 April 1948) is a British psychiatrist and academic, who specialises in the links between psychosis and violence, and mental and physical health in the criminal justice system. Since 2004, she has been Professor of Forensic Psychiatry in the Department Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences of Cardiff University.

Having trained at Guy's Hospital, London, she has worked as an honorary consultant at Bethlem Royal Hospital (commonly known as Bedlam) and Maudsley Hospital from 1982 to 2005, at Broadmoor Hospital from 1995 to 2005, at Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust since 2004. She was Professor of Special Hospital Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London between 1995 and 2004. She was a joint-founder of the academic journal Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, and has been its joint-editor since its foundation in 1991.

Maudsley Hospital
The Maudsley Hospital is a British psychiatric hospital in south London. The Maudsley is the largest mental health training institution in the UK. It is part of South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and works in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. The hospital was one of the originating institutions in producing the Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines. It is part of the King's Health Partners academic health science centre and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health.
Alan Sharp (rugby union)
Alan Victor Sharp (born 17 October 1969) is a British former rugby union international who represented Scotland.

A native of Bristol, Sharp was a Scotland representative at underage level but had also toured with England B, prior to his call up to the Scottish national team. He qualified as a Scotland player through his Scottish grandmother.

In 1994 he featured in six Test matches for Scotland as a prop, debuting against England at Murrayfield.

Sharp played his club rugby for the Bristol Bears, Clifton and Coventry.

Sharp is now forwards coach at Bishopston RFC

Bristol Bears
Bristol Bears (officially Bristol Rugby Club or Bristol Rugby) are a professional men's rugby union club based in Bristol, England.  They play in the Gallagher PREM, England's top division of rugby.

The club was founded as "Bristol Football Club" in 1888; between 1921 and 2014, home matches were played at the Memorial Ground, and have since been played at Ashton Gate Stadium in the south-west of the city.  The current head coach Pat Lam was appointed in 2017.  In the 2024–25 season Bristol finished 4th, losing in the play off semi-finals, entitling them to compete in the 2025-26 European Rugby Champions Cup.

In 2018, the club rebranded as "Bristol Bears"; between 2001 and 2005 the club were known as "Bristol Shoguns" due to a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi.

Bristol won the 1983 John Player Cup and have also won England's second division four times, most recently in 2017–18. In 2019–2020, Bristol won The European Challenge Cup for the first time.
Ngardi language
Ngardi, also spelt Ngarti or Ngardilj, is an Australian Aboriginal language that is considered moribund. It was previously thought to be an alternative name for the Bunara language, but these are now classified as separate languages. It was/is spoken by the Ngardi people of the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia.

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), established as the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) in 1964, is an independent Australian Government statutory authority. It is a collecting, publishing, and research institute and is considered to be Australia's premier resource for information about the cultures and societies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

The institute is a leader in ethical research and the handling of culturally sensitive material. The collection at AIATSIS has been built through over 50 years of research and engagement with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and is now a source of language and culture revitalisation, native title research, and Indigenous family and community history. AIATSIS is located on Acton Peninsula in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
Santa Maria Maddalena
The Santa Maria Maddalena is a Catholic church in Rome, Italy dedicated to Saint Mary Magdalene. It is the conventual church of the adjacent General Curia of the Clerks Regular, Ministers to the Sick (Camillians), the world headquarters of the order. Located on the Via della Maddalena, one of the streets leading from the Piazza della Rotonda and the Pantheon in the Campo Marzio area, it is also Romes regional church for the people of Abruzzo.

Piazza della Rotonda
The Piazza della Rotonda is a piazza (city square) in Rome, Italy, on the south side of which is located the Pantheon. The square gets its name from the Pantheon's informal title as the church of Santa Maria Rotonda.