hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Napier Commission
The Napier Commission, officially the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands was a royal commission and public inquiry into the condition of crofters and cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.

The commission was appointed in 1883, with Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier, as its chairman, under William Gladstone's Liberal government of the United Kingdom. The Royal Commission had five other members and published its report, the Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners of Inquiry Into the Condition of the Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, in 1884. The other members were:

Sir Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Inverness-shire

Sir Kenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch

Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, MP for Inverness Burghs

Alexander Nicolson, Sheriff of Kirkcudbright

Professor Donald MacKinnon, first occupant of the Chair of Celtic, the University of Edinburgh.

Cotter (farmer)
Cotter, cottier, cottar, Kosatter or Kötter is a term for a peasant farmer. Cotters occupied cottages and cultivated small land lots. A cottar or cottier is also a term for a tenant who was renting land from a farmer or landlord.
Santa María del Tule
Santa María del Tule is a town and a municipality in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. 
It is part of the Centro District in the Valles Centrales region.
It is located 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) SE of the  city of Oaxaca on Highway 190. The town and municipality are named for the patron saint of the place, the Virgin Mary and “Tule” comes from the Náhuatl word “tulle” or “tullin” which means bulrush.

The town's claim to fame is as the home of a 2,000-year-old Montezuma cypress tree, known as the El Árbol del Tule, which is one of the oldest, largest and widest trees in the world. Its gnarled trunk and branches are filled with shapes that have been given names such as “the elephant,” “the pineapple” and even one called “Carlos Salinas’ ears.”

Administrative divisions of Mexico
Mexico is a federal republic composed of 32 federative entities (Spanish: entidades federativas): 31 states and Mexico City. According to the Constitution of Mexico, the states of the federation are free and sovereign in all matters concerning their internal affairs. Since 2016, Mexico City has been a fully autonomous entity on par with the states. Each state federative entity has its own congress and constitution.
Superholic
Superholic is the second album by the heavy metal supergroup Engine. It was released on May 21, 2002, on Metal Blade Records. This was the band's final album, as the members returned to their main projects.

Metal Blade Records
Metal Blade Records (often shortened to Metal Blade) is an American independent record label founded by Brian Slagel in 1982 based in the U.S. state of California. The label primarily focuses on heavy metal.
Publius Cornelius Lentulus
Publius Cornelius Lentulus was the name of a number of notable Romans:

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio, Roman senator, suffect consul in 24

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Catiline conspirator

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, provincial governor and a friend of Cicero

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther (c. 100 BC – 47 BC) was a Roman politician and general. Hailing from the patrician family of the Cornelii, he helped suppress the Catilinarian conspiracy during his term as curule aedile in 63 BC and later served as consul in 57 BC. Denied the opportunity to invade Egypt the following year, he nevertheless won some victories in his province of Cilicia and celebrated a triumph over it in 51 BC.

In the run-up to Caesar's civil war, he sided with Pompey and the senate. Captured by Caesar and pardoned at Corfinium in the opening months of the war, he made his way to Greece to join Pompey's forces. He is last attested to in early 47 BC.
Old Rectory (Perrowville, Virginia)
Old Rectory of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church rectory located near Perrowville, Bedford County, Virginia.  It was built in 1787, and is a T-shaped frame dwelling with exterior end chimneys and a gable roof.  It features a modern one bay, two-story portico supported by four fluted Doric order columns.  From around 1828 to 1904, the house served as the rectory of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Bedford County, Virginia
Bedford County is a United States county located in the Piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Its county seat is the town of Bedford, which was an independent city from 1968 until rejoining the county in 2013.

Bedford County was created in 1753 from parts of Lunenburg County, and several changes in alignment were made until the present borders were established in 1786. The county was named in honor of John Russell, an English statesman and fourth Duke of Bedford.

Bedford County is part of the Lynchburg metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, Bedford's population was 79,462. The county population has more than doubled since 1980.
Calculation (card game)
Calculation (also known as Broken Intervals, Hopscotch, and Four Kings Solitaire) is a solitaire card game played with a standard pack of 52 cards.  It is part of the Sir Tommy family of patience games.  It has its origin in France, where it is known as La Plus Belle.

It offers more scope for skill than many similar games; a skilled player can win Calculation more than 80% of the time when "normal play" can allow winning 1 in 5 times.  Good strategy typically sees players use 6s, 8s, and Queens early and 10s, Jacks, and Kings later; clever placement of cards in the waste is also critical, with some players reserving one waste pile for the Kings. It is possible to win every game of Calculation Solitaire with careful planning and focus on putting cards in the 'waste piles' in reverse order.

Solitaire
Solitaire, patience, or card solitaire refer to a genre of card games whose common feature is that the aim is to arrange the cards in some systematic order or, in a few cases, to pair them off in order to discard them. Most are intended for play by a single player, but there are varieties for two or more players.
Tiddy Brook Meadows, Devon
Tiddy Brook Meadows,(sometimes called Tiddybrook Meadows) is a settlement in Devon. It lies south of Whitchurch and just east of Tavistock, and sits on the banks of the river Tiddy Brook, which flows into the River Tavy. Most of the settlement was built in the late 2000s.

River Tavy
The Tavy (/ˈteɪvi/) is a river on Dartmoor, Devon, England. The name derives from the Brythonic root tam, once thought to mean 'dark' but now generally understood to mean 'to flow'. It has given its name to the town of Tavistock and the villages of Mary Tavy and Peter Tavy.

It is a tributary of the River Tamar and has as its own tributaries: Collybrooke, River Burn, River Wallabrooke, River Lumburn, and River Walkham. At Tavistock it feeds a canal running to Morwellham Quay.

Its mouth is crossed by the Tavy Bridge which carries the Tamar Valley railway line.
National Sheep Identification System
The National Sheep Identification System (NSIS) is a government regulation-based system in Ireland for identifying sheep. It was introduced as part of the EU-wide system for the identification and registration of ovine and caprine animals in December 2003.  These measures were introduced following the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak.

Under the NSIS, all sheep flock owners must be registered, all sheep must be tagged and details of all sheep on farms and all sheep movements must be fully recorded.  This system, which encompasses producers, marts, meat factories and others, provides that Ireland has full traceability for all sheep, on an individual basis. They have to be tagged to be able to go to the market.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
David Brenner (film editor)
David S. Brenner (November 3, 1962 – February 17, 2022) was an American film editor known (along with fellow film editors Joe Hutshing, Pietro Scalia, and Julie Monroe) for being one of director Oliver Stone's "hot shot" group of up-and-coming film editors. He attended North Hollywood High School and Stanford before serving as an apprentice editor on the 1985 film Radioactive Dreams, then as an assistant editor to Claire Simpson for his next three films, thereafter becoming an editor. Brenner was elected as a member of the American Cinema Editors and was an Oscar winner. He died suddenly at home at the age of 59 leaving his wife, Amber, and three children.

North Hollywood High School
North Hollywood High School (NHHS) is a public high school in the North Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is in the San Fernando Valley and enrolls approximately 2,500 students. Several neighborhoods, including most of North Hollywood, Valley Village, Studio City and Sun Valley, send students to it. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Its principal is Ricardo Rosales.
Dennis Delgado
Dennis Delgado is a contemporary American artist and critic who examines how ideologies of colonialism persist and re-inscribe themselves within modern technology such as in facial recognition systems which fail to properly identify people of color. His work has been exhibited throughout the United States including the Bronx Museum of the Arts, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, UC Irvine, University of Texas at Austin, Palo Alto Art Center, El Museo del Barrio, and at the Cooper Union. He currently serves as an assistant professor in information technology at Baruch College.

Bronx Museum of the Arts
The Bronx Museum of the Arts (BxMA), also called the Bronx Museum of Art or simply the Bronx Museum, is an American cultural institution located in Concourse, Bronx, New York. The museum focuses on contemporary and 20th-century works created by American artists, but it has hosted exhibitions of art and design from Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Its permanent collection consists of more than 800 paintings, sculptures, photographs, and works on paper. The museum is part of the Grand Concourse Historic District.
Pseudolithoxus
Pseudolithoxus is a genus of suckermouth armored catfishes with five described species from the basins of the Orinoco, Casiquiare and upper Rio Negro in Venezuela. Additionally, a possibly undescribed species is known from the Trombetas and Nhamundá rivers in Brazil.

Nhamundá River
Nhamundá River or Jamundá River (Yamundá River in Spanish) is a river in northern Brazil, which marks part of the northeastern boundary between states of Amazonas and Pará. The 300 km long Nhamundá River originates in the plateau Serra do Jatapu near the division of the Brazilian States of Roraima, Amazonas and Pará, and from there it flows in a southeastern direction, forming the natural division between Amazonas and Pará. It then crosses the Nhamundá-Mapuera Reserve (EG033) before joining the Trombetas River near the city of Oriximiná. The river, which flows through the Lago Nhamundá, is the last major right-hand affluent of the Trombetas River before the Trombetas joins the Amazon River. The mouth is located about 480 km east (downstream on the Amazon) of Manaus.

The three towns on the river's lower reaches (Terra Santa, Nhamundá, and Faro) are accessible only by boat.
Bint Pasha
Bint Pasha (7 March 1984 – 2006) was an American-bred British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She showed promise as a juvenile in 1986 when she won once and finished fourth in the Fillies' Mile. In the following year she emerged as a top class performer when moved up in distance, finishing fourth in the Oaks Stakes before winning the Pretty Polly Stakes in Ireland, the Yorkshire Oaks in England and the Prix Vermeille in France. She failed to win in three starts in 1988 and was retired from racing. She had some success as a broodmare, producing at least eight winners.

Pretty Polly Stakes
The Pretty Polly Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile and 2 furlongs (2,012 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late June or early July.
Shyam Thapa
Shyam Thapa is an Indian former footballer and coach. He represented the India national football team and was the bronze-medallist at the 1970 Asian Games. He later went on to manage the Nepal national football team.

Coached by P. K. Banerjee, Thapa became one of the finest and aggressive strikers of the country during the 1970s, known for his bicycle-kicks.

Mohun Bagan AC
Mohun Bagan Athletic Club is an Indian professional multi-sports club based in Kolkata, West Bengal. Founded in 1889, it is one of the oldest multi-sports clubs in Asia. The club has various sports departments like football, cricket, hockey, tennis, athletics and eSports.
El Calabozo cove
El Calabozo cove  (Spanish: Ensenada de Calabozo) is a cove located at the northern tip of South America, at the western Gulf of Venezuela, the country's namesake. This cove starts in Castilletes Point and ends to 90.60 km at the southern Barrier of Maracaibo, comprising approximately 140 km of coastline, and shapes the coastline  that originate the La Guajira Peninsula.

Administratively, it belongs to the Zulia State.

11°25′N 71°35′W﻿ / ﻿11.417°N 71.583°W﻿ / 11.417; -71.583

Zulia
Zulia State (Spanish: Estado Zulia, IPA: [esˈtaðo ˈsulja]; Wayuu: Mma’ipakat Suuria) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Maracaibo. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,704,404, making it the most populous state in the country. Zulia is also notable for being one of the few states in Venezuela where voseo—the use of vos as the second-person singular pronoun—is widespread. The state is coterminous with the eponymous region of Zulia.

Zulia is located in northwestern Venezuela, bordering Lake Maracaibo, the largest body of its kind in Latin America. The lake's basin holds some of the largest oil and gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere.

Zulia is economically significant due to its oil and mineral exploitation, but it is also one of Venezuela's major agricultural regions. The state contributes notably in livestock, bananas, fruits, meat, and milk.
Somerset Stopford Brooke
Somerset Stopford Brooke (16 June 1906 – 1976) was a Liberal and Liberal National politician.

The son of the Liberal MP Stopford Brooke, Somerset Stopford Brooke was the president of the Oxford University Liberal Club and President of the Oxford Union. He was the Liberal candidate in Guildford in Surrey at the 1929 general election. He  came second to the sitting Conservative Henry Cecil Buckingham, trailing by 4,566 votes. Somerset Stopford Brooke made a second attempt to get into the House of Commons in 1935 when he stood as a Liberal National in Shoreditch.  At the time of this election Brooke was described as a member of the stock-exchange.

Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)
Shoreditch was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Shoreditch district of the East End of London.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first-past-the-post voting system.

The constituency was created for the 1918 general election, and abolished for the 1950 general election, when it was partly replaced by the new Shoreditch and Finsbury constituency.
Balance (2013 book)
Balance: The Economics of Great Powers from Ancient Rome to Modern America, known colloquially as Balance is a non-fiction economic history text written by former US intelligence officer and economist Captain Tim Kane and economist Glenn Hubbard. While criticized for its brevity across a wide range of historical matters, it has become an often cited text in the debate around American Isolationism and fiscal policy.

2018 Ohio's 12th congressional district special election
A special election for Ohio's 12th congressional district was held on August 7, 2018, following the resignation of Republican U.S. Representative Pat Tiberi. The Republican Party nominated State Senator Troy Balderson for the seat while the Democratic Party nominated Franklin County Recorder Danny O'Connor. Balderson led O'Connor in preliminary results; however, the race was not officially called on election night. Counting of outstanding ballots began on August 18 and was completed on August 24. The outstanding ballots did not change the margin enough to trigger an automatic recount, so Balderson was declared the winner on August 24.
Blackden Hall
Blackden Hall is a country house to the northeast of the village of Goostrey, Cheshire, England.  It dates from the later part of the 16th century, and there have been later alterations.  It is constructed in timber framing and brick with plastered panels.  The house is in two storeys with an attic, and has an L-shaped plan.  Its main front has three bays and is gabled.  The central bay of the first floor is jettied.  The timber framing is close studded, and decorated with roundels and chevrons.  Most of the windows are mullioned with three lights.  The authors of the Buildings of England series describe it as a "charming C17 timber-framed house".  The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

Goostrey
Goostrey is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It is in open countryside, 14 miles (23 km) north-east of Crewe and 12 miles (19 km) west of Macclesfield. The parish contains the Lovell Radio Telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory, a UNESCO World Heritage site. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 2,179 in 956 housesholds. It contains 24 listed heritage assets and one scheduled monument (a bowl barrow near Jodrell Bank Farm).  The parish also includes the hamlets of Blackden, Blackden Heath and Jodrell Bank.
Poul Simon Christiansen
Poul Simon Christiansen, frequently referred to as Poul S. Christiansen (20 October 1855, Rolfsted, Funen – 14 November 1933, Copenhagen) was a Danish painter who developed a Colourist style under Kristian Zahrtmann and as a result of his appreciation of the works of Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. He painted landscapes and religious works, many of which became popular as reproductions.

Den Frie Udstilling
Den Frie Udstilling (transl. The Free Exhibition) is a Danish artists' association, founded in 1891 by artists in protest against the admission requirements for the Kunsthal Charlottenborg. Modeled on the Salon des Refusés, it is Denmark's oldest association of artists. Now located on Copenhagen's Oslo Plads next to Østerport Station, it works as an arts centre, continuing to exhibit works created and selected by contemporary artists rather than those chosen by cultural authorities.
Omni (company)
Omni was an American tech-based on-demand storage and rental company based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 2014 by Aaron Wiener, Adam Dexter, and CEO Tom McLeod, Omni debuted its service in Fall 2015. Initially, the company focused on storage and space-management: customers would have their items picked up by Omni, which would categorize and photograph them. When the client wanted their item back, they would request to have it dropped off by Omni, possibly at an additional fee. Omni then expanded into offering other services such as the option to lend items to friends and the ability to rent out items for profit. As of July 2018, Omni was only available in the San Francisco Bay area, but had announced plans to expand into Portland, Oregon. Omni had raised around $39 million in investment, with nearly $15 million coming from traditional sources such as venture capital firms and approximately $25 million coming in the form of Ripple.

Omni ceased operation at the end of 2019.

XRP Ledger
The XRP Ledger (XRPL), also called the Ripple Protocol, is a cryptocurrency platform launched in 2012 by Ripple Labs. The XRPL employs the native cryptocurrency known as XRP, and supports tokens, cryptocurrency or other units of value such as frequent flyer miles or mobile minutes.
Crocota tinctaria
Crocota tinctaria is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1799. It is found in France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria.

The wingspan is 29–35 mm. Adults are on wing in June, July and August.

The larvae feed on Polygonum bistorta, Gentiana, Leontodon, Rumex, Plantago, and Taraxacum species.

Gentiana
Gentiana (/ˌdʒɛntʃiˈeɪnə/) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With over 300 species, it is considered a large genus. Gentians are notable for their mostly large trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue hue, though some are also bright yellow. The type species of the genus is Gentiana lutea.

The genus name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king who may have discovered tonic properties in gentians.
Rugby Thompson
Rugby Thompson is the second studio album by American rapper Smoke DZA. The album was released on June 19, 2012, by High Times Records and Cinematic Music Group. The album is entirely produced by Harry Fraud. The album features guest appearances from Currensy, Domo Genesis, Schoolboy Q, Sean Price, A$AP Twelvyy, Action Bronson, Thirstin Howl III, NymLo and Meyhem Lauren.

Domo Genesis
Dominique Marquis Cole (born March 9, 1991), known professionally as Domo Genesis, is an American rapper, DJ, and songwriter. He is best known for being a member of Los Angeles hip hop collective Odd Future. He has since continued his solo career, releasing his debut album Genesis in 2016 and founding his own record label in 2018.
Stabbing of Spencer Stone
Spencer Stone, a United States Air Force staff sergeant, was stabbed on October 8, 2015, in downtown Sacramento, California. Stone was stabbed by a 28-year-old California man, James Tran. The event received considerable attention in the United States in part because Stone had helped stop a gunman on a Paris-bound train travelling from Amsterdam via Brussels two months earlier in August 2015.

Elk Grove, California
Elk Grove is a city in Sacramento County, California, United States. Located just south of the state capital of Sacramento, it is part of the Sacramento metropolitan area. As of the 2020 Census, the population of the city was 176,124. A 2024 Census estimate puts the population of the city at 182,797. Elk Grove has many wineries, wine cellars, and vineyards. Elk Grove was the fastest-growing city in the U.S. between July 1, 2004, and July 1, 2005, and is also presently the second-largest city in Sacramento County by population.

It is a general law city with a council/manager form of government. One of Elk Grove's largest employers is the Elk Grove Unified School District, which is the city's second-largest employer.