hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Whitney disk
In mathematics, given two submanifolds A and B of a manifold X intersecting in two points p and q, a Whitney disc is a mapping from the two-dimensional disc D, with two marked points, to X, such that the two marked points go to p and q, one boundary arc of D goes to A and the other to B.

Their existence and embeddedness is crucial in proving the h-cobordism theorem, where it is used to cancel the intersection points; and its failure in low dimensions corresponds to not being able to embed a Whitney disc. Casson handles are an important technical tool for constructing the embedded Whitney disc relevant to many results on topological four-manifolds.

Pseudoholomorphic Whitney discs are counted by the differential in Lagrangian intersection Floer homology.

Lagrangian system
In mathematics, a Lagrangian system is a pair (Y, L), consisting of a smooth fiber bundle Y → X and a Lagrangian density L, which yields the Euler–Lagrange differential operator acting on sections of Y → X.

In classical mechanics, many dynamical systems are Lagrangian systems. The configuration space of such a Lagrangian system is a fiber bundle  over the time axis . In particular,  if a reference frame is fixed. In classical field theory, all field systems are the Lagrangian ones.
Gyeongbu Line
The Gyeongbu line (Gyeongbuseon) is a railway line in South Korea and is considered to be the most important and one of the oldest in the country. It was constructed in 1905, connecting Seoul with Busan via Suwon, Daejeon, and Daegu. It is by far the most heavily travelled rail line in South Korea.

All types of high-speed, express, local, and freight trains provide frequent service along its entire length.

Gyeongbu Expressway
The Gyeongbu Expressway (Korean: 경부고속도로; Asian Highway Network  AH 1) is the second oldest and most heavily travelled expressway in South Korea, connecting Seoul to Suwon, Daejeon, Gumi, Daegu, Gyeongju, Ulsan and Busan. It has the route number 1, signifying its role as South Korea's most important expressway. The entire length from Seoul to Busan is 416 kilometers (258 mi) and the posted speed limit is 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph), enforced primarily by speed cameras.
Bliss (Tech N9ne album)
Bliss is the twenty-fourth studio album by American rapper Tech N9ne. It was released on July 14, 2023, through Strange Music and RBC Records. Guests on the album include Conway the Machine, Joyner Lucas, X-Raided, Qveen Herby, Durand Bernarr and a variety of local Kansas City acts including the Popper, 2 Gunn Kevi as well as members of Tech N9nes longtime rap group Nnutthowze, Phlaque the Grimstress and Zkeircrow.

RBC Records
RBC Records is an American online independent record label and management company founded by partners Brian Shafton and Bob Grossi. It provides artists and independent labels with a full-service "virtual label" alternative to signing with a major label. RBC provides distribution, sales, marketing, online publicity, radio promotion, video promotion, product management, and creative services consulting to artists and management. The company announced in 2013 that it would start producing and distributing films under the name RBC Films.

In September 2018, BMG Rights Management acquired RBC for an undisclosed fee.
Legalize It
Legalize It is the debut studio album by Jamaican singer-songwriter and former Wailer Peter Tosh, released in June 1976. It was recorded at Treasure Isle and Randy's, Kingston.

Legalize It is one of the two solo albums released in 1976 by Wailers members, along with Bunny Wailer's album Blackheart Man.  Bob Marley and his new Wailers also released Rastaman Vibration.

The song was written in response to his ongoing victimization by the Jamaican police and as a political piece pushing for the legalization of cannabis, particularly for medical use. In 1977, Tosh backed this up by saying "We are the victims of Rasclot circumstances. Victimization, colonialism, gonna lead to bloodbath". Tosh also said "Herb will become like cigarettes", in an NME interview in 1978.

Duke Reid
Arthur "Duke" Reid CD (21 July 1915 – 1 January 1975) was a Jamaican record producer, DJ and record label owner.

He ran one of the most popular sound systems of the 1950s called Reid's Sound System, whilst Duke himself was known as The Trojan, possibly named after the British-made trucks used to transport the equipment. In the 1960s, Reid founded the record label Treasure Isle (named after his liquor store), which produced ska and rocksteady music. He was still active in the early 1970s, working with toaster U-Roy. He died in early 1975 after having suffered from a severe illness for the last year.
Mamuka Gongadze
Mamuka Gongadze (born 21 October 1963 in Tbilisi) is a Georgian heraldry specialist, architect, artist, author of the Georgian state coat of arms, and Deputy Chairman of the State Council of Heraldry at the Parliament of Georgia.

Coat of arms of Georgia
The coat of arms of Georgia is one of the national symbols of Georgia. The coat of arms is partially based on the medieval arms of the Georgian royal house and features Saint George, the traditional patron saint of Georgia. In addition to St. George, the original proposal included additional heraldic elements found on the royal seal, such as the seamless robe of Jesus, but this was deemed excessively religious and was not incorporated into the final version.
John Minh Tran
John Minh Tran is a Canadian cinematographer. He is most noted as a two-time winner of the Canadian Screen Award for Best Photography in a Documentary Program or Factual Series, winning at the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards in 2015 for Our Man in Tehran and at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022 for Borealis.

10th Canadian Screen Awards
The 10th Canadian Screen Awards were presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television from 4–10 April 2022 to honour achievements in Canadian film, television, and digital media production in 2021. The presentations were held as a series of virtual events due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with awards in top categories presented via a CBC Television special on 10 April 2022 hosted by comedy troupe TallBoyz.

Nominations were announced on 15 February. In film, the top nominees were Scarborough and Night Raiders, with 11 nods apiece, while in television the series Sort Of was the leader with 13 nominations. Scarborough and Transplant were tied for most-awarded film and television series, with both receiving 8 awards (including Best Motion Picture and Best Dramatic Series respectively).
Harry Magdoff and espionage
Harry Magdoff was accused by a number of authors as having been complicit in Soviet espionage activity during his time in US government.  He was accused of passing information to Soviet intelligence networks in the United States, primarily through what the FBI called the "Perlo Group." Magdoff was never indicted, but after the end of the Cold War, a number of scholars have inspected declassified documents (including those of the Venona project) from U.S. and Soviet archives. They cite these documents to support the claim that Magdoff was involved in espionage. Other authors have taken issue with some of the broader interpretations of such materials which implicate many Americans in espionage for the Soviet Union, and the allegation that Harry Magdoff was an information source for the Soviets is disputed by several academics and historians asserting that Magdoff probably had no malicious intentions and committed no crimes.

Harvey Klehr
Harvey Elliott Klehr (born December 25, 1945) is a professor of politics and history at Emory University. Klehr is known for his books on the subject of the American Communist movement, and on Soviet espionage in America (many written jointly with John Earl Haynes).
Liberty Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania
Liberty Township is a township in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the State College, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,825 at the 2020 census, an increase over the figure of 2,118 tabulated in 2010. Part of Bald Eagle State Park is in Liberty Township.

State College, Pennsylvania
State College is a borough and home rule municipality in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 40,501 at the 2020 census. It is a college town home to Penn State University Park, the main campus of the Pennsylvania State University.

State College is the largest borough in Pennsylvania by population. It is the principal borough of the six municipalities that make up the State College area, the largest settlement in Centre County, and one of the principal cities of the greater State College–DuBois combined statistical area which had 238,734 residents in 2020.
Madhesa
Madhesa (Nepali: मधेशा) is a former village development committee (VDC) in Sunsari District in the Kosi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. It merged with the district's headquarter Inaruwa. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 4972 people living in 891 individual households.

Kosi Zone
Kosi or Koshi (Nepali: कोसी अञ्चल, Nepali: कोशी अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. The headquarters of Kosi Zone was Biratnagar which was also its largest city. Other cities of Kosi Zone were Inaruwa, Dharan, Dhankuta, Jhumka, Duhabi, Tarahara and Itahari. Its main rivers were Arun, Tamor and Sapta Koshi.
Encoptolophus costalis
Encoptolophus costalis, known generally as the western clouded grasshopper or dusky grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in Central America and North America.

Acrididae
Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes classified as a distinct family Oedipodidae in the superfamily Acridoidea. Acrididae grasshoppers are characterized by relatively short and stout antennae (so they may be called "short-horned grasshoppers"), and tympana on the side of the first abdominal segment.
Pivín
Pivín is a municipality and village in Prostějov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.

Pivín lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Prostějov, 24 km (15 mi) south of Olomouc, and 214 km (133 mi) east of Prague.

Prostějov
Prostějov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈproscɛjof] ⓘ; German: Proßnitz) is a city in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 43,000 inhabitants. The city is historically known for its fashion industry. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

AČR special forces unit 601. skss is based in Prostějov.
John II of Werle
John II, Lord of Werle[-Güstrow] nicknamed The Bald (after 1250 – 27 August 1337), was from 1309 to 1316 co-regent of Werle and from 1316 to 1337 Lord of Werle-Güstrow. He was the second eldest son of John I of Werle and Sophie of Lindow-Ruppin.

He ruled Werle from 1309 to 1316 jointly with his brother Nicholas II. After Nicholas's death in 1316 it was decided to divide the territory, and John took control over part of the territory called Werle-Güstrow, and Nicholas's son John III, took control over the part called Werle-Goldberg.

On 4 May 1326, King Christopher II of Denmark promised to invest John and Lord Henry II of Mecklenburg with the Principality of Rügen. However, the Dukes of Pomerania took Rugen, leading to the Rügen War of Succession. Pomerania successfully defended Rügen, and Mecklenburg's claims on Rügen could not be enforced.

John II reduced his debts by prosecuting Jews for host desecration.

He died in 1337 and was buried in the Doberan Minster.

Wars of the Rügen Succession
The Wars of the Rügen Succession were two early 14th century conflicts fought primarily between Mecklenburg and Pomerania for control of the Danish Principality of Rügen on the southern Baltic Sea coast.
Keadue, County Donegal
Keadue (Irish: Céideadh) is a townland in County Donegal, Ireland. It is in the Rosses region of northwest County Donegal, on the R259 road on the Wild Atlantic Way, about halfway between the fishing villages of Burtonport and Kincasslagh on the Atlantic coast.

Wild Atlantic Way
The Wild Atlantic Way (Irish: Slí an Atlantaigh Fhiáin) is a tourism trail on the west coast, and on parts of the north and south coasts, of Ireland. The 2,500 km (1,553 mile) driving route passes through nine counties and three provinces, stretching from County Donegal's Inishowen Peninsula in Ulster to Kinsale, County Cork, in Munster, on the Celtic Sea coast.
Detroit Lightning
The Detroit Lightning was a Major Indoor Soccer League franchise which existed for only one season, 1979–1980.  The Lightning finished that season at 15–17.  The team's home arena was Cobo Arena.

On May 28, 1980, at the end of the 1979–1980 season, David Schoenstadt bought the Lightning and moved the team from Detroit, Michigan to San Francisco, California where he renamed the team the San Francisco Fog.

Huntington Place
Huntington Place (formerly known as Cobo Hall, Cobo Center, and briefly TCF Center) is a convention center in Downtown Detroit, owned by the Detroit Regional Convention Facility Authority (DRCFA) and operated by Legends Global. Located at 1 Washington Boulevard, the facility was originally named after former Mayor of Detroit Albert Cobo.

The largest annual event held at Huntington Place is the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), which has been held at the center since 1965.
Oxford Poets
Oxford Poets is an imprint of the British poetry publisher Carcanet Press.

The imprint was established in March 1999 when the founder and editor of Carcanet Press, Michael Schmidt, acquired the Oxford University Press poetry list. OUP's authors had included such critically-acclaimed poets as Fleur Adcock, Joseph Brodsky, Greg Delanty, Alice Oswald, Craig Raine, and Jo Shapcott.  Oxford University Press's decision to abandon its poetry list in November 1998 provoked a literary firestorm in the British media.

Though published by Carcanet, the Oxford Poets list has retained an element of editorial independence. Two major contemporary writers, the Irish poet Bernard O'Donoghue and the English poet, editor, and translator David Constantine currently oversee the imprint.

Craig Raine
Craig Anthony Raine, FRSL (born 3 December 1944) is an English contemporary poet. Along with Christopher Reid, he is a pioneer of Martian poetry, a movement that expresses alienation with the world, society and objects. He was a fellow of New College, Oxford, from 1991 to 2010 and is now emeritus professor. He was the editor of Areté from 1999 to 2020.
Angela Belcher
Angela M. Belcher is a materials scientist, biological engineer, and the James Mason Crafts Professor of Biological Engineering and Materials Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. She is director of the Biomolecular Materials Group at MIT, a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and a 2004 MacArthur Fellow. In 2019, she was named head of the Department of Biological Engineering at MIT. She was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2022.

Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research
The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT (/koʊk/ KOHK; also referred to as the Koch Institute or KI) is a cancer research center affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The institute is one of seven National Cancer Institute-designated basic laboratory cancer centers in the United States.

The institute was launched in October 2007 with a $100 million grant from David H. Koch and the 180,000 square feet (17,000 m2) research facility opened in December 2010, replacing the MIT Center for Cancer Research (CCR). The institute is affiliated with 29 MIT faculty members in both the Schools of Engineering and Science.
All Mixed Up: Los Remixes
All Mixed Up: Los Remixes (English: All Mixed Up: The Remixes) is the first remix album and third album by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings and the first remix album by Mexican-American musician A.B. Quintanilla. It was released on October 29, 2002 by EMI Latin.

Remix album
A remix album is an album consisting of remixes or rerecorded versions of an artist's earlier released material. The first act who employed the format was American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson (Aerial Pandemonium Ballet, 1971). As of 2007, the best-selling remix album of all time is Michael Jackson's Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997).
Sri Lankan Tamil literature
Sri Lankan Tamil literature or Ceylon Tamil literature refers to Tamil literature produced in the current day country of Sri Lanka by various Tamil speaking communities such as the Sri Lankan Tamils, Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan Muslims. The earliest extant records survived from the Sangam age academies and continued in the medieval era in the courts of the Jaffna kingdom until modern times. The destruction of the Saraswathy Mahal library of Nallur and the burning of Jaffna library led to the loss of a large tract of Sri Lankan Tamil literature, although much survives through oral traditions and the unearthing and preservation of palm-leaf manuscripts, copper plate inscriptions & stone inscriptions .

Palm-leaf manuscript
Palm-leaf manuscripts were used as writing material in the Indian subcontinent, dating back to as early as the 5th century BCE. Their use began in Nepal and India and spread to other regions, such as Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, in the form of dried and smoke-treated Palmyra or talipot palm leaves.
Their use continued until the 19th century when the printing press replaced hand-written manuscripts.

One of the oldest surviving complete palm leaf manuscripts is a Sanskrit Shaivism text from the 9th century, discovered in Nepal, and now preserved at the Cambridge University Library. The Spitzer Manuscript is a collection of palm leaf fragments found in Kizil Caves, China. They are dated to around the 2nd century CE and is in Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit.
Stuart Pimm
Stuart Leonard Pimm (born 27 February 1949) is the Doris Duke Chair of Conservation Ecology at Duke University. His early career was as a theoretical ecologist but he now specializes in scientific research of biodiversity and conservation biology.

Ecology and Society
Ecology and Society (abbreviated Ecol. Soc.) is a peer-reviewed, open access, society-run, non-profit scientific journal covering research on the relationships between people and ecosystems. It publishes interdisciplinary work at the interface of ecology, the social sciences and sustainability studies, and is known for contributions on social-ecological systems, resilience, and sustainability transitions. The journal is published by the scientific network the Resilience Alliance.
Dr. J.A. Hay House
Dr. J.A. Hay House, also known as Nelson House, is a historic home located at La Grange, Lewis County, Missouri. Built circa 1854, it is a 2+1⁄2-story, three-bay, massed plan, brick dwelling with Greek Revival style design elements. It also has a 1+1⁄2-story frame rear ell.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Lewis County, Missouri
Lewis County is a county located in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,032. Its county seat is Monticello. The county was organized January 2, 1833, and named for Meriwether Lewis, the explorer and Governor of the Louisiana Territory.

Lewis County is part of the Quincy, IL–MO Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Comparison of user features of operating systems
Comparison of user features of operating systems refers to a comparison of the general user features of major operating systems in a narrative format. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all operating systems. It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It also includes the most important features of the operating system's origins, historical development, and role.

ChromiumOS
ChromiumOS (formerly styled as Chromium OS) is a free and open-source Linux distribution designed for running web applications and browsing the World Wide Web. It is the open-source version of ChromeOS, a Linux distribution made by Google.

ChromiumOS is based on the Linux kernel, like ChromeOS, but its principal user interface is the Chromium web browser rather than the Google Chrome browser. ChromiumOS also includes the Portage package manager, which was originally developed for Gentoo Linux. Because ChromiumOS and ChromeOS use a browser engine for the user interface, they are oriented toward web applications rather than application software or mobile apps.

Google first published the ChromiumOS source code in November 19, 2009.
Dušan Pavlov
Dušan Pavlov (Serbian Cyrillic: Душан Павлов, born 19 July 1989) is a Serbian football player who most recently played for ŽAK Kikinda.

Born in Kikinda (SFR Yugoslavia), he started playing in a local club FK Kikinda 
In 2011 he signed to Egri FC. He made his Nemzeti Bajnokság II debut on 15 October 2011 against Kazincbarcikai SC

Nemzeti Bajnokság II
The Nemzeti Bajnokság II (or NBII), currently known as the Merkantil Bank Liga for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier of Hungarian football. At the end of the 2004–05 season, the tournament format was changed from one division of 14 teams to two divisions: Keleti (Eastern) and Nyugati (Western), each with 16 teams, though now it's just one league table with 16 teams as of the 2024–25 season. The champion and the runner-up will ascend to the first division, Nemzeti Bajnokság I, while the two lowest teams in second league are relegated to Nemzeti Bajnokság III.
Ee Kaikalil
Ee Kaikalil (transl. In these hands) is a 1986 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by K. Madhu and produced by Prem Prakash. The film is a remake of the 1974 Hindi film Majboor. The film stars Mammootty, Seema, Shobhana and Ratheesh. The film has musical score by Johnson and A. J. Joseph. It was a commercial failure.

Johnson (composer)
Thattil Antony Johnson (26 March 1953 – 18 August 2011), popularly known as Johnson Master, was an Indian film score composer and music director.  Regarded as one of the finest composers in the industry, he was noted for his lyrical and expressive melodies together with simple but rich tonal compositions of thematic music. Johnson is a recipient of National Film Awards twice and Kerala State Film Awards five times. He has composed music for more than 300 Malayalam films, the most by any composer except for G. Devarajan. He was the first music director from Malayalam cinema to be honoured with the National film Awards.He composed music for some of the most important motion pictures of Malayalam cinema, including Koodevide, Namukku Paarkkan Munthiri Thoppukal, Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam, Vadakkunokkiyantram, Perumthachan, Njan Gandharvan, Ponthan Mada, and Bhoothakkannadi.
Great Expectations (2007 film)
Great Expectations (a journey through the history of visionary architecture) is a 2007 documentary about the history of visionary architecture by director Jesper Wachtmeister.
The film uses interviews to frame the history of utopian and visionary architecture through the 20th century. Subjects include Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Peter Cook, Buckminster Fuller, Moshe Safdie, Antti Lovag, Paolo Soleri, Peter Vetsch and Jacque Fresco.

Peter Cook (architect)
Sir Peter Cook RA (born 22 October 1936) is an English architect, lecturer and writer on architectural subjects. He was a founder of Archigram, and was knighted in 2007 by Elizabeth II for his services to architecture and teaching. He is also a Royal Academician and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of the French Republic. His achievements with Archigram were recognised by the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2004, when the group was awarded the Royal Gold Medal.