hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Urban planning in ancient Egypt
The use of urban planning in ancient Egypt is a matter of continuous debate. Because ancient sites usually survive only in fragments, and many ancient Egyptian cities have been continuously inhabited since their original forms, relatively little is actually understood about the general designs of Egyptian towns for any given period.

The Egyptians referred to most cities as either nwt or dmj. Nwt usually refers to unplanned cities that grew naturally, such as Memphis and Thebes, while dmj can be translated as "settlement" and usually refers to towns that were laid out along a plan. The archaeological evidence of such cities is best preserved, and has been most thoroughly delved, at El Lahun, Deir el-Medina, and Amarna, though some averment of urban planning exists at other sites as well.

El Lahun
El Lahun (Arabic: اللاهون El Lāhūn, Coptic: ⲗⲉϩⲱⲛⲉ alt. Illahun, Lahun, or Kahun, (the latter being a neologism coined by archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie) is a town and pyramid complex in Faiyum, Egypt founded by Senusret II. The Pyramid of Senusret II (Greek: Sesostris II) is located near the modern town, and is often called the Pyramid of Lahun. The site was occupied during the Middle Kingdom into the late Thirteenth Dynasty, and then again in the New Kingdom. The ancient name of the site was rꜣ-ḥn.t, literally, "Mouth (or Opening) of the Canal". It was known as Ptolemais Hormos (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῒς ὅρμος, romanized: port of Ptolemy) in Ptolemaic Egypt. There are multiple areas at El Lahun including the Pyramid of Senwosret II, cemeteries, the Valley temple, and the town of Kahun. It contains many artifacts of daily life like pottery from the Middle Kingdom and evidence of administrative procedures seen on papyri and seals.
National nature reserves in Suffolk
National nature reserves in Suffolk, England are established by Natural England and managed by them or by non-governmental organisations such as the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, the National Trust or the Suffolk Wildlife Trust.

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales and in Scotland. It was founded in 1889. It works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment through public awareness campaigns, petitions and through the operation of nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.

In 2023/24 the RSPB had revenue of £169 million, 2,517 employees, 13,500 volunteers and 1.1 million members (including 195,000 youth members), making it one of the world's largest wildlife conservation organisations. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 222 nature reserves.
Geneviève Poitrine
Geneviève Poitrine, known as Madame Poitrine (c. 1750 – after 1783), was a wet nurse of the Dauphin of France, Louis Joseph, son of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. Poitrine was retrospectively accused of transmitting tuberculosis to the infant prince, thus inadvertently causing his death, aged seven years; this meant that his younger brother Louis Charles became heir apparent. The word poitrine translates to "chest" or "bosom", and her married name of Madame Poitrine was remarked upon by contemporaries as being appropriate for her duties.

Thorax
The thorax (pl.: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of mammals and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen.

In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the body, each in turn composed of multiple segments.

The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. The chest may be affected by many diseases, of which the most common symptom is chest pain.
Jim Welsh
James Edward Welsh (September 17, 1902 – February 12, 1958) was an American professional football player during the early years of the National Football League (NFL). He was an offensive lineman and a place kicker. A graduate of Colgate University, Welsh began his professional career in 1923 with the NFL's Rochester Jeffersons. The following two seasons, were then spent with the Frankford Yellow Jackets. In 1926, Welsh joined the Pottsville Maroons. He then ended the 1926 season tied for the league lead in extra points, with 10.

Colgate University
Colgate University is a private college in Hamilton, New York, United States. A liberal arts college, it was founded in 1819 as the Baptist Education Society of the State of New York and operated under that name until 1823, when it was renamed Hamilton Theological and Literary Institution, often called Hamilton College (1823–1846), then Madison College (1846–1890), and its present name since 1890.

Colgate enrolls approximately 3,200 students in 56 undergraduate majors that culminate in a Bachelor of Arts degree. The student body is 54% female and 46% male. Students participate in over 200 clubs and organizations. While Colgate offers an almost entirely undergraduate program, it also has a small graduate program leading to the Master of Arts in Teaching. The college competes in NCAA Division I sports and is part of the Patriot League athletic conference and ECAC Hockey.
Södermanland Runic Inscription 158
Södermanland Runic Inscription 158 or Sö 158 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age memorial runestone located in Österberga, which is one kilometer southwest of Ärsta and three kilometers southwest of Runtuna, Södermanland County, Sweden, and in the historic province of Södermanland. The inscription includes an image of a ship and uses same-stave bind runes to commemorate a man described as being a thegn.

Södermanland
Södermanland (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsø̂ːdɛrmanˌland] or [ˈsø̌ː-] ⓘ), locally Sörmland, sometimes referred to under its Latinized form Sudermannia or Sudermania, is a historical province (or landskap) on the south eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Östergötland, Närke, Västmanland and Uppland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea.

Södermanland means "(The) Land of the Southern Men", where the "southern men" (södermännen) were the people living south of Uppland.
Juuso Simpanen
Juuso Simpanen (born 8 June 1991) is a Finnish ultra runner and former footballer. He has played for Finnish Ykkönen club Seinäjoen Jalkapallokerho.

After starting his career with local TiPS, young Simpanen moved to neighbours FC Honka, where he finished his football grooming and raised to the first team squad in 2010. Simpanen was part of the team that won the Finnish League Cup in the same year. He was awarded as man of the match in the final against JJK.

Since 2021, Simpanen has had success in ultra trail running, winning races such as NUTS Karhunkierros and Kullamannen.

Finnish League Cup
The Finnish League Cup (in Finnish: Liigacup), is a knock-out football competition contested annually during the pre-season in winter by teams from Veikkausliiga. 
The competition is notably the only football competition in Europe which is mostly played indoors. It is also administrated by Veikkausliiga
Without Your Love (Aaron Tippin song)
"Without Your Love" is a song recorded by American country music artist Aaron Tippin.  It was released in February 1996 as the second single from the album Tool Box.  the song reached #22 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.  The song was written by Al Anderson and Craig Wiseman.

Craig Wiseman
Craig Michael Wiseman is an American country music songwriter and producer, and the owner/founder of the Big Loud enterprise. He has been writing since the late 1980s, and his songs have been recorded by Lorrie Morgan, Tim McGraw, Kenny Chesney, Dolly Parton, Blake Shelton, and numerous other acts. He has written twenty-six No. 1 songs on the Billboard Hot Country Songs music charts, and has won a number of industry awards. In 2009, he was named "Songwriter of the Decade" by the Nashville Songwriters Association International, and in 2015, he was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Qullpani
Qullpani (Aymara qullpa saltpeter, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with saltpeter", also spelled Kollpani) is a 4,926-metre-high (16,161 ft) mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department, Los Andes Province, Pucarani Municipality. Qullpani lies south of a lake named Juri Quta.

Los Andes Province (Bolivia)
Los Andes is one of the twenty provinces in the central parts of the Bolivian La Paz Department. The province was legally founded on November 24, 1917, during the presidency of José Gutiérrez Guerra. The Spanish name of the province means "The Andes", referring to its position within the Cordillera Real which is part of the Bolivian Andes mountain range. The capital of the province is Pucarani, which has a population of 918 as of the 2001 census. Pucarani is situated in the Altiplano west of the Cordillera Real offering a view of some of its highest mountains such as Ch'iyar Juqhu, Chachakumani, Kunturiri, Wayna Potosí and Chacaltaya.
Hugo Reinhold
Hugo Reinhold (3 March 1854 – 4 September 1935) was an Austrian composer and pianist.

He was born and died in Vienna. He was admitted to the  Conservatorium der Musikfreunde, where he studied under Anton Bruckner, Felix Dessoff and Julius Epstein, among others.  He left the conservatory at the age of 20, and later taught piano at the Akademie der Tonkunst in Vienna.

During his lifetime he was quite popular and his works were performed by the Vienna Philharmonic and the Hellmesberger Quartet.

Some of his works include:

Suite for piano and strings

Prelude, Minuet and Fugue for strings

String Quartet in A, Op. 18

Impromptu in C♯ minor, Op. 28, No. 3, for piano

Vienna Philharmonic
Vienna Philharmonic (VPO; German: Wiener Philharmoniker) is an orchestra that was founded in 1842 and has been considered to be one of the finest in the world.

The Vienna Philharmonic is based at the Musikverein in Vienna, Austria. Its members are selected from the orchestra of the Vienna State Opera. Selection involves a lengthy process, with each musician demonstrating their capability for a minimum of three years' performance for the opera and ballet. After this probationary period, the musician may request an application for a position in the orchestra from the Vienna Philharmonic's board. The Vienna Philharmonic hires no musician over 35 years of age, and has a mandatory retirement age of 65; 30 years of service are required for full pension.
1983 Taiwanese legislative election
The fifth supplementary elections for the Legislative Yuan were held in the Republic of China (Taiwan) on 3 December 1983.

Compared with the fourth supplementary election the number of new delegates to the Legislative Yuan had been increased by one from 97 to 98 due to an increase in population. Of these, 71 represented Taiwan Province and the special municipalities of Taipei and Kaohsiung and were elected directly. The remaining 27 seats represented overseas nationals and were appointed by the President. Due to attrition, the number of delegates in the Legislative Yuan originally elected in 1948 had reduced from 760 to 274, with an average age of 77.

Turnout for the supplementary election was 63.2%. Of the 71 directly elected delegates, 62 belonged to the Kuomintang and 9 were independents. Of the independents, six belonged to the Tangwai. All chosen were born Taiwanese, except for five who were born on the Mainland or from parents from the Mainland.

Tangwai movement
The Tangwai movement, or simply Tangwai (Chinese: 黨外; pinyin: Dǎngwài; Wade–Giles: Tang3-wai4), was a loosely knit political movement in Taiwan in the mid-1970s and early 1980s. Although the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) had allowed contested elections for a small number of seats in the Legislative Yuan, opposition parties were still forbidden. As a result, many opponents of the KMT, officially classified as independents, ran and were elected as members "outside the party." The movement was at times tolerated and other times suppressed, the latter being the case particularly after the Kaohsiung Incident of 1979. Members of the movement eventually formed the Democratic Progressive Party, which after opposition political parties were legalized, contested elections and won the presidency with candidate Chen Shui-bian, ending decades of single party rule in Taiwan.
Ensoniq ES-5506 OTTO
The Ensoniq ES-5506 "OTTO" is a chip used in implementations of sample-based synthesis. Musical instruments and IBM PC compatible sound cards were the most popular applications.

OTTO is capable of altering the pitch and timbre of a digital recording and is capable of operating with up to 32 channels at once. Each channel can have several parameters altered, such as pitch, volume, waveform, and filtering. The chip is a VLSI device designed to be manufactured on a 1.5 micrometre double-metal CMOS process. It consists of approximately 80,000 transistors. It was part of the fourth generation of Ensoniq audio technology.

Sample-based synthesis
Sample-based synthesis is a form of audio synthesis that can be contrasted to either subtractive synthesis or additive synthesis.  The principal difference with sample-based synthesis is that the seed waveforms are sampled sounds or instruments instead of fundamental waveforms such as sine and saw waves used in other types of synthesis.
Scott Lautanen
Scott Lautanen is an American television director and producer.

His credits include Pacific Blue, The Pretender, Pensacola: Wings of Gold, FreakyLinks, Numb3rs, Bones, Moonlight, Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, CSI: NY and CSI: Miami (also co-producer and associate producer). He also worked as a second unit director on CSI: Miami and the series Dark Angel and She Spies.

He is of Finnish descent.

She Spies
She Spies is an American action-adventure television show that ran from July 20, 2002, until May 17, 2004, in two seasons. The show was sold into syndication but the first four episodes premiered on NBC, whose syndication arm was one of the producers. Disappointing ratings during the show's second season led to its cancellation after season two ended. She Spies bore noticeable production and direction similarities with Charlie's Angels.
Milenko Pavlović
Milenko Pavlović (Serbian Cyrillic: Миленко Павловић; 5 October 1959 – 4 May 1999) was a Yugoslav fighter pilot who fought in the Kosovo War and came to prominence after he was killed during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.

Fighter pilot
A fighter pilot or combat pilot is a military aviator trained to engage in air-to-air combat, air-to-ground combat and sometimes electronic warfare while in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft. Fighter pilots undergo specialized training in aerial warfare and dogfighting (close range aerial combat). A fighter pilot with at least five air-to-air kills becomes known as an ace.
Employment (short story)
"Employment" is a science fiction story by American writer L. Sprague de Camp, pioneering the concept of de-extinction. It was first published in the magazine Astounding Science-Fiction for May, 1939. The story appeared under the pseudonym Lyman R. Lyon (the name of his maternal great-grandfather) as the magazine's policy did not allow the name of any author to be repeated on the same contents page, and de Camp had another piece in the same issue under his actual name (part one of his article "Design for Life"). It first appeared in book form in the anthology Imagination Unlimited (Farrar Straus and Young, 1952).  It later appeared in the anthologies Men of Space and Time (The Bodley Head, 1953), and Science Fiction Inventions (Lancer Books, 1967), as well as the de Camp collection The Best of L. Sprague de Camp (Doubleday, 1978). It was credited to de Camp's real name in all publications subsequent to its first appearance. The story has been translated into German.

Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG) is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger Williams Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. FSG is known for publishing literary books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, and Nobel Prizes. Since 1993, the publisher has been a division of Macmillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.
Hannibal Old Police Station and Jail
Hannibal Old Police Station and Jail, also known a City Hall, is a historic police station and jail located at Hannibal, Marion County, Missouri.  It was built in 1878–1879, and is a two-story, eclectic late Victorian style brick building on a granite foundation. It features two octagonal towers of different heights and a complex roof defined by a heavy bracketed cornice.: 2

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  It is located in the Central Park Historic District.

Police station
A police station is a facility operated by police or a similar law enforcement agency that serves to accommodate police officers and other law enforcement personnel. The role served by a police station varies by agency, type, and jurisdiction, but in larger agencies there may be multiple police stations that serve as regional or area sub-headquarters for personnel assigned to certain beats, administrative divisions, or police units, while in smaller agencies there may be fewer stations or even one singular police headquarters.
Cellulite Soul
Cellulite Soul is the debut studio album by the Australian alternative rock and post-punk band Witch Hats, released through In-Fidelity Recordings on 26 March 2008.

The album was produced by Ben Ling and Phill Calvert of The Birthday Party. The track "Before I Weigh" was released as a 7-inch single prior to the album's release in November 2007. While on tour in the US, they released a second 7-inch single for "Hellhole" on the New York indie label New York Night Train. In 2009, "Hellhole" appeared in Sean Byrne's Australian horror film The Loved Ones. The album is littered with deliberate lyrical spelling errors, including 6 of the 10 track's titles.

Cinema of Australia
The cinema of Australia began with the 1906 production of The Story of the Kelly Gang, arguably the world's first feature film. Since then, Australian crews have produced many films, a number of which have received international recognition. Many actors and filmmakers with international reputations started their careers in Australian films, and many of these have established lucrative careers in larger film-producing centres such as the US and the UK.

Commercially successful Australian films include Crocodile Dundee, George Miller's Mad Max trilogy, Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge!, and Chris Noonan's Babe. Award-winning productions include Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, The Tracker, Shine and Ten Canoes.
Gaston Bastiaens
Gaston Bastiaens (born 16 December 1946 in Westerlo, Belgium) is a convicted criminal, Belgian engineer, and businessman. As a vice president of Philips Electronics, he was responsible for the Compact Disc as well as for CD-i, CD-ROM, Philips' contributions to the MPEG standard and the foundations for the DVD.

Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen [ˈbɛlɣə(n)] ⓘ; French: Belges [bɛlʒ] ⓘ; German: Belgier [ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ] ⓘ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
Oswald Ingraham
James Oswald Ingraham was a Bahamian businessman and politician and former Speaker of the House of Assembly.

Ingraham was born 24 June 1937 in Tarpum Bay, Eleuthera. He became the first black employee in Barclays Bank in Eleuthera. Later he became a businessman in tourism and hospitality industry.

In 2002, Ingraham was elected to the House of Assembly, and represented Central and South Eleuthera constituency for the Progressive Liberal Party. He was also a cabinet minister and deputy governor-general. He was elected as Speaker of the House of Assembly on 23 May 2002. He served as the speaker until the 2007 elections.

He died on 23 November 2020 at Princess Margaret Hospital at the age of 83.

Parliament of the Bahamas
The Parliament of The Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up of the sovereign (represented by the governor-general), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at the Bahamian Parliament Building in Nassau, the national capital.

The structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system.
Pefferlaw
Pefferlaw is a community within the Town of Georgina, located 3 kilometres south of the southeastern shores of Lake Simcoe. The Pefferlaw River runs south of the community's commercial district. Pefferlaw is passed on the north by Highway 48 and Lake Ridge Road (Durham Road 23) to the east, and is serviced by Pefferlaw Road which links these two traffic arteries. Pefferlaw along with Virginia Beach, Udora and Port Bolster is in the 705 area code. The Canadian National railway passes through Pefferlaw and, until the early 1990s, served a train station in the community's commercial district. This railway links Toronto with Orillia and Northern Ontario with Via Rail transcontinental trains heading to Vancouver.

Via Rail
Via Rail Canada Inc. (reporting mark VIA) (/ˈviːə/), operating as Via Rail or Via (stylized as VIA Rail), is a Canadian Crown corporation that operates intercity passenger rail service in Canada.

As of December 2023, Via Rail operates 406 trains per week  across eight Canadian provinces and 12,500 kilometres (7,800 mi) of track, 97 percent of which is owned and maintained by other railway companies, mostly by Canadian National Railway (CN). Via Rail carried approximately 4.1 million passengers in 2023, 96 percent of which were along the Corridor routes connecting the major cities of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, and had an on-time performance of 85.4 per cent. Attracting international tourism forms an important part of Via Rail's long distance trans-continental services.
Secretary of State for War (France)
The secretary of state for war (French: Secrétaire d'État à la guerre), later secretary of state, minister for war (French: Secrétaire d'État, Ministre de la guerre), was one of the four or five specialized secretaries of state in France during the Ancien Régime. The position was responsible for the Army, for the Marshalcy and for overseeing French border provinces. In 1791, during the French Revolution, the secretary of state for war became titled minister of war.

Ministry of War (France)
The Ministry of War (French: Ministère de la guerre) was the Government of France department responsible for the French Army, the National Gendarmerie and until 1934, the French Air Force. It existed from 25 May 1791 to 31 October 1947, date to which it was merged with the Ministry of the Navy and the Ministry of Air into the Ministry of Armed Forces (then Ministry of National Defence). It was headed by the Minister of War, occasionally taking various titles.