hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scale AI
Scale AI, Inc. is an American data annotation company based in San Francisco, California. It provides data labeling, model evaluation, and software to develop applications for artificial intelligence.

The company’s research arm, the Safety, Evaluation and Alignment Lab, focuses on evaluating and aligning large language models (LLMs), including through initiatives such as Humanity's Last Exam, a benchmark designed to assess advanced AI systems on alignment, reasoning, and safety. Scale AI outsources data labeling through its subsidiaries, Remotasks, which focuses on computer vision and autonomous vehicles, and Outlier, which focuses on data annotation for LLMs.

Scale AI's customers in the commercial sector have included Google, Microsoft, Meta, General Motors, OpenAI, and Time. The company also directly works with world governments, including the United States on multiple military-related projects, and with Qatar to improve the efficiency of its social programs.

Data annotation
Data annotation is the process of labeling or tagging relevant metadata within a dataset to enable machines to interpret the data accurately. The dataset can take various forms, including images, audio files, video footage, or text.
My Daughter Married a Negro
"My Daughter Married a Negro" is an essay by an anonymous male author published in Harper's Magazine in the July 1951 issue. It discussed the author's daughter Anne's marriage to an African American – referred to as a negro in the parlance of the time – college classmate in 1949, and details "his family's ordeal with their daughter marrying across the color line." The article has since been much discussed in scholarship on racial relations in the United States.

Told by the father, the article "described the escalating tension in a prototypical family faced with the possibility of an interracial marriage" and the parents' shock when they were told about their daughter's intention to marry a black man.

Interracial marriage
Interracial marriage is a marriage involving spouses who belong to different "races" or racialized ethnicities.

In the past, such marriages were outlawed in certain U.S. states, Nazi Germany and apartheid-era South Africa as miscegenation (Latin: 'mixing types') — a term which first appeared in Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro, a hoax anti-abolitionist pamphlet published in 1864. Even in 1960, interracial marriage was forbidden by law in 31 U.S. states.

It became legal throughout the United States in 1967, following the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the case Loving v. Virginia, which ruled that race-based restrictions on marriages, such as the anti-miscegenation law in the state of Virginia, violated the Equal Protection Clause (adopted in 1868) of the United States Constitution.
Ed Poles
Edward Poles (1902 – February 1, 1932), nicknamed "Possum" and "Googles", was an American Negro league infielder in the 1920s.

A native of Virginia, Poles made his Negro leagues debut in 1920 for the Baltimore Black Sox. He went on to play for Baltimore again from 1922 to 1924, and also made appearances for the Richmond Giants in 1922. Poles finished his career with the Harrisburg Giants in 1928. He died in Glen Burnie, Maryland in 1932 at age 29 or 30.

Richmond Giants
The Richmond Giants were an independent semi-pro Negro league baseball team based in Richmond, Indiana that fielded a team in two different seasons. Though their existence was short, several Negro league stars played for the Giants, including Bill Holland, Connie Day, Will McMurray and Hall of Famer Oscar Charleston.
Universe 2 (Silverberg anthology)
Universe 2 is an anthology of original science fiction short stories edited by Robert Silverberg and Karen Haber, the second volume in a series of three, continuing an earlier series of the same name edited by Terry Carr. It was first published in hardcover Bantam Books and trade paperback by Bantam Spectra in March 1992.

The book collects twenty-two novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with an introduction by Silverberg.

Bantam Spectra
Bantam Spectra is the science fiction division of American publishing company  Bantam Books, which is owned by Random House.

According to their website, Spectra publishes "science fiction, fantasy, horror, and speculative novels from recognizable authors". Spectra authors have collectively won 31 such awards in the fields of science fiction and fantasy, and been nominated on 132 occasions. These authors include the following:
National Jazz Archive
The National Jazz Archive is a collection of materials pertaining to jazz and blues that is kept at the Loughton Library in Essex, England. The archive was founded by British trumpeter Digby Fairweather in 1998 and contains visual and print materials from the 1920s to the present.

Patrons of the archive have included Baroness Amos, John Altman, Liane Carroll, Deirdre Cartwright, Gary Crosby, Paul Jones, Soweto Kinch, Cleo Laine, Michael Parkinson, Courtney Pine, John Prescott, Clare Teal, Kate Westbrook, and Mike Westbrook.

In 2011 the Archive was awarded a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The grant enabled the cataloguing and digitisation of a substantial proportion of the collection, as well as a learning programme for schools and young people.

The National Jazz Archive is a registered charity and relies on support from donations and volunteers.

Courtney Pine
Courtney Pine, CBE (born 18 March 1964) is a British jazz musician, who was the principal founder in the 1980s of the black British band the Jazz Warriors. Although known primarily for his saxophone playing, Pine is a multi-instrumentalist, also playing the flute, clarinet, bass clarinet and keyboards. On his 2011 album, Europa, he plays almost exclusively bass clarinet.
Alterface
Alterface Projects is a manufacturer of interactive and media-based attractions. The company was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Belgium, Europe. Alterface has a U.S. office and branches in Beijing and Xiamen, China. They create attractions for dark rides, spinning & dueling theatres, and walkthroughs.

Sally Corporation
Sally Corporation (also known as Sally Dark Rides) is a dark ride and animatronic manufacturing company based in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. The company serves amusement parks, attractions, museums, and retail clients worldwide. It offers complete design/build services from concept to installation, including scripting, audio and music production, props and sets, lighting and special effects, electronics, and project management.
Shuvalov Palace
The Naryshkin-Shuvalov Palace (Russian: Дворец Нарышкиных-Шуваловых), also known as the Shuvalov Palace, is a  Neoclassical building on the Fontanka Embankment in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Once home to the noble Naryshkin and Shuvalov families, the palace has housed the Fabergé Museum since 2013. This building should not be confused with the Shuvalov Mansion nearby at 25 Italyanskaya Street.

Malaya Sadovaya Street
59°56′6″N 30°20′15.9″E﻿ / ﻿59.93500°N 30.337750°E﻿ / 59.93500; 30.337750

Malaya Sadovaya Street (Russian: Малая Садовая Улица, meaning 'Little Garden Street') is a pedestrian street of cafes, terraces and fountains in the heart of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It runs between Italyanskaya Street (Italian Street) and the Nevsky Prospect. Spanning a single block, at about 175 metres (574 ft), it is known as Saint Petersburg's shortest street.

The street's Nevsky Prospect terminus is at Catherine Square, which features the monument to Catherine the Great by the sculptors Mikhail Mikeshin and Matthew Chizhov, and the architects Victor Schröter and David Grimm. At the Italyanskaya Street terminus is Manezhnaya Square, where there is a view of the portico of the great stables designed by Vincenzo Brenna and Karl Rossi.
Codex Alimentarius
The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for 'Food Code') is a collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines, and other recommendations published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations relating to food, food production, food labeling, and food safety.

Hygiene
Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refers to maintaining the body's cleanliness. Hygiene activities can be grouped into the following: home and everyday hygiene, personal hygiene, medical hygiene, sleep hygiene, and food hygiene. Home and every day hygiene includes hand washing, respiratory hygiene, food hygiene at home, hygiene in the kitchen, hygiene in the bathroom, laundry hygiene, and medical hygiene at home.

While often equated with cleanliness in common usage, hygiene is a term encompassing the personal practices and environmental conditions that maintain health and prevent disease.
Hanna Karjalainen
Hanna Maria Kinnunen (née Karjalainen) (born 8 July 1980 in Oulu) became known in 2003 when she won the Haluatko filmitähdeksi (Do You Want To Be A Film Star?) competition, where the prize was the central role in the film Levottomat 3. Karjalainen acted in the 2004 movie, but the role was more minor than promised. Before that, Karjalainen had acted in a minor role in the 2001 film Rölli ja metsänhenki.

Kinnunen is a University of Jyväskylä graduate. Kinnunen is married to her husband, who was born in Oulu. They married in 2008. She is a mother of two children.

From 2006 to 2009, Kinnunen acted in the MTV3 soap series Salatut elämät, where she played Laura Kiviranta's talkative cousin Salla Laitela (former Tervajoki, née Mattila). Salla returned to the show in 2019 and later became Salla Taalasmaa after she married Kari Taalasmaa.

Kinnunen has recorded R&B music with an alias "HannaB".

Rollo and the Spirit of the Woods
Rollo and the Spirit of the Woods (also titled Rolli, Finnish: Rölli ja metsänhenki) is a 2001 Finnish fantasy film directed by Olli Saarela. It is the second film based on the television series Rölli, the first being Rölli – hirmuisia kertomuksia (1991).

A PC game of the same name based on the film was released in 2002.
Ricky Jackson (Australian footballer)
Ricky Jackson (born 19 June 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

Jackson tried out initially at Richmond but the rover was not wanted by the club due to his size. Despite this rejection, he had a successful career with Melbourne where he became a handy goal scorer and topped their goal-kicking in 1988 with 43 goals. Most notably he kicked five goals in Melbourne's Preliminary Final win over Carlton that year, although he went goal-less from the forward pocket in their Grand Final loss.

A Victorian interstate representative, Jackson was picked up by Footscray in the 1991 AFL draft but did not break into their seniors. He represented Australia in the 1990 International Rules series.

1988 VFL grand final
The 1988 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the  Hawthorn Football Club and the Melbourne Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 24 September 1988. It was the 92nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1988 VFL season. The match, attended by 93,754 spectators, was won by Hawthorn by a margin of 96 points, marking that club's seventh premiership victory.
Some Assembly Required (2014 TV series)
Some Assembly Required is a Canadian teen situation comedy series that aired on YTV in Canada and streams on Netflix (season 1 & season 2) and YouTube (season 3) worldwide. Produced in Burnaby, British Columbia, it was created by Dan Signer (The Suite Life on Deck, A.N.T. Farm, Mr. Young) & Howard Nemetz, and stars Kolton Stewart, Charlie Storwick, Harrison Houde, Sydney Scotia, Dylan Playfair, Travis Turner and Ellie Harvie. The first season, with 26 episodes, began airing in January 2014; the series finale aired on June 6, 2016. The first season was first streamed on Netflix in 2015, followed by the second season.

Television comedy
Television comedy is a category of broadcasting that has been present since the early days of entertainment media. While there are several genres of comedy, some of the first ones aired were variety shows. One of the first United States television programs was the comedy-variety show Texaco Star Theater, which was most prominent in the years that it featured Milton Berle (from 1948 to 1956). The range of television comedy has become broader, with the addition of sitcoms, improvisational comedy, and stand-up comedy, while also adding comedic aspects into other television genres, including drama and news. Television comedy provides opportunities for viewers to relate the content in these shows to society. Some audience members may have similar views about certain comedic aspects of shows, while others will take different perspectives. This also relates to developing new social norms, sometimes acting as the medium that introduces these transitions.
Volcanic Ridge
Volcanic Ridge is an 11,486-foot-elevation (3,501-meter) ridge located in the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Madera County of northern California, United States. It is situated in the Ansel Adams Wilderness on land managed by Inyo National Forest. It is set in the Ritter Range, 1.9 miles (3.1 km) southeast of Mount Ritter, and approximately 10 miles (16 km) west of the community of Mammoth Lakes. The Minarets are one mile to the west and Devils Postpile National Monument is five miles to the southeast. Topographic relief is significant as the west aspect rises over 1,700 feet (520 meters) above Iceberg Lake in approximately one-half mile.

Devils Postpile National Monument
Devils Postpile National Monument is a U.S. national monument located near Mammoth Mountain in Eastern California.  The monument protects Devils Postpile, an unusual rock formation of columnar basalt, "all closely and perfectly fitted together like a vast mosaic." The monument encompasses 798 acres (323 ha) and includes two main attractions: the Devils Postpile formation and Rainbow Falls, a waterfall on the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin River. In addition, the John Muir Trail and Pacific Crest Trail merge into one trail as they pass through the monument. Excluding a small developed area containing the monument headquarters, visitor center and a campground, the National Monument lies within the borders of the Ansel Adams Wilderness.
Thomas Denis
Thomas Denis (born 18 July 1997) is a French track and road cyclist, who currently rides for club team Paris Cycliste Olympique. Representing France at international competitions, Denis won the gold medal at the 2016 UEC European Track Championships in the team pursuit.

French National Time Trial Championships
The French National Time Trial Championship is a road bicycle race that takes place inside the French National Cycling Championship, and decides the best cyclist in this type of race. The first edition took place in 1995. The first winner of the time trial championship was Thierry Marie. Jeannie Longo holds the record for the most wins with 11, and Sylvain Chavanel holds the record in the men's championship with 6. Bruno Armirail and Cédrine Kerbaol are the current champions.
Lucy Thurston Blaisdell
Lucy Puniwai Blaisdell (née 
Thurston; August 16, 1903 – December 16, 1986) was the First Lady of Honolulu 1955–1969. She was by profession a teacher, who had a 36-year career in both Hawaii and New York.

President William McKinley High School
President William McKinley High School, more commonly referred to as McKinley High School, is a comprehensive public high school in the Honolulu District of the Hawaii State Department of Education. It serves grades nine through twelve. McKinley is one of three schools in the Kaimuki-McKinley-Roosevelt Complex Area which includes Kaimuki High School and Roosevelt High School. It was founded as Fort Street English Day School in 1865. Later known as Honolulu High School, it was renamed in memorial to William McKinley, the twenty-fifth President of the United States, in 1907. President William McKinley High School is one of the oldest secondary schools in the state and several of its buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The campus displays sculptures by Satoru Abe (1926–2025) and Bumpei Akaji (1921–2002). McKinley High School is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
Waar Parriwar
Waar Parriwar (transl. War Family) is a singing reality television show on Sony Entertainment Television in 2008. It featured Urmila Matondkar as the host, and Jatin Pandit as the in-house guru and trainer to the competing families.

Bappi Lahiri
Bappi Aparesh Lahiri (born Alokesh Aparesh Lahiri; 27 November 1952 – 15 February 2022), also known as Bappi Da, was an Indian singer, composer and record producer. He popularised the use of synthesised disco music in Indian music industry and sang some of his own compositions.  He was popular in the 1980s and 1990s with filmi soundtracks.  He delivered major box office successes primarily in Hindi, Telugu, and Bengali films. His music was well received into the 21st century.

In 1986, he was recognised by Guinness World Records for recording more than 180 songs in one year.
JNR Class C52
The Class C52 (C52形) is a type of 4-6-2 steam locomotive built by the American Locomotive Company at Schenectady Works for the Japanese Government Railways in 1925. The locomotives were originally classified as the 8200 class under the JGR locomotive classification system until 1928.

They were acquired to sample the latest American three-cylinder conjugated valve gear steam technology; as a consequence only six – the minimum order – were purchased and the tenders were built locally by Hitachi. They were the last Japanese steam locomotives to be imported. These served as an exemplary forerunner to the C53.

Drawing (before renovation)

Schenectady Locomotive Works
The Schenectady Locomotive Works was a factory in Schenectady, New York, that manufactured railroad locomotives from its founding in 1848 through its merger into American Locomotive Company (ALCO) in 1901.

After the 1901 merger, ALCO made the Schenectady plant its headquarters.

One of the better-known locomotives to come out of the Schenectady shops was Central Pacific Railroad type 4-4-0 No. 60, the Jupiter (built in September 1868), one of two steam locomotives to take part in the "Golden Spike Ceremony" to celebrate the completion of the First transcontinental railroad. Although the original was scrapped in 1909, a full-scale, operating replica was completed in 1979, and now is part of an operational display at the Golden Spike National Historical Park.
NGC 43
NGC 43 is a lenticular galaxy in the Andromeda constellation. It has a diameter of approximately 37 kiloparsecs (122,000 light-years). It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 11 November 1827.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
Aurél Bernáth
Aurél Bernáth (1895–1982) was a Hungarian painter and art theorist. He studied at Nagybánya with István Réti and János Thorma. Bernath fought as a soldier in the First World War and moved to Vienna in 1921. Bernath's painting style was heavily influenced by the onslaught of German Expressionism. He was invited to Berlin by Herwarth Walden where his work was exhibited at the now-defunct Sturm Gallery between 1922 and 1924. Two years later, he returned to Hungary and joined the KUT (Képzőművészek Új Társasága, New Society of Artists), becoming one of the leading figures of the Gresham Circle of artists during the 1930s. He taught at the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts from 1945 to 1974. From 1948 to 1949, he worked as an editor for the journal Hungarian Art. After 1947, many of Bernath's writings on art theory were published and became very popular.

Herwarth Walden
Herwarth Walden (actual name Georg Lewin; 16 September 1879 – 31 October 1941) was a German expressionist artist and art expert in many disciplines. He is broadly acknowledged as one of the most important discoverers and promoters of German avant-garde art in the early twentieth century (Expressionism, Futurism, Dadaism, Magic realism). He was best known as the founder of the Expressionist magazine Der Sturm (The Storm) and its offshoots.
Liang Province rebellion
The Liang Province rebellion (Chinese: 涼州之亂) from 184 to 189 started as an insurrection of the Qiang peoples against the Han dynasty in the western province of Liang (roughly present-day Wuwei, Gansu) in the second century AD in China, but the Lesser Yuezhi and sympathetic Han rebels soon joined the cause to wrestle control of the province away from central authority. This rebellion, which closely followed the Yellow Turban Rebellion, was part of a series of disturbances that led to the decline and ultimate downfall of the Han dynasty. Despite receiving relatively little attention in the hands of traditional historians, the rebellion nonetheless had lasting importance as it weakened Han Chinese power in the northwest and prepared that land for a number of non-Han-ruled states in the centuries to come.

Wuwei, Gansu
Wuwei (Chinese: 武威; pinyin: Wǔwēi) is a prefecture-level city in northwest central Gansu province. In the north it borders Inner Mongolia, in the southwest, Qinghai. Its central location between three western capitals, Lanzhou, Xining, and Yinchuan makes it an important business and transportation hub for the area. Because of its position along the Hexi Corridor, historically the only route from central China to western China and the rest of Central Asia, many major railroads and national highways pass through Wuwei.
Bodinus
Bodinus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Sebastian Bodinus (c. 1700–1759), German composer

Heinrich Bodinus (1814–1884), German zoologist

Jean Bodin (Latinized) (1530–1596), French jurist and philosopher

Jean Bodin
Jean Bodin (/boʊˈdæn/; French: [ʒɑ̃ bɔdɛ̃]; c. 1530 – 1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. Bodin lived during the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation and wrote against the background of religious conflict in France. He seemed to be a nominal Catholic throughout his life but was critical of papal authority over governments. Known for his theory of sovereignty, he favoured the strong central control of a national monarchy as an antidote to factional strife.

Towards the end of his life he wrote a dialogue among different religions, including representatives of Judaism, Islam and natural theology in which all agreed to coexist in concord, but was not published. He was also an influential writer on demonology, as his later years were spent during the peak of the early modern witch trials.