hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Merdeka Generation Package
The Merdeka Generation Package (MGP) is an S$8 billion package announced by the Government of Singapore at the 2018 National Day Rally, aimed to assist Singaporeans born in the 1950s with their active ageing and reduce medical bills as they age. The MGP is a spinoff from the Pioneer Generation Package which benefitted the pioneering generation of Singaporeans.

"Merdeka" signifies the years that Singapore had worked towards colonial self governance, independence and sovereignty. The Merdeka Generation (MG) had contributed to Singapore's progress from a developing to a developed country and the challenging times such as major financial crisis, September 11 attacks, and the SARS outbreak in Singapore.

Singapore National Day rally
The National Day Rally (NDR) 
(Chinese: 国庆群众大会; pinyin: Guóqìng Qúnzhòng Dàhuì; Malay: Rapat Umum Hari Kebangsaan; Tamil: தேசிய தின பேரணி) is an annual message delivered by the Prime Minister of Singapore to the entire nation, on the first or second Sunday after the National Day Parade (NDP) on 9 August. Started in 1966, the national day rally is Singapore's equivalent of the President of the United States’ State of the Union address. The prime minister uses the rally to review the country’s status, its key challenges, as well as to set the country's direction, major policy changes, the economy, future plans and achievements. Currently, the prime minister does the rally speech in all of its official languages, English, Mandarin and Malay (national language), except for Tamil, where only dubbing is available from its English broadcast.
Linear multistep method
Linear multistep methods are used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conceptually, a numerical method starts from an initial point and then takes a short step forward in time to find the next solution point. The process continues with subsequent steps to map out the solution. Single-step methods (such as Euler's method) refer to only one previous point and its derivative to determine the current value. Methods such as Runge–Kutta take some intermediate steps (for example, a half-step) to obtain a higher order method, but then discard all previous information before taking a second step. Multistep methods attempt to gain efficiency by keeping and using the information from previous steps rather than discarding it. Consequently, multistep methods refer to several previous points and derivative values. In the case of linear multistep methods, a linear combination of the previous points and derivative values is used.

Linear combination
In mathematics, a linear combination or superposition is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any expression of the form ax + by, where a and b are constants). The concept of linear combinations is central to linear algebra and related fields of mathematics. Most of this article deals with linear combinations in the context of a vector space over a field, with some generalizations given at the end of the article.
Gymkhana (motorcycle)
Motorcycle Gymkhana is a motorcycle time trial sport in which riders compete to maneuver through a paved course restricted by traffic cones or other obstacles as fast as possible.

After walking the course to familiarize themselves with the obstacles, participants ride through, individually, in a predetermined order. Each rider runs the course once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Their fastest time determines their placement.

Traffic cone
Traffic cones, also called pylons, witches' hats, road cones, highway cones, safety cones, caution cones, channelizing devices, construction cones, roadworks cones, or just cones, are usually cone-shaped markers that are placed on roads or footpaths to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner. They are often used to create separation or merge lanes during road construction projects or automobile accidents, although heavier, more permanent markers or signs are used if the diversion is to stay in place for a long period of time.
Importer (computing)
An importer is a software application that reads in a data file or metadata information in one format and converts it to another format via special algorithms (such as filters). An importer often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in.  When implemented this way, the importer reads the data from the file and converts it into the hosting application's native format.

For example, the data file for a 3D model may be written by a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max.  A game developer may then want to use that model in their game's editor. An importer, part of the editor, may read in the 3D Studio Max model and convert it to the game's native format for game levels.

Importers are important tools in the video game industry. An exporter is a plug-in or application that does the converse of an importer.

Computer file
A computer file is a named collection of data treated as a unit by the system that manages it. Today, this system is called a file system. Many older computer systems lacked a distinct file system per se, yet a management feature is required in order to provide a file abstraction.

Files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media, networks, or the Internet.

Different types of computer files are designed for different purposes. A file may be designed to store a written message, a document, a spreadsheet, an image, a video, a program, or any wide variety of other kinds of data. Certain files can store multiple data types at once.

By using computer programs, a person can open, read, change, save, and close a computer file. Computer files may be reopened, modified, and copied an arbitrary number of times.
1922 Labour Party leadership election
Labour Party leadership elections were held in the following countries in 1922:

1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)

1922 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, see New Zealand Liberal Party

1922 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
The 1922 Labour Party leadership election was the first leadership election for the posts of chairman and leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party. Previously the position had been simply the "Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party".

The election took place when the incumbent chairman J. R. Clynes was challenged by the former leader Ramsay MacDonald. MacDonald opposed the way Clynes led the party.
Sales, Sarine
Sales is a village and former municipality in the district of Sarine in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1082 as Sala.

The municipality had 114 inhabitants in 1811, which went up and down to 191 in 1850, 160 in 1870, 226 in 1920, 175 in 1930, 213 in 1941 and 153 in 1970.

In 1977 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Ependes.

Sarine District
Sarine District (French: District de la Sarine [distʁi(kt) d(ə) la saʁin]; Arpitan: District de la Sarena [diʃˈtʁi də la ʃaʁˈnɑ] ⓘ; German: Saanebezirk) is one of the seven districts of the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is largely French-speaking, with a German-speaking minority. Its territory is drained by the Sarine river (which gives it its name), and by its tributary, the Glâne. It has a population of 107,158 (as of 31 December 2020).
Martin Noell
Sir Martin Noell was a 17th-century English merchant, engaged in an extensive colonial trade that included the slave trade. He thrived under the Commonwealth as a tax farmer, taking up farms of the excise or customs and advancing other sums, secure in the knowledge that he would get his money back. At the Restoration of Charles II (1660) Noell was one of the four eminent London merchants— the others being Thomas Povey, Sir Nicholas Crispe and Sir Andrew Riccard— who took their seats among the courtiers on the Council for Plantations, whose restrictions on colonial trade in the interests of a mercantilist policy were resisted from the first by Virginia planters. He was knighted in 1662.

Sir Nicholas Crispe, 1st Baronet
Sir Nicholas Crispe, 1st Baronet (c. 1599 – 26 February 1666 (O.S)) was an English Royalist and a wealthy merchant who pioneered the West African slave trade in the 1630s; a customs farmer (1640 and c. 1661–6); Member of Parliament for Winchelsea Nov. 1640-1 (being expelled as a monopolist); member of the Council of Trade (from 1660) and for Foreign Plantations (from 1661); and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber from 1664. He was knighted in 1640 or 1641 and was made a baronet in 1665. He died in February 1666 (O.S.) aged 67.
Cyprus Classic Motorcycle Museum
The Cyprus Classic Motorcycle Museum is a museum in Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, dedicated to the history of motorcycles between 1914 and 1983. The collection consists of more than 400 motorcycles. Companies represented are AJS, MV Agusta, Matchless, Norton, BSA, Triumph, Ariel, BMW, James, Moto Guzzi, Royal Enfield and many more brands. The museum was created in 2000 by Andreas Nicolaou. It is the biggest motorcycle museum in the Middle East.

Ariel Motorcycles
Ariel Motorcycles was a British maker of bicycles and then motorcycles in Bournbrook, Birmingham. It was an innovator in British motorcycling, part of the Ariel marque. The company was sold to BSA in 1951 but the brand survived until 1967. Influential Ariel designers included Val Page and Edward Turner. The last motorcycle-type vehicle to carry the Ariel name was a short-lived three-wheel tilting moped in 1970.

Ariel made bicycles before making motorcycles, and also made cars. Car production began in 1902, moved to Coventry in 1911 and ceased in 1925.

The 'Ariel' name was reused in 1999 for the formation of Ariel Ltd, a sports car producer.
1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Haryana Legislative Assembly were held in 1977 to elect members of the 90 constituencies in Haryana, India. The Janata Party won the popular vote and 75 of the 90 seats and Devi Lal was appointed as the Chief Minister of Haryana. The number of constituencies was set as 90, on the recommendation of the Delimitation Commission of India.

Devi Lal
Devi Lal (25 September 1914 – 6 April 2001) was an Indian statesman and politician who briefly served as the deputy prime minister of India from 1990 to 1991 and previously from 1989 to 1990. Lal emerged as a prominent advocate for rural and agrarian interests, earning the nickname “Tau” (elder uncle) for his grassroots appeal in the politics of Haryana. He twice became chief minister of Haryana (1977–1979 and 1987–1989) and had previously played an important role in the formation of the Haryana state in 1966. He founded the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) in 1996.
Gazos Creek
Gazos Creek is a stream in San Mateo County, California, in the United States.37°09′53″N 122°21′46″W﻿ / ﻿37.1646686°N 122.3627515°W﻿ / 37.1646686; -122.3627515

Gazos was likely derived from the Spanish word garzas meaning "herons".

San Mateo County, California
San Mateo County, officially the County of San Mateo, is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 764,442. Redwood City is the county seat, the third-most populated city in the county after Daly City and San Mateo.

San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA MSA (metropolitan statistical area), Silicon Valley, and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area, the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay. As of 2020, it has a median household income of $128,091, the fourth-highest household income of any county in the nation behind Loudoun County, Virginia, Falls Church, Virginia, and Santa Clara County, California.

The county covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula. The county is predominantly suburban and is home to many corporate campuses.
Mayo Hall (Bengaluru)
Mayo Hall is a government building located in the center of Bangalore. It was built to honor the memory of Richard Bourke the 4th Viceroy of India. It offers a panoramic view of the city's Parade Grounds and Ulsoor Lake on one side, and the Bangalore Race Course and Brigade Grounds on the south.

This two-story structure is known for its ornate furniture and architecture. It is adorned by chandeliers, Greek cornices, Tuscan columns, stone arches, wooden floors and beautiful furnishings. It became a popular tourist attraction.

Ulsoor
Halasuru, known as Ulsoor during the British Rule, is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in the city of Bengaluru. It is in central Bengaluru, and begins near the eastern terminus of Mahatma Gandhi Raste. It is renowned for its numerous temples and market.
WVCD
WVCD (790 kHz) is a non-commercial AM radio station licensed to both Bamberg, South Carolina, and Denmark, South Carolina.  The station is owned by historically black Voorhees College.  The college is affiliated with the Episcopal Church and has its campus in Denmark, SC.  WVCD is partially run by students and has a radio format which includes urban contemporary, urban gospel, and Christian talk and teaching programs.

By day, WVCD is powered at 1,000 watts. But to reduce interference to other stations on 790 AM, at night, it reduces power to 100 watts.  It uses a non-directional antenna at all times.

Voorhees University
Voorhees University (formerly Voorhees College) is a private historically black university in Denmark, South Carolina, United States. It is affiliated with the Episcopal Church and accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
Park Se-won
Park Se-won (born December 20, 1995) is a South Korean curler from Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. He currently plays lead on the Gyeonggi-do Curling Federation men's team skipped by Kim Jeong-min. While playing second for Jeong Yeong-seok, his team won the 2020 Korean Curling Championships and later represented South Korea at the 2021 World Men's Curling Championship.

Uijeongbu
Uijeongbu (Korean: 의정부; Korean pronunciation: [ɰi.dʑʌŋ.bu]) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is the tenth-most populous city in the province and a suburb of Seoul within the greater Seoul Metropolitan Area.
1807 in birding and ornithology
Coenraad Jacob Temminck Catalogue systématique du cabinet d'ornithologie et de la collection de quadrumanes de Crd. Jb. Temminck. Avec une courte description des oiseaux non-decrits Amsterdam Chez C. Sepp Jansz.See Erwin Stresemann, Analyse von C. J. Temmincks "Catalogue systématique" (1807), Zoologische Mededelingen Vol. 31, 1953, p. 319-331 PDF

Birds described in 1807 include the Oriental pied hornbill, the double-banded courser, the black-collared starling and the black-headed munia.

After three years in Java Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour returns to France with a large collection of plants and birds. His Javanese birds were described by Georges Cuvier.

Death of Pierre Joseph Buchoz.

Black-collared starling
The black-collared starling (Gracupica nigricollis) is a species of starling with black and white plumage and a black collar. It is found in southern China and most of mainland Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. Its habitats include grassland, dry forest and human settlements. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as being of least concern.
Samayoa
Samayoa is a surname.

Notable people with the surname include:

Caesar Samayoa, American stage actor

Carlos Samayoa Chinchilla (1898-1973), Guatemalan writer

David Samayoa (born 1992), Canadian weightlifter

Edgar Godoy Samayoa (1949-2021), Guatemalan politician

Emilio Samayoa (dron 1964), Guatemalan sprinter

Fernando Samayoa (born 1989), Mexican football manager

José Carlos Pinto Samayoa (born 1993), Guatemalan footballer

José Eulalio Samayoa (1781-c.1866), Guatemalan classical composer

José Ramiro Pellecer Samayoa (1929-2022), Guatemalan Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop

Juana Samayoa (born 1948), American actress and television presenter

Nicolás Samayoa (born 1995), Guatemalan footballer

Juana Samayoa
Juana Samayoa (born 1948) is a Guatemalan-American actress and television presenter. She presented and produced News Talk for KBHK-TV from 1977-1982, and had played host to the heady days of battles over LGBT rights in San Francisco, with interviews with Harvey Milk (months before his assassination) and John Briggs on the Briggs Initiative.

Samayoa has two daughters.
Michael Sametz
Michael Sametz (born May 21, 1996) is a Canadian road racing para cyclist who competes in the C3 classification. He won a bronze medal for Team Canada at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's road time trial C3.

Para-cycling
Para-cycling (or paracycling/para cycling) is the sport of cycling adapted for cyclists who have various disabilities. It is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). The sport consists of seven different events which include road and track races. The world's elite para-cyclists compete at Track and Road Worlds Championships since 1994, the Commonwealth Games, the Paralympic Games and the World Cup since 2010.
Saint Vincent Summer Theatre
Saint Vincent Summer Theatre is a professional theatre company that is associated with Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania.  Founded in 1969 by Father Tom Devereux, O.S.B., the company was originally composed entirely of St. Vincent students putting together a six-show season.  The company grew in popularity over the years and eventually joined Actors' Equity Association in 1985.  Joe Reilly was the artistic director of the theatre for many years, and after his death in 2009, his daughter Colleen Reilly succeeded him as Artistic Director. Father Bonaventure Curtis, O.S.B.,  has served as Executive Director and Executive Producer of the Theatre since 2009. Since 2014, the Artistic Director is Gregg Brandt. The company has employed many prominent actors from the nearby Pittsburgh theatre scene, as well as professional actors from New York City. Among prominent actors, television and film actor Stuart Pankin has acted in many productions with the company.

Actors' Equity Association
The Actors' Equity Association (AEA), commonly called Actors' Equity or simply Equity, is an American labor union representing those who work in live theatrical performance. Performers appearing in live stage productions without a book or through-storyline (vaudeville, cabarets, circuses) may be represented by the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA). The AEA works to negotiate quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits for performers and stage managers. A theater or production that is not produced and performed by AEA members may be called "non-Equity".
Becoming Phill
Tshuutheni Emvula (born October 19, 1981, in Berlin, Germany), sometimes known as Becoming Phill is a Namibian entrepreneur, hip hop record producer, DJ, composer, and video editor from Windhoek, Namibia. He has produced for various Namibian and international artists including Ricky Rick, Gazza, Black Vulcanite, Sunny Boy, TeQuila, Qonja, RUN N.A.M.S., Lize Ehlers, and Zeus.

He has composed music, conducted sound design and supervised soundtrack music placement for the Namibian films 100 Bucks, Love Is..., (won Best Director at Namibian Film Awards 2012), My Beautiful Nightmare, (won Best Independent Film at Luxor Film Festival Egypt 2012), Try, (won Best Film at Namibian Film Awards 2012), Eembwiti, Katutura (2015) and The Unseen (2016).

Becoming Phill has various production styles. He attributes his style to DJ Premier, Pete Rock and J Dilla and also musicians such as Kanye West, Brenda Fassie, Cameo, Osunlade and others.

Cameo (band)
Cameo is an American funk band that formed in 1974. Cameo was initially a 14-member group known as the New York City Players; this name was later changed to Cameo. The group is best known for the title track and "Candy" from its 1986 album Word Up!

As of the first half of 2009, some of the original members continued to perform together. Two other original members were hired by the hip hop group Outkast. In 2015, Cameo announced a new residency show at the Westgate Las Vegas Resort & Casino, opening in March 2016. On February 20, 2019, Larry Blackmon of Cameo announced "El Passo", the first new single from the band in 19 years.
Muqbil al-Wadi'i
Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i (c. 1933 – 21 July 2001) was a Yemeni-born Islamic scholar. He was the founder of the Dar al-Hadith al-Khayriyya, a madrasa in the northern town of Dammaj which became one of the main centres for the Salafi ideology in the country.

Born in northern Yemen to a Zaydi Shia family, al-Wadi'i converted to Sunni Islam in his young age. He travelled to Saudi Arabia where he studied Islam under renowned Salafi scholars such as Ibn Baz, Ibn Humayd, Hammad al-Ansari, Muhammad al-Sumali, Abd al-Aziz al-Najdi and several others. In December 1979, al-Wadi'i was arrested by Saudi authorities after having been falsely accused of involvement in the seizure of the Grand Mosque by Juhayman al-Utaybi and his supporters. Upon the insistence of Ibn Baz, al-Wadi'i was released a few months and deported to Yemen where he began propagating Wahhabism and laid foundation to the Dar al-Hadith al-Khayriyya in 1980.

Abd Allah ibn Humayd
Abd Allah ibn Humayd (1911–1982) was a Saudi Islamic scholar who served as the Chief Justice of Saudi Arabia and Imam of the Great Mosque of Mecca.

He was succeeded as Great Mosque imam by his son Salih ibn Humayd. He is the author of Jihad in the Quran and Sunnah.
Confrontation (journal)
Confrontation is an American literary magazine founded in 1968 and based at Long Island University in Brookville, New York.  It publishes fiction, essays and poetry twice each year.  The journal, edited from its inception to 2010 by LIU Post English professor and poet Martin Tucker, helped launch the careers of Cynthia Ozick, Paul Theroux and Walter Abish.

Work that has appeared in Confrontation has been short-listed for the Pushcart Prize and The Best American Short Stories.

The Best American Short Stories
The Best American Short Stories (BASS) is a yearly anthology that is part of The Best American Series published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Since 1915, Best American Short Stories has anthologized more than 2,000 short stories, including works by some of the most famous writers in contemporary American literature. Along with the O. Henry Awards, Best American Short Stories is one of the two "best-known annual anthologies of short fiction."
IPtronics
IPtronics was a fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. Its products include integrated circuits for parallel optical interconnect applications intended for the computer, storage and communication industries. IPtronics' design center is certified by STMicroelectronics, which is also their semiconductor foundry partner. In June 2013, IPtronics was acquired by Mellanox Technologies.

Optical Carrier transmission rates
Optical Carrier transmission rates are a standardized set of specifications of transmission bandwidth for digital signals that can be carried on Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) fiber optic networks. Transmission rates are defined by rate of the bitstream of the digital signal and are designated by hyphenation of the acronym OC and an integer value of the multiple of the basic unit of rate, e.g., OC-48. The base unit is 51.84 Mbit/s. Thus, the speed of optical-carrier-classified lines labeled as OC-n is n × 51.84 Mbit/s.