hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diego de Salcedo
Diego de Salcedo, a Spanish army officer during the Eighty Years' War, was the Governor-General of the Philippines from 1663 to 1668. He reinforced the army of the archipelago and promoted trade with America. In his participation during the Eighty Years' War, he was made Governor of Jülich after the Spanish victory at the Siege of Jülich in August 1621.

Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition, formally Suprema Congregatio Sanctae Romanae et Universalis Inquisitionis (Latin for 'the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition'), was a system of partisan tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes according to Catholic law and doctrine, relating to Catholic religious life or alternative religious or secular beliefs. It was established in 1542 by the leader of the Catholic Church, Pope Paul III. In the period after the Medieval Inquisition, it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition, the other two being the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition.
Sumchinvum
Sumchinvum is a small village in Singngat-Sub-Division, Churachandpur District, Manipur, India. It was also known as 'Dimmual' by the Tedim people inhibiting in the village before the Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–98.

Singngat
Singngat is one of the sub-divisional headquarters of Churachandpur district in the Indian state of Manipur and is a key administrative centre in the southwestern border of the state.  The Manipur Government officially recorded the name as Singhat, that's because the Meiteis find it difficult to pronounce the original name.
Manvel Gasratjan
Manvel Arsenovich Gasratjan (also Gasratian) (Russian: Манвел Арсенович Гасратян) was a Russian historian, born in 1924 who died in 2007. He was a renowned Turkologist and Kurdologist at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Institút  vostokovédenija Rossíjskoj akadémii naúk) in Moscow, where he established the Group of Kurdologists in 1979. According to WorldCat, he has written at least 8 academic books on Turkish and Kurdish history held in major U.S. libraries.

Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian: Институт востоковедения Российской Академии Наук), formerly Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is a Russian research institution for the study of the countries and cultures of Asia and North Africa. The institute is located in Moscow, and formerly in Saint Petersburg, but in 2007 the Saint Petersburg branch was reorganized into a separate Institute of Oriental Manuscripts.
Electrochemical dualism
Electrochemical dualism is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry relevant between around 1800 and around 1830 and pioneered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius. The theory held that all molecules are salts composed of basic and acidic oxides. The compound potassium sulphate for example was viewed as a salt of K2O and SO3. Berzelius based his theory on investigations he conducted in collaboration with Wilhelm Hisinger on certain salts with the newly discovered voltaic pile. They observed that many compounds could be decomposed by an electric current in an acidic component at the positive pole and a basic component at the negative pole. The theory was ultimately challenged and made redundant by radical theory.

Voltaic pile
The voltaic pile was the first electrical battery that could continuously provide an electric current to a circuit. It was invented by Italian chemist Alessandro Volta, who published his experiments in 1799. Its invention can be traced back to an argument between Volta and Luigi Galvani, Volta's fellow Italian scientist who had conducted experiments on frogs' legs. Use of the voltaic pile enabled a rapid series of other discoveries, including the electrical decomposition (electrolysis) of water into oxygen and hydrogen by William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle (1800), and the discovery or isolation of the chemical elements sodium (1807), potassium (1807), calcium (1808), boron (1808), barium (1808), strontium (1808), and magnesium (1808) by Humphry Davy.

The entire 19th-century electrical industry was powered by batteries related to Volta's (e.g. the Daniell cell and Grove cell) until the advent of the dynamo (the electrical generator) in the 1870s.
Arif Susam
Arif Susam (born 1956, Harput, Elazığ) is a Turkish musician. His style combines traditional Turkish tunes with synthesized instruments. He was very popular in the 80s and early 90s with fellow artists like Nejat Alp, Ümit Besen, Cengiz Kurtoğlu and Atilla Kaya.

Nejat Alp
Nejat Alp (born 9 November 1952) is a Turkish musician who plays synth-driven Turkish ambient folk. He began his professional career in 1969 by playing bass for various supporting bands in the clubs of Istanbul. In 1978 he changed his primary instrument from bass to keyboards, and became a vocalist.
Controversies of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Controversies of the current Somalian President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud included criticism after his indirect election victory since May 2022 and previously from 2012 to 2017, has faced numerous controversies during his political career. These controversies have spanned allegations of corruption, nepotism, attempts at impeachment, no-confidence motions, and criticism over security failures, alongside other governance-related disputes.

During 2014 he controversially welcomed the entry of Ethiopian troops into the African Union mission in the wake of the 2006 invasion. His first administration faced serious criticism for rampant corruption, media restrictions and abuse of power.

2012 Somali presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Somalia on 10 September 2012. The newly appointed Federal Parliament elected Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the first president of Somalia since the dissolution of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The election had previously been scheduled for 20 August, the same day that the mandate of the TFG expired, but was rescheduled for a later date.
Hezhang walnut
Hezhang walnut (Chinese: 赫章核桃) is a Chinese variety native to Hezhang County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province. It has a long history of cultivation in China. This plant has simple appearance, well-proportioned shape and smooth shell surface. Its average transverse diameter is 35 mm, the average fruit weight is 38 grams, and the largest single fruit weight is 80 grams. The shell is thin, the fruit is easy to take the kernel, the kernel is full, and the color is bright.

Visual appearance
The visual appearance of objects is given by the way in which they reflect and transmit light. The color of objects is determined by the parts of the spectrum of (incident white) light that are reflected or transmitted without being absorbed. Additional appearance attributes are based on the directional distribution of reflected (BRDF) or transmitted light (BTDF) described by attributes like glossy, shiny versus dull, matte, clear, turbid, distinct, etc. Since "visual appearance" is a general concept that includes also various other visual phenomena, such as color, visual texture, visual perception of shape, size, etc., the specific aspects related to how humans see different spatial distributions of light (absorbed, transmitted and reflected, either regularly or diffusely) have been given the name cesia. It marks a difference (but also a relationship) with color, which could be defined as the sensation arising from different spectral compositions or distributions of light.
Ivan Prpić (physician)
Ivan Prpić (11 October 1927 – 25 June 2019) was a Croatian physician.

He was born in Sisak in 1927 and graduated from the University of Zagreb School of Medicine in 1952, specializing in plastic reconstructive surgery. Prpić became a full professor at the Faculty of Medicine in 1976.

Prpić was a full member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 1991.

Sisak
Sisak (pronounced [sǐːsak]; also known by other alternative names) is a city in central Croatia, spanning the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers, 57 km (35 mi) southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m. The city's total population in 2021 was 40,185 of which 27,886 live in the urban settlement (naselje).

Sisak is the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia's biggest river port and a centre of river shipping industry (Dunavski Lloyd). It lies on the D36 state road and the Zagreb-Sisak-Novska railway. Sisak is a regional economic, cultural and historical center. The largest oil refinery in Croatia is located in Sisak.
Toastmaster (magazine)
Toastmaster (sometimes called "Toastmaster Magazine" or "The Toastmaster") is a monthly magazine published by Toastmasters International. The magazine promotes the ideas and goals of Toastmasters International. The publisher is Toastmasters International Inc., based in Rancho Santa Margarita, CA.

Rancho Santa Margarita, California
Rancho Santa Margarita (RAN-choh SAN-tuh mar-guh-REE-tuh) is a city in Orange County, California, United States. One of Orange County's youngest cities, Rancho Santa Margarita is a master-planned community. The population was 47,949 at the 2020 census, up from 47,853 at the 2010 census. Although it is named for Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores, which was in San Diego County, the city limits fall within the borders of Rancho Mission Viejo. At 20 characters long (22 including spaces), it is the longest city name in California.
Baltistani Society
Baltistani Society is one of the neighbourhoods of Jamshed Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

The several ethnic groups residing in the area include Baltis, Muhajirs, Punjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Baloch, Memons, Bohras Ismailis and Christians.

Muhajir (Pakistan)
The Muhajir people (also spelled Mohajir and Mahajir) (Urdu: مہاجر) are a multi-origin ethnic group of Pakistan. They are the Muslim immigrants, of various ethnic groups and regional origins, who migrated from various regions of India after the 1947 independence to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan, and their descendants.
Muhajirs come from various ethnic and regional backgrounds, with a significant portion of the community residing in Karachi and other major urban centers of Pakistan.

The total population of Muhajrs worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to the 2017 Pakistani census. Though the official controversial 2017 census of Karachi, which has historically hosted the country's largest Muhajir population, has been challenged by most of Sindh's political parties.
Johanna Fiedler
Johanna Fiedler (September 17, 1945 – May 27, 2011) was an American writer on music and publicist. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Fiedler was the daughter of Boston Pops conductor Arthur Fiedler. In 1994 she published a memoir of her father, Arthur Fiedler: Papa, the Pops and Me. She was educated at Sarah Lawrence College (graduated 1967). She began her career working for the National Symphony Orchestra as their public relations director. She left that post to become editor of concert programs for the New York Philharmonic. She then became chief press liaison for the Metropolitan Opera, a position she held from 1975 to 1989. She later published a book about the Met, Molto Agitato: The Mayhem Behind the Music, in 2001. She died in Manhattan in 2011 at the age of 65.

National Symphony Orchestra
The National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in Washington, D.C.  Founded in 1930 by cellist Hans Kindler, its principal performing venue is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.

The NSO regularly participates in events of national and international importance, including performances for ceremonial state affairs, presidential inaugurations and official holiday celebrations, including the annual National Memorial Day Concert in May and A Capitol Fourth concerts on July 4.  The NSO presents a 52-week season of approximately 175 concerts each year. These include classical subscription series, pops concerts, and educational programs.
Huawen Group
Huawen Group (Chinese: 华闻传媒) is a private-sector publicly listed Chinese media holding company. It is one of the 500 components of the SZSE Component Index, as well as the sub-index SZSE 300 Index and SZSE 100 Index.

SZSE 100 Index
SZSE 100 Index are a set of stock indices of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. It consists of the SZSE 100 Price Index (SZSE: 399330) and the SZSE 100 Return Index (SZSE: 399004), using the same constituents but different methodologies.

Despite the fact that it was intended as the blue-chip index of Shenzhen Stock Exchange, comparing to its counterpart the SSE 50 Index, it had a smaller total free-float adjusted market capitalization of the constituents as well as smaller average free-float adjusted market capitalization per constituent. They have difference composition in constituents.
2023–24 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague
The 2023–24 Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague (or Favbet Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague due to sponsorship reasons) is the 2023–24 edition of the Ukrainian top-tier basketball championship. This is the second season that will be played despite the ongoing state of war in Ukraine and will be organised as "bubble" tournaments. Budivelnyk are the defending champions.

This season marked the debut season of BC Rivne.

BC Prometey will not take part in the league for the second consecutive season due to the FBU ban.

BC Prometey
BC Prometey (Ukrainian: БК Прометей), also known as Prometey Slobozhanske, was a Ukrainian basketball club based in Slobozhanske and Kamianske. It played in the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague, the highest tier of basketball in Ukraine, from 2019 to 2022.

From 2022 to 2024, the team was based in Riga and played in the Latvian-Estonian Basketball League due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
4-Chlorophenyl azide
4-Chlorophenyl azide is an organic aryl azide compound with the chemical formula C6H4ClN3. The geometry between the nitrogen atoms in the azide functional group is approximately linear while the geometry between the nitrogen and the carbon of the benzene is  trigonal planar.

Linear combination of atomic orbitals
A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions. In a mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basis set of functions, the basis functions, which describe the electrons of a given atom. In chemical reactions, orbital wavefunctions are modified, i.e. the electron cloud shape is changed, according to the type of atoms participating in the chemical bond.

It was introduced in 1929 by Sir John Lennard-Jones with the description of bonding in the diatomic molecules of the first main row of the periodic table, but had been used earlier by Linus Pauling for H2+.
Karuba, Estonia
Karuba is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County in southwestern Estonia. Prior to the administrative reform in Estonia in 2017, Karuba was located in Koonga Parish. It was a part of Koonga Parish before 2017.

Pärnu County
Pärnu County (Estonian: Pärnu maakond or Pärnumaa; German: Kreis Pernau) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in the southwestern part of the country, on the coast of the Gulf of Riga, and it borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to the east, and Latvia to the south. In 2022, Pärnu County had a population of 85,705, constituting 6.4% of the total population of Estonia.

Pärnu County is the largest county of Estonia in terms of land area.
Grateful Days
"Grateful Days" is the fourth maxi single by Japanese group Dragon Ash, released in 1999. It was released on the same day as "I Love Hip Hop", and both singles quickly gained popularity in Japan.

The title track, "Grateful Days", samples the opening of "Today" by The Smashing Pumpkins and features fellow Japanese hip hop artist Zeebra and "The Queen of Japanese Lady Soul" Aco. The song quickly became a huge hit in Japan, reaching No. 1 on the Oricon charts, and remains a favorite among Dragon Ash fans.

The track also samples Pachelbel's Canon in the style of Coolio's "C U when U get there" and a live version of this track actually changes the chorus to the chorus of said track.

Aco (musician)
A..C..O (born February 3, 1977) is a Japanese singer. She made her debut in 1995 with the pop single "Fuan nano" (不安なの). She is a part of Sony Music Japan. She explores different musical styles, with the albums Absolute Ego and Material displaying electronica influences. Absolute Ego was produced by ex-Denki Groove keyboardist, Yoshinori Sunahara and The Other Side of Absolute Ego album contains remixes by Tricky, DJ Krush, and Silent Poets.

In 2003, after a two-year hiatus, she enlisted the help of the avant-garde audio-visual performance group portable [k]ommunity for her quieter, more delicate album, Irony. AllMusic described Irony as "one of the most beautiful albums to come out of Japan in 2003", with the music compared to an "airy lullaby".
Sumber, Cirebon
Sumber (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮙ᮪ᮘᮨᮁ; Javanese: ꦯꦸꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦂ) is a district which serves as the regency seat of the Cirebon Regency of West Java, Indonesia. It is divided into 14 villages which are listed as follows (with their populations as at mid 2022):

The first 12 of these 14 are classed as urban kelurahan (Babakan occupying 1.38 km2, Sumber 2.50 km2, Perbutulan 0.53 km2, Kaliwadas 1.76 km2, Pasalakan 1.62 km2, Watubelah 1.93 km2, Pejambon 1.44 km2, Gegunung 1.72 km2, Kemantren 0.75 km2, Sendang 0.74 km2, Tukmudal 2.30 km2 and Kenanga 1.86 km2), while the remaining 2 are classed as rural desa and are situated in the south of the district (Matangaji with an area of 2.48 km2 and Sidawangi 4.64 km2).

Regency seat
A regency seat (Indonesian: Ibu kota kabupaten) is a capital or seat of government of a regency in Indonesia. It is roughly equivalent of county seat in the United States or county town in the United Kingdom. Legally, regency seats are not administrative subdivisions of Indonesia and have no official boundaries. A regency seat may occupy an entire district (such as Sigli in Pidie Regency, Ngawi (town) in Ngawi Regency), a part of district (such as Sarilamak in Harau district, Lima Puluh Kota Regency), or several districts (such as Ungaran, which consists of West Ungaran district and East Ungaran district in  Semarang Regency).

The regent offices in most Indonesian regencies usually have Traditional design representing a Region, although dome in a roof sometimes can be added in some Indonesian regent offices, resembling a U.S. state capitol or a county courthouse.
Ice jacking
Ice jacking occurs when water permeates a confined space within a structural support or a geological formation, ultimately causing structural fracture when the water freezes and expands. The force from this expansion can damage shorelines, rock faces, and other natural environments. This has the potential to lead to property damage and environmental changes. Ice jacking most commonly refers to shoreline damage caused by lakes freezing, but it has also been applied to geologic engineering and rock erosion. When this occurs within rocks, it is called ice wedging. When this occurs within the soil, it is called frost heaving or ice heaving. It is similar in appearance to, but not to be confused with, ice shove, which is a pile-up of ice on a shoreline.

Permeation
In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (a fluid such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.
2022 FSA Federation Cup
The 2022 Football South Australia Federation Cup, also known as the Australia Cup South Australian preliminary rounds until the semi-finals, was the 109th running of the Federation Cup, the main soccer knockout cup competition in South Australia. The competition also functioned as part of the 2022 Australia Cup preliminary rounds, with the two finalists qualifying for the main knockout competition.

Adelaide City were champions for the 18th time, defeating Modbury Jets 5–0 in the final. Adelaide Olympic were the defending champions, losing 3–4 in the third round to Campbelltown City.

Campbelltown City SC
Campbelltown City Soccer Club is an Australian association football club based in Adelaide, South Australia. Campbelltown competes in Australia's second-tier, NPL South Australia, playing home matches at Newton Village Sports Complex and are the local club of the Campbelltown-Newton area in Adelaide's north-east suburbs.
Jonathan Calt Harris
Jonathan Calt Harris (born December 27, 1969) a native of Illinois, is an American Christian Zionist, writer, and a foreign policy analyst. From 2008 to 2016, he served as an assistant director of Policy & Government Affairs at AIPAC, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee in Washington, DC.

Pluto Press
Pluto Press is a British independent book publisher based in London, founded in 1969.

Pluto Press states that it publishes "radical, left‐wing non‐fiction books", and is anti-capitalist and internationalist. It belongs to The International Alliance of Independent Publishers.

It has published works by Karl Marx, Mark "Chopper" Read, Frantz Fanon, Noam Chomsky, bell hooks, Edward Said, Augusto Boal, Vandana Shiva, Susan George, Ilan Pappé, Nick Robins, Raya Dunayevskaya, Graham Turner, Alastair Crooke, Gabriel Kolko, Hamid Dabashi, Tommy McKearney, Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, Syed Saleem Shahzad, David Cronin, John Holloway, Euclid Tsakalotos, Graham Usher, David Miller and Jonathan Cook.
Ephraim W. Bouvé
Ephraim W. Bouvé (c. 1817-1897) was an engraver in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 19th century. Around 1848 he kept a studio on Washington Street. By 1863 he had moved his studio to Bromfield Street, and by 1883 moved again, to Milk Street. E.W. Bouvé served as a judge in the category for "paper, blank books, stationery, etc." in the 1887 exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association.

There were two lithographers called "E.W. Bouvé" in Boston in the 1840s: Ephraim and Elisha. The latter was probably related to the Boston cabinetmaker Ephraim Osborn Bouvé; they shared a home on Cooper Street.

Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association
The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association (est.1795) of Boston, Massachusetts, was "formed for the sole purposes of promoting the mechanic arts and extending the practice of benevolence." Founders included Paul Revere, Jonathan Hunnewell, and Benjamin Russell. Through much of the 19th century, the association organized conferences and exhibitions devoted to innovation in the mechanical arts.