hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gąsienica
Gąsienica is a Polish-language surname common among the Goral population of Zakopane region literally meaning "caterpillar".

The commonality of this surname is reflected in the following question-answer joke: "Why does cabbage not grow in Zakopane?  – Because there are too many Caterpillars!" For the same reason Gorals use double-barrelled names, for better identification.

Zakopane
Zakopane (Podhale Goral: Zokopane) is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has been part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship. As of 2017 its population was 27,266. Zakopane is a centre of Goral culture and is often referred to as "the winter capital of Poland". It is a popular tourist destination for many types of mountain activities such as skiing, trekking, mountaineering and various forms of climbing.

Zakopane lies near Poland's border with Slovakia, in a valley between the Tatra Mountains and Gubałówka Hill. It is connected by rail and road to the provincial capital, Kraków. Zakopane lies 800–1,100 metres (2,600–3,600 ft) above sea level and centres on the intersection of its Krupówki and Kościuszko Streets.
CSD Arzúa
Casino Sociedad Deportiva Arzúa is a Spanish football team located in Arzúa, province of A Coruña, autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1967 it currently plays in Primera Futgal, holding home matches at Municipal O Viso with a capacity of 2,000 spectators.

Arzúa
Arzúa (Galician pronunciation: [aɾˈzu.a], Spanish pronunciation: [aɾˈθu.a]) is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It has an area of 155.89 km2, a population of 5,887 (2024 estimate), and a population density of 37.76 people/km2. It is one of the Galician municipalities with the most cows per capita.

Although the region has long been settled, even pre-dating Roman occupation, the current population of the town are mostly of Basque extraction.

For many pilgrims, the village is the last stopping point before the last day's trek into Santiago de Compostela. The French Way and the Northern Way (Camino del Norte) of the Camino de Santiago meet in Arzúa before arriving in Santiago.
Standardized testing in education
Standardized testing in educational settings is used to measure student achievement and instructional effectiveness, as well as to make decisions.  Although everyday classroom tests, if everyone is asked the same questions and their answers are graded the same way, are standardized tests, this is generally discussed in terms of externally created tests that are given at the end of a school year or at the end of high school. In some countries, passing a national exam is necessary to get a high school diploma or to be admitted to a university.

High school diploma
A high school diploma (sometimes referred to as a high school degree) is a diploma awarded upon graduation of high school. A high school diploma is awarded after completion of courses of studies lasting four years, from grade 9 to grade 12. It is the school leaving qualification in the United States and Canada.

The diploma is awarded by the school in accordance with the requirements of the local state or provincial government. Requirements for earning the diploma vary by jurisdiction, and there may be different requirements for different streams or levels of high school graduation. Typically they include a combination of selected coursework meeting specified criteria for a particular stream and acceptable passing grades earned on the state exit examination.
Miners Falls
Miners Falls is a waterfall located on Miners River in the western portion of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in Alger County, Michigan.  The falls drops about 40 feet (12 m) over a sandstone outcrop with a 10-foot (3.0 m) crest.  The falls can be accessed by a 0.6 mile gravel path, with stairs leading to a lookout.

Alger County, Michigan
Alger County (/ˌældʒər/ AL-jər) is a county in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 8,842. It is the state's second-largest county by area, including the waters of Lake Superior. The county seat is Munising. Alger County is home to Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, which features rock formations, waterfalls, and sand dunes along the shore of Lake Superior. Much of the county is also part of the Hiawatha National Forest.
Thorncombe Beacon
Thorncombe Beacon is a hill between Bridport and Charmouth in Dorset, England. It lies about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) west of Eype Mouth and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Seatown. It is in the south-west part of Symondsbury parish close to the parish of Chideock. It is 157 metres (515 ft) high, compared to 191 metres (627 ft) for Golden Cap which lies about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the west. It forms part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site and the South West Coast Path and the Monarch's Way skirt the hilltop.

The hill is owned by the National Trust. Three bowl barrows to the north-east of the summit constitute a scheduled monument.

Bridport
Bridport is a market town and civil parish in Dorset, England, 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) inland from the English Channel near the confluence of the River Brit and its tributary the Asker. Its origins are Saxon and it has a long history as a rope-making centre. On the coast and within the town's boundary is West Bay, a small fishing harbour also known as Bridport Harbour.

The town features as Port Bredy in Thomas Hardy's Wessex novels. In the 21st century, Bridport's arts scene has expanded with an arts centre, theatre, cinema and museum.

In the 2011 census the population of Bridport's built-up area was 13,568. The town is twinned with Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, France.
John Hallett
John Hallett is the name of:

John Hallett (Australian politician) (1917–1999), member of the Australian House of Representatives

John Hallett (South Australian politician) (1804–1868), businessman, pastoralist and politician in the Colony of South Australia, implicated in a massacre of Aborigines

John Hallett (1772–1794), a midshipman on HMS Bounty at the time of the mutiny

John Hallet (fl. 1970s), also known as John Hallett, British actor

John Hallett (South Australian politician)
John Hallett (30 August 1804 – 10 June 1868) was a businessman, pastoralist and politician in the early days of the Colony of South Australia who was implicated in the massacre of Aborigines at Mount Bryan, South Australia in the 1840s.
Rampura, Neemuch
Rampura is a town and Nagar Parishad, near Neemuch town in the Neemuch district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Rampura was founded by Rama bhil. Mahagarh was also ruled by Bhil king ,Rama was King but after the defeat against Chandrawats of Mewar, the town of Rampura was under their control until the independence of India.

Municipal corporation (India)
A municipal corporation is a 
type of local government in India which administers an urban area having a population of one million or more. The growing population and urbanization of various Indian cities highlighted the need for a type of local governing body that could provide services such as healthcare, education, housing and transport by collecting property taxes and administering grants from the state government.

The municipal corporation carries out its function through divisions or departments. For example, water supply and sewage disposal Undertaking, Housing Board, Education Department and Electricity Department.

The 74th Amendment Act defined the formations of urban local governments and their activities.
Philippine Air Lines Flight 984
Philippine Air Lines Flight 984 was a scheduled domestic flight operated by Philippine Air Lines that crashed en route to Francisco Bangoy International Airport, Davao City, Philippines.

On March 2, 1963, the Douglas C-47B was flying in overcast weather en route to Davao when it crashed on the slopes of Mount Boca, near sitio Kiniledan, reportedly about 50 miles (80 km) from Davao, on the second leg of a Zamboanga-Cotabato-Davao route that originated from Zamboanga. Everyone on board was killed upon impact.

Digos
Digos, officially the City of Digos (Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Digos; Filipino: Lungsod ng Digos), is a  component city and capital of the province of Davao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 192,063 people.

The city lies on the western shores of Davao Gulf and southern foothills of Mount Apo on the island of Mindanao, centrally located between the three major cities in Mindanao, Davao City in the north, General Santos in the south and Cotabato City in the west.

It is the second most populous city in Davao del Sur after the highly-urbanized city of Davao as well as the fourth most populous city in Davao Region, and it is also considered as part of Metropolitan Davao.

It is known for its sweet-juicy 'carabao variety mango,' sold locally and exported abroad, thus being dubbed as the Mango Capital City of the Philippines. It is also considered as The Gate City Of The South.

On September 8, 2000, Digos was converted into a city.
Walter Sturman
Walter Sturman (29 August 1882 – 24 July 1958) was an English cricketer.  Sturman was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper.  He was born at Leicester, Leicestershire.

Sturman made his first-class debut for Leicestershire against Kent at Aylestone Road in the 1909 County Championship.  He made 23 further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the touring Australians in 1912. In his 24 first-class matches for Leicestershire, he scored 273 runs at an average of 10.11, with a high score of 46.  Behind the stumps he took 28 catches and made five stumpings.

He died at Aylestone, Leicestershire, on 24 July 1958.

1909 County Championship
The 1909 County Championship was the 20th officially organised running of the County Championship. The season ran from 3 May to 30 August 1909. Kent won their second championship title, while Lancashire finished in second place. The previous season's winners, Yorkshire, finished third.
Altynbek Sarsenbayuly
Altynbek Särsenbaiūly (Kazakh: Алтынбек Сәрсенбайұлы; 12 September 1962 – 11 February 2006) was a Kazakh politician who served in the Government of Kazakhstan before becoming a political opposition leader. At the time of his death, he served as the co-chairman of Nağyz Aq Jol.

In 2003, after a long career in senior government positions of Kazakhstan, such as Information Minister and Ambassador to Russia, Altynbek joined the opposition ranks in protest against what he regarded as the administration's authoritarian policies.

Soon after his decision to contest in the 2005 Kazakh presidential election, Altynbek faced government intimidation tactics, including a physical assault by unidentified individuals during a presidential campaign meeting with voters and the alleged beating of his two nephews in November 2005.

2005 Kazakh presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan on 4 December 2005. Incumbent president Nursultan Nazarbayev, in power since 1989, sought and won a 3rd term against four other candidates. Opposition candidates were allowed some access to the mass media, but this was still restricted. According to western election observers, opposition candidates also suffered considerable harassment. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) criticized the elections, calling them unfair, but noted improvements.
Pawłówka, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Pawłówka [paˈvwufka], is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krasnopol, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. The village lies near provincial road no. 653.

The village is also situated on the Pawlowka River.

Sejny County
Sejny County (Polish: powiat sejneński) a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Podlaskie Voivodeship, in the extreme north-east of Poland, on the border with Lithuania and Belarus. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Sejny, which lies 112 kilometres (70 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

The county covers an area of 856.07 square kilometres (330.5 sq mi). 
As of 2019 its total population was 20,002, with Lithuanians comprising 20.2% (4,271) of the inhabitants.
Operation Condor (2022 film)
Operation Condor (Spanish: La pena máxima) is a 2022 Peruvian political thriller film, based on the book La pena máxima, written by Santiago Roncagliolo. The film is directed by Michel Gomez and written by Roncagliolo, and stars Emanuel Soriano, Augusto Mazzarelli, Denisse Dibós, and Fiorella Pennano.

Santiago Roncagliolo
Santiago Rafael Roncagliolo Lohmann (born March 29, 1975) is a Peruvian writer, screenwriter, translator and journalist. He has written five novels about fear. He is also author of a trilogy of non-fiction books on Latin America during the twentieth century.

He is the son of the diplomat and politician, Rafael Roncagliolo (1944–2021), who was the Minister of foreign affairs of Peru from 2011 to 2013.
Alysardakh, Verkhoyansky District, Sakha Republic
Alysardakh (Russian: Алысардах; Yakut: Алыһардаах, Alıhardaax) is a rural locality (a selo) in Adychchinsky Rural Okrug of Verkhoyansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 73 kilometers (45 mi) from Batagay, the administrative center of the district and 30 kilometers (19 mi) from Betenkyos, the administrative center of the rural okrug. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 94; down from 103 recorded in the 2002 Census.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Lars Gårding
Lars Gårding (7 March 1919 – 7 July 2014) was a Swedish mathematician. He made notable contributions to the study of partial differential equations and partial differential operators. He was a professor of mathematics at Lund University in Sweden from 1952 to 1984. Together with Marcel Riesz, he was a thesis advisor for Lars Hörmander. In physics, he is known for postulating the Gårding–Wightman axioms of quantum field theory.

Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics.: xi  QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The current standard model of particle physics is based on QFT.

Despite its extraordinary predictive success, QFT faces ongoing challenges in fully incorporating gravity and in establishing a completely rigorous mathematical foundation.
Trechirgau
The Trechirgau was a mediaeval administrative district, a gau. It belonged to the Duchy of Lorraine. Its exact extent is only roughly known and it lay in the triangle formed by Enkirch, Koblenz and Oberwesel.

Gau (territory)
Gau (German: [ɡaʊ] ⓘ; Dutch: gouw [ɣʌu] ⓘ; West Frisian: gea [ɡɪə] or goa [ɡoə]) is a Germanic term for a region within a country, often a former or current province. It was used in the Middle Ages, when it can be seen as roughly corresponding to an English shire. The administrative use of the term was revived as a subdivision during the period of Nazi Germany in 1933–1945. It still appears today in regional names, such as the Rheingau or Allgäu.
Palacios de la Sierra
Palacios de la Sierra is a small town and municipality in the Spanish province of Burgos.  The local economy is primarily based on agriculture and logging.

Historical and architectural points of interest include the 16th-century church of Santa Eulalia, the Hermitage of Nuestra Señora del Arroyal (17th century), the necropolis of El Castillo (6th and 7th centuries), the necropolis of Nava (14th century), the necropolis of Bañuelos (14th century?), as well as several medieval bridges.

Town Holidays: Santiago, Santa Ana y la Virgen del Arroyal (July 25, 26, and 27), Santa Eulalia (December 10).

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.
Finitism
Finitism is a philosophy of mathematics that accepts the existence only of finite mathematical objects. It is best understood in comparison to the mainstream philosophy of mathematics where infinite mathematical objects (e.g., infinite sets) are accepted as existing.

Finite set
In mathematics, a finite set is a collection of finitely many different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects, such as numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.

Informally, a finite set is a set which one could in principle count and finish counting.  For example,

is a finite set with five elements. The number of elements of a finite set is a natural number (possibly zero) and is called the cardinality (or the cardinal number) of the set. A set that is not a finite set is called an infinite set. For example, the set 

of all positive integers is infinite.

Finite sets are particularly important in combinatorics, the mathematical study of counting. Many arguments involving finite sets rely on the pigeonhole principle, which states that there cannot exist an injective function from a larger finite set to a smaller finite set.
Serafín Zayas
Serafín Zayas (born 30 January 1996) is an Argentine badminton player. He was the gold medalists at the 2013 South American Youth Games in the mixed doubles event partnered with Lohaynny Vicente of Brazil. Zayas competed at the 2018 South American Games.

2013 South American Youth Games
The 2013 South American Youth Games, also known as the I South American Youth Games, was a multi-sport event celebrated in Lima, Peru from September 20 to 29, 2013. Approximately 1,200 athletes from 14 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 95 events from 19 sports and disciplines, making the first event in the history of the games.
The Forest railway station
The Forest railway station was a railway station on the Crookwell railway line, New South Wales, Australia. The station opened in 1902 with the opening of the line, and consisted of a 100 ft platform on the down side of the line with a loop siding on the up side. It was named after an adjoining property named Forest Lodge. The platform was removed in 1969 and the loop closed in 1974 and was subsequently demolished. The line through The Forest closed to goods traffic in 1984.

Crookwell railway line
The Crookwell railway line is a disused branch railway line in the south of New South Wales, Australia. Although it has never officially been closed, the line has not seen services since the late 1980s. It branched from the Main South line at North Goulburn and passed north through the localities of Kenmore and Roslyn to the town of Crookwell. As of 2020, there were proposals to convert the line into a rail trail.
Florida Studio Theatre
Florida Studio Theatre (FST) is a professional, non-profit theater company located in Sarasota, Florida that represents one of the major cultural institutions in the Gulf Coast region. Founded in 1973 as a touring troupe, FST is currently a regional theatre specializing in contemporary work and a member of the League of Resident Theatres.  According to the Theatre Communications Group, it is the third largest subscription theatre in the country.  Each year, more than 225,000 attendees are served by the theatre's diverse programs including the Mainstage Series, Cabaret Series, Stage III, Children's Theatre, The FST School, New Play Development, and FST Improv.

FST consists of five theatre spaces: The Keating Theatre, the Gompertz Theatre, Goldstein Cabaret, John C. Court Cabaret, and Bowne's Lab Theatre.  All of the spaces are located in a two-block radius in downtown Sarasota, along with production facilities and administration offices.

League of Resident Theatres
The League of Resident Theatres (LORT) is a collective bargaining association in the United States with over 70 non-profit theatre members. LORT serves as a way for member resident theaters, also called regional theaters, to bargain collectively on behalf of theater management with Actors' Equity Association, the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society, and United Scenic Artists.

LORT was formed by the largest of regional theatres to combat unions.: 244  Membership is restricted to US theatres considered as "non-profit" by the Internal Revenue Service.
2019 Superclásico de las Américas
The 2019 Superclásico de las Américas – Copa Doctor Nicolás Leoz was the sixth edition of the Superclásico de las Américas, an annual friendly football match between the national teams of Argentina and Brazil. The match was played at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Argentina won the game 1–0 with a goal from Lionel Messi; Messi's penalty was saved by Brazilian goalkeeper Alisson, but he scored on the rebound, giving Argentina its second Superclásico de las Américas title.

King Saud University Stadium
King Saud University Stadium (KSUS) (Arabic: ملعب جامعة الملك سعود, romanized: ʿmaleab Jāmiʿah al-Malik Saʿūd),  known as Al-Awwal Park (Arabic: الأول بارك) due to sponsorship reasons, is an association football stadium located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In September 2020, Saudi Media Company (SMC) obtained the management rights for operating the stadium. In October 2020, SMC signed a deal with Al Nassr FC for the Al-Awwal Park to become their home stadium. The stadium has a current capacity of 25,000.

It is set to be a venue for the 2034 FIFA World Cup and has a proposed capacity of 46,319 people following refurbishments, where it will host fixtures in the group stage and round of 32. It will also host matches for the 2027 AFC Asian Cup, specifically the group stage and round of 16.
Taichung line
The Taichung line (Chinese: 臺中線 or 台中線; pinyin: Táizhōng Xiàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-tiong Soàⁿ), also known as the Mountain line (Chinese: 山線; pinyin: Shān Xiàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Soaⁿ-sòaⁿ), is a line of the Taiwan Railway. It is one of two parallel lines in Central Taiwan, passing the inland area and Downtown Taichung. It has a total length of 85.5 km (53.1 mi), all of which is double track.

Taiwan Railway
Taiwan Railway (TR) is a state-owned conventional railway in Taiwan. It is operated by the Taiwan Railway Corporation under the supervision of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, responsible for managing, maintaining, and running conventional passenger and freight railway services on 1,097 km (682 mi) of track in Taiwan. Passenger traffic in 2018 was 231,267,955.

The railway was previously operated by Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA). On 1 January 2024, Taiwan Railway Administration became a state-owned corporation, Taiwan Railway Corporation.