hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Florence
Florence (Italian: Firenze) weathered the decline of the Western Roman Empire to emerge as a financial hub of Europe, home to several banks including that of the politically powerful Medici family. The city's wealth supported the development of art during the Italian Renaissance, and tourism attracted by its rich history continues today.

Piazza della Repubblica, Florence
43°46′17″N 11°15′14″E﻿ / ﻿43.77139°N 11.25389°E﻿ / 43.77139; 11.25389

Piazza della Repubblica (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjattsa della reˈpubblika], Republic Square) is a city square in Florence, Italy. It was originally the site of the city's forum; then of its old Jewish ghetto, which was swept away during the improvement works, or Risanamento, initiated during the brief period when Florence was the capital of a reunited Italy—work that also created the city's avenues and boulevards. At that time, the Loggia del Pesce from the Mercato Vecchio was also moved to Piazza Ciompi.  The square's Giubbe Rosse cafe has long been a meeting place for famous artists and writers, notably those of Futurism.
History of bonsai
Bonsai (盆栽; "tray planting" pronunciationⓘ) is a Japanese art form using trees grown in containers. Similar practices exist in other cultures, including the Chinese tradition of penjing from which the art originated, and the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese hòn non bộ. The term "bonsai" itself is a Japanese pronunciation of the earlier Chinese term penzai. The word bonsai is often used in English as an umbrella term for all miniature trees in containers or pots. This article focuses on the history of bonsai in Japan and, in modern times, worldwide.

Tokugawa Iemitsu
Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光; 12 August 1604 – 8 June 1651) was a Japanese samurai, daimyo and the third shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada with Oeyo, and the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lady Kasuga was his wet nurse, who acted as his political adviser and was at the forefront of shogunate negotiations with the Imperial court. Iemitsu ruled from 1623 to 1651; during this period he crucified Christians, expelled all Europeans from Japan and closed the borders of the country, a foreign policy that continued for over 200 years after its institution.
Maggie Pierce
Margaret "Maggie" Pierce, M.D., F.A.C.S., is a fictional character from the medical drama Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), portrayed by Kelly McCreary. Created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, Maggie first appeared in the penultimate episode of the show's tenth season and was promoted to a series regular by the eleventh season's eleventh episode. Her character is revealed to be the biological daughter of Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) and Ellis Grey (Kate Burton), making her the half-sister of series protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo).

Maggie is characterized as "perky" and "chatty" but also extremely focused on her academic career. She was a child prodigy, having graduated from medical school at the remarkably young age of 19, and by the time she is introduced in the series, she has become the head of the cardiothoracic surgery department at just 27 years old.

Puzzle with a Piece Missing
"Puzzle with a Piece Missing" is the second episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 222nd episode overall. It aired on October 2, 2014, on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by William Harper and directed by Rob Corn. On its initial airing it was watched by 9.15 million viewers and was well received amongst critics.
20 Vulpeculae
20 Vulpeculae is single star located around 1,170 light years away in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.91. The object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −22 km/s.

This is a Be star with a stellar classification of B7 Ve. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 236 km/s (compared to a critical velocity of 332 km/s) and has an estimated polar inclination of 71.1°. The star has four times the mass of the Sun and is radiating around 460 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 12,050 K.

Glossary of astronomy
This glossary of astronomy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to astronomy and cosmology, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. Astronomy is concerned with the study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. The field of astronomy features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of sophisticated terminology.
Łaznowska Wola
Łaznowska Wola [wazˈnɔfska ˈvɔla] (German Grömbach) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rokiciny, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-west of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and 25 km (16 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

With the second partition of Poland in 1793, the area around Lodz became part of Prussia and Friedrich Wilhelm III. settled German colonists from 1800.

The new settlement, which bore the German name Grömbach, was founded in 1800 by Swabian colonists from the area around Grömbach in Wuerttemberg.

Württemberg
Württemberg (/ˈwɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ, ˈvɜːrt-/ WURT-əm-burg, VURT-; German: [ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart.

Together with Baden and Hohenzollern, two other historical territories, Württemberg now forms the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg.
Alexander Stepanov
Alexander Alexandrovich Stepanov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Степа́нов; born November 16, 1950, Moscow) is a Russian-American computer programmer, best known as an advocate of generic programming and as the primary designer and implementer of the C++ Standard Template Library, which he started to develop around 1992 while employed at HP Labs. He had earlier been working for Bell Labs close to Andrew Koenig and tried to convince Bjarne Stroustrup to introduce something like Ada generics in C++. He is credited with the notion of concept.

He is the author (with Paul McJones) of Elements of Programming, a book that grew out of a "Foundations of Programming" course that Stepanov taught at Adobe Systems (while employed there).  He is also the author (with Daniel E. Rose) of From Mathematics to Generic Programming.

He retired in January 2016 from A9.com.

Andrew Koenig (programmer)
Andrew Richard Koenig (IPA: [ˈkøːnɪç]; born June 1952) is a former AT&T and Bell Labs researcher and programmer. He is the author of C Traps and Pitfalls and co-author (with Barbara Moo) of Accelerated C++ and Ruminations on C++, and his name is associated with argument-dependent name lookup, also known as "Koenig lookup", though he is not its inventor. He served as the Project Editor of the ISO/ANSI standards committee for C++, and has authored over 150 papers on C++.
Dairy salt
Dairy salt is a culinary salt (sodium chloride) product used in the preparation of butter and cheese products that serves to add flavor and act as a food preservative. Dairy salt can vary in terms of quality and purity, with purer varieties being the most desirable for use in foods. Dairy salt has been used since at least the 1890s in England and the United States. In butter preparation, it serves to retain moisture, while in cheeses, it tends to reduce water content and slow the ripening process.

Preservative
A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added to products such as food products, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples, cosmetics, wood, and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. In general, preservation is implemented in two modes, chemical and physical. Chemical preservation entails adding chemical compounds to the product. Physical preservation entails processes such as refrigeration or drying. Preservative food additives reduce the risk of foodborne infections, decrease microbial spoilage, and preserve fresh attributes and nutritional quality.  Some physical techniques for food preservation include dehydration, UV-C radiation, freeze-drying, and refrigeration. Chemical preservation and physical preservation techniques are sometimes combined.
August Victor Paul Blüthgen
August Victor Paul  Blüthgen (25 July 1880 in Mühlhausen, Thüringen – 2 September 1967 in Naumburg) was a German entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera.

He was a Doctor of Law Jurist and court adviser. Blüthgen described very many new species of Aculeata (bees and wasps).

Naumburg
Naumburg (German: [ˈnaʊmbʊɐ̯k] ⓘ) is a town in (and the administrative capital of) the district Burgenlandkreis, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Central Germany. It has a population of around 33,000. The Naumburg Cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2018. This UNESCO designation recognizes the processes that shaped the European continent during the High Middle Ages between 1000 and 1300: Christianization, the so-called "Landesausbau"  and the dynamics of cultural exchange and transfer characteristic for this very period.
Wisam Nawar
Wisam Nawar (Arabic: وسام نوار; born 14 February 1990) is an Egyptian handball player for Zamalek and the Egyptian national team.

He represented Egypt at the World Men's Handball Championship in 2015, 2019, and 2021

2015 World Men's Handball Championship
The 2015 World Men's Handball Championship was the 24th staging of the World Men's Handball Championship, organised by the International Handball Federation (IHF). The final tournament was held for the first time in Qatar, from 15 January to 1 February 2015. The Qatari bid was selected over those of Norway, Poland and France after a vote by the IHF Council on 27 January 2011, in Malmö, Sweden. 
This was the third time that the World Championship was hosted in the Middle East And North Africa, after Egypt in 1999 and Tunisia in 2005.

France won the final against Qatar 25–22 to win their fifth title, a first in handball history while Qatar won their first ever medal.
Poland captured the bronze medal by defeating Spain 29–28 after extra time. Denmark secured the fifth place by winning against Croatia which finished sixth and thus had the worst result in the past 13 years of international handball competing.

The competition was marred by numerous controversies throughout.
Charles Saumarez Smith
Sir Charles Robert Saumarez Smith CBE (born 28 May 1954) is a British cultural historian specialising in the history of art, design and architecture. He was the secretary and chief executive of the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 2007 until he stepped down in 2018. He was replaced by Axel Rüger, who took up the position in 2019.

He was previously director of the National Portrait Gallery from 1994 to 2002, and director of the National Gallery from 2002 to 2007. He has published various articles and books, including The Company of Artists:The Origins of the Royal Academy of Arts in London and was a judge at the World Architecture Festival 2014 in Singapore and the Young Masters 2014 awards in London.

Saumarez Smith was knighted in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours List.

World Architecture Festival
The World Architecture Festival (WAF) is an architectural and design event held annually and considered to be one of the most prestigious events dedicated to the architecture and development industries. It was founded by Paul Finch and Jeremy Melvin for the purpose of showcasing and exhibiting architectural projects and is the world's largest annual architectural event. It is the only architecture festival that combines a live–judged awards programme, where shortlisted architects present their projects live in crit rooms to a judging panel, with seminars and networking events. One of these projects is then awarded the 'World Building of the Year' title.
St. James Episcopal Church (Lake George, New York)
St. James Episcopal Church is a congregation of the Episcopal Church located at Lake George in Warren County, New York. It is noted for its historic parish church, completed in 1867.  The church falls under the Episcopal Diocese of Albany.

Warren County, New York
Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,737. The county seat is Queensbury. The county was established in 1813 and is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
Remaisnil
Remaisnil (French pronunciation: [ʁəmɛnil]; Picard: Rémini) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.  The village contains the Château de Remaisnil, which was owned by Jules Elby and Laura Ashley. In the field across from the mansion, remnants of a German V-1 Flying Bomb launch site are visible as well.

Laura Ashley
Laura Ashley (née Mountney; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a Welsh fashion designer and businesswoman, who founded the eponymous fashion retailer. She originally made furnishing materials in the 1950s, expanding the business into clothing design and manufacture in the 1960s. The Laura Ashley style is characterised by Romantic designs – often with a 19th-century rural feel – and the use of natural fabrics.
2022 BNP Paribas Open – Women's doubles
Xu Yifan and Yang Zhaoxuan defeated Asia Muhammad and Ena Shibahara in the final, 7–5, 7–6(7–4) to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 2022 Indian Wells Masters. They became the first all-Chinese team to win a WTA 1000-level title.

Hsieh Su-wei and Elise Mertens were the defending champions. Hsieh chose not to compete. Mertens partnered with Veronika Kudermetova, but lost in the first round to Eri Hozumi and Makoto Ninomiya.

Ena Shibahara
Ena Shibahara (柴原 瑛菜, Shibahara Ena; born 12 February 1998) is an American-born Japanese professional tennis player.
She reached her career-high rankings of world No. 4 in doubles on 21 March 2022 and No. 116 in singles on 14 July 2025. Shibahara has won eleven doubles titles on the WTA Tour, including two WTA 1000, the 2021 Miami Open and the 2023 National Bank Open.

Shibahara won her first major title at the 2022 French Open, alongside Wesley Koolhof in mixed doubles. Partnering with Shuko Aoyama, she reached the women's doubles finals at the 2023 Australian Open, in addition to the semifinals at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships, the 2022 Australian Open, and at the 2021 WTA Finals.

She made her Billie Jean King Cup debut for Japan in 2020, and also participated in the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. Until July 2019, Shibahara represented her country of birth, the United States.
Ray Bell
Raymond Henry "Ray" Bell (31 December 1925 – 19 July 2016) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing and fullback, Bell represented Otago at a provincial level and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1951 to 1952. He played nine matches for the All Blacks including three internationals. Later, he served as an Otago selector from 1968 to 1971.

Bell served with J Force, the New Zealand occupying force in Japan, from 1946 to 1948. He died in Dunedin on 19 July 2016.

J Force
J Force (sometimes referred to as "Jayforce") was the name given to the New Zealand forces that were allocated to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) which occupied Japan following the end of the Second World War. The force was deployed between 1946 and 1948, after which it was disbanded and its personnel repatriated to New Zealand.
1000hp
"1000hp" ("1000 Horse Power") is the lead single and title track from Godsmack's studio album of the same name. It was released on June 9, 2014, and was made available for digital download on Amazon and iTunes on June 10. The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, making it the band's seventh number one single on the chart.

Godsmack
Godsmack is an American rock band from Lawrence, Massachusetts, formed in 1995. The band is currently composed of lead singer and rhythm guitarist Sully Erna and bassist Robbie Merrill. Since its formation, Godsmack has released nine studio albums, one EP (The Other Side), four DVDs, one compilation album (Good Times, Bad Times... Ten Years of Godsmack), and one live album (Live & Inspired). Their most recent album, Lighting Up the Sky, was released in 2023.

Since its inception, Godsmack has toured with Ozzfest on more than one occasion and has toured with many other large tours and festivals, including supporting its albums with its own arena tours. They released three consecutive number-one albums (Faceless, IV and The Oracle) on the Billboard 200, and have had 25 top-ten rock radio hits and 12 at number one. In honor of the band's success and the release of their sixth studio album, 1000hp, Mayor Marty Walsh declared August 6 as "Godsmack Day" in the city of Boston.
Mariblanca
The statues known as Mariblanca  are female figures of uncertain origin which may relate to the fertility goddesses Venus or Fortuna.

The name, which is common in Spanish relates to a statue  which was purchased in the year 1625 by a Florentine  merchant Ludovico Turchi as a  gift  to crown the lost Fountain of Faith in Madrid.

It is now the only element that remains of this monumental fountain, which was located on the church of Good Faith, which formerly stood in the Puerta del Sol.

There are now a number of copies and similar statues also known as Mariblanca. The origin of which is uncertain, but may relate to a religious anxiety related to idolatry or pagan representations of purity, fertility and grace other than those associated with the Virgin Mary.

Mariblanca  also serves as a female Christian name.

Fertility
Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring. In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to reproduce, which is termed fecundity. The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individual's lifetime. In medicine, fertility refers to the ability to have children, and infertility refers to difficulty in reproducing naturally. In general, infertility or subfertility in humans is defined as not being able to conceive a child after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex. The antithesis of fertility is infertility, while the antithesis of fecundity is sterility.
Claude Saint-Cyr
For the French general and diplomat, see Claude Carra Saint-Cyr

Claude Saint-Cyr – sometimes Claude St-Cyr or Claude St. Cyr – (née Simone Naudet, 1911–2002) was a French milliner who worked in both Paris and London between the 1930s and 1960s, also establishing a worldwide reputation for her hats. She collaborated with many leading designers, including Jean Patou and Norman Hartnell.

She was a key supplier of hats to the royal household from the 1950s on. One of her most notable commissions was the 1960 wedding veil of Princess Margaret; at this event she also made hats for The Queen Mother and the Queen. After closing her own salon, she continued to act as an advisor to other design houses until the mid 1990s.

Norman Hartnell
Sir Norman Bishop Hartnell KCVO (12 June 1901 – 8 June 1979) was a leading British fashion designer, best known for his work for the ladies of the royal family. Hartnell gained the Royal Warrant as Dressmaker to Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother) in 1940, and Royal Warrant as Dressmaker to Queen Elizabeth II in 1957.
Baeksuk
Baeksuk (Korean: 백숙; Hanja: 白熟) is a Korean culinary term referring to dishes made by boiling or steaming meat or fish to be cooked thoroughly without seasonings. Baeksuk is made with chicken or pheasant with plenty of water for several hours. However, the term generally indicates dakbaeksuk (닭백숙, chicken baeksuk), or chicken stew, whose recipe and ingredients are similar to samgyetang. While samgyetang is made with ginseng, various herbs, chestnuts, and jujubes, dakbaeksuk consists of simpler ingredients, such as chicken, water, and garlic. The chicken can be stuffed with glutinous rice.

When the cooking is finished, salt and sliced Welsh onions (daepa, 대파) are added to the diner's bowl according to taste. If the baesuk is not stuffed with glutinous rice, it is usually eaten with cooked rice. It is often seen as a simpler and cheaper variant of samgyetang. Sometimes it is mistakenly used as another word for samgyetang.

Chestnut
Chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus Castanea, in the beech family Fagaceae. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
1999–2000 Philadelphia Flyers season
The 1999–2000 Philadelphia Flyers season was the Philadelphia Flyers' 33rd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). One of the most tumultuous seasons in franchise history, the Flyers reached the Eastern Conference Finals, losing in seven games to the New Jersey Devils, blowing a 3-1 series lead in the process.

2000 Stanley Cup Final
The 2000 Stanley Cup Final was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1999–2000 season, and the culmination of the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested by the Eastern Conference champion New Jersey Devils against the Western Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Dallas Stars. The Devils were led by captain Scott Stevens, head coach Larry Robinson and goaltender Martin Brodeur. The Stars were led by captain Derian Hatcher, head coach Ken Hitchcock and goaltender Ed Belfour.

The Devils defeated the defending champion Stars four games to two to win their second Stanley Cup in franchise history. This was the first of two Stanley Cup Final where two relocated teams faced each other; the other being in 2001.
Lewistown Courthouse Historic District
The Lewistown Courthouse Historic District is a 16 acres (6.5 ha) historic district in Lewistown, Montana which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.  The listing included 22 contributing buildings.

Its area is roughly bounded by Washington Street, 6th Avenue, Main and Broadway Streets.

It includes the Fergus County Courthouse (1907), houses, the city hall, and the Lewiston Carnegie Library, which is separately NRHP-listed.

Croatian craftsman did much of the construction.

Lewistown, Montana
Lewistown is a city in and the county seat of Fergus County, Montana, United States. The population was 5,952 at the 2020 census. Lewistown is located in the geographic center of the state, southeast of Great Falls and northwest of Billings. First planned in 1882, it was the site of an 1880s gold rush, and served as an important railway destination, supplying surrounding communities with bricks via rail.
2023 GT2 European Series
The 2023 Fanatec GT2 European Series is the third season of the GT2 European Series. The season began on 21 April at Autodromo Nazionale Monza in Monza and ended on 7 October at Circuit Paul Ricard in Le Castellet.

Circuit Paul Ricard
The Circuit Paul Ricard (French pronunciation: [siʁkɥi pɔl ʁikaʁ]) is a French motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, Var, near Marseille, with finance from pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a racetrack. The circuit has hosted the FIA Formula One French Grand Prix intermittently from 1971 to 2022.