hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cogitationis poenam nemo patitur
The Latin expression cogitationis poenam nemo patitur is used in the field of criminal law to express that only a conduct, and not a simple thought, can constitute a crime. This phrase originally appeared in the "Institutions" of the jurist Ulpian (170-228). Later, it appeared in the Digest, a compilation of Roman legal texts carried out by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian in the sixth century.

Its translation would be "no one can be punished for their thoughts". According to this, thinking about stealing something is not punishable, while committing a robbery is. This principle of Roman law assumes that no thought or desire of a human being can be a criminal, until this manifestation of thought or desire is externalized, causing unjust conduct that causes damage to a protected legal asset.

Ulpian
Ulpian (/ˈʌlpiən/; Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; c. 170 – 223 or 228) was a Roman jurist born in Tyre in Roman Syria (modern Lebanon). He moved to Rome and rose to become considered one of the great legal authorities of his time. He was one of the five jurists upon whom decisions were to be based according to the Law of Citations of Valentinian III, and supplied the Justinian Digest about a third of its contents.
Auditing Standards Board
In the United States, the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) is the senior technical committee designated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) to issue auditing, attestation, and quality control statements, standards and guidance to certified public accountants (CPAs) for non-public company audits. Created in October 1978, it is composed of 19 members representing various industries and sectors, including public accountants and private, educational, and governmental entities. It issues pronouncements in the form of statements, interpretations, and guidelines, which all CPAs must adhere to when performing audits and attestations.

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is the national professional organization of Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in the United States, with more than 428,000 members in 130 countries. Founded in 1887 as the American Association of Public Accountants (AAPA), the organization sets ethical standards and U.S. auditing standards. It also develops and grades the Uniform CPA Examination. AICPA is headquartered in Durham, North Carolina, and maintains additional offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Ewing, New Jersey.
2013 protests in Brazil
The 2013 Brazilian protests were public demonstrations in several Brazilian cities, initiated mainly by the Movimento Passe Livre (Free Fare Movement), a local entity that advocates for free public transportation.

The demonstrations were initially organized to protest against increases in bus, train, and metro ticket prices in some Brazilian cities, but grew to include other issues such as the high corruption in the government and police brutality used against some demonstrators. By mid-June, the movement had grown to become Brazil's largest since the 1992 protests against former President Fernando Collor de Mello.

As with the 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey, social media has played an important role in the organization of public outcries and in keeping protesters in touch with one another.

Free public transport
Free public transport, often called fare-free public transit or zero-fare public transport, is public transport which is fully funded by means other than collecting fares from passengers. It may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation, and/or by commercial sponsorship by businesses.  Alternatively, the concept of "free-ness" may take other forms, such as no-fare access via a card which may or may not be paid for in its entirety by the user.

On 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport in the country (buses, trams, and trains) free to use. On 1 October 2022, Malta made its public transport free on most routes, though unlike in Luxembourg, this applies only to residents.

As some transit lines intended to operate with fares initially start service, the organisation may elect not to collect fares for an introductory period to create interest or to test operations.
Rhombitetraoctagonal tiling
In geometry, the rhombitetraoctagonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of rr{8,4}. It can be seen as constructed as a rectified tetraoctagonal tiling, r{8,4}, as well as an expanded order-4 octagonal tiling or expanded order-8 square tiling.

Expansion (geometry)
In geometry, expansion is a polytope operation where facets are separated and moved radially apart, and new facets are formed at separated elements (vertices, edges, etc.). Equivalently this operation can be imagined by keeping facets in the same position but reducing their size.

The expansion of a regular convex polytope creates a uniform convex polytope.

For polyhedra, an expanded polyhedron has all the faces of the original polyhedron, all the faces of the dual polyhedron, and new square faces in place of the original edges.
Smadar Tzur
Smadar Tzur (Hebrew: סמדר צור) is a former Israeli Paralympic swimmer and wheelchair basketball player.

Tzur grew up in Ma'agan Michael and in 1977 was severely injured by a motorboat, causing one of her legs to be amputated. She was active in ILAN's disabled sports programs and was a member of the wheelchair basketball teams in Jerusalem and Haifa.

Tzur participated in the 1984 Summer Paralympics as a member of the national women's wheelchair basketball team.

At the 1988 Summer Paralympics Tzur competed in wheelchair basketball and in para swimming. She won a gold medal in the Women's 100 m Butterfly A2 tournament and a bronze medal in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke A2 tournament.

Ma'agan Michael
Ma'agan Michael (Hebrew: מַעֲגַן מִיכָאֵל, lit. Michael's Anchorage) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast between Haifa and Hadera, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 2,118.

Ma'agan Michael is among Israel's largest and most financially independent kibbutzim.
Samuel Shippey
Samuel Ward Shippey (born 13 June 1937) is a former English cricketer.  Shippey was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break.  He was born at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

Shippey made his debut for Cambridgeshire in the 1958 Minor Counties Championship against Bedfordshire.  From 1958 to 1963, he represented the county in 13 Minor Counties matches.  Fifteen years after last representing Cambridgeshire in the championship, he played his fifteenth and final Minor Counties Championship match against Lincolnshire in 1978.

Shippey also represented Cambridgeshire in 2 List-A matches against Essex in the 1964 Gillette Cup and against Yorkshire in the 1967 Gillette Cup. In his 2 List-A matches, he scored just 2 runs.

Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club
Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Cambridgeshire including the Isle of Ely.

The original Cambridgeshire club, established in 1844, is classified as important from 1857 to 1863, and as first-class from 1864 to 1871.

The present club, founded in 1891, has always had minor status. It did play List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004, but it is not classified as a List A team per se. The club is based at The Avenue Sports Club Ground, March, though they have played a number of matches at Fenner's, Cambridge University's ground, and occasionally play games there still. In recent years, matches have also been held at Wisbech and Saffron Walden (in northeastern Essex).
Moon Guitars
Moon Guitars is a guitar shop, making customised instruments, located in Scotland. It was established in 1969 by Jimmy Moon in a small workshop on the Island of Arran in Scotland. The company has produced custom instruments for Big Country, Altered Images, Simple Minds, Wet Wet Wet, Scissor Sisters, Coldplay and Del Amitri. They mainly produce acoustic guitars and mandolins. Some of the woods used in manufacturing include Indian rosewood, maple, mahogany, ebony and Alaskan spruce. They produce around 200 guitars a year, with a regular acoustic taking between six and twelve weeks to make, and up to nine months for a customised model. Other notable clients include; Bryan Adams, Keith Scott, Dougie MacLean, Paolo Nutini, Trevor Rabin, Adele and Steve Earle.

Paolo Nutini
Paolo Giovanni Nutini (born 9 January 1987) is a Scottish singer-songwriter from Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Nutini's debut album, These Streets (2006), peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart. Its follow-up, Sunny Side Up (2009), debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. Both albums have been certified quintuple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Five years later, Nutini released his third studio album, Caustic Love, in April 2014, which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the BPI. In July 2022, he released his fourth album, Last Night in the Bittersweet.

Among other accolades, Nutini has received three BRIT Award nominations and an Ivor Novello Award nomination for songwriting.
Polykastro
Polykastro (Greek: Πολύκαστρο, before 1928 Καρασούλι, Karasoúli;) is a town and a former municipality in Kilkis regional unit of Central Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Paionia, of which it is a municipal unit, and the seat.
The municipal unit has an area of 312.717 km2, the municipal unit 45.775 km2. The municipal unit of Polykastro has 12,000 inhabitants, and includes Polykastro and 23 villages. It is built near the Axios River, on the road and railway from Thessaloniki to Belgrade. It was formerly known as Karasuli (Turkish), Mavrosuli or Rugunovec (Macedonian and Bulgarian: Ругуновец).

Kilkis (regional unit)
Kilkis (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Κιλκίς) is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kilkis.
Aciphylla aurea
Aciphylla aurea, known as taramea in Māori and golden speargrass or golden Spaniard in New Zealand English, is a large, spiky, tufted plant with sharp yellowish-green leaves in the speargrass genus Aciphylla. A. aurea is found throughout the South Island of New Zealand in montane to low alpine habitats.

Umbel
In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade". The arrangement can vary from being flat-topped to almost spherical. Umbels can be simple or compound. The secondary umbels of compound umbels are known as umbellules or umbellets. A small umbel is called an umbellule. The arrangement of the inflorescence in umbels is referred to as umbellate, or occasionally subumbellate (almost umbellate).

Umbels are a characteristic of plants such as carrot, parsley, dill, and fennel in the family Apiaceae; ivy, Aralia and Fatsia in the family Araliaceae; and onion (Allium) in the family Alliaceae.

An umbel is a type of indeterminate inflorescence.
A compressed cyme, which is a determinate inflorescence, is called umbelliform if it resembles an umbel.
Ketosteroid monooxygenase
Ketosteroid monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.54, steroid-ketone monooxygenase, progesterone, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing), 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, side-chain cleaving), androstenedione, NADPH2:oxygen oxidoreductase (17-hydroxylating, lactonizing)) is an enzyme with systematic name ketosteroid, NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (20-hydroxylating, ester-producing/20-hydroxylating, side-chain cleaving/17-hydroxylating, lactonizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ + O2  steroid ester/lactone + NADP+ + H2O (general reaction)

(1) progesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2  testosterone acetate + NADP+ + H2O

(2) androstenedione + NADPH + H+ + O2  testololactone + NADP+ + H2O

(3) 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone + NADPH + H+ + O2  androstenedione + acetate + NADP+ + H2O

Ketosteroid monooxygenase is a single FAD-containing enzyme that catalyses three types of monooxygenase reaction.

Lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated.

Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids.
Alphonsus Longgap Komsol
Alphonsus Longgap Komsol is a Nigerian politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives,  representing Shendam/Qua’anpan/Mikang Federal Constituency of Plateau State.

In 2023, there were allegations that he had worked against the interests of his party, the All Progressives Congress, leading to a vote of no-confidence in their youth wing.

Qua'an Pan
Qua'an Pan is a Local Government Area in Plateau State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Baap (or Ba'ap).

It has an area of 2,478 km2 and a population of 196,929 at the 2006 census. It is the fifth largest Local Government in the state based on Population.

The postal code of the area is 934.
Kate Joblin
Kathleen Frances Joblin MNZM (born 1961 or 1962) is a New Zealand local politician and chartered accountant. She has been a member of the Whanganui District Council since 2016, and was chair of the Whanganui District Health Board from 2007 to 2013.

Whanganui District Health Board
The Whanganui District Health Board (Whanganui DHB or WDHB) was a district health board that provided healthcare to the Wanganui, Rangitikei, and parts of the Ruapehu districts of New Zealand. In July 2022, it was merged into the national health service Te Whatu Ora (Health New Zealand).
Texas Red (horse)
Texas Red (foaled March 15, 2012) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse. In 2014, he won one minor race from his first four starts and then established himself as one of the top two-year-old colts in North America with a six and a half length win in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile.  He has unique connections, as his part-owner/trainer and his usual jockey are brothers: Keith and Kent Desormeaux.

Glossary of North American horse racing
The following is a glossary of North American horse racing.

Additional glossaries at:

Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting

Glossary of equestrian terms

Parimutuel betting#Parimutuel bet types
Wolfgang Brezinka
Wolfgang Brezinka (June 9, 1928 – January 3, 2020) was a German-Austrian educational scientist. He served as professor of pedagogy at the School of Education of the University of Würzburg, as well as at the Universities of Innsbruck and Konstanz.

Austrian Academy of Sciences
The Austrian Academy of Sciences (German: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; ÖAW) is a legal entity under the special protection of the Republic of Austria. According to the statutes of the Academy its mission is to promote the sciences and humanities in every respect and in every field, particularly in fundamental research.
Levon Stepanyan
Levon Stepanyan (Armenian: Լեւոն Ստեփանյան; born 22 April 1971, in Yerevan) is a retired Armenian football midfielder player and a current coach who played most of his career for Sepahan and previously played for Ararat Yerevan, Zob Ahan and captained Sepahan Novin. Stepanyan was capped for Armenia on one occasion in a 2–1 win against Macedonia on 6 September 1995 in Skopje.

Sepahan Novin F.C.
Sepahan Novin Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال سپاهان نوین) is an Iranian professional football  team based in Esfahan, Iran. They are the reserve team of Sepahan F.C. and currently compete in the 2011–12 Iran Football's 3rd Division.
Suurna
Suurna is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 27.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Salme Parish.

Saare County
Saare County (Estonian: Saare maakond or Saaremaa; Latin: Oesel; Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It consists of Saaremaa, the largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it, most notably Muhu, Ruhnu, Abruka, and Vilsandi. The county borders Lääne County to the east, Hiiu County to the north, and Latvia to the south. In 2022, Saare County had a population of 31,292, which was 2.4% of the population of Estonia.
An Evening with Billie Holiday
An Evening with Billie Holiday (MG C-144) is the second 10-inch LP studio album by jazz singer Billie Holiday, released by Clef Records in 1953.

In 1956, when the 10-inch format was phased out, the album was reissued by Clef with the same artwork, and seven of the eight tracks, as a 12-inch LP called A Recital by Billie Holiday (MG C-686). The track "Tenderly", was moved to another 12-inch compilation called Solitude. Five additional tracks were added that had been previously released on her third 10-inch LP, simply titled Billie Holiday.

Mon Homme
"Mon Homme" (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃n‿ɔm]), also known by its English translation, "My Man", is a popular song first published in 1920. The song was originally composed by Maurice Yvain with French lyrics by Jacques-Charles (Jacques Mardochée Charles) and Albert Willemetz. The English lyrics were written by Channing Pollock.
Anne Marie Forrest
Anne Marie Forrest is an author who grew up Blarney, County Cork, Ireland. After graduating from University College Cork, she completed her master's degree in Urban and Rural Planning at the University College Dublin. Having lived in various parts of Ireland, including Dublin and Wicklow as well as several years in Australia, she is now based in Cork.

After working as a town planner for several years, Anne Marie turned her attention to fiction writing. Her first novel, Who Will Love Polly Odlum? was published in 2000. She has published five further novels and her work has been translated into French, German, Spanish, Latvian and Norwegian.  Anne Marie's writing has also appeared in Image Magazine, The Irish Times, The Irish Independent, The Evening Echo, and in several short story collections. Anne Marie Forrest is also a scriptwriter.

Irish Independent
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper and online publication which is owned by Independent News & Media (INM), a subsidiary of Mediahuis.

The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines.

Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper, it introduced an additional compact size in 2004. Further, in December 2012 (following billionaire Denis O'Brien's takeover) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only.
GR 57
The GR 57 or Vallée de l'Ourthe et Sentier du nord is a GR footpath between Belgium and Luxembourg. About 265 km long, it goes through four regions:

The city and surroundings of Liège

The valley of the Ourthe

The Sûre and the basin of the Rhine

The Oesling and Gutland

Éislek
Éislek (Luxembourgish: [ˈɜɪ̯slek]), also known by its German name Ösling (pronounced [ˈøːslɪŋ]), or English Oesling, is a region covering the northern part of both the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm, within the greater Ardennes area that also covers parts of Belgium and France. Éislek covers 32% of the territory of Luxembourg; to the south of Éislek lies Gutland (literally "Good Land"), which covers the remaining 68% of the Grand Duchy as well as the southern part of the Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm.
AutoAlliance Thailand
Auto Alliance Co., Ltd. or AutoAlliance Thailand (AAT) is the name of a joint venture automobile assembly firm co-owned by Ford and Mazda in Rayong province, Thailand. Modeled after the Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance International joint venture in Flat Rock, Michigan, United States, AAT builds compact pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles primarily for the Southeast Asian market, with exports to Australia and other developing markets as well.

The factory in Thailand is designed to be similar to Mazda's Hofu plant, and is arranged as four squares.

Ford Fiesta
The Ford Fiesta is a supermini car that was marketed by Ford from 1976 to 2023 over seven generations. Over the years, the Fiesta has mainly been developed and manufactured by Ford's European operations, and had been positioned below the Escort (later the Focus).

Ford sold over 15 million Fiestas from 1976 to July 2011, making it one of the best-selling Ford nameplates behind the Escort and the F-Series. It has been manufactured in the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Mexico, Taiwan, China, India, Thailand, and South Africa.

The Fiesta was discontinued in 2023, after over 22 million units had been made. The final Ford Fiesta rolled off the production line on 7 July 2023. On 10th December 2025, Ford announced a return of the Fiesta in 2028 as an EV in partnership with Renault.
Pub Choir
Pub Choir is a musical act founded in Brisbane, Australia, directed by Astrid Jorgensen.

At each Pub Choir event, Jorgensen arranges a popular song and teaches it to the audience in three-part harmony, concluding with a performance that is filmed and shared on social media. There is no formal recurring membership; participants purchase tickets to attend each individual production, which is usually held at a licensed venue.

Bachelor Girl
Bachelor Girl are an Australian pop duo, formed in 1992 by Tania Doko as vocalist and James Roche as musician, producer and arranger. Their 1998 debut single, "Buses and Trains", was a top-10 hit in Australia and New Zealand; it peaked in the top 30 in Sweden and charted in the UK. The follow-up single, "Treat Me Good", reached the top 40 in Australia and New Zealand. Their debut studio album, Waiting for the Day, was released in 1998 and reached the top 20 on the ARIA Albums Chart and achieved platinum certification. Worldwide, Bachelor Girl has sold a total of more than 500,000 albums and singles.
2016 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships
The 2016 P&G U.S. National Gymnastics Championships was the 53rd edition of the U.S. National Gymnastics Championships and was held June 3–5, 2016, at the XL Center in Hartford, Connecticut, for senior men and June 23–26, 2016, at the Chaifetz Arena in Saint Louis, Missouri, for women and junior men.

Chaifetz Arena
Chaifetz Arena (/ˈʃeɪfɛts/ SHAY-fets),  is a 10,600 seat multi-purpose arena in St. Louis, Missouri, located on the Saint Louis University campus. The arena began construction on August 28, 2006, and opened on April 10, 2008.

In February 2007, Chicago-based businessman Richard Chaifetz, CEO of ComPsych Corporation and 1975 graduate of SLU, made a $12 million donation to the university, which named the arena in his honor.

Since the 2008–09 season, it has been the home of the Saint Louis University men's and women's basketball teams. Additionally, the attached Chaifetz Pavilion includes a two-court basketball and volleyball practice facility that also serves as an 800-seat venue that is the home for the university's volleyball teams. The arena, known as "the Jewel of Midtown," includes a three-story athletic office.  Former VCU coach Shaka Smart called Chaifetz Arena the toughest venue to play in the Atlantic 10 Conference.