hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Classical Nahuatl grammar
The grammar of Classical Nahuatl is agglutinative, head-marking, and makes extensive use of compounding, noun incorporation and derivation. That is, it can add many different prefixes and suffixes to a root until very long words are formed. Very long verbal forms or nouns created by incorporation, and accumulation of prefixes are common in literary works. New words can thus be easily created.

Head-marking language
A language is head-marking if the grammatical marks showing agreement between different words of a phrase tend to be placed on the heads (or nuclei) of phrases, rather than on the modifiers or dependents. Many languages employ both head-marking and dependent-marking, and some languages double up and are thus double-marking. The concept of head/dependent-marking was proposed by Johanna Nichols in 1986 and has come to be widely used as a basic category in linguistic typology.
Bkeftine
Bkeftine (Arabic: بكفتين) is a village in the Koura District of Lebanon. The population is  mayorly Greek Orthodox  and includes other confessions. It is 180 metres above sea level, and has an area of 2.6 square kilometres (0.99 sq mi). In 2004 there were 941 residents, of whom 602 were registered voters but just 380 actually voted in the municipal elections.

Koura District
Koura District (Arabic: ٱلْكُورَة, from Greek: χώρα, lit. 'country')  is a district in the North Governorate, Lebanon.

Koura is one of the 26 districts of Lebanon, particularly known for its olive tree cultivation and olive oil production. It comprises a total of 52 villages, and its capital and largest town is Amioun, with about 10,000 inhabitants as of 2010. 
The district stretches from the Mediterranean Sea up to Mount Lebanon, and comprises a series of foothills surrounding a low-lying plain where olive is cultivated. The olive orchards of Koura are among the most extensive in Lebanon.

The University of Balamand is headquartered in the Koura District.
Photometry (optics)
Photometry is a branch of optics that deals with measuring light in terms of its perceived brightness to the human eye. It is concerned with quantifying the amount of light that is emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received by an object or a system.

Photometric quantities (e.g., luminous flux) are related to their radiometric analogs (e.g., radiant flux) through standardized luminous efficiency functions that model the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. Typically, this wavelength-dependent weighting function is the photopic sensitivity function, although the scotopic function or other functions may also be applied in the same way. The weightings are standardized by the CIE and ISO.

Photometry is a branch of radiometry. Radiometric quantities are not limited to light (i.e., cover other kinds of optical radiation and are sometimes extended to other kinds of electromagnetic radiation) and are not spectrally weighted.

International Commission on Illumination
The International Commission on Illumination (abbreviated CIE for its French name, Commission internationale de l'éclairage, but historically abbreviated ICI in English) is the international authority on light, illumination, colour, and colour spaces. It was established in 1913 as a successor to the Commission Internationale de Photométrie, which was founded in 1900. It is based in Vienna, Austria.
Saburō Endō
Saburō Endō (遠藤 三郎, Endō Saburō; January 2, 1893 – October 11, 1984) was a Japanese military officer who served as a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. A graduate of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy (26th class) and the Army War College (34th class), he received the Emperor's Sword for academic excellence at both institutions.

Imperial Japanese Army Academy
The Imperial Japanese Army Academy  (陸軍士官学校, Rikugun Shikan Gakkō) was the principal officer's training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. The programme consisted of a junior course for graduates of local army cadet schools and for those who had completed four years of middle school, and a senior course for officer candidates.
Brandon Castle
Brandon Castle was sited overlooking the River Avon between the virtually adjacent villages of Brandon and Wolston in Warwickshire, which in turn lie between the town of Rugby and city of Coventry (grid reference SP408759).

It was originally a 12th-century earthwork motte and bailey fortress founded by Geoffrey de Clinton. Around 1226 the de Verdon family founded the stone castle consisting of the keep and a large outer enclosure. It is said to have been 'pulled down' (slighted) by the baronial troops from Kenilworth Castle in 1265 because John de Verdon was an active supporter of the king.

Only low earthworks and some masonry are now visible.

The site is a scheduled ancient monument. It has been placed on the Heritage at Risk Register due to the risks from scrub and tree growth, and its condition is declining.

Geoffrey de Clinton
Geoffrey de Clinton (died c. 1134) was an Anglo-Norman noble, chamberlain and treasurer to King Henry I of England. He was foremost amongst the men king Henry "raised from the dust".  He married Lescelina.
Amadeus (TV series)
Amadeus is a 2025 British historical drama television miniseries adapted by Joe Barton from the 1979 stage play by Peter Shaffer. It gives a fictionalised account of the lives of composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri, portrayed by Will Sharpe and Paul Bettany respectively, with Gabrielle Creevy portraying Mozart's wife Constanze. It is the second screen adaptation of the play, following the 1984 film. Amadeus premiered on 21 December 2025 on Sky Atlantic.

Olivia-Mai Barrett
Olivia-Mai Barrett is an English actress from London, United Kingdom. She garnered recognition through her role in the Disney series Penny on M.A.R.S. in which she played the title role.

In 2019, she was in the last of eight episodes of the BBC mini-series, Soon Gone: A Windrush Chronicle, a series showing life in the UK for successive generations of people with Caribbean heritage, as Michaela Williams. In The Observer, Kwame Kwei-Armah was quoted as saying "Her performance was incredible, I was amazed at how she brought such empathy and insight to the part". Barrett shares the same background as her character in the series, as her father is mixed-race and her grandfather Jamaican; the Windrush story is part of her family background.
Scalzi
Scalzi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alessandro Scalzi (died c. 1596), Italian painter

Carlo Scalzi (c. 1700–after 1738), Italian castrato

Joe Scalzi (born 1951), Australian politician

John Scalzi (born 1969), American science fiction author

Johnny Scalzi (1907–1962), American baseball player

Mike Scalzi (born 1969), American musician and philosophy professor

Pivio and Aldo De Scalzi, Italian composers

Sandra Scalzi (born 1986), Australian association footballer

Skeeter Scalzi (1913–1984), American baseball player

Vittorio De Scalzi (born 1949), Italian singer

John Scalzi
John Michael Scalzi II (born May 10, 1969) is an American science fiction author and former president of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. He is best known for his Old Man's War series, three novels of which have been nominated for the Hugo Award, and for his blog Whatever, where he has written on a number of topics since 1998. He won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2008 based predominantly on that blog, which he has also used for several charity drives. He has written non-fiction books and columns on diverse topics such as finance, video games, films, astronomy, writing and politics, and served as a creative consultant for the TV series Stargate Universe.

His novel Redshirts won the Hugo Award for Best Novel; his novels The Collapsing Empire and The Kaiju Preservation Society have both won the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.
MT-12
MT-12 or 2A29 is a Soviet smoothbore 100 mm anti-tank gun, which served as the primary towed anti-tank artillery in the Soviet army from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. It has seen significant use in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Smoothbore
A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling.  Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars. Some examples of smoothbore weapons are muskets, blunderbusses, and flintlock pistols. The opposite of smoothbore is rifling.
Maponya Mall
Maponya Mall is a shopping centre in Soweto, Pimville, South Africa. The 65,000 square-metre development cost R650m to build and officially opened in September 2007. The mall was owned by South African entrepreneur and property developer Richard Maponya until his death in early January 2020 under The Maponya group in partnership with Investec and ZenProp property holdings.

Soweto
Soweto (/səˈwɛtoʊ, -ˈweɪt-, -ˈwiːt-/) is a township of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the city's mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for South Western Townships. Formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality since 2002 and is one of the suburbs of Johannesburg.
Outline of Guatemala
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Guatemala:

Guatemala – sovereign country located in Central America bordering Mexico to the northwest, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize and the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast.

A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala City. The nation has been stable since the conclusion of the Civil War in  1996 and has been in a state of continuous development and economic growth. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.

Departments of Guatemala
The Republic of Guatemala is divided into 22 departments (Spanish: departamentos)
which in turn are divided into 340 municipalities. The departments are governed by a departmental governor, appointed by the President.

In addition, Guatemala has claimed that all or part of the nation of Belize is a department of Guatemala, and this claim is sometimes reflected in maps of the region. Guatemala formally recognized Belize in 1991, but the border disputes between the two nations have not been resolved.
Siegmund Salfeld
Siegmund Salfeld (24 March 1843 – May 1926) was a German rabbi and writer. He was born at Stadthagen, Schaumburg-Lippe.

Having received his degree of Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1870, he became in the same year rabbi of Dessau, Anhalt. In 1880 he was chosen rabbi of Mainz. He collaborated on Meyers Konversations-Lexikon and the Jewish Encyclopedia. He died in Mainz, aged 83.

Dessau-Roßlau
Dessau-Roßlau (German pronunciation: [ˈdɛsaʊ̯ ˈʁɔslaʊ̯] ⓘ) is a kreisfreie Stadt (urban district) in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Elbe and Mulde. The town was formed by merging the towns of Dessau and Roßlau as part of the 2007 regional boundary reform of Saxony-Anhalt (Kreisreform Sachsen-Anhalt). The reform involved a reduction in the number of rural districts in the state from 21 to 11, in anticipation of a continued population decline.

Dessau-Roßlau is the third largest town of Saxony-Anhalt by population, after Magdeburg and Halle (Saale). Its area is 245.0 km2 (94.6 sq mi).
Protorthodes eureka
Protorthodes eureka is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1927. It is found in North America from southern Alberta southward in the western Great Plains to Colorado and in the Great Basin to east-central California and south-western Colorado. The habitat consists of open xeric habitats, especially sagebrush prairie and open pinyon-juniper woodlands.

The length of the forewings is 11–13 mm. The forewings are reddish brown with a longitudinally-streaked pattern resulting from dark-colored veins and lighter-brown color between the veins. There is a series of black sagittate (arrowhead-shaped) spots on the inner side of the almost straight subterminal line. The hindwings are pale whitish gray with a gray marginal band with an indistinct medial margin. The veins are dark. Adults are on wing from early August to late September.

Great Basin
The Great Basin (Spanish: Gran Cuenca) is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets to the ocean, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja California. It is noted for both its arid climate and the basin and range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin in Death Valley to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than 100 miles (160 km) away at the summit of Mount Whitney. The region spans several physiographic divisions, biomes, ecoregions, and deserts.
1984 IMSA GT Championship
The 1984 Camel GT Championship season was the 14th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series.  It was for GTP class prototypes and GTO and GTU class Grand Tourer-style racing cars.  It began February 4, 1984, and ended November 25, 1984, after seventeen rounds.

Camel (cigarette)
Camel is an American brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in the United States and by Japan Tobacco outside the U.S. Most recently Camel cigarettes contain a blend of Turkish tobacco and Virginia tobacco. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the city where R. J. Reynolds was founded, is nicknamed "Camel City" because of the brand's popularity.
Carl Binder
Carl Binder (born August 10, 1960) is a Canadian screenwriter and television producer. He is most noted for his contributions to the Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis series as well as Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman and Little Men.

Binder currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Little Men (TV series)
Little Men is a Canadian television show that first aired on November 7, 1998 on the PAX TV network and was shown in Canada on CTV beginning January 1, 1999.  The show is set as a continuation of the Louisa May Alcott novel Little Men (1871), a follow-up to Little Women (1868).  Due to low ratings, the show was cancelled after 2 seasons, with the final episode aired on December 17, 1999.
2019 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell – Doubles
Feliciano López and Marc López were the defending champions, but chose not to participate together. Feliciano López played alongside Pablo Carreño Busta, but lost in the semifinals to Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah. Marc López teamed up with Marcel Granollers, but lost in the first round to Raven Klaasen and Joe Salisbury.

Cabal and Farah went on to win the title, defeating Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares in the final, 6–4, 7–6(7–4).

Marcel Granollers
Marcel Granollers Pujol (Catalan pronunciation: [məɾˈsɛl ɣɾənuˈʎes puˈʒɔl]; Spanish: [maɾˈθel ɣɾanoˈʎeɾs puˈʝol]; born 12 April 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 1 on 6 May 2024, becoming the second Spanish man to achieve the feat (after Emilio Sánchez Vicario in 1989). He is a Grand Slam champion at the 2025 French Open and at the 2025 US Open with Horacio Zeballos. He also has a career-high singles ranking of No. 19 achieved on 23 July 2012.

Granollers has won 36 ATP titles, 4 in singles and 32 in doubles, including also the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals in doubles with compatriot Marc López. Additionally, Granollers also has 5 runner-up finishes at the 2014 French Open & 2014 US Open with López, at the 2019 US Open, at the 2021 & 2023 Wimbledon Championships with Zeballos.
Philadelphia study
The Philadelphia study was a study designed to test the Curvilinear principle as referred to by William Labov, through careful gathering and analysis of research on language variants in five Philadelphia neighborhoods. His research goal was to "discover the social location of the innovators of linguistic change and therefore focuses on the embedding of individuals in their neighborhood".

William Labov
William David Labov (/ləˈboʊv/ lə-BOHV; December 4, 1927 – December 17, 2024) was an American linguist widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist sociolinguistics. He has been described as "an enormously original and influential figure who has created much of the methodology" of sociolinguistics, and "one of the most influential linguists of the 20th and 21st centuries".

Labov was a professor in the linguistics department of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and pursued research in sociolinguistics, language change, and dialectology. He retired in 2015 but continued to publish research until his death in 2024.
Asanda (song)
"Asanda" is a single by South African duo Kususa and Argento Dust featuring Zakes Bantwini from their extended play Ubomi, it was released on November 11, 2022, through Universal and Black Noise Music Africa.

Kususa
Kususa is an electronic dance music DJ and production duo originating from Durban, South Africa, consisting of Joshua Sokweba, known as Kunzima Theology, and Mncedi Tshicila, known as Samurai Yasusa. They create electronic dance music containing elements of house, afro house and techno. The duo's name Kususa is both a combination of the pair's stage names and a word which, when roughly translated into the Zimbabwean language of Shona, means "to start over".
Diocese of Nevers
The Diocese of Nevers (Latin: Dioecesis Nivernensis; French: Diocèse de Nevers) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The diocese comprises the department of Nièvre, in the Region of Bourgogne.

Suppressed by the Concordat of 1801 and united to the See of Autun, it was re-established in 1823 as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Sens and took over a part of the former Diocese of Autun and a part of the ancient Diocese of Auxerre.

Nièvre
Nièvre (French: [njɛvʁ] ⓘ) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, central-east France. Named after the river Nièvre, it had a population of 204,452 in 2019. Its prefecture is Nevers.

Covering an area 6,817 square kilometres (2,632 sq mi), Nièvre is landlocked between six other departments: Yonne to the north, Côte-d'Or to the east, Saône-et-Loire to the southeast, Allier to the south, Cher to the west and Loiret to the northwest.
Geraldine O'Rawe
Geraldine O'Rawe (born 4 March 1971) is an Irish actress.

O'Rawe was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. She studied at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London in 1989 and made her television debut in the series Final Run in 1988. She returned to the London stage, then appeared in an episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and the TV movie The English Wife.

She was cast in the role of Eve Malone in the 1995 film Circle of Friends alongside Minnie Driver and Saffron Burrows. She followed this in 1996 with the lead role in the film Mariette In Ecstasy and a supporting role in Some Mother's Son. Since then, she has appeared in Resurrection Man (1996), The Harpist (1999), Disco Pigs (2000), Mr In-Between (2001) and Adoration (2008).

She is married to the Canadian director and cinematographer Paul Sarossy.

Adoration (2008 film)
Adoration is a 2008 Canadian drama film written and directed by Atom Egoyan and starring Arsinée Khanjian, Scott Speedman, Rachel Blanchard, Noam Jenkins, Devon Bostick, and Kenneth Welsh.

The film was first shown at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury and was nominated for the Palme d'Or. Adoration won "Best Canadian Feature Film – Special Jury Citation" at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. It was released in theatres in Canada on April 24, 2009, by Entertainment One.
UTY (gene)
Histone demethylase UTY, or Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, Y chromosome, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UTY gene.

This gene encodes a protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats which are thought to be involved in protein–protein interactions. This protein is a minor histocompatibility antigen which may induce graft rejection of male stem cell grafts. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

The X-chromosome version of this gene is called UTX.

Histocompatibility
Histocompatibility, or tissue compatibility, is the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), or major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Each individual expresses many unique HLA proteins on the surface of their cells, which signal to the immune system whether a cell is part of the self or an invading organism. T cells recognize foreign HLA molecules and trigger an immune response to destroy the foreign cells. Histocompatibility testing is most relevant for topics related to whole organ, tissue, or stem cell transplants, where the similarity or difference between the donor's HLA alleles and the recipient's triggers the immune system to reject the transplant. The wide variety of potential HLA alleles lead to unique combinations in individuals and make matching difficult.
Singhbhum district
Singhbhum  was a district of India during the British Raj, part of the Chota Nagpur Division of the Bengal Presidency. It was located in the present-day Indian state of Jharkhand. Chaibasa was the district headquarters. Located in the southern limit of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Singhbhum included the Kolhan estate located in its southeastern part. The district has been segmented into two smaller districts, East Singhbhum and West Singhbhum.

Chota Nagpur Plateau
The Chota Nagpur Plateau (IPA: [t͡ʃʰoːʈaː naːɡpʊɾ]) is a plateau in eastern India, which covers much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Chhattisgarh,  Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar. The Indo-Gangetic Plain lies to the north and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi River lies to the south. The total area of the Chota Nagpur Plateau is approximately 65,000 square kilometres (25,000 sq mi).
Hans Hiltebrand
Hans Hiltebrand (born 18 January 1945) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. He won five medals at the FIBT World Championships with two golds (Two-man: 1977, Four-man: 1987) and three silvers (Two-man: 1982, 1987; Four-man: 1981.

Competing in three Winter Olympics, Hiltebrand earned his best finish of fourth in the two-man event at Lake Placid in 1980.

Following his retirement, he coached Canada's bobsleigh from 1989 to the 1998 Winter Olympics. Afterwards he became a well known bobsleigh designer.

Hiltebrand is still active in his bobsleigh club in Zurich as of 2007.

FIBT World Championships 1981
The FIBT World Championships 1981 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the seventh time, having hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, 1960, and 1966.

Following the death of West Germany's Toni Pensperger at the track in 1966, numerous safety improvements were done at the track which were satisfactory enough for the FIBT to allow the championships to be hosted. These improvements would not be enough as American bobsled driver James Morgan was killed during the third run of the four-man event.

A stuntman fatality on the track a week later, during the first day of filming of For Your Eyes Only, led track officials to shorten the track to its current configuration. Cortina did not host another championship until 1989.