hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National fiscal policy responses to the Great Recession
Beginning in 2008, many nations of the world enacted fiscal stimulus plans in response to the Great Recession. These nations used different combinations of government spending and tax cuts to boost their sagging economies. Most of these plans were based on the Keynesian theory that deficit spending by governments can replace some of the demand lost during a recession and prevent the waste of economic resources idled by a lack of demand. The International Monetary Fund recommended that countries implement fiscal stimulus measures equal to 2% of their GDP to help offset the global contraction. In subsequent years, fiscal consolidation measures were implemented by some countries in an effort to reduce debt and deficit levels while at the same time stimulating economic recovery.

South Korean won
The South Korean won, sometimes known as the Republic of Korea won (symbol: ₩; code: KRW; Korean: 대한민국 원), is the official currency of South Korea. The won is technically equal to 100 jeon, but the jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions and appears only in foreign exchange rates. The currency is issued by the Bank of Korea, based in the capital city of Seoul. The South Korean won was first issued in 1949, then was replaced by the South Korean hwan between 1953 and 1962, before the adoption of the current South Korean won in 1962.
NAC Air
NAC Air was a Canadian regional airline that began operations in 2000. Its main base was at the Thunder Bay International Airport. NAC Air was a 100% First Nations-owned company, owned  by the communities of Eabametoong (Fort Hope), Neskantaga (Lansdowne House), Webequie, Sachigo Lake, and Sandy Lake.

NAC Air ceased operations indefinitely in early 2008 due to financial difficulties.

Regional airline
A regional airline is a general classification of airline which typically operates scheduled passenger air service, using regional aircraft, between communities lacking sufficient demand or infrastructure to attract mainline flights. In North America, most regional airlines are classified as "fee-for-departure" carriers, operating their revenue flights as codeshare services contracted by one or more major airline partners. A number of regional airlines, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, were classified as commuter airlines in the Official Airline Guide (OAG).
Neuroconstructivism
Neuroconstructivism is a theory that states that phylogenetic developmental processes such as gene–gene interaction, gene–environment interaction and, crucially, ontogeny all play a vital role in how the brain progressively sculpts itself and how it gradually becomes specialized over developmental time.

Supporters of neuroconstructivism, such as Annette Karmiloff-Smith, argue against innate modularity of mind, the notion that a brain is composed of innate neural structures or modules which have distinct evolutionarily established functions. Instead, emphasis is put on innate domain relevant biases. These biases are understood as aiding learning and directing attention. Module-like structures are therefore the product of both experience and these innate biases. Neuroconstructivism can therefore be seen as a bridge between Jerry Fodor's psychological nativism and Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (/ˈfoʊdər/ FOH-dər; April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. His writings in these fields laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, and he is recognized as having had "an enormous influence on virtually every portion of the philosophy of mind literature since 1960." At the time of his death in 2017, he held the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Rutgers University, and had taught previously at the City University of New York Graduate Center and MIT.
Le courage d'aimer
Le Courage d'aimer is a comedy-drama film directed by Claude Lelouch released on 29 June 2005. It is the result of a recutting of the first part (Les parisiens) of an unfinished trilogy - Le Genre humain with the scenes from the film that would have constituted the second film, called Le Bonheur, c'est mieux que la vie.

Claude Lelouch
Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch (French: [klod ləluʃ]; born 30 October 1937) is a French film director, writer, cinematographer, actor and producer. Lelouch grew up in an Algerian Jewish family. He emerged as a prominent director in the 1960s. Lelouch gained critical acclaim for his 1966 romantic melodrama film A Man and A Woman. At the 39th Academy Awards in 1967, A Man and a Woman won Best Original Screenplay and Best Foreign Language Film. Lelouch was also nominated for Best Director. While his films have gained him international recognition since the 1960s, Lelouch's methods and style of film are known for attracting criticism.
Glenbrook North High School
Glenbrook North High School (also known as GBN) is a public high school in Northbrook, Illinois, a north suburb of Chicago, United States. It was established in 1953 and is part of the Northfield Township High School District 225.

In 2022, it was ranked the 48th-best public high school in the United States by Niche.

Feeder schools that attend GBN are Wood Oaks, Northbrook Junior High, Field (Northbrook portions), and Maple (Northbrook portions). GBN serves most of Northbrook, some unincorporated portions of Cook County, and a very small section of Glenview.

Krewella
Krewella is an American electronic dance music band from Northbrook, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, formed in 2007. The band consists of sisters Jahan and Yasmine Yousaf; Kristopher Trindl was a member during their commercial peak in the early 2010s, and split from the group in 2014.

Krewella received early attention with their debut extended play, Play Hard (2012), which peaked at number six on the Billboard Top Dance Albums chart. Their debut album, Get Wet (2013), topped the Billboard Top Dance Albums chart and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200. The single "Alive" was featured on both projects, which peaked at 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over a million copies worldwide. Two more singles from Get Wet, "Live for the Night" and "Enjoy the Ride", experienced similar success.
KoalaPad
The KoalaPad is a graphics tablet, released in 1983 by US company Koala Technologies Corporation, for the Apple II, TRS-80 Color Computer (as the TRS-80 Touch Pad), Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and IBM PC compatibles.

Originally designed by Dr. David Thornburg as a low-cost computer drawing tool for schools, the Koala Pad and the bundled drawing program, KoalaPainter, was popular with home users as well. KoalaPainter was called KoalaPaint in some versions for the Apple II, and PC Design for the IBM PC. A program called Graphics Exhibitor was included for creating slideshow presentations from KoalaPainter drawings.

TRS-80 Color Computer
The TRS-80 Color Computer, later marketed as the Tandy Color Computer, is a series of home computers developed and sold by Tandy Corporation. Despite sharing a name with the earlier, Z80-based TRS-80, the Color Computer is a different system and a radical departure in design based on the Motorola 6809E and variants of the Motorola 6847 video display generator.

The Tandy Color Computer line, nicknamed CoCo, started in 1980 with what is now called the Color Computer 1. It was followed by the Color Computer 2 in 1983, then the Color Computer 3 in 1986. All three models maintain a high level of software and hardware compatibility, with few programs written for an older model being unable to run on the newer ones. The Color Computer 3 was discontinued in 1991.

All Color Computer models shipped with Color BASIC, an implementation of Microsoft BASIC, in ROM. Variants of the OS-9 multitasking operating system were available from third parties.
Debra Bustin
Debra Kaye Bustin (born 1957) is a New Zealand artist. Her work is in the permanent collections of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Sarjeant Gallery and the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery.

Bustin was born in Wellington in 1957. Her art is characterised by bright colours and plastic materials, often covering whole walls and floors of a space.

In 2010, Bustin worked with children living in Wellington City Council's Te Ara Hou housing estate to redesign the area's playground as part of a major redevelopment of the neighbourhood. She has also designed public outdoor sculptural art for the Paraparaumu Library.

Sarjeant Gallery
The Sarjeant Gallery at Pukenamu, Queen's Park Whanganui is a regional art museum with a collection of international and New Zealand art. It was closed for 10 years for redevelopment and re-opened on Saturday 9 November 2024. In 2024 it was announced as a 2024 NatGeo Best of the World pick.
1867 City of Dunedin by-election
The 1867 City of Dunedin by-election was a by-election held  on 19 January 1867 in the City of Dunedin electorate in Dunedin during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, William Reynolds. In 1867, there was great political turmoil in Otago over the New Zealand Wars fought in the North Island and its associated expenditure, and calls for separation of the South Island from the North Island. At a public meeting called by the Mayor of Dunedin, William Mason, Reynolds and James Paterson, who represented the City of Dunedin, both agreed that they would resign and then see whether they still had public support. Reynolds went ahead with his resignation but Paterson did not.

Reynolds stood for re-election, and was confirmed by a large majority.

He was opposed by James Gordon Stuart Grant, a local eccentric and frequent candidate who was then a member of the Otago Provincial Council.

Otago Province
The Otago Province was a province of New Zealand until the abolition of provincial government in 1876.
The capital of the province was Dunedin. Southland Province split from Otago in 1861, but became part of the province again in 1870.
Test Assessing Secondary Completion
The Test Assessing Secondary Completion, or TASC, was an alternative to a United States high school diploma, that was discontinued on December 31, 2021. It had been chosen by the states of New York and Indiana as a replacement for the GED exam, effective January 2, 2014.

The TASC was created by McGraw-Hill Education and administered by Data Recognition Corp. The test was composed of five subtests: Language Arts: Reading, Language Arts—Writing, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Science.

As of July 2016, the TASC was approved in 13 states in the US.

McGraw Hill Education
McGraw Hill, Inc. is an American education science company that provides educational content, software, and services for students and educators across various levels—from K-12 to higher education and professional settings. They produce textbooks, digital learning tools, and adaptive technology to enhance learning experiences and outcomes. It is one of the "big three" educational publishers along with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Pearson Education. McGraw Hill also publishes reference and trade publications for the medical, business, and engineering professions. Formerly a division of The McGraw Hill Companies (later renamed McGraw Hill Financial, now S&P Global), McGraw Hill Education was divested and acquired by Apollo Global Management in March 2013 for $2.4 billion in cash. McGraw Hill was sold in 2021 to Platinum Equity for $4.5 billion. The company is based in Columbus, Ohio.
Poplar Publishing
Poplar Publishing Co., LTD. (株式会社ポプラ社, Popurasha) is a Japanese publishing house founded in 1947 that publishes books, magazines and manga for Japanese children, the most famous of which is Pre Comic Bunbun. In 2004 it acquired control of the rival Jive.

Some of the children's books published by Poplar are Yutaka Hara's Kaiketsu Zorori , Masamoto Nasu's Zukokke Sannin-gumi (The funny trio) and Troll's Oshiri Tantei (Butt Detective) series,  as well as non-fiction books such as the children's encyclopedia Poplardia. It also publishes the Japanese language editions of Rev W. Audry's The Railway Series and Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid.

Yutaka Hara
Yutaka Hara (原 ゆたか, Hara Yutaka; born April 28, 1953) is a Japanese writer and illustrator of children's literature.  He was born in Kumamoto in 1953, and is the winner of the 1974 KFS Contest Kodansha Children's Literature Award (KFSコンテスト・講談社児童図書部門賞受賞).

He is the author of several series of children's illustrated books including the very popular Kaiketsu Zorori (Incredible Zorori), Chiisana Mori (Small Forest), Meimon furaido chiken shougakkou (the famous fried chicken primary school]) and Touyuuki (Journey to the East: the title is a homage to the famous Chinese novel Journey to the West).
Petrov (khutor)
Petrov (Russian: Петров) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Gabukayskoye Rural Settlement of Teuchezhsky District, the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The population was 283 as of 2018. There are 4 streets.

Adygea
Adygea (/ˌɑːdɪˈɡeɪə/ AH-dig-AY-ə), officially the Republic of Adygea or the Adygean Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is a part of the Southern Federal District, and covers an area of 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi), with a population of roughly 500,731 residents  as at 2025. It is an enclave within Krasnodar Krai and is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area. Maykop is the capital and the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population.

Adygea is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people who form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form a majority at 60%, and with minority populations of Armenians and Ukrainians. The official languages of Adygea are Adyghe and Russian.
Bumped (song)
"Bumped" is a song by English pop group Right Said Fred, released in October 1993, by EMI Records, as the first single off their album, Sex and Travel (1993). The song, both written and produced by the group, was notable for its commercial underperformance considering the group's previous success; in August 2001, ex-manager Guy Holmes noted on the BBC retrospective documentary I Love 1991 that over £100,000 was spent on the Wayne Isham-directed music video to make up for the fact that "the record wasn't really very good".

EMI Records
EMI Records (formerly EMI Records Ltd.) is a British multinational record label owned by Universal Music Group. It was originally founded as a British flagship label by the music company EMI in 1972, and launched in January 1973 as the successor to its Columbia and Parlophone record labels. The label was later launched worldwide. It has a branch in India called EMI Records India, run by director Mohit Suri. In 2014, Universal Music Japan revived the label in Japan as the successor to EMI Records Japan. In June 2020, Universal revived the label as the successor to Virgin EMI, with Virgin Records now operating as an imprint of EMI Records. In February 2024, UMG Philippines relaunched EMI as a successor to the former EMI Philippines label after 22 years.
Albert Msando
Albert Gasper Msando (born 8 November 1979) is a Tanzanian Lawyer and politician who is currently serving as Handeni District Commissioner, prior to that he previously served as Morogoro District Commissioner. Msando is also a former ward councilor for Mambogini ward in Moshi District for CHADEMA. Albert Msando was born on 8 November 1979.

Albert Gasper Msando was previously a member of Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (CHADEMA). Msando Joined Chadema while studying Bachelor of Laws at the University of Dar es Salaam. He left CHADEMA party to ACT Wazalendo in 2014 and in 2017 he left ACT Wazalendo party and joined CCM. In 2021 he was appointed by the President of the United Republic of Tanzania H.E Samia Suluhu to be the District Commissioner for Morogoro District.

Handeni
Handeni is a city located in the Handeni Urban District, Tanga Region, Tanzania. It is the capital of both Handeni Town Council and Handeni District. The 2022 national census estimated the population of Handeni Town Council at 108,968.
Leon Lyszkiewicz
Leon Lyszkiewicz (born June 11, 1955 in Grande Prairie, Alberta) is a Canadian former professional football defensive lineman who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for five different teams.

Lyszkiewicz played CIS football for the Alberta Golden Bears at the University of Alberta from 1973 to 1977. He was drafted by the Edmonton Eskimos in the 1977 college draft, but was released, and was signed Saskatchewan Roughriders later in the year. He played one game for them, and then for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers for two seasons.  In 1980, he was traded to the Toronto Argonauts and played for them until he was traded to the Eskimos during the 1983-4 season.  He played for  the Hamilton Tiger-Cats from 1984 to 1986. After participating in several losing Grey Cup teams, he won a Grey Cup with the Tiger-Cats in 1986, his last season.

Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas
The Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas are the sports teams that represent the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Alberta athletics teams have won a total of 101 national championships, including 84 in U Sports sanctioned sports, making it one of the most successful programs in the country.
Malati Mangale
Malati Mangale (Nepali: मालती मङ्गले) is a musical drama written by Madhav Prasad Ghimire in 2039 BS (AD 1982–83). One of author's most popular works, and considered one of the best ballets by Nepali poets, it is based on true events from a village in Gorkha.

Vikram Samvat
Vikram Samvat (ISO: Vikrama Saṁvata; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami or Bikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still also used in several Indian states and Nepal. It is a lunisolar calendar, using twelve lunar months each solar sidereal year. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, except during January to March/April, when it is ahead by 56 years.

Vikram Samvat is an official calendar of Nepal where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. Unlike India where it is used only for religious dates (with first month starting with Chaitra), the solar version of Vikram Samvat is a civil calendar for general usage.
Croker River
The Croker River is a waterway above the Arctic Circle on the mainland of Northern Canada in the western Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut. It is the largest river between Darnley Bay (in the Northwest Territories) and Coronation Gulf that flows into Amundsen Gulf. The Croker averages 55 m (180 ft) in width.

It originates at Bluenose Lake then flows northward. It passes through a dolomite box canyon 8.0 km (5 mi) from the coast, before reaching a triangular shaped delta 24 km (15 mi) west of Clifton Point 69°13′N 118°38′W﻿ / ﻿69.217°N 118.633°W﻿ / 69.217; -118.633﻿ (Clifton Point (Croker River)), and then entering Amundsen Gulf's Dolphin and Union Strait.

Croker River is named after John Wilson Croker, Secretary to the Admiralty.

Croker River (PIN 1BG) is a former Distant Early Warning Line and a current North Warning System site.

Darnley Bay
Darnley Bay  is a large inlet in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is a southern arm of the Amundsen Gulf. The bay measures 45 km (28 mi) long, and 32 km (20 mi) wide at its mouth.

The Parry Peninsula is to the west and Halcro Point is to the east. The Canadian Shield originates east of Darnley Bay, the terrain sloping upwards, and characterized by glacial deposits.

The bay was named by John Richardson, while travelling with John Franklin during the Second Overland Expedition, for John Bligh, 4th Earl of Darnley.

In 1915, the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913-16 was the first to delineate the southern shore of Darnley Bay. The Hornaday River drains into the bay's southern shores, 14 km (8.7 mi) east of the Inuvialuit hamlet of Paulatuk.
Suplacu de Barcău
Suplacu de Barcău (Hungarian: Berettyószéplak, Slovak: Siplak) is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 3,813 as of 2021. It is composed of six villages: Borumlaca (Baromlak), Dolea (Dólyapuszta), Foglaș (Fogás; Fogaš), Suplacu de Barcău, Valea Cerului (Cserpatak), and Vâlcelele (Blágarét).

Bihor County
Bihor County (Romanian pronunciation: [biˈhor] ⓘ, Hungarian: Bihar megye) is a county (județ) in western Romania. With a total area of 7,544 km2 (2,913 sq mi), Bihor is Romania's 6th largest county geographically and the main county in the historical region of Crișana. Its capital city is Oradea (Nagyvárad).
1984 UK Athletics Championships
The 1984 UK Athletics Championships was the national championship in outdoor track and field for the United Kingdom held at Cwmbran Stadium, Cwmbran, Wales. It was the third time the event was held in the Welsh town, following on from its hosting in 1977 and 1982.

It was the eighth edition of the competition limited to British athletes only, launched as an alternative to the AAA Championships, which was open to foreign competitors. However, because the calibre of national competition remained greater at the AAA event, the UK Championships this year were not considered the principal national championship event by some statisticians, such as the National Union of Track Statisticians (NUTS). Many of the athletes below also competed at the 1984 AAA Championships.

Cwmbran
Cwmbran (/kʊmˈbrɑːn, kuːm-/ kuum-BRAHN, koom-; Welsh: Cwmbrân [kʊmˈbraːn], also in use as an alternative spelling in English) is a town in the county borough of Torfaen in South Wales.

Lying within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire, Cwmbran was designated as a New Town in 1949 to provide new employment opportunities in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield.
Dikiy
Dikiy (Russian: Дикий) is a Russian surname meaning "wild" in Russian. Less common transliterations include Dikii and Dikij

Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksei Dikiy (1889–1955), Soviet actor

Andrey Dikiy (1893–1977), Russian writer

Andrey Dikiy
Andrey Ivanovich Dikiy (Russian: Андрей Иванович Дикий; Ukrainian: Андрій Іванович Дикий; February 9, 1895 – September 4, 1977), real surname Zankevich (Занкевич) was a white émigré Russian Nazi collaborator, writer and journalist who served as the Deputy Head of the civilian administration of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) and as a volunteer for the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) under Andrey Vlasov. Known for his radical antisemitism and anti-Ukrainian sentiment, Dikiy has been described by Christian essayist Dmitry Talantsev as one of the main theorists of Judeophobia.
Dutch Pavilion (Singapore)
Dutch Pavilion is a building within the grounds of the Shangri-La Singapore hotel on Orange Grove Road in Tanglin, Singapore. Previously the premises of the Hollandse School, it currently serves as a wedding venue.

Tanglin
Tanglin is a planning area located within the Central Region of Singapore. Tanglin is located west of Newton, Orchard, River Valley and Singapore River, south of Novena, east of Bukit Timah, northeast of Queenstown and north of Bukit Merah.