hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Education in ancient Greece
Education for Greek people was vastly "democratized" in the 5th century B.C., influenced by the Sophists, Plato, and Isocrates. Later, in the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greece, education in a gymn school was considered essential for participation in Greek culture. The value of physical education to the ancient Greeks and  Romans has been historically unique. There were two forms of education in ancient Greece: formal and informal. Formal education was attained through attendance to a public school or was provided by a hired tutor.  Informal education was provided by an unpaid teacher and occurred in a non-public setting.  Education was an essential component of a person's identity.

Formal Greek education was primarily for males and non-slaves. In some poleis, laws were passed to prohibit the education of slaves. The Spartans also taught music and dance, but with the purpose of enhancing their maneuverability as soldiers.

Lyceum (classical)
The Lyceum (/ˌlaɪˈsiːəm/, Ancient Greek: Λύκειον, romanized: Lykeion /lý.keː.on/) was a temple in Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus ("Apollo the wolf-god").

It was best known for the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded there by Aristotle in 334 BC.  Aristotle fled Athens in 323 BC, and the university continued to function after his lifetime under a series of leaders until the Roman general Sulla destroyed it during his assault on Athens in 86 BC.

The remains of the Lyceum are now in a park in modern Athens; they were discovered in 1996.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 34
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 34 (P. Oxy. 34) is an edict of a praefect concerning archives of an unknown author, written in Greek. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The fragment is dated to 2 October 127 CE. It is housed in the Bodleian Library. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The measurements of the fragment are 210 by 755 mm. The text is written in a semi-uncial hand.

Praefectus
Praefectus, often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but conferred by delegation from a higher authority. They did have some authority in their prefecture, such as controlling prisons and in civil administration.
The Fourteenth Man
The Fourteenth Man is a lost 1920 American silent comedy film starring Robert Warwick and Bebe Daniels. It was directed by Joseph Henabery and produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures.

This film is an adaption of F. Anstey's play, The Man from Blankley's. It was remade a decade later as a talkie, The Man from Blankley's, at Warner's with John Barrymore.

This film had several alternate titles i.e.: The Romantic Meddler, The Trouble Hunter, Hunting Trouble.

Joseph Henabery
Joseph Henabery (January 15, 1888 – February 18, 1976) was an American film actor, screenplay writer, and director. He is best known for his portrayal of Abraham Lincoln in D.W. Griffith's controversial 1915 silent historical epic The Birth of a Nation.
Existentialism (album)
Existentialism is a live album by British punk rock band the Mekons. It was released on 23 September 2016 on Bloodshot Records. It was recorded in July 2015 at the Jalopy Theater in Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York, around a single microphone and in front of a live audience. The album's release was accompanied by a limited-edition 96-page book and a documentary video, Mekonception, the latter of which documents the recording of the album.

The Mekons
The Mekons (stylized as mekons) are a British post-punk band formed in 1976 as an art collective. They are one of the longest-running and most prolific of the first-wave British punk rock bands. Although the Mekons' lineup has changed from time to time over the years, the core line-up includes Jon Langford (vocals, guitar), Sally Timms (vocals), Tom Greenhalgh (vocals, guitar) and Susie Honeyman (violin).

The band's style has evolved over time to incorporate aspects of country music, folk music, alternative rock and occasional experiments with dub. They are well known for their exuberant live performances.
Keddington
Keddington is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is 2 miles (3 km)  north-east from Louth.

Keddington Grade II* listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Margaret. The church was restored in 1871–73. It has a 15th-century wooden eagle lectern, and a south door with transom.  The eagle lectern is one of only six in England of its kind.

Other Grade II listed buildings include the remains of two locks on the disused Louth Canal, four farm houses, a cottage, and the remains of Louth Abbey. A Cistercian house, Louth Abbey was founded in 1139, and was dissolved at suppression in 1536. Still visible are earthworks and ruined chancel walls.

Earthworks (archaeology)
In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil. Earthworks can themselves be archaeological features, or they can show features beneath the surface.
Railway Safety Agency
The Railway Safety Agency, in Spanish, Agencia Estatal de Seguridad Ferroviaria (AESF) is a Spanish state agency within the Department of Transport. The AESF is the highest railway authority and responsible for the railway safety. It carries out safety management and supervision of all elements of the railway system: infrastructures, rolling stock, railway personnel, and railway operation. The agency is responsible for granting, suspending and revoking the licenses of railway companies.

European Union Agency for Railways
The European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that sets mandatory requirements for European railways and manufacturers in the form of Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), which apply to the Trans-European Rail system. The ERA publishes a document summarising the status of the TSIs. The ERA sets common safety targets, common safety methods (CSM) following the directive 2015/1136/EC and common safety indicators, following Directive 2004/49/EC and amendments. The ERA also hosts a number of databases, among which a register of remaining, applicable national rules. One of its primary duties is the development and implementation of the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS).
Hibbertia cunninghamii
Hibbertia cunninghamii is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with a sprawling, straggling or ascending habit and typically grows to a height of 0.2–0.7 m (7.9 in – 2 ft 3.6 in). It blooms between August and December producing yellow flowers.

This species was first formally described in 1832 by William Jackson Hooker from an unpublished description by William Aiton. Hooker's description was published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine from specimens "introduced by Mr. Allan Cunningham from King George's Sound". The specific epithet (cunninghamii) honours Allan Cunningham.

Hibbertia cunninghamii grows on floodplains and in swampy areas in and around granite outcrops in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions of south-western Western Australia.

This species was revised in 2024.

Swan Coastal Plain
The Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia is the geographic feature which contains the Swan River as it travels west to the Indian Ocean. The coastal plain continues well beyond the boundaries of the Swan River and its tributaries, as a geological and biological zone, one of Western Australia's Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia regions. It is also one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger West Australian Shield division.
Skokie Valley Trail
The Skokie Valley Trail is a rail-trail that is a total of 25-mile-long (40 km). It's a partial shared-use path for walking, jogging, skateboarding, and cycling.

The trail currently has two sections, the first is the north branch of the trail, which starts at Rockland Road in Lake Bluff and extends south to Lake Cook Road in Northbrook. The southern portion of Skokie Valley Trail begins at Dempster-Skokie CTA Station and extends to Chicago city limits at Sauganash. It is a dedicated-use path, although frequent intersections do pose a threat to path users. These intersections are clearly signed both to path users and motorists. The long-term goal is to join these two sections. The trail passes through the old Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad right-of-way. It also serves as a route for bicycle, skateboard and personal transporter commuters.

Shared-use path
A shared-use path, mixed-use path or multi-use pathway is a path which is "designed to accommodate the movement of pedestrians and cyclists". Examples of shared-use paths include sidewalks designated as shared-use, bridleways and rail trails. A shared-use path typically has a surface that is asphalt, concrete or firmly packed crushed aggregate. Shared-use paths differ from cycle tracks and cycle paths in that shared-use paths are designed to include pedestrians even if the primary anticipated users are cyclists.

The path may also permit other users such as inline skating. Contrastingly, motorcycles and mopeds are normally prohibited. Shared-use paths sometimes provide different lanes for users who travel at different speeds to prevent conflicts between user groups on high-use trails. Shared-use paths are criticised for creating conflict between different users. The UK's Department for Transport deprecates this kind of route in denser urban environments.
Ulmyeon
Ulmyeon (Korean: 울면) is a Korean-Chinese noodles, vegetables (including shiitake mushrooms, white button mushrooms, and carrots), egg, and seafood (including sea cucumber, shrimp, and squid or cuttlefish) in a chowder-like broth that is thickened with cornstarch. It is derived from a Chinese dish called wēnlŭmiàn (溫滷麵). It is often served in Korean Chinese restaurants as a non-spicy alternative to jjamppong. A variation on the dish is samseon ulmyeon (삼선울면 "3-ingredient ulmyeon"), which is a more expensive option that contains additional portions and/or varieties of seafood.

Carrot
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, typically orange in colour, though heirloom variants including purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild carrot, Daucus carota, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Iran and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds.

The carrot is a biennial plant in the umbellifer family, Apiaceae. World production of carrots (combined with turnips) for 2022 was 42 million tonnes, led by China producing 44% of the total.

The characteristic orange colour is from beta-carotene, making carrots a rich source of  vitamin A. A myth that carrots help people to see in the dark was spread as propaganda in the Second World War, to account for the reason of British pilots' ability to fight in the dark; the real explanation was the introduction of radar.
Michael Devitt
Michael Devitt (/ˈdɛvɪt/; born 1938) is an Australian philosopher currently teaching at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York in New York City. His primary interests include philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, metaphysics and epistemology. His current work involves the philosophy of linguistics, foundational issues in semantics, the semantics of definite descriptions and demonstratives, semantic externalism, and scientific realism.

Definite description
In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun. The definite description is proper if X applies to a unique individual or object.  For example: "the first person in space" and "the 42nd President of the United States of America" are proper. The definite descriptions "the person in space" and "the Senator from Ohio" are improper because the noun phrase X applies to more than one thing, and the definite descriptions "the first man on Mars" and "the Senator from Washington D.C." are improper because X applies to nothing. Improper descriptions raise some difficult questions about the law of excluded middle, denotation, modality, and mental content.
Obua Azibapu Fred
Obua Azibapu Fred is a Nigerian politician and professional quantity surveyor who served as the representative for the Ogbia Constituency in Bayelsa State during the 9th National House of Representatives from 2019 to 2023.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Ferndown
Ferndown is a town and civil parish (under the name Ferndown Town) in Dorset in southern England. It lies immediately to the north of Bournemouth and Poole, and about 4 miles (6 km) east of Wimborne Minster. The parish, which until 1986 was called Hampreston, includes the communities of Ameysford, Hampreston, Longham, Stapehill and Trickett's Cross. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 17,501.

Dorset Council (UK)
Dorset Council is the local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Dorset in England. It is a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council. The non-metropolitan county is smaller than the ceremonial county of Dorset, which also includes Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole. The council was created in 2019 when local government across Dorset was reorganised.

The council has been under Liberal Democrat majority control since the 2024 election. It is based at County Hall in Dorchester.
ʻĀpua, Hawaii
ʻĀpua was an ancient village in the Puna district on the southern coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. A small fishing village was located at about 19°15′41″N 155°11′46″W﻿ / ﻿19.26139°N 155.19611°W﻿ / 19.26139; -155.19611, an elevation about 59 feet (18 m) above sea level.
The village was destroyed by a tsunami following the April 2, 1868 Hawaii earthquake and never resettled.

ʻĀpua Point, just south of the former village site,  has a backcountry campground for Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. There is no drinking water nor other facilities at the site. Weather and surf conditions can be very dangerous. The trail crosses both old and new lava flows from the active volcano.

Puna, Hawaii
19°29′37.61″N 155°00′34.88″W﻿ / ﻿19.4937806°N 155.0096889°W﻿ / 19.4937806; -155.0096889

Puna is one of the 9 districts of Hawaii County on the Island of Hawaiʻi (Big Island; County of Hawaiʻi). It is located on the windward side (east side) of the island and shares borders with South Hilo district in the north and Kaʻū district in the west.  With a size of just under 320,000 acres (1,300 km2) or 500 sq. miles, Puna is slightly smaller than the island of Kauaʻi.

Puna cropland supports floriculture, nurseries and macadamia nuts. Most of the state’s papayas crops are grown in the lower Puna area which is regarded as the best place in the Islands to grow the crop.

The Puna District is subject to frequent lava eruptions and flows, which include the complete destruction of the community of Kapoho, a result of the devastating 2018 lower Puna eruption, as Puna is located on a volcanic rift zone of Kilauea Volcano.
Last of the Great Blues Singers
Last of the Great Blues Singers, also released as Vol. 1 Blues / Folk Series, The Blues and Blues Train, is a 12-inch LP album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins featuring tracks recorded between 1951 and 1953 that were originally released as 10-inch 78rpm records on Bob Shad's Sittin' in With label. The album was one of the earlier collections of Lightnin' Hopkins material to be released. In 2004 a CD collection, Hello Central: The Best of Lightnin' Hopkins, was released by Legacy Recordings containing all of the recordings Hopkins made for the Sittin' in With label.

Sittin' in With
Sittin' in With (sometimes Sittin' in) was an American jazz and blues record label run by Bob Shad. It was active from 1948 to 1952.

Shad and his brother Morty founded the label in 1948 in New York City, and released swing jazz, mainstream jazz, blues, and R&B music. Shad later went on to work with Jax Records, EmArcy Records, and Mainstream Records.
Cnidocyte
A cnidocyte (also known as a cnidoblast) is a type of cell containing a large secretory organelle called a cnidocyst, that can deliver a sting to other organisms as a way to subdue prey and defend against predators. A cnidocyte explosively ejects the toxin-containing cnidocyst which is responsible for the stings delivered by a cnidarian. The presence of this cell defines the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes the corals, sea anemones, hydrae, and jellyfish. Cnidocytes are single-use cells that need to be continuously replaced.

Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it was not separated from its pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane.

Osmosis occurs when two solutions containing different concentrations of solute are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solvent molecules pass preferentially through the membrane from the low-concentration solution to the solution with higher solute concentration. The transfer of solvent molecules will continue until osmotic equilibrium is attained.
Military Park station
Military Park station (formerly Broad Street station) is an underground station on the Newark City Subway Line of the Newark Light Rail.  The station is owned and service is operated by New Jersey Transit.  The station is located at the intersection of Raymond Boulevard, Park Place and Broad Street in Downtown Newark at Military Park.  The station was opened in 1935 as Broad Street station.  It was renamed on September 4, 2004, so only one station in the system would carry the name Broad Street when Downtown Newark's stations (Penn Station and Broad Street) were connected by the Newark Light Rail line. The station is decorated with beige tiles and colored tiles for borders, mosaics and street indicator signs.  This station is not wheelchair accessible, but the adjacent stations, Penn Station and Washington Street, are.

Raymond Boulevard
Raymond Boulevard is a major thoroughfare in Newark, New Jersey. The eastern portion of the road acts as the westbound member of a one-way pair; eastbound traffic uses Market Street and Ferry Street. Raymond Boulevard carries eastbound and westbound traffic west of Market Street, passing through Newark Penn Station and intersecting with McCarter Highway (New Jersey Route 21), Broad Street, Halsey Street, Washington Street, among others.
Tic Toc (Lords of the Underground song)
"Tic Toc" is the lead single released from the Lords of the Underground's second album, Keepers of the Funk. Produced by Marley Marl, with the group's DJ Lord Jazz providing scratches, "Tic Toc" was the Lords' last single to reach the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at 73 on that chart, while also making it to 17 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. The song samples Doug E. Fresh and Slick Rick's "La Di Da Di".

Marley Marl
Marlon Lu'Ree Williams (born September 30, 1962), better known by his stage name Marley Marl, is an American DJ, record producer, rapper and record label founder, primarily operating in hip-hop music. Marlon grew up in Queensbridge housing projects located in Queens, New York. He performed in local talent shows during the early days of rap music, further fueling his interest.

He was also featured on Eric B. & Rakim's "Paid in Full" from their debut album, which was also recorded in his studio. 
He is credited with influencing a number of hip hop icons such as Biggie Smalls, RZA, DJ Premier, Madlib, and Pete Rock. Producer Madlib stated in an interview that Marley was the first producer who inspired him to make beats. Vibe magazine wrote that he, "forever changed the sound of hip-hop with his unique beat barrages."
Dynamic inconsistency
In economics, dynamic inconsistency or time inconsistency is a situation in which a decision-maker's preferences change over time in such a way that a preference can become inconsistent at another point in time. This can be thought of as there being many different "selves" within decision makers, with each "self" representing the decision-maker at a different point in time; the inconsistency occurs when not all preferences are aligned.

The term "dynamic inconsistency" is more closely affiliated with game theory, whereas "time inconsistency" is more closely affiliated with behavioral economics.

Preference
In psychology, economics and philosophy, preference is a technical term usually used in relation to choosing between alternatives. For example, someone prefers A over B if they would rather choose A than B. Preferences are central to decision theory because of this relation to behavior. Some methods such as Ordinal Priority Approach use preference relation for decision-making. As connative states, they are closely related to desires. The difference between the two is that desires are directed at one object while preferences concern a comparison between two alternatives, of which one is preferred to the other.

In insolvency, the term is used to determine which outstanding obligation the insolvent party has to settle first.
A Virginia Romance
A Virginia Romance is a 1916 American silent short drama film directed by Charles Belmore and starring Francis X. Bushman and Beverly Bayne. It was produced and distributed by Metro Pictures. 
Writer Charles A. Taylor was at one time married to Laurette Taylor.

Metro Pictures
Metro Pictures Corporation was a motion picture production company founded in early 1915 in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It was a forerunner of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The company produced its films in New York, Los Angeles, and sometimes at leased facilities in Fort Lee, New Jersey. It was purchased in 1919.
Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
The Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1998  (previously bill no. 1 of 1998) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to ratify the Treaty of Amsterdam. It was approved by referendum on 22 May 1998 and signed into law on the 3 June of the same year. The referendum was held on the same day as the referendum on the Nineteenth Amendment, which related to approval of the Good Friday Agreement.

Treaty of Amsterdam
The Treaty of Amsterdam, officially the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Maastricht Treaty, which had been signed in 1992.

Under the Treaty of Amsterdam, member states agreed to transfer certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas, including legislating on immigration, adopting civil and criminal laws in areas of shared and exclusive competency, and enacting common foreign and security policy (CFSP), as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU.