hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Australian dividend imputation system
The Australian dividend imputation system is a corporate tax system in which some or all of the tax paid by a company may be attributed, or imputed, to the shareholders by way of a tax credit to reduce the income tax payable on a distribution. In comparison to the classical system, dividend imputation reduces or eliminates the tax disadvantages of distributing dividends to shareholders by only requiring them to pay the difference between the corporate rate and their marginal rate. If the individual’s average tax rate is lower than the corporate rate, the individual receives a tax refund.

The objective of the dividend imputation system is to eliminate double taxation of company profits, once at the corporate level and again on distribution as dividend to shareholders. Under the previous system, the company and shareholders had an incentive for the taxed income of the company to be retained by the company, or for the business activity not to be undertaken using a corporate structure.

Theory of imputation
The theory of imputation is based on the so-called theory of factors of production proposed by the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say and elaborated by the American economist John Bates Clark in his work The Distribution of Wealth (1899; Russian translation, 1934). The proponents of the theory of imputation see its main task as elucidating which parts of wealth may be attributed (imputed) to labor and capital, respectively.
Fast packet switching
In telecommunications, fast packet switching is a variant of packet switching that increases the throughput by eliminating overhead associated with flow control and error correction functions, which are either offloaded to upper layer networking protocols or removed altogether. ATM and Frame Relay are two major implementations of fast packet switching.

Flow control (data)
In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. Flow control should be distinguished from congestion control, which is used for controlling the flow of data when congestion has actually occurred. Flow control mechanisms can be classified by whether or not the receiving node sends feedback to the sending node.

Flow control is important because it is possible for a sending computer to transmit information at a faster rate than the destination computer can receive and process it. This can happen if the receiving computers have a heavy traffic load in comparison to the sending computer, or if the receiving computer has less processing power than the sending computer.
Ruger PC carbine
The Ruger Pistol-Caliber (PC) carbine is a blowback centerfire semi-automatic pistol-caliber carbine manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Co., designed as a companion to certain Ruger P series semi-automatic pistols, using the same 9 mm Parabellum and .40 S&W caliber cartridges and magazines of the P-Series pistols.

.40 S&W
The .40 S&W is a rimless pistol cartridge developed jointly by American firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester in 1990. The .40 S&W was developed as a law enforcement cartridge designed to duplicate the performance of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) reduced-velocity 10mm Auto cartridge which could be retrofitted into medium-frame (9 mm size) semi-automatic handguns. It uses 0.40-inch-diameter (10 mm) bullets ranging in weight from 105 to 200 grains (6.8 to 13.0 g).
2009–10 BYU Cougars men's basketball team
The 2009–10 BYU Cougars men's basketball team represented Brigham Young University in the 2009–10 college basketball season. This was head coach Dave Rose's fifth season at BYU. The Cougars were members of the Mountain West Conference and played their home games at the Marriott Center. They finished the season 30–6, 13–3 in MWC play. They advanced to the semifinals of the 2010 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament before losing to UNLV. They received an at–large bid to the 2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, earning a 7 seed in the West Region. They beat 10 seed Florida in double overtime in the first round before losing to 2 seed and AP #7 Kansas State in the second round.

2010 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2010 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament was played at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, from March 10–13, 2010. The tournament is sponsored by Conoco. The first-round game and all four quarterfinals were broadcast live on the MountainWest Sports Network. The semifinals was broadcast on CBS College Sports Network, and the championship game on Versus. The winner of the tournament receives an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.

San Diego State, the fourth seed, defeated University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), the third seed, to claim the 2010 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament championship.
Sonia Mossé
Sonia Mossé (27 August 1917 – 30 March 1943) was a Jewish French artist, actor, decorator, and draughtswoman who inspired many artists of her time. Close to the surrealist movement, she frequented the Éluard couple, Man Ray and many other prominent artists of that time. Refusing to wear the yellow star, she was probably denounced in 1943 and died in the extermination camp of Sobibór. As an artist, she is known for having made and exhibited a surrealist mannequin for the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme in 1938.

Yellow badge
The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (German: Judenstern, lit. 'Jew's star'), was an accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history. A Jew's ethno-religious identity, which would be denoted by the badge, would help to mark them as an outsider. Legislation that mandated Jewish subjects to wear such items has been documented in some Middle Eastern caliphates and in some European kingdoms during the medieval period and the early modern period. The most recent usage of yellow badges was during World War II, when Jews living in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe were ordered to wear a yellow Star of David to keep their Jewish identity disclosed to the public in the years leading up to the Holocaust.
Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral
The Orthodox Cathedral (Romanian: Catedrala Ortodoxă), also known as the Metropolitan Cathedral (Romanian: Catedrala Mitropolitană), is a Romanian Orthodox church in Timișoara. The cathedral is the seat of the Archbishopric of Timișoara and the Metropolis of Banat. It is dedicated to the Three Holy Hierarchs, Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom.

Built on an area of 1,542 m2, it has 11 towers, of which the central one has a height of 90.5 m, making it the second tallest church in Romania, after the People's Salvation Cathedral in Bucharest. The cathedral is listed in the National Register of Historic Monuments.

National Register of Historic Monuments in Romania
The National Register of Historic Monuments (Romanian: Lista Monumentelor Istorice (LMI)) is the official English name of the Romania government's list of national heritage sites known as Monumente istorice. In Romania, these include sites, buildings, structures, and objects considered worthy of preservation due to the importance of their Romanian cultural heritage. The list, created in 2004, contains places that have been designated by the Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony of Romania and are maintained by the Romanian National Institute of Historical Monuments, as being of national historic significance.
Karetu River (Northland)
The Karetu River is located in the Northland Region of New Zealand, approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi) north of Whangārei.  Its source is on the north-western slopes of the 407-metre (1,335 ft) hill Te Rangi in the Russell Forest.

The river begins as two streams, Whakatane Stream and Karetu Stream, which join and flow down the Whaakaurau Valley through the settlement of Karetu.  From here it becomes the Karetu River, and joins the Kawakawa River shortly before reaching the Bay of Islands.

Whangārei
Whangārei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the largest settlement of the Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, created in 1989 from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils to administer both the city and its hinterland. The city population was estimated to be 56,100 in June 2025, an increase from 47,000 in 2001.
Arizona/New Mexico Mountains ecoregion
The Arizona/New Mexico Mountains ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. states of Arizona and New Mexico, with a small extension into the Guadalupe Mountains in Texas. The World Wildlife Fund named this ecoregion Arizona Mountains forests, and classified it as a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion. The ecoregion has a rich variety of woodland habitats and wildlife.

Douglas fir
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.  It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. glauca) and Mexican Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. lindleyana).

Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus Abies), spruce (genus Picea), or pine (genus Pinus). It is also not a hemlock (genus Tsuga); the genus name Pseudotsuga means "false hemlock".
Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria
Myths of Babylonia and Assyria is a book by Donald Alexander Mackenzie published in 1915.  The book discusses not only the mythology of Babylonia and Assyria, but also the history of the region (Mesopotamia), biblical accounts similar to the region's mythology, and comparisons to the mythologies of other cultures, such as those of India and northern Europe.

Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a special form of photosynthesis used by some bacteria, which differs from the better known oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria in the reductant used (e.g. hydrogen sulfide instead of water) and the byproduct generated (e.g. elemental sulfur instead of molecular oxygen).

Unlike oxygenic phototrophs that only use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide, anoxygenic phototrophs can use both the Calvin cycle and the reverse TCA cycle to fix carbon dioxide. Additionally, unlike its oxygenic counterpart that predominantly uses chlorophyll, this type of photosynthesis uses the bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) to utilize light as an energy source. A precursor to oxygenic photosynthesis but having been developed after chemolithoautotrophy, anoxygenic photosynthesis uses one of two reaction centers while oxygenic photosynthesis uses both type I and type II reaction centers.

By-product
A by-product or byproduct is a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction; it is not the primary product or service being produced.

A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, bran, which is a byproduct of the milling of wheat into refined flour, is sometimes composted or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in human food or animal feed. Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commercial product as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may be called co-products of beef production. There is no strict distinction between by-products and co-products.
Talite Vaioleti
Talite Vaioleti (born 13 November 1980) is a Tongan rugby union player, born in Haveluloto, Tonga, who plays for National League 1 side, Darlington Mowden Park R.F.C. He is a utility player able to play as a Lock or in the Back Row.

Utility player
In sports, a utility player is one who can play several positions competently. Sports in which the term is often used include association football, basketball, rugby, baseball, softball, ice hockey, and water polo.

The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues, but in rugby union and rugby league, it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player's versatility.

The use of this term to describe a player may in some circumstances be a backhanded compliment, as it suggests the player is not good enough to be considered a specialist in one position (i.e., a jack of all trades).
Vyoshenskaya
Vyoshenskaya (Russian: Вёшенская, IPA: [ˈvʲɵʂɨnskəjə]), colloquially known as Vyoshki (Russian: Вёшки), is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Sholokhovsky District of Rostov Oblast, Russia, located in the northern reaches of the Don River on its left bank. Population:  9,261 (2010 Census); 9,317 (2002 Census); 9,578 (1989 Soviet census).

Rostov Oblast
Rostov Oblast (Russian: Росто́вская о́бласть, romanized: Rostovskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,967 square kilometers (38,984 sq mi) and a population of 4,200,729 (2021 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.

Pieter Bleeker
Pieter Bleeker (10 July 1819 – 24 January 1878) was a Dutch medical doctor, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He was famous for the Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises, his monumental work on the fishes of East Asia published between 1862 and 1877.
Yūpa
A Yūpa (यूप), or Yūpastambha, was a Vedic sacrificial pillar used in Ancient India. It is one of the most important elements of the Vedic rituals for animal sacrifice.

The execution of a victim (generally an animal), who was tied at the yūpa, was meant to bring prosperity to everyone.

Most yūpa, and all from the Vedic period, were in wood, and have not survived. The few stone survivals seem to be a later type of memorial using the form of the wooden originals. The Isapur Yupa, the most complete, replicates in stone the rope used to tether the animal.  The topmost section is missing; texts describe a "wheel-like headpiece made of perishable material", representing the sun, but the appearance of that is rather unclear from the Gupta period coins that are the best other visual evidence.

Outline of ancient India
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE.
E7 (mathematics)
In mathematics, E7 is the name of several closely related Lie groups, linear algebraic groups or their Lie algebras e7, all of which have dimension 133; the same notation E7 is used for the corresponding root lattice, which has rank 7. The designation E7 comes from the Cartan–Killing classification of the complex simple Lie algebras, which fall into four infinite series labeled An, Bn, Cn, Dn, and five exceptional cases labeled E6, E7, E8, F4, and G2. The E7 algebra is thus one of the five exceptional cases.

The fundamental group of the (adjoint) complex form, compact real form, or any algebraic version of E7 is the cyclic group Z/2Z, and its outer automorphism group is the trivial group. The dimension of its fundamental representation is 56.

Simple Lie algebra
In algebra, a simple Lie algebra is a Lie algebra that is non-abelian and contains no nonzero proper ideals. The classification of real simple Lie algebras is one of the major achievements of Wilhelm Killing and Élie Cartan.

A direct sum of simple Lie algebras is called a semisimple Lie algebra.

A simple Lie group is a connected Lie group whose Lie algebra is simple.
Guyana Power and Light
Guyana Power and Light (GPL) is a publicly owned utility company in Guyana, providing electric power in the country. Domestic voltage can be 110 or 220 depending on the area, both 50 and 60 cycle power. Services are provided from Charity to Moleson Creek, including the islands of Leguan and Wakenaam in the Essequibo River.

GPL has power stations at Sophia, Georgetown, in Onverwagt (West Berbice) as well as facilities in Bartica, Anna Regina, and Fairfield.

Anna Regina
07°15′48″N 58°28′50″W﻿ / ﻿7.26333°N 58.48056°W﻿ / 7.26333; -58.48056

Anna Regina is the capital of the Pomeroon-Supenaam Region of Guyana. Anna Regina stands on the Atlantic coast, northwest of the mouth of the Essequibo River, 19 km north of Adventure, and was established as a town in 1970. Its population was 2,064 in 2012.
HallyuPopFest
HallyuPopFest (韩流巨星音乐节/韓流巨星音樂節/한류팝페스트) is a Korean pop music festival first held in Singapore from September 7 to 9, 2018. It was the largest K-Pop festival ever held in Southeast Asia, being the first of its kind in Singapore. The event featured 21 performing acts, showcasing 111 South Korean artists. It was held at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. The festival was first announced via a media release on May 24, 2018. The organizers at Singapore-based firm H.A.H. Entertainment promised "a strong base of fan favorites peppered with a few new faces."

In 2022, the festival kicked off its plans to go global, expanding into UK and Australia. The events were held a month apart at London's OVO Arena Wembley on July 9 and 10, and Sydney's Qudos Bank Arena on August 13 and 14. The festival was slated to be back in Asia in 2023, with an event at Macau's Wynn Palace and its return to Singapore at the Singapore Indoor Stadium, but were cancelled and indefinitely postponed respectively.

Everglow
Everglow (Korean: 에버글로우; RR: Ebeogeullou, stylized in all caps) is a South Korean girl group under Chxxta Company. The quartet consists of members E:U, Sihyeon, Onda, and Aisha. Cited as the "ultimate performance boss" by Korean media, they are known for their EDM-trap-inspired synth-pop sound and adopting the "girl crush" concept in K-pop. Originally a six-piece, they regrouped after departing from their former label YH Entertainment, with former members Mia and Yiren absent.

Everglow debuted on March 18, 2019 with the single album Arrival of Everglow and its single "Bon Bon Chocolat", quickly earning the nickname of "monster rookies" from domestic media for their performance potential. Their subsequent singles, "Adios" (2019) and "Dun Dun" (2020), peaked at numbers 2 and 3 respectively on the U.S. World Digital Song Sales chart, further establishing the group's global presence. Their single "La Di Da" (2020), was named the best K-pop song of 2020 by Billboard.
2012 English Greyhound Derby
The 2012 William Hill Greyhound Derby took place during April and May with the final being held on 26 May 2012 at Wimbledon Stadium.

Blonde Snapper trained by Mark Wallis won the final missing the trouble encountered by most of the field, he won after holding off a challenge from Farloe Ironman to take the £125,000 first prize. Defending champion Taylors Sky was well placed when being baulked.

Irish entry Razldazl Jayfkay trained by Dolores Ruth had broken the track record in the second round with a 28.08sec performance but suffered in a messy semi final race and was eliminated along with her other two leading runners Razldazl Rioga and Razldazl Bugatti.

Wimbledon Stadium
Wimbledon Stadium, also known as Wimbledon Greyhound Stadium, was a greyhound racing track located in Wimbledon in southwest London, England.

It also hosted stock car and other small circuit motor racing events, and until 2005 hosted motorcycle speedway. The stadium hosted the English Greyhound Derby every year between 1985 and 2016.

Facing declining attendances and with no renovations undertaken for many years, the stadium was put up for sale by the owners, the Greyhound Racing Association, and closed permanently in March 2017. The site was purchased by Galliard Homes Limited, in order to build 600 new apartments and a new football stadium, the new Plough Lane, for AFC Wimbledon. The stadium was demolished in 2018 to clear the site for the new development; it was one of London's last remaining greyhound stadia, leaving only Crayford and Romford remaining at the time of its closure, and was the third to close since the year 2000 after Catford in 2003 and Walthamstow in 2008.
Hatchōmuta Station
Hatchōmuta Station (八丁牟田駅, Hatchōmuta-eki)  is a passenger railway station located in the town of  Ōki, Mizuma District, Fukuoka, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Nishi-Nippon Railroad (NNR), and has station number T36.

Nishi-Nippon Railroad
The Nishi-Nippon Railroad Company, Ltd. (西日本鉄道株式会社, Nishinippon Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), also called Nishitetsu (西鉄) or NNR, TYO: 9031 is one of Japan's "Big 16" private railroad companies. With headquarters in Fukuoka, it operates local and highway buses, supermarkets, real estate and travel agencies, as well as railways in Fukuoka Prefecture. It also owns the Chikuhō Electric Railroad.

In addition, in 1943 the company owned the Nishitetsu Baseball Club, a team in the Japanese Baseball League. From 1950 to 1972, the company owned the Lions (in 1950, known as the Clippers), a Pacific League baseball team.

The company introduced nimoca, a smart card ticketing system, in May 2008.
Luana Persíncula
Luana Persíncula Andino (born October 18, 2001), known mononymously as Luana is a Uruguayan singer and television personality. She began her career performing at folk music festivals and performing covers of well-known hits.

Lucas Sugo
Lucas Alberto Sugo Rodríguez (born April 15, 1978) is a Uruguayan singer, songwriter and television personality. He began his career in 2002, as a vocalist and guitarist for the band called Sonido Profesional.

In 2014, Sugo released his single "Cinco minutos", which became a hit and brought him national and international recognition. He has performed in venues such as the Teatro Gran Rex in Buenos Aires and the Antel Arena in Montevideo. He has been awarded Gold, Platinum and Double Platinum records, and in 2020 the Graffiti Award for Best Artist of the Year.