hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MELAB
The Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (or MELAB) was a standardized test, created by CaMLA, which evaluated proficiency in understanding, writing and speaking the English language.  It was designed for adults whose first language is not English, and was often used as a university admission criterion to judge whether applicants are sufficiently fluent to follow an English-language study program at a university level.

The test included three mandatory parts and one optional:

Written composition

Listening comprehension

Grammar, cloze, vocabulary and reading comprehension multiple-choice questions

An optional speaking test in the form of a one-on-one interview with an examiner

The MELAB was discontinued in June 2018.

Cloze test
A cloze test (also cloze deletion test or occlusion test) is an exercise, test, or assessment in which a portion of text is masked and the participant is asked to fill in the masked portion of text. Cloze tests require the ability to understand the context and vocabulary in order to identify the correct language or part of speech that belongs in the deleted passages. This exercise is commonly administered for the assessment of native and second language learning and instruction.

The word cloze is derived from closure in Gestalt theory. The exercise was first described by Wilson L. Taylor in 1953.

Words may be deleted from the text in question either mechanically (every nth word) or selectively, depending on exactly what aspect it is intended to test for. The methodology is the subject of extensive academic literature; nonetheless, teachers commonly devise ad hoc tests.
Rudolf Palme
Rudolf Palme (6 March 1910, Vienna – 1 January 2005, Reutte) was an Austrian chess master.

He took 14th at Vienna 1933 (the 16th Trebitsch Memorial, Ernst Grünfeld and Hans Müller won), and represented Austria in 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936 (+7 –5 =4, on 7th board).

In 1937, he came to Berlin, and lived for ten years there. He won the Berlin Championship 1940; won I group in the Berlin-ch and lost a match for the title to Ludwig Rellstab in 1941; tied for 5-7th at Bad Oeynhausen 1941 (the 8th German Championship, Paul Felix Schmidt and Klaus Junge won). tied for 2nd-3rd, behind Junge, at Bad Elster 1941; and tied for 2nd-4th at Vienna 1944 (Orienter won).

After World War II, he took 2nd, behind Wolfgang Unzicker, at Augsburg 1946. Then, he settled in Reutte in Tirol, Austria, in 1947. He  tied for 13-15th at Bad Gastein 1948 (Erik Lundin won), won the Austrian Championship at Melk 1950, and tied for 2nd-4th in the AUT-ch 1975.

Leopold Trebitsch Memorial Tournament
Leopold Trebitsch Memorial Tournament was a chess competition organized by the family of Austrian silk manufacturer Leopold Trebitsch. Twenty tournaments were played in Vienna between 1907 and 1938.

Wealthy industrialist Leopold Trebitsch (1842–1906) was a lover of chess and a patron of chess competitions. His family advanced the considerable sum of 100,000 kronen to the Vienna Chess Club to organize a series of tournaments. Since Trebitsch died one month before the start of the first tournament, the competitions were named in his memory. Six of the first nine events (1907–1918) were won by Carl Schlechter, but his death in December 1918, along with the loss of the Club's Trebitsch fund in the aftermath of Austria's debacle in World War I, put a temporary halt to the tournament. In 1926, Leopold Trebitsch's son, Oskar, made more funds available, enabling eleven additional competitions to be held until 1938, when Germany's annexation of Austria ended the event.
Ghaffari family
The Ghaffari family (Persian: خاندان غفاری) is an Iranian family of artists, jurists and bureaucrats from Kashan.

Notable members include:

Abu'l-Hasan Mostawfi Ghaffari (died c. 1797/98)

Khorshid Khanum Ghaffari (fl. 1834/1835)

Farrokh Khan (1812–1871)

Mirza Hashem Khan Ghaffari (died 1877)

Abu'l-Hasan Sani al-Mulk (1814–1866)

Abu Torab Ghaffari (died 1890)

Yahya Ghaffari (died between 1894–1905)

Kamal-ol-molk (1848–1940)

Mohammad-Ebrahim Khan Ghaffari (1859/60 – November/December 1918)

Kashan
Kashan (Persian: کاشان; [kɒːˈʃɒːn] ⓘ) is a city in the Central District of Kashan County, in the northern part of Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Kashan is one of the oldest cities in Iran and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
Tochonanga
Tochonanga was a Tataviam village now located at the area of what is now Newhall, Santa Clarita, California, along the Santa Clara River.

People baptized from the village were largely moved to Mission San Fernando Rey de España and referred to in mission records as Tochonabit.

Santa Clara River (California)
The Santa Clara River (Spanish: Río Santa Clara) is an 83 mi (134 km) long river in Ventura and  Los Angeles counties in Southern California. It drains parts of four ranges in the Transverse Ranges System north and northwest of Los Angeles, then flows west onto the Oxnard Plain and into the Santa Barbara Channel of the Pacific Ocean.

The watershed has provided habitat for a wide array of native plants and animals and has historically supplied humans with water, fish, and fertile farmland. The northern portion of the watershed was home to the Tataviam people while the southern portion was occupied by the Chumash people. Much of the Santa Clara River Valley is used for agriculture which has limited the use of structural levees to separate the natural floodplain from the river. Although it is one of the least altered rivers in Southern California, some levees exist where the river flows through areas of significant urban development.
Electoral district of Ingleburn
Ingleburn was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1981, and named after and including the Sydney suburb of Ingleburn. It was abolished in 1988 and largely replaced by Macquarie Fields.

Ingleburn, New South Wales
Ingleburn is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, 45 kilometres (28 mi) south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of City of Campbelltown. It is part of the Macarthur region. Ingleburn is located approximately halfway between the two commercial centres of Liverpool and Campbelltown.
TMF Flanders
TMF was a Belgian pay television channel whose programming was centred towards pop music videoclips. TMF was operated by Viacom International Media Networks.

Originally an abbreviation of "The Music Factory", the channel was launched as TMF Vlaanderen in 1998, mainly due to the success of the eponymous Dutch music television channel. The station began broadcasting on 3 October 1998.

The recordings of TMF Flanders occurred mainly in the Eurocam Media Center in Lint, there was until mid-2013 also established the parent company.

Lint, Belgium
Lint (Dutch pronunciation: [lɪnt] ⓘ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality only comprises the town of Lint proper. In 2024, Lint had a total population of 8,505. The total area is 5.57 km².
Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines
The Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines (Tagalog: Marxista–Leninistang Partido ng Pilipinas) is a communist party in the Philippines with an ongoing conflict with the Philippine government through its armed wing, the Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan (RHB).: 682

Central Luzon
Central Luzon (Tagalog: Gitnang Luzon; Kapampangan: Kalibudtarang Luzon; Sambal: Botlay a Luzon; Pangasinan: Pegley a Luzon; Ilocano: Tengnga a Luzon), designated as Region III, is an administrative region in the Philippines. The region comprises seven provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (with its capital, City of San Fernando serving as the regional center), Tarlac, and Zambales; and two highly urbanized cities, Angeles and Olongapo. San Jose del Monte is the most populous city in the region. The region contains the largest plain in the country and produces most of the country's rice supply, earning itself the nickname "Rice Granary of the Philippines". It is also the region to have the most number of provinces.
Sam Cordovano
Samuel Cordovano (December 10, 1906 – July 13, 1995) was an American collegiate and professional football player, coach, professional wrestler and co-founder of the Buffalo Bills of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). He is enshrined in the Georgetown University Sports Hall of Fame.

Buffalo Bills (AAFC)
The Buffalo Bills were an American football team, based in Buffalo, New York, that played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) from 1946 to 1949. During its first season in 1946, the team was known as the Buffalo Bisons; during the last three years they were renamed in honor of "Buffalo Bill" Cody.  Unlike the Cleveland Browns, San Francisco 49ers, and Baltimore Colts, the franchise was not one of the three AAFC teams that merged with the National Football League prior to the 1950 season.
Ya Do
Ya Do (or Yă Dố, 1765 – 1795), also known as the General 's Maid of Honor; was the second wife of the leader Nguyen Nhac, and was in charge of providing food during the beginning of the Tay Son uprising in 18th century Vietnam.

She was a Bahnar people woman, from Plei de Hmau (now in Dong commune, Kbang district, Gia Lai province).

Her mother died when she was young, and she lived with her father. Her father (name unknown) was a wealthy Plei de Hmau patriarch, and a well-known sniper in the area. Growing up, Ya Do was taught martial arts by her father, skilled in farming, and reputable with the villagers.

Bahnar people
The Bahnar or Ba-Na (Vietnamese pronunciation: [ɓaː˧naː˧] are an ethnic group of Vietnam and the indigenous people of the Central Highland provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum, as well as the coastal provinces of Bình Định and Phú Yên. They speak the Bahnar language, a language in the Bahnaric language group that belongs to the Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) language family.
Sliabh gCua
Sliabh gCua (formerly anglicized as "Slieve Gua" or "Slieve Goe") is a traditional district of west County Waterford, Ireland, between Clonmel and Dungarvan, covering areas like Touraneena, Ballinamult and Knockboy. Historically it meant the Knockmealdown Mountains and possibly also the neighboring Comeragh Mountains. It was an Irish-speaking area until the late 19th century. Many people associated with the Irish sean-nós singing tradition, such as Pádraig Ó Mileadha and Labhrás Ó Cadhla, who came from Sliabh gCua. One of the best-loved emigrant songs in the sean-nós canon, "Sliabh Geal gCua na Féile", was written by Ó Mileadha while he worked in Wales.

Clonmel
Clonmel (Irish: Cluain Meala, meaning 'honey meadow') is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary, Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. With the exception of the townland of Suir Island, most of the borough is situated in the civil parish of "St Mary's" which is part of the ancient barony of Iffa and Offa East.
Planostocha cumulata
Planostocha cumulata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It has a wide distribution, ranging from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Korea, Thailand, Brunei and New Guinea to Queensland in Australia. The habitat consists of lowland to montane areas.

The wingspan of the adult male is 9 mm. Larval host plants are Lantana camara and Manilkara zapota.

Manilkara zapota
Manilkara zapota, commonly known as sapodilla (Spanish: [ˌsapoˈðiʝa]), sapote, chicozapote, chico, chicoo, chicle, naseberry, nispero, or
soapapple, among other names,: 515  is an evergreen tree native to southern Mexico and Central America. An example natural occurrence is in coastal Yucatán, in the Petenes mangroves ecoregion, where it is a subdominant plant species. It was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish colonization. It is grown in large quantities in Mexico and in tropical Asia, including India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, as well as in the Caribbean.
José Mendes Cabeçadas
José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior, OTE, ComA, MPCE (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ ˈmẽdɨʃ kɐβɨˈsaðɐʃ]), commonly known as Mendes Cabeçadas (19 August 1883 – 11 June 1965), was a Portuguese Navy officer, Freemason and republican, having a major role in the preparation of the revolutionary movements that created and ended the Portuguese First Republic: the 5 October revolution in 1910 and the 28 May coup d'état of 1926. In the outcome he became the minister of finance for one day only on 30 May 1926, then becoming interim minister for foreign affairs for two days between 30 May and 1 June, after which he again became the minister for finance on the same day. He served as the president of Portugal (the first of the Military dictatorship) and prime minister for a brief period of time.

Military Order of the Tower and Sword
The Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Portuguese: Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada, do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito), before 1917 the ancient and most noble order of the Tower and of the Sword, of valour, loyalty and merit (A antiga e muito nobre ordem da Torre e Espada, do valor, lealdade e mérito), is one of the four former ancient Portuguese military orders and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system. It was created by King Afonso V in 1459. The order may be bestowed on people or on Portuguese municipalities.
Jeff Mercer
Jeffery Daniel Mercer (born July 25, 1985) is an American college baseball coach and former first baseman. He is head baseball coach at Indiana University. He played college baseball at the University of Dayton from 2005 to 2007 before transferring to Wright State University to play in 2008 and 2009. In 2009, he was named the Horizon League Player of the Year. He was the head baseball coach at Wright State University from 2017 to 2018.

Horizon League
The Horizon League is a collegiate athletic conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Headquartered in Indianapolis, the league's eleven member schools are located in and near the Great Lakes region and in part of the Southern United States.

The Horizon League founded in 1979 as the Midwestern City Conference. The conference changed its name to Midwestern Collegiate Conference in 1985 and then the Horizon League in 2001. The conference started with a membership of six teams and has fluctuated in size with 24 different schools as members at different times. The league currently has 11 members.

The Horizon League currently sponsors 19 sports and is a non-football conference.
Bilel Ouechtati
Bilel Ouechtati (Arabic: بلال عويشتات; born February 15, 1991, in Béja) is an amateur Tunisian freestyle wrestler, who competes in the men's middleweight category. Ouechtati represented Tunisia at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where he competed in the men's 74 kg class. He received a bye for the preliminary round of sixteen match, before losing to Kazakhstan's Abdulkhakim Shapiyev, with a two-set technical score (3–5, 0–1), and a classification point score of 1–3.

Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 74 kg
Men's freestyle 74 kilograms competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, took place on 10 August at ExCeL London.
This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winners of two bronze medals. The two finalists faced off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who lost to one of the two finalists moved into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

Each bout consisted of up to three rounds, lasting two minutes apiece. The wrestler who scored more points in each round was the winner of that round; the bout finished when one wrestler had won two rounds (and thus the match).
Neglected firm effect
The neglected firm effect is the market anomaly phenomenon of lesser-known firms producing abnormally high returns on their stocks. The companies that are followed by fewer analysts will earn higher returns on average than companies that are followed by many analysts. The abnormally high return exhibited by neglected firms may be due to the lower liquidity or higher risks associated with the stock.
At the same time, the impact on returns, and regarding earnings management is not always clear.

According to Investopedia:  "Neglected firms are usually the small firms that analysts tend to ignore. Information available on these companies tends to be limited to those items that are required by law, on the other hand, have a higher profile, which provides large amounts of high quality information (in addition to legally required forms) to institutional investors such as pension or mutual fund companies."

Earnings management
Earnings management, in accounting, is the act of intentionally influencing the process of financial reporting to obtain some private gain. Earnings management involves the alteration of financial reports to mislead stakeholders about the organization's underlying performance, or to "influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers."

Earnings management has a negative effect on earnings quality, and may weaken the credibility of financial reporting. Furthermore, in a 1998 speech Securities and Exchange Commission chairman Arthur Levitt called earnings management "widespread". Despite its pervasiveness, the complexity of accounting rules can make earnings management difficult for individual investors to detect.
63rd Filmfare Awards
The 63rd Filmfare Awards ceremony, presented by the Filmfare Magazine, honored the best Hindi language Indian films released in 2017. The ceremony was held on 20 January 2018 and hosted by Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Johar, Ayushmann Khurrana and Parineeti Chopra.

Jagga Jasoos and Secret Superstar led the ceremony with 10 nominations each, followed by Tumhari Sulu with 9 nominations.

Jagga Jasoos won 4 awards, including Best Music Director (for Pritam) and Best Lyricist (for Amitabh Bhattacharya for "Ullu Ka Pattha"), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

Seema Pahwa received dual nominations for Best Supporting Actress for her performances in Bareilly Ki Barfi and Shubh Mangal Saavdhan, but lost to Meher Vij who won the award for Secret Superstar.

Meher Vij
Meher Vij (born Vaishali Sahdev) is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films and television. She is best known for her roles in the drama film Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015) and the musical drama Secret Superstar (2017), both of which rank among the highest grossing Indian films of all time; for the latter she won the Filmfare Award Best Supporting Actress.

She has appeared in television shows including Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil and Ram Milaye Jodi.
Isaac Ababio
Isaac Ababio (26 April 1940 - 6 August 2018) was a Ghanaian evangelist. He pioneered radio evangelism in Ghana and founded and served as Director of the Hour of Visitation Choir and Evangelism Association Ministries (H.V.C.E.A), the first evangelistic association in Ghana from 1968 to 2018. He was also one of the founding members of the Scripture Union in Ghana.

Eastern Region (Ghana)
The Eastern Region is located in the eastern part of Ghana and is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. Eastern Region is bordered to the east by the Lake Volta, to the north by Bono East Region and Ashanti region, to the west by Ashanti Region, to the south by Central Region and Greater Accra Region. Akans are the dominant inhabitants and natives of Eastern Region, and Akan, Ewe, Krobo, Hausa and English are the main spoken languages. The capital town of Eastern Region is Koforidua. The Eastern Region is the location of the Akosombo Dam, and the economy of the Eastern Region is dominated by its high-capacity electricity generation. Eastern Region covers an area of 19,323 square kilometres, which is about 8.1% of Ghana's total landform.
ONE Friday Fights 4
ONE Friday Fights 4: Duangsompong vs. Batman (also known as ONE Lumpinee 4) was a combat sports event produced by ONE Championship that took place on February 10, 2023, at Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.

ONE Championship
ONE Championship, formerly ONE Fighting Championship (ONE FC) until January 2015, is a multinational combat sports promotion founded on 14 July 2011 by Chatri Sityodtong and Victor Cui. Originally focused on mixed martial arts (MMA), ONE events have since incorporated muay thai, kickboxing, and submission grappling bouts. The promotion held its first event on 3 September 2011 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium, and has since held over 200 events across Asia. In 2022, parent company One Group Holdings, changed its legal operations from Singapore to the Cayman Islands.
Marva Whitney
Marva Whitney (born Marva Ann Manning; May 1, 1944 – December 22, 2012) was an American funk singer commonly referred to by her honorary title, Soul Sister #1. Whitney was considered by many funk enthusiasts to be one of the "rawest" and "brassiest" music divas.

Her most famous song is a response to the Isley Brothers' hit "It's Your Thing" titled "It's My Thing". This was famously sampled in "Bring The Noise" by Public Enemy, off their album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, as well as in "Fuck tha Police" by the N.W.A.

Fuck tha Police
"Fuck tha Police" is a protest song by American hip hop group N.W.A that appears on the 1989 album Straight Outta Compton as well as on the N.W.A's Greatest Hits compilation. The lyrics protest police brutality and racial profiling and the song was ranked number 425 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2021, Rolling Stone re-ranked the song at number 190 in an updated list, and in 2025, the publication ranked the song at number 10 on its list of "The 100 Best Protest Songs of All Time."

Since its release in 1989, the "Fuck the Police" slogan continues to influence popular culture in the form of T-shirts, artwork, political expression, and has transitioned into other genres as seen in the cover versions by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Dope, Rage Against the Machine, and Kottonmouth Kings.
Al Roker
Albert Lincoln Roker Jr. (born August 20, 1954) is an American weather presenter, journalist, television personality, and author. He is the weather anchor on NBC's Today, and occasionally co-hosts 3rd Hour Today. He has a lapsed American Meteorological Society (AMS) Television Seal of Approval (#238).

Nero Award
The Nero Award is a literary award for excellence in the mystery genre presented by The Wolfe Pack, a society founded in 1978 to explore and celebrate the Nero Wolfe stories of Rex Stout. The Nero Award is presented annually at the Black Orchid Banquet, traditionally held on the first Saturday in December in New York City.
Pro-Vision
Pro-Vision is an American manufacturer of specialty cameras headquartered in Byron Center, Michigan. The company manufactures and sells a variety of cameras including dashcams, body cameras, and backup cameras. The company has appeared on the Inc. 5000 list of the fastest growing American companies from 2011 to 2017. As of December 2016, Pro-Vision products have been used by organizations in over 50 countries.

Backup camera
A backup camera (also called a reversing camera or rear-view camera) is a video camera specifically designed to be attached to the rear of a vehicle to aid in reversing and reduce the rear blind spot. The rear blind spot has been described as a "killing zone" due to the accidents it contributes to. Backup cameras are usually connected to the vehicle's head unit display. A common variant is a surround-view system, which assembles a synthetic but positionally accurate top-down view of the vehicle and its surroundings.

Backup cameras have been regulated by law in Canada and the United States since 2018. Since May of that year, backup cameras have been required on all new vehicles sold in the United States.