hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Demographics of Switzerland
Switzerland has 9 million inhabitants, as of June 2024. Its population quadrupled over the period 1800 to 1990 (average doubling time 95 years). Population growth was steepest in the period after World War II (1.4% per annum during 1950–1970, doubling time 50 years), it slowed during the 1970s and 1980s but has since increased to 1% during the 2000s (doubling time 70 years).

More than 75% of the population live in the central plain, which stretches between the Alps and the Jura Mountains and from Geneva in the southwest to the High Rhine and Lake Constance in the northeast.

As of 2023, 40% of the population has a migrant background and 31% are foreign residents.

Swiss Plateau
The Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau is one of the three major landscapes in Switzerland, lying between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps. It covers about 30% of the Swiss surface area, and is partly flat but mostly hilly. The average height is between 400 metres (1,300 ft) and 700 metres (2,300 ft) AMSL. It is by far the most densely populated region of Switzerland, the center of economy and important transportation.
Citrus leprosis disease
Citrus leprosis (CL) is an economically important viral disease affecting citrus crops.  This emerging disease is widely distributed in South and Central America, from Argentina to Mexico.  The disease is associated with up to three different non-systemic viruses, which cause similar symptoms in the citrus hosts and are transmitted by the same vector, mites of the genus Brevipalpus; although they have vastly different genomes.  Citrus leprosis virus nuclear type (CiLV-N) is found in the nuclei and cytoplasm of infected cells, while Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C) is found in the endoplasmic reticulum.  In 2012, a new virus causing similar symptoms was found in Colombia and it was named Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type 2 (CiLV-C2) due to its close similarity to CiLV-C. The cytoplasmic type viruses are the most prevalent and widely distributed of the three species.

Orchid fleck virus
Orchid fleck virus (OFV), is a non-enveloped, segmented, single-stranded (ss) RNA negative-strand virus, transmitted by the false spider mite, Brevipalpus californicus. OFV causes necrotic and chlorotic lesions on the leaves of many genera in the family Orchidaceae.
Algebraic topology (object)
In mathematics, the algebraic topology on the set of group representations from G to a topological group H is the topology of pointwise convergence, i.e. pi converges to p if the limit of pi(g) = p(g) for every g in G.

This terminology is often used in the case of the algebraic topology on the set of discrete, faithful representations of a Kleinian group into PSL(2,C).  Another topology, the geometric topology (also called the Chabauty topology), can be put on the set of images of the representations, and its closure can include extra Kleinian groups that are not images of points in the closure in the algebraic topology.  This fundamental distinction is behind the phenomenon of hyperbolic Dehn surgery and plays an important role in the general theory of hyperbolic 3-manifolds.

Faithful representation
In mathematics, especially in an area of abstract algebra known as representation theory, a faithful representation ρ of a group G on a vector space V is a linear representation in which different elements g of G are represented by distinct linear mappings ρ(g).
In more abstract language, this means that the group homomorphism  is injective (or one-to-one).
Posterior carpometacarpal ligament
The posterior carpometacarpal ligament consists of a series of bands on the posterior surface of the carpometacarpal joints. They connect the carpal bones to the bases of the second to fifth metacarpals. The second metacarpal bone is connected to the trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate. The third metacarpal is connected to the capitate. The fourth metacarpal is connected to the capitate and hamate, and the fifth metacarpal is connected to the hamate.

Trapezoid bone
The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row of carpal bones that give structure to the palm of the hand. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the "second distal carpal" of reptiles and amphibians.
Horim Unit
The Horim Unit (Korean: 호림부대; Hanja: 虎林部隊) was a clandestine guerrilla and reconnaissance unit of the Republic of Korea Army created in 1949 under the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau. It was tasked with infiltration into North Korea during the early Cold War period, before the outbreak of the Korean War.

Republic of Korea Army
The Republic of Korea Army (ROKA; Korean: 대한민국 육군; Hanja: 大韓民國陸軍; RR: Daehanminguk Yukgun), also known as the ROK Army or South Korean Army, is the army of South Korea, responsible for ground-based warfare. It is the largest of the military branches of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces with 400,000 members as of 2025. This size is maintained through conscription: All able-bodied South Korean males must complete military service (18 months for the army, auxiliary police, and marines, 20 months for the navy and conscripted firefighters, 21 months for the air force and social service, and 36 months for alternative service) between the ages of 18 and 35.
Palazzo della Ragione (Ferrara)
The Palazzo della Ragione of Ferrara was located in Piazza Trento e Trieste on the corner of Corso Porta Reno. It was built between 1315 and 1325, modified several times and finally demolished after the fire that destroyed it in 1945. A new palace was built in its place, designed by Marcello Piacentini.

House of Este
The House of Este (UK: /ˈɛsti/ EST-ee, US: /ˈɛsteɪ/ EST-ay, Italian: [ˈɛste]) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria and of Brunswick. This branch produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs, as well as one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI) and one Holy Roman Emperor (Otto IV).

The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena (900–1859) and Reggio (1288–1796). This branch's male line became extinct with the death of Ercole III in 1803.
Africa Women's Amateur Invitational
The Africa Women's Amateur Invitational is an annual amateur golf tournament run by The R&A, organizers of The Open Championship. It was first played in 2024.

Kyra van Kan of South Africa won the inaugural tournament wire-to-wire, and earned places in The Women's Amateur Championship, final qualifying for the AIG Women's Open and the Investec South African Women's Open in 2024, and the Lalla Meryem Cup in 2025.

Lalla Meryem Cup
The Lalla Meryem Cup is a women's professional golf tournament in Morocco under the high patronage of His Majesty King Mohammed VI. It was held in Rabat until it moved to Agadir in 2011. It moved back to Rabat in 2016.

The tournament has been played annually since 1993 and is held alongside the Hassan II Golf Trophy. In 2010 it was added to the Ladies European Tour schedule and upgraded to a full field tournament having previously been limited to around 12 players.
Limentra orientale
The Limentra orientale (also: Limentra di Treppio) is a mountain river in Italy, a right tributary of the Reno. Its valley runs roughly from southwest to northeast, on the north side of the Apennine Mountains. Its upper valley is part of the Natura 2000 protected area Tre Limentre – Reno. Near Suviana is a 97 m (318 ft) high dam, creating one of the largest reservoirs of the Apennines, Lake Suviana, with a capacity of about 46,000,000 cubic metres (1.6×109 cu ft). It was built between 1928 and 1932 and is used for hydropower. The Bargi hydroelectric power station, site of a deadly explosion in April 2024, is situated at Lake Suviana. The Limentra orientale enters the Metropolitan City of Bologna near Lentula and Treppio. It flows into the Reno after 41 kilometres (25 mi), near Riola di Vergato.

Cubic foot
The cubic foot (symbol ft3 or cu ft) is an imperial and US customary (non-metric) unit of volume, used in the United States and the United Kingdom. It is defined as the volume of a cube with sides of one foot (0.3048 m) in length, or exactly 28.316846592 L (which is about 1% off of ⁠1/35⁠ of a cubic metre, making that a suitable approximation in many cases).
2024 Big 12 Conference football season
The 2024 Big 12 Conference football season was the  29th season of the Big 12 Conference football, part of the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.

The 2024 season was the first season for the Big 12 to have 16 members, following the departure of Oklahoma and Texas, the return of Colorado after a 13-season absence, and the addition of Arizona, Arizona State, and Utah.

The 2024 Big 12 Championship Game was played at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on December 7, 2024. Arizona State defeated Iowa State 45–19 to clinch the automatic berth into the 2024–25 College Football Playoff.

Junior Tafuna
Timote "Junior" Maile Tafuna (born February 27, 2001) is an American professional football defensive tackle for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Utah Utes.
Korbeek-Lo
Korbeek-Lo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɔrbeːkˌloː]) is a sub-municipality of the municipality of Bierbeek located in the province of Flemish Brabant, Flemish Region, Belgium.

As a result of extensive local government boundary changes in 1977 Korbeek-Lo, as a municipality, was abolished. Since then the more built up western part of Korbeek-Lo has been subsumed into Leuven while the more rural eastern part of the former municipality is now part of Bierbeek.

Sint-Truiden
Sint-Truiden (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪnˈtrœydə(n)] ⓘ; French: Saint-Trond [sɛ̃ tʁɔ̃]; Limburgish: Sintruin [sɪnˈtʀœjn]) is a city and municipality located in the province of Limburg, Flemish Region, Belgium. With more than 41,500 inhabitants, it is one of the largest cities in Limburg.

The municipality includes the former communes (now deelgemeenten) of Aalst, Brustem, Duras, Engelmanshoven, Gelinden, Gorsem, Groot-Gelmen, Halmaal, Kerkom-bij-Sint-Truiden, Melveren, Metsteren, Ordingen, Runkelen, Velm, Wilderen, and Zepperen.

The city is in the centre of Belgium's fruit-producing region, Haspengouw (Hesbaye), which is renowned for its pears, apples (Jonagold), and sweet cherries.
Diasporus gularis
Diasporus gularis, also known as the Esmeraldas robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is found in western Colombia (Córdoba Department in the north through Antioquia and Chocó Departments to the Valle del Cauca, Cauca, and Nariño Departments in the southwest) and northwestern and central Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Imbabura, and Chimborazo Provinces).

Eleutherodactylidae
The Eleutherodactylidae are a family of direct-developing frogs native to northern South America, the Caribbean, and southernmost North America. They are sometimes known under the common name rain frogs. Formerly the subfamily Eleutherodactylinae of the family Leptodactylidae, it was raised to the family status following a major revision of New World direct-developing frogs in 2008. As currently defined, the family has more than 200 species (as of 2014, 206 or 207 species).

Eleutherodactylid frogs vary considerably in size, from the minuscule Eleutherodactylus iberia (female snout–vent length 10.5 mm (0.41 in)) to the relative giant E. inoptatus (female snout–vent length 88 mm (3.5 in)). Except for the ovoviviparous E. jasperi, these frogs have direct development:  no free-living tadpole stage exists; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.
Dallas High School (Texas)
Dallas High School was a public secondary school in Dallas, Texas. It is the alma mater of several notable Americans, including former U.S. attorney general and Supreme Court justice Tom C. Clark. Built in 1907, the 3.5-story classical revival structure is located in the downtown City Center District next to the Pearl/Arts District DART light rail station.

Dallas Area Rapid Transit
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) is a transit agency serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex of Texas. It operates buses, light rail, commuter rail, and high-occupancy vehicle lanes in Dallas and twelve of its suburbs. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 55,151,000, or about 162,900 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

DART was created in 1983 to replace a municipal bus system and funded expansion of the region's transit network through a sales tax levied in member cities. DART rail began operation in 1996 and operates over 93 miles (149.7 km) of track. It was the longest light rail system in the United States until 2023, when it was surpassed by Los Angeles Metro Rail with the consolidation of the A Line.

DART jointly operates the Trinity Railway Express commuter rail line between Dallas and Fort Worth, with Trinity Metro. The agency also operates the Dallas Streetcar and provides funding for the non-profit M-Line Trolley.
Alix Wilkinson
Alix Wilkinson (born August 2, 2000) is an American World Cup alpine skier from Mammoth Lakes, California. She focuses on the speed events of downhill and super-G, and made her World Cup debut in December 2019 in downhill at Lake Louise, Canada.

Wilkinson represented the United States at the 2022 Winter Olympics as a replacement for an injured Breezy Johnson.

Mammoth Lakes, California
Mammoth Lakes is the only incorporated town in Mono County, California, United States. It is located immediately to the east of Mammoth Mountain, at an elevation of 7,880 feet (2,400 m). As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 7,191, reflecting a 12.7% decrease from the 2010 Census.
Cerium(III) methanesulfonate
Cerium(III) methanesulfonate is a white salt, usually found as the dihydrate with the formula Ce(CH3SO3)3·2H2O that precipitates from the neutralisation of cerium(III) carbonate with methanesulfonic acid, as first reported by L.B. Zinner in 1979. The crystals have a monoclinic polymeric structure were each methanesulfonate ion forms bonds with two cerium atoms, which present a coordination number of 8. The anhydrous salt is formed by water loss at 120 °C. Similar methanesulfonates can be prepared with other lanthanides. Cerium(III) methanesulfonate in solution is used as a precursor of electrogenerated cerium(IV), which is a strong oxidant and whose salts can be used in organic synthesis. The same principle of Ce(IV) electrogeneration is the fundamental reaction in the positive half-cell of the zinc–cerium battery.

Monoclinic crystal system
In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems.  A crystal system is described by three vectors. In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths, as in the orthorhombic system. They form a parallelogram prism. Hence two pairs of vectors are perpendicular (meet at right angles), while the third pair makes an angle other than 90°.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur road-rail bridge
The bridge across the Amur River (in Komsomolsk-on-Amur) is a road-rail bridge across the Amur River near the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The bridge has a single-rail track and two-lane highway that allows to completely divide cars and other vehicles from trains. The bridge carries also a single-circuit 220 kV-powerline.

Train service on the bridge began in 1975, while automobile traffic — in 1981. The bridge is part of the railroad line Komsomolsk-on-Amur — Sovetskaya Gavan, and of the highway of regional significance R454 Khabarovsk — Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Single carriageway
A single carriageway (British English) is a road with one, two or more lanes arranged within a one carriageway with no central reservation/median strip to separate opposing flows of traffic. A single-track road is a type of single carriageway with a single lane with passing places for traffic in both directions. An undivided highway (American English) is the term used for motorways with two or more lanes with no central reservation/median strip. Road traffic safety is generally worse for high-speed single carriageways than for dual carriageways due to the lack of separation between traffic moving in opposing directions.
Buddyprisen
Buddyprisen (established 1956 in Oslo, Norway) is an award, given annually by the Norwegian Jazz Forum to a Norwegian jazz musician that has "been an excellent performer and significantly involved in Norwegian jazz by other means".

The award was accompanied by a statue portraiting the New Orleans trumpeter Buddy Bolden, made by visual artist Lise Frogg. From 1987, recipients have received a travel grant; in 2011, the grant amounted to NKR 50,000.

The awards ceremony takes place at the club "Bare Jazz" in Oslo.

In 2009, the prize was awarded at "Dokkhuset" in Trondheim.

Statue
A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as colossal statues.

Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity, is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.
Ideomancer
Ideomancer was a Canadian quarterly online speculative fiction magazine whose contents included science fiction, fantasy, slipstream, horror, flash fiction and speculative poetry, along with reviews and interviews. The first issue debuted in 2001, and in 2002 the magazine was "rebooted" with new numbering under new editorship. Volume 1 of the current Ideomancer was established in 2002.

Chris Clarke and Mikal Trimm, who were on the original Ideomancer editorial team, edited an ebook anthology called Ideomancer Unbound published by Fictionwise in 2002. It includes stories by Charles Coleman Finlay, Jack Dann, Jeff VanderMeer, Tobias S. Buckell, Deborah Biancotti, Mike Resnick, and Claire McKenna, among others. Cover art is by Cat Sparks.

As of 2019, it appears that the magazine is now defunct. It ceased publication sometime after April 20, 2015, which was the date of the last tweet on their Twitter account.

Jack Dann
Jack Dann (born February 15, 1945) is an American writer best known for his science fiction, as well as an editor and a writing teacher, who has lived in Australia since 1994. He has published over seventy books, the majority being as editor or co-editor of story anthologies in the science fiction, fantasy and horror genres. He has published nine novels, numerous shorter works of fiction, essays, and poetry, and his books have been translated into thirteen languages. His work, which includes fiction in the science fiction, fantasy, horror, magical realism, and historical and alternative history genres, has been compared to Jorge Luis Borges, Roald Dahl, Lewis Carroll, J. G. Ballard, and Philip K. Dick.
The Little Lulu Show
The Little Lulu Show is an animated series based on Marjorie Henderson Buell's comic strip character Little Lulu. The series first aired in 1995 and ended in 1999.

The series was produced by the CINAR Corporation, in association with Western Publishing Company, Inc./Golden Books Family Entertainment, alongside HBO, Beta Film and the CTV Television Network Ltd. for the first two seasons, with the participation of The Cable Production Fund (Season 2) and the Family Channel (Season 3). For the third season, TMO-Loonland Film co-produced the series with CINAR.

Golden Book Video
Golden Book Video was a line of animated and live-action videos for children marketed by Western Publishing, which began during the holiday season of 1985. They featured characters and stories from Western's print publications, such as Little Golden Books, and were originally released on VHS video cassette for under $10.

The videos made use of limited animation techniques to add motion to original illustrations from Western's print books; Western called this approach "bringing storybooks to life".

Random House and Classic Media (now DreamWorks Classics) bought out Golden Books Family Entertainment in 2001.
Ah Xiu Xupan
Ah Xiu Xupan 
(Maya glyphs  


) was the last known ruler of the Mayan chiefdom of Tutul-Xiu when it was part of the League of Mayapan.

In 1441, Ah Xiu Xupan, who was the great ruler of Uxmal at that time, was given the task of starting a war with the royal family of Cocom, which founded Tibolón. He managed to kill everyone except for one Cocom survivor.  The war between Uxmal and Cocom plunged the league into chaos; there was segregation in the provinces and several uprisings broke out. By 1461, the league had completely disintegrated.

After the war, Yucatán was divided into sixteen kuchkabals.

Kuchkabal
A kuchkabal (Mayan pronunciation: [ˈkutʃ.ka.bal], plural: kuchkabalo'ob, literal translation: 'province,' 'state,' 'polity') was a system of social and political organisation common to Maya polities of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Maya Lowlands, during the Mesoamerican Postclassic. There were somewhere between 16 and 24 such provinces just prior to the Spanish conquest of Yucatán.
This is the Only Level
This is the Only Level is a 2009 meta Flash game developed by John Cooney and published by Armor Games. The title of the game is a literal description of the game - the whole game takes place in a single level the player has to play over and over again, albeit with several game-changing variations as the game progresses. The game has received an (unofficial) port to PICO-8. Cooney also released two sequels to the game, This is the Only Level Too and This is the Only Level 3. The game was included on a list of "10 Flash Games That Pushed the Limits of the Genre" in a 2021 Screen Rant listicle.

Metagame
A metagame broadly defined as "a game beyond the game", typically refers to either of two concepts: a game which revolves around a core game; or the strategies and approaches to playing a game. A metagame can serve a broad range of purposes, and may be tied to the way a game relates to various aspects of life.: 2,14

In competitive games, the metagame can refer to the most popular strategy, often called a game's meta, or preparation for a match in general.

In tabletop role-playing games, metagaming has been used to describe players discussing the game, sometimes simply rules discussions and other times causing the characters they control to act in ways they normally would not within the story.
2021 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb
The 2021 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb was held on December 7–11, 2021 in Sisak, Croatia. It was part of the 2021–22 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance.

The non-Challenger portion of the event for juniors was cancelled.

Sisak
Sisak (pronounced [sǐːsak]; also known by other alternative names) is a city in central Croatia, spanning the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers, 57 km (35 mi) southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m. The city's total population in 2021 was 40,185 of which 27,886 live in the urban settlement (naselje).

Sisak is the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia's biggest river port and a centre of river shipping industry (Dunavski Lloyd). It lies on the D36 state road and the Zagreb-Sisak-Novska railway. Sisak is a regional economic, cultural and historical center. The largest oil refinery in Croatia is located in Sisak.