hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Causes of intelligence
Causes of intelligence research investigates the impact of various influences on intelligence, as measured by IQ test scores and other indicators of cognitive ability. The environment and its interaction with genes account for a high proportion of the variation in intelligence between individual young children, and for a small proportion of the variation observed in mature adults. Historically, there has been great interest in the field of intelligence research to determine environmental influences on the development of cognitive functioning, in particular, fluid intelligence, as defined by its stabilization at 16 years of age. Despite the fact that intelligence stabilizes in early adulthood it is thought that genetic factors come to play more of a role in our intelligence during middle and old age and that the importance of the environment dissipates.

Fluid and crystallized intelligence
The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (g) is subdivided into gf and gc. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems. It is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem-solving, and learning. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational abstractions.
Thames Valley Health Innovation and Education Cluster
The Thames Valley Health Innovation and Education Cluster (TVHIEC) is a publicly funded partnership authorised by the Department of Health to improve innovation and education within the NHS across the Thames Valley. It was established on 1 April 2010 and is based in Oxford.
The Thames Valley Health Innovation and Education Cluster is one of seventeen HIECs established by the Department of Health in January 2010 to improve the quality of healthcare through increased innovation within health/social care and applied healthcare education across England. The themes of Thames Valley HIEC are:

Care Closer to Home

Patient Safety

Integrated Services

Capacity and Capability Development in Practice

Thames Valley HIEC is the mechanism by which ideas that promote the welfare of the patient make their way into working practice as soon as possible.

Thames valley is 15.1% short of cancer chemotherapy nurses and is 7% short of specialist cancer nurses.

Thames Valley
The Thames Valley is an area in South East England that extends along the River Thames west of London towards Oxford. The area is a major tourist destination and economic hub on the M4 corridor, with a high concentration of technology companies. The area east of Reading is defined by Natural England as the Thames Valley National Character Area, while Thames Valley Police cover the counties of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.
Shiremoor
Shiremoor is a village in Tyne and Wear, Northern England. It is in the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside and formerly governed under Northumberland. In the 2011 census, it was included in the Tynemouth area of Tyneside. It is near the North East Green Belt, which surrounds Tyneside, Wearside and Durham. It is located around 3+1⁄2 miles (5.5 kilometres) from Whitley Bay.

It was built for miners of local colliery pits. The village is made up of smaller areas which were built there in the 20th and 21st centuries. The oldest two areas of the village are Bertram Grange and Old Shiremoor. Park Estate, Leeches Estate, and Shiremoor centre were built later as the village expanded. It has a population of 4,782. In the early 2000s, Northumberland Park was built: this area, Backworth and West Allotment are all in Shiremoor.

North East Green Belt
The North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne & Wear Green Belt, is a non-statutory green belt environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in part of the North East region of England. It is centred on the county of Tyne and Wear, with areas of green belt extending into Northumberland and County Durham. It functions to protect surrounding towns and villages outside the Tyneside/Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Wearside/Sunderland conurbations from further convergence. This is managed by local planning authorities on guidance from central government.
Míchov
Míchov is a municipality and village in Blansko District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Míchov lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of Blansko, 37 km (23 mi) north of Brno, and 169 km (105 mi) east of Prague.

Blansko
Blansko (Czech pronunciation: [ˈblansko]; German: Blanz) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Svitava River on the border of the Moravian Karst. It is mainly an industrial town.
Christians in Science
Christians in Science (CiS) is a British organisation of scientists, philosophers, theologians, ministers, teachers, and science students, predominantly evangelical Christians, concerned with the dialogue between Christianity and science. The organisation was started in the 1940s as one of the professional groups of IVF (now UCCF), and was known as the Research Scientists' Christian Fellowship from 1950 until it adopted the current name in 1988.

It took on financial independence from UCCF in 1996. The organisation has over 850 members and includes R. J. Berry and John T. Houghton as two of its more noteworthy members.

Along with the Victoria Institute, it publishes Science and Christian Belief twice yearly.

John Houghton (physicist)
Sir John Theodore Houghton CBE FRS FLSW (30 December 1931 – 15 April 2020) was a Welsh atmospheric physicist who was the co-chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) scientific assessment working group which shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with Al Gore. He was lead editor of the first three IPCC reports. He was professor in atmospheric physics at the University of Oxford, former Director General at the Met Office and founder of the Hadley Centre.

He was the president of the John Ray Initiative, an organisation "connecting Environment, Science and Christianity", where he has compared the stewardship of the Earth, to the stewardship of the Garden of Eden by Adam and Eve. He was a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion. He became the president of the Victoria Institute in 2005.
The Water Is Wide (song)
"The Water Is Wide" or "The Water Is Deep" (also called "O Waly, Waly" or simply "Waly, Waly") is a folk song of British origin. It remains popular in the 21st century. Cecil Sharp published the song in Folk Songs From Somerset (1906).

John Rutter
Sir John Milford Rutter (born 24 September 1945) is an English composer, conductor, editor, arranger, and record producer, mainly of choral music. He founded the Cambridge Singers who premiered and recorded many of his works for his own label Collegium Records. His compositions, extended pieces for choir and orchestra, such as Requiem and Magnificat, and many choral works including For the beauty of the earth, Christmas Carol and A Clare Benediction, are popular, especially in the UK and the United States. He is known for Christmas carols, in both arrangements of traditional melodies and new compositions, and Carols for Choirs anthology series compiled with David Willcocks.
Born to Be Free (X Japan song)
"Born to Be Free" is a song by Japanese rock band X Japan, released on November 6, 2015.

It reached number 21 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100. It topped the iTunes rock charts in France, Sweden, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and Japan.

Chris Lord-Alge
Chris Lord-Alge is an American mix engineer. He is the brother of both Tom Lord-Alge and Jeff Lord-Alge, both of whom are also audio engineers. Chris and Tom are known for their abundant use of dynamic range compression for molding mixes that play well on small loudspeaker and FM broadcasting. Lord-Alge frequently collaborates with Howard Benson, who has produced the plurality of his mix discography.
Argentin (surname)
Argentin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christian Argentin (1893–1955), French actor

Moreno Argentin (born 1960), Italian cyclist and race director

Raymond Argentin (1924–2022), French sprint canoeist

Moreno Argentin
Moreno Argentin (born 17 December 1960) is an Italian former professional cyclist (from 1981 to 1994) and race director.

Born in San Donà di Piave (Veneto), Argentin won stages in the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia, and the Tour de Suisse. Known as Il Capo ("The Boss"), he won Liège–Bastogne–Liège four times, the La Flèche Wallonne three times, and the Tour of Flanders and Giro di Lombardia once. He became Italian national champion in 1983 and 1989, and world champion in 1986.

Argentin cofounded the Adriatica Ionica Race, first run in 2018.
Innes Gray
Innes Gray (born 1973) was a sportsman from Northern Ireland, who played rugby union, rugby league and association football. He represented Ireland at rugby league in 1998.

Gray played rugby union until 1998. He represented Ireland at schools level, and played twice for Ireland 'A'. He played club rugby for Instonians and Ballymena, and provincial rugby for Ulster. He left Ballymena in 1998. Switching to rugby league, he won two caps for Ireland while at Bangor Vikings. He went on to play soccer in the Irish League for Cliftonville and Ballyclare Comrades, and became player/manager of Queen's University Belfast A.F.C. in 2001.

He now works as a teacher at Royal Belfast Academical Institution.

Queen's University Belfast A.F.C.
Queen's University Association Football Club, referred to simply as Queen's is a semi-professional, Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Championship. Queen's AFC is associated with Queen's University Belfast.

Queen's University also have an affiliated football team known as Queen's Grads F.C. They were founded in 1973. Queen's Grads have teams registered in the Northern Amateur Football League and the Down Area Winter Football League. QUB AFC also registered a reserves team in the NAFL.
Andrew Lepani
Andrew Lepani (born 28 August 1979) was born in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, he is a footballer who played as a midfielder for PS United Port Moresby, Cosmos Port Moresby and Hekari United in the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League and the Papua New Guinea national football team.

PNG Hekari FC
PNG Hekari, formerly known as POM Souths, Souths United, PRK Souths United, Hekari Souths United, and Hekari United, is a professional soccer club formed in 2006, based in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

The club holds the record for most titles in the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League, having won nine titles, including eight consecutive titles from 2006 to 2014. They are also one of the two clubs from outside Australia and New Zealand to have won the OFC Champions League, and therefore to have represented Oceania at the FIFA Club World Cup, having achieved both in 2010.

After chairman John Kapi Natto spearheaded a split from the National Soccer League in 2017, the club competed for two seasons in the Papua New Guinea National Premier League, winning the inaugural edition. The club returned to the National Soccer League for the 2019 season, finishing second.
Hyperbubble
Hyperbubble is an international visual and performing arts electropop/synth-pop duo from San Antonio, Texas, formed by Jeff DeCuir and Jess Barnett DeCuir. The music of this American group is variously described as "early Eurythmics meets Josie and the Pussycats," referencing "markers such as New Musik, the Normal and Thomas Dolby." Their songs are "catchy synth pop that mixes kitsch, retrofuturism and pop art in a chrome blender and sets the contents jiggling to a hypnotic robo-rhythm" with "lyrics that offer quirky takes on SF tropes from cyborgs and clones to ray guns and erotic surveillance."

The Normal
The Normal is the recording artist name used by English music producer Daniel Miller, a film editor at the time, who is best known as the founder of the record label Mute Records. The project encompassed the industrial, synthpunk, and minimal synth, and existed from 1978 to 1980. The project is most known for its debut single, "Warm Leatherette", which would notably be covered by Grace Jones, Duran Duran, and Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross of Nine Inch Nails, and was also featured in the American horror film Antebellum (2020).
Arthur K. Snyder
Arthur Kress Snyder (November 10, 1932 – November 7, 2012) was an American lawyer, politician, and restaurateur. He served on the Los Angeles, California, City Council between 1967 and 1985 and later engaged in a private law practice.

Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles
Lincoln Heights is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California, United States. It was originally called "East Los Angeles" from 1873 to 1917. It is a densely populated, mostly Latino and Asian neighborhood that includes many historic landmarks and was known as "the Bedroom of the Pueblo".
Michael Kerrisk
Michael Kerrisk is a technical author, programmer and, since 2004, maintainer of the Linux man-pages project, succeeding Andries Brouwer. He was born in 1961 in New Zealand and lives in Munich, Germany.

Kerrisk has worked for Digital Equipment, Google, The Linux Foundation and, as an editor and writer, for LWN.net. Currently, he works as a freelance consultant and trainer.

He is best known for his book The Linux Programming Interface, published by No Starch Press in 2010. This book is widely regarded as the definitive work on Linux system programming and has been translated into several languages.

As the maintainer of the Linux man-pages project, Kerrisk has authored or co-authored about a third of the man pages and worked on improving the project's infrastructure. For his contributions he received a Special Award of the 2016 New Zealand Open Source Awards.

LWN.net
LWN.net is a computing webzine with an emphasis on free software and software for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It consists of a weekly issue, separate stories which are published most days, and threaded discussion attached to every story. Most news published daily are short summaries of articles published elsewhere, and are free to all viewers. Original articles are usually published weekly on Thursdays and are available only to subscribers for two weeks, after which they become free as well. LWN.net is part of Eklektix, Inc.

LWN caters to a more technical audience than other Linux/free software publications. It is often praised for its in-depth coverage of Linux kernel internals and Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) discussions.

The acronym "LWN" originally stood for Linux Weekly News; that name is no longer used because the site no longer covers exclusively Linux-related topics, and it has daily as well as weekly content.
HMS Vanguard (1748)
HMS Vanguard was a 70-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 16 April 1748. She was built by Philemon Ewer at his East Cowes yard on the Isle of Wight to the draught specified by the 1745 Establishment, at a cost of £8,009. She was the fourth vessel of the Royal Navy to bear the name Vanguard.

She took part in the capture of Louisbourg in 1758 under Admiral Edward Boscawen, and in the capture of Quebec during the battle of Quebec in 1759 under Admiral Charles Saunders.

The following year, during the French siege of Quebec Vanguard sailing up the Saint Lawrence River pursued two French frigates along with  HMS Diana. The Atlante, commanded by Jean Vauquelin, and the Pomone sunk, and the important personnel were taken prisoner. In 1762, under the command of Sir George Rodney, she took part in the capture of Martinique.

Vanguard was sold out of the navy in 1774.

1745 Establishment
The 1745 Establishment was the third and final formal establishment of dimensions for ships to be built for the Royal Navy. It completely superseded the previous 1719 Establishment, which had subsequently been modified in 1733 and again in 1741 (but not formally replaced on either occasion). Although partially intended to correct the problems of the ships built to the earlier Establishments, the ships of the 1745 Establishment proved just as unsatisfactory, and important changes in the make-up of the Admiralty and Navy Boards finally led to the end of the establishment era by around 1751.
Muqaylibah
Al-Muqaylibah (Arabic: المقيليبة)  is a Syrian village located in Markaz Rif Dimashq District, Rif Dimashq. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Muqaylibah had a population of 5,022 in the 2004 census. To its north are Marana, Kawkab, and the 100th Regiment Base, to its east is al-Kiswah, to its south is Al-Taybah and to its west are Deir Khabiyah and Zakiyah.

Rif Dimashq Governorate
Rif Dimashq Governorate (Arabic: محافظة ريف دمشق, romanized: Moḥaafaẓat Reef Demashq, lit. "Damascus Countryside" or "Damascus Suburbs") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.

The Governorate completely surrounds the city and governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).

The Governorate was a major site of fighting in the Syrian Civil War in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign.
South Central Conference (California)
The South Central Conference (SoCentral) was a junior college athletic conference with member schools located in Southern California. The conference was formed in 1948 by the Southern Conference Junior College Association. The conference's initial members were Antelope Valley College of Lancaster, Central Junior College of El Centro, Oceanside-Carlsbad Junior College of Oceanside, Palomar College of Vista, and Palo Verde Junior College of Blythe, California.

Antelope Valley College
Antelope Valley College (AVC) is a public community college in Lancaster, California. It is part of the California Community College system. It is operated by the Antelope Valley Community College District, with a primary service area of 1,945 square miles (5,040 km2) covering portions of Los Angeles and Kern counties. Instruction is offered at several sites, including Palmdale and Lancaster, and through online and instructional television courses.

The college offers Associate in Arts and Associate in Science degrees in 71 fields as well as certificate programs in 59 vocational areas.

The main campus in Lancaster hosts the satellite location of California State University, Bakersfield-Antelope Valley (CSUB-AV), where students can obtain bachelor's and master's degrees in select subjects.
Coffee Airport
The Coffee Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto del Café or AeroCafé) is an under construction international airport in the town of Palestina, Caldas, Colombia. It is planned to replace La Nubia Airport, that currently serves the city of Manizales and the Colombian coffee growing axis region at large.

Palestina, Caldas
Palestina is a town in the south central region of the state of Caldas, Colombia. Located in the Triangle of Coffee Area, with a culture and tradition related to the colonization of Antioquia and the coffee growing. Because of this, the historic center of the town and surrounding rural areas were named part of the "Coffee Cultural Landscape" UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.

Palestina's airport "Aeropuerto Internacional del Café", enables export cargo especially given the proximity to the city of Manizales (important industrial center), the diversity of agriculture and agribusiness in its area of influence – municipalities comprising the departments of Risaralda, Caldas, Quindio and the north of Valle del Cauca.

This town has very different climatic zones, because its territory is from the banks of the Cauca River, to the county seat located at the top of the mountain.
Matías Sánchez (volleyball)
Matías Sánchez Pages (born 20 September 1996) is an Argentine professional volleyball player who plays as a setter for Montpellier Volley and the Argentina national team. Sánchez won a bronze medal at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020.

2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship
The 2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship was the eighteenth edition of the FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship, which was hosted by Mexico from 11 to 20 September 2015 in the cities of Mexicali and Tijuana.

Russia, won the tournament after defeating Argentina 3-2 in the final match, thus securing the country's tenth title and the third in a row, after winning the editions of 2011 in Brazil and 2013 in Turkey. Pavel Pankov was elected the Most Valuable Player.
Colette Crabbé
Colette Crabbé is a Belgian swimmer. Becoming Belgian champion in 400m freestyle in 1973, in 100m breaststroke in 1975, in 200 m breaststroke in 1974 and 1975, and in 400m individual medley in 1973-1976. She competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics where she competed in the 200 metre breaststroke.

She is mother of triathlete Claire Michel.

Swimming at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre breaststroke
The women's 200 metre breaststroke event, included in the swimming competition at the 1976 Summer Olympics, took place on July 21, at the Olympic Pool in Montreal, Canada. In this event, swimmers covered four lengths of the 50-metre (160 ft) Olympic-sized pool employing the breaststroke. It was the twelfth appearance of the event, which first appeared at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. A total of 39 competitors from 22 nations participated in the event.
Under Strange Flags
Under Strange Flags is a 1937 American drama film directed by I. V. Willat and starring Tom Keene, Luana Walters, and Maurice Black. It was released on August 16, 1937. During production, it was also titled South of Sonora and Beyond Victory at various times.

Irvin Willat
Irvin V. Willat (November 18, 1890 – April 17, 1976) was an American film director of the silent film era. He directed 39 films between 1917 and 1937. Early in his career Willat worked as a cinematographer on several films. His older brother Edwin Willat (1882–1950) was cinematographer on several silent films.
By-elections to the 28th Canadian Parliament
By-elections to the 28th Canadian Parliament were held to fill vacancies in the House of Commons of Canada between the 1968 federal election and the 1972 federal election. The Liberal Party of Canada led a majority government for the entirety of the 29th Canadian Parliament, though their number did decrease from by-elections.

Fifteen seats became vacant during the life of the Parliament. Eleven of these vacancies were filled through by-elections, and four seats remained vacant when the 1972 federal election was called.

1968 Canadian federal election
The 1968 Canadian federal election was held on June 25, 1968, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 28th Parliament of Canada.

In April 1968, Prime Minister Lester Pearson of the Liberal Party resigned as party leader as a result of declining health and failing to win a majority government in two attempts. He was succeeded by his Minister of Justice and Attorney General Pierre Trudeau, who called an election immediately after becoming prime minister. Trudeau's charisma appealed to Canadian voters; his popularity became known as "Trudeaumania" and helped him win a comfortable majority. Robert Stanfield's Progressive Conservatives lost seats whereas the New Democratic Party's support stayed the same.