hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peter Ventress
Peter John Ventress (born 3 December 1960) is a British businessman who has been non-executive chairman of Galliford Try since 2016. He became Chairman of Bunzl in April 2020.

He was educated at St Joseph's College, Upper Norwood, Greyfriars, Oxford (BA Modern History and Modern Languages, 1983), and the Open University (MBA 1993). He was CEO of Corporate Express NV from 2007 to 2008, President of Staples International from 2008 to 2009, and CEO of Berendsen from 2010 to 2015.

Staples Business Advantage
Staples Business Advantage is the contract division of Staples Inc., providing a membership program for office products, technology products, facilities supplies and breakroom supplies to businesses and institutions.  Established in 1993 as Staples Contract and Commercial, the division was rebranded as Staples National Advantage and Staples Business Advantage in 1995.  In 2008, Staples acquired Corporate Express (previously known as Buhrmann), expanding its contract offering to a global market.  In 2009, this division was rebranded as Staples Advantage.
Bothayna El Essa
Bothayna El Essa (Arabic: بثينة العيسى) is a novelist from Kuwait. A well-known author in modern Arabic literature, her novel The Book Censor's Library was longlisted for the 2024 National Book Award for Fiction in their category for translated literature.

Modern Arabic literature
The instance that marked the shift in Arabic literature towards modern Arabic literature can be attributed to the contact between  Arab world and the West during the 19th and early 20th century. This contact resulted in the gradual replacement of Classical Arabic forms with Western ones. Genres like plays, novels, and short stories were coming to the fore. Although the exact date in which this reformation in literary production occurred is unknown, the rise of modern Arabic literature was "inseparable" from the Nahda, also referred to as the Arab Renaissance.

Aleppine writer Qustaki al-Himsi (1858–1941) is credited with having founded modern Arabic literary criticism, with one of his works, The researcher's source in the science of criticism.
The Duke of Wellington with Colonel Gurwood at Apsley House
The Duke of Wellington with Colonel Gurwood at Apsley House is a painting of 1840 by the British artist Andrew Morton. It depicts the Duke of Wellington in the library of his London residence Apsley House with Colonel John Gurwood. By then a former prime minister, Wellington is shown with Gurwood, who was editing his dispatches from the Napoleonic Wars which were published around this time. Gurwood is shown pulling out the dispatch covering Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

It was displayed at the Royal Academy's 1840 Summer Exhibition at the National Gallery. Today the painting is in the collection of the Wallace Collection in Marylebone, having been acquired by the Marquess of Hertford in 1859.

Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford
Captain Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford (22 February 1800 – 25 August 1870) was an English aristocrat, with extensive land holdings in the south of England and the north of Ireland, and sometime politician who spent his life in France devoted to collecting art. From birth to 1822 he was styled Viscount Beauchamp and from 1822 to 1843 Earl of Yarmouth.
Agriculture in London
Agriculture in London is a rather small enterprise, with only 8.6% of the Greater London area being used for commercial farming, nearly all of which is close to Greater London's outer boundaries. There are a few city farms closer to the centre of the city and about 30,000 allotments. There are 135.66 square kilometres (135,660,000 m2) of farmland in the Greater London area. Nearly all of the farmland in the London area is a basis for the growing culture.

Farmland in London is predominantly present in five boroughs: Bromley (of which an estimated 35% is farmland), Havering (estimated 44%), Hillingdon (estimated 23%), Enfield (estimate 22%) and Barnet (estimate 17%). The Lea Valley is a significant centre for salad crops.

Lea Valley
The Lea Valley (also spelt Lee Valley), the valley of the River Lea, has been used as a transport corridor, a source of sand and gravel, an industrial area, a water supply for London, and a recreational area. The London 2012 Summer Olympics were based in Stratford, in the Lower Lea Valley. It is important for London's water supply, as the source of the water transported by the New River aqueduct, but also as the location for the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain, stretching from Enfield through Tottenham and Walthamstow.
English ship Happy Entrance
Happy Entrance was a middling ship of the English navy, built by Andrew Burrell at Deptford and launched in 1619. King James I originally named the ship Buckingham's Entrance to mark the appointment of his favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, as Lord High Admiral of England. But she was subsequently renamed.

During the Second English Civil War she served on the side of Parliament under the command of Richard Badiley. In April 1649, a party of seamen from Happy Entrance captured and burnt the Royalist ship Antelope at Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands. Antelope was then over 100 years old and was a veteran of the 1588 campaign against the Spanish Armada.

Happy Entrance was present at the Battle of the Gabbard on the 2–3 June 1653, as part of the Blue Squadron. She was under the command of Captain Richard Newbery.

Happy Entrance was destroyed by fire in 1658.

Battle of the Gabbard
The Battle of the Gabbard, was a naval battle fought from 2 to 3 June 1653  during the First Anglo-Dutch War. It took place near the Gabbard shoal off the coast of Suffolk, England, between fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic. It resulted in a significant English victory.
F-flat major
F-flat major (or the key of F-flat) is a key based on F♭, consisting of the pitches F♭, G♭, A♭, B♭♭, C♭, D♭, and E♭. Its key signature has eight flats, requiring one double flat and six single flats. Because F-flat major requires eight flats, including a B, it is almost always notated as its enharmonic equivalent of E major, with four sharps. The same is true of the relative minor of D-flat minor, usually replaced by C-sharp minor. F-flat minor, the parallel minor, would be replaced by E minor, since F-flat minor requires four double-flats.

The F-flat major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The F-flat harmonic major and melodic major scales are:

The scale-degree chords of F-flat major are:

Tonic – F-flat major

Supertonic – G-flat minor

Mediant – A-flat minor

Subdominant – B-double-flat major

Dominant – C-flat major

Submediant – D-flat minor

Leading-tone – E-flat diminished

Sharp (music)
In music, sharp – eqv. dièse (from French) or diesis (from Greek δίεσις) – means higher in pitch. The sharp symbol, ♯, indicates that the note to which the symbol is applied is played one chromatic semitone higher. The opposite of sharp is flat, indicating a lowering of pitch.  The symbol derives from a square form of the letter b.
Third Army Air Service
The Third Army Air Service was a United States Army Air Service organization stationed in France and Occupied Germany in the immediate aftermath of World War I. It was demobilized in Germany on 2 July 1919.  There is no modern United States Air Force unit that shares its lineage and history.

Ligny-en-Barrois
Ligny-en-Barrois (French pronunciation: [liɲi ɑ̃ baʁwa] ⓘ, lit. 'Ligny in Barrois') is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The town is in the arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc, beside the canal that links the rivers Rhine and Marne, fifteen kilometres to the south east of Bar-le-Duc: it is the administrative seat of the canton of Ligny-en-Barrois. The area of Ligny-en-Barrois is 32.26 km2.

A principal employer is the French Evobus motor bus assembly plant. Ligny is also the home town of the Essilor company which specialises in ophthalmic lens production.
Palakkuzha
Palakkuzha is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located in the alternate route from Koothattukulam to Muvattupuzha. The nearest points are Pandappilly, Kozhippilly. The village lies 48 km from Ernakulam city and 13 km from Muvattupuzha.

Koothattukulam
Koothattukulam is a municipality of Kerala state, India in the Ernakulam district. It is  32 km (19.9 mi) south of the district headquarters in Thrikkakara and about 156 km (96.9 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Koothattukulam has a population of 17,253 people, and a population density of 755/km2 (1,960/sq mi). It is at the junction of Ernakulam, Kottayam, and Idukki districts, in the foothills of the Western Ghats and is part of the Keezhmalanad region.

The town comprises five main localities: Koothattukulam, Vadakara, Paittakulam, Kizhakombu and Edayar.
Louis Schindelmeisser
Louis (Ludwig) Alexander Balthasar Schindelmeisser (8 December 1811 - 30 March 1864) was a nineteenth-century German clarinetist, conductor and composer. He was born Königsberg, Prussia, and studied in Berlin and Leipzig. He was an early and enthusiastic partisan of Richard Wagner, arranging his first performances in Wiesbaden and Darmstadt of Tannhäuser, of which he conducted the premiere, Rienzi and Lohengrin.

Tannhäuser (opera)
Tannhäuser (German: [ˈtanhɔʏzɐ]; full title Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg, "Tannhäuser and the Minnesängers' Contest at Wartburg") is an 1845 opera in three acts, with music and text by Richard Wagner (WWV 70 in the catalogue of the composer's works). It is based on two German legends: Tannhäuser, the mythologized medieval German Minnesänger and poet, and the tale of the Wartburg Song Contest. The story centres on the struggle between sacred and profane love, as well as redemption through love, a theme running through most of Wagner's work.

The opera remains a staple of major opera house repertoire in the 21st century.
2C-B-DRAGONFLY
2C-B-DRAGONFLY (2C-B-DFLY) is a recreational designer drug with psychedelic effects of the phenethylamine, 2C, and FLY families. It can be regarded as the fully aromatic derivative of 2C-B-FLY. 2C-B-DRAGONFLY is stronger than 2C-B or 2C-B-FLY with around 2–3x the potency of 2C-B in animal studies, demonstrating the importance of the fully aromatic benzodifuran ring system for optimum receptor binding at 5-HT2A, but it is still considerably less potent than its alpha-methyl derivative Bromo-DragonFLY. It is a controlled substance in Canada under phenethylamine blanket-ban language. The drug is not an explicitly controlled substance in the United States.

5-HT2A receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and functions as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a cell surface receptor that activates multiple intracellular signalling cascades.
Like all 5-HT2 receptors, the 5-HT2A receptor is coupled to the Gq/G11 signaling pathway. It is the primary excitatory receptor subtype among the serotonin-responsive GPCRs. The 5-HT2A receptor was initially noted for its central role as the primary target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. It later regained research prominence when found to mediate, at least in part, the effects of many antipsychotic drugs, particularly atypical antipsychotics.
Spialia osthelderi
Spialia osthelderi, Osthelder's skipper, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found from Asia Minor, the Middle East to Lebanon and through Iraq and Iran to Afghanistan. The habitat consists of dry stream beds and stony slopes in mountainous areas up to altitudes of 2,600 meters.

Adults are on wing from April to May, probably in two generations per year.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Coregonus lutokka
Coregonus lutokka is a putative species of whitefish in the genus Coregonus. It is native to Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga in Karelia, but it has been introduced to many other water bodies in Russia.  It eats benthic larvae, molluscs and crustaceans, but in the summer it usually switches to feed on zooplankton.

It was originally described in 1916 by Lev Berg as Coregonus widegreni ludoga.

Karelia
Karelia (/kəˈriːliə, kəˈriːljə/; Karelian and Finnish: Karjala [ˈkɑrjɑlɑ]; Livvi: Karjal; Russian: Каре́лия, romanized: Kareliya [kɐˈrʲelʲɪjə], historically Коре́ла, Korela [kɐˈrʲelʲə]; Swedish: Karelen [kɑˈreːlen]) is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Russia (including the Soviet era), Finland, and Sweden. It is divided between northwestern Russia (the federal subjects of the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast) and Finland (the regions of South Karelia, North Karelia, and the eastern portion of Kymenlaakso).
Home to Danger
Home to Danger is a 1951 British second feature film noir crime film directed by Terence Fisher starring Guy Rolfe, Rona Anderson and Stanley Baker. It was written by Written for  Francis Edge and John Temple-Smith from a scenario by Ian Stuart Black.

Ian Stuart Black
Ian Stuart Black (21 March 1915 – 13 October 1997) was a British novelist, playwright and screenwriter. Both his 1959 novel In the Wake of a Stranger and his 1962 novel about the Cyprus emergency, The High Bright Sun, were made into films, Black writing the screenplays in each case.
Sai Wan Ho Civic Centre
Sai Wan Ho Civic Centre is a community arts centre in Sai Wan Ho, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong and maintained by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, one of the successors to the territory's Urban Council. It was opened on 4 December 1990.

The 3-floor venue consists of:

Cultural Activities Hall (seats 110)

Music Practice Rooms - 2 rooms seating 20 each

Theatre (1/F) - 471 seat auditorium with stage

Art Studios - 2 rooms seating 20 and 30 people

URBTIX Box Office

It is serviced by Sai Wan Ho station of the MTR Island line.

Island line (MTR)
The Island line (Chinese: 港島綫) is one of ten lines of the MTR, the mass transit system in Hong Kong. It runs from Kennedy Town in the Western district to Chai Wan in the Eastern District on Hong Kong Island, passing through the territory's major business districts of Central, Wan Chai and Causeway Bay, and connecting them with built-up areas on the north shore of the island.

The line first opened on 31 May 1985. As of 2022 it travels 16.3 kilometres (10.1 mi) in 25 minutes along its route, serving 17 stations.
Styrian Table of Peoples
The Styrian Table of Peoples (German: Steirische Völkertafel) is an early 18th-century oil painting which shows stereotypical depictions of 10 different European peoples above a table of their purported characteristics. The painting provides an example of historic ethnic stereotypes.

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.
Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour season 2002–03
The 2002–03 Pro Tour season was the eighth season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. On 24 August 2002 the season began with Grand Prix Sapporo. It ended on 10 August 2003 with the conclusion of the 2003 World Championship in Berlin. The season consisted of 21 Grand Prixs and 6 Pro Tours, held in Boston, Houston, Chicago, Venice, Yokohama, and Berlin. Also Master Series tournaments were held at four Pro Tours. At the end of the season Kai Budde was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year for the third time in a row.

Justin Gary
Justin Gary is an American Magic: The Gathering player. At age 17, Gary was U.S. junior champion in 1997. His most notable Pro Tour finish is his win at Pro Tour Houston 2002. Rob Dougherty and Darwin Kastle who both tested with Gary finished second and third respectively at the same event. In 2010, Gary founded Gary Games. In August 2010 the first product, Ascension: Chronicle of the Godslayer, was introduced at Gen Con. The deck-building game, designed by Gary along with Brian Kibler, John Fiorillo, and Rob Dougherty, received a larger introduction in 2012 through a Kickstarter campaign. That same year the company changed its name to Stone Blade Entertainment, and in 2013 they followed up their release of Ascension with the development and limited production of SolForge, a digital-only collectible card game.
2017 IIHF World Championship Division II
The 2017 IIHF World Championship Division II was an international ice hockey tournament run by the Zurich, Switzerland-based International Ice Hockey Federation. Group A was contested in Galati, Romania from 3 to 9 April 2017 and Group B in Auckland, New Zealand from 4 to 10 April 2017.

Plus–minus (sports)
Plus−minus (+/−, ±, plus/minus) is a sports statistic used to measure a player's impact, represented by the difference between their team's total scoring versus their opponent's when the player is in the game.
Cupiennin
Cupiennins are a group of small cytolytic peptides from the venom of the wandering spider Cupiennius salei. They are known to have high bactericidal, insecticidal and haemolytic activities. They are chemically cationic α-helical peptides. They were isolated and identified in 2002 as a family of peptides called cupiennin 1. The sequence was determined by a process called Edman degradation, and the family consists of cupiennin 1a, cupiennin 1b, cupiennin 1c, and cupiennin 1d. The amino acid sequences of cupiennin 1b, c, and d were obtained by a combination of sequence analysis and mass spectrometric measurements of comparative tryptic peptide mapping. Even though they are not strong toxins, they do enhance the effect of the spider venom by synergistically enhancing other components of the venom, such CSTX.

Cytolysis
Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane channels called aquaporins, which greatly facilitate the flow of water. It occurs in a hypotonic environment, where water moves into the cell by osmosis and causes its volume to increase to the point where the volume exceeds the membrane's capacity and the cell bursts. The presence of a cell wall prevents the membrane from bursting, so cytolysis only occurs in animal and protozoa cells which do not have cell walls. The reverse process is  plasmolysis.
Simon Williams (artist)
Simon Williams is a Welsh comic artist, based in Cardiff who has worked professionally in comics since 2003. Most recently Williams has become well known for his collaborations with David Hasselhoff and Jon Mikl Thor.

Action Man (comics)
Action Man was a UK comic book series published by Panini Comics, based on the Hasbro toy line of the same name. It ran for 138 issues between 1996 and January 18, 2006 before being surpassed by spin-off series Action Man: A.T.O.M.. The comic was initially published every month, with this later changing to every three weeks. The final editor was Ed Caruana, with previous editors including Rob Jones.
KJOR
KJOR (104.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Spanish Adult Contemporary and Ranchera music radio format. Licensed to Windsor, California, it serves the Santa Rosa area. The station is currently owned by Lazer Media.

Ranchera
Ranchera (pronounced [ranˈtʃeɾa]) or canción ranchera is a genre of traditional music of Mexico. It dates to before the years of the Mexican Revolution. Rancheras today are played in the vast majority of regional Mexican music styles. Drawing on rural traditional folk music, the ranchera developed as a symbol of a new national consciousness in reaction to the aristocratic tastes of the period.
Heidrek
Heidrek or Heiðrekr (Old Norse: [ˈhɛiðˌrekz̠]) is one of the main characters in the cycle about the magic sword Tyrfing. He appears in the Hervarar saga, and probably also in Widsith, together with his sons Angantyr (Incgentheow) and Hlöð (Hlith), and Hlöð's mother Sifka (Sifeca). The etymology is heiðr, meaning "honour", and rekr, meaning "ruler, king".

Widsith
"Widsith" (Old English: Wīdsīþ, "far-traveller", lit. "wide-journey"), also known as "The Traveller's Song", is an Old English poem of 143 lines. It survives only in the Exeter Book (pages 84v–87r), a manuscript of Old English poetry compiled in the late-10th century, which contains approximately one-sixth of all surviving Old English poetry. "Widsith" is located between the poems "Vainglory" and "The Fortunes of Men". Since the donation of the Exeter Book in 1076, it has been housed in Exeter Cathedral in southwestern England. The poem is for the most part a survey of the people, kings, and heroes of Europe in the Heroic Age of Northern Europe.
Asher Independent School District
The Asher Independent School District, also known as Asher Public Schools, is a school district based in Asher, Oklahoma, United States. It contains an elementary school, a middle school, and a high school. The district-wide mascot is the Indians.

The district includes Asher. The district, mostly in Pottawatomie County, extends into McClain and Pontotoc counties.

Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
Pottawatomie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 72,454. Its county seat is Shawnee.

Pottawatomie County is part of the Shawnee, OK micropolitan statistical area, which is Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma Government in the Oklahoma City–Shawnee, OK combined statistical area.
Military Governor (Russia)
The Military Governor (Russian: Военный губернатор) was the highest government and military official in a Governorate or Oblast, who was also the commander of troops in his area in the Russian Empire until 1917.

Samarkand Oblast
The Samarkand Oblast was an oblast (province) of the Russian Empire between 1887 and 1924. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day central Uzbekistan and northwestern Tajikistan. It was created out of the northeastern part of the Emirate of Bukhara. It consisted of the uyezds of Samarkand (incl. cities Samarkand and Pendzhikent), Dzhizak (incl. city Dzhizak), Katta-Kurgan (incl. city Katta-Kurgan) and Khodzhent (incl. cities Khodzhent and Uratyube).