hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Skeletocutis niveicolor
Skeletocutis niveicolor is a species of poroid crust fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was first described in 1920 by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill as Poria niveicolor. The type was collected on well-rotted wood found in Cockpit Country, Jamaica in 1909. Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus Skeletocutis in 1985. He noted that it was readily distinguished from other Skeletocutis species by its small spores, which measure 2.5–3.1 by 1.5–2 μm. In addition to Jamaica, the fungus has been also reported from Argentina and Costa Rica.

Polyporaceae
The Polyporaceae (/pɔːliːpoʊreɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota.  The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to very tough.  Most members of this family have their hymenium (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. Panus) or gill-like structures (such as Daedaleopsis, whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth).  Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus Abundisporus have colored spores and produce yellowish spore prints. Cystidia are absent.
Claus Bjørn
Claus Ebbe Bjørn (7 October 1944 – 18 April 2005) was a Danish author, historian, and television and radio broadcaster, who was Associate Professor of Agricultural History at the University of Copenhagen, Chairman of the Danish Agricultural History Society and Member of the Royal Danish Society of the History of the Fatherland.

Egmont Group
The Egmont Group (officially Egmont International Holding A/S; known as Gutenberghus Group until 1992) is a Danish media corporation founded and rooted in Copenhagen, Denmark. The business area of Egmont has traditionally been magazine publishing, but has over the years evolved to comprise mass media generally.
Weissman score
The Weissman score is a performance metric for lossless compression applications. It was developed by Tsachy Weissman, a professor at Stanford University, and Vinith Misra, a graduate student, at the request of producers for HBO's television series Silicon Valley, a television show about a fictional tech start-up working on a data compression algorithm. It compares both required time and compression ratio of measured applications, with those of a de facto standard according to the data type.

The formula is the following; where r is the compression ratio, T is the time required to compress, the overlined ones are the same metrics for a standard compressor, and alpha is a scaling constant.

The Weissman score has been used by Daniel Reiter Horn  and Mehant Baid of Dropbox to explain real-world work on lossless compression. According to the authors it "favors compression speed over ratio in most cases."

Computer performance
In computing, computer performance is the amount of useful work accomplished by a computer system. Outside of specific contexts, computer performance is estimated in terms of accuracy, efficiency and speed of executing computer program instructions. When it comes to high computer performance, one or more of the following factors might be involved:

Short response time for a given piece of work.

High throughput (rate of processing work tasks).

Low utilization of computing resources.
Fast (or highly compact) data compression and decompression.

High availability of the computing system or application.

High bandwidth.

Short data transmission time.
Le Vernet
Le Vernet or Vernet is the name or part of the name of the following communes in France:

Le Vernet, Allier, in the Allier department

Le Vernet, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Le Vernet, Ariège, in the Ariège department

Vernet, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department

Le Vernet, Haute-Loire, in the Haute-Loire department

Vernet-la-Varenne, in the Puy-de-Dôme department

Vernet-les-Bains, in the Pyrénées-Orientales department

Le Vernet-Sainte-Marguerite, in the Puy-de-Dôme department

Vernet-les-Bains
Vernet-les-Bains (French pronunciation: [vɛʁnɛ le bɛ̃] ⓘ; lit. 'Vernet-the-Baths'; Catalan: Vernet) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France.

The Catalan word for an alder tree is "vern". "Vernet" is derived from "verneda", a Catalan word meaning a group of alder trees. Vernet officially became Vernet-les-Bains in 1953.

It is a centre for visitors and holidaymakers. The village has a sunny climate (with, on average, 300 days of sunshine each year) and is set in a sheltered valley in the foothills of the Canigó mountain – which rises to a height of 2,785 metres (over 9,000 feet). Vernet-les-Bains is also known for its hot water springs. There is a professional spa/therapy centre in the village.
Exocannibalism
Exocannibalism (from Greek exo-, "from outside" and cannibalism, "to eat humans"), as opposed to endocannibalism, is the consumption of flesh from humans that do not belong to one's close social group—for example, eating one's enemies. It has been interpreted as an attempt to acquire desired qualities of the victim and as "ultimate form of humiliation and domination" of a vanquished enemy in warfare. Such practices have been documented in various cultures, including the Aztecs in Mexico and the Caribs and Tupinambá in South America.

Historically, it has also been used as a practical expediency in especially desperate attritional or guerrilla warfare when the extreme hunger and the abundance of humans being killed coincide to create conditions ripe for cannibalism. Some have interpreted the practice as a form of predation rather than a ritual act, seeing perpetrator and victim in the roles of predator versus prey.

Attrition warfare
Attrition warfare is a form of military strategy in which one side attempts to gradually wear down its opponent to the point of collapse by inflicting continuous losses in personnel, materiel, and morale. The term attrition is derived from the Latin word atterere, meaning "to wear down" or "to rub against", reflecting the grinding nature of the strategy.
Princella Adubea
Princella Adubea (born 27 December 1998) is a Ghanaian professional women's football forward who plays in the Emirati side Abu Dhabi Country Club, and the Ghana women's national team. She represented Ghana at the U20 level at two World Cups in 2016 and 2018. She previously played for Sporting de Huelva.

Ghana Women's Premier League
The Ghana Women’s Premier League (GWPL), also known as the Malta Guinness Women's Premier League for sponsorship reasons, was launched in 2012 as the National Women's League (NWL) and is a top division league for women's soccer in Ghana. In November 2021, Hilary Boateng was appointed by the Ghana Football Association as the chairperson of the Women's Premier League Committee.
Star Caywood
Star Berton Caywood (October 6, 1915 – July 19, 1968) was a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives. He served two complete two-year terms and part of a third term in the State House, serving from 1963 until his death in 1968.

Colorado House of Representatives
The Colorado House of Representatives is the lower house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Colorado. The House is composed of 65 members from an equal number of constituent districts, with each district having roughly 80,000 people.  Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and are limited to four consecutive terms in office, but can run again after a four-year respite.

The Colorado House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Denver.
Blok M Bus Terminal
Blok M Terminal is a type-B bus terminal located within the commercial and entertainment quarter of Blok M in Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia. As a type-B terminal, it only serves city transport buses that connect several regions in Jakarta and its surrounding cities. The terminal primarily serves Transjakarta's BRT corridors and feeder routes. State-owned transport company Perum DAMRI also operates a number of shuttle bus services from the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport and several planned townships in Greater Jakarta to Blok M terminal. Apart from DAMRI, Mayasari Bakti and Sinar Jaya also operate their bus routes to this terminal.

Due to decreasing service quality, the government planned to revitalize the Blok M terminal. This will be the second revitalization of the terminal after the first one in 1992, which forms the current building of the terminal.

Sentul City, Indonesia
Sentul City (previously Bukit Sentul) is a modern housing area situated at Sentul, Babakan Madang, Bogor Regency, in West Java, Indonesia. Its geographical coordinates are 6 52' 0" South, 112 26' 0" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Sentul. Located near Bogor, it is about 48 km south of Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta. Sentul City is located at the western foot of the Jonggol Mountains, it is a mountainous township with an area of approximately 3100 hectares.
Deepender Singh
Deepender Singh (born 15 June 1994 Bhatpura, Sambhal, India) is a champion Indian para pistol sport shooter.  His family are subsistence farmers living between the Yamuna and Gangetic plains of western Uttar Pradesh.  He has won many gold and silver medals and set a new para world record at the Para World Cup in Bangkok.

Sambhal
Sambhal (pronounced sə̃bʰəl) is a city located in the Sambhal district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city lies approximately 158 km (98 mi) east of the national capital New Delhi and 355 km (220 mi) north-west of the state capital Lucknow. It also falls within the Rohilkhand region in the Moradabad division of the state, being approximately 32 km (20 miles) from the city of Moradabad.
2003 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy
The 2003 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy was the 11th edition of the Hockey Champions Trophy for women. It was held from 29 November to 7 December 2003 in Sydney, Australia.

Australia won the tournament for a record sixth time after defeating China 3–2 in the final.

Netherlands women's national field hockey team
The Netherlands' national women's field hockey team is currently number one on the International Hockey Federation (FIH) world rankings and the reigning world champion. The Netherlands is the most successful team in World Cup history, having won the title a record nine times. The team has also won ten Olympic medals.
Battle of Skuodas (1259)
The Battle of Skuodas or Schoden was fought in ca. 1259 near Skuodas in present-day Lithuania during the Lithuanian Crusade. The Samogitian army of 3,000 invaded Courland and on their way back defeated the Livonian Order, killing 33 knights and many more low-rank soldiers. In terms of knights killed, it was the eighth largest defeat of the Livonian Order in the 13th century. This victory led to a Semigallian insurrection against the Livonian crusaders, which lasted from 1259 to 1272.

Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".
Schilder
Schilder is mainly a Dutch surname, meaning "painter". Notable people with the surname include:

Anny Schilder (born 1959), Dutch singer

Cornelius Schilder (born 1941), Dutch bishop

Franz Alfred Schilder (1896–1970), Austrian-German zoologist

Henny Schilder (born 1984), Dutch football player

Herbert Schilder (1928–2006), American dental surgeon

Hilton Schilder (born 1959), South African musician

Klaas Schilder (1890–1952), Dutch theologian

Maria Schilder (1898–1975), German zoologist

Mike Schilder (born 1994), Dutch basketball player

Nick Schilder (born 1983), Dutch singer-songwriter

Paul Ferdinand Schilder (1886–1940), Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst

Robbert Schilder (born 1986), Dutch footballer

Shanna Schilder, Dutch politician

Simone Schilder (born 1967), Dutch tennis player

Franz Alfred Schilder
Franz Xaver Alfred Johann Schilder (born 13 April 1896 in Královské Vinohrady, now a district of Prague, died 11 August 1970 in Halle ) was an Austrian-born German biologist, taxonomist, malacologist and honorary professor of animal geography.
Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language
The Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Portuguese: Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa) or AGLP is a learned institution dedicated to the advancement, study and normalization of Galicia's language. The academy's goal is to promote the study of language and Reintegrationism, the concept that the Galician and Portuguese should be considered one and promote integration within the Lusophony.

Portuguese-speaking world
The Portuguese-speaking world, also known as the Lusophone world (Portuguese: mundo lusófono) or the Lusophony (Lusofonia), comprises the countries and territories in which the Portuguese language is an official, administrative, cultural, or secondary language. This article provides details regarding the geographical distribution of all Portuguese-speakers or Lusophones, regardless of legislative status. Portuguese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and is an official language of countries on four continents.
Jack Brereton
Jack Edgar Brereton (born 13 May 1991) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP)  for the Stoke-on-Trent South constituency from the 2017 general election until 2024.  A member of the Conservative Party, he is a former councillor on Stoke-on-Trent City Council.

Stoke-on-Trent City Council
Stoke-on-Trent City Council is the local authority of Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. Since 1997 it has been a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council. It is  independent from Staffordshire County Council.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2023. It meets at Stoke-upon-Trent Town Hall. Its main offices are divided between the Civic Centre adjoining the town hall and One Smithfield in Hanley.
Pyrus betulifolia
Pyrus betulifolia, known as the birchleaf pear in English and tang li in Chinese, is a deciduous wild pear tree native to the leafy forests of northern and central China and Tibet.  It can grow 10 meters high in optimal conditions. Formidable thorns (which are modified stems) protect its leaves from predation. These narrow and extended leaves, resembling smaller birch leaves, provide it with its specific name betulifolia, meaning "birch leaf".  Its small fruit (5–11 mm (0.20–0.43 in) in diameter) are used as ingredients in types of rice wine in China and sake in Japan.  It is used as rootstock for grafting popular Asian pear varieties.

Aerial stem modification
Aerial stem modifications are modifications to the aerial stems, vegetative buds and floral buds of plants growing in different conditions and which perform functions such as climbing, protection, support, synthesis of food, or vegetative propagation. Aerial stem structures that undergo modifications to perform these special functions include tendrils, thorns, hooks, phylloclade, tuberous stems, and bulbils. The auxiliary or the terminal part of the modified structures shows their stem nature.
USS Sallie Wood
USS Sallie Wood was a 256-ton steamer captured  by the Union Navy during the early years of the American Civil War.

She assigned by the Union Navy during the blockade of ports and waterways of the Confederate States of America to a number of duties: as a tugboat, a dispatch boat, a troopship, and as an ammunition ship, mostly on the Mississippi River and its tributaries.

Union navy
The Union navy is used to describe the United States Navy (USN) during the American Civil War, when it fought the Confederate States Navy (CSN). The term is sometimes used to describe vessels of war used on the rivers of the interior under the control of the Union army.
Antoine de La Rochefoucauld (knight)
Antoine de la Rochefoucauld, Seigneur de Chaumont-sur-Loire, served Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé as a knight (chevalier de l'ordre du Roi) and his chamberlain. On 7 October 1552, he married Cécile de Montmirail, daughter of Étienne de Montmirail, seigneur de Chambourcy, maître des requêtes and Louise de Selve.

He fought at the Battle of Jarnac on 13 March 1569, where the Prince de Condé was killed, and succeeded to withdraw his troops to Cognac. Charged by Gaspard de Coligny, he then took Nontron, 8 June.

Master of Requests (France)
A Master of Requests (French: maître des requêtes) is a counsel of the French Conseil d'État (Council of State), a high-level judicial officer of administrative law in France. The office has existed in one form or another since the Middle Ages.

The occupational title derives from two words. In jurisprudence and administration, the French term maître is an honorific for a barrister (a lawyer who acts in proceedings before a court of law), and requêtes are "appeals" or "petitions". (The legal term une requête civile is "a petition to an appellate court against a judgment.")
Taylor Loffler
Taylor Loffler (born February 25, 1992) is a Canadian former professional football safety. In the Canadian Football League (CFL)'s Amateur Scouting Bureau final rankings, he was ranked as the 11th best of the players eligible in the 2016 CFL draft. He was then drafted in the third round, 19th overall, by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and signed with the team on May 18, 2016. He was the Blue Bombers' nominee for most outstanding rookie in 2016. He played NCAA football for the Boise State Broncos from 2011 to 2014, although due to injuries, he only dressed for games in the 2013 season. He then transferred to the University of British Columbia and played Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) football with the UBC Thunderbirds in 2015. He announced his retirement from football on June 23, 2021.

U Sports football
U Sports football is the highest level of amateur play of Canadian football and operates under the auspices of U Sports, Canada's governing body for university sports. Twenty-seven teams from Canadian universities are divided into four athletic conferences, drawing from the four regional associations of U Sports: Canada West Universities Athletic Association, Ontario University Athletics, Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec, and Atlantic University Sport. At the end of every season, the champions of each conference advance to semifinal bowl games; the winners of these meet in the Vanier Cup national championship.
All-Ukrainian Council of Trade Unions
The All-Ukrainian Council of Trade Unions (Ukrainian: Всеукраїнська рада професійних спілок, VURPS) was a national trade union federation in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The first trade union federation in Ukraine was the All-Ukrainian Central Council of Trade Unions, which was suppressed in 1919.  In 1920, the Bolsheviks established the Bureau for the South of Russia, as part of the Soviet All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.  In 1924, this was refounded as VURPS.  It grew to have more than 2,000,000 members by 1929, but remained subordinate to the Soviet federation.  In 1937, it was dissolved, and was not replaced until after World War II, when the Ukrainian Republican Council of Trade Unions was established.

All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions
The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (ACCTU; Russian: Всесоюзный центральный совет профессиональных союзов, VTsSPS) was the  national trade union federation of the Soviet Union.

The federation was established in January 1918.  In October 1990, it was dissolved, and replaced by the General Confederation of Trade Unions of the USSR.
HMS Condor
Two vessels of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Condor after the condor, the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere.

HMS Condor (1876), a Condor-class gunboat launched in 1876 and sold in 1889. She took part in the bombardment of Alexandria during the 1882 Urabi Revolt in Egypt, while under the command of Lord Charles Beresford.

HMS Condor (1898), a Condor-class sloop launched in 1898 and lost off Cape Flattery on the North-West corner of the Continental United States during a storm in December 1901 whilst travelling from Esquimalt in Canada to Honolulu.

A former Royal Naval Air Station, HMS Condor at Arbroath, near Dundee became RM Condor in 1971.  It is the base for 45 Commando, Royal Marines.

Condor-class sloop
The Condor class was a six-ship class of 10-gun screw steel sloops built for the Royal Navy between 1898 and 1900. Condor foundered in a gale, prompting the Royal Navy to abandon sailing rigs for its ships; all the others in the class survived into the 1920s.  The last of the class, Mutine, survived until 1932 as a Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve drill ship.
Robotium
Robotium is an open-source test framework for writing automatic gray box testing cases for Android applications. With the support of Robotium, test case developers can write function, system and acceptance test scenarios, spanning multiple Android activities. Robotium can be used both for testing applications where the source code is available and applications where only the APK file is available and the implementation details are not known.

The framework is released under Apache License 2.0. Its founder and main developer is Renas Reda. Version 5.0.1 was released on January 5, 2014.

Robotium is similar to Selenium, but for Android. It has support for Android features such as activities, toasts, menus and context menus.

Gray-box testing
Gray-box testing is a software testing method used to search for defects due to improper structure or application usage, where the tester has partial knowledge of the internal structure of the software. It is a combination of white-box testing, where the tester has broad access to the internal structure of the application, and black-box testing, where tester is unaware of the structure.

The knowledge available to gray-box testers may comprise both high-level and detailed documentation, such as software architecture, Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, Web Services Description Language (WSDL) information and state models. Testing tools and techniques include exception handling, regression testing, functional testing, and orthogonal array testing.

Gray-box testing is particularly used for testing web applications, that have distributed networks, and no source code or binaries that would allow for white box testing.
Robert John Woods
Robert John Woods (January 7, 1859 – June 19, 1944) was a Canadian farmer and political figure. He represented Dufferin in the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive member from 1921 to 1925.

Woods was born in Gorrie, Huron County, Canada West and later moved to Carrick Township in Bruce County with his family. He purchased a farm in Melancthon Township in Dufferin County, where he served on the township council and later became reeve. Woods ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1907 and 1908 as a Temperance Conservative. He was defeated in his bid for reelection in 1925. In 1937, he moved near Guelph.

Howick, Ontario
The Township of Howick is a municipality in Huron County, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the northeast corner of Huron County near the Bruce County border, east of Wingham.

Its largest communities are Fordwich, Gorrie and Wroxeter. Smaller hamlets include Belmore and Lakelet. Rural areas comprise the remainder of the township.  The township's municipal offices, road works facility, public school, arena and library are located between Fordwich and Gorrie on Huron Road 87 (formerly Ontario Highway 87).