hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fyodor Lenkovich Kałłaur
Fyodor Lenkovich Kałłaur (бел. Фёдар Ленкавіч Калавур; c. 1475 – after 1567) was a statesman and landowner of the Principality of Pinsk within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He served as a bridge-master (mostovnichiy) and a district official (uryadnik) during the reigns of Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Yaroslavich (1501–1522) and Queen Bona Sforza (1522–1556).

Bona Sforza
Bona Sforza (2 February 1494 – 19 November 1557) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as the second wife of Sigismund the Old, and Duchess of Bari and Rossano by her own right. She was a surviving member of the powerful House of Sforza, which had ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1450.

Smart, energetic and ambitious, Bona became heavily involved in the political and cultural life of the Polish–Lithuanian union. To increase state revenue during the Chicken War, she implemented various economic and agricultural reforms, including the far-reaching Wallach Reform in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In foreign policy, she allied with the Ottoman Empire and sometimes opposed the Habsburgs. Her descendants became beneficiaries of the Neapolitan sums, a loan to Philip II of Spain that was never completely paid.
Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham
Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham (transl. A Letter With Love) is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Selva. The film stars Prashanth, Kausalya, Anand, and Chandni alongside an ensemble supporting cast including Vivek, Vijayakumar, Sathyapriya, Rajan P. Dev, and Santhana Bharathi. It is a remake of the Telugu film Snehithulu (1998). The music was composed by Deva with cinematography by K. S. Selvaraj and editing by Venkateswara Rao. The film was released on 17 December 1999.

Kausalya (actress)
Kavitha Shivshankar (born: 30 December 1979), commonly known as Kausalya (in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada film industries) or Nandini (in Malayalam film industry), is an Indian actress and model, who has starred mainly in South Indian cinema.  After starting her career in leading roles, she has since gone on to portray supporting roles.
Rhynchonelloidella smithi
Rhynchonelloidella smithi is a species of extinct, small-sized brachiopods, a marine rhynchonellate lampshell in the family Rhynchonellidae. It is roughly 9/16 inch (1.4 cm), and has about 21 ribs fanning out from the hinge.

Rhynchonellata
The Rhynchonellata is a class of Lower Cambrian to Recent articulate brachiopods that combines orders from within the Rhynchonelliformea (Articulata revised) with well developed pedicle attachment. Shell forms vary from those with wide hinge lines to beaked forms with virtually no hinge line and from generally smooth to strongly plicate. Most all are biconvex.  Lophophores vary and include both looped and spiraled forms. Although morphologically distinct, included orders follow a consistent phylogenetic sequence.
Dihydrolanosterol
Dihydrolanosterol, or 24,25-Dihydrolanosterol, also called Lanostenol, is a sterol and the C24-25 hydrogenated products of lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol can be demethylated by mammal or yeast cytochrome P450 sterol 14alpha-demethylase.

Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids,  xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes  convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted.

P450s are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term "P450" is derived from the spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nm) when it is in the reduced state and complexed with carbon monoxide. Most P450s require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduce the iron (and eventually molecular oxygen).
Stewart baronets of Balgownie in Bearsden (1920)
The Stewart Baronetcy, of Balgownie in Bearsden in the County of Dumbarton, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 16 December 1920 for James Watson Stewart. He was a member of the Glasgow Corporation from 1904 to 1920 and Lord Provost of Glasgow from 1917 to 1920.

Glasgow City Council
Glasgow City Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Baile Ghlaschu) is the local authority for the Glasgow City council area, the most populous of the 32 council areas of Scotland. In its modern form it was created in 1996. Glasgow was formerly governed by a corporation, also known as the town council, from the granting of its first burgh charter in the 1170s until 1975. From 1975 until 1996 the city was governed by City of Glasgow District Council, a lower-tier authority within the Strathclyde region.

Glasgow City Council has been under no overall control since 2017, being led by a Scottish National Party minority administration. The council has its headquarters at Glasgow City Chambers in George Square, completed in 1889.
Reynell baronets
The Reynell Baronetcy, of Laleham in the County of Middlesex, was a title in the Baronetage of Ireland. It was created on 27 July 1678 for Richard Reynell, subsequently Member of Parliament for Ashburton in Devon, and Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland 1691–1695. The 2nd Baronet, his son, represented the borough of Wicklow in the Irish House of Commons, but in contrast to his father had a generally undistinguished career. The 6th Baronet was a distinguished soldier who fought at the Battle of Waterloo. The title became extinct on his death in 1848. They were a junior branch of the ancient Reynell family of East Ogwell and West Ogwell in Devon.

Lord Chief Justice of Ireland
The Court of King's Bench (or Court of Queen's Bench during the reign of a Queen) was one of the senior courts of common law in Ireland. It was a mirror of the Court of King's Bench in England. The Lord Chief Justice was the most senior judge in the court, and the second most senior Irish judge under English rule and later when Ireland became part of the United Kingdom. Additionally, for a brief period between 1922 and 1924, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland was the most senior judge in the Irish Free State.
Hagios Spyridon, Rhodes
The Hagios Spyridon (Greek: Άγιος Σπυρίδων), officially the Church of Hagios Spyridon (Ιερός Ναός Αγίου Σπυρίδωνος), is a Greek Orthodox church located in Rhodes, in the South Aegean region of Greece. The medieval Byzantine-era church was built in the thirteenth century within the old walled city of Rhodes. During the Ottoman era, it was converted into a mosque, called in Turkish: Kavaklı Mescidi, lit. 'Kavakli Mosque', before it was returned to Christian worship in the early part of the 20th century.

Rhodes (city)
Rhodes (/roʊdz/ ⓘ; Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos [ˈroðos]) is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It has a population of approximately 56,000 with nearly 90,000 in its metropolitan area. Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the Hospitallers, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. The Medieval city is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Today, the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international tourist destination.
Notre-Dame-de-l'Osier
Notre-Dame-de-l'Osier is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. It is famous for being the location of a Marian apparition that took place in 1657. A church was built on the site of the apparition and completed in 1858. It became a Basilica following a decree by Pope Pius XI on 9 September 1924. Pilgrimages to the apparition site were very popular during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century but declined in the past decades. A house of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate was established in the commune in 1834 and ceased activity in 1997. Up to 11 hotels were active in the town, welcoming pilgrims and tourists, but the last one closed down in 2001, the pilgrimage attracting less and less crowds.

Notre-Dame-de-l'Osier was a part of the neighboring commune of Vinay until it became an independent commune on 4 September 1869.

Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) is a missionary religious congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by Eugène de Mazenod, a French priest later recognized as a Catholic saint. The congregation was given recognition by Pope Leo XII on February 17, 1826. As of January 2020, the congregation was composed of 3,631 priests and lay brothers usually living in community. Their traditional salutation is Laudetur Iesus Christus ('Praised be Jesus Christ'), to which the response is Et Maria Immaculata ('And Mary Immaculate'). Members use the post-nominal letters "OMI".

As part of its mission to evangelize the "abandoned poor", OMI are known for their mission among the Indigenous peoples of Canada, and their historic administration of at least 57 schools within the Canadian Indian residential school system. Some of those schools have been associated with cases of child abuse by Oblate clergy and staff.: 399–452
Chainback darter
The chainback darter (Percina nevisense) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in North America where it occurs in the Roanoke-Chowan river drainage in Virginia south to the Neuse River drainage in North Carolina.  It prefers gravel runs and riffles of small to medium-sized rivers.

Perch
Perch is a common name for freshwater fish from the genus Perca, which belongs to the family Percidae of the large order Perciformes. The name comes from Greek: πέρκη, romanized: perke, meaning the type species of this genus, the European perch (P. fluviatilis).

Many species of freshwater game fish more or less resemble perch, but belong to different genera. In fact, the exclusively saltwater-dwelling red drum (which belongs to a different order Acanthuriformes) is often referred to as a "red perch", though by definition perch are freshwater species. Though many fish are referred to as perch as a common name, to be considered a true perch, the fish must be of the family Percidae.

The earliest fossil remains of Perca are known from the Middle Miocene of Ukraine.
Ellis Lake (Timiskaming District)
Ellis Lake is a lake in geographic Bompas Township, Timiskaming District, in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The lake is in the James Bay drainage basin. The nearest community is Sesekinika, 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) to the east. The lake is about 500 metres (1,600 ft) in diameter.

The primary inflow, at the south, is Sarsfield Creek, arriving from Little Sarsfield Lake. The primary outflow, at the north, is also Sarsfield Creek, which heads north to the adjacent Gould Lake. Sarsfield Creek flows via Meyers Lake, Woollings Creek, the Whiteclay River, the Black River, the Abitibi River and the Moose River to James Bay.

Sesekinika
Sesekinika is an unincorporated community in geographic Maisonville Township, in the Unorganized West Part of Timiskaming District in northeastern Ontario, Canada.

The community is located along the Ontario Northland Railway at the eastern terminus of Ontario Highway 570.
Municipal de Vitacura Airport
Municipal de Vitacura Airport (ICAO: SCLC) is a general aviation airport in Vitacura, a northern suburb of the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile. The airport is in a narrow slot between a major city street in Vitacura and a parallel freeway.

Runway 25 has an additional 200 metres (660 ft) displaced threshold. There is nearby mountainous terrain northwest through northeast.

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

With an area of 15,403.2 km2 (5,947 sq mi) and population over seven million, it is Chile's most populated and most densely populated region. It is also the most developed subdivision in all of South America with a very high HDI of 0.908.
Sam Schulhofer-Wohl
Sam Schulhofer-Wohl is an American economist who is senior vice president and senior advisor to the president at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. He was previously Senior Vice President and Director of Financial Policy at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago,  Research Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, and an economics professor at Princeton University.

Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the United States, covers the 9th District of the Federal Reserve, which is made up of Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, northwestern Wisconsin, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Although its geographical territory is the third largest of the 12 Federal Reserve banks, it serves the smallest population base of the system. It has one branch, which is in Helena, Montana.
Patricia W. Jones
Patricia W. "Pat" Jones (born January 31, 1950) is an American politician from Utah. A Democrat, she was a member of the Utah State Senate from 2006 to 2014, and currently runs the Women’s Leadership Institute in Utah. She is also senior adviser at Cicero Group, a research and strategy firm in Salt Lake City.

Utah State Senate
The Utah State Senate is the upper house of the Utah State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Utah. The Utah Senate is composed of 29 elected members, each representing one senate district. Each senate district is composed of approximately 95,000 people. Members of the Senate are elected to four-year terms without term limits. The Senate convenes at the Utah State Capitol in Salt Lake City.

The last elections were held in 2024.
Shi Yunsheng
Shi Yunsheng (Chinese: 石云生; born 1940 in Fushun, Liaoning) is a retired naval aviator and admiral of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) of China. He was the fifth commander of the PLAN (1996–2003).

He was the commander of air force of South Sea Fleet, and was promoted to vice commander of air force of Navy in 1990. Two years later, he was promoted to vice commander of PLA Navy. In November 1996, he was appointed as commander in chief of the Navy. This was followed by a promotion to full admiral in 2000.

In June 2003, Shi was dismissed and forced into retirement after the fatal submarine 361 incident. He was replaced by Admiral Zhang Dingfa.

Shi was a member of the 15th and 16th Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party.

16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 2002 to 2007. It held seven plenary sessions. It was set in motion by the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The 15th Central Committee preceded it. It was followed by the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

It elected the 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 2002. There were seven plenary sessions held in the five-year period facilitated by the Politburo.
Jade Starling
Jade Starling (born January 19, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter, and the lead vocalist for 1980s band Pretty Poison. She lives in New Jersey. Starling is a gay-rights activist and a supporter of same-sex marriage. She also sings songs in Spanish.

Nightime
Nightime (foaled 5 April 2003) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the Irish 1,000 Guineas in 2006. After finishing unplaced in her only race as a juvenile she won a maiden race on her debut as a three-year-old and then recorded an emphatic six-length victory in the Irish 1000 Guineas. She failed to reproduce her form in two subsequent races and was retired in 2007. After her retirement from racing she had success as a broodmare, notably as the dam of Ghaiyyath..
Atelopus tamaense
Atelopus tamaense, the Tamá harlequin frog or Venezuela stubfoot toad, is a toadspecies in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Páramo de Tamá on the Venezuelan-Colombian border and is found in Apure and (likely) Táchira states of Venezuela, and Norte de Santander Department on the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia.

Its natural habitats are sphagnum bogs within the páramo ecosystems and upper montane forests at elevations of 2,950–3,200 m (9,680–10,500 ft) above sea level.

The species is present in the Tamá National Natural Park in Colombia and El Tamá National Park in Venezuela. Habitat degradation due to fire is a major threat, however, the primary threat to this specie is chytridiomycosis, which has negatively impacted many other montane Atelopus species.

Táchira
Táchira State (Spanish: Estado Táchira, IPA: [esˈtaðo ˈtatʃiɾa]) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Cristóbal.

Táchira State covers a total surface area of 11,100 square kilometres (4,300 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,168,908. At the end of the 19th century, Táchira State was where oil was discovered in Venezuela. Currently, its main economic revenues come from the production of coffee and pineapple. The cattle and agricultural activities play an important role in Táchira's economy. There is also a strong industrial sector which focuses on the processing of potato, sugar, milk, and cheese and the production of textiles.

Táchira State is one of the three Venezuelan Andean states (the other two are Mérida and Trujillo). This state borders Zulia State to the north, Barinas and Mérida States to the east, Apure and Barinas States to the south, and Colombia (Norte de Santander Department) to the west.
Brown's vasomotor index
Brown's vasomotor index is a test to assess the degree of vasospasm in peripheral arterial disease. The same test is also used to check if sympathectomy is a possible management option for peripheral arterial disease.

Vasospasm
Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction. This can lead to tissue ischemia (insufficient blood flow) and tissue death (necrosis).

Along with physical resistance, vasospasm is a main cause of ischemia. Like physical resistance, vasospasms can occur due to atherosclerosis. Vasospasm is the major cause of Prinzmetal's angina.

Cerebral vasospasm may arise in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage as symptomatic vasospasm (or delayed cerebral ischemia), where it is a major contributor to post-operative stroke and mortality. Vasospasm typically appears 4 to 10 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage, however the relationship between radiological arterial spasm (seen on angiography) and clinical neurological deterioration is nuanced and uncertain.
Mermaid-class frigate
The Mermaid-class frigates were a group of six 28-gun sailing frigates of the sixth rate designed in 1760 by Sir Thomas Slade, based on the scaled-down lines of HMS Aurora (originally a French prize, Abénaquise, which had been captured in 1757).

The contract for the prototype was agreed on 12 May 1760, for a ship to be launched within twelve months, and her name was assigned as Mermaid on 28 October 1760. The contract for the second ship was agreed on 10 March 1762, for a ship to be launched within thirteen months, and the contract for the third ship was agreed on 2 April 1762, for a ship to be launched within fourteen months; both names were assigned on 30 April 1763.

Some ten years after the design was first produced, it was re-used for a second batch of three ships which were ordered on Christmas Day, 1770. While the design differences from the first batch were minor (the keel was a few inches longer), the second batch were normally designated the Modified Mermaid class.

Sixth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a sixth-rate was the designation for small warships mounting between 20 and 28 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. 28-gun sixth-rates were classed as frigates, those smaller as 'post ships', indicating that they were still commanded by a full ('post') captain, as opposed to sloops of 18 guns and less, which were under commanders.
Moses Gate Country Park
Moses Gate Country Park, part of which is also known as Crompton Lodges, (National Grid Ref: SD 749063) is a 750 acre (300 hectare) site situated at Moses Gate in the Croal and Irwell Valleys 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Bolton town centre on the A6053 road which connects Farnworth to Little Lever. It is a Local Nature Reserve.

Dactylorhiza purpurella
Dactylorhiza purpurella, the northern marsh orchid, is an orchid native to Great Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway.

Two varieties are recognised:

Dactylorhiza purpurella var. cambrensis (R.H.Roberts) R.M.Bateman & Denholm - coastal Great Britain and Denmark

Dactylorhiza purpurella subsp. purpurella - Ireland and northern Great Britain. Recorded from Co. Donegal in Ireland.
La Barranca (valley)
La Barranca valley is a mountain valley located at the foothills of Bola del Mundo (Alto de Guarramillas) (2265 m) and La Maliciosa (2227 m), within the Sierra de Guadarrama (a mountain range part of the Sistema Central). Administratively, it lies within the municipal boundaries of Navacerrada and Becerril de la Sierra, in the northwest of the Community of Madrid, Spain. The valley is home to a dense forest of Scots pine through which flows a mountain river, the Samburiel —a tributary of the Manzanares river—held back by two small dams, the Pueblo de Navacerrada Dam and the Air Force Dam, before emptying into the Navacerrada Dam.

Pinus sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris, the Scots pine (UK), Scotch pine (US), Baltic pine, or European red pine is a species of tree in the pine family Pinaceae that is native to Eurasia. It can readily be identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark.
Rudolf von Carnall
Rudolf von Carnall (9 February 1804 – 17 November 1874) was a German mining engineer and mineralogist. The mineral carnallite was named after him.

Carnall was born in Glatz (now Klodzko, Poland) to Prussian-Swedish army officer Arvid (1760-1840) and Mathilde daughter of Le Cointe. Carnall was trained in civil mining and worked at mines before training in Berlin. He became a mine superintendent in Upper Silesia, while also teaching at the mining school in Tarnowitz. In 1845 he founded the Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft along with Leopold von Buch and Gustav Rose. In 1855 he received a PhD from the University of Berlin and became a Berghauptmann in 1855 in the Prussian ministry of commerce.

Tarnowskie Góry
Tarnowskie Góry (Polish: [tarˈnɔfskjɛ ˈɡurɨ] ⓘ; German: Tarnowitz; Silesian: Tarnowske Gōry) is a city in Silesia, southern Poland, located in the Silesian Highlands near Katowice and seat city of Tarnowskie Góry County Located in the north of the Metropolis GZM, a megalopolis, the greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people. The population of the town is 61,842 (2021) making it one of the biggest towns in Poland. As of 1999, it is part of Silesian Voivodeship, previously Katowice Voivodeship.

The Historic Silver Mine of Tarnowskie Góry, a UNESCO World Heritage Site is located in the town.