hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Back-formation
Back-formation is the process or result of creating a new word via morphology, typically by removing or substituting actual or supposed affixes from a lexical item, in a way that expands the number of lexemes associated with the corresponding root word. James Murray coined the term back-formation in 1889. (Oxford English Dictionary Online preserves its first use of 'back-formation' from 1889 in the definition of to burgle; from burglar.)

For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latin words in the form of verb and verb+-ion pairs, such as opine/opinion. These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc.

Lexeme
A lexeme (/ˈlɛksiːm/ ⓘ) is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of meaning, a unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single root word. For example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, which can be represented as RUN.

One form, the lemma (or citation form), is chosen by convention as the canonical form of a lexeme. The lemma is the form used in dictionaries as an entry's headword. Other forms of a lexeme are often listed later in the entry if they are uncommon or irregularly inflected.
Camaldolese
The Camaldolese Hermits of Mount Corona (Latin: Congregatio Eremitarum Camaldulensium Montis Coronae) are a Catholic monastic order of pontifical right for men founded by St. Romuald. Its name is derived from the Holy Hermitage (Italian: Sacro Eremo) in Camaldoli, high in the mountains of Tuscany, Italy, near the city of Arezzo. Members of that community add the postnominal letters ECMC after their names. A second community, the Benedictine Camaldolese, are also based at Camaldoli and add the postnominals OSB Cam. Apart from the Catholic monasteries, ecumenical Christian hermitages with a Camaldolese spirituality have arisen as well.

Arezzo
Arezzo (UK: /əˈrɛtsoʊ, æˈr-/ ə-RET-soh, arr-ET-soh, US: /ɑːˈr-/ ar-ET-soh; Italian: [aˈrettso]) is a city and comune in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Florence at an elevation of 296 metres (971 ft) above sea level. As of 2022, the population was about 97,000.

Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari, Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo. In the artistic field, the city is famous for the frescoes by Piero della Francesca inside the Basilica of San Francesco, and the crucifix by Cimabue inside the Basilica of San Domenico. The city is also known for the important Giostra del Saracino, a game of chivalry that dates back to the Middle Ages.
North Newbald
North Newbald is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Newbald, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The village is situated approximately 13 miles (20 km) north-west of Hull city centre, 3 miles (5 km) north of South Cave and 3.5 miles (6 km) south of Market Weighton. It lies to the east of the A1034 road.

Market Weighton
Market Weighton (/ˌmɑːrkɪt ˈwiːtən/ WEE-tən) is a town and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is one of the main towns in the East Yorkshire Wolds and lies midway between Hull and York, about 20 miles (32 km) from either one. According to the 2021 UK Census Market Weighton parish had a population of 7,459, an increase on the 2011 UK census population of 6,429, which was an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 5,212.
Adrien Pouliot
Adrien Pouliot, CC (January 4, 1896 –  March 10, 1980) was a Canadian mathematician and educator.

Born in Île d'Orléans, Quebec. He married Laure Clark and was cousin of André Hudon. He obtained a B.A. in applied sciences from the École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1919. He helped to create the department of mathematics at Université Laval where he began teaching in 1922. He was president of the Canadian Mathematical Society from 1949 to 1953. He was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1972. He was head of the Faculty of Science at Laval from 1940 to 1956. A building on the Laval campus has been named in his honour.

The Canadian Mathematical Society's Adrien Pouliot Award is named in his honour.

Île d'Orléans
Île d'Orléans (French pronunciation: [il dɔʁleɑ̃]; English: Island of Orleans) is an island located in the Saint Lawrence River about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of downtown Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. It was one of the first parts of the province to be colonized by the French, and a large percentage of French Canadians can trace ancestry to early residents of the island.  The island has been described as the "microcosm of traditional Quebec and as the birthplace of francophones in North America."

It has about 7,000 inhabitants, spread over six villages.

The island is accessible from the mainland via the Île d'Orléans Bridge from Beauport. Route 368 is the sole provincial route on the island, which crosses the bridge and circles the perimeter of the island. At the village of Sainte-Pétronille toward the western end of the island, a viewpoint overlooks the impressive Chute Montmorency (Montmorency Falls), as well as a panorama of the St. Lawrence River and Quebec City.
China Daily News
China Daily News can refer to:

Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance#China Daily News and the Red Scare, a newspaper founded in 1940 by the Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance

China Daily News (Taiwan), a contemporary newspaper published in Taiwan, Republic of China

Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
The Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance (CHLA) was a labor organization formed in 1933 to protect the civil rights of overseas Chinese living in North America and "to help Chinese laundry workers break their isolation in American society."  An openly left-wing organization, the CHLA used various means — including the slogans "To Save China, To Save Ourselves" and "Resist Japan and Save China” — to oppose the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
Thomas C. Wright
Thomas C. "Tommy" Wright Jr. (born April 27, 1948) is an American politician. Since 2001 he has served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 50th district in the Southside Virginia counties of Amelia, Cumberland, Mecklenburg and Nottoway, plus part of Lunenburg County. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Wright has served on the House committees on Agriculture (2001), Agriculture, Chesapeake and Natural Resources (2002–), Claims (2001), Conservation and Natural Resources (2001), Counties, Cities and Towns (2001), General Laws (2002–), Militia and Police (2001), and Militia, Police and Public Safety (2002–).

Nottoway County, Virginia
Nottoway County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,642. Its county seat is Nottoway.  It is situated south of the James River, thus making it a part of the Southside Virginia Region.
Aleksander Erdman
Aleksander Erkman (23 November 1894 Pärnu – 10 November 1975 Pärnu) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of II Riigikogu. He was a member of the Riigikogu since 29 February 1924. He replaced Vladimir Kangur. On 5 April 1924, he resigned his position and he was replaced by Eduard Parts.

Pärnu
Pärnu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈpærˑnu]) is a city in southwest Estonia. Pärnu is located 128 kilometres (80 mi) south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and 176 kilometres (109 mi) west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga, which is a part of the Baltic Sea. In the city, the Pärnu River drains into the Gulf of Riga.

Pärnu is a popular summer holiday resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches.  The city is served by Pärnu Airport.
Jumped Right In (song)
"Jumped Right In" is a song recorded by Canadian country rock artist Dallas Smith. It was released in August 2012 as the third single from his debut solo album, Jumped Right In. It peaked at number 69 on the Canadian Hot 100 in December 2012.

"Jumped Right In" was nominated for Single of the Year at the 2013 Canadian Country Music Association Awards. The song became Smith's first single to receive a Gold certification from Music Canada in November 2013.

Jumped Right In
Jumped Right In is the first studio album by Canadian country music artist Dallas Smith. It was released on May 22, 2012 via 604 Records under the production of Joey Moi. Its first single, "Somebody Somewhere," peaked at number 79 on the Canadian Hot 100.

"If It Gets You Where You Wanna Go" was previously recorded by Steve Holy on his 2011 album Love Don't Run.

Jumped Right In was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2013 Juno Awards.
Athletics at the 1980 Summer Paralympics – Women's 4 × 60 metre relay CP D
The Women's 4x60 metre relay CP D was an event held in athletics at the 1980 Summer Paralympics in Arnhem.

The United States team were the only team in contention, and needed simply to complete the event -as they had done in the women's 4x60 metre relay CP C event- in order to win the gold medal. The team were disqualified, however. Consequently, no team completed the event, and no medal was awarded.

Arnhem
Arnhem (Dutch: [ˈɑrnɛm] ⓘ or [ˈɑr(ə)nɦɛm] ⓘ; German: Arnheim [ˈaʁnhaɪm] ⓘ; Ernems: Èrnem) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands, near the German border. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development.

Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOC*NSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometres (21 sq mi) in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.
USS Rowan (DD-405)
The third USS Rowan (DD-405) was a Benham-class destroyer named for Stephen C. Rowan. Rowan was in the Atlantic when the United States entered World War II, and was one of the United States Navy ships joining the British Home Fleet for the battle of convoy PQ 17. Rowan later engaged French warships in the Naval Battle of Casablanca while supporting Operation Torch. Rowan then defended convoy UGS 6 before supporting the invasion of Sicily. Rowan was sunk by E-boats off Salerno during the allied invasion of Italy.

UG convoys
The UG convoys were a series of east-bound Atlantic convoys from the United States to Gibraltar carrying food, ammunition, and military hardware to the United States Army in North Africa and southern Europe during World War II. Convoys assembled in Hampton Roads near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay and terminated in various North African locations as Axis forces retreated from 1942 through 1945.
Goat Lake (Glacier County, Montana)
Goat Lake is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. Goat Lake is in a cirque below Goat Mountain which looms almost 3,400 feet (1,000 m) above the lake immediately to the northwest. The lake is a 3 miles (4.8 km) hike by trail from the Rising Sun Auto Camp.

Rising Sun Auto Camp
The Rising Sun Auto Camp, also known as the Roes Creek Auto Camp, East Glacier Auto Camp or simply Rising Sun preserves a portion of the built-up area of Glacier National Park that documents the second phase of tourist development in the park. Rising Sun is located along the Going-to-the-Sun Road, approximately 7 miles (11 km) from the east entrance to Glacier National Park, Montana, United States.  Rising Sun is a wayside area that has a National Park Service campground, a camp store and gift shop, picnic area, restaurant, as well as a motel and guest cabins which are managed by the park's concessionaire, Xanterra Parks & Resorts. In the immediate area, there is also a boat dock as well as sightseeing boats which allow visitors to tour Saint Mary Lake, the second largest lake in the park. "The most popular spot for [Glacier] tourists is Rising Sun, an overlook of Goose Island in St. Mary Lake and one of the most photographed spots in the park."
Charles Poindexter
Charles Douglas Poindexter (February 27, 1942 – February 4, 2026) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 2008 to 2022, representing the 9th district, made up of Patrick County plus parts of Franklin and Henry Counties. He was defeated in the 2021 Republican primary by Wren Williams. Poindexter died on February 4, 2026, at the age of 83.

Henry County, Virginia
Henry County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,948. The county seat is tradtionally identified as Martinsville; however it is essentially a ghost seat, as the administration building (where county offices are located and where the board of supervisors holds meetings), county courthouse, and Henry County Sheriff's Office are located on Kings Mountain Road (SR 174) in Collinsville.The Henry County Adult Detention Center is located on DuPont Road in Henry County, just south of Martinsville.

Henry County is part of the Martinsville Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Nikiforovo, Ustyuzhensky District, Vologda Oblast
Nikiforovo (Russian: Никифорово) is a rural locality (a village) in Nikiforovskoye Rural Settlement, Ustyuzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 33 as of 2002. There are 2 streets.

Vologda Oblast
Vologda Oblast (Russian: Вологодская область, romanized: Vologodskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [vəlɐˈɡotskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]; Veps: Vologdan agj) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is Vologda. The oblast has a population of 1,202,444 (2010 Census). The largest city is Cherepovets, the home of the Severstal metallurgical plant, the largest industrial enterprise in the oblast.

Vologda Oblast is home to many historic monuments, such as the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, Ferapontov Monastery (a World Heritage Site) with the frescoes of Dionisius, the two medieval towns of Velikiy Ustyug and Belozersk, and the baroque churches of Totma and Ustyuzhna.

Large reserves of wood and fresh water are the main natural resources.
Đuraš Ilijić
Đuraš Ilijić (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђураш Илијић[a], fl. 1326–62) was a Serbian commander and nobleman who served the Serbian monarchs Stefan Dečanski (r. 1321–1331), Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355) and Uroš V (r. 1355–1371), from 1326 until his death in 1362. He had the title of čelnik ("head"), and governed Upper Zeta. He is an ancestor of the Crnojević noble family (a branch of the Đurašević).

Stavilac
Stavilac (Serbian Cyrillic: ставилац, literally meaning "placer") was a court title in Medieval Bosnia and Medieval Serbia in the Middle Ages. It was similar to the Byzantine court offices of domestikos and cup-bearer (pinkernes, known in Serbian as peharnik). It had a role in the ceremony at the royal table, though the holder could be entrusted with jobs that had nothing to do with court rituals. According to studies of Rade Mihaljčić, the holder was in charge of acquiring, preparing and serving food at the royal table. It was a confidant duty, given to the highest and most notable nobility, which the ruler relied on in all occasions.
1987 Zairean parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Zaire on 6 September 1987. The Popular Movement of the Revolution was the sole political party at the time, with all candidates running for election to the Legislative Council required to be party members. In total, 1,075 candidates ran for the 210 seats (reduced from 310 in the previous election).

Legislative Council (Zaire)
The National Legislative Council of Zaire (French: Conseil National Legislatif) was the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Zaire. Succeeding the National Assembly under the provisions of the 1974 constitution, the Legislative Council operated as one of the five organs of the national government. It was abolished in 1992 after a national conference established the High Council of the Republic.
International Socialist Workers Congress, Zürich 1893
The International Socialist Workers Congress in Zürich that met from 6 to 13 August 1893 was the third congress of the Second International. The congress passed the "Zurich resolution" which expelled anarchists from the congress. On 12 August, Friedrich Engels was designated the honorary president for the day and delivered the closing address, the only time that Engels addressed a Second International period congress. Notable participants included an official delegation from the British trade union movement, led by John Hodge.

John Hodge (politician)
John Hodge (29 October 1855 – 10 August 1937) was a Labour Party and later Coalition Labour politician in the United Kingdom. He was the UK's first Minister of Labour, and the second Minister of Pensions.
The Triangular Book of St. Germain
The Triangular Book of St. Germain or The Triangular Manuscript is an untitled 18th-century French text written in code, and attributed to the famous Count of St. Germain. It takes its name from its physical shape: the binding and sheets of vellum that comprise the manuscript are in the shape of an equilateral triangle. The text, once deciphered, details a magical operation through which a person can perform feats of magic, notably the discovery of treasure and extension of life.

Vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin, rather than the skin of other animals or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices.

Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there can be great variations in texture due to the way it is made and the quality of the skin used. The making of vellum involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame, and scraping of the skin with a lunellum.

Modern paper vellum is made of plant cellulose fibers and gets its name from having a similar use to actual vellum, as well as its high quality.
Hawthorne High School (New Jersey)
Hawthorne High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school that serves students in 9th through twelfth grades from Hawthorne, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school operates as the lone secondary school of the Hawthorne Public Schools.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 569 students and 52.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1. There were 195 students (34.3% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 47 (8.3% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Passaic County, New Jersey
Passaic County (/pəˈseɪ.ɪk/ pə-SAY-ik or locally /pəˈseɪk/ pə-SAYK) is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey that is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the county was the state's eighth-most-populous county, with a population of 524,118, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 22,892 (+4.6%) from the 2010 census count of 501,226, which in turn reflected an increase of 12,177 (+2.5%) from the 489,049 counted in the 2000 census. The county is part of the North Jersey region of the state.

The most populous place in Passaic County is Paterson, the county seat, with 159,732 residents at the 2020 Census, more than 30% of the county's population, while West Milford covered 80.32 square miles (208.0 km2), the largest total area of any municipality and more than 40% of the county's area.
Once in a While (Madeleine Peyroux song)
Once in a While was one of the four original songs Madeleine Peyroux released on her third solo album "Half the Perfect World. It was the third and last single from that album.
The tune, considered one of the highlights of the album, was written by Joe Harris, producer Larry Klein and Peyroux herself. Mark Orton made the arrangements on the album version.
In the song, Peyroux tells to her ex-lover that she still thinks of him "once in a while" and that she "still smiles when she thinks on their kisses" but she is "tired of dying" and so she'll "live instead". The song did not chart and there was no videoclip filmed. Along with this song, on the EP was also released a cover of Leonard Cohen's and Anjani Thomas' "Blue Alert".

Joe Harris (musician)
Joseph Allison Harris (1926–2016) was a big band and bebop jazz drummer.

Born in Pittsburgh, on 23 December 1926, he moved to New York City in 1946 and played in the house band at the Apollo Theater before going on to play with Dizzy Gillespie.

In January 1949, he stepped in for Max Roach, who was rehearsing with Miles Davis on some of the Charlie Parker recordings at the Royal Roost.

Having moved to Sweden in 1956, Harris stepped in for Pete La Roca in Sonny Rollins's trio for some dates in Stockholm, and worked with Rolf Ericson.

In 1960, Harris joined Quincy Jones's big band that included Clark Terry, Les Spann, Melba Liston, Buddy Catlett, Åke Persson, Sahib Shihab, Phil Woods, and Budd Johnson for the Free and Easy tour of Europe.

He then went to live in Germany, where he played with the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band from 1961 to 1966.

Harris died on 27 January 2016.
Pedri
Pedro González López (born 25 November 2002), more commonly known as Pedri, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for La Liga club Barcelona and the Spain national team. Considered one of the best midfielders in the world, he is known for his ball control, dribbling, passing and playmaking.

Kopa Trophy
The Kopa Trophy is an association football award presented to the best performing player worldwide under the age of 21 during a joint ceremony with the Ballon d'Or. The award is presented by France Football and is named after late French footballer Raymond Kopa, the winner of the 1958 Ballon d'Or.

The winner is selected by a jury of all former Ballon d'Or winners. The Kopa Trophy is open to all players throughout the six FIFA confederations, unlike the Golden Boy which is UEFA-based only.
Solan Municipal Corporation
Solan Municipal Corporation (SMC) is the municipal corporation of Solan District in Himachal Pradesh, and is the chief nodal agency for the administration of the city. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Solan Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner. Solan Municipal Corporation has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town.

Solan district
Solan district is one of the twelve districts of the Himachal Pradesh state in northern India. The city of Solan is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district occupies an area of 1936 km2. It is culturally part of the historical Mahasu region.