hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Innateness hypothesis
In linguistics, the innateness hypothesis, also known as the nativist hypothesis, holds that humans are born with at least some knowledge of linguistic structure. On this hypothesis, language acquisition involves filling in the details of an innate blueprint rather than being an entirely inductive process. The hypothesis is one of the cornerstones of generative grammar and related approaches in linguistics. Arguments in favour include the poverty of the stimulus, the universality of language acquisition, as well as experimental studies on learning and learnability. However, these arguments have been criticized, and the hypothesis is widely rejected in other traditions such as usage-based linguistics. The term was coined by Hilary Putnam in reference to the views of Noam Chomsky.

Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree of probability. Unlike deductive reasoning (such as mathematical induction), where the conclusion is certain, given the premises are correct, inductive reasoning produces conclusions that are at best probable, given the evidence provided.
Nick Graham (American football)
Nicholas Donnell Graham (born January 19, 1984) is an American former professional football cornerback and is the assistant head coach and cornerbacks coach at University of Texas–San Antonio. He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He was also a member of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL and the Saskatchewan Roughriders and Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Tulsa.

Tulsa Golden Hurricane football
The Tulsa Golden Hurricane football program represents the University of Tulsa in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level.  Tulsa has competed in the American Athletic Conference (The American) since the 2014 season and was previously a member of Conference USA (C-USA). The team is led by head coach Tre Lamb. Tulsa plays its home games at Skelly Field at H. A. Chapman Stadium in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  The University of Tulsa has the smallest undergraduate enrollment of all schools that participate at the FBS level.
Jameh Mosque of Marand
The Jameh Mosque of Marand (Persian: مسجد جامع مرند) is a Sunni Friday mosque, located in Marand, in the province of East Azerbaijan, Iran. The mosque was built in AH 731 (1330/1331 CE) duringn the reign of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, according to the mihrab of the mosque.

The mihrab is located in the southern part of the mosque and is filled with Quran Āyah and Kufic stucco.

The mosque was added to the Iran National Heritage List in 1932, administered by the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran.

Marand
Marand (Persian: مرند) is a city in the Central District of Marand County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

Marand is among the major cities of East Azerbaijan province. It is in the northwest of the capital of the province, Tabriz. Marand has been known by various names in history, such as Maryana, Mandagarana, and Maranda.
Gary Roughead
Gary Roughead (/ˈrʌfhɛd/ "rough head"; born July 15, 1951) is a former United States Navy officer who served as the 29th Chief of Naval Operations from 2007 to 2011. He previously served as Commander, United States Fleet Forces Command from May 17 to September 29, 2007. Prior to that, Roughead served as the 31st Commander, United States Pacific Fleet from 2005 to 2007. In 2011, he retired from the U.S. Navy after 38 years of service.

United States Pacific Fleet
The United States Pacific Fleet (USPACFLT) is a theater-level component command of the United States Navy, located in the Pacific Ocean. It provides naval forces to the Indo-Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, with large secondary facilities at Naval Air Station North Island, California.
With Her Machete in Her Hand
With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians is a non-fiction book by American academic Catrióna Rueda Esquibel about lesbian and lesbian relationships in Chicano literature, written by both lesbian and non-lesbian authors. It was published in 2006 by the University of Texas Press, and the title is a reference to Américo Paredes' 1958 book With His Pistol in His Hand and a poem by Gloria Anzaldúa.

Gloria Anzaldúa
Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa (September 26, 1942 – May 15, 2004) was an American philosopher and scholar of Chicana feminism, cultural theory, and queer theory. She loosely based her best-known book, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), on her life growing up on the Mexico–Texas border and incorporated her lifelong experiences of social and cultural marginalization into her work. She also developed theories about the marginal, in-between, and mixed cultures that develop along borders, including on the concepts of Nepantla, Coyoxaulqui imperative, new tribalism, and spiritual activism. Her other notable publications include This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981), co-edited with Cherríe Moraga.
Mohamad Shafizan Kepli
Mohamad Shafizan bin Kepli is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Batang Lupar since November 2022. He is a member and the Deputy Branch Chief of Beting Maro of the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), a component party of the Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) coalition.

Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (abbrev: PBB; English: United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a political party based in Sarawak, East Malaysia. It is currently the largest multiracial and bumiputera's political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination of three parties in Sarawak; Parti Negara Sarawak, Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak. The formation of the party was for the purpose of the improvement of the livelihood and protect the rights of the Bumiputera in many sectors such as politics, social, sports, education, infrastructures, financial & monetary autonomy, science, and technology. Formerly as a part of Peninsula-based coalition Barisan Nasional (BN), following the defeat of BN in the 2018 general election and in the aftermath of a meeting between all Sarawak-based BN coalition parties on 12 June 2018, PBB left the coalition to form a new Sarawak-based coalition, Gabungan Parti Sarawak.
Space Syntax Limited
Space Syntax Limited is a UK architectural and urban planning practice founded at The Bartlett, University College London in 1989. It operates worldwide. The company has pioneered a science-based and human-focused approach to the planning and design of buildings and urban places, with notable projects including the redesign of Trafalgar Square with Foster and Partners, the analysis of the London Riots, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, the Foresight, Future of Cities project for the UK Government Office for Science and the Pedestrian Movement Model for the City of London.

The Bartlett
The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, also known as The Bartlett, is the academic centre for the study of the built environment at University College London (UCL), United Kingdom. It is home to thirteen departments, with specialisms including architecture, urban planning, construction, project management, public policy and environmental design.

The Bartlett is consistently ranked highest in Europe, and among the highest in the world, for architecture and the built environment categories in major rankings. It is currently ranked the first in the world for the year 2025.
Sir Gilbert Parker, 1st Baronet
Sir Horatio Gilbert George Parker, 1st Baronet PC (23 November 1862 – 6 September 1932), known as Gilbert Parker, Canadian novelist and British politician, was born at Camden East, Addington, Ontario, the son of Captain Joseph Parker, R.A.

George Melford
George H. Melford (born George Henry Knauff, February 19, 1877 – April 25, 1961) was an American stage and film actor and director. Often taken for granted as a director today, the stalwart Melford's name by the 1920s was, like Cecil B. DeMille's, appearing in big bold letters above the title of his films.
Kakatpur Assembly constituency
Kakatpur is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Puri district, Odisha.

This constituency includes Konark, Kakatpur block, Astarang block and 13 Gram panchayats (Jangalbori, Birtung, Baulanga, Desthali, Dhumala, Sorava, Mahalapada, Achutapur, Banakhandi, Simmili, Sutan, Tarakora and Badagaon) of Gop block.

Odisha Legislative Assembly
The Odisha Legislative Assembly is the unicameral state legislature of the state of Odisha in India. The seat of the Legislative Assembly is at Bhubaneswar, the capital city. The Legislative Assembly comprises 147 Members of Legislative Assembly. Out of total 147 Assembly Constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly, 33 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 24 seats for the Scheduled Castes (SC).
Maar Museum
The Maar Museum (German: Maarmuseum) in Manderscheid in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate is a museum whose focus is natural variety and international significance for science and the region of the volcanic maars that characterise parts of the Eifel mountains.

Maar
A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma). A maar characteristically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake, which may also be called a maar.

Maars generally range in size from 20 to 3,000 m (66 to 9,800 ft) across and from 5 to 200 m (20 to 700 ft) deep. Most maars fill with water to form natural lakes. Most maars have low rims composed of a mixture of loose fragments of volcanic rocks and rocks torn from the walls of the diatreme.
Brush Creek (Bryant Creek tributary)
Brush Creek is a southwest flowing stream in Douglas and Ozark counties in the Ozarks of south central Missouri. It is a tributary of Bryant Creek.

The stream headwaters start on the southwest flank of Twin Knobs Peak (elevation 1404 Feet) as an intermittent stream flowing to the southwest. The stream crosses Missouri Route W just southwest of its source and passes the community of Buckhart. It continues on to the southwest crossing under Missouri Route 14 about 1.5 miles east of Gentryville. It continues on to the southwest paralleling Missouri Route 95 and enters Ozark County and about one mile further south meets its confluence with Bryant Creek. The elevation of the confluence is 692 feet.

Missouri Route 95
Route 95 is a highway in southern Missouri.  Its northern terminus is at Route 32 at Lynchburg in Laclede County. Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 160 at Lutie about 2.5 miles west of the Theodosia arm of Bull Shoals Lake in Ozark County.

A short 3.3 miles (5.3 km) section forms a wrong-way concurrency with Route 5; Route 95 is marked as "North Route 95" but goes south at this location.
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play
The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play was an annual award presented by the Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in professional London theatre. The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976, and renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor and director Laurence Olivier.

This commingled award, covering all roles and responsibilities in a production, was introduced in 1980, and was last presented at the 2008 ceremony, after which it was retired. During its existence, the award was not used for 1991–2003, nor 2005–2007.

On the 12 occasions that this award was given, it was presented eight times to a performer (actor/actress), twice to a director, once to a writer and once to an entire theatre company. The company, and one of the two directors, were honoured based on a collection of works during their award-winning year.

1984 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 1984 Laurence Olivier Awards were presented by the Society of London Theatre on 8 December 1984 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London, celebrating excellence in West End theatre. It was broadcast by BBC Television, though the broadcast date and specific BBC station is not available – the 2003 Oliviers, for example, aired on BBC Two the evening after the live event.

After the first eight years (1976–1983) as the Society of West End Theatre Awards, these were the first awards to be held after Laurence Olivier consented to the awards being renamed in his honour.
Primula clarkei
Primula clarkei is a species of flowering plant within the genus Primula and family Primulaceae. The species is endemic to the Western Himalayas, where it can be found in Poshiana of the Pir Panjal mountain range.

Pir Panjal Range
The Pir Panjal Range (/piːr pʌnˈdʒɑːl/) is a range of mountains in the Lower Himalayan region located in the Western Himalayas of the northern Indian subcontinent. It runs southeast to northwest between the Beas and Neelam/Kishanganga rivers, in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, with its northwestern end extending into territory administered by Pakistan. The Himalayas show a gradual elevation towards the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges. Pir Panjal is the largest and westernmost range of the Lesser Himalayas. Near the bank of the Sutlej River, it dissociates itself from the main Himalayan range and forms a divide between the Beas and Ravi rivers on one side and the Chenab on the other. Further west, the Pir Panjal range forms the southwestern boundary of the Kashmir Valley, separating it from the hills of Jammu region, forming a divide between the Jhelum River and Chenab River.
Miljkovica
Miljkovica is a village in the municipality of Prokuplje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 62 people.The village has no connection to the national electricity grid.

Municipalities and cities of Serbia
The municipalities and cities (Serbian: општине и градови / opštine i gradovi) are the first-level administrative division and the basic level of local government of Serbia. The country is divided into 145 municipalities and 29 cities.

Municipalities and cities form 29 administrative districts, except the City of Belgrade which is not part of any district.
D. W. Lucas
Donald William Lucas (12 May 1905 – 28 February 1985) was an English classical scholar, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and cryptanalyst at Bletchley Park during World War II.

He is remembered for his work on Greek Drama and for his major edition of Aristotle's Poetics (Clarendon Press 1968; revised 1972). J. T. Sheppard described his prose translations of Euripides as "astonishingly eloquent for so close a rendering". From 1952 to 1969 he was the third Perceval Maitland Laurence Reader in Classics at Cambridge University.

Perceval Maitland Laurence
Sir Perceval Maitland Laurence KCMG (20 April 1854 – 28 February 1930) was an English classical scholar, judge in South Africa and a benefactor of the University of Cambridge and the University of Cape Town.
Auvelais
Auvelais (Walloon: Åvlè) is a town of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Sambreville, located in the province of Namur, Belgium. The town lies in a meander of the River Sambre.

The town of Auvelais was formed in 1809 from the merger of the villages of Auvelais-la-Comté and Auvelais-le-Voisin. In 1977, as part of the post-1974 fusion of the Belgian municipalities, Auvelais became part of the newly created municipality of Sambreville, serving as the administrative centre.

Fusion of the Belgian municipalities
The fusion of the Belgian municipalities (French: fusion des communes, Dutch: fusie van Belgische gemeenten) was a Belgian political process that rationalized and reduced the number of municipalities in Belgium between 1964 and 1983. In 1961, there were 2,663 such municipalities; by 1983, these had been re-arranged and combined into 589 larger municipalities.
2015 Hardee's Pro Classic – Doubles
Anett Kontaveit and Ilona Kremen were the defending champions, but Kontaveit chose to participate at the 2015 Lale Cup instead whilst Kremen chose not to participate.

Johanna Konta and Maria Sanchez won the title, defeating the second seeds Paula Cristina Gonçalves and Petra Krejsová in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Maria Sanchez (tennis)
Maria Victoria Sanchez (born November 26, 1989) is a former tennis player from the United States. In July 2013, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 107. On 22 April 2019, she peaked at No. 51 of the WTA doubles ranking. Sanchez has been primarily a doubles player. In doubles, she won three WTA titles, one WTA 125 title, and 24 ITF titles. She also won two ITF singles titles.
May 2022 Miranshah suicide bombing
On May 15, 2022, three Pakistan Army soldiers and three children were killed after a suicide attack occurred near Miranshah, North Waziristan, according to the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR). The Pakistani military's media affairs wing identified the murdered soldiers as 33-year-old Lance Havaldar Zubair Qadir from Pakpattan, 21-year-old Sepoy Uzair Asfar from Haripur and 22-year-old Sepoy Qasim Maqsood from Multan. An 11-year-old, eight-year-old, and four-year-old child also died from the blast.

"Intelligence agencies are investigating to find out about [the] suicide bomber and his handlers/facilitators," the statement concluded.

Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif condemned the suicide attack, stating "The killers of innocent children are the enemies of both Islam and humanity." He expressed grief over the lives lost. Sharjeel Memon also made a public statement condemning the attack.

Inter-Services Public Relations
The Inter-Services Public Relations (Urdu: پاک فوج کا شعبۂ تعلقاتِ عامہ) is the media and public relations wing of the Pakistan Armed Forces. It broadcasts and coordinates military news and information to the country's civilian media and the civic society.

The ISPR directorate serves the purpose of aiming to strengthen public relations with the civic society and civil society through interacting with the media. The directorate also works as the principal voice of the Pakistan's military, with its director-general serving as the official spokesperson of the armed forces.
Maryland Route 90
Maryland Route 90 (MD 90) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as the Ocean City Expressway, the state highway runs 11.83 miles (19.04 km) from U.S. Route 50 (US 50) near Whaleyville east to MD 528 in Ocean City in Worcester County.  MD 90 is a two-lane expressway that provides one of the main access routes to Ocean City, especially the northern part of the resort town, and thus sees heavy seasonal traffic.  The highway was constructed from Ocean City starting in 1970.  The state highway was opened west to MD 589 in 1972 and to US 113 in 1975.  MD 90 was completed west to US 50 in 1976.

Whaleyville, Maryland
Whaleyville is a census-designated place in Worcester County, Maryland, United States. The population was 149 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Brandon Umba
Brandon Umba (born September 8, 1985) is an American Republican Party politician who represented the 8th Legislative district in the New Jersey General Assembly from January 11, 2022, to January 9, 2024. He narrowly lost re-election by 252 votes in 2023 in an upset to Democrat Andrea Katz. Umba later announced he would run for his seat again in 2025. He ran again, but in the 2025 New Jersey General Assembly election, not only did he lose once more, but Angelozzi beat Republican incumbent Michael Torrissi who edged out Angelozzi for the other seat in 2023.

A resident of Medford, where he has served on the Zoning Board of Adjustment, Umba has served as the Township Administrator of West Deptford Township, Lumberton and Manchester Township.

West Deptford Township, New Jersey
West Deptford Township (pronounced West DEP-ford) is a township in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 22,197, an increase of 520 (+2.4%) from the 2010 census count of 21,677, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,309 (+11.9%) from the 19,368 counted in the 2000 census.

West Deptford Township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 1, 1871, from portions of Deptford Township. Portions of the township were taken to form the boroughs of National Park (April 15, 1902) and Westville (April 7, 1914). Woodbury annexed portions of the township in May 1907.

West Deptford Township was named for the Deptford area of London, located on the River Thames. The township is part of the South Jersey region of the state.
Ronnie Huckeba
Ronnie Huckeba is a retired American football coach. He was the head coach at Harding University in Searcy, Arkansas from 2007 to 2016.  He compiled a record of 69–40, winning a Great American Conference championship and reaching the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs in his final season.

Huckeba was an offensive lineman for Harding from 1973 to 1976, starting at offensive guard on the Bisons' 1976 Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference co-championship squad. He coached high school football in Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana before coming back to Harding as an assistant coach for John Prock.

One of his sons, Jeb Huckeba, played defensive end for the Arkansas Razorbacks and later played for two seasons with the Seattle Seahawks.

Following his retirement from coaching in 2016, Huckeba took on his current role as the senior advancement officer at Harding.

Searcy, Arkansas
Searcy (/ˈsɜːrsi/ SUR-see) is the largest city in and the county seat of White County, Arkansas, United States. According to 2024 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 23,997.  It is the principal city of the Searcy, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of White County.  The city takes its name from Richard Searcy, a judge for the Superior Court of the Arkansas Territory.  A college town, Searcy is the home of Harding University and ASU-Searcy.
Washington Column
Washington Column is a roughly 1800-foot high rock formation, arising from Yosemite Valley. It is east of the Royal Arches, behind the Ahwahnee Hotel. North Dome is above it. Washington Column can be viewed from many points in Yosemite Valley, including the trail to Mirror Lake.

Washington Column has numerous rock climbing routes.

Ahwahnee Hotel
The Ahwahnee is a grand hotel in Yosemite National Park, California, on the floor of Yosemite Valley.  It was built by the Yosemite Park and Curry Company and opened for business in 1927.  The hotel is constructed of steel, stone, concrete, wood, and glass, and is a premier example of National Park Service rustic architecture.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.

The Ahwahnee was temporarily renamed the Majestic Yosemite Hotel in 2016 due to a legal dispute between the U.S. government, which owns the property, and the outgoing concessionaire, Delaware North, which claimed rights to the trademarked name. The name was restored in 2019 upon settlement of the dispute.

Since 1980, The Ahwahnee is also known for being the inspiration for the interior scene design of the fictional Overlook Hotel in the Stanley Kubrick film The Shining.