hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conscription in South Africa
Conscription in South Africa was established in 1967 and abolished in 1994 via a constitutional amendment. At its peak, conscription in South Africa consisted of two years of mandatory military service, followed by camps at intervals. Under apartheid, the call-up applied to all white men after completing their schooling or further studies. The End Conscription Campaign began in 1983 in opposition to the requirement. In the same year the National Party government announced plans to extend conscription to white immigrants in the country. The policy was defended by Magnus Malan, Minister of Defence in the cabinet of President P. W. Botha in 1988: "One of the biggest advances in South Africa is National Service", he added that relatives were  "prepared to sacrifice the husband or the child for their country because they consider it an honour to die for their country!"

Minister of Defence and Military Veterans
The minister of defence and military veterans (formerly the minister of defence) is a minister in the Government of South Africa, who is responsible for overseeing the Department of Defence, the Department of Military Veterans and the South African National Defence Force.
Winnipeg North—St. Paul
Winnipeg North—St. Paul (also known as Winnipeg—St. Paul) was a federal electoral district (or riding) in Manitoba, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2004.

This riding was created in 1996 as "Winnipeg—St. Paul" from parts of Selkirk—Red River, Winnipeg North and Winnipeg Transcona ridings. It was renamed "Winnipeg North—St. Paul" in 1997. It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into Kildonan—St. Paul and Winnipeg North ridings.

Elmwood—Transcona
Elmwood—Transcona (formerly Winnipeg—Transcona) is a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. Its population in 2021 was 101,691.
2006 Nextel All-Star Challenge
The 2006 Nextel All-Star Challenge was the second exhibition stock car race of the 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series and the 22nd iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, May 20, 2006, in Concord, North Carolina at Lowe's Motor Speedway, a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) permanent quad-oval. The race took the scheduled 90 laps to complete. At race's end, Jimmie Johnson, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, would dominate the late stages of the race to win $1 million and his second Nextel All-Star Challenge. To fill out the podium, Kevin Harvick, driving for Richard Childress Racing, and Jeff Gordon, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, would finish second and third, respectively.

In the preliminary Nextel Open, MBV Motorsports driver Scott Riggs would dominate the race to move on to the main Nextel All-Star Challenge. Meanwhile, Petty Enterprises driver Kyle Petty would win the fan vote to move onto the Nextel All-Star Challenge.

Evernham Motorsports
Evernham Motorsports was an American professional stock car racing organization that competed in the NASCAR Cup Series. The team was founded in 2000 by former Hendrick Motorsports crew chief Ray Evernham, entering full-time competition as a two-car operation in 2001 and fielding additional full-time entries in alliances with Ultra Motorsports and the Valvoline corporation. The organization was renamed Gillett Evernham Motorsports in 2007 after former Montreal Canadiens and Liverpool F.C. owner George Gillett bought a controlling interest from founder Evernham, and merged with Petty Enterprises in 2009 to become Richard Petty Motorsports.
Jacek Przebierała
Jacek Przebierała is a paralympic athlete from Poland competing mainly in category F37 discus and javelin events.

Jacek competed in the discus and javelin at the 2000 Summer Paralympics winning a bronze medal in the javelin.  He matched this performance, winning a second bronze n the javelin in the 2004 Summer Paralympics.

2000 Summer Paralympics
The 2000 Summer Paralympic Games or the XI Summer Paralympics were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, between 18 and 29 October. The Sydney Paralympics was the last time that the Summer Paralympics were organised by two different Organizing Committees. In this edition, a record 3,801 athletes from 123 National Paralympic Committees participated in 551 events in 18 sports. The 2000 Summer Paralympics were the second largest sporting event ever until that date held in Australia and in the Southern Hemisphere. Sydney was the eighth city to jointly host the Olympic and Paralympic Games. However, it was only the fourth to jointly organise both events in complete conjunction with the Olympics. This edition was also the first time that the Paralympics were held in Australia and Oceania.
Kryoneri, Corinthia
Kryoneri (Greek: Κρυονέρι, before 1955: Μάτζανη - Matzani) is a village in Corinthia regional unit, Greece. It is 42 km southwest of Corinth, built at 740 m height, in the slopes of Velisa mountain (part of Cyllene mountain). Kryoneri is part of the municipality of Sikyona. The village was flown through by a stream, tributary of Elisson River. Kryoneri has panoramic view towards northeast Corinthia until the coasts of Saronic and Corinthian gulf.

Saronic Gulf
The Saronic Gulf (Greek: Σαρωνικός κόλπος, Saronikós kólpos) or Gulf of Aegina in Greece is formed between the peninsulas of Attica and Argolis and forms part of the Aegean Sea. It defines the eastern side of the isthmus of Corinth, being the eastern terminus of the Corinth Canal, which cuts across the isthmus. The Saronic Islands in the gulf have played a pivotal role in the history of Greece, with the largest, Salamis being the location of a significant naval battle in the Greco-Persian wars. The Megara Gulf makes up the northern end of the Saronic Gulf.

The Athens urban area lies on the north coast of the Saronic Gulf.
Associação Guias de São Tomé and Príncipe
Associação Guias de São Tomé and Príncipe are a prospective member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Girl Guiding started in 1991, but no recent information appears to be available.

In 1999, the Associação Guias de Portugal held the first encampment for Ramos Adventurer and Caravel patrol leaders and deputies in Belmonte. This camp was also attended by Mozambique Guides and Guides from São Tomé and Príncipe.

Belmonte, Portugal
Belmonte (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌbɛlˈmõtɨ] ⓘ), officially Town of Belmonte (Portuguese: Vila de Belmonte), is a town and municipality in the district of Castelo Branco, Portugal. The municipality's population in 2021 was 6,205, in an area of 118.76 square kilometres (45.85 mi2).

Belmonte is distinguished by its enduring Jewish community, which dates back to at least the 13th century. This community, numbering about 300 in 2008, preserved its faith through crypto-Judaism, maintaining Jewish traditions in secret despite the pressures of the Inquisition and forced conversions. Open practice was re-established with the founding of a synagogue in 1996. The Belmonte Jewish Museum, opened in 2005, chronicles this remarkable history.
Walter Devereux (born 1173)
Walter Devereux was an Anglo-Norman nobleman living during the reign of king Henry II of England and Richard I of England. The Devereux, along with the Baskervilles and Pichards, were prominent knightly families along the Welsh marches during the twelfth century, and linked to William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and the Braose and Lacy lordships of the region. William Devereux's descendants would later give rise to the Devereux Viscounts of Hereford and Earls of Essex.

Welsh Marches
The Welsh Marches (Welsh: Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.  The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods.

The English term Welsh March (Medieval Latin: Marchia Walliae) was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England.  In modern usage, "the Marches" is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire, and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales. However, at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire.
Artūras Vieta
Artūras Vieta (born May 31, 1961) is a Lithuanian sprint canoeist, born in Šiauliai. He won ten medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds (K-4 500 m: 1987, K-4 10000 m: 1989, 1990), three silvers (K-1 1000 m: 1983, K-2 1000 m: 1989, 1990; K-4 500 m: 1983, K-4 1000 m: 1985), and two bronzes (K-4 1000 m: 1985, 1987). At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, he competed for Lithuania and finished ninth in both the K-1 500 m and the K-1 1000 m events.

ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships are an international event in canoe racing, one of two top-tier Summer Olympic sport events organized by the International Canoe Federation (the other being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships). They are usually held every non-Olympic year and have officially included paracanoe events since 2010; paracanoe-specific editions of this event (named ICF Paracanoe World Championships) are usually held in Summer Paralympic years.

Prior to November 2008, canoe sprint was known as flatwater racing.
Desbutal
Desbutal was the brand name of a fixed-dose combination formulation composed of 5mg of the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant ("upper") amphetamine derivative, methamphetamine hydrochloride (HCl) and 30 mg of the CNS depressant ("downer") barbiturate, pentobarbital sodium. Manufactured by Abbott Laboratories as a scored tablet to be taken orally.

Marketed as an antidepressant, as well an anorectic for treating obesity, a treatment for narcolepsy, parkinsonism, alcoholism, and some off-label uses, Desbutal had a high potential for abuse and dependence, consequently being discontinued.

Off-label use
Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration. Both prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs (OTCs) can be used in off-label ways, although most studies of off-label use focus on prescription drugs.

Off-label use is very common and generally legal unless it violates ethical guidelines or safety regulations. The ability to prescribe drugs for uses beyond the officially approved indications is commonly used to good effect by healthcare providers. For example, methotrexate is commonly used off-label because its immunomodulatory effects relieve various disorders. However, off-label use can entail health risks and differences in legal liability. Marketing of pharmaceuticals for off-label use is usually prohibited.
Jimmy Collins (American football)
Jimmy Collins (born c. 1986) is an American junior college football coach. He is the head football coach at Diablo Valley College in Pleasant Hill, California, a position he had held since 2024. Collins served as the head football coach at City College of San Francisco (CCSF) from 2015 to 2023.

A native of Novato, California, Rogers attended Marin Catholic High School in Kentfield, California, where he played football as a quarterback. He then played at CCSF under George Rush and at Portland State University under head coach Jerry Glanville and offensive coordinator Mouse Davis. He was the quarterbacks coach at CCSF for six seasons, from 2009 to 2014, under Rush before succeeding him as head coach in 2015.

Marin Catholic High School
Marin Catholic High School (familiarly known as MC) is a Catholic college preparatory school located in Kentfield, Marin County, California. The school is owned by the Archdiocese of San Francisco. It was founded in 1949. Annual tuition is $27,500.
Frillesås
Frillesås is a locality situated in Kungsbacka Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 2,044 inhabitants in 2010. Frillesås BK is a bandy club.

The locality has a population of approximately 3,000 residents. It is located on the coast facing the Kattegat, where the Löfta River flows into the sea at Frillesås.

Frillesås has been classified as a locality since 1960. In 1990, Statistics Sweden (SCB) designated a small locality with the same name just west of the existing settlement. During the 1995 and 2000 delimitations, both localities existed side by side, but in 2005, the small locality was incorporated into the main settlement.

Halland County
Halland County (Swedish: Hallands län, [ˈhǎlːan(d)s ˈlɛːn]) is a county (län) on the western coast of Sweden. It corresponds roughly to the cultural and historical province of Halland. The capital is Halmstad. Prince Julian, the son of Prince Carl Philip, is Duke of Halland.

It borders the counties of Västra Götaland, Jönköping, Kronoberg, Scania and the sea of the Kattegat.
Malajoe Batawi
Malajoe Batawi: Kitab deri hal Perkataan-Perkataan Malajoe, Hal Memetjah Oedjar-Oedjar Malajoe dan Hal Pernahkan Tanda-Tanda Batja dan Hoeroef-Hoeroef Besar (better known by the short title Malajoe Batawi; Perfected Spelling: Melayu Betawi: Kitab dari hal Perkataan-Perkataan Melayu, Hal Memecah Ujar-Ujar Melayu dan Hal Pernahkan Tanda-Tanda Baca dan Huruf-Huruf Besar; literally Betawi Malay: A Book of Malay Words, Breaking Up Malay Saying and Punctuation Marks and Capital Letters) is a grammar of the Malay language as spoken in Batavia (now Jakarta) written by Lie Kim Hok. The 116-page book, first published in 1884, saw two printings and has been described as the "most remarkable achievement of Chinese Malay writing".

Indonesian orthography
Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin script and is called Ejaan yang Disempurnakan (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling, Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling.
Lee Ri-young
Lee Ri-young (born 11 August 2000) is a South Korean synchronized swimmer. She represented South Korea at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary and at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. She also competed at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary.

In 2018, she finished in 6th place in the women's team event at the Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia. In the women's duet she also finished in 6th place.

At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea, she finished in 16th place in the preliminary round in the solo free routine. She finished in 15th place in the preliminary round in the solo technical routine. Lee and Baek Seo-yeon competed in the duet technical routine. They finished in 31st place in the preliminary round.

2022 World Aquatics Championships
The 2022 World Aquatics Championships, the 19th edition of the FINA World Aquatics Championships, were held in Budapest, Hungary, from 17 June to 3 July 2022. These championships included five disciplines, with high diving not staged for this edition of the championships.
Eokinorhynchus
Eokinorhynchus is a Fortunian (earliest Cambrian) ecdysozoan known from three fossils.  It is interpreted as a stem-group kinorhynch, which would make it by far the earliest and indeed only reported member of this group from the fossil record.

Fortunian
47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W﻿ / ﻿47.0762°N 55.8310°W﻿ / 47.0762; -55.8310
The Fortunian age marks the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, the Paleozoic Era, and the Cambrian Period. It is the first of the two stages of the Terreneuvian series. Its base is defined as the first appearance of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum 538.8 million years ago. The top of the Fortunian which is the base of the Stage 2 of the Cambrian has not been formally defined yet, but will correspond to the appearance of an Archeocyatha species or "Small shelly fossils" approximately 529 million years ago.

The name Fortunian is derived from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, near the GSSP and Fortune Bay.
PFWA NFL All-Rookie Team
Following each National Football League (NFL) season, the Pro Football Writers of America (PFWA) compiles an honorary All-Rookie Team to recognize that season's most outstanding rookies at each position as adjudged by sportswriters of the PFWA. Teams have been selected every year since 1974.

Rookie
A rookie is a person new to an occupation, profession, or hobby. In sports, a rookie is a professional athlete in their first season (or year).

In contrast with a veteran, who has experience, a rookie is typically considered needing more training and learning, though they may bring a new outside expertise to a job.
Elizabeth Trussell, Countess of Oxford
Elizabeth de Vere (née Trussell), Countess of Oxford (1496 – before July 1527) was an English noblewoman. As a young child she became a royal ward.

She married John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford, and by him was mother of the 16th Earl and grandmother of Sir Francis and Sir Horace Vere, the 'fighting Veres'.

Sir John Donne
Sir John Donne (c.1420s – January 1503) was a Welsh courtier, diplomat and soldier, a notable figure of the Yorkist party. In the 1470s, he commissioned the Donne Triptych, a triptych altarpiece by Hans Memling now in the National Gallery, London.  It contains portraits of him, his wife Elizabeth and a daughter.  He may well have been related to the Jacobean poet John Donne, although not as a direct ancestor, as he had no Donne grandchildren.
Polar BEAR
Polar BEAR, short for Polar Beacon Experiment and Auroral Research, was a 1986 U.S. military space mission.  Also known as STP P87-1 or STP P87-A, the craft was built for the Air Force by Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).

To save money, a satellite was retrieved from the National Air and Space Museum, where it had been on display for almost a decade. It was launched on November 13, 1986, from Vandenberg AFB. Its science mission was to investigate communications interference caused by solar flares and auroral activity, continuing the work of the previous HILAT ("High Latitude") mission.

Space Test Program
The Space Test Program (STP) is the primary provider of spaceflight for the United States Department of Defense (DoD) space science and technology community. STP is managed by a group within the Advanced Systems and Development Directorate, a directorate of the Space and Missile Systems Center of the United States Space Force. STP provides spaceflight via the International Space Station (ISS), piggybacks, secondary payloads and dedicated launch services.

STP has actually been in existence for 50 years as of 2019, and has been responsible for several thousand launches. For example, the initial experiments that led to the modern Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite constellation were STP-launched projects. Its predecessor was SATAR.
Lake Tolvayarvi
Lake Tolvajärvi (Russian: Толваярви; Finnish: Tolvajärvi) is a group of lakes in the Republic of Karelia, in the Ladoga Karelia. It is a part of the Vuoksi drainage basin. The group of lakes have flows through rivers to the Finnish Lake Pielinen.

Republic of Karelia
The Republic of Karelia, or simply Karelia or Karjala (Russian: Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла; Karelian: Karjala) is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country. The republic is a part of the Northwestern Federal District, and covers an area of 172,400 square kilometres (66,600 square miles), with a population of 533,121 residents. Its capital is Petrozavodsk.

The modern Karelian Republic was founded as an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR, by the Resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) on 27 June 1923 and by the Decree of the VTsIK and the Council of People's Commissars of 25 July 1923, from the Karelian Labour Commune. From 1940 to 1956, it was known as the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the republics of the Soviet Union. In 1956, it was once again made an autonomous republic and remained part of Russia following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
2009 Geneva Grand Council election
The 2009 election to the Grand Council was held in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, on 11 October 2009.  All 100 members of the Grand Council were elected for four-year terms.

The Liberal Party remained the largest party, with twenty seats, having lost three since 2005.  The centre-right 'Entente', between the Liberals, Free Democratic Party, and Christian Democrats lost a total of five seats.  The main winners were the populist Geneva Citizens' Movement, who almost doubled their number of seats to draw level with the Green Party as the second-largest contingent.  The far left alliance between solidaritéS and the Swiss Party of Labour failed to overcome the 7% threshold for representation, despite each having each separately received more than 6% at the 2005 election.

Green Party of Switzerland
The Green Party of Switzerland (German: GRÜNE Schweiz; French: Les VERT-E-S suisses; Italian: VERDI svizzeri; Romansh: VERDA svizra) is a green political party in Switzerland. It is the fifth-largest party in the National Council of Switzerland and the largest party that is not represented on the Federal Council.
Marshall Black
Marshall Black (February 19, 1870 – March 27, 1934) was an American politician.  He was born in Ohio in 1870, and attended Ohio Wesleyan University and Stanford University. He served in the California State Assembly for the 57th district from 1903 to 1905 and California Senate for the 28th district from 1907 to 1913.

In 1911, he wrote the bill that extended the use of recall election to include local and city officials. Two years later, he was accused of embezzlement for stealing $140,000 from the Palo Alto Building and Loan of which he was secretary and recalled from office.  He was then found guilty and sentenced to three years and four months in prison at San Quentin.

He was replaced by Herbert C. Jones.

Ohio Wesleyan University
Ohio Wesleyan University (abbreviated OWU) is a private liberal arts college in Delaware, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and central Ohio residents, OWU is a member of the Ohio Five – a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges. Its 200-acre (81 ha) campus is 27 miles (44 km) north of Columbus, Ohio and includes the main academic and residential campus, Perkins Observatory, and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve.
Argyrotype
Argyrotype is an iron-based silver printing process that produces brown images on plain paper. It is an alternative process derived from the Argentotype, Kallitype, and Van Dyke brown processes of the 19th century, but has greater simplicity, improved image stability, and longer sensitizer shelf-life. The Argyrotype process was developed by Mike Ware in the 1990s.

The core resource used is silver sulphamate (NH2SO3Ag) which can be prepared on site from sulphamic acid. The sensitizer used is very slow, so printing must be by contact with a large format negative, using an ultraviolet lamp or sunlight.

As with most alternative processes there is room for manipulating the process to achieve different effects, and since the image is produced on plain paper many drawing or print making processes can be combined with the original image.

Mike Ware (photographer)
Michael J. Ware (born 1939, Bromley) FRSC FRSC is a chemist and photographer, known for his work in alternative photographic processes, earlier methods of printing photographic images that were succeeded by the more common silver-gelatin used today. In the Present, Ware acts as a consultant, most recently on the history and development of the platinotype and palladium processes. His has also written about chemistry's influence on the history of photography.