hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Unitarity gauge
In theoretical physics, the unitarity gauge or unitary gauge is a particular choice of a gauge fixing in a gauge theory with a spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this gauge, the scalar fields responsible for the Higgs mechanism are transformed into a basis in which their Goldstone boson components are set to zero. In other words, the unitarity gauge makes the manifest number of scalar degrees of freedom minimal.

The gauge was introduced to particle physics by Steven Weinberg  in the context of the electroweak theory.  In electroweak theory, the degrees of freedom in a unitarity gauge are the massive spin-1 W+, W− and Z bosons with three polarizations each, the photon with two polarizations, and the scalar Higgs boson.

The unitarity gauge is usually used in tree-level calculations.  For loop calculations, other gauge choices such as the 't Hooft–Feynman gauge often reduce the mathematical complexity of the calculation.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a spontaneous process of symmetry breaking, by which a physical system in a symmetric state spontaneously ends up in an asymmetric state. In particular, it can describe systems where the equations of motion or the Lagrangian obey symmetries, but the lowest-energy vacuum solutions do not exhibit that same symmetry. When the system goes to one of those vacuum solutions, the symmetry is broken for perturbations around that vacuum even though the entire Lagrangian retains that symmetry.
IG Metall
IG Metall (German: [iːɡeː meˈtal] ⓘ; IGM; German: Industriegewerkschaft Metall, "Industrial Union of Metalworkers'") is the dominant metalworkers' union in Germany, making it the country's largest union as well as Europe's largest industrial union. Analysts of German labor relations consider it a major trend-setter in national bargaining.

IG Metall and ver.di together account for around 15 percent of the German workforce, and other sectors tend to broadly follow their agreements.

Bosch (company)
Robert Bosch GmbH (/bɒʃ/; German: [bɔʃ] ⓘ), commonly known as Bosch (styled BOSCH), is a German multinational engineering and technology company headquartered in Gerlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 94% owned by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable institution. Although the charity is funded by owning the vast majority of shares, it has no voting rights and is involved in health and social causes unrelated to Bosch's business.

Bosch's core operating areas are spread across four business sectors: mobility (hardware and software), consumer goods (including household appliances and power tools), industrial technology (including drive and control), and energy and building technology.

In terms of revenue, Bosch is the largest automotive supplier. From 2025 onwards, Bosch faced massive economic problems in the automotive sector, because global sales of German cars are declining.
Lake Euramoo
Lake Euramoo (a.k.a. Ngimun & Nuta) is a shallow dumbbell-shaped volcanic crater lake (a maar) in Danbulla, Tablelands Region, Far North Queensland, Australia. It was formed about 23,000 years ago by two massive explosions from groundwater superheating.

The crater lake is known to Yidinji, within their oral history and mythology as Ngimun, and known to neighbouring Ngdjon-jii as Nuta; though formally gazetted by the Queensland Government as 'Lake Euramoo',
Euramo being the Dyirbal word for river (yuramu)

The lake (Ngimun) falls within the current Danbulla National Park and State Forest, on the Tertiary uplifted highlands of the Atherton Tableland, within the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area, Australia.

Dyirbal language
Dyirbal (/ˈdʒɜːrbəl/ JUR-bəl; also Djirubal) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by the Dyirbal people. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics there were eight speakers of the language in 2016  and 24 speakers in 2021. It is a member of the small Dyirbalic branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. It possesses many outstanding features that have made it well known among linguists.

In the years since the Dyirbal grammar by Robert Dixon was published in 1972, Dyirbal has steadily moved closer to extinction as younger community members have failed to learn it.
Loch Gilp
Loch Gilp (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Gilp) is a small inlet on Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute, west of Scotland.  The loch gives its name to the nearby town of Lochgilphead. The Crinan Canal extends from the loch across to Crinan itself.

Inlet
An inlet is a typically long and narrow indentation of a shoreline such as a small arm, cove, bay, sound, fjord, lagoon or marsh, that leads to an enclosed larger body of water such as a lake, estuary, gulf or marginal sea.
Barbara Zápolya
Barbara Zápolya (Hungarian: Szapolyai Borbála, Lithuanian: Barbora Zapojajietė, 1495–1515) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as the first wife of Sigismund I the Old from 1512 to 1515. Marriage to Barbara represented an alliance between Sigismund and the House of Zápolya against the Habsburgs in succession disputes over the throne to the Kingdom of Hungary. The alliance was short-lived as the renewed Muscovite–Lithuanian War forced Sigismund to look for Habsburg allies. The marriage was loving, but short. Barbara was the mother of Hedwig, Electress of Brandenburg, but died soon after the birth of her second daughter Anna.

Louis II of Hungary
Louis II (Hungarian: II. Lajos; Czech: Ludvík Jagellonský; Croatian: Ludovik II.; Slovak: Ľudovít II.; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He died during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of large parts of Hungary.
Christine Charlotte of Württemberg
Christine Charlotte of Württemberg (21 October 1645, Stuttgart – 16 May 1699, Bruchhausen) was a princess consort of East Frisia by her marriage to George Christian, Prince of East Frisia. She served as the regent of East Frisia during the minority of her son from 1665 until 1690.

Bruchhausen-Vilsen
Bruchhausen-Vilsen (German pronunciation: [bʁʊxˈhaʊzn̩ ˈfɪlzn̩]; Low German: Brooksen-Vilsen) is a municipality in the Diepholz district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated 38 km (24 mi) southeast of Bremen. The nearby communities of Berxen, Bruchhöfen, Bruchmühlen, Dille, Gehlbergen, Heiligenberg, Homfeld, Nenndorf, Riethausen, Stapelshorn, Wöpse, Oerdinghausen, Scholen, Weseloh, Süstedt and Engeln all belong to Bruchhausen-Vilsen. Bruchhausen-Vilsen is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bruchhausen-Vilsen.
Eddie Marlin
Edward Marlin (August 13, 1930 – August 15, 2019) was an American promoter and professional wrestler. He was the father-in-law of promoter and professional wrestler Jerry Jarrett and the grandfather of professional wrestler and promoter Jeff Jarrett.

NWA Mid-America
NWA Mid-America was a professional wrestling promotion territory under the umbrella of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) that promoted shows in Tennessee, Kentucky and Alabama from 1940 until 1981. The company was founded in 1940 by Nick Gulas and Roy Welch and was one of the first promotions to join the NWA after it was founded in 1948. From 1953 until late 1974, John Cazana promoted the Knoxville area and Joe Gunther promoted the Birmingham area from around 1940 until some point in the 1970s. In 1977, promoter Jerry Jarrett and wrestler Jerry Lawler broke away from NWA Mid-America, breaking the Memphis area off to start on the own under the name the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA). Mid-America stopped promoting in 1981 and the CWA took over most of their territory as well as some of the championships promoted by NWA Mid-America.
Phillip County
Phillip County was one of the original Nineteen Counties in New South Wales and is now one of the 141 cadastral divisions of New South Wales. It includes the area to the east of Mudgee and Gulgong. The Cudgegong River is the border to the south-west, and the Goulburn River the border to the north.

Phillip County was named in honour of Governor of New South Wales, Admiral Arthur Phillip. The Electoral district of Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh was the first electoral district for the area, between 1856 and 1859.

Gulgong
Gulgong is a 19th-century gold rush town in the Central Tablelands and the wider Central West regions of the Australian state of New South Wales. The town is situated within the Mid-Western Regional Council local government area. It is located about 300 km (190 mi) north west of Sydney, and about 30 km north of Mudgee along the Castlereagh Highway. At the 2021 census, Gulgong had a population of 2,680.

Today, much of the 19th-century character of the town remains, contributing to its appeal as a tourist destination. Of special interest is the Prince of Wales Opera House, a survivor with a rich history.

Apart from tourism and hospitality, local industries include wine production, wool, wheat growing and coal mining.

Yarrobil National Park is located 21 kilometres (13 mi) north west of Gulgong.
Mount Wilkinson
Mount Wilkinson is a low mountain immediately north-northwest of and directly overlooking downtown Vinings, in southeast Cobb County, Georgia, USA. Although it rises significantly from the surrounding terrain, it is actually at or slightly below the average elevation for the region, as it is in the Chattahoochee River valley. Formerly called Signal Mountain, today it is commonly known as Vinings Mountain.

It is said that in 1864, U.S. Army General William T. Sherman got his first look at the church spires of Atlanta from the summit of Vinings Mountain.

The mountain, left only partly forested, is now topped with high-rise office towers, part of the Cumberland/Galleria edge city of metro Atlanta. Among these buildings lies a small, private cemetery in which Hardy Pace (1785–1864), a founder of Vinings and operator of Pace's Ferry, is buried.

Pace's Ferry
Through much of the 19th century, Pace's Ferry was an important ferry across the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta.  Started in the early 1830s near Peachtree Creek, it was run by Hardy Pace, one of the city's founders.  It was an important transportation link to northwestern Georgia, especially prior to the construction of the State Road (the Western & Atlantic Railroad) to Chattanooga.

In Vinings (formerly Paces), Pace's Mill was a gristmill begun by Hardy Pace, founded to diversify his holdings after the railroad was built.  The short Paces Mill Road still exists today.  Just across the river is Paces, the northwesternmost neighborhood of Atlanta.

During the Atlanta campaign of the American Civil War, the Battle of Pace's Ferry was fought July 5, 1864.
2008 Pepsi 500
The 2008 Pepsi 500 was the twenty-fifth race of the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup season and the next-to-last race to determine the twelve drivers to compete in the 2008 Chase for the Sprint Cup.  The 500 miles (800 km) race was held on Sunday night, August 31 at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana, California. ESPN carried the race beginning at 7 PM US EDT and MRN along with Sirius Satellite Radio having radio coverage starting at 7:15 PM US EDT.  This year marked the final time that this race would be run on Labor Day Weekend.  In 2009, this race will move into the current spot occupied to Talladega Superspeedway as part of the NASCAR 2009 realignment.

NASCAR on ESPN
NASCAR on ESPN is the now-defunct former package and branding of coverage of NASCAR races on ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC. ABC, and later the ESPN family of networks, carried NASCAR events from the sanctioning body's top three divisions at various points from the early 1960s until 2000, after the Truck Series rights were lost. However, ESPN resumed coverage of NASCAR with the Nationwide Series race at Daytona in February 2007 and the then-Nextel Cup Series at Indianapolis in July 2007. ESPN's final race was the Ford EcoBoost 400 at the Homestead–Miami Speedway on November 16, 2014, with Kevin Harvick winning that year's NASCAR Sprint Cup Series championship.
Steven A. Leadon
Steven A. (Tony) Leadon is a former professor of radiation oncology at the University of North Carolina.

In 2003, a university found that Leadon had fabricated and falsified data in his research on DNA repair.  In 2006, the United States Office of Research Integrity came to the same conclusion, saying that "Leadon engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying DNA samples and constructing falsified figures for experiments done in his laboratory to support claimed findings of defects in a DNA repair process that involved rapid repair of DNA damage in the transcribed strand of active genes, included in four grant applications and in eight publications and one published manuscript".

In the wake of the investigations, papers have been retracted from several journals including Science and Mutation Research, while more articles were partially retracted from journals including Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and  Molecular and Cellular Biology.

United States Office of Research Integrity
The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) is a U.S. government agency that focuses on research integrity, especially in health. It was created when the Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI) in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Office of Scientific Integrity Review (OSIR) in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health merged in May 1992. The Office of Research Integrity oversees and directs Public Health Service (PHS) research integrity activities on behalf of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, except for the regulatory research integrity activities of the Food and Drug Administration. Organizationally, ORI is located within the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH) within the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
2018 Special Honours (Australia)
The Special Honours Lists for Australia are announced by the Sovereign and Governor-General at any time.

Some honours are awarded by other countries where Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of State and Australians receiving those honours are listed here with the prevalent reference.

Richard Harris (anaesthetist)
Richard James Dunbar "Harry" Harris SC, OAM, PBh (GCT) is an Australian anaesthetist and cave diver who has served as the Lieutenant Governor of South Australia since 2024. Harris is best known for having played a crucial role in the Tham Luang cave rescue in Thailand in 2018. He has dived to 245m (804 ft) and is the first person known to have breathed hydrogen as a diluent gas on a rebreather. Harris was awarded 2019 Australian of the Year along with his dive partner Craig Challen.
Robustness (evolution)
In evolutionary biology, robustness of a biological system (also called biological or genetic robustness) is the persistence of a certain characteristic or trait in a system under perturbations or conditions of uncertainty.  Robustness in development is known as canalization.  According to the kind of perturbation involved, robustness can be classified as mutational, environmental, recombinational, or behavioral robustness etc. Robustness is achieved through the combination of many genetic and molecular mechanisms and can evolve by either direct or indirect selection. Several model systems have been developed to experimentally study robustness and its evolutionary consequences.

Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions of organisms, individuals, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. While some behavior is produced in response to an organism's environment (extrinsic motivation), behavior can also be the product of intrinsic motivation, also referred to as "agency" or "free will".

Taking a behavior informatics perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior vector.
2008 student protests in Chile
The 2008 student protests in Chile were a series of protests and other manifestations by citizens of dissatisfaction against the state of education in Chile. The protest were the largest student protest in Chile after the 2006 student protest. Both secondary and university students participated. On April 24 about 500 students were detained in the cities of Santiago, Valparaíso, Concepción, Temuco and Valdivia by police in relation to the protests. On May 28 more than 300 students in Santiago and Antofagasta were detained by police in relation to the protests.

Carabineros de Chile
The Carabineros de Chile (lit. 'Carabiniers of Chile') are the Chilean national gendarmerie, who have jurisdiction over the entire national territory of the Republic of Chile. Created in 1927, their mission is to maintain order and enforce the laws of Chile. They reported to the Ministry of National Defense through the Undersecretary of Carabineros until 2011 when the Ministry of the Interior and Public Security gained full control over them. They are in practice separated fully from the three other military branches by department but still are considered part of the armed forces. Chile also has an investigative police force, the Investigations Police of Chile, also under the Interior and Public Security Ministry; a Maritime Police also exists for patrol of Chile's coastline.
Saksi Ang Langit
"Saksi Ang Langit" (lit. 'Heaven's a Witness') is a song by Filipino band December Avenue. It was released as a digital single on November 25, 2022, through Tower of Doom, and was written by Ronzel Bautista and Muriel Danao. Different from the bands' regular previous songs about difficult experiences, "Saksi Ang Langit" is an indie pop alternative rock track that speaks profoundly about love in its best forms.

The song resurged on the internet nearly three years later due to the viral wedding of Zeinab Harake and Bobby Ray Parks Jr. and later on to become a sleeper hit. It made a strong debut at number six on Billboard Philippines Hot 100 and number 3 on Top Philippine Songs on June 28, 2025, marking the band's highest debut for a song in the Billboard Philippines charts.

Zel Bautista
Ronzel Benedict Bautista is a Filipino musician known as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the rock band December Avenue. He also launched a solo project under the moniker Above Velvet Air, which debuted with the independently released single "Close to Me" (2025).
USS Kankakee
USS Kankakee (AO-39) was a Kennebec-class fleet oiler of the United States Navy. The ship was built as SS Colina by Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point, Maryland (hull number 4358 and Maritime Commission number 146), launched on 24 January 1942, sponsored by Mrs. D. A. Little, acquired for the Navy on 31 March through the Maritime Commission from her owner, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company (later renamed Mobil Oil), New York City, and commissioned as Kankakee at Norfolk, Virginia, on 4 May.

Replenishment oiler
A replenishment oiler or replenishment tanker is a naval auxiliary ship with fuel tanks and dry cargo holds which can supply both fuel and dry stores during underway replenishment (UNREP) at sea. Many countries have used replenishment oilers.

The United States Navy's hull classification symbol for this type of ship was 'AOR' (Auxiliary Oil Replenishment). Replenishment oilers are slower and carry fewer dry stores than the US Navy's modern fast combat support ships, which carry the classification 'AOE'. In 2020 the US Navy began to develop a new type of ship, the 'AOL' or light replenishment oiler; construction of the first is planned for 2026.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the World Athletics Championships
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has competed at every edition of the IAAF World Athletics Championships. Its competing country code is VIN. The country has not won any medals at the competition and as of 2017 none of the country's athletes has reached the final of an event. Sprinters Kineke Alexander and Natasha Mayers have both competed in a World Championships semi-final.

Kineke Alexander
Kineke Alicia Alexander (born 21 February 1986 in Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) is a Vincentian sprinter who competed in the 400m event at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the flag bearer for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the 2008 opening ceremony and the 2012 opening ceremony.  She was also the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flagbearer at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she finished in 4th place in her 400 m heat and therefore did not progress further.  At the London 2012 Olympics, Kineke competed in the first Round of the Women's 400m but she didn't finish. Alexander qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics and was again the flag bearer for the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she finished 7th in her heat and did not qualify for the semifinals.
Spania
Spania (Latin: Provincia Spaniae) was a province of the Eastern Roman Empire from 552 until 624 in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. It was established by the Emperor Justinian I in an effort to restore the western provinces of the Empire.

Chronicle of Fredegar
The Chronicle of Fredegar is the conventional title used for a 7th-century Frankish chronicle that was probably written in Burgundy. The author is unknown and the attribution to Fredegar dates only from the 16th century.

The chronicle begins with the creation of the world and ends in AD 642. There are also a few references to events up to 658. Some copies of the manuscript contain an abridged version of the chronicle up to the date of 642, but include additional sections written under the Carolingian dynasty that end with the death of Pepin the Short in 768. The Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations is one of the few sources that provide information on the Merovingian dynasty for the period after 591 when Gregory of Tours' the Decem Libri Historiarum finishes.
Robert A. Kindler
Robert A. Kindler is the Global Chair of Mergers and Acquisitions of Paul Weiss. He previously was Global Head of Mergers & Acquisitions at Morgan Stanley, including as a member of the Management Committee.  He graduated magna cum laude from Colgate University (majoring in romantic poetry and music) in 1976 and then New York University School of Law in 1980.

He has endowed professorships at both Colgate University and New York University School of Law. He was a Trustee of Colgate University for 13 years and is on the Board of the New York University School of Law.

Colgate University
Colgate University is a private college in Hamilton, New York, United States. A liberal arts college, it was founded in 1819 as the Baptist Education Society of the State of New York and operated under that name until 1823, when it was renamed Hamilton Theological and Literary Institution, often called Hamilton College (1823–1846), then Madison College (1846–1890), and its present name since 1890.

Colgate enrolls approximately 3,200 students in 56 undergraduate majors that culminate in a Bachelor of Arts degree. The student body is 54% female and 46% male. Students participate in over 200 clubs and organizations. While Colgate offers an almost entirely undergraduate program, it also has a small graduate program leading to the Master of Arts in Teaching. The college competes in NCAA Division I sports and is part of the Patriot League athletic conference and ECAC Hockey.