hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stooge sort
Stooge sort is a recursive sorting algorithm. It is notable for its exceptionally poor time complexity of  = 
The algorithm's running time is thus slower compared to reasonable sorting algorithms, and is slower than bubble sort, a canonical example of a fairly inefficient sort. It is, however, more efficient than Slowsort. The name comes from The Three Stooges.

The algorithm is defined as follows:

If the value at the start is larger than the value at the end, swap them.

If there are three or more elements in the list, then:
Stooge sort the initial 2/3 of the list
Stooge sort the final 2/3 of the list
Stooge sort the initial 2/3 of the list again

It is important to get the integer sort size used in the recursive calls by rounding the 2/3 upwards, e.g. rounding 2/3 of 5 should give 4 rather than 3, as otherwise the sort can fail on certain data.

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
Too Many Ways to Be No. 1
Too Many Ways to Be No. 1 (Chinese: 一個字頭的誕生) is a 1997 gangster drama directed by Wai Ka Fai, starring Lau Ching Wan, Carman Lee, Francis Ng, Cheung Tat Ming, Matt Chow, Elvis Tsui, Cheng Cho and Ruby Wong. Made in 1997, this is the first formal film produced by Milkyway Image.

Milkyway Image
Milkyway Image (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Chinese: 銀河映像(香港) 有限公司) is a film production company based in Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The company was established in 1996 by director Johnnie To in partnership with frequent collaborator Wai Ka-Fai. The company is known best for producing dark crime films inspired by the works of French director Jean-Pierre Melville and the film noir genre. Milkyway Image's productions have been repeatedly praised as a bold move against the commercialism found in post-handover Hong Kong cinema, and have also attracted a significant international fan base.
Julius Sundsvik
Julius Elian Røring Sundsvik (16 June 1891 - 11 March 1971) was a Norwegian novelist and newspaper editor.

Born in Brønnøy Municipality, Helgeland, he published the novels Slitets folk (1940), Sønnen (1941) and Oppover igjen (1945) with motifs from Northern Norway. He was also the editor-in-chief of Moss Avis in Moss from 1934 to 1964.

Helgeland
Helgeland is the most southerly district in Northern Norway. Generally speaking, Helgeland refers to the part of Nordland county that is located south of the Arctic Circle. It is bordered in the north by the Saltfjellet mountains and Svartisen glacier, which form a natural border with the Salten district. In the south, Helgeland borders Trøndelag county.

The district covers an area of about 18,832 square kilometres (7,271 sq mi), with nearly 79,000 inhabitants. There are four towns in the district: from south to north these are Brønnøysund, Mosjøen, Sandnessjøen, and Mo i Rana.
Vollsmose terrorist trial
The Vollsmose terrorists were three men convicted of attempted terrorism in Denmark in 2007–2008. Nine men were initially arrested by Danish police in the Vollsmose neighbourhood of Odense on 5 September 2006, but most were later released without charges, including a police mole who played a role in the investigation and trial. Four men were charged with attempted terrorism, three of whom were convicted. According to Danish police, the group had been under investigation for quite a while.

Lene Espersen, the Danish Minister of Justice, called the plot "the most severe ever in Denmark" and said the group were planning one or more terrorist attacks against targets in Denmark. It was later claimed that they had planned on using bombs to attack the Folketing (Danish Parliament), Jyllands-Posten (the newspaper involved in the 2005 cartoon controversy), Copenhagen's City Hall Square or another unspecified target. The group was motivated by Islamic extremism.

Vollsmose
Vollsmose is a suburb of Odense, the third-largest city in Denmark. Approximately 3 km northeast of central Odense, towards Odense Fjord. It has around 10.000 inhabitants and is characterised by a modern housing development project from the 1970s.

Since the 1990s, the area has become known throughout Denmark, because of the relatively large numbers of people of foreign descent living in the area. Its many social issues cause it to be officially classified as a vulnerable residential area by Danish authorities.
Saade Aale
Saade Aale is a 2022 Punjabi-language sports drama film directed by Jatinder Mauhar. The film features Sukhdeep Sukh, Deep Sidhu, Guggu Gill, and Mahabir Bhullar in lead roles, with Nitu Pandher, Amrit Aulakh, and Sonpreet Jawanda in secondary roles. It was released on 29 April, 2022.

Jatinder Mauhar
Jatinder Mauhar is an Indian Film Director, Script Writer, Columnist and Researcher. In the very beginning, he started his career with music videos and it was after some time that Jatinder Directed his debut film Mitti. Jatinder Mauhar established himself as a style through Mitti (2010), Sarsa appropriated by producer as Sikandar (2013) and Qissa Punjab (2015). He has written extensively about cinema and is one of the best speakers in Punjabi on cinema. He did his professional training in Knitting Technology, and worked in the industry for couple of years before pursuing his interest in cinema. His journey from a keen watcher to filmmaker is punctuated with training in Zee Institute of Media Arts, Mumbai and on job training in making music videos as director. He has written story, screenplay and dialogues of Mitti. In Sarsa he collaborated with Daljit Ami. Jatinder worked on a documentary film on cross-border train Samjhauta Express as a researcher with filmmaker Gerry Troyna For BBC.
Nna Thaan Case Kodu
Nna Thaan Case Kodu (transl. sue me) is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language satire courtroom comedy film written and directed by Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval, produced by Santhosh T. Kuruvilla and co-produced by Kunchacko Boban Productions and Udaya Pictures. The film stars Kunchacko Boban and Gayathrie Shankar (In her Malayalam debut). The music was composed by Dawn Vincent. The story revolves around Kozhummal Rajeevan, a reformed thief's fight for justice when an innocent act to defend himself places him in loggerheads with the high and mighty of society.

Nna Thaan Case Kodu received a U certificate and was released theatrically on 11 August 2022 opened to positive reviews for its humour, screenplay, direction & performances. It was featured at the 54th IFFI Indian panorama section. The film was a blockbuster at box office.

Santhosh T. Kuruvilla
Santhosh T. Kuruvilla (born 4 July 1971) is an Indian Film producer who has funded films in the Malayalam and Tamil Film Industries. He is the Managing Director of Moonshot Entertainments and Chairman of OPM Dream Mills Cinemas. He also owns a chain of business enterprises based on India and UAE. Also invested in rock quarries in Coimbatore and Marble quarry in Botswana.
Bethel (surname)
Bethel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ashton Bethel-Roman (born 2005), American football player

Judy Bethel (1943–2025), former member of the Canadian House of Commons

Lorraine Bethel, African American lesbian feminist poet and author

McLeod Bethel-Thompson (born 1988), American quarterback

Nicolette Bethel, Director of Culture in the Bahamas

Paulette Bethel, Ambassador/Permanent Representative of the Bahamas to the United Nations

Pepsi Bethel (1918–2002), American jazz dancer and choreographer

Wilson Bethel (born 1984), American actor, best known from Hart of Dixie

Judy Bethel
Judith Claire Bethel (24 August 1943 – 11 March 2025) was a Canadian politician who served as a member of the House of Commons for the Edmonton East electoral district from 1993 to 1997. She was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

As part of the Liberal Party of Canada, Bethel was elected in the 1993 federal election. She served in the 35th Canadian Parliament, after which she was unsuccessful in gaining a second term in office. She was defeated by the Reform party's Peter Goldring in the 1997 federal election. Since then, Bethel made no further attempts to return to Parliament.

Her son John was the Liberal nominee for the riding in the 2004 election but was unsuccessful. She died on 11 March 2025, at the age of 81.
François Déroche
François Déroche (born October 24, 1952) is an academic and specialist in Codicology and Palaeography, especially in relation to Quranic studies. He is a professor at the Collège de France, where he is holding "History of the Quran Text and Transmission" Chair.

Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation is a London-based non-profit institution which is primarily concerned with promoting "the study, cataloguing, publication, preservation and conservation of Islamic manuscripts throughout the world."

It was founded by the former Saudi oil minister Ahmed Zaki Yamani in 1988. Since then it has published many works in the field of Islamic manuscripts, primary among them is the World Survey of Islamic Manuscripts, which catalogues manuscripts in over one hundred countries, and has been described as "a pioneering work which includes hitherto unknown collections."

To support its research, al-Furqan established a reference library, which has over 10,000 volumes.
Sublingual administration
Sublingual (abbreviated SL), from the Latin for "under the tongue", refers to the pharmacological route of administration by which substances diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue.

Many drugs are absorbed through sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics, THC, and CBD. Some proteins, as well as vitamins and minerals, are also administered sublingually.

Salvinorin A
Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is considered an atypical dissociative hallucinogen.

It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring hallucinogens (such as DMT, psilocybin, and mescaline) because it contains no nitrogen atoms; hence, it is not an alkaloid (and cannot be rendered as a salt), but rather is a terpenoid. It also differs in subjective experience, compared to other hallucinogens, and has been described as having strong dissociative effects.

Salvinorin A can produce psychoactive experiences in humans with a typical duration of action being several minutes to an hour or so, depending on the method of ingestion.

Salvinorin A is found with several other structurally related salvinorins. Salvinorin is a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid. It acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist and is the first known compound acting on this receptor that is not an alkaloid.
DaisyxDaisy
Daisy×Daisy (Japanese: デイジーデイジー) is the solo project of Japanese singer MiKA (born on October 4, 1983, in Ehime, province to the northwest of Shikoku). It was originally a duo with MiKA (vocals/lyrics) and yuuki (guitarist/composer/lyricist) created in 2005, but yuuki decided to leave in 2008. However, MiKA carried on as a solo act, but kept the name DaisyxDaisy. In 2009, the single "brave your truth" reached 19th in the Oricon chart.

MiKA comes from a family of musicians. She studied Enka, a traditional Japanese style of music, from the age of four. She then moved to Tokyo, where she learned music from an Enka master. However, she felt like experimenting with different styles, and ended up forming a band. Since then, many have considered her to be a rock singer.

She has performed abroad, having gone to Brazil in 2018 to São Paulo at Anime Dreams; and in Recife at Anima Recife.

Ehime Prefecture
Ehime Prefecture (愛媛県, Ehime-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.çi.me, e.çi.meꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Ehime Prefecture has a population of 1,334,841 and a geographic area of 5,676 km2 (2,191 sq mi). Ehime Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the northeast, Tokushima Prefecture to the east, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southeast. Ehime Prefecture also borders Hiroshima Prefecture for 74 metres (243 ft) on Hyōtanjima.

Matsuyama is the capital and largest city of Ehime Prefecture and the largest city on Shikoku, with other major cities including Imabari, Niihama, and Saijō.

Notable past Ehime residents include three Nobel Prize winners: Kenzaburo Oe (1994 Nobel Prize in Literature), Shuji Nakamura (2014 Nobel Prize in Physics), and Syukuro Manabe (2021 Nobel Prize in Physics).
Covert Historic District
Covert Historic District is a national historic district located at Covert in Seneca County, New York.  The district includes 21 properties located in the hamlet of Covert.  The district is primarily residential and structures represent a variety of functions and styles spanning the period from 1810 to 1920.  The earliest structure was built as a tavern and it also includes the Town Hall, First Baptist Church (and cemetery), a modest schoolhouse, and Grange Meeting Hall.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Seneca County, New York
Seneca County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,814. The primary county seat is Waterloo, moved there from the original county seat of Ovid in 1819. It became a two-shire county in 1822, which currently remains in effect and uses both locations as county seats although the majority of Seneca County administrative offices are located in Waterloo. Therefore, most political sources list only Waterloo as the county seat. The county's name comes from the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), who occupied part of the region. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Seneca County comprises the Seneca Falls, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Rochester-Batavia-Seneca Falls, NY Combined Statistical Area.
Belton-in-Rutland
Belton-in-Rutland is a village and civil parish in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. The population at the 2001 census was 345 increasing to 348 at the 2011 census. It is situated about six miles (9.6 km) southwest of Oakham and about four miles (6.4 km) west of Uppingham and overlooks the A47. The Eye Brook forms the county boundary with Leicestershire.

The village's name probably means 'farm/settlement near a beacon or funeral pyre'. Then again, 'Bel' may likewise address a component signifying 'island' or 'glade'. Belton was renamed Belton-in-Rutland in 1982 to distinguish the village from Belton in Leicestershire.

St Peter's Church is a Grade II* listed building. The Old Hall and Westbourne House are also Grade II*.

The village has one public house, The Sun Inn.

Belton is part of the Braunston & Martinsthorpe ward which elects two councillors to Rutland County Council.

Belton, Leicestershire
Belton is a small village and civil parish in the North West Leicestershire district of Leicestershire, England. The village is located approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of the town of Shepshed, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) west-northwest of Loughborough, and 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

According to the 2011 Census, the parish (Including Grace-Dieu) had a population of 734.
Nechako: It Will Be a Big River Again
Nechako: It Will Be a Big River Again is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Lyana Patrick and released in 2025. The film centres on the Stellat'en and Saik'uz First Nations, and their fight for restitution after the construction of the Kenney Dam disrupted their traditional livelihoods on and around the Nechako River.

The film premiered at the DOXA Documentary Film Festival, where it received an honorable mention from the Colin Low Award jury.

DOXA Documentary Film Festival
The DOXA Documentary Film Festival is a documentary film festival based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is held annually held for 10 days in May, and is presented by The Documentary Media Society, a non-profit organization.

The festival was staged for the first time in 2000. Originally intended as a once-only event, by the time of its launch the organizers had decided to organize a permanent biennial festival; following the second festival in 2002, it became an annual event thereafter.
Yoshio Maki
Yoshio Maki (牧 義夫, Maki Yoshio; born 14 January 1958) is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDPJ).

He is a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Nagoya, Aichi and drop-out of Sophia University, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 2000. He was defeated in 2012 by Shōzō Kudō, but regained a proportional representation seat in 2014.

He has held several positions on House of Representatives committees throughout his time in office, and served as Vice Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare from 2011 to 2012.

Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare
The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (厚生労働大臣, Kousei-Rodou Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

Minister Kenichiro Ueno took office on 21 October 2025.
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
Sathamangalam Ranga Iyengar Srinivasa Varadhan, FRS (born 2 January 1940) is an Indian American mathematician and statistician. He is known for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviations. He is regarded as one of the fundamental contributors to the theory of diffusion processes with an orientation towards the refinement and further development of Itô’s stochastic calculus. In the year 2007, he became the first Asian to win the Abel Prize.

Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics
Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. It covers research originating from or solicited by the institute, typically in the fields of applied mathematics, mathematical analysis, or mathematical physics. The journal was established in 1948 as the Communications on Applied Mathematics, obtaining its current title the next year. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.219.
Brady Glacier
Brady Glacier is a 24-mile (39 km) long  glacier located in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska. It begins at 58°40′N 136°47′W﻿ / ﻿58.667°N 136.783°W﻿ / 58.667; -136.783 and trends south to Taylor Bay, 46 miles (74 km) northwest of Hoonah. It was named by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for missionary and later governor Rev. Mr Brady O'Keefe.

When George Vancouver first set eyes on the Brady Glacier in 1794, it was a calving tidewater glacier that dumped ice into the Taylor Bay. The following century, the glacier advanced eight kilometers. This advance was taken by Bengston (1962) as a sign of the glacier changing from a tidal to non-tidal one. Bengston also stated that the huge outwash plain at the glacier's terminus allows it to preserve itself even as most glaciers in the region retreated. The Brady Glacier has an ELA (the line above which snow remains even after summer's end) of only 800 meters, one of the lowest in Alaska.

Snow line
The climatic snow line is the boundary between a snow-covered and snow-free surface. The actual snow line may adjust seasonally, and be either significantly higher in elevation, or lower. The permanent snow line is the level above which snow will lie all year.
Marine Corps Gazette
The Marine Corps Gazette is a professional journal by and for members of the United States Marine Corps. Known as "The Professional Journal of U.S. Marines", the Gazette was founded in 1916 at Marine Corps Base Quantico by Colonel John A. Lejeune as the vehicle to launch the Marine Corps Association (MCA).  The MCA continues to publish the Gazette alongside Leatherneck Magazine. The headquarters of the Gazette is in Quantico, Virginia.

Originally published quarterly from 1916 through 1942, the Gazette transitioned to a bi-monthly cycle in 1943 and then monthly in 1944.  Active duty Marines staffed the journal until a change of law in 1976 prompted the Gazette to rely on retired Marines and civilians for publication. Since November 2006, the entire Gazette is available online to members and from Google Books.

The Marine Corps Gazette is available in magazine form, online, and on a mobile app. The magazine has over 15,000 monthly readers.

Professional magazine
A professional magazine or professional journal is a periodical published by the governing body of a profession. The standard of quality of such a periodical may be similar to that of a scholarly publication.

A professional journal is said to be one which is "published by the profession and for the profession", which cannot be charged with being dominated by trade, and which "serves a higher and therefore a better use" than a so-called trade journal "by printing in an unbiased way the subject matter".
Adim Maldonado
Ervin Adim Maldonado Molina (born 5 July 1990) is a Guatemalan politician. He has been a member of the Congress of the Republic since 2024, having previously served from 2016 to 2020. He is the son of former congressman Eri Adim Maldonado de León.

Congress of the Republic of Guatemala
The Congress of the Republic (Spanish: Congreso de la República) is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Guatemala. The Guatemalan Congress is made up of 160 deputies who are elected by direct universal suffrage to serve four-year terms. The electoral system is closed party list proportional representation. 31 of the deputies are elected on a nationwide list, whilst the remaining 127 deputies are elected in 22 multi-member constituencies. Each of Guatemala's 22 departments serves as a district, with the exception of the department of Guatemala containing the capital, which on account of its size is divided into two (distrito central and distrito Guatemala). Departments are allocated seats based on their population size and they are shown in the table below.
Ishem Boumaraf
Ishem Boumaraf is an Algerian singer-songwriter of chaouie music. He was born in Batna and he is Originally from T'Kout. Ishem was an ex-member of the musical group Tafert. He was alumnus and at the real time a professor of the regional institute of musical education of Batna.

Alumni
Alumni (sg.: alumnus (MASC) or alumna (FEM)) are former students or graduates of a school, college, or university. The feminine plural alumnae is sometimes used for groups of women, and alums (sg.: alum) or alumns (sg.: alumn) as gender-neutral alternatives. The word comes from Latin, meaning nurslings, pupils or foster children, derived from alere "to nourish".

Alumni may or may not have completed their degree. For example, Burt Reynolds was an alumnus of Florida State University but not a graduate.

Alumni can also be former inmates, former employees, former contributors, or former members of an organization.