hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
International Studies in Philosophy
International Studies in Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal, formerly published by the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture, at Binghamton University. The journal began publishing under this title with volume 6 in 1974. Notable contributors included Joseph Agassi, Bruce Aune, Milton Fisk, Véronique Fóti, Rom Harré, Kathleen Higgins, François Lapointe, Alexander Nehamas, Kai Nielsen, and Richard Schacht. The journal was established in 1969 by Augusto Guzzo and Giorgio Tonelli, and its first five volumes were published as Studi Internazionali di Filosofia.

Publication of International Studies in Philosophy was suspended by the editor in 2008 with the completion of volume 40, issue 2. The journal was acquired by the Philosophy Documentation Center in 2011, and is being reorganized under its auspices. All published issues of the journal (under both titles) are available online.

Alexander Nehamas
Alexander Nehamas (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Νεχαμάς; born 22 March 1946) is a Greek-born American philosopher. He is an emeritus professor of philosophy and comparative literature and the emeritus Edmund N. Carpenter II Class of 1943 Professor in the Humanities at Princeton University, where he has taught since 1990. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Philosophical Society (since 2016), and the Academy of Athens since 2018. He works on Greek philosophy, aesthetics, Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault, and literary theory.
Asmalyk
An asmalyk (Turkmen language, "a thing to be hung") is a textile trapping used in a Turkmen wedding procession. Asmalyks may be pile or embroidered,  and are usually five-sided, but some are seven-sided. Yomut asmalyks are the most common, followed by those of the Tekke tribe. Asmalyks were made in  pairs to decorate the flanks of a bride's wedding  camel, and were then hung in her domed, felt-covered tent.

Pile (textile)
Pile is the raised surface or nap of a fabric, consisting of upright loops or strands of yarn. Examples of pile textiles are carpets, corduroy, velvet, plush, and Turkish towels (terrycloth). The word is derived from Latin pilus for "hair".
St. David Catholic Secondary School
St. David Catholic Secondary School, established in 1965, is a Roman Catholic high school instructing students from grades 9 to 12. St. David CSS is located in Waterloo, Ontario and is a member of the Waterloo Catholic District School Board. Its building is the oldest secondary school building in the board.  Historically, it served as a junior high school, instructing students from grades 7 to 10. In 1985, St. David received full funding from the Ontario Ministry of Education, due to the school changing its educational focus to students in grades 9 to OAC. Since the OAC year of secondary school was phased out of Ontario schools in the 2002-2003 school year, St. David CSS now teaches grades 9 through to 12. At present (2011) St. David educates 1045 students. St. David is named after St David, a 6th-century saint.

Ontario Academic Credit
The Ontario Academic Credit (OAC), which may also be known as 12b (French: Cours préuniversitaire de l'Ontario or CPO) was a fifth year of secondary school education that previously existed in the province of Ontario, Canada, designed for students preparing for post-secondary education. The OAC curriculum was codified by the Ontario Ministry of Education in Ontario Schools: Intermediate and Senior (OS:IS) and its revisions. The Ontario education system had a final fifth year of secondary education, known as Grade 13 from 1921 to 1988; grade 13 was replaced by OAC for students starting high school (grade 9) in 1984.

OAC continued to act as a fifth year of secondary education until it was phased out in 2003.
Smart mob
A smart mob is a group whose coordination and communication abilities have been empowered by digital communication technologies. Smart mobs are particularly known for their ability to mobilize quickly.

The concept was introduced by Howard Rheingold in his 2002 book Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Rheingold defined the smart mob as follows: "Smart mobs consist of people who are able to act in concert even if they don’t know each other... because they carry devices that possess both communication and computing capabilities". In December of that year, the "smart mob" concept was highlighted in the New York Times "Year in Ideas".

Smart Mobs
Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution is a book by Howard Rheingold  dealing with the social, economic and political changes implicated by developing technology.  The book covers subjects from text-messaging culture to wireless Internet developments to the impact of the web on the marketplace.  The author highlights the many ways in which technology alters and impacts the way in which people live and think.
Clover Stadium
Clover Stadium is a baseball park in Pomona, New York. It is the home of the New York Boulders of the Frontier League. It has a seating capacity of 6,362 and it opened on June 16, 2011. The stadium is also home to three college baseball teams. The NCAA Division II St. Thomas Aquinas College Spartans and Dominican Chargers baseball teams each began playing their home games at the venue in the spring of 2012. The Manhattan Jaspers baseball team, which plays in Division I, has used Clover Stadium as its home venue since 2022.

In 2012, the project to design and build the stadium received the Ward House Award from the Lower Hudson Valley Branch of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Originally named Provident Bank Park, naming rights were sold to Palisades Federal Credit Union in April 2016 and to Fiserv in January 2022 who renamed it Clover Stadium for the company's Clover point-of-sale-platform.

Ballpark
A ballpark, or baseball park, is a type of sports venue where baseball is played. The playing field is divided into two field sections called the infield and the outfield. The infield is an area whose dimensions are rigidly defined in part based on the placement of bases, and the outfield is where dimensions can vary widely from ballpark to ballpark. A larger ballpark may also be called a baseball stadium because it shares characteristics of other stadiums.
Coenosia
Coenosia is a very large genus (more than 350 species) of true flies of the family Muscidae. Coenosia are known as tiger flies since they are predators and hunt many kinds of insects and other invertebrates.

In Denmark, fungi Strongwellsea tigrinae and Strongwellsea acerosa (from the Strongwellsea genus, order Entomophthorales) infect the flying hosts from the genus Coenosia, including species Coenosia tigrina and Coenosia testacea. While most fungi spore once the host is dead, with Strongwellsea, the host continues to live for days, carrying out normal activities and socialising with other flies while the fungus consumes its genitals, fat reserves, reproductive organs and finally its muscle, all the while shooting out thousands of spores on to other individuals.

Entomophthorales
The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, in 2007, was circumscribed for them.

Most species of the entomophthorales are pathogens of insects. A few attack nematodes, mites, and tardigrades, and some (particularly species of the genus Conidiobolus) are free-living saprotrophs.

The name "entomophthorales" is derived from the Ancient Greek for insect destroyer (entomo- = referring to insects, and phthor = "destruction"). Named after genus Entomophthora in 1856.
S. S. McClure
Samuel Sidney McClure (February 17, 1857 – March 21, 1949) was an American publisher who became known as a key figure in investigative, or muckraking, journalism. He co-founded and ran McClure's Magazine from 1893 to 1911, which ran numerous exposées of wrongdoing in business and politics, such as those written by Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, and Lincoln Steffens. The magazine ran fiction and nonfiction by the leading writers of the day, including Sarah Orne Jewett, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, Joel Chandler Harris, Jack London, Stephen Crane, William Allen White and Willa Cather.

Sarah Orne Jewett
Theodora Sarah Orne Jewett (September 3, 1849 – June 24, 1909) was an American novelist, short story writer and poet, best known for her local color works set along or near the southern coast of Maine. Jewett is recognized as an important practitioner of American literary regionalism.
Liu Lit-for
Liu Lit-for, MBE, JP (Chinese: 廖烈科; 21 September 1930 – 21 September 1998) was the executive director of Liu Chong Hing Bank and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Liu was the second son of Liu Po-shan, the founder of the Liu Chong Hing Bank. He was born and studied in mainland China before moving to Hong Kong.

He was appointed to the Central and Western District Board and elected to the Legislative Council in the indirect election in 1985 through West Island electoral college constituency consisting of members of the Central and Western and Southern District Board. He failed to be reelected in 1988.

He was elected as the Hong Kong deputy to the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China in December 1997, but soon died of a heart attack during a trip to Phuket in 1998.

Central and Western District Council
The Central and Western District Council (noted as Central) is the district council for the Central and Western District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Central and Western District Council currently consists of 20 members, of which the district is divided into two constituencies, electing a total of 4 members, 8 district committee members, and 8 appointed members. The last election was held on 10 December 2023.
Corydoras geoffroy
Corydoras geoffroy the wolf cory, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Corydoradinae, the corys, of the family Callichthyidae, the armoured catfishes. This species is found in the coastal rivers of French Guiana and Suriname.

It is the type species of the genus Corydoras.

The fish will grow in length up to 2.8 inches (7.1 centimeters). It lives in a tropical climate in water with a 6.0 – 8.0 pH, a water hardness of 2 – 25 dGH, and a temperature range of 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F). It feeds on worms, benthic crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. It lays eggs in dense vegetation and adults do not guard the eggs.

DGH
Degrees of general hardness (dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness. General hardness is a measure of the concentration of divalent metal ions such as calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) per volume of water. Specifically, 1 dGH is defined as 10 milligrams (mg) of calcium oxide (CaO) per litre of water. Since CaO has a molar mass of 56.08 g/mol, 1 dGH is equivalent to 0.17832 mmol per litre of elemental calcium and/or magnesium ions.

In water testing hardness is often measured in parts per million (ppm), where one part per million is defined as one milligram of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) per litre of water.  Consequently, 1 dGH corresponds to 10 ppm CaO but 17.848 ppm CaCO3 which has a molar mass of 100.09 g/mol.
Kost Hordiienko
Kost Hordiienko (Ukrainian: Кость Гордієнко; unknown – 15 May 1733) was a Zaporozhian Cossack Kish otaman at the Kamianka Sich. After 1709 he allied with Ivan Mazepa, and co-authored the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk.

Hordiienko was born in the Poltava region, Hetmanate. He studied at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. Later he joined the Zaporizhian Sich, headed the Cossack troops (1702–1706, 1707–1709, 1710–1728). As an ally of Mazepa, he fought in the Battle of Poltava.

On 6 May 2019, the 57th Motorized Brigade of the Ukrainian Army received the honorary name of Kost Hordiienko.

Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.
Northern Bank £5 note
The Northern Bank £5 note was a banknote issued by Northern Bank for circulation in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It was the smallest denomination note issued by the bank. Following the takeover of Northern Bank by Danske Bank in 2004, production of the note ended and it was slowly removed from circulation.

Danske Bank (Northern Ireland)
Northern Bank Limited, trading as Danske Bank, is a retail bank in Northern Ireland. Northern Banking Company Limited was formed from a private bank, with the Deed of Partnership being signed on 1 August 1824. It is one of the oldest banks in Ireland with its private banking history dating back to 1809. Northern Bank took on the name of its parent company Danske Bank as its trading name in November 2012. It operates in Northern Ireland and Great Britain. In Northern Ireland, the Bank issues its own banknotes.

Danske Bank is a standalone business unit within the Danske Bank Group and operates under a UK banking licence.
Celestiial / Blood of the Black Owl
Celestiial / Blood of the Black Owl Split is a split album released by Bindrune Recordings featuring one song each from funeral doom metal bands Celestiial and Blood of the Black Owl. It was limited to 500 12" vinyls, with each song exclusive to the album, and the first 50 albums shipped were delivered with two cloth patches.

Funeral doom
Funeral doom is a subgenre of death-doom with heavy influence from funeral dirge music. Low-tuned guitars, death growls, instruments that emulate pipe organ sounds and ponderous pace are typical traits of this style.
The Skeptic's Walk
The Skeptic's Walk (French: La Promenade du sceptique) is a book by Denis Diderot, completed in 1747. It was first published in 1830. The book is separated into two parts: the first being a critique of religion, and the second a philosophical dialogue.

Criticism of religion
Criticism of religion is the criticism of the validity, concept, or ideas of religion. Historical records of criticism of religion go back to at least the 5th century BCE in ancient Greece, in Athens specifically, with Diagoras "the Atheist" of Melos. In ancient Rome, an early known example is Lucretius' De rerum natura from the 1st century BCE.

Every exclusive religion on Earth (as well as every exclusive world view) that promotes exclusive truth-claims necessarily denigrates the truth-claims of other religions. Thus, some criticisms of religion become criticisms of one or more aspects of a specific religious tradition. Critics of religion in general may view religion as any number of the following: outdated, harmful to the individual, harmful to society, an impediment to the progress of science or humanity, a source of immoral acts or customs, and a political tool for social control.
2nd Ohio General Assembly
The Second Ohio General Assembly was the second meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives.  It convened in Chillicothe, Ohio, on December 5, 1803, and adjourned February 17, 1804. This General Assembly coincided with the second year of Edward Tiffin's first term as Ohio Governor.

Washington County, Ohio
Washington County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 59,711. Its county seat is Marietta. The county, the oldest in the state, is named for George Washington. Washington County comprises the Marietta, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Parkersburg-Marietta-Vienna, WV-OH Combined Statistical Area.
Vladimir Ziva
Vladimir Petrovich Ziva (Russian: Владимир Петрович Зива; born 7 March 1957) is a Russian conductor who graduated from both Moscow and Saint Petersburg Conservatories where he was under guidance from Evgeny Kudryavtsev and Dmitri Kitaenko respectively.

Saint Petersburg Conservatory
The N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory (Russian: Санкт-Петербургская государственная консерватория имени Н. А. Римского-Корсакова) (formerly known as the Petrograd Conservatory and Leningrad Conservatory) is a school of music in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 2013, the conservatory had around 400 faculty members and over 1300 students.
Gulfsat
Gulfsat provides satellite communications solutions in the state of Kuwait. It was established in 1995 with the partnership of the Kuwait Ministry of Communications and Hughes Network Systems. Gulfsat is a member of KIPCO Group, the region's leading investment group.

Hughes Network Systems
Hughes Network Systems, LLC is an American telecommunications company that specializes in providing satellite-based communication services for consumer and enterprise markets. It is headquartered in Germantown, Maryland and provides satellite internet services under the brand HughesNet. HughesNet has over a million subscribers in the Americas in late 2023, down from 1.4 million in early 2022. Hughes Network Systems is a wholly owned subsidiary of EchoStar, which acquired its former parent company, Hughes Communications, in 2011.
The Big Town All Stars
The Big Town All Stars was a short-lived BBC radio programme that aired from March 1998—July 2001.  There were nine half-hour episodes and it was broadcast on BBC Radio 4. It was created by Bill Dare and starred Stephen Tompkinson, Nicola Walker, Adrian Scarborough, Meera Syal, Clive Rowe and Brian Bovell.  The plot revolved around the members of an amateur a cappella group as they tried for success.

Meera Syal
Dame Meera Syal (born Feroza Syal; 27 June 1961) is an English comedian, writer, playwright, singer, journalist and actress. She rose to prominence as one of the team that created Goodness Gracious Me and by portraying Sanjeev's grandmother, Ummi, in The Kumars at No. 42. She has become one of the UK's best-known Asian personalities.

In 2003 she was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.

In 2023, she was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship.
Les Promenades Gatineau
Les Promenades Gatineau is a major shopping centre located in Canada's National Capital Region in the city of Gatineau, Quebec. The mall is in the intersection of Gréber and Maloney Boulevards, one of the city's busiest intersections, and is just off Autoroute 50. It is the city's largest shopping mall by retail space and by shoppers.

Quebec Autoroute 50
Autoroute 50 (Autoroute Guy-Lafleur) is an Autoroute in western Quebec, Canada. It links Canada's National Capital Region (Gatineau) and the Greater Montreal area (Mirabel).

Until November 2012, there were two distinct sections of A-50: one section running eastward from Hull and the other westward from Mirabel. The gap in the highway was filled on November 26, 2012, and the two-lane freeway opened for traffic on the full 159 km (98.8 mi) length.

The route provides an east-west freeway alternative to Route 148 that does not require travelling in Ontario, unlike the main Trans-Canada Highway route (A-40 / Hwy 417).

Originally named Autoroute de l'Outaouais, it was announced on April 28, 2023, that A-50 would be renamed to Autoroute Guy-Lafleur in honor of the former Montreal Canadiens player who died of lung cancer a year earlier. The Quebec government officially announced the name change on May 4 in Thurso, Lafleur's birthplace.
Mohd Fareed Shah Hassan
Mohd Fareed Shah Hassan (born 18 August 1979) is a Malaysian professional footballer.

He began his professional career with Selangor in Sukan Malaysia 1998 which saw Selangor won the gold medal. After one season playing for Selangor, he decided to sign with Sabah. He join Penang in 2001 and won the 2001 Malaysia Premier One League.

He made a return to Selangor and help the team to beat his former team Sabah in 2002 Malaysia Cup final. In 2004, he move clubside Selangor Public Bank but move to PKNS FC after Public Bank withdrawal from the league in 2005/06 season. After 2006/07 ended, he sign with Proton FC.

Malaysia Cup
The Malaysia Cup (Malay: Piala Malaysia), formerly known as Malaya Cup, is an annual football tournament in Malaysia, held at the end of the calendar year. The cup was first held in 1921. Despite its prestige and popularity as the country's oldest cup tournament, it does not guarantee a place in a continental competition, which is allocated to the Malaysia FA Cup winners. The competition was previously managed by the Football Association of Malaysia, before it was transferred to the Football Malaysia LLP (now known as the Malaysian Football League) in the 2016 season.

In the 2016 edition, the competition structure changed and only the top eleven teams of the Malaysia Super League and the top five teams of the Malaysia Premier League qualified for the cup.

The current title holder is Johor Darul Ta'zim, who won its fifth title in the 2024–25 edition.
Joseph Burr Tyrrell Elementary School
Joseph Burr Tyrrell Elementary School is an elementary school in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada, and is named for the explorer Joseph Tyrrell. The school, along with the Paul William Kaeser High School, is overseen by the Fort Smith District Education Authority and administered by the South Slave Divisional Education Council. It provides elementary education services to students from Fort Smith as well as the nearby Salt River First Nation and Smith's Landing First Nation.

Smith's Landing First Nation
Smith's Landing First Nation (Chipewyan: Tthëbátthı́ dënesųłı̨ne) is a band government headquartered at Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada. Members of the band call themselves, in the Dene Suline language, the Thebati Dene Suhne.

The film Honor of the Crown, directed by Tom Radford, documents the Thebatthi (Chipeweyan) people's successful battle to get the Canadian government to honor its obligations according to an 1899 treaty. Led by François Paulette and his brother Chief Jerry Paulette, the band reclaimed nine tracts of land and $33 million in compensation, becoming Alberta's 44th First Nation.

On June 21, 2024, Smith's Landing First Nation signed a memorandum of agreement to collaborate with three other Fort Smith governments in improving the lives of constituents, as part of the Collaborative Leadership Initiative (CLI).
Bruce (New Zealand electorate)
Bruce was a rural parliamentary electorate in the Otago region of New Zealand, from 1861 to 1922. For part of the 1860s with the influx to Otago of gold-miners it was a multi-member constituency with two members.

New Zealand electorates
An electorate or electoral district (Māori: rohe pōti) is a geographic constituency used for electing a member (MP) to the New Zealand Parliament. The size of electorates is determined such that all electorates have approximately the same electoral population.

Before 1996, all MPs were directly chosen for office by the voters of an electorate. Thereafter, New Zealand's electoral system provides that some (in practice, the majority) of the usually 120 seats in Parliament are filled by electorate representatives with the remainder being filled from party lists in order to achieve proportional representation among parties. The number of electorates changes periodically, in line with national population growth. Starting from the 2020 general election, there are 72 electorates including the Māori electorates.