hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prussian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic
The Free State of Prussia held a series of democratic parliamentary elections to its Landtag between 1919 and 1933. As the largest German state by population and territory, Prussia played a pivotal role in shaping national politics during the Weimar era.

The democratic system in Prussia was more stable than in other parts of Germany due to the consistent parliamentary majorities held by the Weimar Coalition (SPD, Centre Party, and DDP), which governed throughout the 1920s. From 1919 through 1928, all elections gave a plurality to the SPD.

In 1932 and 1933, the NSDAP (Nazi Party) won pluralities, generally in line with the rest of Germany. The Landtag was formally abolished following the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich" of 30 January 1934, which replaced the German federal system with unitary state.

Plurality (voting)
A plurality vote (in North American English) or relative majority (in British English) describes the circumstance when a party, candidate, or proposition polls more votes than any other but does not receive a majority or more than half of all votes cast.

For example, if from 100 votes that were cast,  45 were for candidate A, 30 were for candidate B and 25 were for candidate C, then candidate A received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some election contests, the winning candidate or proposition may need only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote.
Publication
To publish is to make content available to the general public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.

Public
In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere.

The concept of a public has also been defined in political science, psychology, marketing, and advertising.  In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field.

Although it has definitions in the theory of the field that have been formulated from the early 20th century onward, in more recent years it has suffered from being blurred, as a result of conflation of the idea of a public with the notions of audience, market segment, community, constituency, and stakeholder.
Ortmann
Ortmann is the surname of the following persons:

Andreas Ortmann (born 1953), German-born economist

Anton Ortmann (1801–1861), Bohemian-Austrian botanist, with the botanical authority abbreviation Ortmann

Arnold Edward Ortmann (1863–1927), German zoologist and botanist, with the botanical authority abbreviation A.E.Ortmann

Chuck Ortmann (1929–2018), American football player

Günther Ortmann (1916–2002), German handball player

Oliver Ortmann (born 1967), German pool billiard player

Siegfried Ortmann (1937–2023), German archer

Günther Ortmann
Günther Ortmann (30 November 1916 – 10 January 2002) was a German field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was part of the German field handball team, which won the gold medal. He played two matches.

He was also on the team that won gold medals at the inaugural Indoor World Championship.
Émilie Mannering
Émilie Mannering is a Canadian film director. She is most noted for her short films Star, which was a Quebec Cinema Award nominee for Best Short Film at the 18th Quebec Cinema Awards and a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 5th Canadian Screen Awards, and Mahalia Melts in the Rain, which was shortlisted for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards.

Mannering directed the feminist web-series, Les Brutes. Her 2019 film Jarvik was named to TIFF's annual year-end Canada's Top Ten list for short films.

Her 2022 short film À la vie à l'amor was a shortlisted finalist for the 2023 Prix collégial du cinéma québécois for short films, and a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 11th Canadian Screen Awards.

Canadian Screen Award for Best Live Action Short Drama
The Canadian Screen Award for Best Live Action Short Drama is awarded by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian live action short film. Formerly part of the Genie Awards, since 2012 it has been presented as part of the Canadian Screen Awards.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the award was not always presented at every Genie Award ceremony. In years when the award was not presented, a single award was instead presented for Best Theatrical Short Film, inclusive of both animated and live-action shorts. Under current Academy regulations, the awards for live action and animated shorts can be collapsed into a single award if either category receives two or fewer eligible submissions, but remain separate if both categories surpass two submissions.
Owen Gingerich
Owen Jay Gingerich (/ˈɡɪŋɡərɪtʃ/; March 24, 1930 – May 28, 2023) was an American astronomer who had been professor emeritus of astronomy and of the history of science at Harvard University and a senior astronomer emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In addition to his research and teaching, he had written many books on the history of astronomy.

Gingerich was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the International Academy of the History of Science. A committed Christian, he had been active in the American Scientific Affiliation, a society of evangelical scientists. He served on the board of trustees of the Templeton Foundation.

American Scientific Affiliation
The American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) is a Christian religious organization of scientists and people in science-related disciplines. The stated purpose is "to investigate any area relating Christian faith and science." The organization publishes a journal, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith which covers topics related to Christian faith and science from a Christian viewpoint.

Members of the organization are from various movements, such as evangelicalism, and represent several Christian traditions including the Lutherans, Catholics, Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Anabaptists, and the Orthodox.

The organization frequently runs seminars such as at Baylor University, the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion in Cambridge, England, and The Catholic University of America.
Pratibha Satpathy
Pratibha Satpathy (born 27 November 1945) is a poet of Odia literature. She has been recognised as one of the leading poets of the country and has been honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Award.

In January 2025, she was honored with the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the Government of India.

Sahitya Akademi Award
The Sahitya Akademi Award  is a literary  honour in India,  which the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers of the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the 24 languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution as well as in English and Rajasthani language.

Established in 1954, the award comprises a plaque and a cash prize of ₹ 100,000. The award's purpose is to recognise and promote excellence in Indian writing and acknowledge new trends. The annual process of selecting awardees runs for the preceding 12 months. The plaque awarded by the Sahitya Akademi was designed by the Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray. Prior to this, the plaque occasionally was made of marble, but this practice was discontinued because of its excessive weight. During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the plaque was substituted with national savings bonds.
Marine Training Centre
The Marine Training Centre Tarawa (MTC) is a training school for seafarers founded in 1967 in Betio, Tarawa, Kiribati. It is a division of the Ministry of Employment and Human Resources of the Government of Kiribati.

The Marine Training Centre, mainly funded by Germany (Hamburg Süd), European Union, New Zealand aid, and Japan, is approved to conduct training by the Marine Division of the Ministry, being the Maritime Authority of the Government.

Cabinet of Kiribati
The Cabinet of Kiribati is the cabinet (executive branch) of the government of the Republic of Kiribati.

The initial text of the Constitution of Kiribati (art.40) specifies that the Cabinet "shall consist of the Beretitenti, the Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti and not more than 10 other Ministers, and the Attorney-General". Members of the Cabinet are appointed by the President, from among Members of Parliament (art.41). Since October 2016, a change of the Constitution text allows more than 10 ministries and retires the Attorney General from the Cabinet.

All ministries but one are headquartered in South Tarawa, from Betio to Bikenibeu. The Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands Development is situated in London, Kiribati on Kiritimati.
Chakulia railway station
Chakulia Railway Station is a railway station on Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line under Kharagpur railway division of South Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Chakulia in East Singhbhum  district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It is 29 km (18 mi) from Jhargram railway station and 67 km (42 mi) from Tatanagar Junction.

Chakulia
Chakulia or Chakuliya is a Notified Area Council (NAC) and 4th Municipal Corporation in the Ghatshila subdivision of the East Singhbhum district in the state of Jharkhand, India.It is 71 km from Jamshedpur City, the district headquarter.

Chakulia is known for its non-operational Chakulia Airport, Kanaishwar Hill, bamboo trees, detergent powder brand "Hindustan Soap Factory" and its beautiful nature. Chakulia is always in news headlines due to hundreds of Elephants roams in Chakulia forest area. Chakulia city gained recent recognition due to the Dhyan Foundation's goushala located at Chakulia Airport, providing shelter, treatment, and food to thousands of rescued cows from the cattle mafia at the Indo-Bangladesh border.
San Angelo Formation
The San Angelo Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. Along with the Chickasha Formation is one of the two geologically youngest formations in North America to preserve fossils of caseids, and it is the youngest one to preserve remains of undoubted sphenacodontids, namely, Dimetrodon angelensis.

Chickasha Formation
The Chickasha Formation, which is part of the El Reno Group, is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Roadian stage of the Middle Permian. These include, among others, the dissorophoid temnospondyl Nooxobeia gracilis, the lepospondyl Diplocaulus parvus (Amphibia: Nectridea), and the captorhinid Rothianiscus robusta, initially called Rothia robusta by Everett C. Olson. Many of these fossils were indicated to have come from the Flowerpot Shale, but these actually come from the Chickasha Formation, according to the current nomenclature. The age of the formation was long debated because Olson based part of his argument on fragmentary fossils that he interpreted as therapsids, an interpretation that was not widely accepted. Worse, one of them, Watongia, was later shown to be a varanopid.
Broomhouse Tunnel
Broomhouse Tunnel was on the Midland Main Line between Chesterfield and Sheffield. It was built by the Midland Railway in 1870 on what is known to railwaymen as the "New Road" to Sheffield. This bypassed the North Midland Railway's  original line, which came to be known as "Old Road", and which had avoided Sheffield due to the gradients involved.

Broomhouse Tunnel was 92 yards long, through a narrow ridge a mile past Sheepbridge. It was opened out to become a cutting in 1969 when British Rail blew it up with explosives.

The line diverged just north of Chesterfield at Tapton Junction with a steady three and a half mile climb at 1 in 100, through Sheepbridge and Unstone stations, before a short drop to Dronfield. From there, it climbed to the summit before Bradway Tunnel thence to what would become the junction through Dore and Totley and the line to Manchester, continuing to Beauchief.

Beauchief railway station
Beauchief railway station (pronounced Beechif) was in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

It was built by the Midland Railway in 1870 and was designed by the company architect John Holloway Sanders.

The station served the communities of Beauchief, Woodseats and Ecclesall and was situated on the Midland Main Line between Millhouses railway station and Dore & Totley station, near Abbeydale Road South in Abbeydale. The station was originally called Abbey Houses and later Beauchief & Abbey Dale station.

The station was opened on the site of Hutcliffe Mill at the same time as the main line from Chesterfield. At opening it had two platforms, but this was increased to four with the widening which took place between 1901 and 1903. It closed on 1 January 1961. The stationmasters house survives as a private residence and the nearby Abbeydale Station Hotel was renamed the Beauchief Hotel. In 2018 the hotel site was redeveloped as luxury apartments.
Nur al-Din
Nur al-Din (Arabic: نور الدين, romanized: nūr ad-dīn) is a male Arabic given name, translating to 'light of Faith', nūr meaning 'light' and dīn meaning 'religion'. More recently, the name has also been used as a surname.

There are many Romanized spelling variants of the name. The element نور can be spelled Nur, Noor, Nor, Nour or Nuer. The element دين can be spelled either Din, Deen or Dine. The definite article in front of the "sun letter" d is realized only as a gemination /dː/, the Arabic pronunciation being /nuːrudːiːn/.

Syntactically, the name is an iḍāfah (genitive construction), in full vocalization nūru d-dīni. Consequently, depending on the system of Romanization, the definite article can be rendered as al, ad, ud, ed or d.

Among the variant romanized spellings in common use are Nuraddin, Nureddin, Noureddin, Noureddine, Nooradeen, Nordeen, Nourdin, Noordine, Nordine, Nuradin, Nurdin, Nooruldeen; scientific transliterations are Nur ad-Din, Nur-ud-Din, Nur al-Din, etc.

2011 Liège attack
On 13 December 2011, a murder–suicide attack took place in the city of Liège in the Wallonia region of Belgium.

The attacker, 33-year-old Nordine Amrani, threw grenades and fired an FN FAL rifle at civilians on the Place Saint-Lambert, the city's main square. The attack killed five and left one hundred and forty seven others injured, seven seriously. Amrani then killed himself with a revolver. Earlier that day, he had also murdered a woman in his house.

The attack occurred on the same day and at the same hour as the 2011 Florence shootings. There is no indication that the attacks were coordinated.
Fitch Bluestone Company Office
Fitch Bluestone Company Office is a historic American office building located on Abeel Street in Kingston, New York, just yards away from the Rondout Creek. Built for Ezra Fitch and Company in 1870, it is remarkable for the heavy use of bluestone in its architecture, as well as its involvement in the bluestone industry in Ulster County in the mid to late 19th century.

Bluestone
Bluestone is a cultural or commercial name for a number of natural dimension or building stone varieties, including:

basalt in Victoria, Australia, and in New Zealand

dolerites in Tasmania, Australia; and in Britain (including Stonehenge)

feldspathic sandstone in the US and Canada

limestone in the Shenandoah Valley in the US, from the Hainaut quarries in Soignies, Belgium, and from quarries in County Carlow, County Galway and County Kilkenny in Ireland

slate in South Australia

It is unrelated to human-made blue brick.
Francis Chaine
Francis Chaine (Chinese: 陳肇川; born 23 November 1921) was a Hong Kong lawyer and politician. He was an elected member of the Urban Council of Hong Kong from 1981 to 1983.

Chaine was born in Hong Kong in 1921 and was educated at Wah Yan College, Hong Kong, and the Inns of Court School of Law, London. He started his practise in 1960. He was also the secretary of and legal adviser to the South China Athletic Association and chairman of the Hong Kong Football Association in 1968. He co-founded the Hong Kong Tenpin Bowling Congress and was its first and second term chairman. He first contested the Urban Council election in 1979 for the Reform Club of Hong Kong but was not elected. He ran again in 1981 and was elected with 3,467 votes. He ran in the Southern District when the new Urban Council district-based electoral method was introduced in the 1983 election, but was defeated by Joseph Chan Yuek-sut.

Urban Council
The Urban Council (UrbCo) was a municipal council in Hong Kong responsible for municipal services on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon (including New Kowloon). These services were provided by the council's executive arm, the Urban Services Department. Later, the equivalent body for the New Territories was the Regional Council.

The council was founded as the Sanitary Board in 1883. It was renamed the Urban Council when new legislation was passed in 1936 expanding its mandate. In 1973 the council was reorganised under non-government control and became financially autonomous. Originally composed mainly of ex-officio and appointed members, by the time the Urban Council was disbanded following the Handover it was composed entirely of members elected by universal suffrage.
1938 NCAA wrestling championships
The 1938 NCAA Wrestling Championships were the 11th U.S. NCAA Wrestling Championships to be held. Penn State University in State College, Pennsylvania hosted the tournament at Rec Hall.

Oklahoma A&M took home the team championship with 19 points and having three individual champions.

Joe McDaniel of Oklahoma A&M was named the Outstanding Wrestler.

State College, Pennsylvania
State College is a borough and home rule municipality in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 40,501 at the 2020 census. It is a college town home to Penn State University Park, the main campus of the Pennsylvania State University.

State College is the largest borough in Pennsylvania by population. It is the principal borough of the six municipalities that make up the State College area, the largest settlement in Centre County, and one of the principal cities of the greater State College–DuBois combined statistical area which had 238,734 residents in 2020.
2020 Top Seed Open
The 2020 Top Seed Open was a professional women's tennis tournament that was played on outdoor hard courts at the Top Seed Tennis Club in Nicholasville, near Lexington, Kentucky. It was a WTA International-class tournament on the 2020 WTA Tour, and was the first American tournament of the Tour to be played since its suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The event was announced in early-July 2020 as one of two substitute events (alongside the 2020 Prague Open) for the Washington Open, whose organizers had declined to host the WTA Tour this season (the event was ultimately canceled later that month, citing the pandemic) in lieu of the regular US Open Series.

WTA International tournaments
The WTA International tournaments was a category for tennis tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association from the 2009 WTA Tour until 2020, which replaced the previous Tier III and Tier IV categories. As of 2021, these events have been reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments. The winner of a WTA 250 tournament adds 250 points to her WTA ranking.

For the 2025 season, there were 21 WTA 250, all knock-out tournaments with a prize money for every event at $275,094.
John Dennis Carthy
John Dennis Carthy (7 April 1923 – 13 March 1972) was a British zoologist and ethologist whose primary study subjects were the sensory systems and behaviour of invertebrates. He published 11 books and numerous scientific articles.

Sensory nervous system
The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory  information.  A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception and interoception.  Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, balance and visceral sensation. Sense organs are transducers that convert data from the outer physical world to the realm of the mind where people interpret the information, creating their perception of the world around them.

The receptive field is the area of the body or environment to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each rod or cone can see, is its receptive field. Receptive fields have been identified for the visual system, auditory system and somatosensory system.
Rob Britton
Robert Britton (born September 22, 1984) is a Canadian professional cyclist, who currently competes in gravel racing. He formerly rode professionally on the road between 2010 and 2021 for the Bissell, Team Raleigh, Team SmartStop and Rally Cycling teams. He won the overall classification of the Tour of the Gila, a race held in New Mexico, in 2015, and 2018.

Unbound Gravel
Unbound Gravel, formerly known as the Dirty Kanza, is an event comprising gravel racing covering various distances held annually during the late spring on rural roads in the Flint Hills region of the Great Plains around Emporia, Kansas, United States. The race's organizers refer to the 200 miles (320 km) race as the "World's Premiere Gravel Grinder", and ranked as one of the top gravel bike races.  In 2024, there were approximately 5,000 registered riders across all races.
Tour de Mayen
The Tour de Mayen (2,327 m) is a mountain of the Swiss Prealps, located north of Leysin in the canton of Vaud. It lies east of the Tour d'Aï, on the range lying between the lake of Hongrins and the valley of Ormont Dessous and Ormont Dessus.

Lac de l'Hongrin
Lac de l'Hongrin is a reservoir in Vaud, Switzerland. The reservoir with a surface area of 1.60 km2 (0.62 sq mi) is located in the municipalities of Château-d'Œx and Ormont-Dessous. The two arch dams Hongrin Nord and Hongrin Sud were completed in 1969. The Dam helps with hydro electricity, and stops flooding in the area.

The water of the Hongrin reservoir is used for the Veytaux Pumped Storage Power Station. This power station has currently a nameplate capacity of 240 megawatts. Additional turbines which will double capacity to 480 MW will be commissioned by end of 2015.
212th Battalion (American Legion), CEF
The 212th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting in early 1916 throughout the province.  The battalion was disbanded while still in Canada and the men transferred to the 97th Battalion, CEF.  The 212th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. E. C. Pitman.

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.