hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Torquay Tramways
Torquay Tramways operated electric street trams in Torquay, Devon, England, from 1907. They were initially powered by the unusual Dolter stud-contact electrification, but in 1911 was converted to more conventional overhead-line supply. The line was extended into neighbouring Paignton in 1911 but the whole network was closed in 1934.

Overhead line
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, electric multiple units, trolleybuses or trams. The generic term used by the International Union of Railways for the technology is overhead line. It is known variously as overhead catenary, overhead contact line (OCL), overhead contact system (OCS), overhead equipment (OHE), overhead line equipment (OLE or OHLE), overhead lines (OHL), overhead wiring (OHW), traction wire, and trolley wire.

An overhead line consists of one or more wires (or rails, particularly in tunnels) situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical potential by connection to feeder stations at regularly spaced intervals along the track. The feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid.
On the Banks of the River Weser
On the Banks of the River Weser (German: An der Weser) is a 1927 German silent drama film directed by Siegfried Philippi and starring Carl Auen, Olga Engl, and Camilla Spira.

The film's sets were designed by Willi Herrmann.

Carl Auen
Carl Theodor Auen (16 February 1892 – 23 June 1972) was a German film actor of the silent era. He appeared in more than 110 films between 1914 and 1938. He was a member of the Militant League for German Culture and served on the  Advisory Council (Präsidialrat)  Reichsfilmkammer president.
Bayan Khutugh
Bayan Khutugh (1324–1365), also Bayan Qudu (Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭ Баянхутаг, Chinese: 伯顏忽都; Pai-yen Hu-tu), was an empress consort of the Yuan dynasty as the second wife of Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong). Her father was Bolod Temür.

According to the History of Yuan, Bayan Qudu was known for being "frugal, unjealous, and thoroughly observant of ritual and regulation," which was a sharp contrast to the character and nature of the emperor's favourite concubine, Lady Ki (later known as Öljei Quduq).

History of Yuan
The History of Yuan (Yuán Shǐ), also known as the Yuanshi, is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China. Commissioned by the court of the Ming dynasty, in accordance to political tradition, the text was composed in 1370 by the official Bureau of History of the Ming dynasty, under direction of Song Lian (1310–1381).

The compilation formalized the official history of the preceding Yuan dynasty. Under the guidance of Song Lian, the official dynastic history broke with the old Confucian historiographical tradition, establishing a new historical framework asserting that the influence of history was equal in influence to the great Confucian classics in determining the course of human affairs.
Crooked Bum
Crooked Bum is a 6,937-foot-elevation (2,114-meter) mountain summit on the crest of the North Cascades in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located in the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest on the shared border of Skagit County and Chelan County. It is situated immediately west of Rainy Pass and two miles east of Corteo Peak. The scenic and popular Maple Pass Trail traverses the south slope of the peak while staying above Lake Ann. Precipitation runoff from the north slope of Crooked Bum drains into Granite Creek which is a tributary of the Skagit River, whereas the south side drains into Bridge Creek which is a tributary of the Chelan River.

Lithosphere
A lithosphere is the rigid outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the lithospheric mantle, the topmost portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of up to thousands of years or more. The crust and upper mantle are distinguished on the basis of chemistry and mineralogy.
Kármán vortex street
In fluid dynamics, a Kármán vortex street (or a von Kármán vortex street) is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices, caused by a process known as vortex shedding, which is responsible for the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around blunt bodies.

It is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist Theodore von Kármán, and is responsible for such phenomena as the "singing" of suspended telephone or power lines and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds.

Mathematical modeling of von Kármán vortex street can be performed using different techniques including but not limited to solving the full Navier-Stokes equations with k-epsilon, SST, k-omega and Reynolds stress, and large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models, by numerically solving some dynamic equations such as the Ginzburg–Landau equation, or by use of a bicomplex variable.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Lazlo Bane
Lazlo Bane is an American alternative rock band from Santa Monica, California, United States. They are well known for collaborating with former Men at Work member Colin Hay, and providing the song "Superman" as the theme for the television show Scrubs.

Alter ego
An alter ego (Latin for "other I") means an alternate self, which is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true original personality. Finding one's alter ego will require finding one's other self, one with a different personality. Additionally, the altered states of the ego may themselves be referred to as alterations.

A distinct meaning of alter ego is found in the literary analysis used when referring to fictional literature and other narrative forms, describing a key character in a story who is perceived to be intentionally representative of the work's author (or creator), by oblique similarities, in terms of psychology, behaviour, speech, or thoughts, often used to convey the author's thoughts. The term is also sometimes, but less frequently, used to designate a hypothetical "twin" or "best friend" to a character in a story. Similarly, the term alter ego may be applied to the role or persona taken on by an actor or by other types of performers.
Edward Kutchat
Edward Kutchat was an Indian tribal leader and the Chief of the Tribal Council of Car Nicobar island. He was featured in the media for cooperating with the Indian Government by offering his land for the expansion of airfields in Car Nicobar island, in exchange for the jacket worn by Jawaharlal Nehru, on a visit to the island. He was also reported to have assisted Nicobarese people in promoting their business. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1989.

Nehru jacket
The Nehru jacket is a hip-length tailored coat for men or women, with a mandarin collar, and with its front modelled on the longer Indian achkan or sherwani frequently worn by Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India from 1947 to 1964.
SunExpress Deutschland
SunExpress Deutschland GmbH was a German leisure airline headquartered in Gateway Gardens, Flughafen, Frankfurt, Hesse. It was a subsidiary of SunExpress, which itself is a joint-venture of Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa. Its main base was Frankfurt Airport with smaller bases at several other airports throughout Germany. The company ceased all operations in 2020.

Düsseldorf Airport
Düsseldorf Airport (German: Flughafen Düsseldorf, pronounced [ˌfluːkhaːfn̩ ˈdʏsl̩dɔʁf]) (IATA: DUS, ICAO: EDDL), known as Düsseldorf International Airport until March 2013, is an international airport serving Düsseldorf, the capital of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi; 3.8 nmi) north of downtown Düsseldorf and some 20 kilometres (12 mi; 11 nmi) southwest of Essen in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Germany's largest metropolitan area.

Düsseldorf is the fourth-busiest airport in Germany and handled over 20 million passengers in 2024. It is a hub for Eurowings and a focus city for several more airlines. The airport has three passenger terminals and two runways and can handle wide-body aircraft up to the Airbus A380. Düsseldorf Airport serves almost every country in Europe and some destinations in Africa, the Middle East and North America.
Just Like Washington Crossed the Delaware, General Pershing Will Cross the Rhine
"Just Like Washington Crossed the Delaware, General Pershing Will Cross the Rhine" is a 1918 song composed by George W. Meyer, with lyrics written by Howard Johnson and published by Leo Feist, Inc.

Based upon sheet music sales estimates from 1918, it is believed that "Just Like Washington Crossed the Delaware, General Pershing Will Cross the Rhine" would have reached number four of the top 100 songs of 1918 with a recording by the Peerless Quartet. A later recording by Prince's Orchestra would have been number seven of the top 100 songs of 1918.

Peerless Quartet
The Peerless Quartet was an American vocal group that recorded in the early years of the twentieth century. They formed to record for Columbia Records, where they were credited as the Columbia Quartet or Columbia Male Quartet. From about 1907, when they began to record for record labels other than Columbia, they were more widely known as the Peerless Quartet.

The Peerless Quartet was one of the most commercially successful groups of the acoustic era and made hundreds of recordings, including popular versions of songs such as "Sweet Adeline", "By the Light of the Silvery Moon", "Let Me Call You Sweetheart", and "I Want A Girl (Just Like The Girl That Married Dear Old Dad)". The group continued to record until 1928, with many changes of personnel. They were led until 1910 by Frank C. Stanley, and thereafter by tenor Henry Burr.
Bárcena de Campos
Bárcena de Campos is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 59 inhabitants.

Bárcena is about 22 km north of the Camino de Santiago. It is located on the right bank of the Valdavia River. It limits to the north with Villanuño de Valdavia, to the east with Santa Cruz del Monte, to the south with Villavega, and to the west with Itero Seco. A town with a marked Jacobean character since at the foot of the Alto de la Esperina the Besaya route, coming from Suances, meets the Camino Real de la Valdavia route that linked San Vicente de la Barquera with Carrión de los Condes.

San Vicente de la Barquera
San Vicente de la Barquera is a municipality of Cantabria in northern Spain. It had a population of 4,412 in 2002. Tourism is its main activity due to the area's natural environment and heritage. Approximately 80% of the municipal area belongs to the Oyambre Natural Park and enjoys a special protection regulated by the autonomous community of Cantabria as a result of its landscape and ecological value.
Panthéon-Sorbonne University School of Law
Sorbonne Law School, officially the Panthéon-Sorbonne University School of Law, is the law school of the Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris-I). It is one of the two successors to the University of Paris Faculty of Law, along with the Assas Law School and is located in the Panthéon Centre, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, on the Place du Panthéon.

Its motto, in Latin, is: "Omnibus sapientia, unicuique excellentia" ("knowledge for all, excellence for each").

It is the best law faculty in France, 6th in Europe and 17th in the world according to the QS Top universities ranking, ahead of the UCLA School of Law or the Ivy League Cornell Law School. It is also ranked as the 1st non-English speaking law faculty worldwide by the same ranking.

Cornell Law School
Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private, Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York.

One of the five Ivy League law schools, Cornell Law School offers four degree programs (JD, LLM, MSLS and JSD) along with several dual-degree programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. It was established in 1887 as Cornell University's Department of Law. Currently, the school graduates around 200 students each year.

Cornell Law School is home to the Legal Information Institute (LII), the Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, the Cornell Law Review, the Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, and the Cornell International Law Journal.
Roberto Sabatini
Roberto Sabatini is an Italian-Australian researcher, academic, and innovator specializing in aerospace defense and geospatial systems. He is a full professor at Khalifa University in the United Arab Emirates, and an honorary professor at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia.

Since 2019, he has been listed among the top 2% most-cited researchers globally in Aerospace and Aeronautics, as reported by Stanford University and Elsevier.

Honorary title (academic)
Honorary titles (professor, president, fellow, lecturer and reader) in academia may be conferred on persons in recognition of contributions by a non-employee or by an employee beyond regular duties. This practice primarily exists in the UK and Germany, as well as in many of the universities and colleges of the United States, Australia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, New Zealand, Japan, Denmark, and Canada.

Examples of such titles are honorary professor, honorary president, honorary fellow, honorary senior research fellow, honorary lecturer, honorary reader, (normally applies to non-teaching staff, who give occasional lectures), visiting fellow (normally applies to students carrying out further studies and research programmes), and industrial fellow.
Calytrix
Calytrix is a genus of about 83 species of flowering plants, commonly known as star flowers, in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus Calytrix are small to large shrubs with small, spreading and more or less round leaves, the flowers arranged singly in leaf axils. The flowers are bisexual with 5 overlapping sepals with a long awn, and many stamens.

Monoicy
Monoicy is a sexual system in haploid plants (mainly bryophytes) where both sperm and eggs are produced on the same gametophyte, in contrast with dioicy, where each gametophyte produces only sperm or eggs but never both. Both monoicous and dioicous gametophytes produce gametes in gametangia by mitosis rather than meiosis, so that sperm and eggs are genetically identical with their parent gametophyte.

It has been suggested that monoicy may have benefits in dry habitats where the ability to produce sporophytes is limited due to lack of water.: 292

Monoicy is similar to, and often conflated with, monoecy, which applies to seed plants (spermatophytes) and refers to separate male and female cones or flowers on the same plant.
Cyrus-class ship-sloop
The Cyrus-class sixth rates of the Royal Navy were a series of sixteen-flush decked sloops of war built to an 1812 design by Sir William Rule, the Surveyor of the Navy. The first nine ships of the class were launched in 1813 and the remaining seven in 1814. The vessels of the class served at the end of the Napoleonic War. They were built on the lines of HMS Hermes, which was based in turn on the French ship Bonne Citoyenne.

The Cyrus class was intended to be the counter to the new Frolic-class ship-rigged sloops that were under construction for the United States Navy. No encounter took place between any vessel of the Frolic class and one of the Cyrus class, but HMS Levant was captured by the American frigate USS Constitution.

With the re-organisation of the rating system which took place in the Royal Navy effective from 1 January 1817, the Cyrus-class flush-decked ships were re-classified as 20-gun sloops.

USS Frolic (1813)
USS Frolic was a sloop-of-war that served in the United States Navy in 1814. The British captured her later that year and she served in the Royal Navy in the Channel and the North Sea until she was broken up in 1819.
Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki
Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki is one of the three principal Māori iwi  of the Tūranga district, the others being Rongowhakaata and Ngai Tamanuhiri. It is numerically the largest of the three, with 6,258 affiliated members as of 2013.

The rohe (territory) of Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki extends from the Mangatu land blocks to Hangaroa Matawai, Pātūtahi and Whataupoko near Gisborne. The boundary also includes Tuamotu Island. While majority of members are situated within the traditional tribal boundaries, there is a significant number present in the Wellington, Auckland and Hawke's Bay regions.

Whataupoko
Whataupoko is the central residential suburb of the city of Gisborne in New Zealand. It is northeast of the Gisborne Central business district, across the Taruheru River, and north of the suburb of Kaiti, across the Waimata River. The suburb of Mangapapa is north-west of Whataupoko. Significant facilities are the headquarters of the Gisborne District Council and the regional museum, Tairāwhiti Museum, both located near the southern point of Whataupoko at the confluence of the two rivers.
Jacques Marie (footballer)
Jacques Marie (12 August 1945 – 1999) was a French footballer.

Marie was born in Caen (Calvados). He was a center and captain of RC Lens with whom he reached the final of the Coupe de France in 1975, ten years after losing in his first final with CS Sedan Ardennes.

Calvados (department)
Calvados (UK: /ˈkælvədɒs/, US: /-doʊs, ˌkælvəˈdoʊs, ˌkɑːlvəˈ-/; French: [kalvados] ⓘ) is a department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the Normandy coast. In 2019, it had a population of 694,905.
Jin Yuan (athlete)
Jin Yuan (born 11 February 1988 in Shanghai) is a female Chinese long-distance runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase.

She finished ninth at the 2005 Asian Championships and at the 2006 World Junior Championships. She competed in at the 2007 World Championships without reaching the final. She represented her native country at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase
The women's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics took place on August 25, 2007 (heats) and August 27, 2007 (final) at the Nagai Stadium in Osaka, Japan. The first four of each heat (Q) plus the three fastest times (q) qualified for the final.
V. Subramanian
V. Subramanian is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Kandamangalam constituency as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate in 1984, 1991, and 2001 elections.

1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
The tenth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 15 June 1991, to elect representatives from the 234 constituencies in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) – Indian National Congress (INC) alliance won the elections in a landslide manner and AIADMK general secretary J. Jayalalithaa became the chief minister on 24 June 1991. This was her first term in office. The united strength of AIADMK after the merger of J.Jayalalithaa, V.N Janaki Ramachandran and R.M Veerappan faction, who was made Joint General Secretary of AIADMK, the alliance with the Congress, and the wave of public sympathy in the wake of Rajiv Gandhi assassination combined to produce a massive victory for the AIADMK. The DMK could only win 2 seats. This was the worst performance of the DMK since it entered electoral politics in the  1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly elections.
Martyrdom in Sikhism
Martyrdom is a fundamental institution of Sikhism. Sikh festivals are largely focused on the lives of the Sikh gurus and Sikh martyrs. Their martyrdoms are regarded as instructional ideals for Sikhs, and have greatly influenced Sikh culture and practices.

The term shahidi has been used by Sikhs since the 19th century to describe the act of martyrdom. A martyr is sometimes called a shahid (Punjabi: Gurmukhi- ਸ਼ਹੀਦ , Shahmukhi- شہید).

Shahmukhi
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. 'from the Shah's or King's mouth', Gurmukhī: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan. It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, which is also used for Persian and Urdu. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhī used mainly in Punjab, India. Shahmukhi is written from right to left and has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters.
S. Ramalingam
Sellaperumal Ramalingam is an Indian politician belonging to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu in the 2019 Indian general election. He was earlier elected four times to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Thiruvidamarudur constituency  in 1977, 1980, 1989 and 1996 elections.

Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency
11°06′07″N 79°34′47″E﻿ / ﻿11.1018845°N 79.5795889°E﻿ / 11.1018845; 79.5795889

Mayiladuthurai is a Lok Sabha (Parliament of India) constituency in Tamil Nadu. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 28 of 39. It spreads on two districts, Mayiladuthurai and Thanjavur.
Tichipawa
Tichipawa (meaning "thunderbolt" in the Quinault language) is a superlative Douglas fir near Lake Quinault in the U.S. state of Washington. The tree is 281 feet (86 m) tall. It was listed as 275 feet (84 m) tall in 2002, four years after it was discovered by The Evergreen State College forestry researcher and author Robert Van Pelt, in March 1998.

Douglas fir
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.  It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. glauca) and Mexican Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. lindleyana).

Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus Abies), spruce (genus Picea), or pine (genus Pinus). It is also not a hemlock (genus Tsuga); the genus name Pseudotsuga means "false hemlock".
Paul Downton
Paul Rupert Downton (born 4 April 1957) is a retired cricketer and cricket administrator.

He previously served as director of cricket at Kent County Cricket Club (2018-2023)  and managing director of the England and Wales Cricket Board between February 2014 and April 2015. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup.

He is a former English professional cricketer who played in 30 Test matches and 28 One Day Internationals for the England cricket team between 1977 and 1989. He was a wicket-keeper who played for Kent County Cricket Club from 1977 to 1979 and for Middlesex between 1980 and 1991.

1987 Cricket World Cup
The 1987 Cricket World Cup (officially known as the Reliance Cup 1987 for sponsorship reasons) was the fourth Cricket World Cup. It was held from 8 October to 8 November 1987 in India and Pakistan – the first such tournament to be held outside England. The one-day format was unchanged from the eight-team 1983 event except for a reduction in the number of overs a team played from 60 to 50, the current standard for all ODIs.

The competition was won, for the first time, by Australia who defeated their arch-rivals England by seven runs in the second-most closely fought World Cup final to date in Kolkata's Eden Gardens stadium. The two host nations, India and Pakistan failed to reach the final, after both being eliminated in the semi-finals. The West Indies failed to live up to expectations and did not advance from the group stage.