hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Garðaríki
Garðaríki (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike) or Garðaveldi was the Old Norse term used in the Middle Ages for the lands of Rus'. According to Göngu-Hrólfs saga, the name Hólmgarðaríki (also used as a name for Novgorodian Rus') was synonymous with Garðaríki, and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories.

As the Varangians dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus', their sagas regard the city of Hólmgarðr/Hólmgarðaborg (usually identified with Novgorod) as the capital of Garðaríki. Other important places of Garðaríki mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are Aldeigja/Aldeigjuborg (Ladoga), Kœnugarðr/Kænugarðr (Kiev), Pallteskja/Pallteskia (Polotsk), Smaleskja/Smaleskia (Smolensk), Súrdalar (Suzdal), Móramar (Murom), and Rostofa (Rostov).

At least seven of the Varangian runestones, G 114, N 62, Sö 148, Sö 338, U 209, U 636, and Öl 28, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in Garðar.

Polotsk
Polotsk or Polatsk is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the Dvina River and serves as the administrative center of Polotsk District. Polotsk is served by Polotsk Airport and Borovitsy air base. As of 2025, it has a population of 79,285.
Dalmeny
Dalmeny (/dælˈmɛni/) is a village and civil parish in Scotland. It is located on the south side of the Firth of Forth, 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of South Queensferry and 8 miles (13 km) west of Edinburgh city centre. It lies within the traditional boundaries of West Lothian, and falls under the local governance of the City of Edinburgh Council. Dalmeny is on the route used as the X99 Queensferry off-service loop.

City of Edinburgh Council
The City of Edinburgh Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Baile Dhùn Èideann) is the local government authority covering the City of Edinburgh council area. Almost half of the council area is the built-up area of Edinburgh, capital of Scotland. With a population of 530,680 in 2024, it is the second most populous local authority area in Scotland.

The council took on its current form in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, replacing the City of Edinburgh District Council of the Lothian region, which had been created in 1975. The history of local government in Edinburgh, however, stretches back much further. Around 1130, David I made the town a royal burgh and a burgh council, based at the Old Tolbooth is recorded continuously from the 14th century.

The council is currently based in Edinburgh City Chambers with a main office nearby at Waverley Court.
Nordiskt Idrottslif
Nordiskt Idrottslif ("Nordic Sporting Life") was a Swedish newspaper devoted to sports, published in Stockholm from 1900 to 1920. It was founded by Clarence von Rosen as a spin off of the sports newspaper Ny Tidning för Idrott and was the leading Swedish sports newspaper during its existence, with a focus on football, athletics, swimming and winter sports. It was published once a week until 1906, and twice weekly thereafter. The newspaper was used as the official means of announcement for the Swedish Sports Confederation.

Swedish Sports Confederation
The Swedish Sports Confederation (Swedish: Riksidrottsförbundet, RF) is the umbrella organisation of the Swedish sports movement founded in 1903. Through its member organisations, it has three million members in 22,000 clubs. Its present chair, since 2024, is Anna Iwarsson.

The Swedish Sports Confederation has its offices at Idrottens hus by Skanstull in Stockholm.
Allan Lichtman
Allan Jay Lichtman (/ˈlɪktmən/; born 4 April 1947) is an American historian and political analyst who has taught at American University in Washington, D.C. since 1973. He is known for creating the Keys to the White House with Soviet seismologist Vladimir Keilis-Borok in 1981.

The Keys to the White House is a system that uses 13 true/false criteria to predict whether the presidential candidate of the incumbent party will win or lose the next election. The system and Lichtman's predictions based on it have received extensive media coverage. He has accurately predicted the outcomes of most presidential elections since 1984  using his interpretations of the system, though his predictions were incorrect in 2000 and 2024.

Lichtman ran for the U.S. Senate seat in Maryland in 2006; he finished sixth in the Democratic primary. In 2017, Lichtman authored the book The Case for Impeachment, which laid out multiple arguments for an impeachment of Donald Trump.

Seismology
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi, saɪs-/; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós), meaning 'earthquake', and -λογία (-logía), meaning 'study of') is the scientific study of earthquakes (or generally, quakes) and the generation and propagation of elastic waves through planetary bodies. It also includes studies of the environmental effects of earthquakes such as tsunamis; other seismic sources such as volcanoes, plate tectonics, glaciers, rivers, oceanic microseisms, and the atmosphere; and artificial processes such as explosions.

Paleoseismology is a related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes. A recording of Earth's motion as a function of time, created by a seismograph is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who works in basic or applied seismology.
1999 Damallsvenskan
The 1999 Damallsvenskan was the twelfth season of the Damallsvenskan. Matches were played between 14 April and 29 October  1999. Älvsjö AIK won the title for the fifth time, a record that stood until the end of 2013. They won by eleven points from Umeå IK. Malmö FF finished third. The playoffs were also won by Älvsjö, beating Malmö FF in the final, who therefore finished as runners-up. This was the last time playoffs were used until the 2009 Damallsvenskan.

Before the season, Ornäs BK, Tyresö FF and Östers IF were promoted. The first two teams and Sunnanå SK were relegated at the end of the season.

Umeå IK
Umeå IK (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈʉ̌ːmɛɔ ˈîːkoː]) is a women's professional association football club based in the city of Umeå, in northern Sweden, and currently playing Elitettan, the second tier of women's football in Sweden.

They were one of the most successful football clubs in the world in the early 2000s, winning seven Swedish championships between 2000 and 2008, four Swedish Cups (2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007) and the UEFA Women's Champions League twice, in 2003 and 2004. They also reached the Champions League finals in 2002, 2007 and 2008. A number of Swedish and international stars played for the club during that period, most notably Brazilian star Marta.

Umeå IK play their home games at Umeå Energi Arena (formerly known as Gammliavallen) in Umeå. The team colours are black and yellow. The club is affiliated to the Västerbottens Fotbollförbund.
Joyce Angela Jellison
Joyce Angela Jellison-Hounkanrin (born August 7, 1969) is an American author  living in New England. She is a graduate of Urban College of Boston and Bay Path College in Longmeadow, Massachusetts. She holds a J.D. degree from Massachusetts School of Law in Andover, Massachusetts.

Andover, Massachusetts
Andover is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. It was settled in 1642 and incorporated in 1646. At the 2020 census, the population was 36,569. It is located 20 miles (32 km) north of Boston and 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Lawrence. Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Andover. It is twinned with its namesake: Andover, Hampshire, England.
2005 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Doubles
Nadia Petrova and Meghann Shaughnessy were the defending champions, but were forced to withdraw as Shaughnessy suffered a lower back injury during her singles match against Peng Shuai.

Bryanne Stewart and Samantha Stosur won the title by defeating Květa Peschke and Patty Schnyder 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Patty Schnyder
Patty Schnyder (born 14 December 1978) is a Swiss retired tennis player. A former top 10 player in singles, she twice defeated a reigning world No. 1 player in her career: Martina Hingis at the 1998 Grand Slam Cup (by retirement) and Jennifer Capriati at the Family Circle Cup in 2002. In addition, she has notable wins over such former No. 1 players as Lindsay Davenport, Serena Williams, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Steffi Graf, Kim Clijsters, Justine Henin, Amélie Mauresmo, Maria Sharapova, Jelena Janković, Ana Ivanovic, and Caroline Wozniacki.

In her career, she reached six Grand Slam singles quarterfinals and one major singles semifinal. She won eleven WTA Tour singles titles including Zurich Open (Tier I), and five WTA doubles titles, and earned almost $8.6 million in prize money.
Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government
The foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government concerns the policy initiatives made by Turkey towards other states under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during his tenure as prime minister from 2003 to 2014.

Turkish Airlines
Turkish Airlines (Turkish: Türk Hava Yolları), or legally Türk Hava Yolları Anonim Ortaklığı, is the flag carrier of Turkey. As of June 2024, it operates scheduled services to 352 destinations (including cargo) in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, and the Americas. The airline serves more destinations non-stop from a single airport than any other airline in the world and flies to 131 countries, more than any other airline. With an operational fleet of 24 cargo aircraft, the airline's cargo division Turkish Cargo serves 82 destinations. The airline also owns a low-cost subsidiary, AJet.

The airline's corporate headquarters are on the grounds of Atatürk Airport in Yeşilköy, Bakırköy, Istanbul. The airline's main base is Istanbul Airport in Arnavutköy. It has been a member of the Star Alliance network since 1 April 2008.
Hazon, Israel
Hazon (Hebrew: חָזוֹן) is a moshav in the Upper Galilee in northern Israel. Located nine kilometers east of Carmiel, it falls under the jurisdiction of Merom HaGalil Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 293.

Karmiel
Karmiel (Hebrew: כרמיאל) is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee. The city is located south of the Acre–Safed road, 32 kilometres (20 miles) from Safed and 20 km (12 miles) from Ma'alot-Tarshiha and 20 km (12 mi) from Acre. In 2023 Karmiel had a population of 48,675.
Chikoy (river)
The Chikoy (Russian: Чикой; Mongolian: Цѳх гол, Tsökh gol; Buryat: Сүхэ гол, Sükhe gol) is a river in Zabaykalsky Krai and the Buryat Republic in Russia, which partially flows along the Russia-Mongolia border. It is a right tributary of the Selenga. The length of the Chikoy is 769 kilometres (478 mi). The area of its basin is 46,200 square kilometres (17,800 sq mi).

Buryatia
Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. To its north lie Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world; Zabaykalsky Krai to the east; Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 978,588 (2021 Census). It is home to the indigenous Buryats.
Ahirbudhnya Samhita
The Ahirbudhnya Samhita (Sanskrit: अहिर्बुध्न्यसंहिता, romanized: Ahirbudhnyasaṃhitā) is a Hindu Vaishnava text belonging to the Pancharatra tradition. It is a Tantrika composition, composed possibly over several centuries within the 1st millennium CE, most probably at 200 CE. Ahirbudhnya Saṃhita literally means a compendium (samhita) of the serpent-from-the-depths (from ahi for serpent and budhna for bottom/root). It is now practically extinct, with a few remnants preserved in southern India, though it was once recorded to be present in diverse places, including Kashmir, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

Shudra
Shudra or Shoodra (Sanskrit: Śūdra) is one of the four varnas of the Hindu class and social system in ancient India. Some sources translate it into English as a caste, or as a social class. Theoretically, Shudras constituted a class like workers.

According to Richard Gombrich's study of Buddhist texts, particularly relating to castes in Sri Lankan Buddhist and Tamil Hindu society,

The terms Vaisya and Sudra did not correspond to any clear-cut social units, even in the ancient period, but various groups were subsumed under each term [...]; In medieval times (say AD 500–1500) though society was still said to consist of the four classes, this classification seems to have become irrelevant[.]

The word Shudra appears in the Rigveda and it is found in other Hindu texts such as the Manusmriti, Arthashastra, dharmaśāstras and jyotiḥśāstras. In some cases, Shudras participated in the coronation of kings, or were amatya "ministers" and rajas "kings" according to early Indian texts.
Pakistan national blind cricket team
The Pakistan blind cricket team is the national blind cricket team of Pakistan. Running and organised by the Pakistan Blind Cricket Council (PBCC) which is affiliated with the World Blind Cricket Council (WBCC). The team participates in One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket matches.

World Blind Cricket Council
World Blind Cricket Council (WBCC) is an administration of blind cricket to manage it at international level. The WBC was established in September 1996 when a meeting held in Delhi, India to promote and control the blind cricket globally. George Abraham is the founding chairman of WBC.
UC Davis School of Law
The University of California, Davis School of Law is the professional graduate law school of the University of California, Davis. The school received ABA approval in 1968.  It joined the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) in 1968.

UC Davis School of Law is one of five law schools in the University of California system, with a total enrollment of around 600 students. The school is located in a building named for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and commonly referred to as King Hall.

Association of American Law Schools
The Association of American Law Schools (AALS), formed in 1900, is a non-profit organization of 175 law schools in the United States. An additional 19 schools pay a fee to receive services but are not members. AALS incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization in 1971. The association is a member of both the American Council on Education and the American Council of Learned Societies. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C.
ADPF 153
ADPF 153 was a constitutional review case ruled by the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court, which the Order of Attorneys of Brazil (OAB) requested the acknowledgment of the unconstitutionality of the Amnesty Law. Ruled in April 2010, the Supreme Court considered the case unfounded in a voting of 7 to 2.

Supreme Federal Court
The Supreme Federal Court (Portuguese: Supremo Tribunal Federal, [suˈpɾẽmu tɾibuˈnaw fedeˈɾaw], abbreviated STF) is the supreme court (court of last resort) of Brazil, serving primarily as the country's constitutional court. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed. On cases involving exclusively non-constitutional issues, regarding federal laws, the highest court is, by rule, the Superior Court of Justice.
Kate Capshaw
Kathleen Sue Spielberg (née Nail; born November 3, 1953), known professionally as Kate Capshaw, is an American retired actress, producer and painter. She is best known for her portrayal of Willie Scott in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), directed by her eventual husband, Steven Spielberg. She subsequently starred in Dreamscape (1984), Power (1986), SpaceCamp (1986), Black Rain (1989), Love Affair (1994), Just Cause (1995), The Locusts (1997), and The Love Letter (1999). Her portraiture work has been shown in the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery and the Pérez Art Museum Miami.

National Portrait Gallery (United States)
The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded in 1962 and opened in 1968, it is part of the Smithsonian Institution. Its collections focus on images of American artists, politicians, scientists, inventors, activists, and performers who have contributed to the nation's history, development, and culture. Along with the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the museum is housed in the historic Old Patent Office Building.
Shital Mahajan
Shital Mahajan Rane is an Indian extreme sportsperson, skydiver and the holder of eight world records in the sport. She is known as the first woman to perform an accelerated free fall jump over Antarctica from 10,000 feet, the youngest woman to jump over both the North and South Poles, and the first woman jumper to perform it without trials. The Government of India honored Mahajan in 2011, with the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri.

Limca Book of Records
The Limca Book of Records is an annual reference book published in India documenting world records held by Indians. The records are further categorised into education, literature, agriculture, medical science, business, sports, nature, adventure, radio and cinema.

The Limca Book of Records is published in English and is a promotional tool of Limca, a soft drink brand, owned by the Coca Cola Company, it is a localised equivalent of the Guinness World Records.
Henry Charlick
Henry Charlick (8 July 1845 in London, England – 26 July 1916 in Adelaide, Australia) was a leading Australian chess master in the 1880s. He won the second Australian Chess Championship at Adelaide 1887 with 7½ points out of 9 games, ahead of reigning champion Frederick Karl Esling (7 points) and George H. D. Gossip (6½). Charlick scored 6/8 in the third championship at Melbourne 1888, tying for first with William Crane, Jr., ahead of William Tullidge (5½), but narrowly lost the playoff to Crane (1 win, 2 losses, 1 draw).

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Dialog act
In linguistics and in particular in natural language understanding, a dialog act can be interpreted as the atomic units of a conversation, more fine-grained than utterances, characterized by a specific communicative function. Types of dialog acts include a question, a statement, or a request for action. Dialog acts are a type of speech act.

Dialog act recognition, also known as spoken utterance classification, is an important part of spoken language understanding. AI inference models or statistical models are used to recognize and classify dialog acts.

A dialog system typically includes a taxonomy of dialog types or tags that classify the different functions dialog acts can play.  One study had 42 types of dialog act in their taxonomy. Examples of types in this study include STATEMENT, OPINION, AGREEMENT/ACCEPT, and YES-NO-QUESTION.

The research on dialog acts have increased since 1999, after spoken dialog systems became commercial reality.

Natural language understanding
Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) is a subset of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. NLU has been considered an AI-hard problem.

There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its application to automated reasoning, machine translation, question answering, news-gathering, text categorization, voice-activation, archiving, and large-scale content analysis.
2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group H
Group H of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the twelve groups to decide the teams which qualified for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consisted of four teams: Ivory Coast, Guinea, Central African Republic, and Rwanda.

The teams played against each other in home-and-away round-robin format between June 2017 and March 2019.

Guinea and Ivory Coast, the group winners and runners-up respectively, qualified for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations.

Guinea national football team
The Guinea national football team (French:  Équipe de football de Guinée) represents Guinea in men's international football and is controlled by the Guinean Football Federation. They have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals, and their best finish in the Africa Cup of Nations was runners-up in 1976. The team reached the quarter-finals in four recent tournaments (2004, 2006, 2008 and 2015). The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Mbugua (surname)
Mbugua is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Audrey Mbugua (born 1984), Kenyan activist

Janet Mbugua (born 1984), Kenyan television personality

Judy Mbugua (born 1947), Kenyan Pentecostal pastor

Kinuthia Mbugua, Kenyan politician

Samuel Mbugua (born 1946), Kenyan boxer

Simon Mbugua (born 1991), Kenyan footballer

Kinuthia Mbugua
Kinuthia Mbugua is the first and immediate former governor of Nakuru County in Kenya. Nakuru Governor Kinuthia Mbugua was trounced by his close rival Lee Kinyanjui in a hotly contested nomination. Kinyanjui was declared winner with 223,583 votes against Mbugua's 139,784 with 10 out of 11 constituencies tallied.
He has had an illustrious career in the Civil Service in 1978 as a District Officer and served extensively throughout the country rising to become a District Commissioner in Nakuru.
Oliver Twist (1916 film)
Oliver Twist is a lost 1916 silent film drama produced by Jesse L. Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by James Young. It is based on the famous 1838 novel, Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickens and the 1912 Broadway stage version of the novel.

Marie Doro had played Oliver on Broadway in 1912 to much acclaim and was brought in by Lasky to reprise her role in this film. In fact, the main reason this film was made was to showcase Doro rather than Dickens. In the play, the parts of Nancy, Fagin and Bill Sykes were played by Constance Collier, Nat C. Goodwin and Lyn Harding respectively. Elsie Jane Wilson who had a supporting part in the play is Nancy in the film. Wilson and Doro are the only players from the play to appear in this film.

Four film versions had been made prior to this film: in 1907, 1909 and two in 1912, the year of Doro's stage success. A later 1922 silent version starred Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan.

Constance Collier
Constance Collier (born Laura Constance Hardie; 22 January 1878 – 25 April 1955) was an English stage and film actress and acting coach. She wrote plays and films with Ivor Novello and she was the first person to be treated with insulin in Europe.
Electoral division of Arnhem
Arnhem is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly in Australia's Northern Territory. It was first created in 1974, and takes its name from Arnhem Land, the region encompassing much of the northern part of the Territory.

Arnhem includes the Arnhem Land towns of Barunga, Beswick, Mataranka, Jabiru and Kakadu. In the redistribution before the 2016 election, gained territory from Arafura and Stuart, while losing territory to Nhulunbuy. There were 5,431 people enrolled within the electorate as of August 2020.

Wugularr, Northern Territory
Wugularr (pronounced: woo-gah-larr), known previously by its English name Beswick, is a small community in the Northern Territory of Australia. Djilpin Arts is an Aboriginal corporation and art centre founded by actor and musician Tom E. Lewis, which holds the annual "Walking with Spirits" festival at the nearby falls each year.