hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Qatar National Broadband Network
Qatar National Broadband Network (Qnbn) is a shareholding company owned by the Government of Qatar. It was set up in 2011 by the Supreme Council of Information & Communication Technology (ictQATAR) as one of the region’s first government initiatives giving full support for Qatar’s fiber optic network rollout.

Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (Qatar)
The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) is a Qatari ministry tasked with developing the country's communication and information technology sector. Its establishment was announced by a new cabinet in June 2013, as an extension of the Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology that was established under Emiri Decree Law no. 36 of 2004.  Its current minister is Mohammed bin Ali bin Mohammed Al Mannai.

The organization's functions are described in the Amiri Decree No. 57 of 2021 and include "supervising and developing the communication and information technology (ICT) sector", "[r]aising community awareness about the importance of communications and information technology", and "[i]mplementing e-government programs," including the development of Qatar's e-government portal, "Hukoomi."  One of the MCIT's initiatives is the "Digital Society" program, which promotes digital literacy and inclusion as well as technology skills.
Laura Kraut
Laura Kraut (/ˈkraʊt/ KROWT; born November 14, 1965) is an American show jumping competitor and Olympic champion.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Kraut won the gold medal as part of the United States team with her horse Cedric in team jumping, together with McLain Ward, Will Simpson, and Beezie Madden.

In 2010, Kraut was featured in the television series A Rider's Story
along with fellow Olympian McLain Ward.

Kraut has been recognized for her charitable contributions with equestrian-based charity, JustWorld International.

Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Team jumping
The team jumping at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place from August 15 to 18, at the Hong Kong Sports Institute.

The second and third rounds of show-jumping from the individual jumping event were used to determine scores for the team round. The best three scores from teams having more than three competing pairs were used to determine the team score.
WCJM-FM
WCJM-FM (100.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve West Point, Georgia, United States. The station is owned by San Antonio–based iHeartMedia, through licensee iHM Licenses, LLC.

It broadcasts a country music format and features programming from Westwood One.

West Point, Georgia
West Point is a city in Troup and Harris counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is located approximately halfway between Montgomery, Alabama and Atlanta along Interstate 85. As of 2020, its population was 3,719. Most of the city is in Troup County, which is part of the LaGrange micropolitan statistical area, and hence part of the Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA combined statistical area. A sliver in the south is in Harris County, which is part of the Columbus metropolitan statistical area.
Charles L. Keyser
Charles Lovett Keyser (January 19, 1930 – July 31, 2022) was the fourth bishop suffragan for the Armed Forces in the Episcopal Church. He was consecrated on March 24, 1990, and retired on February 29, 2000, when he served as an assisting bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of Florida.

Keyser earned a B.A. degree from The University of the South in 1951. In 1954, he received his M.Div. degree from St. Luke's Seminary in Sewanee, Tennessee. On February 15, 1955, Keyser was ordained an Episcopal priest by Bishop Frank Juhan in Jacksonville, Florida. On February 20, 1956, he was commissioned as a reserve officer in the U.S. Navy Chaplain Corps. Keyser served on USS Pocono from December 1964 to June 1967. He was promoted to commander on April 1, 1967. Keyser later served with the 1st Marine Division in Vietnam from June 1969 to July 1970. He was promoted to captain on July 1, 1973.

Captain (United States O-6)
In the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHS Corps), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps), captain is the senior-most commissioned officer rank below that of flag officer (i.e., admirals).  The equivalent rank is colonel in the United States Army, Air Force, Space Force, and Marine Corps.

Reflecting its nautical heritage, the term captain is used as a military title by officers of more junior rank who command a commissioned vessel of the Navy, Coast Guard, or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of patrol boat size or greater. Officers below O-6 who command aviation squadrons (typically O-5 commanders) usually use the less formal title "skipper".
Castelnau-Rivière-Basse
Castelnau-Rivière-Basse is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France. The commune shares its name with the village that lies within its boundaries.

The actual village of Castelnau-Rivière-Basse stands on top of a hill above the main D935 road, although drivers on that road pass signs incorrectly indicating that they are entering and leaving the village. In late 2010 a local resident installed an improvised sign, hanging below the official 'leaving Castelnau-Riviere-Basse' road sign on the southbound direction on the D935, advising that the right turn up to the village itself is 800 metres distant. This has now been removed.

The wider commune encompasses the village, land mainly devoted to agricultural activity, and a small lake. On the main D935 route there is a small but well used truck stop comprising a 'Routier' style restaurant.

The Occitan Gascon translation of Castelnau-Rivière-Basse is Castèthnau de Ribèra Baisha.

Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (French pronunciation: [ot piʁene] ⓘ; Gascon/Occitan: Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus ['awts piɾeˈnɛʊs]; Spanish: Altos Pirineos; Catalan: Alts Pirineus ['alts piɾiˈneʊs]; ) is a department in the region of Occitania, southwestern France. The department is bordered by Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the west, Gers to the north, Haute-Garonne to the east, as well by the Spanish province of Huesca in the autonomous community of Aragon to the south. In 2019, its population was 229,567; its prefecture is Tarbes. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
Miami RedHawks football
The Miami RedHawks football (known as the Miami Redskins until 1997) program represents Miami University, located in Oxford, Ohio, in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level. The RedHawks compete in the Mid-American Conference and are known for producing several high-profile head coaches, earning it the nickname "Cradle of Coaches". The team is coached by Chuck Martin and plays its home games at Yager Stadium. Miami has the distinction of being the most successful program in the MAC with over 700 all-time wins.

Oxford, Ohio
Oxford is a city in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 23,035 at the 2020 census. A college town, Oxford was founded in 1810 to serve as the home of Miami University. The city lies in southwestern Ohio roughly 4 miles (6.4 km) from the Indiana–Ohio border, approximately 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Cincinnati and 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Dayton.
Bar-Giora (organization)
Bar-Giora (Hebrew: בר גיורא) was a Jewish militia in Palestine (then part of the Ottoman Empire) from 1907 to 1909. The group was composed primarily of Russian Jewish immigrants of the Second Aliyah. The organization was a precursor of Hashomer, itself a precursor of the Haganah and the Israeli army.

History of the Jews in Russia
The history of the Jews in Russia goes back to the beginnings of the Russian state. At one time, the Russian Empire hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories, the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, and they also faced periods of antisemitic discriminatory policies and persecution, including violent pogroms.

Many analysts have documented a "renaissance" in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century; however, the Russian Jewish population has experienced precipitous decline since the dissolution of the USSR which continues to this day, although it is still among the largest in Europe.
Balderic of Montfaucon
Saint Balderic (or Baudry) was the founding abbot of Montfaucon.

Balderic and his sister Beuve (or Bove or Bova) lived in the 7th century in France.  They were reputed to be children of Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, based on oral tradition recorded by Flodoard, Canon of Reims, three centuries later.  They are also said to be related to King Dagobert, presumably Dagobert I of Austrasia.

Balderic was ordained as a priest, and later founded the monastery of Montfaucon in the province of Lorraine.  In 639 he established a convent "St-Pierre-les-Dames" in Reims for his sister Beuve.  She was succeeded as abbess there by her and Balderic's niece Dode (or Doda). Balderic was a guide and tutor of Saint Wandregisel or Wandrille, who stayed at Montfaucon after separating from his wife in 628.  Balderic died at Reims during a visit to his sister.

His feast day is 16 October.

Flodoard
Flodoard of Reims (Latin: Flodoardus; 893/4 – 28 March 966) was a Frankish chronicler and priest of the cathedral church of Reims in the West Frankish kingdom during the decades following the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire. His historical writings are major sources for the history of Western Europe, especially France, in the early and mid-tenth century.
Peter Kokotowitsch
Peter Kokotowitsch (Serbo-Croatian: Petar Kokotović / Петар Кокотовић; 8 October 1890 – 12 July 1968) was a Croatian Serb wrestler. He competed for Austria in the middleweight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics. Afterwards, he emigrated to the United States, where he adopted US citizenship and changed his name to Peter Kovick on 27 March 1929.

He spent his business career in the U.S. with the Continental Can Company, and became a division manager before retiring in 1954. He later worked as a consultant to the Campbell Soup Company. Kovick also became active with Serbian-American organizations and helped displaced refugees who came to the United States after World War II.

Continental Can Company
Continental Can Company (CCC) was an American producer of metal containers and packaging company, that was based in Stamford, Connecticut.

The Continental Can Company was founded by Edwin Norton T.G. Cranwell in 1904, three years after the formation of its greatest rival, American Can Company. Continental acquired the patents of United Machinery Company, one of the few companies producing can-making machinery that had not been bought by American Can. CCC began shipping product in 1905.

During World War II, Continental Can Company helped the war effort by building aircraft parts and bombs in their manufacturing plants. The United Steelworkers of America was the union representing hundreds of manufacturing workers at Continental Can Company.

In 1956, CCC acquired the Hazel-Atlas Glass Company, the third largest producer of glass containers, which led to the United States v. Continental Can Co. Supreme Court ruling in 1964.
Oscillation (cell signaling)
Oscillations are an important type of cell signaling characterized by the periodic change of the system in time. Oscillations can take place in a biological system in a multitude of ways. Positive feedback loops, on their own or in combination with negative feedback are a common feature of oscillating biological systems.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
Poales
The Poales are a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, rushes and sedges. 14 plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales.

Juncaceae
Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family.  It consists of 7 genera and about 464 known species  of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and sedges. They often grow on infertile soils in a wide range of moisture conditions. The best-known and largest genus is Juncus. Most of the Juncus species grow exclusively in wetland habitats. A few rushes, such as Juncus bufonius are annuals, but most are perennials. Despite the apparent similarity, Juncaceae are not counted among the plants with the vernacular name bulrush.
Lacs d'Étival
Lacs d'Étival are two lakes, the small lake (petit lac) and the big lake (grand lac), at Étival in the Jura department of France. The lakes are part of the preserve "Complexe des bois et du lac de l'Assencière" .

Jura (department)
Jura (/ˈ(d)ʒʊərə/ JOOR-ə, ZHOOR-ə; French: [ʒyʁa] ⓘ) is a department in the northeastern French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The department takes its name from the Jura Mountains. Its prefecture is Lons-le-Saunier; subprefectures are Dole and Saint-Claude. In 2019, Jura had a population of 259,199. It has a short portion of the border of Switzerland.
Graph flattenability
Flattenability in some -dimensional normed vector space is a property of graphs which states that any embedding, or drawing, of the graph in some high dimension  can be "flattened" down to live in -dimensions, such that the distances between pairs of points connected by edges are preserved. A graph  is -flattenable if every distance constraint system (DCS) with  as its constraint graph has a -dimensional framework. Flattenability was first called realizability, but the name was changed to avoid confusion with a graph having some DCS with a -dimensional framework.

Flattenability has connections to structural rigidity, tensegrities, Cayley configuration spaces, and a variant of the graph realization problem.

Graph drawing
Graph drawing is an area of mathematics and computer science combining methods from geometric graph theory and information visualization to derive two-dimensional (or, sometimes, three-dimensional) depictions of graphs arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography, linguistics, and bioinformatics.

A drawing of a graph or network diagram is a pictorial representation of the vertices and edges of a graph. This drawing should not be confused with the graph itself: very different layouts can correspond to the same graph.  In the abstract, all that matters is which pairs of vertices are connected by edges.  In the concrete, however, the arrangement of these vertices and edges within a drawing affects its understandability, usability, fabrication cost, and aesthetics. The problem gets worse if the graph changes over time by adding and deleting edges (dynamic graph drawing) and the goal is to preserve the user's mental map.
Glacier Blanc
The Glacier Blanc is a glacier in the French département of Hautes-Alpes. Its name (which means "white glacier") derives from the fact that – unlike the nearby Glacier Noir ("black glacier") – its surface appears pristinely white due to an absence of morainic debris.

A glacier that is largely free of such moraines is generally described in French as a glacier blanc.

Moraine
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders (in which case it is often referred to as boulder clay) down to gravel and sand, in a groundmass of finely divided clayey material sometimes called glacial flour. Lateral moraines are those formed at the side of the ice flow, and terminal moraines are those formed at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines (till-covered areas forming sheets on flat or irregular topography) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet).
Snowball family (Sierra Leone)
The Snowball family was a prominent settler Creole family of Nova Scotian descent. The Snowballs were originally African-American slaves from "Princess Ann County, Virginia" and were formerly the property of Richard Murray. Nathaniel Snowball, who was the son of Violet Snowball and the brother of Mary Snowball, was only 12 years old when he was recorded in the Book of Negroes and described as a "fine boy. Formerly the property of Richard Murray of Princess Ann County, Virginia; left him 7 years ago". Nathaniel became a prominent settler and the patriarch of the Snowball family in Settler Town, Sierra Leone.

Book of Negroes
The Book of Negroes is a document created by Brigadier General Samuel Birch, under the direction of Sir Guy Carleton, that records names and descriptions of 3,000 Black Loyalists, enslaved Africans who escaped to the British lines during the American Revolution and were evacuated to points in Nova Scotia as free people of colour.
Dereviane, Rivne Oblast
Dereviane (Ukrainian: Дерев'яне́) is a village in the Rivne Raion (district) of Rivne Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. Its population is 757 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Dereviane is accessed via the  H 22, and is located 29.3 km northwest of Rivne, and 1.0 km northwest of Klevan and 49.4 kilometres southeast of Lutsk along the  H 22.

Klevan
Klevan (Ukrainian: Клевань) is a rural settlement in Rivne Raion (district) of Rivne Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. Its population was 7,470 at the 2001 Ukrainian census. Current population: 7,570 (2022 estimate) It is located in the historic region of Volhynia.
Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)
Lesser Festivals are a type of observance in the Anglican Communion, including the Church of England, considered to be less significant than a Principal Feast, Principal Holy Day, or Festival, but more significant than a Commemoration. Whereas Principal Feasts must be celebrated, it is not obligatory to observe Lesser Festivals. They are always attached to a calendar date, and are not observed if they fall on a Sunday, in Holy Week, or in Easter Week. In Common Worship each Lesser Festival is provided with a collect and an indication of liturgical colour.

Collect
The collect (/ˈkɒlɛkt/ KOL-ekt) is a short general prayer of a particular structure used in Christian liturgy.

Collects come up in the liturgies of Catholic, Lutheran, or Anglican churches, among others.
Geoffrey Crossick
Geoffrey Joel Crossick MBE FRHistS (born 13 June 1946) is a British academic who is Professor of Humanities at the School of Advanced Study, a postgraduate school of the University of London. He was Vice-Chancellor of London University from 2010 to 2012.

School of Advanced Study
The School of Advanced Study (SAS), a postgraduate-only institution of the University of London, is the UK's national centre for the promotion and facilitation of research in the humanities and social sciences. It was established in 1994 and is based in Senate House, in Bloomsbury, central London, close to the British Museum, British Library and several of the colleges of the University of London. The School brings together nine research institutes, many of which have long histories, to provide a wide range of specialist research services, facilities and resources. It offers taught master's and research degrees in humanities and social science subjects (MA, MRes, LLM, MPhil, and PhD).
1997 Bojnurd earthquake
The 1997 Bojnurd earthquake (also known as the Garmkhan earthquake) occurred on 4 February at 14:07 IRST in Iran. The epicenter of the Mw 6.5 earthquake was in the Kopet Dag mountains of North Khorasan, near the Iran–Turkmenistan border, about 579 km (360 mi) northeast of Tehran. The earthquake is characterized by shallow strike-slip faulting in a zone of active faults. Seismic activity is present as the Kopet Dag is actively accommodating tectonics through faulting. The earthquake left 88 dead, 1,948 injured, and affected 173 villages, including four which were destroyed. Damage also occurred in Shirvan and Bojnord counties. The total cost of damage was estimated to be over US$ 30 million.

Iran–Turkmenistan border
The Iran–Turkmenistan border is the national border separating the countries of Iran and Turkmenistan. It is 1,148 km (713 miles) in length and runs from the Caspian Sea to the tripoint with Afghanistan. The Turkmen capital Ashgabat is only 15 miles north of this boundary, and Mashhad (Iran's second largest city) is 47 miles south of it.
The Ultimate Stuntman
The Ultimate Stuntman is a 1990 video game developed by Codemasters and published by Camerica for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), featuring action game elements. The Ultimate Stuntman is one of 14 video games published by Camerica for the NES without proper licensing. The company had to create their own cartridges that would bypass Nintendo's lock-out chip and break the 10NES "code". In virtually all of Camerica's games (including The Ultimate Stuntman) there is a switch found on the reverse side of the cartridge, this allows the user to switch between NTSC and PAL compatibility.

Another unusual aspect of Camerica games released for the NES is their distinctive color cartridges. The Ultimate Stuntman, like all Codemasters games, was released as a gold cartridge in the U.S. and a black cartridge in Europe.

Codemasters
The Codemasters Software Company Limited (trade name: Codemasters) is a British video game developer and former publisher based in Southam. It is a subsidiary of American corporation Electronic Arts and managed under the EA Sports division. Founded by brothers Richard and David Darling in October 1986, Codemasters is one of the oldest British game studios, and in 2005 was named the best independent video game developer by magazine Develop. It formerly also published third-party games.

Codemasters Group Holdings plc was the holding company of Codemasters, which was publicly traded and owned Codemasters until being purchased by EA in 2021 for $1.2 billion.
Portrait of Sir Henry Peirse
Portrait of Henry Peirse is an oil painting on canvas completed c. 1775 by the Italian painter Pompeo Batoni and housed in the Pinacoteca of the Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica (Palazzo Barberini) in Rome.

Palazzo Barberini
The Palazzo Barberini (English: Barberini Palace) is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. Today, it houses the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, the main national collection of older paintings in Rome.