hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dash
The dash is a punctuation mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to the hyphen but is longer and sometimes higher from the baseline. The most common versions are the en dash –, generally longer than the hyphen but shorter than the minus sign; the em dash —, longer than either the en dash or the minus sign; and the horizontal bar ―, whose length varies across typefaces but tends to be between those of the en and em dashes.

Typical uses of dashes are to mark a break in a sentence, to set off an explanatory remark—similar to parentheses—or to show spans of time or ranges of values.

The em dash is sometimes used as a leading character to identify the source of a quoted text.

The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.

The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website. The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries.
Okayama Castle
Okayama Castle (岡山城, Okayama-jō) is a Japanese castle in the city of Okayama in Okayama Prefecture in Japan.  The main tower was completed in 1597, destroyed in 1945 and replicated in concrete in 1966.  Two of the watch towers survived the bombing of 1945 and are now listed by the national Agency for Cultural Affairs as Important Cultural Properties.

In stark contrast to the white "Egret Castle" of neighboring Himeji, Okayama Castle has a black exterior, earning it the nickname Crow Castle (烏城, U-jō) or "castle of the black bird". (The black castle of Matsumoto in Nagano is also known as "Crow Castle", but it is karasu-jō in Japanese.)

Today, only a few parts of Okayama Castle's roof (including the fish-shaped-gargoyles) are gilded, but prior to the Battle of Sekigahara the main keep also featured gilded roof tiles, earning it the nickname Golden Crow Castle (金烏城, Kin U-jō).

Shachihoko
A Shachihoko (鯱・鯱鉾) – or simply Shachi (鯱) – is a sea monster in Japanese folklore with the head of a dragon or tiger and the body of a carp covered entirely in black or grey scales. According to the tale, Shachihoko lives in the cold northern ocean. Its broad fins and tail always point up toward heaven, and its dorsal fins have numerous sharp spikes. It can swallow a massive amount of water and hold it in its belly, as well as summon clouds and control the rain. Although believed to come from the sea, they are often constructed high on the roof standing upside down.

鯱 is a kokuji character; when pronounced shachi (鯱), it can mean "orca".
Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)
The Court of Disputed Returns is a special jurisdiction of the High Court of Australia.  The High Court, sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns, hears challenges regarding the validity of federal elections.  The jurisdiction is twofold: (1) on a petition to the Court by an individual with a relevant interest or by the Australian Electoral Commission, or (2) on a reference by either house of the Commonwealth Parliament.  This jurisdiction was initially established by Part XVI of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 and is now contained in Part XXII of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918.   Challenges regarding the validity of state elections are heard by the supreme court of that state, sitting as that state's court of disputed returns.

Hayden Starke
Sir Hayden Erskine Starke (22 February 1871 – 14 May 1958) was an Australian judge who served on the High Court of Australia from 1920 to 1950. He was a prominent Melbourne barrister before his appointment to the court.
Lalezar Ensemble
The Lalezar Ensemble is a musical ensemble which performs Ottoman classical music. It is based in Istanbul, and is "spearheading" the revival of Ottoman music.

Female vocalist Selma Sagbas stands in for the male castrati who were traditional from the 16th-19th centuries while the kanun, a Turkish board zither, is also featured.

Fasıl
The fasıl is a suite in Ottoman classical music. It is similar to the Arabic nawba and waslah.

A classical fasıl generally includes movements such as taksim, peşrev, kâr, beste, ağır semâ'î, yürük semâ'î, gazel, şarkı and saz semâ'î, played continuously without interludes and interconnected through aranağme arrangements.

A modern fasıl typically includes movements such as taksim, peşrev, şarkı (ağır aksak), yürük semâ'î, Türk aksağı, taksim, şarkı (a few with increasing tempo) and saz semâ'î.

Traditional Fasıl (both classical and modern) is a musical act distinct from the performance of "oriental" or "arabesque" pop and folk songs found at meyhanes and taverns, which have come to be sometimes referred to by the same name.
Edward H. Salmon
Edward H. Salmon (born September 16, 1942) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 1st Legislative District from 1988 to 1991.

Born in York, Pennsylvania, he attended Gettysburg College graduating in 1964, earned a master's degree in 1971 from Glassboro State College (since renamed as Rowan University), and also attended the University of Delaware. He was a teacher, served as mayor of Millville, and served on the Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders prior to his election to the Legislature in 1987.

Salmon was reelected in 1989 and served in the Assembly until April 1991 when he was appointed to the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities by Governor James Florio.

Millville, New Jersey
Millville is a city in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 27,491, a decrease of 909 (−3.2%) from the 2010 census count of 28,400, which in turn reflected an increase of 1,553 (+5.8%) from the 26,847 counted in the 2000 census.

Millville was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 24, 1801, from portions of Fairfield Township. Portions of the township were taken to form Landis Township on March 7, 1864. Millville was reincorporated as a city on March 1, 1866, based on the results of a referendum passed that same day. The city derives its name from a proposal to create a mill town in the area.

Millville is part of the South Jersey region of the state and is located within the Vineland-Bridgeton metropolitan statistical area, and it is ultimately part of the larger Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Software metric
In software engineering and development, a software metric is a standard of measure of a degree to which a software system or process possesses some property. Even if a metric is not a measurement (metrics are functions, while measurements are the numbers obtained by the application of metrics), often the two terms are used as synonyms. Since quantitative measurements are essential in all sciences, there is a continuous effort by computer science practitioners and theoreticians to bring similar approaches to software development. The goal is obtaining objective, reproducible and quantifiable measurements, which may have numerous valuable applications in schedule and budget planning, cost estimation, quality assurance, testing, software debugging, software performance optimization, and optimal personnel task assignments.

Program optimization
In computer science, program optimization, code optimization, or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or to make it capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or draw less power.
Koffler accelerator
The Koffler particle accelerator of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, was built in 1976. The building became a symbol of the institute. In 2011, an astronomical observatory was opened on the top of the building.

Rehovot
Rehovot (Hebrew: רחובות, romanized: Reḥōvōt, pronounced [ʁeχoˈvot] / [ʁeˈχovot]) is a city in the Central District of Israel, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) south of Tel Aviv. In 2023 it had a population of 153,416.
Samuel Hoffman Jr. House
The Samuel Hoffman Jr. House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. Samuel Hoffman Jr. was a bookkeeper at the German Savings Bank downtown. The house exhibits details of the Stick-Eastlake style such as the diagonal and short vertical stickwork on the gables. It also features molded bargeboards and decorative strips applied to the window on the east side. The porch, which is not original to the structure, features simple and geometric details that do not distract from the rest of the house. The residence has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.

Stick style
The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style, transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century, and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s. It is named after its use of linear "stickwork" (overlay board strips) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame.
Javaés River
The Javaés River (Portuguese: Rio Javaés or Braço Menor do Rio Araguaia, Javaé: ♂ Bero Biòwa [beˈɾo bɪɔˈwa], ♀ Bèraku Bikòwa [bɛɾaˈku bɪkɔˈwa]): 40, 68  is a river of Tocantins state in central Brazil and part of the Tocantins basin. It is a tributary of the Araguaia River. Between the two rivers there is an island called Bananal, the biggest fluvial island in the world.

The Javaés River separates the Cantão State Park to the north from the Araguaia National Park to the south.

Tocantins basin
The Tocantins basin, or Araguaia-Tocantins basin, is a Brazilian river basin, almost entirely located between the 2ºS and 18ºS parallels and the 46ºW and 56ºW meridians. The main rivers in the basin are Tocantins and Araguaia.

The basin extends to the states of Tocantins and Goiás (58%), Mato Grosso (24%), Pará (13%), Maranhão (4%), in addition to the Federal District (1%). It is the largest hydrographic basin entirely Brazilian.

For water resource management purposes, it is inserted in the Tocantins-Araguaia hydrographic region.
Raffles Island
Raffles Island is an uninhabited island located approximately 4 km to east of the Sparrebugt bay, Liverpool Land, about 20 km north-east of the town of Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland in the Scoresby Sund area.

Scoresby Sound
Scoresby Sound  (Danish: Scoresby Sund, Greenlandic: Kangertittivaq) is a large fjord system of the Greenland Sea on the eastern coast of Greenland. It has a tree-like structure, with a main body approximately 110 km (68 mi) long that branches into a system of fjords covering an area of about 38,000 km2 (14,700 sq mi). The longest of the fjords extends 340–350 km (210–220 mi) inland from the coastline. The depth is 400–600 m (1,300–2,000 ft) in the main basin, but depths increase to up to 1,450 m (4,760 ft) in some fjords. It is one of the largest and longest fjord systems in the world.

The name of the sound honours English explorer William Scoresby, who in 1822 mapped the fjord area in detail. The name “Sound” comes from the Scandinavian word “Sund”  for “strait”, which is commonly used to describe narrow waterways between landmasses.
Agnar Hagen
Agnar Hagen  is a Norwegian handball player.

He made his debut on the Norwegian national team in 1953, 
and played 12 matches for the national team between 1953 and 1960. He participated at the 1958 World Men's Handball Championship.

1958 World Men's Handball Championship
The 1958 World Men's Handball Championship was the third indoor handball World Championship. It was held in the German Democratic Republic between 27 February and 8 March 1958. Germany sent a united team composed of players from the GDR and the FRG. Sweden won the championship.
Leviathan Mine
Leviathan Mine is a United States superfund site (CERCLIS ID: CAD98067685) at an abandoned open-pit sulfur mine located in Alpine County, California. The mine is located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada at about 7,000-foot (2,100 m) elevation, 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Markleeville and 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Lake Tahoe. The mine site comprises approximately 250 acres (100 ha) of land surrounded by the Toiyabe National Forest, which is only accessible a few months a year. The approximately 22 million tons of sulfur ore-containing crushed rock at the mine  are responsible for contaminating the Leviathan and Aspen Creek, which join with Mountaineer Creek to form Bryant Creek which ultimately empties into the East Fork of the Carson River. These water bodies are listed as 303(d) impaired. The site location is seismically active.

Markleeville, California
Markleeville (formerly Markleville) is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Alpine County, California, United States.  The population was 191 at the 2020 census, down from 210 at the 2010 census.
Dar Al-Hijrah
Dar Al-Hijrah Islamic Center (Arabic: مركز دار الهجرة الاسلامي) is a mosque in Northern Virginia. It is located in the Seven Corners area of unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia, in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area.

Washington metropolitan area
The Washington metropolitan area (also referred to as the National Capital Region, Greater Washington, or locally as the DMV, short for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia) is the metropolitan area comprising Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States, and its surroundings. The metropolitan area includes all of Washington, D.C., and parts of Maryland, Virginia and even West Virginia.

The United States federal government defines the area as the Washington–DC, VA–MD–WV metropolitan statistical area. It anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis and is part of the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area, the country's third-largest. The area's estimated total population of 6,304,975 (as of 2023) makes it the country's seventh-most populous metropolitan area. It is one of the country's most educated and affluent metropolitan areas.
1992 Citroën Cup Austrian Ladies Open – Doubles
Bettina Fulco-Villella and Nicole Muns-Jagerman were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Louise Field and Tracey Morton.

Florencia Labat and Alexia Dechaume won the title by defeating Amanda Coetzer and Wiltrud Probst 6–3, 6–3 in the final.

Florencia Labat
María Florencia Labat (born 12 June 1971) is an Argentine former professional female tennis player. She joined the WTA Tour in 1988 and retired in 2000. On 12 September 1994, Labat reached a career-high singles ranking of number 26 in the world.
Yorick Antheunis
Yorique Antheunis (born 26 June 1991) is a professional football defender. He last played for Sporting Hasselt.

Prior to Bocholt, Antheunis played with Sint-Truiden, first achieving promotion from the Belgian Second Division in 2009, then three seasons in the Belgian Pro League.

Belgian Second Division
The Belgian Second Division was the second-highest division in the Belgian football league system, one level below the Belgian Pro League. It was founded by the Royal Belgian Football Association in 1909 and folded in 2016, when it was replaced by the Belgian First Division B (known as the Proximus League for sponsorship reasons)).
DS 37 Match Racer
The DS 37 Match Racer is a 11.25-metre (36.9 ft) long sloop rigged sailboat, designed by Jacob Vierø in 1991 and used in the Stena Match Cup Sweden, part of the World Match Racing Tour. The design of the boat emphasizes that it is used for match racing, with an oversized rudder, and simple controls. The boat is popular as a teaching boat for beginners as well because of its simplicity and robustness. However, in Match racing, it is one of the most physically demanding boats found in the international matchracing circuit. The boat is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries, where it can be found as inventory of several of the big yacht clubs, such as the Royal Danish Yacht Club or the Royal Gothenburg Yacht Club.

Royal Danish Yacht Club
Royal Danish Yacht Club (Danish: Kongelig Dansk Yachtklub; shortened KDY) is a Danish yacht club in Copenhagen that was established 1866 under the name Dansk Forening for Lystsejlads. It is the oldest yacht club in Denmark, and has been under royal patronage since Christian IX's approval in 1891. It has about 2,200 members. The club house has been situated in Tuborg Havn since 2007.
Friedman rule
The Friedman rule is a monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman. Friedman advocated monetary policy that would result in the nominal interest rate being at or very near zero. His rationale was that the opportunity cost of holding money faced by private agents should equal the social cost of creating additional fiat money. Assuming that the marginal cost of creating additional money is zero (or approximated by zero), nominal rates of interest should also be zero. In practice, this means that a central bank should seek a rate of inflation or deflation equal to the real interest rate on government bonds and other safe assets, to make the nominal interest rate zero.

The result of this policy is that those who hold money do not suffer any loss in the value of that money due to inflation. The rule is motivated by long-run efficiency considerations.

This is not to be confused with Friedman's k-percent rule which advocates a constant yearly expansion of the monetary base.

Economic efficiency
In microeconomics, economic efficiency, depending on the context, is usually one of the following two related concepts:

Allocative or Pareto efficiency: any changes made to assist one person would harm another.

Productive efficiency: no additional output of one good can be obtained without decreasing the output of another good, and production proceeds at the lowest possible average total cost.

These definitions are not equivalent: a market or other economic system may be allocatively but not productively efficient, or productively but not allocatively efficient. There are also other definitions and measures. All characterizations of economic efficiency are encompassed by the more general engineering concept that a system is efficient or optimal when it maximizes desired outputs (such as utility) given available inputs.
The Luck of Ginger Coffey (novel)
The Luck of Ginger Coffey, a novel by Northern Irish-Canadian writer Brian Moore, was published in 1960, in the United States by The Atlantic Monthly and in the United Kingdom by Andre Deutsch. In Canada, it received a Governor General's Award. The book was made into a film, directed by Irvin Kershner, and released in 1964. Robert Shaw starred in the title role.

People of Northern Ireland
People from Northern Ireland are those born in Northern Ireland who, at the time of their birth, have at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen, or otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland indefinitely under the Belfast Agreement.

Most Northern Irish people either identify as British, Northern Irish, Irish, or a combination thereof. The 20th century conflict known as The Troubles, which ended in effect in 1999, was primarily caused by tensions between people who had these different identites, and their connections to religion (Anglican protestants and Catholics).
Dimitris Yeros
Dimitris Yeros (1948) (Eλληνικά - Δημήτρης Γέρος) is a Greek artist-photographer.

Dimitris Yeros is one of the most influential Greek artists of his generation and one of the first Greek artists to present Performances, Body Art, Video Art and Mail Art.

Body art
Body art is art in which the artist uses the human body as the primary medium. Emerging from the context of Conceptual Art during the 1970s, Body art may include performance art. Body art is likewise utilized for investigations of the body in an assortment of different media including painting, casting, photography, film and video. More extreme body art can involve mutilation or pushing the body to its physical limits.

In more recent times, the body has become a subject of much broader discussion and treatment than can be reduced to body art in its common understanding. Important strategies that question the human body are: implants, the body in symbiosis with the new technologies, and virtual avatar bodies, among others.
Terence Curtin
Terence Robert Curtin (born 20 July 1945) is a retired Australian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was previously an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne. He was consecrated by Archbishop Denis Hart at St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne on 17 December 2014. He retired as an Auxiliary Bishop in January of 2025.

St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne
The Cathedral Basílica of Saint Patrick, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne and the seat of its archbishop, currently Peter Comensoli.

Pope Paul VI raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica in 24 July 1974.   Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral in 1986.

The cathedral is built on a traditional east–west axis, with the altar at the eastern end, symbolising belief in the resurrection of Christ. The plan is in the style of a Latin cross, consisting of a nave with side aisles, transepts with side aisles, a sanctuary with seven chapels, and sacristies.

The cathedral was listed on the Victorian Heritage Register on 5 August 1999.
Recess Peak
Recess Peak is a 12,813-foot-elevation (3,905-meter) mountain summit located west of the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Fresno County of northern California, United States. It is situated on Mono Divide in the John Muir Wilderness, on land managed by Sierra National Forest, and approximately six miles east of Lake Thomas A Edison. The nearest higher neighbor is Mount Hilgard, 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to the southeast. The John Muir Trail follows Bear Creek below the western slope of this remote peak. The summit is surrounded by arêtes and cirques, which were formed by glaciers in the past, most recently ending 13,000 years ago in the late Pleistocene.

Arête
An arête (/əˈrɛt/ ə-RET; French: [aʁɛt]) is a narrow ridge of rock that separates two valleys. It is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. Arêtes can also form when two glacial cirques erode headwards towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col. The edge is then sharpened by freeze-thaw weathering, and the slope on either side of the arête steepened through mass wasting events and the erosion of exposed, unstable rock. The word arête is French for "edge" or "ridge"; similar features in the Alps are often described with the German equivalent term Grat.

Where three or more cirques meet, a pyramidal peak is created.
Paul Duerden
Paul Charles Duerden (born October 22, 1974) is a Canadian former professional volleyball player. He played for the Canada men's national volleyball team between 1993 and 2008, representing Canada at the 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 FIVB World Championships.

1998 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship
The 1998 FIVB Men's World Championship was the fourteenth edition of the tournament, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB. It was held from 13 to 29 November 1998 in Fukuoka, Kobe, Sendai, Sapporo, Kawasaki, Uozu, Hiroshima, Osaka, Chiba, Hamamatsu, and Tokyo, Japan.