hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Commutativity of conjunction
In propositional logic, the commutativity of conjunction is a valid argument form and truth-functional tautology. It is considered to be a law of classical logic. It is the principle that the conjuncts of a logical conjunction may switch places with each other, while preserving the truth-value of the resulting proposition.

Validity (logic)
In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. It is not required for a valid argument to have premises that are actually true, but to have premises that, if they were true, would guarantee the truth of the argument's conclusion. Valid arguments must be clearly expressed by means of sentences called well-formed formulas (also called wffs or simply formulas).

The validity of an argument can be tested, proved or disproved, and depends on its logical form.
Usman Sarki
Usman Sarki dan Malam Saidu MP, CFR (b. 1920 - 1984) was the Federal Minister of Interior from 1959 to 1962 succeeded J. M. Johnson and served as the 10th Etsu Nupe from 1962 to 1969 succeeding the 9th Etsu Nupe Muhammadu Ndayako. He was succeeded by his cousin, the 11th Etsu Nupe Musa Bello.

Order of the Federal Republic
The Member of the Order of the Federal Republic (MFR) is one of two orders of merit, established by the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1963. It is senior to the Order of the Niger.

The highest honours are the Grand Commander in the Order of the Federal Republic and Grand Commander in the Order of the Niger and they are awarded to the President and vice-president respectively. The Presiding Judge in the Supreme Court and the Chairman of the Senate are former officials Grand Commanders in the Order of the Niger.

The Nigerians have followed the British example in the form and structure of the Order. There are also post-nominal letters for the members of the Order of the Niger.

There is a Civil Division and a Military Division. The ribbon of the latter division has a small red line in the middle.
Xichong station
Xichong station (Chinese: 溪涌; pinyin: Xīchōng; Jyutping: kai1 cung1; Cantonese Yale: Kāichūng) is a station on Line 8 of the Shenzhen Metro. It opened on 28 December 2025, with the Phase 3 extension of the line serving as its terminus station. It is located under Xihai Road.

Xichong station was the one and only station on the Line 8 Phase III extension. Trial runs for Phase III and the station began on 1 November 2025.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
Woodridge High School
Woodridge High School is a public high school in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, United States. It is the only high school in the Woodridge Local School District. The district serves Peninsula, northern Cuyahoga Falls, most of Boston Township, and a small portion of northwest Akron.

The high school is also part of the Six District Educational Compact, a joint program of six area school districts (Cuyahoga Falls, Hudson, Kent, Stow-Munroe Falls, Tallmadge and Woodridge) to share access to each of their vocational training facilities and career resources.

Kent City School District
The Kent City School District is a public school district based in Kent, Ohio, United States. It serves approximately 3,100 students living in Kent, Franklin Township, Brady Lake, and Sugar Bush Knolls, as well as a small portion of southern Streetsboro.  The district has seven schools including four elementary schools housing kindergarten through fifth grade with preschool housed at one elementary school; Stanton Middle School for grades 6–8; and Theodore Roosevelt High School, which houses grades 9–12. The superintendent is Tom Larkin, who began his tenure August 1, 2023. Larkin previously served as assistant superintendent and has been with the district since 1996.
Banjo, of the Overflow
Banjo, of the Overflow is a poem by Australian poet Francis Kenna. It was first published in The Bulletin magazine on 27 August 1892 in reply to fellow poets Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson and Edward Dyson.  This poem formed part of the Bulletin Debate, a series of works by Lawson, Paterson, and others, about the true nature of life in the Australian bush.

In Up The Country, Lawson had criticised "City Bushmen" such as Banjo Paterson who tended to romanticise bush life. Paterson, in turn, accused Lawson of representing bush life as nothing but doom and gloom. Kenna's poem is a parody of Paterson's popular work, Clancy of the Overflow, playfully pointing out the irony of a city-dweller writing poems about life in the country. The author of the poem was initially credited only as "K."

Edward Dyson
Edward George Dyson (4 March 1865 – 22 August 1931) was an Australian journalist, poet, playwright and short story writer. He was the elder brother of illustrators Will Dyson (1880–1938) and Ambrose Dyson (1876–1913), with three sisters also of artistic and literary praise.

Dyson wrote under several – some say many – nom-de-plumes, including Silas Snell.  In his day, the period of Australia's federation, the poet and writer was "ranked very closely to Australia's greatest short-story writer, Henry Lawson".  With Lawson known as the "swagman poet", Ogilvie the "horseman poet", Dyson was the "mining poet".  Although known as a freelance writer, he was also considered part of The Bulletin writer group.
Mill Creek (San Juan River tributary)
Mill Creek is a stream in the San Juan National Forest in Archuleta County, Colorado, and a minor left tributary of San Juan River. It flows in a generally southwesterly direction from Mill Creek Canyon, east of Pagosa Springs between Coal Creek and Rio Blanco, to join the San Juan River just sound of Pagosa Springs.

Pagosa Springs, Colorado
Pagosa Springs (Ute language: Pagwöösa, Navajo language: Tó Sido Háálį́) is a home rule municipality that is the county seat of, the most populous community in, and the only incorporated municipality in Archuleta County, Colorado, United States.  As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,571.
Bert J. Harris Jr.
Bert Jerome Harris Jr. (December 9, 1919 – May 19, 2019) was an American politician and farmer in the state of Florida.

Harris was born in Warwick, Georgia, and moved to Florida in 1926. He attended the University of Florida, graduating in agriculture. Harris was also a veteran of World War II, serving in the United States Army Air Corps in the Pacific Theater He served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1982 to 1992 for District 76 and 1992 to 1996 for District 77. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Harris lived in Lake Placid, Florida where he was a citrus farmer. He died on May 19, 2019, at the age of 99.

Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
The Pacific Ocean theater of World War II was a major theater of the Pacific War, the war between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. It included the U.S. Pacific Ocean Areas command, which comprised most of the Pacific Ocean and its islands.

The Philippines, Dutch East Indies, British Borneo, Australia, most of the Territory of New Guinea, and the western Solomons were under a different Allied command.
Ricardo Sternberg
Ricardo da Silveira Lobo Sternberg (born 1948) is a Canadian poet.

Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Sternberg moved to the United States with his family when he was fifteen. He received a B.A. in English literature from the University of California, Riverside and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from UCLA. Between 1975 and 1978, he was a Junior Fellow with the Society of Fellows at Harvard University. His poetry has been published in magazines such as The Paris Review, The Nation, Poetry (Chicago), Descant, American Poetry Review, The Virginia Quarterly Review and Ploughshares., He has lived in Toronto, Canada since 1979 teaching Brazilian and Portuguese Literature at the University of Toronto.

He is the author of four books. Blindsight, a CD of his readings, was released in 1998 by Cyclops Press.

Poetry (magazine)
Poetry (founded as Poetry: A Magazine of Verse) is a magazine that has been published in Chicago since 1912. It is one of the leading monthly poetry journals in America. Founded by poet and arts columnist Harriet Monroe, who built it into an influential publication, it is now published by the Poetry Foundation. In 2007 the magazine had a circulation of 30,000, and printed 300 poems per year out of approximately 100,000 submissions. It is sometimes referred to as Poetry—Chicago.

Poetry has been financed since 2003 with a $200 million bequest from philanthropist and Lilly heiress, Ruth Lilly.
Collins Correctional Facility
Collins Correctional Facility is a medium security prison in Collins, New York in the United States.  The prison is located in the south part of Erie County in the Town of Collins. It is adjacent to the now-closed Gowanda Correctional Facility, another medium-security prison.  Both prisons are located north of the Village of Gowanda, at the southern end of Erie County.

Erie County, New York
Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in the western region of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. However, in 2023 the estimated population was 946,147. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.
Trauma in children
Trauma in children, also known as pediatric trauma, refers to a traumatic injury that happens to an infant, child or adolescent. Because of anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults the care and management of this population differs.

Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.

Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
2013–14 Midland Football Alliance
The 2013–14 Midland Football Alliance season was the 20th and final in the history of Midland Football Alliance, a football competition in England.

At the end of the season the Midland Alliance and the Midland Combination merged to form the Midland Football League. The Midland Alliance clubs formed Premier Division, while the Midland Combination clubs formed Division One.

Midland Football League
The Midland Football League, officially known as the Capelli Sport Midland Football League since January 2025 for sponsorship reasons, is an English football league that was founded in 2014 by the merger of the former Midland Alliance and Midland Combination. The league has four divisions that sit at levels 9–12 of the football pyramid.
William James Willing
William James Willing Jr. (1839? - January 15, 1909) was a lawyer and politician in Mississippi. He lived in Crystal Springs, Mississippi and represented Copiah County in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1870. He resigned his seat in 1872.

In 1875, he wrote to Mississippi governor Adelbert Ames about threats of violence and a campaign of intimidation from Democrats and their "clubs" in the state, including White Leaguers.

The historic Colonel William James Willing House in Crystal Springs, Mississippi was built by his father of the same name, and is named for him. It hosted prominent guests including Jefferson Davis.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
North Imphal Sporting Association
North Imphal Sporting Association, commonly known as NISA Manipur, is an Indian professional football club based in Thangmeiband, Manipur. NISA is five-time champions of the Manipur State League, which is a project under the Vision Asia program by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). They have also participated in the I-League 2nd Division, then second tier of Indian football league system.

Football in India
Association football is one of the most popular sports in India. According to a survey, 305 million Indians or around 21% of the Indians are football fans. Association football is the most popular sport in some Indian states, like Assam, Goa, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya and West Bengal. In Odisha, field hockey is number one. In the other Indian states, cricket is the main sport.

The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the first FIFA event the country hosted. It was called the most successful FIFA U-17 World Cup ever, with a record-breaking attendance of 1,347,133, exceeding China's record of 1,230,976 from 1985. India also hosted the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup and bid to host the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

The Indian national football team qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup but did not participate.
Crescent Spur, British Columbia
Crescent Spur is a community in Robson Valley, British Columbia. It is located northwest of McBride, British Columbia, on the Fraser River. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway established a station here in 1915 under the name Crescent Island. In 1928, the F.G. Thrasher Company installed a battery of six dry kilns at their sawmill, marking the introduction of dry kilns in this district. A post office was opened 29 December 1944.  It was closed 21 July 1969, re-opened 15 January 1975, and then closed for good 9 March 1977.

Fraser River
The Fraser River (/ˈfreɪzər/) is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia just south of the City of Vancouver. The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 mi3) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and each year, it discharges about 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.
Pterostylis pedina
Pterostylis pedina is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New South Wales where in grows on the south-west plains. It was first formally described in 2009 by David Jones and given the name Oligochaetochilus pedinus. The description was published in the journal The Orchadian from a specimen grown in Yass from a material collected near Hay. In 2010, Jasmine Janes and Marco Duretto changed the name to Pterostylis pedina. The specific epithet (pedina) is derived from the Ancient Greek word pedinos meaning "flat" or "level".

Yass, New South Wales
Yass (/jæs/)
is a town on the periphery of the Southern Tablelands and South West Slopes of New South Wales, Australia. The name appears to have been derived from an Aboriginal word, "Yarrh" (or "Yharr"), said to mean 'running water'.

Yass is located 280 km south-west of Sydney, on the Hume Highway, and is 59 km from Canberra. It lies at an elevation of 505 metres. The Yass River, which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River, flows through the town.

Yass has a historic high street, with well-preserved 19th-century verandah post pubs (mostly converted to other uses). It is popular with tourists, some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway.
Stephanie Kaza
Stephanie Kaza is Professor Emeritus in the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources at the University of Vermont (UVM). She is a writer, a practicing Soto Zen Buddhist, and an active proponent of religious dialogue. She taught religion and ecology. She combines an academic background in science, education, and theology in her writing, which is often categorized under the term spiritual ecology. After 24 years at UVM, she retired in 2015.

Sōtō
Sōtō Zen or the Sōtō school (曹洞宗, Sōtō-shū) is the largest of the three traditional sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism (the others being Rinzai and Ōbaku). It is the Japanese line of the Chinese Caodong school, which was founded during the Tang dynasty by Dongshan Liangjie. It emphasizes Shikantaza, meditation with no objects, anchors, or content. The meditator strives to be aware of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference.

The Japanese brand of the sect was imported in the 13th century by Dōgen Zenji, who studied Caodong Buddhism (Chinese: 曹洞宗; pinyin: Cáodòng Zōng) abroad in China. Dōgen is remembered today as the ancestor of Sōtō Zen in Japan along with Keizan Jōkin.

With about 14,000 temples, Sōtō is one of the largest Japanese Buddhist organizations. Sōtō Zen is now also popular in the West, and in 1996 priests of the Sōtō Zen tradition formed the Soto Zen Buddhist Association based in North America.
Shawn Mullins
Shawn Mullins (born March 8, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter who specializes in folk rock, instrumental rock, adult alternative, and Americana music. His 1998 single "Lullaby" hit number one on the Adult Top 40 and was nominated for a Grammy Award.

Adult album alternative
Adult album alternative (also triple-A, AAA, or adult alternative) is a radio format. Its roots trace to both the "classic album stations of the '70s as well as the alternative rock format that developed in the '80s." AAA programming is carried on more than 150 broadcast outlets in the United States, with a roughly even split between commercial and public stations.
Evgeny Vaitcekhovsky
Evgeny Vladimirovich Vaitcekhovsky (Russian: Евгений Владимирович Вайцеховский; born 12 May 1986) is a Russian former competition speed climber. He won the 2005 IFSC World Championships, the European Championships in 2006 and 2008 and the Rock Master in 2007. He also took three overall titles in the world cup, in addition to 14 individual victories and four other overall podium finishes. In October 2012, he set the world speed climbing record in 5.88 seconds, which stood until August 2014.

IFSC Climbing European Championships
The IFSC Climbing European Championships are the biennial European championship for competition climbing organized by the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC). The first competition was held in Frankfurt in 1992.
1887 Hartford Railroad Disaster
The 1887 Hartford Railroad Disaster, also known as the West Hartford Bridge Disaster, occurred on February 5, 1887, near Hartford, Vermont. It remains the deadliest train accident in Vermont's history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 37 individuals and injuring around 50 others.

Hartford, Vermont
Hartford is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is on the New Hampshire border, at the intersection of Interstates 89 and 91. It is the site of the confluence of the White and Connecticut rivers; the Ottauquechee River also flows through the town. The town is composed of five unincorporated villages: Hartford, Quechee, West Hartford, White River Junction and Wilder. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,686.
Spearfish Canyon
Spearfish Canyon is a deep but narrow gorge carved by Spearfish Creek located in Lawrence County, South Dakota, U.S., just south of Spearfish. The canyon is located within the Black Hills, located on the northern edge of the Black Hills National Forest. The Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway travels through the Canyon from Spearfish to Cheyenne Crossing along U.S. Route 14A. The highway follows an old railroad grade that was abandoned after massive flooding in 1933.

Cheyenne Crossing, South Dakota
Cheyenne Crossing (also known as Spearfish Crossing) is a populated place in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States.

In 1877 the Ice Box Canyon Valley Station was the last of 11 stops on the Cheyenne to Deadwood stage route. Henry Fosha operated a stable and barn in this approximate location where tired stagecoach horses were replaced by fresh horses on the final showy run into Deadwood. Fosha ran a store across the dirt road that carried basic supplies for the coach and other travelers. At some point owners changed the station's name to Cheyenne Crossing. The stage route operated until 1887 and the stables were abandoned. In the 1950s the Highway Department widened the highway and the owners relocated the store to where it still stands [in 2025]. A historical marker about the Cheyenne Crossing was erected in 2024 by Lawrence County Historical Society.  The marker is located on Spearfish Canyon Road at or near this postal address: 21415 US Highway 14A, Lead SD 57754.
La Pampilla, Peru
La Pampilla is a beach located in Miraflores District, Lima and is part of the Costa Verde beach circuit in Peru. It is used as a surfing area and balneario by the residents of the districts near the beach since the early 1970s. It is considered a cradle of Peruvian surfers.

It is protected by the state since April 8, 2016 from Directorial Resolution No. 0220-2016 of the Peruvian Navy, within the framework of the Breakwater Law.

Pollution with solid waste and drainage into the water and on the beach is frequent.

Peruvian Navy
The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.

The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879.