hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zone plate
A zone plate is a device used to focus light or other things exhibiting wave character.  Unlike lenses or curved mirrors, zone plates use diffraction instead of refraction or reflection.  Based on analysis by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, they are sometimes called Fresnel zone plates in his honor. The zone plate's focusing ability is an extension of the Arago spot phenomenon caused by diffraction from an opaque disc.

A zone plate consists of a set of concentric rings, known as Fresnel zones, which alternate between being opaque and transparent. Light hitting the zone plate will diffract around the opaque zones. The zones can be spaced so that the diffracted light constructively interferes at the desired focus, creating an image there.

Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference. The resultant wave may have greater amplitude (constructive interference) or lower amplitude (destructive interference) if the two waves are in phase or out of phase, respectively.
Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves as well as in loudspeakers as electrical waves.
1898 Algerian riots
The 1898 Algerian riots were a series of violent and antisemitic attacks or pogroms against the Jewish community in Algeria, French North Africa, that occurred from January 18 to 24, 1898. The riots were sparked by the release of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish French officer who had been falsely convicted of treason. Riots occurred in Algiers, Mostaganem, Si-Mustapha, Boufarik, and Blida. Over 700 people were convicted and received prison terms for the riots.

Great Synagogue of Algiers protected during the riots

1898 report on the anti-Jewish riot in Algeria

Si-Mustapha
Si-Mustapha is a town and commune in the Isser District of Boumerdès Province, Algeria. At the time of the 1998 census it had a population of 9,015.

Previously named Blad Guitoune ("land of the tent"), it was renamed Félix-Faure in 1899 during the colonial period, after the former French president Félix Faure.  After independence in 1962, it was given the new name of Si Mustapha, after the nom de guerre of the ALN fighter Mohamed Saoudi, who died nearby in combat on 25 November 1958.

A 4th-century octagonal mausoleum formerly found there was demolished in 1905.
Dan Roden
Dan Roden (born 1950) is a Canadian-born American medical researcher known for his work in personalized medicine. He is Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Biomedical Informatics at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, where he holds the Sam L. Clark Endowed Chair and serves at the Senior Vice President for Personalized Medicine. He is also the director of Vanderbilt University's BioVU project, which is a biobank linking individuals' DNA samples to their medical records.

Roden was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he received his medical degree from McGill University. He then received his training at Vanderbilt University in cardiology and pharmacology, and he has been a faculty member there ever since. He is a member of the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the Association of American Physicians, as well as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Association of American Physicians
The Association of American Physicians (AAP) is an honorary medical society founded in 1885 by the Canadian physician Sir William Osler and six other distinguished physicians of his era for "the advancement of scientific and practical medicine."

Election to the AAP is an honor extended to individuals with outstanding credentials in biomedical science and/or translational biomedical research and is limited to 60 persons per year. The AAP includes about 1000 active members and 550 emeritus and honorary members. The great majority are US citizens. However, other countries are also represented.
Vanishing point
A vanishing point is a point on the image plane of a perspective rendering where the two-dimensional perspective projections of parallel lines in three-dimensional space appear to converge.  When the set of parallel lines is perpendicular to a picture plane, the construction is known as one-point perspective, and their vanishing point corresponds to the oculus, or "eye point", from which the image should be viewed for correct perspective geometry. Traditional linear drawings use objects with one to three sets of parallels, defining one to three vanishing points.

Italian humanist polymath and architect Leon Battista Alberti first introduced the concept in his treatise on perspective in art, De pictura, written in 1435. Straight railroad tracks are a familiar modern example.

Polymath
A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, but some are gifted at explaining abstractly and creatively.

Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectually, artistically, socially, physically, and spiritually.
History Workshop Journal
The History Workshop Journal is a British academic history journal published by Oxford University Press. History Workshop was founded in 1976 by Raphael Samuel and others involved in the History Workshop movement. Originally sub-titled "A Journal of Socialist Historians", it later changed the sub-title to "A Journal of Socialist and Feminist Historians" before dropping the sub-title in 1994.

The Journal "publishes a wide variety of essays, reports and reviews, ranging from literary to economic subjects, local history to geopolitical analyses." According to the Times Higher Education website, History Workshop Journal is ranked number 9 in the top 20 history journals worldwide, ranked by their five-year impact factors, as of 2011. This information was presented in Thomson Reuters' Journal Citation Reports for the social sciences for 2009.

Thomson Reuters
Thomson Reuters Corporation (/ˈrɔɪtərz/ ⓘ ROY-tərz) is a Canadian multinational content-driven technology conglomerate. The company was founded in Toronto, Ontario, and maintains its headquarters in the city at 19 Duncan Street.

Thomson Reuters was created by the Thomson Corporation's purchase of the British company Reuters Group on 17 April 2008. It is majority-owned by the Woodbridge Company, a holding company for the Thomson family of Canada.
European Union Clinical Trials Regulation
The European Union Clinical Trials Regulation (regulation (EU) No 536/2014) is the legislation relating to the conduct of clinical trials of investigational medicinal products within the European Union. The regulations repealed the previous legislation, namely the clinical trials directive and came into force on 31 January 2022.

Legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as "legislation" while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare, or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative act by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a legislative act.
Shlomo Rabinowicz
Shlomo Hakohen Rabinowicz (also spelled Rabinowitz, Rabinowich, Rabinovitch) (1801 – 16 March 1866) was the first Rebbe of the Radomsk Hasidic dynasty and one of the great Hasidic masters of 19th-century Poland. He is known as the Tiferes Shlomo after the title of his sefer, which is considered a classic in Hasidic literature.

Beth din
A beth din (Hebrew: בֵּית דִּין, romanized: Bēṯ Dīn, Beit Din, lit. 'house of judgment', [beːθ ˈdiːn], Ashkenazic: beis din, plural: batei din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism. A hearing held before a beth din is called a din Torah (Hebrew: דין תורה, romanized: din Torah, lit. 'Torah law', plural dinei Torah). A beth din can be found both in Israel and in many Jewish diaspora communities.

A ruling (Hebrew: פסק, romanized: psak) from a beth din is based upon Jewish law (Hebrew: הלכה, romanized: halakha), though other legal systems are occasionally incorporated. Because it is not part of secular legal systems, when a case overlaps with secular courts its judgment is not always recognized by such courts.
Monte Bove
Monte Bove is a mountain in the Monti Sibillini range of the Apennines, Marche, central Italy. It has an elevation of 2169 metres.

It is limited from north by the Ussita stream and from south by the Vallinfante valley. Then northern and eastern slopes are characterized by wide rock cliffs of dolomitic limestone.

Dolomite (mineral)
Dolomite (/ˈdɒl.əˌmaɪt, ˈdoʊ.lə-/) is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally CaMg(CO3)2. The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite (see Dolomite (rock)). An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone.
Roland Patterson
Roland Patterson (January 21, 1883 – October 12, 1968) was an insurance agent and politician in the province of Ontario, Canada. He represented Grey North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1934 to 1945 as a Liberal-Progressive and then Liberal member.

The son of James Reuben Patterson and Alice Maude Mouck, he was born in North Keppel and was educated there and in Wiarton. He taught school for three years and then attended Northern Business College in Owen Sound. He established his insurance agency in 1905. In 1907, Patterson married Mabel Owen; the couple had twin daughters and a son. He served as mayor of Owen Sound from 1920, when the town became a city, until 1921.

Patterson was first elected to the Ontario legislative assembly as a Liberal-Progressive in a 1934 by-election held after David James Taylor was named Deputy Minister of Game and Fisheries; he was reelected as a Liberal in 1943.

Grey North (provincial electoral district)
Grey North was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1867 at the time of confederation. It was renamed and redistributed in 1967 as the riding of Grey-Bruce before being abolished in 1986 before the 1987 election. The riding represented Grey County.
SS Canada
SS Canada was a British Dominion Line ocean liner. She was the first twin-screw steamship operating between Liverpool and Montreal. She was launched on 14 May 1896; completed on 26 September; and made her sea trials on 27 September. She began her maiden voyage on 1 October 1896 from Liverpool, via Quebec, to Montreal. She was a troopship in the Second Boer War from November 1899 to Autumn 1902.

In April 1912, Canada's Captain claimed he was in the same ice field as RMS Titanic, ignored wireless warnings, and maintained her full speed.

In the First World War, Canada was a troopship from 1914 until 1918. Her first voyage after the war was in November 1918, from Liverpool to Portland, Maine. She was refitted with berths for 463 cabin class and 755 third class passengers.In 1921 she was transferred to the Leyland Line of Liverpool. On 29 September 1926, Canada arrived in Genoa, Italy, where she was scrapped by L. Pittaluga.

Leyland Line
The Leyland Line was a British shipping transport line founded in 1873 by Frederick Richards Leyland after his apprenticeship in the firm of John Bibby, Sons & Co. After Frederick Leyland's death, the company was taken over by Sir John Ellerman in 1892. In 1902, the company was bought by the International Mercantile Marine Company and a portion of its fleet was withdrawn from service and transferred to the Ellerman Lines. The company was liquidated in 1935 after a period of declining influence due to the Great Depression.
Glyptopomus
Glyptopomus is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater sarcopterygian or lobe-finned fish, known from the Late Devonian of Europe and potentially eastern North America. It is considered an early tetrapodomorph in the Osteolepiformes.

The following species are known:

†G. bystrowi (Gross, 1941) - Famennian of Latvia (Ketleri Formation) and Oryol Oblast, Russia (=Panderichthys bystrowi Gross, 1941)

†G. elginensis Jarvik, 1950 - Famennian of Scotland (Rosebrae Beds of the Old Red Sandstone)

†G. kinnairdi (Huxley, 1859) - Famennian of Scotland (Old Red Sandstone)

†G. minor Agassiz, 1844 (type species) - Famennian of Scotland (Old Red Sandstone)

†G. sayrei Newberry, 1878 - Famennian of Pennsylvania, US (Catskill Formation)

Oryol Oblast
Oryol Oblast (Russian: Орло́вская о́бласть, romanized: Orlovskaya oblastʹ), also known as Orlovshchina (Russian: Орловщина), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Oryol. Population: 713,374 (2021 census); 786,935 (2010 census);
Oliver St John, 1st Earl of Bolingbroke
Oliver St John, 1st Earl of Bolingbroke, KB (1584 – June 1646), previously styled the Hon. Oliver St John from 1596 to 1610, the Hon. Sir Oliver St John until 1618, then the 4th Baron St John of Bletso, was a 17th-century English nobleman and politician.

Sir
Sir is a formal honourific address in English for men, derived from Sire in the High Middle Ages. Both are derived from the old French "Sieur" (Lord), brought to England by the French-speaking Normans, and which now exists in French only as part of "Monsieur" lit. 'my lord'.

Traditionally, as governed by law and custom, Sir is used for men who are knights and belong to certain orders of chivalry, as well as later applied to baronets and other offices.

As the female equivalent for knighthood is damehood, the suo jure female equivalent term is typically Dame. The wife of a knight or baronet tends to be addressed as Lady, although a few exceptions and interchanges of these uses exist.

Additionally, since the late modern period, Sir has been used as a respectful way to address a man of superior social status or military rank. Equivalent terms of address for women are Madam (shortened to Ma'am), in addition to social honourifics such as Mrs, Ms, or Miss.
William A. MacWilliams
William Arthur MacWilliams (January 9, 1863 – January 9, 1941) was a city official, and state legislator in Florida who served in the Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate, including as President of the Florida Senate.

Florida Senate
The Florida Senate is the upper house of the Florida Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Florida, the Florida House of Representatives being the lower house. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of Florida, adopted in 1968, defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted. The Senate is composed of 40 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of approximately 540,000 residents. The Senate Chamber is located in the State Capitol building.

The Republicans hold a supermajority in the chamber with 27 seats; Democrats are in the minority with 11 seats. One seat is held by an independent, and one seat is vacant.
Polymorphida
Polymorphida are an order of thorny-headed worms (phylum Acanthocephala). The adults of these parasitic platyzoans feed mainly on fish and aquatic birds.

This order contains 5 families:

Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1916

Isthomosacanthidae Smales, 2012

Plagiorhynchidae Meyer, 1931

Pyriprobosicidae

Polymorphidae Meyer, 1931

Acanthocephala
Acanthocephala /əˌkænθoʊˈsɛfələ/ (Greek ἄκανθος, akanthos 'thorn' + κεφαλή, kephale 'head') is a group of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host. Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, involving at least two hosts, which may include invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. About 1,420 species have been described.

The Acanthocephala were long thought to be a discrete phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are descended from, and should be considered as, highly modified rotifers. This unified taxon is sometimes known as Syndermata, or simply as Rotifera, with the acanthocephalans described as a subclass of a rotifer class Hemirotatoria.
Ocensa pipeline
The Ocensa pipeline (Oleoducto Central) is a crude oil pipeline in Colombia.  It starts on the Cusiana and Cupiagua oilfields and runs to  Coveñas on Colombia's Caribbean coastline. It is owned by the consortium of Ecopetrol, BP, Total S.A., Petrominerales and Triton Colombia.

Ecopetrol
Ecopetrol, formerly known as Empresa Colombiana de Petróleo S.A. (English: Colombian Petroleum Co.) is the largest and primary petroleum company in Colombia. As a result of its continuous growth, Ecopetrol forms part of the Fortune Global 500 and was ranked 346. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, Ecopetrol was ranked as the 313th -largest public company in the world. It was ranked 303 in 2012 by CNN Money.

Ecopetrol should not be confused with the US owned and operated Colombian Petroleum Co. (COLPET) and sister company South American Gulf Oil Co. (SAGOC), dating to the 1930s and taken over by the state owned Ecopetrol in the 1970s.

The company is responsible for .71% of global carbon emissions which cause climate change, the 75th largest emitter of carbon as of 2023. The company has been embroiled in numerous controversies, including extensive oil pollution of hundreds of sites and waterways in Colombia, labor conflicts, and other environmental human rights violations.
NOAA-16
NOAA-16, also known as NOAA-L before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series (NOAA K-N) operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-16 continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft that began with the launch of NOAA-8 (NOAA-E) in 1983; but it had additional new and improved instrumentation over the NOAA A-K series and a new launch vehicle (Titan 23G). It was launched on 21 September 2000 and, following an unknown anomaly, it was decommissioned on 9 June 2014. In November 2015 it broke up in orbit, creating more than 200 pieces of debris.

Automatic picture transmission
The Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system is an analog image transmission system developed for use on weather satellites. It was introduced in the 1960s and over four decades has provided image data to relatively low-cost user stations at locations in most countries of the world. A user station anywhere in the world can receive local data at least twice a day from each satellite as it passes nearly overhead.
Kyin
Kyin (Burmese: ကျင်) is a form of wrestling from Myanmar. It is practiced by the Rakhine people in Myanmar. Tournaments of this sport are usually held during big occasions, for example, Rakhine State Day events.

In Kyin wrestling tournaments, practitioners usually put on a display of warming-up dancing, which is called "kyin kwin" in their local language. Then the fighting is on. The rules are simple. No punching. No touching on the face. No attacking below the belt. The winner throws his opponent to the ground a fixed number of times.

The walls near the cave of Shite-thaung Temple which was built in 1531 show early depiction of the sport of kyin wrestling.

Shite-thaung Temple
The Shaitthaung Temple (Rakhine and Burmese: ရှစ်သောင်းဘုရား, MLCTS: hrac saung bhu. ra:, Rakhine pronunciation: [ʃaɪʔθáʊɰ̃ pʰəɹá]), also spelled Shitthaung (Okell: Hyiʔthaùñ hpăyà [ʃɪʔθáʊɴ pʰəjá]) according to Standard Burmese pronunciation, is a Buddhist temple in Mrauk U. The name means 'Temple of 80,000 Buddha Images', and is also known as the 'Temple of Victory'.
Manduka
Alexandre Manuel Thiago de Mello, also known as Manduka (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐˈdukɐ]; February 21, 1952 – October 17, 2004), was a Brazilian composer, musician, poet, and artist. He was an proponent of rock nacional and Nueva Canción Chilena, having a style that ranged from rock to Tropicalismo and was known for his recordings with the Chilean group Los Jaivas.

Pablo Milanés
Pablo Milanés Arias (24 February 1943 – 22 November 2022) was a Cuban guitar player and singer. He was one of the founders of the Cuban nueva trova, along with Silvio Rodríguez and Noel Nicola. His music, originating in the Trova, Son and other traditional styles of early 20th Century Cuban music, set him apart from the style of Silvio Rodríguez.
2011 Jordan Rally
The 2011 Jordan Rally was the fourth round of the 2011 World Rally Championship season. The rally took place over 14–16 April, and was based beside the Dead Sea, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the country's capital, Amman. The rally was also the second round of the Super 2000.

The rally concluded with the closest finish in the history of the World Rally Championship. Heading into the final 10.50 km (6.52 mi) Power Stage, Jari-Matti Latvala held a lead of 0.5 seconds over Sébastien Ogier, but Ogier overhauled his rival by just 0.2 seconds after winning the stage by 0.04 seconds over Latvala's Ford teammate Mikko Hirvonen, and crucially, 0.7 seconds over Latvala. Sébastien Loeb finished third ahead of Hirvonen. Bernardo Sousa won the Super 2000 class with a tenth place overall finish.

Jari-Matti Latvala
Jari-Matti Johannes Latvala (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈjɑriˌmɑtːi ˈlɑt.ʋɑ.lɑ]; born 3 April 1985) is a Finnish rally driver who has competed in the World Rally Championship (WRC). His co-driver for most of his career was Miikka Anttila, who co-drove for Latvala between the 2003 Rallye Deutschland and 2019 Rally Catalunya. He is well known for his aggressive driving style, which earns him many plaudits, and comparisons to the late Colin McRae. With 18 event victories in the WRC, he is one of the most successful drivers to not have won a championship. Latvala is also the driver with the most World Rally starts in the sport which he achieved in 2019, 17 years after his debut.

Starting in 2021, Latvala served as the team principal of Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT, replacing Tommi Mäkinen.
Monteceneri
Monteceneri is a municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 21 November 2010 through the merger of the municipalities of Medeglia, Bironico, Camignolo, Rivera and Sigirino. The first mayor elected was Emilio Filippini, who held the position until 2016.1

Como Cathedral
Como Cathedral (Italian: Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta or simply Duomo di Como; Lombard: Dòmm de Còmm) is the Catholic cathedral of the city of Como, Lombardy, Italy, and the seat of the Bishop of Como. It is dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.