hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Read Township Culvert
The Read Township Culvert is a historic structure located southeast of Elkader, Iowa, United States.  It spans an unnamed stream for 14 feet (4.3 m). Clayton County built a number of bridges over rivers, streams and ditches around the turn of the 20th century.  They contracted with local contractors Stoops and Williamson to build this single stone arch culvert of native limestone for $814.25.  The culvert was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Elkader, Iowa
Elkader /ɛlˈkeɪdər/ is a city in Clayton County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,209 at the time of the 2020 census, down from 1,465 in 2000. It is the county seat of Clayton County. It is the site of Iowa's lowest recorded minimum temperature, −44 °C (−47 °F) on February 3, 1996.
Shamsur Rahman
Shamsur Rahman (Arabic: شمس الرحمن) is a male Muslim given name, meaning sun of the Most Gracious. 
Notable bearers of the name include

Shamsur Rahman (politician) (1915–2008), Bangladeshi politician, Member of 3rd Pakistan National Assembly

Gazi Shamsur Rahman (1921–1998), Bangladeshi judge, writer and television personality

Shamsur Rahman (poet) (1929–2006), Bangladeshi poet, columnist and journalist

Shamsur Rahman Kallu (1932–1994), intelligence officer and a general in the Pakistan Army

Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan (1933–2012), Bangladeshi politician

Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (born 1935), Indian poet, Urdu critic and theorist

M. Shamsur Rahman (1940–2020), Bangladeshi academic

Shamsur Rahman Sherif (1941–2020), Bangladeshi former minister

Shamsur Rahman (cricketer) (born 1988), Bangladeshi cricketer

Shams Ur Rehman Alavi, Indian journalist

Shamsur Rahman (poet)
Shamsur Rahman (Bengali: শামসুর রাহমান; 23 October 1929 – 17 August 2006) was a Bangladeshi poet, columnist and journalist. A prolific writer, Rahman produced more than sixty books of poetry collection and is considered a key figure in Bengali literature from the latter half of the 20th century. He was regarded as the unofficial poet laureate of Bangladesh. Major themes in his poetry and writings include liberal humanism, human relations, romanticised rebellion of youth, the emergence of and consequent events in Bangladesh, and opposition to religious fundamentalism.
Thorius papaloae
Thorius papaloae, commonly known as the Papalo minute salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from one locality near the village of Concepción Pápalo in Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca.

Its natural habitats are pine forests and cloud forests, where it is living under logs and stones, and in leaf-litter. Despite its small range, it is not particularly rare.
However, its habitat is under threat from habitat loss caused by logging, human settlement, and cultivation of crops.

Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca
The Sierra Juárez is a range of mountains in Oaxaca state, Mexico between latitudes 17°20'-17°50'N and longitudes 96°15'-97°00'W, with an area of about 1,700 km2 (660 sq mi). It is part of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca. The range is separated from the Sierra de Zongólica to the north by the Santo Domingo River, flowing through the Tecomavaca Canyon. It stretches south-eastward to the Cajones River and the Sierra de Villa Alta. The mountains are in the district of Ixtlán de Juárez in the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca region. The range is named after Mexico's only indigenous president, Benito Juárez, who was born here in 1806 in the small village of San Pablo Guelatao. The heavily wooded area is about 62 km (39 mi) from the city of Oaxaca on Federal highway 175, heading towards Tuxtepec.
George Barbee
George Joseph Barbee (December 12, 1849 – October 30, 1939) was an English-born jockey who was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1996.  Published reports indicate Barbee lived to be 89, and is buried near Belmont Park in Elmont, New York.

Barbee began his racing career as an apprentice to Tom Jennings, Sr., for whom he exercised the 1865 English Triple Crown winner Gladiateur.

Barbee moved to the United States in 1872 specifically to ride for John Chamberlain. He began his stateside career riding at Monmouth Park Racetrack.

Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
The Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, often shortened to Triple Crown, is a series of horse races for Thoroughbreds, often restricted to three-year-olds. Winning all three of these Thoroughbred horse races is considered the greatest accomplishment in Thoroughbred racing. The term originated in mid-19th-century England and nations where Thoroughbred racing is popular, each having their own Triple Crown series.
Bangial
Bangial is a Punjabi Rajput Muslim tribe of Panwar Rajputs, found principally in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan. They are named after their ancestor Raja Bangash Khan, whose forefathers migrated from Dhara Nagri (now Dhar, India). They are also present in Gujrat, Darya Khan Tehsil, Jhelum, Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gujranwala districts in Punjab.

Pothohar Plateau
The Pothohar Plateau (Punjabi: پوٹھوہار پَٹھوار, romanized: Pо̄ṭhoā̀r Paṭhwār; Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار, romanized: Satāh Murtafā Pо̄ṭhohār), also known as the Northern Punjab Plateau, is a plateau within the Sagar Doab of north-western Punjab in Pakistan. It is located between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.
Eteobalea albiapicella
Eteobalea albiapicella is a moth in the  family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Corsica, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, North Macedonia, Greece, southern Russia and Turkey.

The wingspan is 10–12 mm. There are two generations per year with adults on wing from May to June and again from August to September.

The larvae feed on Globularia cordifolia, Globularia vulgaris, Globularia elongata and Globularia nudicaulis. Full-grown larvae live in the upper part of the pedicel and in the syncarp, which they reinforce with silk.

Globularia vulgaris
Globularia vulgaris is a plant belonging to the genus Globularia, in the family Plantaginaceae.

It has a very disjunct distribution: One population in the mountains of southern France and north-central and eastern Spain; and another population on the islands Öland and Gotland in the Baltic Sea.

It differs from Globularia trichosantha of the Balkans and Crimea by lacking stolons and having the teeth of the calyx as long as (or slightly longer) than its tube (3–4 times longer in G. trichosantha).
Won't Stop (3% song)
"Won't Stop" is a song by Australian supergroup 3% featuring Jessica Mauboy, released on 5 July 2024 as the fifth and final single from the group's debut studio album Kill the Dead.

At the 2024 J Awards, Nick Rae, Jordan Ruyi Blanch directed music video was nominated for the Australian Video of the Year.

At the APRA Music Awards of 2025, the song was shortlisted for APRA Song of the Year.

At the AIR Awards of 2025, the music video won Independent Music Video of the Year.

At the National Indigenous Music Awards 2025 the song was nominated for Song of the Year and Film Clip of the Year.

APRA Music Awards of 2025
The APRA Music Awards of 2025 are the 43th annual series, known as the APRA Awards. The awards are given in a series of categories in three divisions and in separate ceremonies throughout the year: the APRA Music Awards, Art Music Awards and Screen Music Awards.

The 20 songs shortlisted for Song of the Year were announced on 6 February 2025. Genre categories were announced on 2 April, with winners announced at the awards ceremony at Melbourne Town Hall on 30 April.
Kanamori
Kanamori (written: 金森 "money/metal, forest", or 金守 "money/metal, protect") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Akihiro Kanamori (金森 晶洋, born 1948), Japanese-born American mathematician

Hiroo Kanamori (金森 博雄, born 1936), Japanese seismologist

Mayu Kanamori (金森 マユ, born 1963), Japanese-born Australian photographer

Kanamori Nagachika (金森 長近, 1524–1608), Japanese samurai and daimyō

Tokujiro Kanamori (金森 徳次郎, 1886–1959), Japanese politician

Tomoya Kanamori (金守 智哉, born 1982), Japanese footballer

Akihiro Kanamori
Akihiro Kanamori (金森 晶洋, Kanamori Akihiro, born October 23, 1948 in Tokyo) is a Japanese-born American mathematician. He specializes in set theory and is the author of the monograph on large cardinals, The Higher Infinite. He has written several essays on the history of mathematics, especially set theory.

Kanamori graduated from California Institute of Technology and earned a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge (King's College), and is a professor of mathematics at Boston University.

With Matthew Foreman, Kanamori is the editor of the Handbook of Set Theory (2010).
Trithioarsenite
Trithioarsenite, also called sulfarsenite, is the trianion AsS3−3. It is a pyramidal anion, as is typical of other AsIIIX3 compounds. It is generated by treatment of As2S3 with a sulfide:

As2S3 + 3 S2− → 2 AsS3−3

A fundamental synthetic trithioarsenite is Na3AsS3, which features the pyramidal AsS3−3.

Thioarsenites are components of many sulfosalt minerals. An example is relatively common mineral proustite, Ag3AsS3, which is silver(I) trithioarsenite.

Sulfide
Sulfide (also sulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.  Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and bisulfide (HS−) are the conjugate acids of sulfide.
Jean-Louis Tournadre
Jean-Louis Tournadre (born 17 November 1958) is a French former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. Born in Clermont-Ferrand, he became France's first FIM road racing world champion when he clinched the 1982 250cc title aboard a Yamaha TZ250.

Despite only having one victory to his rival Anton Mang's five victories, Tournadre amassed enough podium results to win the championship by one point. His only victory came at the French Grand Prix held at Nogaro where most of the top riders, including Mang and Carlos Lavado, went on strike to protest the lack of safety at the circuit. In 1988, Tournadre competed in the Hockenheim round of the World Superbike Championship.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
William T. Brotherton Jr.
William Thurlow Weed Brotherton Jr. (April 17, 1926 – April 6, 1997) was the Democratic president of the West Virginia Senate from Kanawha County and served from 1973 to 1981. He was a justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court from 1984 until 1995, and served as chief justice in 1989 and 1994. Brotherton served a total of six terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates and five terms in the state senate between 1952 and 1980.

West Virginia House of Delegates
The West Virginia House of Delegates is the lower house of the West Virginia Legislature in West Virginia. Only three states—Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia—refer to their lower house as the House of Delegates.
Changsha WES Academy
Changsha WES Academy (Chinese: 长沙玮希国际学校) is a K-12 international school located in Changsha, Hunan province, China, established in 2010. It is the only school for children of foreign personnel approved by the Ministry of Education in Hunan province, and the only K–12 international school in the province with English as the primary language of instruction.

The school is accredited by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), Cambridge Assessment International Education (CIE), and Council of International Schools (CIS).

Ministry of Education (China)
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council, responsible for basic education, vocational education, higher education, and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions, degree curriculum, and school teachers of the country.

The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. As of 2022, there were 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.
Danilo Suarez
Danilo "Danny" Etorma Suarez (born December 20, 1942) is a Filipino politician and former Governor of Quezon. He served as Minority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines representing the 3rd District of Quezon.

He maintains a regular column with the Manila Standard.

Legislative districts of Quezon
The legislative districts of Quezon are the representations of the province of Quezon and the highly urbanized city of Lucena in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province and the city are currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through their first, second, third, and fourth congressional districts.
Jelly fungus
Jelly fungi are a paraphyletic group of several heterobasidiomycete fungal orders from different classes of the subphylum Agaricomycotina: Tremellales, Dacrymycetales, Auriculariales and Sebacinales.  These fungi are so named because their foliose, irregularly branched fruiting body is, or appears to be, the consistency of jelly.  Actually, many are somewhat rubbery and gelatinous. When dried, jelly fungi become hard and shriveled; when exposed to water, they return to their original form.

Many species of jelly fungi can be eaten raw; poisonous jelly fungi are rare [needs source] and may not even exist. However, many species have an unpalatable texture or taste. They may or may not be sought in mushroom hunting due to their taste, which is described as similar to that of soil. However, some species, Tremella fuciformis for example, are not only edible but prized for use in soup and vegetable dishes.

Dacrymycetales
The Dacrymycetes are a class of fungi in the Basidiomycota. The class currently contains the single order Dacrymycetales, with a second proposed order Unilacrymales now treated at the family level. The order contains four families and has a cosmopolitan distribution.

All fungi in the Dacrymycetes are wood-rotting saprotrophs. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are ceraceous to gelatinous, typically yellow to orange as a result of carotenoid pigments, and variously corticioid (effused and patch-forming), disc- or cushion-shaped, spathulate, or clavarioid (club or coral-like). Microscopically, nearly all species have distinctive Y-shaped holobasidia.

Species were formerly placed in the Heterobasidiomycetes and are informally included in the "jelly fungi".
Nitroalkene
A nitroalkene, or nitro olefin, is a functional group combining the functionality of its constituent parts, an alkene and nitro group, while displaying its own chemical properties through alkene activation, making the functional group useful in specialty reactions such as the Michael reaction or Diels-Alder additions.

Electronic effect
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.

The term polar effect is sometimes used to refer to electronic effects, but also may have the more narrow definition of effects resulting from non-conjugated substituents.
Multiplicative character
In mathematics, a multiplicative character (or linear character, or simply character) on a group G is a group homomorphism from G to the multiplicative group of a field (Artin 1966), usually the field of complex numbers.  If G is any group, then the set Ch(G) of these morphisms forms an abelian group under pointwise multiplication.

This group is referred to as the character group of G. Sometimes only unitary characters are considered (characters whose image is in the unit circle); other such homomorphisms are then called quasi-characters. Dirichlet characters can be seen as a special case of this definition.

Multiplicative characters are linearly independent, i.e. if  are different characters on a group G then from  it follows that

Linear independence
In linear algebra,  a set of vectors is said to be linearly independent if there exists no vector in the set that is equal to a linear combination of the other vectors in the set. If such a vector exists, then the vectors are said to be linearly dependent. Linear independence is part of the definition of linear basis.

A vector space can be of finite dimension or infinite dimension depending on the maximum number of linearly independent vectors.  The definition of linear dependence and the ability to determine whether a subset of vectors in a vector space is linearly dependent are central to determining the dimension of a vector space.
Worry About You (song)
"Worry About You" is a song by British singer-songwriter Tyler James featuring vocals from English rapper Kano. The track was released as the second single from James' second studio album A Place I Go and peaked at number 38 on the UK Singles Chart.

A Place I Go
A Place I Go is the second studio album from Tyler James, released on 29 October 2012. The album serves as a follow-up to the debut album, The Unlikely Lad and marks James' second full-length release with Island Records.

The release of A Place I Go was preceded by the single "Single Tear" on 21 October 2012. The album also contains James' version of Steve Winwood's "Higher Love", which was performed live by James on The Voice UK and also featured on the show's compilation album. The album received mixed reviews, and peaked at number 47 on the UK Albums Chart the week of its release.
Martha Johnson, 8th Baroness Wentworth
Martha Johnson, 8th Baroness Wentworth (1667–1745), was an English baroness. She was the only surviving child of John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace. His title passed to a male heir on his death but Martha later inherited the title of Baroness Wentworth from her grandmother, Anne Lovelace, 7th Baroness Wentworth, in 1697 (though the claim was not proven until 1702). In 1692, she married Henry Johnson, MP. They had no children and upon her death in 1745, her title passed to a distant cousin.

John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace
John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace (1641 – 27 September 1693) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1670 when he inherited the title Baron Lovelace. He was notorious for his drunken and extravagant way of life, which undoubtedly hastened his death.
Sandrine Jaquet
Sandrine Jaquet (born 14 April 1971) is a Swiss former professional tennis player.

Jaquet reached a best ranking of 170 in the world on the professional tour. In 1988, as a 17-year-old, she played two Federation Cup ties for Switzerland, against the United States and Great Britain. She made her only grand slam main draw appearance at the 1989 Australian Open, where she competed in both the singles and doubles.

1989 Australian Open
The 1989 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 77th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 16 through 29 January 1989.
Arina Surkova
Arina Aleksandrovna Surkova (Russian: Арина Александровна Суркова; born 17 July 1998) is a Russian swimmer specializing in freestyle and butterfly. She won two bronze medals at the 2018 World Championships (25 m).

Butterfly stroke
Butterfly (shortened to fly) is a swimming stroke swum on the front, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick") along with the movement of the hips and chest.

It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1950s and originating from breaststroke.

For most competitive swimmers, butterfly is the second fastest stroke, only slower than front crawl.
Big Ten Conference baseball awards
At the end of each regular season, the Big Ten Conference names major award winners in baseball. Currently, it names a Coach, Pitcher, Player, and Freshman of the Year. The Player of the Year award, which dates to 1982, is the oldest. Coach and Freshman of the Year were added in 1988, and Pitcher of the Year was added in 1993.

Through the end of the 2014 season, Ohio State has won 28 major awards, the most of any program. Four other schools have won at least ten: Minnesota (18), Illinois (15), Michigan (15), and Indiana (12).

Michigan Wolverines baseball
The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball. Along with most other Michigan athletic teams, the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference.  They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium.

The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times, winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962. Michigan is the third winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history, trailing only Fordham and Texas. 
The team is currently coached by Tracy Smith, who replaced Erik Bakich who left Michigan to coach at Clemson.
Matevž Kos
Matevž Kos (born 1966) is a Slovene literary historian and essayist.

Kos was born in Ljubljana in 1966. He studied Comparative literature, Literary theory and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana and works primarily as a literary critic and essayist and lecturer at the University of Ljubljana. He was head of the Jury for the Kresnik Award between 2004 and 2007. In 1997 he received the Rožanc Award for his book of literary essays Prevzetnost in pristranost (Pride and Prejudice).

Literary theory
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. Since the 19th century, literary scholarship includes literary theory and considerations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social philosophy, and interdisciplinary themes relevant to how people interpret meaning. In the humanities in modern academia, the latter style of literary scholarship is an offshoot of post-structuralism. Consequently, the word theory became an umbrella term for scholarly approaches to reading texts, some of which are informed by strands of semiotics, cultural studies, philosophy of language, and continental philosophy, often witnessed within Western canon along with some postmodernist theory.