hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alam
Alam is a masculine name derived from several ancient languages including :

Arabic: عالم (ʿĀlam) meaning "world" or "universe"

Hebrew: cognate word עולם‎ is transcribed as Olam or Ulam, also meaning "World"

Tagalog: Alam means "Knowledge" (Wisdom). adjective maalam, is referred to as the one who is knowledgeable and wise.

Bengali: Alom means "the whole world; world".

Malay: Alam means "Field of interest", "nature", "realm", "world". Use "Ilmu alam" means "Natural Studies" or "Geography".

Hindi: Alam means "the whole world; world".

Urdu: Alam means "the whole world; world".

Ulam (surname)
Ulam is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Stanisław Ulam (1909–1984), Polish-American mathematician who participated in the Manhattan Project

Adam Ulam (1922–2000), Polish-American professor of history and political science at Harvard University, brother of Stanislaw Ulam

Françoise Aron Ulam (1918–2011), wife of Stanislaw Ulam, part of the Manhattan Project team
Thamshavn Line sabotage
The Thamshavn Line sabotage was a series of sabotages against the railway Thamshavn Line in Orkdal Municipality, Norway during World War II. There were four separate sabotages, all performed by Company Linge in an attempt by the Norwegian resistance to prevent Germany from getting the pyrites that were being extracted at the mine at Løkken Verk.

Sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, government, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction, demoralization,  destabilization, division, disruption, or destruction. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur. Saboteurs typically try to conceal their identities because of the consequences of their actions and to avoid invoking legal and organizational requirements for addressing sabotage.
Manigance
The heavy metal band Manigance was formed in France in 1995, with François Merle, Daniel Pouylau, and Didier Delsaux. Their first production was a six-track mini-album called Signe de vie, released by Brennus Music in 1997. This was followed by a studio album titled Ange ou démon, released by NTS in 2002. Manigance was awarded the honorary title of "Best French group 2003" by Hard Rock Magazine. The band continued to release new albums in 2004, 2006, 2011, 2014 and 2018. In March 2018 the band went on an extended European tour with the band Myrath. The current (2020) members of the band are Carine Pinto, François Merle, Lionel Vizerie, Stéphane Lacoude, and Patrick Soria.

Pretty Maids
Pretty Maids is a Danish heavy metal band from Horsens. Formed in 1981 by Ken Hammer, and completed with Ronnie Atkins in 1982, their sound and music can be described as classic guitar-laden heavy rock with a strong emphasis on melody.

Over the years, Pretty Maids have sold hundreds of thousands of records, but have never broken through in a major way, except in Japan during the 1990s. They have supported well known bands such as Black Sabbath, Whitesnake, Deep Purple, Alice Cooper, and Saxon, and were also featured at the 1987 German version of Monsters of Rock, where Deep Purple headlined.

After a prolonged international touring hiatus before the release of the 2006  Wake Up to the Real World album, the band have every year since been touring their primary markets of Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany and Japan.
Hanousek v. United States
Hanousek v. United States, 176 F.3d 1116 (9th Cir. 1999), was a decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which held that ordinary negligence was the legal standard for criminal negligence under the Clean Water Act.

In 1994, during rock removal operations, a backhoe operator accidentally struck a petroleum pipeline near the railroad tracks. The operator’s mistake caused the pipeline to rupture and spill between 1,000 and 5,000 US gallons (3,800 and 18,900 L) of heating oil into the Skagway River. Despite not being present at the scene during operations White Pass and Yukon Route Roadmaster Edward Hanousek, Jr. and President Paul Taylor were both held responsible for the spill and convicted.

The Supreme Court of the United States denied review of the Ninth Circuit's decision, provoking a dissent from two justices.

Negligence
Negligence (Latin: negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate care expected to be exercised in similar circumstances.

Within the scope of tort law, negligence pertains to harm caused by the violation of a duty of care through a negligent act or failure to act. The concept of negligence is linked to the obligation of individuals to exercise reasonable care in their actions and to consider foreseeable harm that their conduct might cause to other people or property. The elements of a negligence claim include the duty to act or refrain from action, breach of that duty, actual and proximate cause of harm, and damages. Someone who suffers loss caused by another's negligence may be able to sue for damages to compensate for their harm. Such loss may include physical injury, harm to property, psychiatric illness, or economic loss.
Nama people
Nama (in older sources also called Namaqua) are an African ethnic group who reside in South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana. They traditionally speak the Nama language of the Khoe-Kwadi language family, although many Nama also speak Afrikaans. The Nama people (or Nama-Khoe people) are the largest group of the Khoekhoe people, much of which has disappeared as a group. Many of the Nama clans live in central Namibia and other smaller groups live in Namaqualand, which straddles the Namibian border with South Africa.

Damaraland
Damaraland was a name given to the north-central part of South West Africa, which later became Namibia, inhabited by the Damaras. It was bordered roughly by Ovamboland in the north, the Namib Desert in the west, the Kalahari Desert in the east, and the Windhoek region in the south.
Boxing at the 1986 Asian Games
The Boxing Tournament at the 1986 Asian Games was held in Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea from September 25 to October 4, 1986.

The host nation South Korea dominated the competition, winning all twelve gold medals.

1986 Asian Games
The 1986 Asian Games (1986년 아시아 경기대회/1986년 아시안 게임), officially known as the 10th Asian Games and the X Asiad (제10회 아시아 경기대회/제10회 아시안 게임) and commonly known as Seoul 1986 (서울 1986), were held from 20 September to 5 October 1986, in Seoul, South Korea. The venues and facilities of the 10th Asiad were the same venues and facilities that would be used in the 1988 Summer Olympics, as it was considered a test event.

Seoul had previously been scheduled to host the 1970 games, but it received security threats from neighbouring North Korea, forcing it to give up hosting the games to previous 1966 host Bangkok, Thailand.
Daniel C. MacDonald
Daniel Charles MacDonald (1882 – after 1927 — in Boston in old age) was a farmer and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 1st Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1920 to 1923 as a Liberal.

He was born in Greenvale, Lot 46, Prince Edward Island, the son of Ronald MacDonald. He married Sarah MacDonald. MacDonald was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1923. He lived in Greenvale and moved to Massachusetts sometime before 1927. MacDonald died in Boston.

Prince Edward Island Liberal Party
The Prince Edward Island Liberal Party, officially the Prince Edward Island Liberal Association, is a political party in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada.  It is one of the three parties currently represented in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, and along with its primary rival the Progressive Conservative Party of PEI, one of only two parties with continual presence in the provincial legislature since confederation.

The PEI Liberals has formed the government of Prince Edward Island for 90 of the approximately 160 years since PEI became a province of Canada.
Reading Company C1a Class
The Reading Company C1a Class were a type of 4-4-4 steam locomotive built for the Philadelphia and Reading Railway in 1915. Four locomotives were built, road numbers #110-113.  They used front and rear trucks that were effectively identical.  During a year of operation from 1915-1916, they proved to be quite unstable; after that year, they were rebuilt to 4-4-2 "Atlantic" locomotives, reclassified as P7sa, and renumbered #350-353 they remained as Rebuilt 4-4-2 Atlantic Type locomotives from 1916 to the 1940’s . All 4 locomotives pulled passenger trains and some freight trains as larger and powerful steam locomotives were built in the 1920’s and 1930’s and 1940’s took over pulling passenger trains and all 4 locomotives were replaced by 1940 and 1949 and scrapped from 1941-1949 .

4-4-2 (locomotive)
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 4-4-2 represents a configuration of a four-wheeled leading bogie, four powered and coupled driving wheels, and two trailing wheels supporting part of the weight of the boiler and firebox. This allows a larger firebox and boiler than the 4-4-0 configuration.

This wheel arrangement is commonly known as the Atlantic type, although it is also sometimes called a Milwaukee or 4-4-2 Milwaukee, after the Milwaukee Road, which employed it in high speed passenger service.
Francis Alimikhena
Francis Asekhame Alimikhena (born 20 September 1947) is a former Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from Edo State. He served in the Senate from 2015 to 2023, representing Edo North Senatorial District. He was first elected in 2015 and reelected to a second term in 2019. However, he lost his re-election bid in 2023. Alimikhena was the vice-chairman, Senate Committee on Housing and also a member of the Senate committee on Constitutional Review.

Alimikhena is a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). He was the Deputy Chief Whip of the 8th National Assembly.

Edo North Senatorial District covers six local government areas: (Etsako West, Etsako Central, Etsako East, Owan East, Owan West and Akoko Edo).

Owan East
Owan East is a Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. The headquarters is in the town of Afuze. The Owan East Local Government Area comprises 69 towns/villages, made up of eight clans (Emai, Igue, Ake-Ievbu, Ihievbe, Ikao, Ivbi-Mion, Ive-Ada-Obi, Otuo and Uokha).

Owan-East is bordered in the north by Akoko-Edo LGA, in the east by Etsako-West LGA, at the west is Ondo State, and at the southwest by Owan-West LGA, while in the South are Esan Central LGA and Uhunmwonde LGA.
Vervins
Vervins (French pronunciation: [vɛʁvɛ̃] ⓘ; Dutch: Wervin) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. It lies between the small streams Vilpion and Chertemps, which drain towards the Serre. It is surrounded by the communes of Fontaine-lès-Vervins, La Bouteille, Landouzy-la-Cour, Thenailles, Hary, Gercy, and Voulpaix.

Vervins was mentioned as Verbinum in the 3rd century Antonine Itinerary. A Roman theatre has been excavated in the 1870s. The Peace of Vervins was signed here in 1598, ending a war between France and Spain.

Antonine Itinerary
The Antonine Itinerary (Latin: Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, "Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus") is an itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances along various roads. Seemingly based on official documents, possibly in part from a survey carried out under Augustus, it describes the roads of the Roman Empire. Owing to the scarcity of other extant records of this type, it is a valuable historical record.
Thabo Meeko
Thabo Piet Meeko is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the Free State Provincial Legislature from 2014 until 2024. He was first elected to the provincial legislature in the 2014 general election, ranked 15th on the ANC's provincial party list, and he was re-elected in the 2019 general election, ranked 16th. During that period he has also served as spokesperson for the ANC's Free State branch.

In March 2023, Meeko was appointed as Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Small Business Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs. He left the provincial legislature at the 2024 general election.

Free State Provincial Legislature
The Free State Provincial Legislature is the primary legislative body of the South African province of Free State. It is unicameral in its composition and elects the Premier of the Free State, who in turn selects the members of the Executive Council of the Free State.
Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2
Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX 2 is a 2001 BMX video game developed by Z-Axis and published by Acclaim Entertainment under their Acclaim Max Sports label. It is the sequel to Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX. It was released for the PlayStation 2 in August 2001, and in the following months it was ported to the GameCube, Game Boy Advance, and Xbox video game systems. Both the GameCube and Xbox ports featured two extra levels that were not present in the PS2 version.

In the game, players can take on the role of one of 13 top BMX riders, or a number of other characters. Along with the pro riders, there are 3 hidden characters. One of which was teenager Mike Dias, who won the grand prize in the Slim Jim Sweepstakes, getting his likeness put into the game, the Slim Jim guy from the commercials, and Amish Boy, who rode with a corn cob pipe on a wooden bike. It received "favorable" reviews.

Acclaim Entertainment
Acclaim Entertainment, Inc. was an American video game publisher based in Glen Cove, New York. Originally founded by Greg Fischbach, Robert Holmes, and Jim Scoroposki from a storefront in Oyster Bay in 1987, the company built a global development team through a series of acquisitions during the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Following disappointing financial results in their 2003 fiscal year, Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on September 1, 2004. The properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties, most notably Howard Marks, a former Activision CEO, launched Acclaim Games which continued to exist until 2010 when Playdom acquired and closed the company. A group of investors launched a new company using the Acclaim trademark in 2025.
Hugh Hepburne-Scott, 6th Lord Polwarth
Hugh Hepburne-Scott, 6th Lord Polwarth (10 April 1758 – 29 December 1841) was the MP for Berwickshire from 1780 till 18 March 1781 and 12 April 1781 till 1784. He became the 6th Lord Polwarth on 25 June 1835.

Hugh was born 10 April 1758, the oldest surviving son of the MP for Roxburghshire Walter Scott. On 29 September 1795, he married Harriet, the daughter of Hans Maurice, Count Brühl. He established his claim as the 6th Lord Polwarth on 25 June 1835.

Roxburghshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Roxburghshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918.
Rua Farme de Amoedo
Farme de Amoedo Street (Rua Farme de Amoedo in Portuguese, local Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁu.ɐ ˈfaʁmi dʒi amuˈedu]) is an important LGBTQ street in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that starts at the Vieira Souto Avenue and ends at Alberto de Campos Street. According to the LGBT app Grindr, the gay beach part of Ipanema was elected the best of the world for LGBTs.

Grindr
Grindr (/ˈɡraɪndər/ ⓘ) is a location-based social networking and online hookup application for LGBTQ people.

It was one of the first geosocial apps for gay men when it launched in March 2009, and has since become the largest and most popular gay mobile app in the world. It is available on iOS and Android devices in both free and premium versions (the latter called Grindr XTRA and Grindr Unlimited). As of September 2023, Grindr has approximately 13.5 million monthly active users.

The app allows users to create a personal profile and use their GPS position to place them on a cascade, where they can browse other profiles sorted by distance and be viewed by nearby and faraway users depending on one's filter settings. Selecting a profile photo in the grid view will display that user's full profile and photos, as well as the option to chat, send a "tap," send pictures, video call, and share one's precise location.
Elisabet Juliana Banér
Elisabet Juliana Banér (née of Erbach; 22 January 1600 – 29 May 1640), was a German noble, married to the Swedish Field Marshal Johan Banér in 1636.  She is considered to have wielded a certain influence upon Banér and the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War.

She was the daughter of George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg and his fourth wife, Countess Maria of Barby-Mühlingen.

Field marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks.

Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a divisional command rank and as a brigade command rank.
Saheb al-Amiri
Saheb al-Amiri (died 27 December 2006) was an Iraqi militant and insurgent, a high-ranking member of the Shia Islamist Mahdi Army and senior aide to Muqtada al-Sadr. He was killed in a U.S. raid in late 2006. Al-Amiri's death prompted al-Sadr to prolong his then boycott of the government by Sadrist members of parliament and ministers, which Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki hoped he would end soon thereafter.

The US Army confirmed that Iraqi forces, co-operating with American advisors, took part in the action against al-Amiri, who "was involved in a bomb attack targeting a police chief in October."

Al Maliki I Government
The first government of Iraq led by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki took office on May 20, 2006 following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly. This followed the general election in December 2005. The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the new government was formed and confirmed.

This Al Maliki I Government governed Iraq until 2010, to be succeeded by the Al Maliki II Government, which was in office until 2014.
Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1), also sometimes called SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, is a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) isolated from Chinese rufous horseshoe bats in 2013 (Rhinolophus sinicus). Like all coronaviruses, virions consist of single-stranded positive-sense RNA enclosed within an envelope.

WIV1 was named for the Wuhan Institute of Virology, where it was discovered by a researcher on Shi Zhengli's team.

In 2018, Ralph S. Baric and Vincent Munster of Rocky Mountain Laboratories infected Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with WIV1. SARS-CoV-2 transmits efficiently in Egyptian fruit bats.

Shi Zhengli
Shi Zhengli (simplified Chinese: 石正丽; traditional Chinese: 石正麗; born 26 May 1964) is a Chinese virologist who researches SARS-like coronaviruses of bat origin. Shi directs the Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). In 2017, Shi and her colleague Cui Jie discovered that the SARS coronavirus likely originated in a population of  cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan. She came to prominence in the popular press as "Batwoman" during the COVID-19 pandemic for her work with bat coronaviruses. Shi was included in Time's 100 Most Influential People of 2020.
Aquapark di Zambrone
Aquapark Zambrone was the first water park in Southern Italy, located on the coast of the comune of Zambrone in the Province of Vibo Valentia. The World Waterpark Association calls it "one of the largest and most famous waterparks of Southern Italy". Construction began on January 11, 1989, and seven months later, on August 13 of the same year, its gates were opened for the first time to the public. The 60,000 square metres (650,000 sq ft) park closed in 2007 to make way to a luxury resort hotel.

World Waterpark Association
The World Waterpark Association (WWA), which was started in 1982, is an international not-for-profit member-based trade association that serves waterparks, aquatic venues and spray parks. The WWA is focused on providing its 1200 members with the education and networking that they need to operate safely and effectively.
Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece was a significant aspect across the ancient Greek city-states, ranging from being a core part of military life to being an accepted practice of some individual soldiers. It was regarded as contributing to morale. Although the primary example is the Sacred Band of Thebes, a unit said to have been formed of same-sex couples, the Spartan tradition of military heroism has also been explained in light of strong emotional bonds resulting from homosexual relationships. Various ancient Greek sources record incidents of courage in battle and interpret them as motivated by homoerotic bonds.

Morale
Morale (/məˈræl/ mə-RAL, UK also /-ˈrɑːl/ -⁠RAHL) is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship. Morale is often referenced by authority figures as a generic value judgment of the willpower, obedience, and self-discipline of a group tasked with performing duties assigned by a superior. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose". With good morale, a force will be less likely to give up or surrender. Deliberately attempting to reduce another group's morale is called demoralization.  Morale is usually assessed at a collective, rather than an individual level. In wartime, civilian morale is also important.
Robert T. Shannon
Robert T. Shannon (1895–1950) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He worked for several Hollywood studios. During the 1940s he worked for Republic Pictures. His novel Fabulous Ann Madlock was adapted into the 1951 Errol Flynn film Adventures of Captain Fabian.

Errol Flynn
Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959) was an Australian and American actor who achieved worldwide fame during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He was known for his romantic swashbuckler roles, frequent partnerships with Olivia de Havilland and reputation for his womanising and hedonistic personal life.

Flynn's roles include Robin Hood in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), which was later named by the American Film Institute as the 18th-greatest hero in American film history; the lead role in Captain Blood (1935); Major Geoffrey Vickers in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936); and as the hero in a number of Westerns such as Dodge City (1939), Santa Fe Trail, Virginia City (both 1940) and San Antonio (1945).

Flynn was posthumously awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture and television industries in 1960.