hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charlie Brown (rugby union, born 1909)
Charles Hogendorf Campbell Brown (12 November 1909 – 25 October 1976) was a Scottish international rugby union player.

Brown hailed from Polmont near Falkirk and was a product of Dunfermline RFC.

A pacy wing three–quarter, Brown gained a Scotland cap during the 1929 Five Nations, deputising for an injured Jimmy Dykes in their match against England at Murrayfield. He scored a try in a Scotland win, allowing them to regain the Calcutta Cup.

Brown moved to Dundee for business in 1933 and joined Dundee HSFP.

Polmont
Polmont (Scottish Gaelic: Poll-Mhonadh) is a village in the Falkirk council area of Central Scotland. It lies towards the east of the town of Falkirk, north of the Union Canal, which runs adjacent to the village.

Due to its situation in Central Scotland, many locations can be seen from Polmont, ranging from the Ochil Hills and the River Forth, to Cairnpapple Hill.  Although giving its name to Polmont Young Offenders Institution, the prison is in fact in Reddingmuirhead.
A61 autoroute
The A61 autoroute is a French motorway forming part of the Autoroute de Deux Mers. It is 148 kilometres (92 mi) long.

It connects Narbonne (and a junction on A9) and Toulouse, where it becomes the A62 towards Bordeaux.  It also has junctions with the A64 towards Bayonne and A68 towards Albi on the outskirts of Toulouse. It is totally a toll road and operated by ASF. It is with 2x2 lanes on the majority of its course except for the section between Toulouse and the junction with A66 close to Villefranche-de-Lauragais which is 2x3 lanes.  It is also the European route E80.

Villefranche-de-Lauragais
Lauragais, officially Villefranche-de-Lauragais (Languedocien: Vilafranca de Lauragués) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. Villefranche-de-Lauragais station has rail connections to Toulouse, Carcassonne and Narbonne.
Gordon C. S. Smith
Gordon Campbell Sinclair Smith (born 1965) FRCOG FMedSc is a British academic, professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Honorary Consultant in Maternal-Fetal medicine. Since 2004 he has been the Head of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at University of Cambridge.

Maternal–fetal medicine
Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as Perinatology or Feto-maternal medicine, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy.

Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are physicians who subspecialize within the field of obstetrics. Their training typically includes a four-year residency in obstetrics and gynecology followed by a three-year fellowship. They may perform prenatal tests, provide treatments, and perform surgeries. They act both as a consultant during lower-risk pregnancies and as the primary obstetrician in especially high-risk pregnancies. After birth, they may work closely with pediatricians or neonatologists. For the mother, perinatologists assist with pre-existing health concerns, as well as complications caused by pregnancy.
Economy of Mangaluru
Industrial and commercial activities dominate Mangaluru's economy. Mangaluru is the only city in the state of Karnataka to have all modes of transport — air, road, rail and sea — as well as being one of only five cities in India to have both a major port and an international airport. Around 75% of India's coffee, timber and cashew nuts exports are handled by the New Mangalore Port. Mangalore International Airport is one of only two international airports in Karnataka; the other being Bengaluru's Kempegowda International Airport. Mangaluru is the fastest growing non-metropolitan area (Indian city of population less than one million) in South India and the second largest business centre in Karnataka. The city has some of the tallest buildings in South India, with many more under construction.

Udupi
Udupi (Kannada: [uɖupi]) also known as Odipu (Tulu: [oɖipu]) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of Udupi district, and one of the fastest-growing cities in Karnataka. Udupi is one of the top tourist attractions in Karnataka and has various educational institutions. It is notable for the Krishna Temple and is also known as the temple city. It also lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine, is also known as Parashurama Kshetra, and is famous for Kanakana kindi. Udupi district is located in western part of Karnataka.
Mari Hagen
Mari Hagen (born 8 April 1981) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.

She served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Buskerud during the term 2001–2005. In total she met during 16 days of parliamentary session.

Buskerud
Buskerud (Urban East Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈbʉ̂skərʉː] ⓘ) is a county in Norway, bordering Akershus, Oslo, Innlandet, Vestland, Telemark and Vestfold. It extends from Oslofjord and Drammensfjord in the southeast to the Hardangervidda mountain range in the northwest. The administrative centre of the county is Drammen.

Buskerud was one of the three counties merged into Viken on 1 January 2020. On 23 February 2022, the Viken County Council voted 49-38 to submit an application to the Norwegian government for a demerger of itself. Due to this, Buskerud (except the area forming the defunct municipalities of Røyken and Hurum) was re-established in 2024.
Hōrin-ji (Kyoto)
Hōrin-ji (法輪寺; the 'temple of the Dharma Wheel') is a Shingon Buddhist temple in Arashiyama, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.  The honorary sangō prefix is Chifuku-san (智福山).  The temple is said to have been constructed by Gyōki in 713 AD, and was originally named Kadonoi-dera (葛井寺).  It is dedicated to Ākāśagarbha (Sanskrit: आकाशकर्भ; Japanese: 虚空蔵, Japanese: kokūzō) the bodhisattva (Sanskrit: बोधिसत्त्वः; Japanese: 菩薩) of the boundless space.

It is one of the Thirteen Buddhist Sites of Kyoto.

Buddhist temples in Japan
Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.
Pechüle
Pechüle is an old village in Brandenburg, Germany, part of the village of Bardenitz, which itself belongs since 2003 to the administrative district of the town of Treuenbrietzen.

Pechüle was first mentioned in writing in the year 1225 as Pechule. A property of the Zinna Abbey, it passed to the possessions of the Archbishop of Magdeburg when the abbey was dissolved in 1554. In 1680, the village became part of Brandenburg.

In the course of the administrative reforms in Brandenburg since the 1990s, Bardenitz became part of the town of Treuenbrietzen on December 31, 2002.

The nave of the church of Pechüle dates back to the 13th century and is the oldest brick building in the Fläming region. The church tower is from the 15th century, with a roof from 1799. In 1960, when the church was restored, late gothic frescoes were discovered.

Zinna Abbey
Zinna Abbey (German: Kloster Zinna) is a former Cistercian monastery, the site of which is now occupied by a village also called Kloster Zinna, today part of Jüterbog in Brandenburg, Germany, about 60 km (37 mi) south of Berlin. The village was established by Frederick II of Prussia as a village for weavers.
Solomon Braun
Solomon Braun (1868–1899) was a French lieutenant of artillery, born at Paris in 1868 and died in Togbao, Chad, in 1899. His father, a poor peddler, observing Solomon's capacity for learning, made the greatest sacrifices to give him a good education. Solomon successfully passed the competitive examination for the École Polytechnique, whence he graduated as lieutenant of artillery. In 1897 he obtained permission from the Minister of War to join the perilous expedition for the exploration of Lake Chad under Lieutenant Henri Bretonnet. The expedition was surprised by the forces of Rabih az-Zubayr, ruler of the region, and almost every member of the mission was killed, Solomon included.

Minister of the Armed Forces (France)
The Minister of the Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs (French: Ministre des Armées et des Anciens combattants, lit. 'Minister of the Armies and Veterans') is the leader and most senior official of the French Ministry of the Armed Forces, tasked with running the French Armed Forces. The minister is the third-highest civilian having authority over France's military, behind the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister. Based on the governments, they may be assisted by a minister or state secretary for veterans' affairs.

The office is considered to be one of the core positions of the Government of France. The previous minister Bruno Le Maire, resigned on 6 October 2025.
Richard Amasino
Richard Amasino  is a professor of biochemistry and genetics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.  He got his bachelor's degree in biology at Pennsylvania State University.  He went on to receive his PhD in biochemistry at Indiana University in 1982 and did post doctoral research at the University of Washington.  Amasino's research focuses on plants and how plants know when to flower. In 2006 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

Amasino’s research has focused on how plants know when to flower after exposure to winter, a process called vernalization. Amasino discovered that annual and biennial Brassicaceae—and in particular  Arabidopsis thaliana—will only flower after prolonged cold treatment by shutting off a gene called Flowering Locus C (FLC). Recently, his work has centered on vernalization responses in temperate grasses using Brachypodium distachyon.

Flowering Locus C
Flowering Locus C  (FLC) is a MADS-box gene that in late-flowering ecotypes of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is responsible for vernalization. In a new seedling FLC is expressed, which prevents flowering. Upon exposure to cold, less FLC is expressed (to a degree depending on the amount of cold), and flowering becomes possible. FLC is extensively regulated through epigenetic modifications and transcriptional control.

The expression of FLC is affected by other genes including FLK, FCA and VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2).

Wild Arabidopsis plants have different alleles for the FLC gene, which correspond to ecotypes which either (a) flower rapidly and produce a number of generations during one summer (summer-annual), or (b) flower only after vernalization (winter-annual or late-flowering). This kind of variation can also be provided by variation in the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene.
Jayena
Jayena is a municipality located in the province of Granada, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the city has a population of 1237 inhabitants.

The village is just north of the Sierras of Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park.

During the Andalusian earthquake of 25 December 1884 more than 58% of the houses were destroyed, and the rest were badly damaged. 
10 to 11 deaths were reported, a number that later rose to 17, and 18 were seriously injured. 
87 aftershocks were felt from December 25, 1884 to January 16, 1885.

Province of Granada
The Province of Granada (Spanish: Provincia de Granada) is a province in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia in Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Albacete, Murcia, Almería, Jaén, Córdoba, Málaga, and the Mediterranean Sea (along the Costa Tropical). Its capital city is Granada.

The province has an area of 12,645.41 km2 (4,882.42 sq mi) and a population is 939,741 across its 170 municipalities.

There are certain conception about the autonomous community of Granada being separate from Andalusia. The new autonomous community would consist of the provinces of Granada, Almería and Málaga. The conception has not yet found a response.
Collège Laflèche
Collège Laflèche (French pronunciation: [kɔlɛʒ laflɛʃ]) is a private college in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. The school is named for Catholic bishop Louis-François Richer Laflèche. The school was founded in 1969 by Ursuline nuns and is governed by the Ursuline institute.

It is the only private college in the Mauricie and Centre-du-Québec region to offer both vocational and pre-university programs.

46°20′58″N 72°33′27″W﻿ / ﻿46.34944°N 72.55750°W﻿ / 46.34944; -72.55750

Ursulines
The Ursulines, also known as the Order of Saint Ursula (post-nominals: OSU), is an enclosed religious order of women that in 1572 branched off from the Angelines, also known as the Company of Saint Ursula. The Ursulines trace their origins to the Angeline foundress Angela Merici and likewise place themselves under the patronage of Saint Ursula. While the Ursulines took up a monastic way of life under the Rule of Saint Augustine, the Angelines operate as a secular institute. The largest group within the Ursulines is the Ursulines of the Roman Union.
Spinochrome B
Spinochrome B (2,3,5,7-tetrahydroxynaphthoquinone) is an organic compound with formula C10H6O4, formally derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone through the replacement of four hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.

Spinochrome B occurs naturally as pigment in the shell and spines of sea urchins such as the Japanese dull red species aka-uni (Pseudocentrotus depressus), the greenish-black murasaki-uni (Heliocidaris crassispina), and the brown bafun-uni (Strongylocentrotus pulcherrimus).  It is soluble in methanol and crystallizes as bright red needles that sublime above 200 °C.

The compound gives a greenish yellow solution when treated with sodium hydroxide, a green solution with ferric chloride, and a green precipitate with lead acetate. It forms a fourfold acetate ester, C10H2O2(CH3COO)4, that crystallizes from methanol as yellow needles that melt at 157 °C.

Pseudocentrotus depressus
Pseudocentrotus depressus, commonly known as the pink sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin, one of only two species in the genus Pseudocentrotus. It was first described in 1864 by the American  marine zoologist Alexander Agassiz as Toxocidaris depressus, having been collected during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition undertaken by Captain Cadwalader Ringgold and later Captain John Rodgers.
Nagase Masaki
Nagase Masaki (長瀬 真幸, 1765–1835) was a scholar of Japanese literature, kokugakusha, and samurai retainer of the Kumamoto Domain. His common name was Shichirōhei (七郎平), and he also used the noms de plume Tabuse (田廬) and Sōmatsu'en (双松園).

Kumamoto Domain
The Kumamoto Domain (熊本藩, Kumamoto-han), which was in existence from 1600 to 1871, had a significant influence in the region. Initially, it controlled its vast territory of 520,000 koku, which later expanded to 540,000 koku after the division of the 8th generation territory and the establishment of branch domains during the Hosokawa family era. In 1871, the domain faced territorial changes as it lost control over Kuma District and Amakusa District in Higo Province (present-day Kumamoto Prefecture), as well as parts of Bungo Province (now Oita Prefecture), including Tsuruzaki and Saganoseki. This domain was also known as Higohan and its administrative center was situated at Kumamoto Castle in Kumamoto City. Despite not having complete control over Higo, the Hosokawa clan of the Kumamoto Domain held the status of feudal lords, or Daimyo, in the region.
Malakwala
Malakwala is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) from sub district headquarter, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from district headquarter and 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the Majha region of the state of Punjab, India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It internationally borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, and the districts of Amritsar, Pathankot, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district. The district is at the foothills of the Himalayas.

As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Punjab (out of 22), after Ludhiana and Amritsar. Batala, with 31% of the district's population, is its largest city.
Nicoli
Nicoli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aldo Nicoli (born 1953), Italian footballer and manager

Eric Nicoli (born 1950), British chief executive

Giuseppina Nicoli (1863–1924), Italian nun

Natela Nicoli (born 1961), Georgian opera singer

Nicola de Nicoli, 17th-century Italian painter

Vincenzo Nicoli (born 1958), English actor

Giuseppina Nicoli
Giuseppina Nicoli, DC (18 November 1863 – 31 December 1924) was an Italian Catholic member of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul who served as a catechist in Sardinia. She held several positions of leadership in Turin and elsewhere.

Her cause for canonization was started under Pope Paul VI in 1966 and she was declared Venerable by Pope Benedict XVI in 2006. Cardinal José Saraiva Martins beatified Nicoli in 2008 on the behalf of the pontiff. Her feast is the date of her beatification, February 3.
On Protracted War
On Protracted War (simplified Chinese: 论持久战; traditional Chinese: 論持久戰; pinyin: Lùn chíjiǔ zhàn) is a work comprising a series of speeches by Mao Zedong given from May 26, 1938, to June 3, 1938, at the Yenan Association for the Study of the War of Resistance Against Japan. In it, he calls for a protracted people's war, as a means for small revolutionary groups to fight the power of the state.

Yan'an
Yan'an is a prefecture-level city in the Shaanbei region of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Shanxi to the east and Gansu to the west. It administers several counties, including Zhidan (formerly Bao'an), which served as the headquarters of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) before the city of Yan'an proper took that role.

Yan'an was near the endpoint of the Long March, and became the center of the Chinese Communist Revolution from late 1935 to early 1947. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution.

As of 2019, Yan'an has approximately 2,255,700 permanent residents.: 4–5
Pengkalan Berangan
Pengkalan Berangan is a state constituency in Terengganu, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly.

The state constituency was first contested in 1995 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
The Terengganu State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri Terengganu) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Terengganu. It consists of 32 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held no more than five years apart, and are customarily held alongside elections to the federal parliament during a general election.

The State Assembly convenes at the Wisma Darul Iman in the state capital, Kuala Terengganu.

All 32 seats are held by the Perikatan Nasional (PN) ruling coalition after the 2023 state election, effectively making it a one-party state. Within the coalition, the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) holds 27 seats while the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) holds 5 seats. The PN coalition  commands a supermajority in the assembly.
2013–14 UAE President's Cup
The 2013–14 UAE President's Cup is the 38th season of the UAE President's Cup, the premier knockout tournament for association football clubs in the United Arab Emirates. The reigning champions are Al Ahli, having won their eighth title last season which is a national record held jointly with Al-Sharjah. The winners will qualify for the group stage of the 2015 AFC Champions League.

After a change to the format from the 2011–12 season was a success last year, then the competition will continue along the same lines. 14 teams from UAE Division 1 took place in a group stage with 2 groups of four and 2 groups of three, with the group winners advancing to a play-off stage.  The two winners of the play-off matches will join the 14 Pro-League teams in the round of 16.

Sharjah FC
Sharjah Football Club (Arabic: نادي الشارقة لكرة القدم) is an Emirati professional football club based in Sharjah that competes in the UAE Pro League. Their home stadium is the Sharjah Stadium.

Founded in 1966, Sharjah is considered one of the pioneers of UAE football since its inception. Achieving success through the years has made Sharjah one of the most prestigious clubs in the country. Sharjah FC is also the most successful team in the Emirate of Sharjah, winning 6 Pro League titles, 10 Presidents Cups, 1 League Cup, 3 Super Cups, and 1 AFC Champions League Two title. The club was also the first official UAE league champion since its establishment in 1974.
Stiefel manifold
In mathematics, the Stiefel manifold  is the set of all orthonormal k-frames in  That is, it is the set of ordered orthonormal k-tuples of vectors in  It is named after Swiss mathematician Eduard Stiefel. Likewise one can define the complex Stiefel manifold  of orthonormal k-frames in  and the quaternionic Stiefel manifold  of orthonormal k-frames in . More generally, the construction applies to any real, complex, or quaternionic inner product space.

In some contexts, a non-compact Stiefel manifold is defined as the set of all linearly independent k-frames in  or  this is homotopy equivalent to the more restrictive definition, as the compact Stiefel manifold is a deformation retract of the non-compact one, by employing the Gram–Schmidt process. Statements about the non-compact form correspond to those for the compact form, replacing the orthogonal group (or unitary or symplectic group) with the general linear group.

Orthonormality
In linear algebra, two vectors in an inner product space are orthonormal if they are orthogonal unit vectors. A unit vector means that the vector has a length of 1, which is also known as normalized. Orthogonal means that the two vectors are perpendicular to each other. A set of vectors form an orthonormal set if all vectors in the set are mutually orthogonal and all of unit length. An orthonormal set which forms a basis is called an orthonormal basis.
Thomas Aston Blakelock
Thomas Aston Blakelock (August 10, 1883 – January 16, 1974) was an English-born merchant, building contractor and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Halton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1929 to 1943 as a Liberal-Progressive member.

Born in Pickering, Yorkshire, the son of James Blakelock and Mary Bulman, he moved to Canada in 1906, establishing a lumber company with his brother James Bulman Blakelock. Blakelock sat on the town council for Oakville and was also deputy reeve, reeve and mayor, as well as warden of Halton County. In 1909, he married Isabel Parnaby. Blakelock was also building commissioner for the Oakville Board of Education. He died in 1974 and T. A. Blakelock High School was named in his honour.

Pickering, North Yorkshire
Pickering is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, on the border of the North York Moors National Park. Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, it is at the foot of the moors, overlooking the Vale of Pickering to the south.

Pickering Parish Church, with its medieval wall paintings, Pickering Castle, the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and Beck Isle Museum have made Pickering popular with visitors. Nearby places include Malton, Norton-on-Derwent and Scarborough.