hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Posterior thoracic nucleus
The posterior thoracic nucleus, (Clarke's column, column of Clarke, dorsal nucleus, nucleus dorsalis of Clarke) is a group of interneurons found in the medial part of Rexed lamina VII, also known as the intermediate zone, of the spinal cord. It is located from the cervical segment C8 to lumbar segment L3 of the spinal cord and is an important structure for proprioception of the lower limb.

Interneuron
Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons,  association neurons, connector neurons, or intermediate neurons) are neurons that are not specifically motor neurons or sensory neurons.  Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.

Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. However, interneurons are generally considered to operate mainly within local brain areas. The interaction between interneurons allows the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making.
Culver Props
Culver Props Inc, was an American manufacturer of wooden propellers for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft. In 2001 the company ceased production and was purchased by Valley Engineering LLC. Valley Engineering turned the company into a brand of propellers, which remains in production.

Culver Props Inc had its company headquarters in Galeton, Pennsylvania. In 2001 the production equipment was moved to Valley Engineering and is now located in Rolla, Missouri.

The company makes one-piece wooden propellers carved from northern hard maple and birch.

Propeller (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, an aircraft propeller, also called an airscrew, converts rotary motion from an engine or other power source into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached several radial airfoil-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis. The blade pitch may be fixed, manually variable to a few set positions, or of the automatically variable "constant-speed" type.

The propeller attaches to the power source's driveshaft either directly or through reduction gearing. Propellers can be made from wood, metal or composite materials.

Propellers are only useful at subsonic airspeeds generally below about 480 mph (770 km/h), although a speed of Mach 1.01 in a dive was achieved, with a propeller efficiency of 78%, by the McDonnell XF-88B experimental propeller-equipped aircraft.
Glucosepane
Glucosepane is a lysine-arginine protein cross-linking product and advanced glycation end product (AGE) derived from D-glucose. It is an irreversible, covalent cross-link product that has been found to make intermolecular and intramolecular cross-links in the collagen of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and crystallin of the eyes. Covalent protein cross-links irreversibly link proteins together in the ECM of tissues. Glucosepane is present in human tissues at levels 10 to 1000 times higher than any other cross-linking AGE, and is currently considered to be the most important cross-linking AGE.

Crystallin
In anatomy, a crystallin is a water-soluble structural protein found in the lens and the cornea of the eye  accounting for the transparency of the structure. It has also been identified in other places such as the heart, and in aggressive breast cancer tumors.
The physical origins of eye lens transparency and its relationship to cataract are an active area of research. Since it has been shown that lens injury may promote nerve regeneration,
crystallin has been an area of neural research. So far,  it has been demonstrated that crystallin β b2 (crybb2) may be a neurite-promoting factor.
Bigambal language
Bigambal (also Bigambul, Bigumbil, Pikambul, or Pikumbul) is an extinct and unclassified Australian Aboriginal language from the Pama–Nyungan language family. The Bigambul language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Goondiwindi Regional Council, including the towns of Goondiwindi, Yelarbon and Texas extending north towards Moonie and Millmerran. The AUSTLANG database maintained by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies states that the Bigambal language was spoken by the Bigambul people, with Gambuwal and Kwiambal (or Gujambal) known dialects. However, it is likely that the Gamilaraay (or Yuwaaliyaay) language was used by those peoples living in southern Bigambul territory.

Gamilaraay language
The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language (Gamilaraay pronunciation: [ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj]) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia. It is the traditional language of the Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi), an Aboriginal Australian people. It has been noted as endangered, but the number of speakers grew from 87 in the 2011 Australian Census to 105 in the 2016 Australian Census. Thousands of Australians identify as Gamilaraay, and the language is taught in some schools.

Wirray Wirray, Guyinbaraay, Yuwaalayaay, Waalaraay and Gawambaraay are dialects; Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi is a closely related language.
James McDevitt
James McDevitt (1831 in Glenties – 5 April 1879 in Letterkenny) was an Irish Roman Catholic Bishop in the last third of the 19th century.

McDevitt was educated at St Patrick's College, Maynooth and ordained priest on 18 June 1859. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity (DD). He served on the staff of All Hallows College, Dublin, until his appointment as Bishop of Raphoe on 24 February 1871. McKevitt was consecrated on 30 April that year. He died in post on 5 January 1879.

All Hallows College
All Hallows College was a college of higher education in Dublin. It was founded in 1842 and was run by the Vincentians from 1892 until 2016. On 23 May 2014, it was announced that it was closing because of declining student enrollment. The sale of the campus in Drumcondra to Dublin City University was announced on 19 June 2015 and completed on 8 April 2016. The college closed on 30 November 2016, becoming the All Hallows Campus of Dublin City University.
Anesa Kajtazović
Anesa Kajtazović (born August 30, 1986) is a Bosnian-American politician who served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015, representing the 61st District.  Kajtazovic unsuccessfully ran for Iowa's 1st congressional district in an open seat primary in June 2014.

First elected at age 23, Kajtazovic is the youngest woman ever elected to the Iowa legislature, and the first Bosnian American elected to any public office in the United States.

Bosnian Americans
Bosnian Americans (Bosnian: Bosanski Amerikanci) are Americans whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian immigration to the United States began as early as the 19th century, but the majority of Bosnian Americans immigrated to the United States during and after the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. Most are Bosnian Muslims, or Bosniaks.

As of 2020 there are some 350,000 Americans of Bosnian descent living in the country. The largest Bosnian-American population can be found in both Greater St. Louis and in Greater Chicago which boast the largest number of Bosnians in the world outside of Europe.
Battle of Köbölkút
The Battle of Köbölkút was fought on August 5, 1663 as part of the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664), between a Habsburg army under the command of the Hungarian Ádám Forgách and an Ottoman army under the command of Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha. The battle took place near Köbölkút, Kingdom of Hungary in present day Gbelce in Slovakia and was an absolute Ottoman victory. The Ottomans captured the town and also large territories in modern day Slovakia.

Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: كپرولى زاده فاضل احمد پاشا, Turkish: Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Paşa; Albanian: Fazlli Ahmed Pashë Kypriljoti; 1635 – 3 November 1676) was an Ottoman-Albanian nobleman and statesman, who belonged to the renowned Köprülü family of Albanian origin, which produced six grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire.
Rhys Breen
Rhys Breen (born 6 January 2000) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Scottish League Two side Annan Athletic on loan from Dunfermline Athletic. Breen began his career with Rangers, and has also had loan spells with Partick Thistle, Queen of the South and Orange County SC. Breen joined Dunfermline Athletic in July 2021.

Annan Athletic F.C.
Annan Athletic Football Club is a Scottish association football club based in the town of Annan, Dumfries and Galloway. The club was founded in 1942 and competes in Scottish League Two as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League.

The club competed in Scottish junior football and English regional leagues before becoming a member of the Scottish Football Association in 1978 which made the club eligible to compete in the Scottish Cup for the first time. Annan Athletic won the South of Scotland League twice and the East of Scotland League four times before successfully applying to join the Scottish Football League (SFL) in 2008.

Annan Athletic's best finish in the SPFL is ninth in League One in 2024–25 whilst its best result in the Scottish Cup is reaching the fifth round in 2021–22. The club plays its home games at Galabank in the north of Annan.
Frank Turner (American football)
Franklin Turner II is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Lincoln University, a position he has held since 2023. He also coached for Albany High School, Fort Valley State, and Kentucky State. He played college football from Albany State as a defensive lineman.

Albany High School (New York)
Albany High School (AHS) in Albany, New York, United States, is a public high school with an enrollment of about 2,670 students for the 2023-2024 school year. The school is part of the City School District of Albany. It opened on September 7, 1868, as the Albany Free Academy. Albany High has been located at 700 Washington Avenue since 1974. The school is an International Baccalaureate school with an Advanced Placement program.  The school newspaper is The Nest (published online, it replaced the longtime print newspaper The Patroon, in 2012), the literary magazine is Inkblot, and the yearbook is Prisms.
Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran
Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran (1639–1686) was Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1682 to 1684 while James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, his father, the Lord Lieutenant, was absent in England. He sat in the Irish House of Lords as Earl of Arran and in the English one as Baron Butler of Weston. When William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford was accused of treason during the Popish Plot, Arran braved the anti-Catholic hysteria and voted not guilty.

Lord-lieutenant
A lord-lieutenant (UK: /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt) is the British monarch's personal representative in each lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. In 1871, the lieutenant's responsibility over the local militia was removed. However, it was not until 1921 that they formally lost the right to call upon able-bodied men to fight when needed.

Lord-lieutenant is now an honorary titular position usually awarded to a notable person in the county, and despite the title of the office, may be either male or female, peer or not.
Joe Cairney
Joe Cairney (1956 – 2009) was a Scottish footballer, who played in the Scottish Football League for Airdrieonians and Kilmarnock.

Cairney was part of the Airdrieonians team that won the Spring Cup in 1976. He later emigrated to Australia, along with former teammate John McVeigh, and played for Brisbane City and Brisbane Lions.

Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)
Airdrieonians Football Club, more commonly known as Airdrie, was a Scottish professional football team from the town of Airdrie, in the Monklands area of Lanarkshire.

The club became defunct at the end of the Scottish Football League 2001–02 season, despite the team finishing as runners-up in the SFL First Division to Partick Thistle and therefore only narrowly missing out on promotion to the Scottish Premier League.

During their 124-year existence the "Diamonds", as they were nicknamed, won the old Scottish Division Two three times, the Spring Cup once and the Scottish Challenge Cup on three occasions. The club also competed in four separate Scottish Cup finals; winning the competition in 1924.

Airdrieonians were the first club in the Scottish League to fold since 1967, when Third Lanark went bankrupt.
Pangonius
Pangonius is a genus within the horse-fly family (Tabanidae), often misspelled as Pangonia; Latreille originally published the name as Pangonius in 1802, emending it in 1804 to Pangonia, but the emendation is not valid under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Some species that were earlier placed in this genus are now in the genus Philoliche.

Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart
Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ʒystɛ̃ maʁi makaʁ]; 8 April 1778 – 25 November 1855) was a French entomologist specialising in the study of flies. He worked on world species as well as European and described many new species.
Temistocle (J.C. Bach)
Temistocle (Themistocles) is an opera seria in three acts by the German composer Johann Christian Bach. The Italian text is an extensive revision of the libretto by Metastasio first set by Antonio Caldara in 1736, by Mattia Verazi, court poet and private secretary to the Elector Palatine Carl Theodor. The opera was the first of two which J. C. Bach set for the Elector Palatine. Some of the music was reused from earlier works, including part of the overture from Carattaco (composed in London in 1767).

Johann Christian Bach
Johann Christian Bach (5 September 1735 – 1 January 1782) was a German composer of the Classical era, the youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach. He received his early musical training from his father, and later from his half-brother, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach in Berlin. After his time in Berlin he made his way to Italy to study with famous Padre Martini in Bologna. While in Italy, J.C. Bach was appointed as an organist at the Milan Cathedral. In 1762 he became a composer to the King’s Theatre in London where he wrote a number of successful Italian operas and became known as "The English Bach". He is responsible for the development of the sinfonia concertante form. He became one of the most influential figures of the classical period, influencing compositional styles of prolific composers like Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
John Doran (baseball)
John F. Doran   was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played in the majors for the  Louisville Colonels of the American Association during the 1891 season. He remained active in the minor leagues through 1895.

American Association (1882–1891)
The American Association of Base Ball Clubs (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from 1882 to 1891. Together with the National League (NL), founded in 1876, the AA participated in an early version of the World Series seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the Temple Cup (1894–1897).

During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League". It was also sometimes called the "Beer and Whiskey League".
Acarospora strigata
Acarospora strigata is an areolate to verruculous crustose lichen that grows on rock around the world, in full sun or shade, and in mesic to arid habitats.: 220  It is brown but may appear white or pale gray if it is covered in a pruina.: 220  The lichen is common in southwestern deserts of North America.

Areoles (from tiny to 3 mm) surrounding dark reddish-brown to black apothecia (fruiting bodies) are both highly variable in shape and size, and variable in size relative to each other.: 220  Measuring 0.1–1 mm, the apothecia range in size from small dots on the areoles to almost as wide as the areole.: 220  They can be pointlike to round, polygonal to stellate radiating fissures, and one to many per areole.

Areoles may be cracked on the surface, especially toward the apothecia.: 220

Lichen spot tests are all negative.: 220

Star domain
In geometry, a set  in the Euclidean space  is called a star domain (or star-convex set, star-shaped set  or radially convex set) if there exists an  such that for all  the line segment from  to  lies in  This definition is immediately generalizable to any real, or complex, vector space.

Intuitively, if one thinks of  as a region surrounded by a wall,  is a star domain if one can find a vantage point  in  from which any point  in  is within line-of-sight. A similar, but distinct, concept is that of a radial set.
Arthur Cyrus Warner
Arthur Cyrus Warner (February 14, 1918 – July 22, 2007) was an American lawyer and gay rights activist. His work was crowned by successful efforts to overturn anti-sodomy and other laws used to persecute gay people in several US states.

Military discharge
A military discharge is given when a member of the armed forces is released from their obligation to serve. Each country's military has different types of discharge. They are generally based on whether the persons completed their training and then fully and satisfactorily completed their term of service. Other types of discharge are based on factors such as the quality of their service, whether their service had to be ended prematurely due to humanitarian or medical reasons, whether they had been found to have drug or alcohol dependency issues and whether they were complying with treatment and counseling, and whether they had demerits or punishments for infractions or were convicted of any crimes. These factors affect whether they will be asked or allowed to re-enlist and whether they qualify for benefits after their discharge.
VREAM
VREAM, Inc. was a US technology company that functioned between 1991 and 1996.  It was one of the first companies to develop PC-based software for authoring and viewing virtual reality (VR) environments.

Technology company
A technology company (or tech company) is a company that focuses primarily on the manufacturing, support, research and development of—most commonly computing, telecommunication and consumer electronics–based—technology-intensive products and services, which include businesses relating to digital electronics, software, optics, new energy, and Internet-related services such as cloud storage and e-commerce services. Big Tech refers to the 6 largest companies, both in the United States and globally, symbolized by the metonym 'Silicon Valley', where 4 of them are based.
Fischer oxazole synthesis
The Fischer oxazole synthesis is a chemical synthesis of an oxazole from a cyanohydrin and an aldehyde in the presence of anhydrous hydrochloric acid. This method was discovered by Emil Fischer in 1896. The cyanohydrin itself is derived from a separate aldehyde. The reactants of the oxazole synthesis itself, the cyanohydrin of an aldehyde and the other aldehyde itself, are usually present in equimolar amounts. Both reactants usually have an aromatic group, which appear at specific positions on the resulting heterocycle.

A more specific example of Fischer oxazole synthesis involves reacting mandelic acid nitrile with benzaldehyde to give 2,5-diphenyl-oxazole.

Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring with a formyl substituent. It is among the simplest aromatic aldehydes and one of the most industrially useful.

It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor similar to that of bitter almonds and cherry, and is commonly used in cherry-flavored sodas. A component of bitter almond oil, benzaldehyde can be extracted from a number of other natural sources. Synthetic benzaldehyde is the flavoring agent in imitation almond extract, which is used to flavor cakes and other baked goods.
Deuteronomy Rabbah
Deuteronomy Rabbah (Hebrew: דברים רבה‎) is an aggadah or homiletic commentary on the Book of Deuteronomy.

It does not contain running commentaries on the entire book of Deuteronomy. Rather, it consists of 25 complete, independent homilies (and two fragmentary ones) on 27 sections of Deuteronomy, most of which are recognizable as sedarim (the Sabbatical lessons for public worship according to the Palestinian three-year cycle). The commentary covers only one verse, or a few verses, from each section.

Abraham Epstein
Abraham Epstein (Hebrew: אברהם עפשטיין; born 19 December 1841) was a Russo-Austrian rabbinical scholar born in Staro Constantinov, Volhynia.

Epstein diligently studied the works of Isaac Baer Levinsohn, Nachman Krochmal, and S. D. Luzzatto, and when he traveled in western Europe for the first time in 1861, he made the acquaintance of J.L. Rapoport, Z. Frankel, and Michael Sachs. After his father's death in 1874 (see Israel Epstein's biography in Ha-Shaḥar, vi.699-708) Epstein took charge of his extensive business interests, but gradually wound up all his affairs, and from 1884 devoted most of his time to travel and study. He settled in Vienna in 1876 and became an Austrian subject. He was the possessor of a large library which contained many valuable manuscripts.
Ralph Micheli
Ralph Micheli is an American former football coach. He served as the head football coach at Tarkio College in Tarkio, Missouri from 1978 to 1980, Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Texas from 1985 to 1981, and Minnesota State University Moorhead from 1993 to 2004, compiling a career college football coaching record of 85–131–4.  Micheli played college football at Macalester College.

Sul Ross State University
Sul Ross State University (SRSU) is a public university in Alpine, Texas, United States. The main campus is the primary institution of higher education serving the nineteen-county Big Bend region of far West Texas. Branch campuses, branded as Rio Grande College, are located in Del Rio, Uvalde, Eagle Pass, and Castroville.

Named for former Texas governor and Confederate general Lawrence Sullivan Ross, the institution was founded in 1917 as Sul Ross Normal College and was made a university in 1969. It is governed by the Board of Regents of the Texas State University System.
Mogodu Moela
Mogodu Samuel Moela (born 4 July 1987) is South African politician from Limpopo who has represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly since June 2024. He was elected to his parliamentary seat in the May 2024 general election, ranked seventh on the ANC's party list in Limpopo, and sits on the Portfolio Committee on International Relations and Cooperation and Portfolio Committee on Correctional Services.

Portfolio Committee on International Relations and Cooperation
The Portfolio Committee on International Relations and Cooperation is a portfolio committee in the National Assembly of South Africa that focuses on the Department of International Relations and Cooperation as well as the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund.

As of August 2021, Supra Mahumapelo of the African National Congress serves as Chair of the Committee.