hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)
In 2016, the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) and the Military Command Council for the Salvation of the Republic (CCMSR) began a rebellion against the Chadian government. From their rear bases in southern Libya, FACT and CCMSR have launched offensives and raids into Northern Chad seeking to overthrow the government of former president Idriss Déby, who had been in power since a December 1990 coup. Other rebel groups are also involved in the insurgency, though to a lesser extent.

In 2021, Idriss Déby was killed during a major rebel offensive. Despite this, the insurgents were ultimately repelled and Mahamat Déby Itno rose to succeed his father as ruler of Chad. Though a ceasefire agreement was signed by many insurgent groups in August 2022, this failed to fully contain the uprising. By 2024, the insurgency was ongoing in the north and had spread to the border of the Central African Republic.

1990 Chadian coup d'état
The 1990 Chadian coup d'état took place on 1 December 1990 when the forces of the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), a Libyan–backed rebel group under the leadership of General Idriss Déby, entered the Chadian capital N'Djamena unopposed. The MPS troops entered Chad by crossing the Sudanese border three weeks earlier.

Previously, on 1 December, authoritarian, Western backed President Hissène Habré, who had ruled the country since 1982, reportedly fled to neighboring Cameroon with his family, Cabinet and top aides as his military, the Chadian National Armed Forces (FANT), collapsed.

Idriss Deby would rule the country until his assassination in 2021.
Halik (TV series)
Halik (International title: Betrayal / transl. Kiss) is a Philippine television drama series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Carlo Po Artillaga and Cathy O. Camarillo, it stars Jericho Rosales, Sam Milby, Yen Santos and Yam Concepcion. It aired on the network's Primetime Bida line up and worldwide on TFC from August 13, 2018 to April 26, 2019, replacing Since I Found You and was replaced by Sino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpa.

Romnick Sarmenta
Romeo "Romnick" Nicolas Sarmenta Tejedor (born April 28, 1972) is a Filipino actor, film producer and professor. Noted for his performances in a range of genres across film and television, he began his career as a child actor debuting in the series Gulong ng Palad. With a career spanning nearly five decades, his accolades included the Best Actor won from the Asian Television Award, a Gawad Urian and Summer Metro Manila Film Festival, in addition to numerous nominations from the FAMAS Awards and Young Critics Circle.
Prevotella
Prevotella is a genus of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. The type species is Prevotella melaninogenica.

Prevotella species are widely distributed across varied ecological habitats, with 61 characterized species spanning both human and other mammalian hosts. In mammals, this genus is notably prevalent in the swine gut microbiome.

In humans, Prevotella species are members of the oral, vaginal, and gut microbiota and are often recovered from anaerobic infections of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary empyema, and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. They have been isolated from abscesses and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, bites, paronychia, urinary tract infection, brain abscesses, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia associated with upper respiratory tract infections. Prevotella spp. predominate in periodontal disease and periodontal abscesses.

Empyema
An empyema (/ˌɛmpaɪˈiːmə/; from Ancient Greek  ἐμπύημα (empúēma) 'abscess') is a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity. The term is most commonly used to refer to pleural empyema, which is empyema of the pleural cavity. It is similar to or the same as abscess in meaning, but the context of use may sometimes be different. For instance, an appendicular empyema is in medicine now generally called an abscess.

Empyema most commonly occurs as a complication of pneumonia but can also result from other infections or conditions that lead to the collection of infected fluid in a body cavity.
Unionist government, 1895–1905
A coalition of the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties took power in the United Kingdom shortly before the 1895 general election. Conservative leader Lord Salisbury was appointed Prime Minister and his nephew, Arthur Balfour, became Leader of the House of Commons, but various major posts went to the Liberal Unionists, most notably the Leader of the House of Lords, the Liberal Unionist Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, who was made Lord President, and his colleague in the Commons, Joseph Chamberlain, who became Colonial Secretary. It was this government which would conduct the Second Boer War from 1899–1902, which helped them to win a landslide victory at the 1900 general election.

The government consisted of three ministries, the first two led by Salisbury (from 1895–1902) and the third by Balfour (from 1902 onwards).

Leader of the House of Commons
The Leader of the House of Commons is a minister of the Crown of the Government of the United Kingdom whose main role is organising government business in the House of Commons. The Leader is always a member or attendee of the cabinet of the United Kingdom.

The House of Commons devotes approximately three-quarters of its time to debating and explaining government business, such as bills introduced by the government and ministerial statements. The Leader of the House of Commons, with the parties' chief whips ("the usual channels"), is responsible for organising government business and providing time for non-government (backbench) business to be put before the House of Commons.

The position of leader of the House of Commons is currently held by Alan Campbell, who was appointed on 5 September 2025 by Keir Starmer as a part of the cabinet reshuffle following the resignation of Angela Rayner from government.
Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice
Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice (stylized as Lead Tracks ~listener's choice~) is the first compilation album by Japanese hip-hop group Lead. It was their lowest charting album, only reaching No. 67 on Oricon and dropping off of the charts by the second week.

The songs chosen for the album were voted on by fans throughout East Asia, and those with the highest votes were placed on the track listing.

Manatsu no Magic
"Manatsu no Magic" (真夏のMagic, lit. "Midsummer Magic") is the debut single by Japanese hip-hop group Lead released on July 31, 2002, under the Pony Canyon sub-label Flight Master. The single debuted on Oricon at #18 and remained on the charts for five weeks. The success of the single and their following single, "Show Me the Way", helped them win the Best Newcomer Award during the 44th Japan Record Awards, alongside Day After Tomorrow, Mika Nakashima and Sachika Shino.
Hanina bar Papi
Hanina bar Papi, or Hanina bar Pappai, (Hebrew חנינא בר פפי) was a third generation Jewish Amora sage of the Land of Israel. It is possible that he is the same person as Hanina ben Pappa who is frequently mentioned in Talmudic stories.

Amoraim
Amoraim (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אמוראים [ʔamoraˈʔim], singular Amora אמורא [ʔamoˈra]; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah. They were primarily located in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their legal discussions and debates were eventually codified in the Gemara. The Amoraim followed the Tannaim in the sequence of ancient Jewish scholars. The Tannaim were direct transmitters of uncodified oral tradition; the Amoraim expounded upon and clarified the oral law after its initial codification.
FC Nove Zhyttia Andriivka
FC Nove Zhyttya Andriivka is an amateur Ukrainian football club from Andriivka, Poltava Raion, Poltava Oblast. The head coach of the senior team between 2013 and 2014 was Oleksandr Melaschenko.

The club was founded in 2008 as a representation of a farming company "Nove Zhyttya". In 2010 the team joined Oleksandr Melaschenko along with brothers of Ruslan Rotan, Oleksiy and Petro.

In 2011 Nove Zhyttya Andriyivka won the Amateur Championship of Ukraine. The club participated in the 2013 UEFA Regions' Cup.

The club only played two seasons at the national amateur competitions.

Poltava Oblast
Poltava Oblast (Ukrainian: Полтавська область, romanized: Poltavska oblast), also referred to as Poltavshchyna (Ukrainian: Полтавщина), is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Poltava. Most of its territory was part of the southern regions of the Cossack Hetmanate. Population: 1,352,283 (2022 estimate).

Three other important cities in the oblast are Horishni Plavni, Kremenchuk, and Lubny.
Saint Anne Church (Philadelphia)
The Church of Saint Anne (commonly known as St. Anne Church, or Saint Anne's) is an Irish Roman Catholic Parish in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.  The church was founded in 1845.   The church serves the communities of Fishtown, Port Richmond, and Kensington.

The school, which was founded in 1854, had about 1,000 students in the 1970s. It was closed in June 2011, due to falling enrollment. NHS Human Services School at St. Annes, which caters to children with autism, opened in its place in 2015.

Archdiocese of Philadelphia
The Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Latin: Archidiœcesis Philadelphiensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in southeastern Pennsylvania in the United States. The seat of the archbishop is the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul in Philadelphia. Nelson J. Pérez is the archbishop.
Satyanarayan Pawar
Satyanarayan Asharamji Pawar is an Indian politician, social worker and former Member of Parliament of 8th Lok Sabha of Madhya Pradesh state of India.

Pawar belongs to Koli caste of Madhya Pradesh. in June 2022, he was appointed as head of Central Election Committee by Indian National Congress party.

All India Congress Committee
The All India Congress Committee (AICC) is the presidium or the central decision-making assembly of the Indian National Congress. It is composed of members elected from state-level Pradesh Congress Committees and can have as many as a thousand members. It is the AICC that elects members of the Congress Working Committee and the Congress President, who is also the head of the AICC.

The organisational executives of the AICC are several general-secretaries selected by the Congress President and the members of the Congress Working Committee. AICC is responsible for decision-making and policy formulation for the party at the national level. It also sets the party's agenda and strategies for national and state-level elections.
Cathy Kenny (politician)
Cathy Kenny is an American politician. She serves as a Republican member for the Hillsborough 13th district of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.

Kenny was a veterinarian at the Amherst Animal Hospital.

Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Hillsborough County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. As of the 2020 census, the population was 422,937, almost one-third the population of the entire state. Its county seats are Manchester and Nashua, the state's two biggest cities. Hillsborough is northern New England's most populous county as well as its most densely populated.

Hillsborough County comprises the Manchester-Nashua, NH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in turn constitutes a portion of the Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area.
O&O Defrag
O&O Defrag is a Windows defragmentation utility sold by German software developer O&O Software. It has won several awards by PC journals and magazines, and is certified by Microsoft for all its current NTFS-based operating systems, including NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, 10, 11, Server 2003, 2008, 2008 R2, 2012, 2012 R2, 2016, 2019, 2022 and 2025.

Windows Server 2019
Windows Server 2019 is the twelfth major version of the Windows NT operating system produced by Microsoft to be released under the Windows Server brand name. It is the second version of the server operating system based on the Windows 10 platform, after Windows Server 2016. It was announced on March 20, 2018 for the first Windows Insider preview release, and was released internationally on October 2, 2018, the same release date of Windows 10 version 1809. It was succeeded by Windows Server 2022 on August 18, 2021.

Mainstream support for Windows Server 2019 ended on January 9, 2024, and extended support will end on January 9, 2029.
SFWA Manager of the Year
The Scottish Football Writers' Association Manager of the Year (often called the SFWA Manager of the Year, or simply the Scottish Manager of the Year) award is given to the manager in Scottish football who is seen to have been the best manager of the previous season. The award is voted for by the members of the Scottish Football Writers' Association.

The award was first given in 1987, and was won by Dundee United boss Jim McLean. The award has been won by a manager in the top division of the Scottish football league system in all but two years, 1990, when the award went to Scotland manager Andy Roxburgh and 1995 when the award was given to Jimmy Nicholl who managed Raith Rovers in the First Division. There is a similar award made by PFA Scotland, the PFA Scotland Manager of the Year, which was first given in 2007.

PFA Scotland
The Professional Footballers' Association Scotland (PFA Scotland) is the association for professional footballers in Scotland. It was known as the Scottish Professional Footballers' Association (SPFA), but that organisation was dissolved and replaced by PFA Scotland in 2007. PFA Scotland is affiliated to the (English) Professional Footballers' Association and the worldwide union FIFPro. The SPFA used to be affiliated to the GMB union.

As of 2021, Fraser Wishart (chief executive) and Tony Higgins (president) were two of the principal officers of the organisation, while former players Craig Beattie and Chris Higgins were among the administrative staff, with Stuart Lovell among its former employees. Active players who have served as chairman of the committee include Jack Ross, John Rankin and Liam Craig.

Each year it presents the Players' Player of the Year, the Young Player of the Year, and the Manager of the Year awards.
The Devil's Wedding Night
The Devil's Wedding Night (Italian: Il plenilunio delle vergini, lit. 'Full Moon of the Virgins') is a 1973 Italian horror film directed by Luigi Batzella and Joe D'Amato and starring Mark Damon, Rosalba Neri, Esmeralda Barros, Francesca Romana Davila, and Ciro Papa

Count Dracula
Count Dracula (/ˈdrækjʊlə, -jə-/) is the title character and main antagonist of Bram Stoker's gothic horror novel Dracula (1897). He is considered the prototypical and archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. Aspects of the character are believed by some to have been inspired by the 15th-century Wallachian prince Vlad the Impaler, who was also known as Vlad Dracula, and by Sir Henry Irving and Jacques Damala, actors with aristocratic backgrounds that Stoker had met during his life. Count Dracula is one of the best-known fictional figures of the Victorian era.

One of Dracula's most famous powers is his ability to turn others into vampires by biting them and infecting them with the vampiric disease. Other characteristics have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works, including books, films, cartoons, and video games.
Joël Bettin
Joël Bettin (born 14 december 1966) is a French sprint canoer who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, he won a bronze in the C-2 500 m event.

Bettin also won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (C-4 500 m: 1991) and two bronzes (C-2 500 m and C-4 500 m: both 1989).

ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships are an international event in canoe racing, one of two top-tier Summer Olympic sport events organized by the International Canoe Federation (the other being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships). They are usually held every non-Olympic year and have officially included paracanoe events since 2010; paracanoe-specific editions of this event (named ICF Paracanoe World Championships) are usually held in Summer Paralympic years.

Prior to November 2008, canoe sprint was known as flatwater racing.
Guldborg
Guldborg is a fishing village spanning the islands of Falster and Lolland in Guldborgsund Municipality, Region Zealand, in Denmark. The village is located at the narrowest point between the two islands where Guldborg Bridge crosses Guldborgsund (or Guldborg) Sound. In 2025 the village had a population of 495, with about 400 living on Lolland.

Guldborgsund Bridge
Guldborgsund Bridge (Danish: Guldborgbroen) spans the northern end of the Guldborgsund, between the islands of Lolland and Falster in Denmark.  The bridge consists of two steel-arched spans with a 30m central opening section featuring two rising bascules. It was built in 1933 and 1934, is 180m long and 7m wide, carrying two road carriageways, and was officially opened by Prince Axel of Denmark on 6 October 1934.
Sterol esterase
The enzyme sterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) catalyzes the reaction

a sterol ester + H2O  a sterol + a fatty acid

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds.  The systematic name is steryl-ester acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include cholesterol esterase, cholesteryl ester synthase, triterpenol esterase, cholesteryl esterase, cholesteryl ester hydrolase, sterol ester hydrolase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, cholesterase, and acylcholesterol lipase.  This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.

Bile acid
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver in peroxisomes. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts.

Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the major bile salts. The salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids.
Carlo III Tocco
Carlo III Tocco (1464–1518) was the titular despot of Epirus and count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from the death of his father Leonardo III Tocco c. 1503 to his own death in 1518. Carlo lived in Rome, where he received pensions from both the Papacy and the Kingdom of Naples. As an adult, Carlo worked as a military officer, serving both the Papacy and Emperor Maximilian I.

Carlo was deeply bitter about the loss of his family's lands in Greece. He married Andronica Arianiti, daughter of Constantine Arianiti, another claimant to lands in Greece, and presented himself not only as the head of the former Epirote despotic family, but also as the heir of the Serbian Branković dynasty and the Byzantine imperial Palaiologos dynasty (though no titles were claimed).

County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
The County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos existed from 1185 to 1479 as part of the Kingdom of Sicily. The title and the right to rule the Ionian islands of Cephalonia and Zakynthos was originally given to Margaritus of Brindisi for his services to William II, King of Sicily, in 1185.

Following Margaritus, the county passed on to a branch of the Orsini family until 1325, when it passed briefly to Angevins and then, from 1357, to the Tocco family. The Tocco used the county as a springboard for their acquisition of lands in the Greek mainland, and were successful in gaining control over the Despotate of Epirus in 1411. However, facing the advance of the Ottoman Turks they successively lost their mainland territories and were once again reduced to the County Palatine, which they held until 1479, when it was divided between Venice and the Ottomans. Zakynthos was put under the direct rule of Venice.
Criticism of Linux
The criticism of Linux focuses on issues concerning use of operating systems which use the Linux kernel.

While the Linux-based Android operating system dominates the smartphone market in many countries and accounts for more than 72% of mobile device usage globally (as of 2024-2025), and while Linux is used on the New York Stock Exchange, on most supercomputers, is used to host 96.3 percent of the top 1 million web servers, and even is used on more virtual machines on Microsoft's own Azure cloud service than Microsoft Windows, it is used in few desktop and laptop computers. Much of the criticism of Linux is related to the lack of desktop and laptop adoption, although as of 2015 there has been some controversy with the project's perspective on security and the adoption of systemd by leading Linux distributions

GNOME
GNOME (/ɡəˈnoʊm, ˈnoʊm/) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It is distributed as the default desktop environment of many major Linux distributions, including Debian, Fedora Linux, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise, and is the default in Oracle Solaris, a Unix operating system.

GNOME is developed by the GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. It is an international project that aims to develop frameworks for software development, to program end-user applications based on these frameworks, and to coordinate efforts for the internationalization, localization, and accessibility of that software.

In 2023 and 2024, GNOME received €1,000,000 from Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund.
Feature engineering
Feature engineering is a preprocessing step in supervised machine learning and statistical modeling which transforms raw data into a more effective set of inputs. Each input comprises several attributes, known as features. By providing models with relevant information, feature engineering significantly enhances their predictive accuracy and decision-making capability.

Beyond machine learning, the principles of feature engineering are applied in various scientific fields, including physics. For example, physicists construct dimensionless numbers such as the Reynolds number in fluid dynamics, the Nusselt number in heat transfer, and the Archimedes number in sedimentation. They also develop first approximations of solutions, such as analytical solutions for the strength of materials in mechanics.

Nusselt number
In thermal fluid dynamics, the Nusselt number (Nu, after Wilhelm Nusselt: 336 ) is the ratio of total heat transfer to conductive heat transfer at a boundary in a fluid. Total heat transfer combines conduction and convection. Convection includes both advection (fluid motion) and diffusion (conduction). The conductive component is measured under the same conditions as the convective but for a hypothetically motionless fluid. It is a dimensionless number, closely related to the fluid's Rayleigh number.: 466

A Nusselt number of order one represents heat transfer by pure conduction.: 336  A value between one and 10 is characteristic of slug flow or laminar flow. A larger Nusselt number corresponds to more active convection, with turbulent flow typically in the 100–1000 range.

A similar non-dimensional property is the Biot number, which concerns thermal conductivity for a solid body rather than a fluid. The mass transfer analogue of the Nusselt number is the Sherwood number.