hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Semănătorul (1870–1876)
Semănătorul (The Sower) was a literary magazine published in Bârlad, Romania published by the local cultural society "Unirea". The magazine was established on 27 September 1870 by Ion Popescu, professor at the Gheorghe Roşca Codreanu High School and Ştefan Neagoe. Other main contributors to the magazine were Panaite Chenciu, I.C. Codrescu and Stroe Beloescu.

The magazine continued to appear until 1876.

The magazine should not be confused with the Sămănătorul published in 1901 by George Coşbuc and Alexandru Vlahuţă

Alexandru Vlahuță
Alexandru Vlahuță (Romanian pronunciation: [alekˈsandru vlaˈhut͡sə]; 5 September 1858 – 19 November 1919) was a Romanian writer. His best known work is România pitorească, an overview of Romania's landscape in the form of a travelogue. He was also the main editor of Sămănătorul magazine, alongside George Coșbuc.

Vlahuţă was born in Pleșești (currently called Alexandru Vlahuță), in the Principality of Moldavia (present-day Vaslui County, Romania) and studied in Bârlad during his early childhood. He took his Baccalaureate in Bucharest and afterwards attended law school for a short amount of time, but withdrew due to financial reasons. He died in Bucharest on 19 November 1919. His former home in Bucharest has been turned into a memorial museum.
Lushai Expedition (1869)
The Lushai Expedition of 1869 was an abortive punitive expedition against Sukpilal and Kanai Singh. It was arranged by the deputy commissioner of Cachar, John Edgar and led by Colonel Nuthall. Factors such as weather, unpreparedness and diplomatic overtures led to the retreat and failure of the expedition.

Tripura (princely state)
Tripura State, also known as Hill Tipperah, was a princely state in India during the period of the British Raj and for some two years after the departure of the British. Its rulers belonged to the Manikya dynasty and until August 1947 the state was in a subsidiary alliance, from which it was released by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The state acceded to the newly independent Indian Union on 13 August 1947, and subsequently merged into the Indian Union in October 1949.

The princely state was located in the present-day Indian state of Tripura. The state included one town, Agartala, as well as a total of 1,463 villages. It had an area of 10,660 km2 and a population of 513,000 inhabitants in 1941.
Yalutorovsky District
Yalutorovsky District  (Russian: Ялу́торовский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is incorporated as Yalutorovsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,800 square kilometers (1,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Yalutorovsk (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 14,461 (2010 Census);  15,799 (2002 census); 16,696 (1989 Soviet census).

Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast (Russian: Тюме́нская о́бласть, romanized: Tyumenskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is located in Western Siberia, and is administratively part of the Ural Federal District. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs: the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The oblast, including its autonomous okrugs, is the third-largest federal subject by area, and has a population of 3,395,755 (2010).

Tyumen is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast, and the first Russian city in Siberia.

Tyumen Oblast is the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the country, and has experienced an oil boom since the early 2000s. The rapid growth of the fuel industry has made the oblast by far the richest federal subject of Russia, with an average GDP per capita several times the national average since 2006.
Live at CBGB's 1984
Live at CBGB's 1984 is a live album by American crossover thrash band D.R.I., released in 2005. It features a live performance of the band at the famous music venue CBGB in New York City.

The audio of the performance is very raw, and the quality drops significantly in the recording at around track 32

Crossover thrash
Crossover thrash (often abbreviated to crossover) is a fusion genre of thrash metal and hardcore punk. The genre emerged in the mid-1980s, when hardcore punk bands, such as Suicidal Tendencies, Cryptic Slaughter, Corrosion of Conformity and Dirty Rotten Imbeciles, began to incorporate the influence of thrash metal. At this time, the genre was particularly prominent in the New York hardcore scene, where groups including Agnostic Front, Leeway, Cro-Mags and Stormtroopers of Death were widely influential.

The genre largely declined in popularity by the 1990s; however, its influence developed the prominent metalcore genre. Since the 2000s, crossover thrash has experienced a number of underground revivals, which have produced notable acts including Municipal Waste, Trash Talk, Power Trip, and Drain.
Mohammad Al Gaz
Mohamed Abdallah AlGaz (c. 1920 – April 12, 2016) (Arabic: محمد عبدالله القاز الفلاسي), was a financier, developer, diplomat, central banker and philanthropist in the early years of the United Arab Emirates. AlGaz became a member of Dubai’s first generation of market-making investors and developers in the 1950s through his famous partnership with Juma al Majid.

While a notable statesman and business magnate, AlGaz is widely regarded as a pioneering figure in the history of philanthropy in the United Arab Emirates, with most of his lifetime achievements stemming from generous contributions made to establish various charitable endowments, including some funds that would go on to establish the Beit AlKheir charity, which was the first formalized charitable institution in Dubai.

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
The Captain Hates the Sea
The Captain Hates the Sea is a 1934 comedy film directed by Lewis Milestone and released by Columbia Pictures. The film, which involves a Grand Hotel-style series of intertwining stories involving the passengers on a cruise ship, was the last feature film of silent film icon John Gilbert and the first Columbia feature to include The Three Stooges (Curly Howard, Moe Howard and Larry Fine) in the cast as the ship's orchestra.  The film also stars Victor McLaglen, Arthur Treacher, Akim Tamiroff, Leon Errol and Walter Connolly.

Arthur Treacher
Arthur Veary Treacher, Jr. (/ˈtriːtʃər/ TREE-chər; 23 July 1894 – 14 December 1975) was an English film and stage actor active from the 1920s to the 1960s, and known for playing English types, especially butler and manservant roles, such as the P. G. Wodehouse valet character Jeeves (Thank You, Jeeves!, 1936) and the kind butlers opposite Shirley Temple in Curly Top (1935) and Heidi (1937). In the 1960s, he became well known on American television as an announcer and sidekick to talk show host Merv Griffin, and as the support character Constable Jones in Disney's Mary Poppins (1964).  He lent his name to the Arthur Treacher's Fish and Chips chain of restaurants.
Kenzero
Kenzero is a computer trojan that is spread across peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and is programmed to blackmail its victims by collecting personal information and publishing their browsing history online in a public database.

Trojan horse (computing)
In computing, a trojan horse (or simply trojan; often capitalized, but see below) is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of social engineering. For example, a user may be duped into executing an email attachment disguised to appear innocuous (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or into clicking on a fake advertisement on the Internet. Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a backdoor, contacting a controller who can then have unauthorized access to the affected device. Ransomware attacks are often carried out using a trojan.

Unlike computer viruses and worms, trojans generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves.
Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration
The domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration was the domestic policy of the United States from 2001 to 2009 while George W. Bush was president. Bush's main domestic policy advisors include Chairman of the Council of Economic Affairs Edward Lazear, Rob Portman, director of the Office of Management and Budget; U.S. Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao, Vice President Dick Cheney; U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson; U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez; U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Michael O. Leavitt and Allan Hubbard, director of the National Economic Council.

Some of George W. Bush's biggest domestic policy achievements include winning passage for two major tax cuts during his term in office: the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Collectively, they became known, analyzed, and debated as the "Bush tax cuts".

Henry Paulson
Henry Merritt "Hank" Paulson Jr. (born March 28, 1946) is an American investment banker and financier who served as the 74th United States secretary of the treasury from 2006 to 2009. Prior to his role in the Department of the Treasury, Paulson was the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of major investment bank Goldman Sachs.

He served as Secretary of the Treasury under President George W. Bush. Paulson served through the end of the Bush administration, leaving office on January 20, 2009. He is now the chairman of the Paulson Institute, which he founded in 2011 to promote sustainable economic growth and a cleaner environment around the world, with an initial focus on the United States and China. He also works as executive chairman of the global fund, TPG Rise Climate.
Johnson–McMillin syndrome
Johnson–McMillin syndrome, also known as Johnson neuroectodermal syndrome, is a neuroectodermal syndrome characterized by alopecia, microtia, conductive hearing loss, anosmia/hyposmia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Conductive hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss (CHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs when sound waves are unable to efficiently travel through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear structures such as the ossicles. This blockage or dysfunction prevents sound from being effectively conducted to the inner ear, resulting in reduced hearing ability. Common causes include ear infections, fluid in the middle ear, earwax buildup, damage to the eardrum, or abnormalities in the ossicles.

CHL can occur alone or alongside sensorineural hearing loss, in which case it is classified as mixed hearing loss. Depending on the underlying cause, conductive hearing loss is often treatable and sometimes reversible through medical interventions, such as medication, surgery, or assistive devices like hearing aids. However, chronic or permanent cases may require long-term management to improve hearing and communication abilities.
Sayylyk
Sayylyk (Russian: Сайылык) is the name of several rural localities in the Sakha Republic, Russia:

Sayylyk, Kobyaysky District, Sakha Republic, a selo in Mukuchunsky Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District

Sayylyk, Nyurbinsky District, Sakha Republic, a selo in Khorulinsky Rural Okrug of Nyurbinsky District

Sayylyk, Ust-Yansky District, Sakha Republic, a selo in Silyannyakhsky Rural Okrug of Ust-Yansky District

Sayylyk, Verkhnevilyuysky District, Sakha Republic, a selo in Meyiksky Rural Okrug of Verkhnevilyuysky District

Verkhnevilyuysky District
Verkhnevilyuysky District (Russian: Верхневилю́йский улу́с; Yakut: Үөһээ Бүлүү улууһа, Üöhee Bülüü uluuha, [ˈyøheː bylyː uluːha]) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the republic and borders with Vilyuysky District in the east, Gorny District in the southeast, Olyokminsky District in the south, Suntarsky and Nyurbinsky Districts in the west, and with Olenyoksky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 42,000 square kilometers (16,000 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Verkhnevilyuysk. Population: 21,661 (2010 Census); 21,383 (2002 Census); 20,626 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Verkhnevilyuysk accounts for 29.8% of the district's total population.
Milady 3000
Milady 3000 (Italian: Milady nel 3000) is an Italian comic series featuring an eponymous character, created in 1980 by Magnus for the magazine Il Mago. The series continued until 1984 (also in the magazine Eureka), and was later published in France (in Métal Hurlant), in the United States (in Heavy Metal), in Belgium and Spain.

Heavy Metal (magazine)
Heavy Metal is an American science fantasy comics magazine, first published in 1977. The magazine is known primarily for its blend of dark fantasy, science fiction, erotica, and steampunk comics. Following a brief hiatus in 2023, it relaunched in 2024 with new owners and a new editorial team consisting of Dave Kelly, Frank Forte, and Chris Thompson.

Unlike the traditional American comic books of that time bound by the restrictive Comics Code Authority, the magazine-format Heavy Metal featured explicit nudity, sexual situations, and graphic violence. The magazine started out primarily as a licensed translation of the French science-fantasy magazine Métal hurlant, marking for many Americans their first introduction to the work of European cartoonists like Enki Bilal, Philippe Caza, Guido Crepax, Philippe Druillet, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean Giraud (a.k.a. Moebius), Chantal Montellier, and Milo Manara.
Eric Thake
Eric Prentice Anchor Thake (8 June 1904 – 3 November 1982) was an Australian artist, designer, painter, printmaker and war artist.

His 1972 Christmas card An Opera House in Every Home, a humorous take on Jørn Utzon's World Heritage-listed building is a well-known work.

Art Gallery of Western Australia
The Art Gallery of Western Australia (AGWA) is a public art gallery that is part of the Perth Cultural Centre, in Perth. It is located near the Western Australian Museum and State Library of Western Australia and is supported and managed by the Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries of the Government of Western Australia. The current gallery main building opened in 1979. It is linked to the old court house – The Centenary Galleries.
United States v. Article Consisting of 50,000 Cardboard Boxes More or Less, Each Containing One Pair of Clacker Balls
United States v. Article Consisting of 50,000 Cardboard Boxes More or Less, Each Containing One Pair of Clacker Balls, 413 F. Supp. 1281 (E.D. Wisc. 1976), is a 1976 United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin decision regarding a requested order from the United States government to seize and destroy a shipment of approximately 50,000 sets of clacker balls under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act because children could hit themselves with the balls.

The form of the styling of this case—the defendant being an object, rather than a legal person—is because this is a jurisdiction in rem (power over objects) case, rather than the more familiar in personam (over persons) case.

Defendant
In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".
8405 Asbolus
8405 Asbolus /ˈæzbələs/ is a centaur orbiting in the outer Solar System between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune. It was discovered on 5 April 1995, by James Scotti and Robert Jedicke of Spacewatch (credited) at Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona, United States. It is named after Asbolus, a centaur in Greek mythology and measures approximately 80 kilometers in diameter.

James V. Scotti
James Vernon Scotti (born 1960) is an American astronomer. He was born in Bandon, Oregon, and graduated from Edmonds Woodway High School in Edmonds, Washington in 1978. He received his B.Sc. in Astronomy from the University of Arizona in Tucson in 1983. Ever since that time, he has worked on the Spacewatch project, which is one of a number of projects that look for near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). He wrote the first automatic asteroid detection software for the project in 1984.
Jean-Pierre Rassam
Jean-Pierre Rassam (14 October 1941 – 28 January 1985) was a French film producer mostly active during the 1970s. He was found dead, age 43, in his suite at the Plaza Athénée, the cause of death being barbiturate overdose, in 1985.

The Mother and the Whore
The Mother and the Whore (French: La maman et la putain) is a 1973 French film directed by Jean Eustache and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud, Bernadette Lafont and Françoise Lebrun. An examination of the relationships between three characters in a love triangle, it was Eustache's first feature film and is considered his masterpiece. Eustache wrote the screenplay drawing inspiration from his own relationships, and shot the film from May to July 1972.

The film screened at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Grand Prix. With some divided initial critical reaction, it has been championed by later critics and filmmakers.
Christine Moorman
Christine Moorman is the T. Austin Finch Professor, Sr. of Business Administration at Fuqua School of Business, Duke University. She is known for her work on marketing strategy, marketing organization and marketing research. She served as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Marketing. Dr. Moorman is the Founder and Director of The CMO Survey.

Journal of Marketing
The Journal of Marketing is a bimonthly scholarly journal that publishes peer-reviewed research in marketing. It is published by the American Marketing Association. Established in 1936, It is the fourth-oldest major journal covering marketing issues; others include the Harvard Business Review (1920), the Journal of Retailing (1925), and the Journal of Business (1928).
SILC
SILC can refer to:

SILC (protocol) (Secure Internet Live Conferencing), a protocol that provides secure conferencing services over the Internet

Silicom Connectivity Solutions (NASDAQ: SILC), one of the RAD Group Companies

Solomon Islands Labour Corps, a World War II organization of native Solomon Islanders who served in the allied war effort

Stress-induced leakage current, an increase in the gate leakage current of a MOSFET, due to defects

Sydney Institute of Language and Commerce, a college in Shanghai University

The summer language program at the American International School-Salzburg

SILC, Swedish International Liberal Centre

Sydney Institute of Language and Commerce
SILC was co-founded by Shanghai University (SHU) and University of Technology Sydney (UTS) in 1994, as one of the first universities with an international program.  At the time, it only offered English language courses and diploma programs.

SILC is located in the Jiading District, a cultural and technological centre in Shanghai. Besides Jiading campus, Shanghai University has another two campuses, which are located in Baoshan and Yanchang. The SILC has 3 teaching buildings: Wembo, Wenshang and Wenda, a large sporting complex (Xingjian) a students learning building (Wende), and an administration building (Wenhui).

SILC employs over 160 faculty and staff. About 3,500 students are currently studying at SILC.
Joel Sherzer
Joel Fred Sherzer (March 18, 1942 – November 6, 2022) was an American anthropological linguist known for his research with the Guna people of Panama and his focus on verbal art and discourse-centered approaches to linguistic research. He co-founded the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America. Sherzer completed his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1968 and thereafter taught at the University of Texas at Austin for his entire career.

Guna people
The Guna (also spelled Kuna or Cuna) are an Indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. Guna people live in three politically autonomous comarcas or autonomous reservations in Panama, and in a few small villages in Colombia. There are also communities of Guna people in Panama City, Colón, and other cities. Most Guna live on small islands off the coast of the comarca of Guna Yala known as the San Blas Islands. The other two Guna comarcas in Panama are Guna de Madugandí and Guna de Wargandí. They are Guna-speaking people who once occupied the central region of what is now Panama and the neighboring San Blas Islands and still survive in marginal areas.

In the Guna language, they call themselves Dule or Tule, meaning "people", and the name of the language is Dulegaya, literally "people-mouth". The term was in the language itself spelled Kuna prior to a 2010 orthographic reform, but the Congreso General de la Nación Gunadule since 2010 has promoted the spelling Guna.
Gamaliel IV
Gamaliel IV (flourished probably late 3rd century CE; also known as Gamaliel IV ben Judah II) was the son of the nasi Judah II and father of  Judah III.

Gamaliel was the president of the Sanhedrin between 270 and 290 CE. However, due to Roman persecution, during his presidency the name Sanhedrin was dropped and its authoritative decisions were subsequently issued under the name Beth HaMidrash. His name is rarely mentioned in the Talmud, as his scholarship was considered inferior to that of his contemporary Rabbi Yochanan.

Hoshaiah Rabbah is said to have prevented Gamaliel from introducing into Syria a ruling referring to the tithing of crops. The Jerusalem Talmud tells a story of Gamaliel's humility: Once when Abbahu asked him a question about the law, Gamaliel speaks of his own ignorance in comparison with Abbahu.

Humility
Humility is the quality of being humble. While older definitions, such as the 1998 Oxford Dictionary entry, described humility as having a "low opinion of oneself" or "not being proudful", more recent psychological and philosophical definitions emphasize having an "accurate opinion of oneself". This modern view includes expressing modesty appropriately, possessing clear goal orientation, openness, broad-mindedness, and a non-imposing mentality.

Humility also refers to a proper sense of self-regard. It may be misinterpreted as the capacity to endure humiliation through self-denigration, with this misconception arising from the confusion of humility with traits like submissiveness and meekness.
Hugo Meynell
Hugo Meynell (June 1735 – 14 December 1808) was an English country landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1762 and 1780. He is generally seen as the father of modern fox hunting, became Master of Fox Hounds for the Quorn Hunt in Leicestershire in 1753 and continued in that role for another forty-seven years (the hunt is so called after Meynell's home, Quorn Hall in Quorndon, North Leicestershire).

House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the upper house of parliament, which is nominally superior. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons by convention becomes the prime minister. Other parliaments have also had a lower house called the "House of Commons".