hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Steve Liesman
Steve Liesman (born May 21, 1963) is an American journalist, senior economics reporter for the cable financial television channel CNBC. He is known for appearing on the CNBC programs Squawk Box and other business related topics on CNBC and NBC and using a paper "easel" while explaining the state of the United States economy.

Liesman won an Emmy Award for his coverage of the U.S. financial crisis. He shared the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting in 1999, recognizing Wall Street Journal coverage of the Russian financial crisis. Liesman wrote the first story in the series, "Missteps by Moscow, New Asian Turmoil Set Off Russian Crisis" (June 5, 1998), and contributed to at least one other; the prize was presented to Andrew Higgins and Liesman.

Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence.  In its first six years (1942–1947), it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – International.
Charles Gifford (Canadian politician)
Charles Gifford (February 24, 1821 – 20 April 1896) was an Ontario political figure. He represented Northumberland West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1872 to 1874.

Gifford was born in Exmouth, Devon, England in 1821. He was educated at Mount Radford School in Exeter, University College School in London and the University of London. He studied law and was called to the English bar in 1846. He served as captain in the local militia, later becoming colonel. He was elected to the provincial legislature in a by-election called in 1872 after the resignation of Alexander Fraser, the sitting member. He was defeated in the general election held in 1875. That same year, Gifford sponsored the building of a sailing ship built in Cobourg, the Countess of Dufferin, that raced in the America's Cup in 1876.

He died at Hamilton Township, Northumberland in 1896.

Cobourg
Cobourg (/ˈkoʊbɜːrɡ/ KOH-burg) is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Southern Ontario 95 km (59 mi) east of Toronto and 62 km (39 mi) east of Oshawa. It is the largest town in and seat of Northumberland County. Its nearest neighbour is Port Hope, 7 km (4 mi) to the west. It is located along Highway 401 (exits 472 and 474) and the former Highway 2 (now Northumberland County Road 2). To the south, Cobourg borders Lake Ontario. To the north, east and west, it is surrounded by Hamilton Township.
Climate change in the Americas
For details on climate change in North America, please see:

Climate change in Canada

Climate change in the Caribbean

Climate change in Greenland

Climate change in Grenada

Climate change in Guatemala

Climate change in Honduras

Climate change in Mexico

Climate change in Nicaragua

Climate change in the United States

For details on climate change in South America, please see:

Climate change in Argentina

Climate change in Brazil

Climate of Chile

Climate change in Colombia

Climate change in Ecuador

Climate change in Guyana

Climate change in Paraguay

Climate change in Peru

Climate change in Suriname

Climate change in Uruguay

Climate change in Venezuela

Climate change in Honduras
Climate change in Honduras is a major challenge for Honduras as it is one of the countries which is most at risk from climate change. The frequency of natural disasters in Honduras, such as floods, mudslides, tropical storms and hurricanes, is expected to increase as climate change intensifies. Over 40 percent of Hondurans work in the agricultural sector, which is impacted by increasing temperatures and reduced rainfall. However, agriculture could be dramatically impacted, which can hurt certain households in Honduras. Sanitation and food access is a major issue that is increasing due to climate change, as well as the loss of habitats for several endangered organisms.
Scenic Point
Scenic Point is a 7,522-foot-elevation (2,293-meter) mountain summit located in the Two Medicine area of Glacier National Park, in Glacier County, Montana, United States. It is situated in the Lewis Range, six miles northwest of East Glacier Park Village, and approximately seven miles east of the Continental Divide, with precipitation runoff from the mountain draining into the Two Medicine River watershed. Topographic relief is significant as the north aspect rises over 2,600 feet (790 meters) above Lower Two Medicine Lake in one mile. Access to the summit is via the Continental Divide National Scenic Trail which traverses the upper slopes of this mountain. The trail to Scenic Point was constructed by the Great Northern Railway, and the summit once hosted a locomotive bell, a Swiss Alps tradition. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1929 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and Hudson Bay.

Although there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Continental Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
Saskatchewan Highway 51
Highway 51 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from the Alberta border near Compeer, Alberta, where it is preceded by Highway 12, to Highway 4 in Biggar, 1.1 kilometres (0.7 mi) south of Highway 14. Highway 51 is approximately 155 kilometres (96 mi) long. It passes through the town of Kerrobert, where it shares a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) concurrency with Highway 21 and Highway 31.

Biggar, Saskatchewan
Biggar is a town in central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is on Highway 14, 93 kilometres (58 mi) west of Saskatoon.

Biggar has become well known for its unusual town slogan, an Olympic athlete, and a world-record deer. The town was featured on American morning newsmagazine The Today Show in February 2010 as part of an ongoing Canadian-oriented segment during the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Nagpur Teachers constituency
Nagpur Teachers constituency is one of 78 Legislative Council seats in Maharashtra. This constituency encompasses the entire Nagpur division, which includes the districts of Nagpur, Wardha, Bhandara, Gondia, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli.

Wardha district
Wardha district (Marathi pronunciation: [ʋəɾd̪ʰaː]) is in the state of Maharashtra in western India. This district is a part of Nagpur Division. The city of Wardha is the administrative headquarter of the district. Hinganghat, Pulgaon, Arvi and Wardha are the major cities in the District. The District had a population of 1,300,774, of which 26.28% were urban as of 2011.
Larry Schwarz
Larry Schwarz (born January 20, 1970) is an American animation producer, entrepreneur, writer, and photographer. He was the founder and CEO of now-defunct cartoon studio Animation Collective. He is best known for creating Kappa Mikey.

Nicktoons (American TV channel)
Nicktoons (formerly Nicktoons TV and Nicktoons Network) is an American pay television channel owned by the Nickelodeon Group, a sub-division of the Paramount Media Networks division of Paramount Skydance. Launched on May 1, 2002, the channel is geared towards children aged 7 to 11, and serves as an extension of the eponymous brand used by Nickelodeon for its original animated programming.

As of December 2023, Nicktoons is available to approximately 43 million pay television households in the United States, down from its peak of 69 million households in 2013.
James Bailey House
The James A. and Ruth M. Bailey House is a freestanding limestone mansion located at 10 St. Nicholas Place at West 150th Street in the Sugar Hill section of Harlem in Manhattan, New York City. The house was built from 1886 to 1888 and was designed by architect Samuel Burrage Reed in the Romanesque Revival style for circus impresario James Anthony Bailey of the Barnum & Bailey Circus.  When it was constructed there were few other buildings in the area, and as a result, sitting as it does on an escarpment, the Bailey Mansion had a clear view to the east of the Long Island Sound.

Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound is a marine sound and tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It lies predominantly between the U.S. state of Connecticut to the north and Long Island in New York state to the south. From west to east, the sound stretches 110 mi (180 km) from the East River and the Throgs Neck Bridge in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. The sound forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway.

A mix of freshwater from tributaries, and saltwater from the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles (34 km) at its widest point and varies in depth from 65 to 230 feet (20 to 70 m).
A. S. A. Arumugam
A. S. A. Arumugam was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Janata Party candidate from Virudhunagar constituency in 1984 election.

1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
The eighth legislative assembly election for Tamil Nadu was held on 24 December 1984. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the election and its general secretary, incumbent M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R) was sworn in as Chief Minister, for the third time. The election victory was mainly attributed to the sympathy wave created by Indira Gandhi's assassination and M.G.R's illness coupled with Rajiv Gandhi's popularity. This is the last election M.G.R contested as he died in office in 1987. This is also the only general election which M. Karunanidhi did not contest since 1957 until his death, as he sought to avoid a direct, disadvantageous contest due to a volatile political climate. As now, this is the last election where the ruling party gained seats.
Payne Creek (Florida)
Payne Creek (or Paynes Creek) is a tributary of the Peace River in Hardee County and Polk County, Florida, in the United States.

In April 1849, a trading post to serve Seminoles was built at the juncture of a stream then known as Hatse Lotka with the Peace River. On July 17, 1849, four Seminoles killed George Payne, the manager of the trading post, and James Whidden, the assistant manager. The site of the trading post is now in the Paynes Creek Historic State Park.

Polk County, Florida
Polk County (/poʊk/) is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 725,046 in the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 818,330 in July 2023. Its county seat is Bartow, and its largest city is Lakeland. Polk County comprises the Lakeland–Winter Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA). This MSA is the 77th-most populous one and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.

The center of Florida's population is located in Polk County, near the city of Lake Wales. Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities.
2018 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang – Doubles
Wu Di and Zhang Zhizhen were the defending champions but only Wu chose to defend his title, partnering Wu Yibing. Wu lost in the quarterfinals to Quentin Halys and Calvin Hemery.

Gong Maoxin and Zhang Ze won the title after defeating Ruben Gonzales and Christopher Rungkat 3–6, 7–6(9–7), [10–7] in the final.

Quentin Halys
Quentin Halys (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃tɛ̃ alis]; born 26 October 1996) is a French professional tennis player. Halys has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 46 achieved on 30 June 2025 and a doubles ranking of No. 88 achieved on 23 February 2026. He has won one ATP Tour doubles title and seven in singles and seven in doubles on the ATP Challenger Tour.
Special forces of Kazakhstan
The Special Forces of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстанның арнайы жасағы, romanized: Qazaqstannyñ arnaiy jasağy; Russian: Спецназ Казахстана, romanized: Spetsnaz Kazakhstana) trace their history to the Soviet-era spetsnaz units operating on the territory of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR. These units are the remnants of the former Soviet Army, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and GRU. Similarly to other post-Soviet states, Kazakhstan's special forces fall under the control of the Armed Forces of the Republic, the Ministry of Interior, and the National Security Committee.

Special Forces Day is officially celebrated on June 9, in honor of the signing by the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev of the decision on the formation of the Coordinating Council of Special Purpose Units of State Agencies under the Security Council.

Security Council of Kazakhstan
The Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Security Council RK, Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Қауіпсіздік Кеңесі, romanized: Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Qauıpsızdık Keñesı, ҚР Қауіпсіздік Кеңесі) is a constitutional advisory body of the Kazakh Government which aides and assists the President of Kazakhstan in implementation of military policy and law enforcement. The President, who is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan, is one of many permanent members of the council, which includes the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General Staff.

The current chairman is President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, following the January 5, 2022, dismissal of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev as chairman. The Secretary of the Security Council (currently Asset Issekeshev) is the second highest position in the council.
Fred Eversley
Frederick John Eversley (August 28, 1941 – March 14, 2025) was an American sculptor who lived in SoHo, New York, and for many years, as a Venice Beach resident, was associated with the California Light and Space movement. His parabolic resin sculptures have been exhibited in more than 200 galleries and museums worldwide.

Oakland Museum of California
The Oakland Museum of California or OMCA (formerly the Oakland Museum) is an interdisciplinary museum dedicated to the art, history, and natural science of California, located at 1000 Oak Street in Oakland, California. The museum contains more than 1.8 million objects dedicated to "telling the extraordinary story of California."
Phinally Phamous
Phinally Phamous is the second solo studio album by American rapper Lil Wyte. It was released on October 19, 2004 through Hypnotize Minds/Asylum Records. Recording sessions took place at Hypnotize Minds Studio in Memphis. Produced by DJ Paul and Juicy J, it features guest appearances from fellow Hypnotize Camp Posse members, as well as Dirtbag and Josey Scott. The album debuted at number 64 on the Billboard 200, number 6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number 4 on the Top Rap Albums charts in the United States. The album is Lil Wyte's only release that has been confirmed to be out of print as of 2012.

Lil Wyte
Patrick Dhane Lanshaw (born October 6, 1982), better known by his stage name Lil Wyte, is an American rapper and a member of the rap collective Hypnotize Minds and owner of the independent label Wyte Music.
Shepley Bulfinch
Shepley Bulfinch (Shepley Bulfinch Richardson & Abbott Inc.) is an international architecture, planning, and interior design firm with offices in Boston, Hartford, Houston, and Phoenix. It is one of the oldest architecture firms in continuous practice in the United States, and was recognized by the American Institute of Architects with its highest honor, the AIA Architecture Firm Award, in 1973.

Shepley Bulfinch was formed in Boston in 1874 as the architectural practice of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Following Richardson's death in 1886, the firm existed as Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge through 1915, then became Coolidge and Shattuck from 1915 through 1924, Coolidge Shepley Bulfinch and Abbott from 1924 through 1952, and Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott from 1952.

Wellesley, Massachusetts
Wellesley (/ˈwɛlzli/) is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Wellesley is part of the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The population was 29,550 at the time of the 2020 census. Wellesley College, Babson College, and a campus of Massachusetts Bay Community College are located in the town.
Tarsolepis sommeri
Tarsolepis sommeri is a moth in the family Notodontidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1821. It is found in the oriental region.
The larvae have been recorded on Nephelium lappaceum. Adults have been observed drinking tears (lachryphagy) from mammals.

Rambutan
Rambutan (/ræmˈbuːtən/ ram-BOO-tən; Indonesian pronunciation: [rambutan];Nephelium lappaceum) is a medium-sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae. The name also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. The rambutan is native to Southeast Asia. It is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits, including the lychee, longan, pulasan, and quenepa.
Photothermal effect
Photothermal effect is a phenomenon associated with electromagnetic radiation. It is produced by the photoexcitation of material, resulting in the production of thermal energy (heat).

It is sometimes used during treatment of blood vessel lesions, laser resurfacing, laser hair removal and laser surgery.

Photorejuvenation
Photorejuvenation is a skin treatment that uses lasers, intense pulsed light, or photodynamic therapy to treat skin conditions and remove effects of photoaging such as wrinkles, spots, and textures.  The process induces controlled wounds to the skin. This prompts the skin to heal itself, by creating new cells. This process—to a certain extent—removes the signs of photoaging. The technique was invented by Thomas L Roberts, III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s. Observed complications have included scarring, hyperpigmentation, acne, and herpes.
Arthur Raymond Brooks
Arthur Raymond Brooks (1 November 1895 – 17 July 1991) was an American World War I flying ace of the United States Army Air Service credited with shooting down multiple enemy aircraft. Among his most prominent achievements was when he single-handedly took on a squadron of German Fokker airplanes, officially downing 2 of them in one aerial battle piloting his SPAD XIII named Smith IV.  He was a pioneer in the development of radio navigational aids (NAVAIDs) used by pilots for location and navigation as well as air-to-ground communications. Brooks also participated in early endeavors to commercialize aviation as a passenger-carrying business and was one of the earliest commercial pilots involved with carrying mail (air mail) for the US Post Office Department.

Radio navigation
Radio navigation or radionavigation is the application of radio waves to determine a position of an object on the Earth, either the vessel or an obstruction.  Like radiolocation, it is a type of radiodetermination.

The basic principles are measurements from/to electric beacons, especially

Angular directions, e.g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry,

Distances, e.g. ranging by measurement of time of flight between one transmitter and multiple receivers or vice versa,

Distance differences by measurement of times of arrival of signals from one transmitter to multiple receivers or vice versa

Partly also velocity, e.g. by means of radio Doppler shift.

Combinations of these measurement principles also are important—e.g., many radars measure range and azimuth of a target.
Marseilles, Free State
Marseilles is a town in Free State, South Africa. It is infrequently served by a station of the South African Railways.

The town is located 113 km east of Bloemfontein and 24 km west of Ladybrand. It was named after the port city of Marseille in France (historically spelt Marseilles in English).

Transnet Freight Rail
Transnet Freight Rail is a South African rail transport company, formerly known as Spoornet.  It was part of the South African Railways and Harbours Administration, a state-controlled organisation that employed hundreds of thousands of people for decades from the first half of the 20th century and was widely referred to by the initials SAR&H (SAS&H in Afrikaans). Customer complaints about serious problems with Transnet Freight Rail's service were reported in 2010. Its head office is in Inyanda House in Parktown, Johannesburg.
ISO/IEC 19770
International standards in the ISO/IEC 19770 family of standards for IT asset management address both the processes and technology for managing software assets and related IT assets. Broadly speaking, the standard family belongs to the set of Software Asset Management (or SAM) standards and is integrated with other Management System Standards.

International standard
An international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Other prominent international standards organizations including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World Standards Cooperation alliance.
Fedor Jagor
Andreas Fedor Jagor (30 November 1816 – 11 February 1900) was a German ethnologist, naturalist and explorer who traveled throughout Asia in the second half of the 19th century collecting for Berlin museums.

Exploration
Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some expectation of discovery. Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory activity is common to most organisms capable of directed locomotion and the ability to learn, and has been described in, amongst others, social insects foraging behaviour, where feedback from returning individuals affects the activity of other members of the group.
M5 (Amsterdam Metro)
The Alstom Metropolis M5 is a fleet of 28 six-car electric multiple unit (EMU) trains for the Amsterdam Metro, delivered by the French manufacturer Alstom between 2012 and 2015. The trains are based on the Alstom Metropolis series, with variants in use by metro systems in various foreign cities such as Barcelona, Budapest, Santiago, and Shanghai. Although the trains are suitable for driverless operation, they are currently operated by drivers.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.