hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cyrus M. Butt
Cyrus Marion Butt Sr. (September 30, 1833 – August 27, 1921) was an American farmer, lawyer, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate during the 1869 and 1870 sessions, representing La Crosse and Vernon counties.  He also served six years as district attorney and 12 years as county judge in Vernon County, and served as a Union Army officer through much of the American Civil War. In historical documents, his name is often abbreviated as C. M. Butt.

23rd Wisconsin Legislature
The Twenty-Third Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 12, 1870, to March 17, 1870, in regular session.

Senators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 2, 1869. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 3, 1868.

The governor of Wisconsin during this entire term was Republican Lucius Fairchild, of Dane County, serving the first year of his third two-year term, having won re-election in the 1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.
Small-bias sample space
In theoretical computer science, a small-bias sample space (also known as -biased sample space,  -biased generator, or small-bias probability space) is a probability distribution that fools parity functions.
In other words, no parity function can distinguish between a small-bias sample space and the uniform distribution with high probability, and hence, small-bias sample spaces naturally give rise to pseudorandom generators for parity functions.

The main useful property of small-bias sample spaces is that they need far fewer truly random bits than the uniform distribution to fool parities.  Efficient constructions of small-bias sample spaces have found many applications in computer science, some of which are derandomization, error-correcting codes, and probabilistically checkable proofs.
The connection with error-correcting codes is in fact very strong since -biased sample spaces are equivalent to -balanced error-correcting codes.

Parity function
In Boolean algebra,  a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs is also known as the XOR function.

The parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of Boolean functions.

The output of the parity function is the parity bit.
Sizzler
Sizzler USA Restaurants, Inc., doing business as Sizzler, is a United States–based restaurant chain with headquarters in Mission Viejo, California, with locations mainly in California, plus some in the nearby states of Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon and Utah, as well as Puerto Rico. It is known for steak, seafood, and salad bar items.

Since 2023, Sizzler restaurants outside of the United States are owned by Thailand-based Minor International and are not related to the American firm.

In September 2020, Sizzler USA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy due to the COVID-19 pandemic hurting sales. The bankruptcy filing does not affect the similarly named Minor International affiliated restaurants that are located outside of the United States. Sizzler USA emerged from bankruptcy in January 2023.

Steak
A steak is a cut of meat sliced across muscle fibers, sometimes including a bone. It is normally grilled or fried, and can be diced or cooked in sauce.

Steaks are most commonly cut from cattle (beefsteak), but can also be cut from bison, buffalo, camel, goat, horse, kangaroo, sheep, ostrich, pigs, turkey, and deer, as well as various types of fish, especially salmon and large fish such as swordfish, shark, and marlin. Some cured meat, such as gammon, is commonly served as steak. Some cuts are categorized as steaks not because they are cut across the muscle fibers, but because they are relatively thin and cooked over a grill, such as skirt steak and flank steak.

Grilled portobello mushroom may be called mushroom steak, and similarly for other vegetarian dishes. Imitation steak is a food product that is formed into a steak shape from various pieces of meat. Grilled fruits such as watermelon have been used as vegetarian steak alternatives.
Fusarium patch
Fusarium patch is a disease in turf grass settings also called pink snow mold or Microdochium patch. In many cool season grass species in North America, it is caused by the fungus Microdochium nivale .  The white-pink mycelium on infected leaf blades is a distinguishing characteristic of the Microdochium nivale pathogen.  Fusarium patch is considered economically important in the turf grass industry because of its tendency to cause significant injury to golf greens, thereby decreasing putting surface quality.  Dissimilar from other snow molds, such as gray snow mold, Microdochium nivale does not need snow cover to cause widespread infection.

Propiconazole
Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide, also known as a DMI, or demethylation inhibiting fungicide due to its binding with and inhibiting the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme from demethylating a precursor to ergosterol.  Without this demethylation step, the ergosterols are not incorporated into the growing fungal cell membranes, and cellular growth is stopped.
Synduality: Echo of Ada
Synduality: Echo of Ada is a 2025 third-person shooter video game developed by Game Studio and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. It is a part of Bandai Namco Holdings' mixed-media project Synduality. It was released for PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S on January 23, 2025.

Players control the Drifters, freelancers who collect a rare resource known as AO Crystals. The game received mixed reviews from critics.

Game Studio (company)
Game Studio Corporation Ltd. (株式会社ゲームスタジオ) is a video game production company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. It was founded on August 14, 1985, by former Namco employee Masanobu Endō, who continued to develop projects for Namco through his company. The company is known for developing video games published by Namco, currently Bandai Namco Entertainment.

In April 2004, the company established a subsidiary company, Mobile & Game Studio.
Debbie Shawcross
Debbie Lindsay Shawcross is a British physician and clinician who is a professor at King's College London. Her research looks to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin chronic liver disease, with a focus on the gut-liver-brain axis.

Journal of Hepatology
Journal of Hepatology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1985 by Munksgaard International Publishers.  A supplement, Journal of Hepatology Supplement was also published in 1985, but ceased in the same year.

Elsevier took over publication in 2001. The journal is currently edited by Paolo Angeli and is published on a monthly basis. It is associated with the European Association for the Study of the Liver.
Neosecotium
Neosecotium is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1960 by American mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith. The type species, N. macrosporum, previously only known from the US, was recorded in Mexico in 2012.

Rolf Singer
Rolf Singer (June 23, 1906 – January 18, 1994) was a German mycologist and taxonomist of gilled mushrooms (agarics).

He wrote the book "The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy". He fled to various countries during the Nazi period, pursuing mycology in the Soviet Union, Argentina, and finally the United States, as mycologist at the Field Museum in Chicago.
Alexander Black (Canadian politician)
Alexander Kamloop Black (1832 – December 14, 1913) was a political figure in Manitoba. He represented St. Pauls from 1876 to 1878 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.

He was born in Île-à-la-Crosse, the son of Samuel Black and Angelique Cameron. In 1859, Black married Margaret Miller. He was elected to the Manitoba assembly in an 1876 by-election held following the death of Curtis Bird. Black died in San Francisco.

Samuel Black
Samuel Black (May 3, 1780 – February 8, 1841) was a Scottish fur trader and explorer, a clerk in the New North West Company (XYC) and Wintering Partner in the North West Company (NWC), and later clerk, chief trader, and chief factor in the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) for the Columbia District. In 1824, he explored the Finlay River and its tributaries in present-day north-central British Columbia, Canada, including the Muskwa, Omineca and Stikine for the HBC. His journals were published by the Hudson's Bay Record Society in 1955.
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [tomˈmaːzo ˈpaːdoa ˈskjɔppa]; 23 July 1940 – 18 December 2010) was an Italian banker and economist who served as Italy's Minister of Economy and Finance from 2006 to 2008. He previously served as a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2005. Padoa-Schioppa is considered as a founding father of the European single currency. He was a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.

Jacques Delors Institute
Notre Europe - Jacques Delors Institute (French: Notre Europe - Institut Jacques Delors), formerly Notre Europe (lit. 'Our Europe'), is an independent think tank based in Paris. Founded in 1996 by Jacques Delors, it aims to "think a united Europe." Enrico Letta currently serves as president of the Jacques Delors Institute, while Sylvie Matelly is its director.

The Institute was ranked 22nd among the 'Top Think Tanks in Western Europe' in the 2019 Global Go To Think Tank Report of the University of Pennsylvania, making it in third place among think tanks based in France.

The Jacques Delors Institute is part of the Jacques Delors Think Tanks Network, which also includes the Jacques Delors Centre in Berlin and Europe Jacques Delors in Brussels.
National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel
Neusiedler See-Seewinkel National Park (German: Nationalpark Neusiedler See-Seewinkel) is a national park in eastern Austria. The park extends over an area of 97 square kilometres of the province of Burgenland and protects parts of the westernmost lake of the Eurasian Steppe.

Little Hungarian Plain
The Little Hungarian Plain or Little Alföld (Hungarian: Kisalföld [ˈkiʃɒlføld], Slovak: Malá dunajská kotlina, German: Kleine Ungarische Tiefebene) is a plain (tectonic basin) of approximately 8,000 km² in northwestern Hungary, south-western Slovakia (Podunajská nížina – Danubian Lowland), and eastern Austria. It is a part of the Pannonian plain which covers most parts of Hungary.
Saddleback gunnel
The saddleback gunnel (Pholis ornata), also known as the saddled blenny, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Pholidae, the gunnels. This fish occurs in the shallow coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean.

Pholidae
Pholidae is a family of marine ray-finned fishes, known as gunnels, in the scorpaeniform suborder Zoarcoidei. These are fishes of the littoral zone and are mainly found in North Pacific Ocean, with two species found in the North Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean.
Deinopidae
Deinopidae, also known as net-casting spiders, are a family of circumtropical cribellate spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850. They are of stick-like elongated spiders that catch prey by stretching a web across their front legs before propelling themselves forward. These unusual webs will stretch two or three times their relaxed size, entangling any prey that touch them.

The posterior median eyes have excellent night vision, allowing them to cast nets accurately in low-light conditions. These eyes are larger than the others, and sometimes makes these spiders appear to only have two eyes. Ogre-faced spiders (Deinopis) are the best known genus in this family. The name refers to the perceived physical similarity to the mythological creature of the same name. This family also includes the humped-back spiders (Menneus).

Night vision
Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with scotopic vision or through a night-vision device. Night vision requires both sufficient spectral range and sufficient intensity range. Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals such as cats, dogs, foxes and rabbits, in part because the human eye lacks a tapetum lucidum, tissue behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina thus increasing the light available to the photoreceptors. The trade-off of night vision adaptation is less color clarity and detail (an adaptation the human eye excels at); an almost 'greyish' perception in bright daylight.
Trace field of a representation
In mathematics, the trace field of a linear group is the field generated by the traces of its elements. It is mostly studied for Kleinian and Fuchsian groups, though related objects are used in the theory of lattices in Lie groups, often under the name field of definition.

Trace (linear algebra)
In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix A, denoted tr(A), is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal, . It is only defined for a square matrix (n × n).

The trace of a matrix is the sum of its eigenvalues (counted with multiplicities). Also, tr(AB) = tr(BA) for any matrices A and B of the same size. Thus, similar matrices have the same trace. As a consequence, one can define the trace of a linear operator mapping a finite-dimensional vector space into itself, since all matrices describing such an operator with respect to a basis are similar.

The trace is related to the derivative of the determinant (see Jacobi's formula).
Japan Civil Aviation Bureau
The Japan Civil Aviation Bureau (航空局, Kōkūkyoku; JCAB) is the civil aviation authority of Japan and a division of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). Its head office is in the MLIT building in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is the Japanese equivalent of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.

Kasumigaseki
Kasumigaseki (霞が関, 霞ヶ関 or 霞ケ関) is a district in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Most government ministries are located in the neighbourhood, making its name a metonym for the Japanese bureaucracy, while Nagatachō refers to the elected government or legislative branch. It faces the Imperial Palace to the north, Hibiya Park to the east, and Nagatachō to the west.
Hessian group
In mathematics, the Hessian group is a finite group of order 216, introduced by Jordan (1877) who named it for Otto Hesse. It may be represented as the group of affine transformations with determinant 1 of the affine plane over the finite field of 3 elements. It has a normal subgroup that is an elementary abelian group of order 32, and the quotient by this subgroup is isomorphic to the group SL2(3) of order 24. It also acts on the Hesse pencil of elliptic curves, and forms the automorphism group of the Hesse configuration of the 9 inflection points of these curves and the  12 lines through triples of these points.

The triple cover of this group is a complex reflection group, 3[3]3[3]3 or  of order 648, and the product of this with a group of order 2 is another complex reflection group, 3[3]3[4]2 or  of order 1296.

Camille Jordan
Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan (French: [ʒɔʁdɑ̃]; 5 January 1838 – 22 January 1922) was a French mathematician, known both for his foundational work in group theory and for his textbook Cours d'analyse de l'École polytechnique.
Kiran Pisda
Kiran Pisda (born 16 August 2001) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Indian Women's League club Kickstart and the India women's national football team. She is the first player from Chhattisgarh to play for the Indian senior national team.

India women's national football team
The India women's national football team represents India in women's international football and is governed by the All India Football Federation. Under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and governed in Asia by the AFC. India is also part of the South Asian Football Federation. The team was one of the best in Asia in the mid-1970s to early 1980s, when they became runners-up in the 1979 and the 1983 AFC Women's Asian Cup. The Indian women's national team is yet to participate in the FIFA Women's World Cup and the Olympic Games.
Porphyrosela desmodiella
Porphyrosela desmodiella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Brazil, Cuba, the Virgin Islands (Saint Thomas), Canada (Ontario) and the United States (including Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, South Carolina, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, Florida, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, New York, Vermont and Washington).

The wingspan is 4.5–5 mm.

The larvae feed on Bradburya species, Centrosema virginianum, Desmodium species (including Desmodium tortuosum and Desmodium viridiflorum), Lespedeza species (including Lespedeza bicolor, Lespedeza capitata and Lespedeza thunbergii), Phaseolus species, Strophostyles leiosperma and Trifolium repens. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Desmodium
Desmodium is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae, sometimes called tick-trefoil, tick clover, hitch hikers or beggar lice. There are dozens of species and the delimitation of the genus has shifted much over time. Species are distributed widely – from Quebec to northern Argentina in the Americas, across northern and southern tropical Africa, in the southern Arabian Peninsula, in Myanmar and Thailand, New Guinea, and northern and eastern Australia.
History of the Puritans from 1649
From 1649 to 1660, Puritans in the Commonwealth of England were allied to the state power held by the military regime, headed by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell until he died in 1658. They broke into numerous sects, of which the Presbyterian group comprised most of the clergy, but was deficient in political power since Cromwell's sympathies were with the Independents. During this period, the term "Puritan" becomes largely moot, therefore, in British terms, though the situation in New England was very different. After the English Restoration, the Savoy Conference and Uniformity Act 1662 and Great Ejection drove most of the Puritan ministers from the Church of England, and the outlines of the Puritan movement changed over a few decades into the collections of Presbyterian and Congregational churches, operating as they could as Dissenters under changing regimes.

Lord Protector
Lord Protector (plural: Lords Protector) is a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes used to refer to holders of other temporary posts; for example, a regent acting for the absent monarch.
2016–17 FIS Cross-Country World Cup Finals
The 2016–17 FIS Cross-Country World Cup Finals were the 9th edition of the FIS Cross-Country World Cup Finals, an annual cross-country skiing mini-tour event. The three-day event was held in Québec City, Canada. It began on 17 March 2017 and concluded on 19 March 2017. It was the final competition round of the 2016–17 FIS Cross-Country World Cup.

Alex Harvey of Canada and Stina Nilsson of Sweden won the first stage of the mini-tour; a sprint freestyle. Johannes Høsflot Klæbo of Norway took over the men's overall leadership after winning the second stage. Klæbo won the overall standings by defending his leading positions on the third stage.
Marit Bjørgen of Norway won the two last stages; a mass start classic and a pursuit freestyle. She surpassed Heidi Weng; the leader of the ladies' overall standings after two stages, on the final stage.

Stina Nilsson
Stina Nilsson (born 24 June 1993) is a Swedish former biathlete and former cross-country skier. She is a five-time Olympic medalist and the 2018 Olympic champion in the individual sprint. In March 2020 she announced that she would switch to competing in biathlon. In April 2024, she announced her return to cross-country skiing, this time as a long-distance racer. On 2 March 2025, she won the women's edition of Vasaloppet.
Radne Raket 120
The Radne Raket 120 (English: Rocket) is a lightweight single cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine used for powered hang gliders, paramotors and ultralight aircraft that is built by Radne Motor AB of Haninge, Sweden.

Centrifugal clutch
A centrifugal clutch is an automatic clutch that uses centrifugal force to operate. The output shaft is disengaged at lower rotational speed and engages as the output increases to a certain speed. It is often used in mopeds, underbones, lawn mowers, go-karts, chainsaws, mini bikes, and some paramotors and boats to keep the engine from stalling when the output shaft is slowed or stopped abruptly, and to remove load when starting and idling. It has been superseded for automobile applications by the fluid coupling, torque converter and automated manual transmissions.
Commemorative coins of Latvia
The commemorative coins of Latvia are issued by the National Bank of Latvia, headquartered in Riga, Latvia, but minted outside Latvia by:

Rahapaja Oy (Mint of Finland): 3 + 26 coins

Valcambi sa (Switzerland): 14 coins

Royal Mint: 12 coins

Royal Dutch Mint: 6 coins

Austrian Mint: 5 coins

Berlin Mint 3 coins

Paris Mint: 1 coin

Austrian Mint
The Austrian Mint (German: Münze Österreich) is located in Vienna and is responsible for minting Austrian coins. Since 1989 it has been a public limited company (Aktiengesellschaft) and a subsidiary of Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank, which also has its headquarters in Vienna.

The Austrian Mint carries out both the design and stamping of the coins it produces. Until 2002 it was only responsible for minting the coins of the Austrian schilling; since then it has been responsible for producing the Austrian euro coins. The mint also produces other coins, such as gold bullion coins, as well as commemorative issues: the Vienna Philharmonic coins and the Maria Theresa thaler are produced by the Austrian mint, for example. The mint also supplies circulation coins and blanks to many other countries across the world. In addition to gold coins, the Austrian mint also produces silver coins, platinum coins, as well as bullions in various sizes.
Parties in the European Council during 1998
This article describes the party affiliations of the leaders of each member-state represented in the European Council during the year 1998. The list below gives the political party that each head of government, or head of state, belonged to at the national level, as well as the European political alliance to which that national party belonged. The states are listed from most to least populous. More populous states have greater influence in the council, in accordance with the system of Qualified Majority Voting.

European Council
The European Council (informally EUCO) is a collegiate body (directorial system) and a symbolic collective head of state, that defines the overall political direction and general priorities of the European Union (EU). It is composed of the heads of state or of government of the EU member states, the president of the European Council, and the president of the European Commission. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy also takes part in its meetings.

Established as an informal summit in 1975, the European Council was formalised as an institution in 2009 upon the commencement of the Treaty of Lisbon. Its current president is António Costa, former prime minister of Portugal.