hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apollo's Arrow
Apollo’s Arrow: The Science of Prediction and the Future of Everything is a non-fiction book about prediction written by Canadian author and mathematician David Orrell. The book was initially published in Canada by HarperCollins in 2007, and was a national bestseller. It was published in the United States as The Future of Everything: The Science of Prediction, and translated versions were also published in Japan, South Korea and China.

The book was taught as part of a university course in “Forecasting via Mathematical Modeling” at Gustavus Adolphus College in 2009.

Gustavus Adolphus College
Gustavus Adolphus College (/ɡəsˈteɪvəs/ gəs-TAY-vəs) is a private liberal arts college in St. Peter, Minnesota, United States. It was founded in 1862 by Swedish Americans led by Eric Norelius and is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It was named for Gustavus Adolphus, the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632. Its residential campus includes a 125-acre arboretum.
2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Men's 1000 metres
The 1000 meters distance for men in the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was contested over six races on six occasions, out of a total of six World Cup occasions for the season, with the first occasion taking place in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, on 8–10 November 2013, and the final occasion taking place in Heerenveen, Netherlands, on 14–16 March 2014.

Shani Davis of the United States won the cup, while Denny Morrison of Canada came second, and the defending champion, Kjeld Nuis of the Netherlands, came third.

Heerenveen
Heerenveen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦeːrə(ɱ)ˈveːn] ⓘ, West Frisian: It Hearrenfean [ət ˌjɛrn̩ˈfɪən] ⓘ, Stellingwerfs: et Vene) is a town and municipality in the province of Friesland (Fryslân), in the Northern Netherlands. In 2021, the town had a population of 29,790 (1 January) while the municipality had a population of 50,859 (1 July).

The town itself is located southeast of Sneek and southwest of Drachten. Heerenveen is the oldest peat canal village in the Netherlands. Heerenveen is the fourth-largest place in Friesland in terms of population, but is not one of the eleven Frisian cities.

The municipality was formed on 1 July 1934, from parts of former municipalities Aengwirden and Schoterland, and a portion of the municipality of Haskerland. Boarnsterhim also merged into Heerenveen on 1 January 2014.
CoreCard Corporation
CoreCard Corporation is an American financial technology company based in Norcross, Georgia. Before 2021, it was named Intelligent Systems Corporation and once sold portable computers, video terminals, expansion cards, and other peripherals through a variety of manufacturing subsidiaries.

Founded in 1973, the firm restructured as a master limited partnership in 1987, becoming Intelligent Systems Master Limited Partnership. In the 1990s, Intelligent Systems pivoted into providing venture capital for start-up technology firms, changing its name back to Intelligent Systems Corporation.

In 2021, the company changed its name to CoreCard Corporation, following another pivot to fintech. On October 30, 2025, Euronet Worldwide completed the purchase of the Georgia-based firm for approximately $260 million.

Peripheral
A peripheral  device, or simply peripheral, is an auxiliary hardware device that a computer uses to transfer information externally. A peripheral is a hardware component that is accessible to and controlled by a computer but is not a core component of the computer. It can communicate with a computer through wired or wireless connections. Many modern electronic devices, such as Internet-enabled digital watches, video game consoles, smartphones, and tablet computers, have interfaces for use as a peripheral.

Mouses and keyboards became the standard for computer peripheral input devices in the 1970s, while memory storage devices continued to be developed in new ways. Output devices, such as monitors, began as cathode rays, before switching to LCD monitors in the 1980s.
Skinhead Rob
Robert Aston (born October 29, 1978), better known by his stage name Skinhead Rob, is an American rapper best known as a founding member of the rap rock group the Transplants. He is also the lead vocalist in a D-beat punk band named Death March and a former member of hip-hop group Expensive Taste.

Haunted Cities
Haunted Cities is the second studio album by the American punk rock/hip hop band Transplants. It was released on June 21, 2005, via LaSalle Records/Atlantic Records, and sold close to 34,000 copies in its first week and came in at #28 on the US Billboard 200, #72 on the UK Albums Chart, #140 on the Top 200 Albums France.
Willie Williams (sprinter)
Willie Williams (September 12, 1931 – February 27, 2019) was an American sprinter who set the 100 metres world record in 1956 with a new time of 10.1s, one-tenth of a second faster than the record held jointly by 8 men.

Men's 100 metres world record progression
The first record in the 100 metres for men (athletics) was recognised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as World Athletics, in 1912.

As of 21 June 2011, the IAAF has ratified 67 records in the event, not including rescinded records.
Bill Schwartz (catcher)
William August Schwartz (April 3, 1864 – December 22, 1940) was a 19th-century baseball catcher who played for two seasons. He was born in Jamestown, Kentucky, and was Jewish. He played for the Columbus Buckeyes of the American Association in 1883 and the Cincinnati Outlaw Reds of the Union Association in 1884, playing in 31 career games.

American Association (1882–1891)
The American Association of Base Ball Clubs (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from 1882 to 1891. Together with the National League (NL), founded in 1876, the AA participated in an early version of the World Series seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the Temple Cup (1894–1897).

During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League". It was also sometimes called the "Beer and Whiskey League".
Eka language
Eka (autonym: o21 kha24; exonym: Menghua) is a Loloish language of Yunnan, China. There are 3,000 speakers in Yijiacun, Heliu, Shuangjiang County, Lincang Prefecture. Eka speakers claim to have migrated from Weishan County about 300 years ago.

Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County
Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County (Chinese: 巍山彝族回族自治县; pinyin: Wēishān Yízú Huízú Zìzhìxiàn; Xiao'erjing: وِشًا یِذُو خُوِذُو ذِجِشِیًا‎; Bai: Med•hot) is an autonomous county in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, in northwestern Yunnan Province, China. It was known as Menghua (蒙化) until the 1950s.

Weishan borders Midu County to the east, Nanjian County and Fengqing County to the south, Yangbi County and Changning County to the west, and Dali City to the north.
Wild water buffalo
The wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), also called Asian buffalo, Asiatic buffalo and wild buffalo, is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It was first described in 1792.

The wild water buffalo is the most likely ancestor of the domestic water buffalo. It has been listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1986, as the global population totals less than 4,000 mature individuals.

Feral
A feral (/ˈfɛrəl/; from Latin  fera 'a wild beast') animal or plant is one that lives in the wild but is descended from domesticated individuals. As with an introduced species, the introduction of feral animals or plants to non-native regions may disrupt ecosystems and has, in some cases, contributed to extinction of indigenous species.  The removal of feral species is a major focus of island restoration.
Yoncho Arsov
Yoncho Arsov (Bulgarian: Йончо Арсов; 12 September 1929 – 9 November 2011) was a Bulgarian football player and manager who played as a midfielder. He was a legendаry manager for AC Omonoia, winning 7 domestic trophies in total, 3 domestic leagues and 4 domestic cups, within the 7 in total years managing  AC Omonoia.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
Samsung YP-R0
The Samsung YP-R0 (also known as Samsung R0 worldwide or Yepp R0 in Korea or Samsung R'PLAY in France) is a portable media player made by Samsung, leaked on August 10, 2009 and first released end of October 2009 in Russia. It was developed along with the YP-R1 with which it shares several specifications (similar aluminum design, same Linux kernel and SoC).
The R0 is available in three different Flash memory capacities: 4 GB, 8 GB, and 16 GB. It comes in three different colors: black, silver and pink. Storage is expandable via a microSDHC slot with capacity up to 32 GB, and unofficially to 64 GB or more via FAT32 formatted SDXC cards. It features an aluminum case, a 2.6 inch TFT LCD with a resolution of 240 by 320 pixels, RDS FM tuner, tactile buttons and microUSB connector. Several EQ and sound effects are available through Samsung's DNSe 3.0 sound engine.

File Allocation Table
File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers and was the default file system for the DOS and Windows 9x operating systems. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on hard disks and other devices. The increase in disk drive capacity over time drove modifications to the design that resulted in versions: FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, and exFAT.

FAT was replaced with NTFS as the default file system on Microsoft operating systems starting with Windows XP. Nevertheless, FAT continues to be commonly used on relatively small capacity solid-state storage technologies such as USB flash drives, SD cards, MultiMediaCards (MMC) and eMMC because of its compatibility across operating systems and embedded systems, and ease of implementation.
President of the University of Michigan
The president of the University of Michigan is a constitutional officer who serves as the principal executive officer of the University of Michigan. The president is chosen by the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, as provided for in the Constitution of the State of Michigan. Fifteen people—fourteen men and one woman—have held the office, in addition to several others who have held it in either an acting or interim capacity.

The University of Michigan's current interim president is Domenico Grasso, former chancellor of the Dearborn campus. Grasso was appointed by the Board of Regents on May 8, 2025.

On January 12, 2026, Kent Syverud was elected to become the next president of the University of Michigan. Syverud is expected to assume the position by July 1.

Kent Syverud
Kent Douglas Syverud (SIV-er-rood; born October 23, 1956) is an American legal scholar who has been serving as the 12th chancellor and president of Syracuse University since January 2014. He will step down as Syracuse chancellor in June 2026 and assume the role of the incoming 16th president of the University of Michigan on July 1, 2026.

He respectively served as law school deans at Washington University in St. Louis in Missouri from 2005 to 2013 and at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee from 1997 to 2005. He served as associate dean for academic affairs at the University of Michigan Law School from 1995 to 1997.
John Tutchin
John Tutchin (c.1660 or 1664 – 23 September 1707) was a radical Whig controversialist and gadfly English journalist (born in Lymington, Hampshire), whose The Observator and earlier political activism earned him multiple trips before the bar.  He was of a Puritan background and held strongly anti-Catholic views.

Lymington
Lymington /ˈlɪmɪŋtən/ is a port town on the west bank of the Lymington River on the Solent, in the New Forest district of Hampshire, England.

The town faces Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, to which there is a car ferry service operated by Wightlink. It is within the civil parish of Lymington and Pennington. The town has a large tourist industry, based on proximity to the New Forest and its harbour. It is a major yachting centre with three marinas. In 2021 it had a population of 14,858.
William Zimmerle
William Gerlad Zimmerle is a scholar and archaeologist. He is also the Director of the Dhofar Ethnography Preservation Project and the Dhofar Rock Art & Arabian Inscriptions Project.

He is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Arts & Humanities department at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD).

Dhofar
Dhofar (Arabic: ظُفَّار, romanized: Ẓuffār) is the largest of the 11 governorates in the Sultanate of Oman by area. It lies in southwestern Oman, bordered on the west by Al Mahrah Governorate of Yemen, on the north by the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, on the east by Al Wusta Governorate, and on the south by the Arabian Sea, part of the Indian Ocean. It is a rather mountainous area that covers 99,300 km2 (38,300 sq mi) and had a population of 416,458 in the 2020 census. Salalah is the largest city and capital of the governorate. Historically, the region was a source of frankincense. The local dialect of Arabic is Dhofari Arabic, which is distinct from that used in the rest of Oman and in Yemen.
Hossein Alizadeh
Hossein Alizadeh (Persian: حسین علیزاده; born 24 August 1951) is an Iranian musician, composer, radif preserver, researcher, educator, and a prominent performer of the tar, shurangiz and setar. Alizadeh has collaborated with numerous vocalists and instrumentalists, including Shahram Nazeri, Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, Alireza Eftekhari and Jivan Gasparyan. He has also performed with various orchestras and ensembles, both in Iran and internationally, contributing significantly to contemporary interpretations of Persian classical music.

Dastgāh
Dastgāh (/dæstˈɡɑː/; Persian: دستگاه, Classical: [dastˈɡɑːh], Iran: [dæstˈɡɒː(h)]) is the standard musical system in Persian art music, standardised in the 19th century following the transition of Persian music from the Maqam modal system.

A dastgāh consists of a collection of musical melodies, gushehs. In a song played in a given dastgah, a musician starts with an introductory gusheh, and then meanders through various different gushehs, evoking different moods. Many gushehs in a given dastgah are related to an equivalent musical mode in Western music.

For example, most gushehs in Dastgāh-e Māhur correspond to the Ionian mode in the Major scale, whilst most gushehs in Dastgāh-e Shur correspond to the Phrygian mode.

In spite of 50 or more extant dastgāhs, 12 are most commonly played, with Dastgāh-e Šur and Dastgāh-e Māhur being referred to as the mothers of all dastgahs.
The Doctor's Secret (1929 film)
The Doctor's Secret is a 1929 American drama film directed by William C. deMille and written by William C. deMille. The film stars Ruth Chatterton, H. B. Warner, John Loder, Robert Edeson, Wilfred Noy, and Ethel Wales. It is based on the 1913 play Half an Hour by J. M. Barrie. The film was released on January 26, 1929, by Paramount Pictures. As part of the policy of multiple-language versions during the early sound era, a separate Swedish version was produced at the Joinville Studios in Paris and released the following year.

William C. deMille
William Churchill deMille (July 25, 1878 – March 5, 1955), also spelled de Mille or De Mille, was an American screenwriter and film director from the silent film era through the early 1930s. He was also a noted playwright prior to moving into film. Once he was established in film he specialized in adapting Broadway plays into silent films.
Ballusia
Ballusia was genus of small bear from the Early Miocene epoch, about 20.5-18 million years ago. Fossil remains attributed to the genus have been uncovered in Europe (Poland) and Asia (Russia, Mongolia, China). The genus Ballusia was established in 1998 on the basis of different fossils originally classified as various species of the genera Ursavus and Hemicyon, with B. elmensis as the type species.
The exact relationship of Ballusia to "true" bears (subfamily Ursinae, which include modern bears) are not yet fully understood: many palaeontologists have classified it as a primitive member of Ursinae, but its known skeletal elements have some features in common with the extinct bear subfamily Hemicyoninae. Because of this, some researchers refer Ballusia as "Ursidae incertae sedis". Ginsburg and Morales regarded B. elmenensis as ancestral to Ursavus, as did Marciszak and Lipecki, even though the temporal range of the two genera seems to have overlapped.

Hemicyoninae
Hemicyoninae is an extinct subfamily of Ursidae, often called dog bears (literally "half dog" (Greek: ἡμικυων hemi-kyōn)). They were bear-like carnivorans living in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia during the Oligocene through Miocene epochs 33.9–5.3 Ma, existing for approximately 28.6 million years. They are sometimes classified as a separate family.
Mestilbol
Mestilbol (brand name Monomestro or Monomestrol), also known as diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol. It was developed by Wallace & Tiernan Company, patented in 1940, and introduced for medical use in the 1940s, but is now no longer marketed. Mestilbol was available both as oral tablets and in oil for intramuscular injection. The drug is gradually demethylated in the body into diethylstilbestrol and hence is a prodrug of diethylstilbestrol. Mestilbol is a highly active estrogen, although somewhat less so than diethylstilbestrol, but is longer-lasting in comparison.

Novadel-Agene
Novadel-Agene was a Belleville, New Jersey–based company formed from the merger of Novadel Process Corporation and Agene Process in August 1928. Novadel Corporation was founded in 1926 to take over the American and Canadian rights to Novadel Process. Novadelox was first used in the bleaching of flour in the United States in 1921. Prior to this it had been used largely in European milling.

On September 23, 1953, one of its plants, in Tonawanda, New York, United States, exploded and caused 11 deaths.
Fatima Aziz
Fatima Aziz (Dari: فاطمه عزیز; Pashto: فاطمهٔ عزيز; 1973 – 12 March 2021) was an Afghan physician and politician. In 2005, she was elected to the lower house of parliament as representative of Kunduz province in Afghanistan's first free parliamentary election in decades. She was re-elected in the 2010 and 2018 elections. She served as an MP until her death from cancer in 2021.

Afghans
Afghans are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan. Afghans comprise various ethnic groups, of which Tajiks, Pushtuns, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest.

The two main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari (a variety of Persian) and Pashto. Historically, the ethnonym "Afghan" used to refer to Pashtuns, but later came to refer to all ethnicities in Afghanistan after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by King Mohammad Zahir Shah.
Venafi
Venafi, Inc. is a privately held cybersecurity company that develops software to secure and protect cryptographic keys and digital certificates.  Its enterprise key and certificate management and security products are certificate authority (CA) independent and manage security instruments such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) digital certificates and Secure Shell (SSH) keys.

Jeff Hudson (current chief executive officer) replaced Rohovit in October 2010, and the company moved to Salt Lake City, UT in 2013. Venafi is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has offices in California and the United Kingdom.

In May 2024, CyberArk announced the planned acquisition of Venafi from private equity firm Thoma Bravo for more than $1.5 billion, hoping to close the deal by the end of the year. On October 1, 2024, CyberArk announced that it had completed the transaction.

Thoma Bravo
Thoma Bravo, LP is an American private equity and growth capital firm based in Chicago, Illinois. It is known for being particularly active in acquiring enterprise software companies and has over $130 billion in assets under management as of 2023.

It is the successor to the firm Golder Thoma & Co., which was established in 1980 by Stanley Golder and Carl Thoma. Thoma Bravo is led by managing partners Seth Boro, Orlando Bravo, Scott Crabill, Lee Mitchell, Holden Spaht and Carl Thoma.

The company focuses on the application, infrastructure and cybersecurity software and technology-enabled business service sectors, and uses a "consolidation" or "buy and build" investment strategy.
Çiğ köfte
Çiğ köfte (Turkish pronunciation: [tʃiː cœfte]) or chee kofta is a kofta dish that is a regional specialty of southeastern Turkey in Urfa. The dish is served as an appetizer or meze.

Çiğ köfte is common to both Turkish and Armenian cuisine.

Traditionally made with raw meat, there are vegetarian variations made with bulgur, and in Urfa, a local meatless version is made with scrambled eggs. In Şanlıurfa province, locally prepared batches are sold by street vendors.

In 2008, public sales of çiğ köfte with raw meat were banned by the Health Ministry of Turkey due to health hazards, especially taeniasis, thus leaving only plant-based versions in shops and restaurants.

Taeniasis
Taeniasis is an infection within the intestines by adult tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia. There are generally no or only mild symptoms. Symptoms may occasionally include weight loss or abdominal pain. Segments of tapeworm may be seen in the stool. Complications of pork tapeworm may include cysticercosis.

Types of Taenia that cause infections in humans include Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). Taenia saginata is due to eating contaminated undercooked beef while Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica is from contaminated undercooked pork. Diagnosis is by examination of stool samples.

Prevention is by properly cooking meat. Treatment is generally with praziquantel, though niclosamide may also be used. Together with cysticercosis, infections affect about 50 million people globally. The disease is most common in the developing world. In the United States fewer than 1,000 cases occur annually.
Rossetti-class research vessel
The Rossetti class of coastal research vessels consists of two units operated by the Italian Navy and named as "Nave Esperienze" (experiences ship). The vessels are used by Centro Supporto Sperimentazioni Navali (Naval Experimentation Support Centre) for technologies research and development trials on anti-submarine weapons.

Research vessel
A research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship or boat designed, modified, or equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles which can be combined into a single vessel but others require a dedicated vessel. Due to the demanding nature of the work, research vessels may be constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters.