hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NS 8500
The NS 8500 was a series of tank engines with the C (0-6-0) wheel layout of the Dutch Railways (NS) and its predecessor Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen (SS). They were manufactured by Hohenzollern and Henschel & Sohn.

0-6-0
0-6-0 is the Whyte notation designation for steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. Historically, this was the most common wheel arrangement used on both tender and tank locomotives in versions with both inside and outside cylinders.

In the United Kingdom, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod coupled driving wheels. Under the UIC classification, popular in Europe, this wheel arrangement is written as C if the wheels are coupled with rods or gears, or Co if they are independently driven, the latter usually being electric and diesel-electric locomotives.
Teluk Bayur Grand Mosque
0°59′44″S 100°22′11″E﻿ / ﻿0.995672°S 100.369707°E﻿ / -0.995672; 100.369707

The Teluk Bayur Grand Mosque (Indonesian: Masjid Raya Teluk Bayur), also known as Surau Ateh, is an old mosque in Indonesia which is located near the Port of Teluk Bayur, South Padang district, Padang, West Sumatra. Although the mosque was previously a surau (Islamic assembly building) which was recorded to have stood since the 17th century, the building that stands at its current location was built during the Dutch colonization around the 19th century.

Today, other than being used as a religious site of Islam, the first floor of the mosque is also used as an educational place for the religion and a studying place for Pesantren (Islamic boarding school).

Surau
A surau is an Islamic assembly building, originating in West Sumatra and later found throughout the Malay Peninsula as well as in Thailand. Adapted from pre-Islamic assembly buildings, surau serve a similar purpose as a mosque and are used for the prayers as well as religious classes. A typical surau is located in a village or town and is built in an architectural style native to the locality.

In contemporary times, the word surau is synonymous with musalla and refers to prayer rooms in commercial spaces and educational institutions.
Vermilion Provincial Park
Vermilion Provincial Park is a provincial park located in east-central Alberta, Canada, in the County of Vermilion River.  It is located on the outskirts of the town of Vermilion, which is at the junction of Highways 16 (Yellowhead) and 41 (Buffalo Trail), between Edmonton and Lloydminster.

Lloydminster
Lloydminster is a city in Canada which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city is incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration.
Andrea Belag
Andrea Belag is a contemporary abstract painter. Belag studied the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture after attending Boston University and Bard College. She was a Faculty Member at the School of Visual Arts, in New York from 1995 to 2021.

Belag creates abstract artworks that are influenced by Zen gardens, nature, and contemporary art. In 2017, she completed Brooklyn Transitions, a commission located at Avenue U in Brooklyn for the MTA Arts & Design. 30 permanent glass artworks were installed on both the northbound and southbound platforms. Belag was awarded a commission by the New York Cultural Council to do a site-specific art installation for Fire Station EC268 LC137 in Far Rockaway, Queens for 2026.

School of Visual Arts
The School of Visual Arts New York City (SVA NYC) is a private for-profit art school in New York City. It was founded in 1947 and is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design.
Grand Rapids Township, Itasca County, Minnesota
Grand Rapids Township was a township in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 11,747 at the 2000 census. By the time of the 2010 census, the area of the former township had been divided between the cities of Grand Rapids, La Prairie, and Coleraine. As of 2025, the current mayor of the town of Grand Rapids is Tasha Connelly.

Grand Rapids Township was named for rapids on the Mississippi River.

Coleraine, Minnesota
Coleraine is a city in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States, near Grand Rapids.  The population was 2,006 at the 2020 census. The community was named after Thomas F. Cole, President of the Oliver Iron Mining Company.

U.S. Highway 169 serves as a main route in Coleraine.
Jason Leffler
Jason Charles Leffler (September 16, 1975 – June 12, 2013) was an American professional open-wheel and stock car racing driver. Leffler began racing in the open-wheel ranks, competing in the 2000 Indianapolis 500 before moving to primarily NASCAR competition. He died from injuries sustained in a 410 sprint car race at Bridgeport Speedway in Bridgeport, New Jersey.

Bridgeport, New Jersey
Bridgeport is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community that is part of Logan Township, in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. At the 2020 United States census, the population of the CDP was 389. in the 2010 census, the population was 504.

The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08014.
Keun Lee
Keun Lee (Korean: 이근; born 1959) is a South Korean economist and an academic. He is a distinguished professor at Chung-Ang University and Seoul National University (emeritus).

Lee's research has been focused in the areas of development economics, economics of innovation, corporate growth and innovation, and industry studies for emerging economies. He was awarded the Schumpeter Prize by the International Schumpeter Society in 2014 and the Kapp Prize by the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy in 2019. He is also a fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).

Innovation economics
Innovation economics is a growing field of economic theory and applied/experimental economics that emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship. It comprises both the application of any type of innovations, especially technological but not only, into economic use. In classical economics, this is the application of customer new technology into economic use; it could also refer to the field of innovation and experimental economics that refers the new economic science developments that may be considered innovative. In his 1942 book Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, economist Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy. He argued that evolving institutions, entrepreneurs, and technological changes were at the heart of economic growth; however, it is only in the early 21st century that "innovation economy", grounded in Schumpeter's ideas, became a mainstream concept.
Our Lady of the Miracles Cathedral, Kallianpur (Milagres Cathedral)
The Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles, Indo-Portuguese; Catedral de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres (formerly a parish church as the Church of Our Lady of Miracles, Portuguese: Igreja de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres), is a Roman Catholic Cathedral situated at Kallianpur in the Udupi district of Karnataka, India.

The Milagres Church was established in 1678 as a result of a treaty between Raja Shivappa Nayaka (the Ikkeris) of Bednore and the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein. The structure was rebuilt in its present form in 1881 AD, after the persecution of Mangalorean Christians at Seringapatam ended. The Milagres parish was elevated to the status of a cathedral church in 2012, giving a desirable fillip to the Konkani and South Canarese Christian people of the locality.

Shivappa Nayaka
Shivappa Nayaka (Kannada: ಶಿವಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ, 1618 – 25 September 1660), popularly known as Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, was an Indian king and ruler of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the Vijayanagara Empire in the coastal and Malnad (hill) districts of Karnataka, India, in the late 16th century. He was known as Sistina Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a tax system called Sist.
2022 Marlborough District Council election
The 2022 Marlborough District Council election was held on 8 October 2022 as part of the wider 2022 New Zealand local elections to elect members to sub-national councils and boards. These elections covered one district council, consisting of fourteen district councillors and one mayor.

Marlborough District
41°53′S 173°40′E﻿ / ﻿41.883°S 173.667°E﻿ / -41.883; 173.667

Marlborough District or the Marlborough Region (Māori: Te Tauihu-o-te-waka, or Tauihu), commonly known simply as Marlborough, is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand, located on the northeast of the South Island. It is administered by Marlborough District Council, a unitary authority, performing the functions of both a territorial authority and a regional council. The council is based at Blenheim, the largest town. The unitary region has a population of 50,800 (June 2025). It borders the Nelson Region and Tasman District to the west, and the Canterbury Region to the south.

Marlborough is known for its dry climate, the Marlborough Sounds, and Sauvignon blanc wine. It takes its name from the earlier Marlborough Province, which was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, an English general and statesman.
Gachetá
Gachetá, Cundinamarca is a municipality and town of Colombia, capital of the Guavio Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The urban centre of Gachetá is situated at an altitude of 1,745 metres (5,725 ft) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The municipality borders Machetá and Manta in the north, the department of Boyacá and Ubalá in the east, Gama and Junín in the south and Guatavita in the west.

Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)
The Cordillera Oriental (English: Eastern Ranges) is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north, dividing from the Colombian Massif in Huila Department to Norte de Santander Department where it splits into the Serranía del Perijá and the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuelan Andes. The highest peak is Ritacuba Blanco at 5,410 m (17,750 ft) in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.
2021 Saint Petersburg Challenger II – Doubles
Christopher Eubanks and Roberto Quiroz were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Jesper de Jong and Sem Verbeek won the title after defeating Konstantin Kravchuk and Denis Yevseyev 6–1, 3–6, [10–5] in the final.

Christopher Eubanks
Christopher Eubanks (/ˈjuːbæŋks/ YOO-banks; born May 5, 1996) is an American former professional tennis player. He had a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 29, achieved on 31 July 2023 and a best doubles ranking of No. 142, reached on 12 August 2024. His most notable result was reaching the quarterfinals at the 2023 Wimbledon.

He won one ATP Tour title at the 2023 Mallorca Championships.

Eubanks played college tennis for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. There, he was a two-time All-American and twice named ACC Player of the Year.
West Virginia Route 71
West Virginia Route 71 is a north–south state highway located within Mercer County, West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 52 in Bluewell, north of Bluefield. The northern terminus is at West Virginia Route 10 in Matoaka.

Matoaka, West Virginia
Matoaka is a census-designated place in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 173 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bluefield, WV-VA micropolitan area which has a population of 100,093. This town is named for Chief Powhatan's daughter Matoaka who was better known by her nickname "Pocahontas". Matoaka became an unincorporated town when it voted to dissolve its charter in May 2018.
Charles Liu
Charles Tsun-chu Liu (simplified Chinese: 刘俊初; traditional Chinese: 劉俊初; pinyin: Liú Jùn-chū; born 1968) is a Taiwanese-born American astronomer and astronomy educator. His research interests include merging and colliding galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN), and the star formation history of the universe. He is a former director of the William E. Macaulay Honors College and The Verrazzano School at the City University of New York's College of Staten Island.

He currently serves as a professor of physics and astronomy at the College of Staten Island, and as President of the Astronomical Society of New York. Liu is the 2024 recipient of the American Astronomical Society's (AAS) Education Prize, and was named an AAS Legacy Fellow in 2020.

Galaxy formation and evolution
In cosmology, the study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies. Galaxy formation is hypothesized to occur from structure formation theories, as a result of tiny quantum fluctuations in the aftermath of the Big Bang. The simplest model in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Lambda-CDM model—that is, clustering and merging allows galaxies to accumulate mass, determining both their shape and structure. Hydrodynamics simulation, which simulates both baryons and dark matter, is widely used to study galaxy formation and evolution.
The Mark of Kri
The Mark of Kri is a 2002 action-adventure game developed by San Diego Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It is the first game developed by San Diego Studio, which was formed through a merger between Red Zone Interactive and 989 Sports. The game was followed by Rise of the Kasai in 2005, which was developed by BottleRocket Entertainment, where the original team had relocated.

989 Studios
989 Studios was a division of Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA) that developed games for PlayStation consoles and Windows personal computers. Their games include EverQuest, Twisted Metal III, Twisted Metal 4, Syphon Filter, Syphon Filter 2, Jet Moto 3, Bust a Groove, and others.
Aleksandr Shubin (historian)
Alexander Vladlenovich Shubin (Russian: Александр Владленович Шубин; born July 18, 1965, in Moscow) is a Russian historian and politician.
Doctor of Sciences in Historical Sciences (2000), Professor at the State Academic University for the Humanities (since 2003) and the Russian State University for the Humanities (since 2007).
He's also Principal Researcher at the Federal State Institution of Science Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

He graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical University in 1989. He served in the Soviet Air Forces.

From 1989 he worked at the Federal State Institution of Science Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

He is the author more than 25 books.

Moscow State Pedagogical University
Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU)  is an educational and scientific institution in Moscow, Russia, with eighteen faculties and seven branches operational in other Russian cities. The institution had undergone a series of name changes since its establishment in 1872.
Corazón salvaje (novel)
Corazón salvaje (locally [koɾaˈson salˈβaxe]; English: Wild Heart) was a novel written by prolific Mexican writer Caridad Bravo Adams and published in 1957 after it had been adapted to the screen the previous year.

The story takes place in Martinique, starting in the late 1800s and ending with the 1902 volcanic eruption of Mt. Pelee in St. Pierre. It describes the life in the Caribbean of a boy who grows up to be a pirate (while his half-brother goes to study in France), and the two sisters who fall in love with him.

Eduardo Palomo
Eduardo Estrada Palomo (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈðwaɾðo paˈlomo]; (México City; May 13, 1962 – Los Angeles; November 6, 2003) was a Mexican actor. Palomo became famous across Mexico and Latin America after his 1993 Juan del Diablo characterization in Corazón salvaje.
Lepelsky Uyezd
Lepelsky Uyezd (Лепельский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Lepiel (Lepel).

Lyepyel
Lyepyel or Lepel is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus, located near Lyepyel Lake on the Vula River. It serves as the administrative center of Lyepyel District. Its population in the 1998 census was 19,400. As of 2025, it has a population of 16,895.
Mannitol dehydrogenase
In enzymology, mannitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.255) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are D-mannitol and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are D-mannose, reduced NADH and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is mannitol:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include MTD, and NAD+-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Lilliput Lane
Lilliput Lane, founded in 1982 by David Tate, was a company known for its extensive range of realistic miniature handmade models of real English and Welsh cottages and scenes. Formerly based in Workington, and Penrith, Cumbria, the company moved to Langholm in 2009. It has produced models ranging from The Tower of London and Tower Bridge to small fisherman's bothies as seen in the adjacent image. The models sell in over 50 countries around the world. In 2016, Enesco announced they were closing their production factory in Langholm, and also announced that Lilliput Lane would cease to be manufactured.
In January 2017, David Tate died after a nine-year battle with cancer.

Scale model
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.

Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.

Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
One Tree Hill, Honor Oak
One Tree Hill is a defining feature of Honor Oak, mostly in London Borough of Southwark but with parts also in the London Borough of Lewisham.  It includes a 7 hectare public park, local nature reserve and Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1, which is owned and managed by Southwark Council. Its name, and that of the Honor Oak area, derive from the Oak of Honor, a tree on the hill which marked the southern boundary of the Norman Honour of Gloucester.

One Tree Hill was  once a part of a much larger landscape called the Great North Wood. The London Wildlife Trust is currently working with Southwark Council and the Friends of One Tree Hill to improve the site for wildlife, as a part of its  Great North Wood Project.

London Borough of Lewisham
Lewisham (/ˈluːɪʃəm/ ⓘ LOO-ish-əm) is a London borough in south-east London, England. It forms part of Inner London. The principal settlement of the borough is Lewisham. The local authority is Lewisham London Borough Council, based in Catford. The Prime Meridian passes through Lewisham. Blackheath, Goldsmiths, University of London and Millwall F.C. are located within the borough.
Great Northern class M-1
The Great Northern Railway M-1 was a class of American 2-6-8-0 locomotives introduced in 1910. A total of 35 of these Mallet locomotives were built by Baldwin Locomotive Works for Great Northern Railway (GN) in two batches; the first 10 in December 1909 and a further 25 in June to August 1910. These engines were unusual because of their uneven driving wheel sets, the front having six driving wheels while the rear had eight.

All M-1's were converted from compound to simple-expansion cylinders from 1926 to 1927 and reclassified M-2. 22 M-2's were dismantled between 1929 and 1931, with parts being recycled for the new class O-7 Mikados numbered 3376-3396 in 1930. Three O7 Mikados were rebuilt to O8 Mikados numbered 3397-3399 in 1932. The 13 unrebuilt M-2's lasted until dieselisation and were sold for scrap between 1949 and 1954. No examples were preserved in any form.

Driving wheel
On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). On a conventional, non-articulated locomotive, the driving wheels are all coupled together with side rods (also known as coupling rods); normally one pair is directly driven by the main rod, or connecting rod, which is connected to the end of the piston rod; power is transmitted to the others through the side rods.

On diesel and electric locomotives, the driving wheels may be directly driven by the traction motors. Coupling rods are not usually used, and it is quite common for each axle to have its own motor.  Jackshaft drive and coupling rods were used in the past (e.g. in the Swiss Crocodile locomotive) but their use is now confined to shunter locomotives.

On an articulated locomotive or a duplex locomotive, driving wheels are grouped into sets with wheels within each set linked together.
Microrape shilluca
Microrape shilluca is a moth of the Megalopygidae family. It was described by William Schaus in 1929. It is found in Brazil.

The wingspan is 22 mm. The body is white, and the forelegs light drab. The wings are white, somewhat silvery and rather thinly scaled.

William Schaus
William Schaus (January 11, 1858, in New York City – June 20, 1942) was an American entomologist who became known for his major contribution to the knowledge and description of new species of the Neotropical Lepidoptera.
Count of Miranda do Corvo
Count of Miranda do Corvo (in Portuguese Conde de Miranda do Corvo) was a Portuguese title of nobility created by a royal decree, dated from 21 March 1611, by King Philip II of Portugal, also known as Philip III of Spain, and granted to Dom Henrique de Sousa Tavares.

Henrique was 26th Lord of the House of Sousa, Lord of Miranda do Corvo and Alcaide (Mayor) of Arronches.

The Prince Regent Pedro, Duke of Beja, on behalf of King Afonso VI of Portugal, granted the new title of Marquis of Arronches (in Portuguese Marquês de Arronches) by a royal decree dated from June 27, 1674 to Henrique de Sousa Tavares, who was already 3rd Count of Miranda do Corvo.

On 13 May 1796, a royal decree issued by Queen Maria I of Portugal, upgraded the title of Count of Miranda do Corvo to Duke of Miranda do Corvo (in Portuguese Duque de Miranda do Corvo), which should be borne by the Duke of Lafões' heir during his father's lifetime.

Peter II of Portugal
Dom Pedro II (Peter II; 26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706), nicknamed the Pacific (Português: o Pacífico) was King of Portugal from 1683 until his death, previously serving as regent for his brother Afonso VI from 1668 until his own accession. He was the fifth and last child of John IV and Luisa de Guzmán.