hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Association of Costs Lawyers
The Association of Costs Lawyers (ACL) is a professional association that represents costs lawyers in England and Wales. It was originally established in 1977 as the Association of Law Costs Draftsmen, but the name was changed in January 2011.

The ACL became an "authorised body" or legal regulator, specifically for law costs draftsmen, on 1 January 2007. As a consequence of Schedule 4 of the Legal Services Act 2007, the ACL was listed as one of a number of authorised bodies regulating the carrying out of reserved legal activities. Specifically, costs lawyers can conduct costs litigation, and can administer oaths, with rights of audience in all courts in England and Wales. Under Practice Direction 46.5 of the Civil Procedure Rules, a Fellow of the ACL (or a law costs draftsman with membership of The Academy of Experts or the Expert Witness Institute) can be retained by a litigant in person as experts on costs.

Oath
Traditionally, an oath (from Anglo-Saxon āþ, also a plight) is a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who object to making sacred oaths is to give an affirmation instead. Nowadays, even when there is no notion of sanctity involved, certain promises said out loud in ceremonial or juridical purpose are referred to as oaths. "To swear" is a verb used to describe the taking of an oath; to make a solemn vow.
Kerby House
The Kerby House, also known as the Randolph Plantation, is a historic Greek Revival plantation house and historic district in Prairieville, Alabama, United States.  This area of Hale County was included in Marengo County before the creation of Hale in 1867.  The Kerby House was built in 1850 by the Randolph family.  The main block is a one-story structure with a five-bay facade. A one-story wing joins the main block on the eastern side. The central bay is covered by a pedimented portico, supported by four simple box columns.  The entrance door surround is in the Greek Revival-style.  It is included in the Plantation Houses of the Alabama Canebrake and Their Associated Outbuildings Multiple Property Submission. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 1994, due to its architectural and historical significance.

Plantation house
A plantation house is the main house of a plantation, often a substantial farmhouse, which often serves as a symbol for the plantation as a whole. Plantation houses in the Southern United States and in other areas are known as quite grand and expensive architectural works today, though most were more utilitarian, working farmhouses.
2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series
The 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series was the 33rd season of the NASCAR Nationwide Series, the second national professional stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. It began with the DRIVE4COPD 300 at Daytona International Speedway on February 22, and ended with the Ford EcoBoost 300 at Homestead–Miami Speedway on November 15. This was also the final year that the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company sponsored the series, opting for increased involvement in the Sprint Cup Series, as well as the final season the series was broadcast by ESPN. Ford entered the season as the defending Manufacturer's Champion. After 2014, Xfinity became the series sponsor.

2014 Ford EcoBoost 400
The 2014 Ford EcoBoost 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on November 16, 2014, at Homestead–Miami Speedway in Homestead, Florida. Contested over 267 laps, it was the 36th and final race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, and the tenth and final race of the Chase for the Sprint Cup. This race marked the final NASCAR broadcast for ESPN, ending an eight-year stint covering the sport; as well as the final NASCAR broadcast for Allen Bestwick, who had covered the sport since 1986. He would remain with ESPN and ABC calling IndyCar races the following season. Kevin Harvick held off Ryan Newman to score the victory and score his first ever championship. Chevrolet clinched its twelfth consecutive manufacturers championship. Newman was second while Brad Keselowski, Paul Menard, and Jamie McMurray rounded out the top five. The top rookies of the race were Kyle Larson (13th), Justin Allgaier (15th), and Austin Dillon (25th).
Rangeley Lake State Park
Rangeley Lake State Park is a public recreation area occupying 870 acres (350 ha) on the southern shore of Rangeley Lake in Franklin County, Maine. The state park is partly in the town of Rangeley and partly in Rangeley Plantation. It is managed by the Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry.

The park is one of five Maine State Parks that were in the path of totality for the 2024 solar eclipse, with 2 minutes and 19 seconds of totality.

Rangeley, Maine
Rangeley is a town in Franklin County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,222 at the 2020 census. Rangeley is the center of the Rangeley Lakes Region, a resort area. The town includes the villages of Rangeley and Oquossoc, as well as the communities of Mooselookmeguntic, Bald Mountain, Mountainview, and South Rangeley.
Fortress of São João Baptista (Angra do Heroísmo)
The Fortress of São João Baptista (Portuguese: Forte de São João Baptista), also known as the Fort of São Filipe or Fort of Monte Brasil is a historic fortress and defensive emplacement, located in the civil parish of Sé, municipality of Angra do Heroísmo in the Portuguese island of Terceira, archipelago of the Azores.

Sé (Angra do Heroísmo)
Sé is a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 955, in an area of 1.65 km². It is one of the smallest parishes in Angra do Heroísmo.
Sabra (tank upgrade package)
The Sabra (Hebrew: סברה, "prickly pear") is a family of tank upgrade package  developed by Israel Military Industries for export market. The Mk II version of this upgrade package was used in one of the three Turkish Army's modernization programs of M60T tanks.

IMI Systems
IMI Systems, previously Israel Military Industries, also referred to as Ta'as (Hebrew: תע"ש מערכות ,התעשייה הצבאית), was an Israeli weapons manufacturer. The company manufactured weapons, munitions and military technology mainly for the Israeli security forces (especially Israel's army, the Israel Defense Forces or IDF).

On 25 November 2018, Elbit Systems completed the acquisition of IMI Systems and renamed it to Elbit Systems Land.
1990 SkyDome World Tennis Tournament – Doubles
Wojciech Fibak and Joakim Nyström were the champions of the event when it last took place, in 1986. Neither of them participated in 1990.Patrick Galbraith and David Macpherson won the title, defeating Neil Broad and Kevin Curren 2–6, 6–4, 6–3, in the final.

Neil Broad
Neil Broad (born 20 November 1966) is a former professional tennis player who represented Great Britain for most of his playing career. He is a former UK number 1 who won seven ATP tour doubles titles in his career, and won the silver medal in doubles at the 1996 Summer Olympics partnering Tim Henman.
Daft (album)
Daft is a compilation collecting the Art of Noise LP Who's Afraid of the Art of Noise? (with one track, "Snapshot", appearing in a longer version than on the original UK LP, but previously released on the Japanese version), along with portions of the Into Battle with the Art of Noise EP and "Moments in Love" remix single. It gives a fairly thorough overview of the Trevor Horn period of the group, prior to its split from the ZTT label. The compilation is also notable for its liner notes by Paul Morley (under the pseudonym Otto Flake), attacking the new incarnation of the group.
In 2003 the album was re-released on Super Audio CD.

Super Audio CD
Super Audio CD (SACD) is an optical disc format for audio storage introduced in 1999. It was developed jointly by Sony and Philips Electronics and intended to be the successor to the compact disc (CD) format.

The SACD format allows multiple audio channels (i.e., surround sound or multichannel sound). It also provides a higher bit rate and longer playing time than a conventional CD.

An SACD is designed to be played on an SACD player. A hybrid SACD contains a Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA) layer and can also be played on a standard CD player.
Nisa (Boeotia)
Nisa (Ancient Greek: Νίσα) was a city in ancient Boeotia, mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad, where the poet applies the epithet "divine" to the city.

Given the absence of written material in the more ancient authors about the location in Boeotia of Nisa, Strabo considered possible that the mention by Homer was an error and it was actually the city of Isus, although he cites a Nisa, which no longer existed, near Megara, whose inhabitants had emigrated to form a colony near the Mount Citheron, but in any case both populations were not in Boeotia. Other conjectures replaced the Nisa of the Homeric catalog by Creusa, Pharae or Nysa. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World treat it as unlocated.

Boeotia
Boeotia (/biˈoʊʃ(i)ə/ bee-OH-sh(ee-)ə; Greek: Βοιωτία, pronounced [vi.oˈti.a]; Ancient Greek: Βοιωτῐ́ᾱ, romanized: Boiōtĭ́ā) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its largest city is Thebes.

Boeotia was also a region of ancient Greece, from before the 6th century BC.
2025 Southport 24 Hour Race
The 54th West Lancashire Yacht Club 24-Hour Dinghy Race (more commonly known as the 2025 Southport 24 Hour Race) was an endurance dinghy sailing race that took place between 13 and 14 September 2025 on the Southport Marine Lake in Southport, England, hosted by West Lancashire Sailing Club.

As was the case in 2024, GP14s and Enterprises were both permitted to race, and for the first time since 2019, although only one race has been held without them due to cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsuquent financial issues assiciated with hosting the event, the Firefly was eligible to be raced at the event.

The event was won by the British National Firefly Class Association, becoming the third class association to win the race. Southampton University placed second also in a Firefly. The previous year's champions Budworth Sailing Club (A) finished third.

Enterprise (dinghy)
The Enterprise is a Bermuda rigged sailing dinghy with a double-chined hull and distinctive blue sails. Normally crewed by two, and sometimes carrying a third crew member, it may also be sailed single-handed.
Digital Dharma
Digital Dharma: One Man's Mission to Save a Culture is a 2012 American documentary film directed by Dafna Yachin.  The film depicts the 50-year journey by E. Gene Smith to hunt down and digitize over 20,000 missing volumes of ancient Tibetan text.

Digital Dharma premiered at the 2012 Sedona Film Festival and won awards at film festivals while also screening at museums and universities. It later received a theatrical release and was invited to qualify for Academy Award consideration by the International Documentary Association through the 2012 DocuWeeks program.

Digital Dharma has been called "a divinely inspired gift." Its story and Smith's mission have been described as "undeniably fascinating."

International Documentary Association
International Documentary Association (IDA), founded in 1982, is a non-profit 501(c)(3) that promotes nonfiction filmmakers, and is dedicated to increasing public awareness for the documentary genre. Their major program areas are: Advocacy, Filmmaker Services, Education, and Public Programs and Events.

Based in Los Angeles, the IDA has approximately 2,800 members in over 50 countries, providing a forum for supporters and suppliers of documentary filmmaking.
Non-attainment area
In United States environmental law, a non-attainment area is an area that exceeds pollution limits for one or more criteria pollutants: ozone (O3), atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5/PM10), lead (Pb), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Sulfur oxide
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are a group of chemical compounds composed of sulfur and oxygen. The most common sulfur oxides are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3). Sulfur oxides are produced naturally through volcanic activity and are also released into the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels and industrial processes.

Lower sulfur oxides (SnO, S7O2 and S6O2)

Sulfur monoxide (SO) and its dimer, disulfur dioxide (S2O2)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Sulfur trioxide (SO3)

Higher sulfur oxides (SO3, SO4, and polymeric condensates of them)

Disulfur monoxide (S2O)
Varendra University
Varendra University (VU) is a private university in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. It obtained approval from the Ministry of Education on March 14, 2012, and from the University Grants Commission (UGC) on March 20, 2012, under the Private University Act of 1992 and was the first UGC approved private university in Rajshahi. The founder is Hafizur Rahman Khan, Chairman VU Trust.

Ministry of Education (Bangladesh)
The Ministry of Education (Bengali: শিক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়, romanized: Śikkhā Montronaloy; abbreviated as MoE) is a ministry of the Government of Bangladesh responsible for secondary, higher, and tertiary education. Primary education and mass literacy fall under the separate Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, which oversees primary schools, literacy programs, and nationwide basic education initiatives.
German submarine U-1164
German submarine U-1164 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was ordered on 14 October 1941, and was laid down on 11 December 1942, at Danziger Werft AG, Danzig, as yard number 136. She was launched on 3 July 1943, and commissioned under the command of Kapitänleutnant Fokko Schlömer on 27 October 1943.

Kapitänleutnant
Kapitänleutnant, short: KptLt/in lists: KL, (English: captain lieutenant or lieutenant captain) is an officer grade of the captains' military hierarchy group (German: Hauptleute) of the modern German Bundeswehr. The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO, and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe. It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

The rank first appeared in the German Empire and continued in use through the Weimar Republic and into the Third Reich.
I Am Not a Witch
I Am Not a Witch is a 2017 drama film written and directed by Rungano Nyoni in her feature debut film.

It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival and won the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer for Nyoni and producer Emily Morgan at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It was selected as the British entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Directors' Fortnight
The Directors' Fortnight (French: Quinzaine des cinéastes, formerly Quinzaine des réalisateurs) is an independent section held in parallel to the Cannes Film Festival. It was started in 1969 by the French Directors Guild after the events of May 1968 resulted in cancellation of the Cannes festival as an act of solidarity with striking workers.

The Directors' Fortnight showcases a programme of shorts and feature films and documentaries worldwide.
Gniebing-Weißenbach
Gniebing-Weißenbach is a former municipality in the district of Südoststeiermark in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Feldbach.

Styria municipal structural reform
The Styria municipal structural reform (German: Steiermärkische Gemeindestrukturreform) was a local government reform in the Austrian state of Styria, which was made effective January 1, 2015. The reform nearly halved the number of Styrian municipalities from 542 to 287. The reform was intended to reduce costs and ease election of new town officials. The terms of the reform is formalized in the Styrian Municipality Structural Reform Act. (StGsrG). The law was adopted on December 17, 2013 by the Landtag of Styria, and promulgated on April 2, 2014.
Uvarovite
Uvarovite is a chromium-bearing garnet group species with the formula: Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3. It was discovered in 1832 by Germain Henri Hess who named it after Count Sergei Uvarov (1765–1855), a Russian statesman and amateur mineral collector. It is classified in the ugrandite group alongside the other calcium-bearing garnets andradite and grossular.

Uvarovite is the rarest of the common members of the garnet group, and is the only consistently green garnet species, with an emerald-green color. It occurs as well-formed fine-sized crystals.

Formula
In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula. The informal use of the term formula in science refers to the general construct of a relationship between given quantities.

The plural of formula can be either formulas (from the most common English plural noun form) or, under the influence of scientific Latin, formulae (from the original Latin).
Nikolai Lukyanchikov
Nikolai Lukyanchikov (born May 23, 1989) is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, Avangard Omsk, and Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod.

Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: Торпедо Нижний Новгород) is a professional ice hockey club in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. It is a member of the Bobrov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

The team's home arena is Trade Union Sport Palace. The team used to play its home games at Konovalenko Sports Palace, named after Viktor Konovalenko – one of the most famous Soviet goaltenders, who played for the Torpedoes.
James H. Fowler
James H. Fowler (born February 18, 1970) is an American social scientist specializing in social networks, cooperation, political participation, and genopolitics (the study of the genetic basis of political behavior). He is currently Professor of Medical Genetics in the School of Medicine and Professor of Political Science in the Division of Social Science at the University of California, San Diego.  He was named a 2010 Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.

Public participation (decision making)
Citizen participation or public participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions—and ideally exert influence—regarding political, economic, managerial, or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism).

For well-informed participation to occur, some scholars argue that a degree of transparency, such as radical transparency, is necessary but not sufficient. It has also been argued that those most affected by a decision should have the most say, while those least affected should have the least say.
Waldon
Waldon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alton Waldon (born 1936), American politician

Billy Ray Waldon (born 1952), American murderer

Connor Waldon (born 1995), English footballer

Keith Waldon, English football manager

Alton Waldon
Alton Ronald Waldon Jr. (December 21, 1936 – June 9, 2023) was an American politician and jurist from New York who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1986 to 1987 in addition to stints in the New York State Assembly from 1983 to 1986 and New York State Senate from 1991 to 2000, as a member of the Democratic Party.
Rüstow
Rüstow or Rustow is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Rüstow (1885–1963), German sociologist and economist

Alexander Rüstow (soldier) (1824–1866), Prussian soldier and military writer

Cäsar Rüstow (1826–1866), Prussian soldier and military writer

Dankwart Rustow (1924–1996), American political scientist

Marina Rustow, American historian

Wilhelm Rüstow (1821–1878), Prussian-born Swiss soldier and military writer

Alexander Rüstow
Alexander Rüstow (8 April 1885 – 30 June 1963) was a German sociologist and economist. At the Colloque Walter Lippmann in August 1938 he popularised the term "neoliberalism". He became one of the fathers of the "Social Market Economy" that shaped the economy of West Germany after World War II. Rüstow was the grandnephew of Wilhelm Rüstow, the grandson of Cäsar Rüstow and the father of Dankwart Rustow.
Shan Women's Action Network
The Shan Women's Action Network (Burmese: ရှမ်းအမျိုးသမီးရေးရာ ဆက်သွယ်လှုပ်ရှားဆောင်ရွက်ရေးအသင်း: abbreviated SWAN) is an organisation of Shan women active in Shan State and Thailand, working to attain gender equality and achieve justice for Shan women in the struggle for social and political change in Burma.

Through its affiliation with local, regional and international women's organisations, SWAN establishes common platforms to promote the role of women from Burma in the struggle for democracy and human rights in the country.

Set up on 28 March 1999 by a group of Shan women seeking to address the practical and strategic needs of Shan women, SWAN established the informal networks already in place between the various Shan women's projects, therefore strengthening and supporting them. The network is also a founding member of the Women's League of Burma (WLB), an umbrella organisation comprising twelve women's groups from Burma.

Umbrella organization
An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities and/or pool resources. In business, political, and other environments, it provides resources and identities to the smaller organizations. In this kind of arrangement, it is sometimes responsible, to some degree, for the groups under its care. Umbrella organizations are prominent in cooperatives and in civil society, and can engage in advocacy or collective bargaining on behalf of their members.
Wick, Devizes
Wick is a suburb of Devizes in the English county of Wiltshire. Until around 1800, when expansion of Devizes turned it into a suburb, Wick was a village. The area is in the south of Devizes and lies west off the A360, which passes from Devizes to Salisbury.

Salisbury
Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee, locally /ˈsɔːzbəri/ SAWZ-bər-ee) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 kilometres) from Southampton and 30 miles (50 kilometres) from Bath.

Salisbury is in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. An ancient cathedral was north of the present city at Old Sarum. A new cathedral was built near the meeting of the rivers and a settlement grew up around it, which received a city charter in 1227 as New Sarum. This continued to be its official name until 2009, when Salisbury City Council was established. Salisbury railway station is an interchange between the West of England Line and the Wessex Main Line.

Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is 8 miles (13 kilometres) northwest of Salisbury.