hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bin covering problem
In the bin covering problem, items of different sizes must be packed into a finite number of bins or containers, each of which must contain at least a certain given total size, in a way that maximizes the number of bins used.

This problem is a dual of the bin packing problem: in bin covering, the bin sizes are bounded from below and the goal is to maximize their number; in bin packing, the bin sizes are bounded from above and the goal is to minimize their number.

The problem is NP-hard, but there are various efficient approximation algorithms:

Algorithms covering at least 1/2, 2/3 or 3/4 of the optimum bin count asymptotically, running in time  respectively.

An asymptotic PTAS, algorithms with bounded worst-case behavior whose expected behavior is asymptotically-optimal for some discrete distributions, and a learning algorithm with asymptotically optimal expected behavior for all discrete distributions.

An asymptotic FPTAS.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Zhura
Zhura (/ˈzɜːrə/ ZUR-ə) is a free, web-based screenwriting software application for writing and formatting screenplays to the film industry standard, as well as other formats. Zhura allows users to collaborate on scripts in public or private groups and uses Creative Commons Licensing for all work in the public workspace.

On March 29, 2010, Zhura announced its merger with Scripped. Scripped's CEO, Sunil Rajaraman, remains the company's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as of 2022. The Zhura CEO was Eric MacDonald, a former Cascade Communications engineer. Scripped later closed on April 1, 2015 after a catastrophic, irrecoverable data loss.

Film industry
The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking, i.e., film production companies, film studios, cinematography, animation, film production, screenwriting, pre-production, post-production, film festivals, distribution, and actors. Though the expense involved in making film almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable filmmaking equipment, as well as an expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed independent film production to evolve.

In 2019, the global box office was worth $42.2 billion. When including box office and home entertainment revenue, the global film industry was worth $136 billion in 2018. Hollywood is the world's oldest national film industry, and largest in terms of box-office gross revenue.
Songs for Sentimentalists
Songs for Sentimentalists is an album released by Cathy Carr on the RCA Victor label in 1964.

It marks the end of Carr's attempts to revive her commercial pop career; instead, she opted for an album of standards from the early 20th century.

The Dynagroove process was applied to this album. As of 2009, it has not been rereleased on CD.

Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly
Jimmy Campbell (born James Alexander Campbell-Tyrie; 5 April 1903–19 August 1967) and Reg Connelly (born Reginald John Connelly; 22 October 1895–23 September 1963) were English songwriters and music publishers.  Writing together in the 1920s and 1930s, they sometimes used the pseudonym Irving King for their song compositions, and often worked as lyricists in collaboration with other composers.   Together, they established the successful music publishing firm Campbell Connelly.
Winnipeg Route 30
Route 30 is a city route in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It runs from Highway 1/Route 135 (Fermor Avenue) to Route 37 (Nairn Avenue).

The route follows Archibald Street north from Fermor Avenue (Route 135), passing under the CPR mainline, to Desalaberry Avenue, where the name changes to Watt Street (formerly Archibald Street North). It continues north for one block to Nairn Avenue (Route 37). Historically, the CPR mainline was the boundary between the Parishes of Saint Boniface and Kildonan.

This principal arterial road runs through primarily industrial areas east of downtown, in St. Boniface. With the exception of a short stretch near the intersection of Fermor Avenue, the speed limit is 60 km/h (35 mph).

Arterial road
An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a high-capacity urban road that sits below highways on the road hierarchy in terms of traffic flow and speed. The primary function of an arterial road is to deliver traffic from collector roads to highways or expressways, and between urban hubs at a relatively high level of service. Therefore, many arteries are limited-access roads or feature restrictions on private access. Because of their relatively high accessibility, many major roads face large amounts of land use and urban development, making them significant urban places.

In traffic engineering hierarchy, an arterial road delivers traffic between collector roads and highways. For new arterial roads, intersections are often reduced to increase traffic flow. In California, arterial roads are usually spaced every half mile, and have intersecting collector(s) and streets.
Maling (surname)
Maling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Maling (1923–2013), American writer

George Allan Maling (1888–1929), English doctor and recipient of the Victoria Cross

Harriet Florence Maling (1918–1987), American pharmacologist

Joan Maling, American linguist

John Allan Maling (1920–2012), British soldier of the Second World War who won the Military Cross

John Darwin Maling (1915–2009), British Indian Army officer

Simon Maling (born 1975), New Zealand rugby player

Thomas James Maling (1778–1849), Royal Navy officer

George Allan Maling
George Allan Maling VC (6 October 1888 – 9 July 1929) was an English medical doctor and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
1972 Race of Champions
The 1972 Race of Champions was a non-championship Formula One race held at Brands Hatch on 19 March 1972. The race was also open to Formula 5000 cars. F1 driver Emerson Fittipaldi qualified on pole, set fastest lap and won. Alan Rollinson was the best-placed F5000 finisher, and tenth overall.

Formula 5000
Formula 5000 (or F5000) was an open wheel, single seater auto-racing formula that ran in different series in various regions around the world from 1968 to 1982. It was originally intended as a low-cost series aimed at open-wheel racing cars that no longer fit into any particular formula. The '5000' denomination comes from the maximum 5.0 litre engine capacity allowed in the cars, although many cars ran with smaller engines. Manufacturers included McLaren, Eagle, March, Lola, Lotus, Elfin, Matich and Chevron.

In its declining years in North America Formula 5000 was re-booted as the Can-Am series with cars being modified into closed wheel, but still single-seat sports car category.
Electronic trial master file
An electronic trial master file (eTMF) is a trial master file in electronic (digital content) format. It is a type of content management system for the pharmaceutical industry, providing a formalized means of organizing and storing documents, images, and other digital content for pharmaceutical clinical trials that may be required for compliance with government regulatory agencies. The term eTMF encompasses strategies, methods and tools used throughout the lifecycle of the clinical trial regulated content.  An eTMF system consists of software and hardware that facilitates the management of regulated clinical trial content.  Regulatory agencies have outlined the required components of eTMF systems that use electronic means to store the content of a clinical trial, requiring that they include:  Digital content archiving, security and access control, change controls, audit trails, and system validation.

Regulatory agency
A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous jurisdiction over some area of human activity in a licensing and regulating capacity. Examples of responsibilities include strengthening safety and standards, and/or to protect consumers in markets where there is a lack of effective competition. Examples of regulatory agencies that enforce standards include the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom; and, in the case of economic regulation, the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets and the Telecom Regulatory Authority in India.
Schlechteranthus
Schlechteranthus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae.

It is native to the Cape Provinces within the South African Republic.

The genus name of Schlechteranthus is in honour of Max Schlechter (1874–1960), brother and colleague of Rudolf Schlechter (a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids). While, Max was a German collector of natural history specimens. 
It was first described and published in Monatsschr. Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. Vol.1 on page 16 in 1929.

Rudolf Schlechter
Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids.

He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America and Australia.

His vast herbarium was destroyed during the bombing of Berlin in 1945.
Éderson (footballer, born 1989)
Éderson Alves Ribeiro Silva (born 13 March 1989), simply known as Éderson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker. During the 2013 season, he scored 21 goals out of 36 Série A games which made him the league top scorer.

2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 57th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Fluminense came in as the defending champions, having won the title in the 2012 season. On 13 November 2013, Cruzeiro won the title for the club's third time.

For the first time since the league adopted the 20-team, double round-robin format, all four teams promoted from Série B survived.
Transient screen
A transient screen is a pop-up screen such as a notification or dialog screen on a mobile phone.

It covers only part of the screen as well as dimming the remaining area.  It helps to give the user a potentially high priority message, such as a new text message, voice mail or incoming phone call, either when the user gives the phone their attention, for example, by opening a flip phone or when running an application such as a game in the foreground.

Voicemail
A voicemail system (also known as voice message or voice bank) is a computer-based system that allows callers to leave a recorded message when the recipient has been unable (or unwilling) to answer the phone. Calls may be directed to voicemail manually or automatically. The caller is prompted to leave a message that the recipient can retrieve at a later time.

Voicemail can be used for personal calls, but more complex systems exist for companies and services to handle the volume of customer requests. The term is also used more broadly to denote any system of conveying stored telecommunications voice messages, including using older technology like answering machines.
Point Pedro Electoral District
Point Pedro Electoral District was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Point Pedro in Jaffna District, Northern Province. Udupiddy Electoral District was carved out of the western part of the district in March 1960. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Point Pedro electoral district was replaced by the Jaffna multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Point Pedro continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.

Elections in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. Sri Lanka has a multi-party system, with two dominant political parties. All elections are administered by the Election Commission of Sri Lanka.
2012 Oklahoma wildfires
The 2012 Oklahoma wildfires were a series of wildfires which impacted areas throughout the state of Oklahoma. Starting earlier in the year, a widespread drought caused many areas to be exposed to wildfires.

Starting in late July and early August, the wildfires burned at least 52,000 acres, and destroyed at least 121 homes and businesses. A wildfire near Luther in Central Oklahoma destroyed about 50 homes and other buildings before getting under control on August 4. Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin declared a state of emergency on July 30 due to the drought and wildfires.

Although property damage was substantial, no human lives due to the fires were reported. This may have been because a number of threatened communities were evacuated before fires reached them.

Central Oklahoma
Central Oklahoma is the geographical name for the central region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is also known by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism designation, Frontier Country, defined as the 12-county region including Canadian, Grady, Logan, Oklahoma, Cleveland, McClain, Payne, Lincoln, Pottawatomie, Seminole, Okfuskee, and Hughes counties.

Central Oklahoma is dominated by the largest urban area in the state, the Greater Oklahoma City area. Oklahoma City is the political, economic, tourism, commercial, industrial, financial, and geographical hub of the state, as well as being its primary cultural center. The only Central Oklahoma city which is not officially considered a suburb of Oklahoma City is Stillwater, Oklahoma.
Franceska Rapkin
Franceska Rapkin (15 May 1936 – 13 December 2001) was a British thematic philatelist who was appointed to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1998. She was the first chairperson of the British Thematic Association.

She was a refugee with her parents from Nazi Germany.

She was the first British philatelist to win a gold medal for a thematic exhibit which she did with her entry, "1936 Olympic Games" at ISRAPHIL ’85. In 1988, she received a second Gold model at OLYMPHILEX ’88. In 1989 she won the Congress Medal of the Association of British Philatelic Societies.

She is a member of the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame.

Association of British Philatelic Societies
The Association of British Philatelic Societies, commonly known as the ABPS, is the British national association of philatelic societies, regional philatelic federations, and specialist philatelic societies.
Parornix scoticella
Parornix scoticella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe.

The wingspan is about 10 mm. The head is whitish, mixed with fuscous. Palpi white. Forewings are dark fuscous, towards base irrorated with white: numerous costal strigulae, a spot in disc posteriorly, and two dorsal spots preceded by blackish spots white; a black apical spot, anteriorly white-margined; cilia with three entire dark fuscous lines. Hindwings are grey. The larva is pale yellow-green; dorsal line dark green or red-brown; head pale brown; segment 2 with four black spots.

Adults are on wing in May and again in August in two generations in southern parts of the range and in one generation with adults in August in the north.

The larvae feed on Cotoneaster nebrodensis, Malus sylvestris, Sorbus aria, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Sorbus intermedia and Sorbus torminalis. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Chamaemespilus
Chamaemespilus is a genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Chamaemespilus alpina, commonly known as false medlar or dwarf whitebeam. It is native to the mountains of central and southern Europe, from the Pyrenees east through the Alps to the Carpathians and the Balkans, growing at elevations of up to 2500 m.
Wachtmeister (surname)
Wachtmeister (German for "sergeant" or "constable") is a Swedish and Austrian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister (1926–2017), Swedish countess

Axel Wachtmeister (1643–1699), Swedish count and field marshal

Carl Wachtmeister (disambiguation), several people

Constance Wachtmeister (1838–1910), English/French countess, theosophist

Erik Wachtmeister (born 1955), co-founder of ASmallWorld

Fredrik Wachtmeister (1855–1919), Swedish politician and diplomat

Gustaf Wachtmeister (1757–1826), Swedish Army officer

Hans Wachtmeister (1642–1714), admiral general of the Swedish Navy

Ian Wachtmeister (1932–2017), Swedish industrialist and politician

Louise Wachtmeister (born 1978), co-founder of ASmallWorld

Rosina Wachtmeister (born 1939), Austrian artist

Ted Wachtmeister (1892–1975), Swedish jurist, reserve officer and rower

Wilhelm Wachtmeister (1923–2012), Swedish diplomat

Gustaf Wachtmeister
Gustaf Wachtmeister (25 July 1757 – 20 July 1826) was a Swedish Army officer made famous at the Battle of Valkeala in Finland in 1789 against Russia where he was wounded by a musket shot to his arm, which had to be amputated. He was made the hero of the hour by King Gustav III who was in desperate need of publicity as he tried to silence domestic opposition with a crushing victory over Russia.
Elena-Maria Smon Wolay
Elena-Maria Smon Wolay (born 23 April 1986) is a Swedish entertainment personality, DJ, cabaret dancer, blogger and nightclub concept developer.

Elena Wolay grew up in Jönköping to parents from Eritrea.

She is in charge of developing nightclub concepts for 'Berns', one of Stockholms more famous establishments plus serving as afterwork resident-DJ at five star hotel Reisen and running a jazz club among other projects.

Smon Wolay has also deejayed at the Swedish Sex and the City 2 gala premiere, Way Out West music festival, the wedding of Jan Bengtsson (heir to clothing company H&M) and Cirkusprinsessan, an international circus world championship for females only. She has also modeled in Nöjesguiden magazine.

Jönköping
Jönköping (/ˈjɜːn(t)ʃɜːpɪŋ/, Swedish: [ˈjœ̂nːˌɕøːpɪŋ] ⓘ) is a city in southern Sweden with 112,766 inhabitants (2022). Jönköping is situated on the southern shore of Sweden's second largest lake, Vättern, in the province of Småland.

The city is the seat of Jönköping Municipality, which has a population of 144,699 (2022) and is Småland's most populous municipality. Jönköping is also the seat of Jönköping County which has a population of 367,064 (2022). Jönköping is the seat of a district court and a court of appeal as well as the Swedish National Courts Administration. It is also the seat of the Swedish Board of Agriculture.
The Whalers
The Whalers is a cartoon produced by Walt Disney Productions, released by RKO Radio Pictures on August 19, 1938, and featuring Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Goofy.

The short was directed by Dick Huemer. It featured the voices of Clarence 'Ducky' Nash as Donald Duck and Pinto Colvig as Goofy. Mickey does not speak in this short. It was animated by Ed Love, Marvin Woodward, Art Babbitt, Frank Oreb, Robert Leffingwell, Louie Schmitt, Lee Morehouse, Al Eugster, Josh Meador, Eric Larson, Preston Blair and Milt Schaffer. The music was provided by Albert Hay Malotte, uncredited in the film. It was the 101st short in the Mickey Mouse film series to be released, and the third for that year.

Cartoon
A cartoon is a type of visual art that is typically drawn, frequently animated, in an unrealistic or semi-realistic style. The specific meaning has evolved, but the modern usage usually refers to either: an image or series of images intended for satire, caricature, or humor; or a motion picture that relies on a sequence of illustrations for its animation. Someone who creates cartoons in the first sense is called a cartoonist, and in the second sense they are usually called an animator.

The concept originated in the Middle Ages, and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, beginning in Punch magazine in 1843, cartoon came to refer – ironically at first – to humorous artworks in magazines and newspapers. Then it also was used for political cartoons and comic strips. When the medium developed, in the early 20th century, it began to refer to animated films that resembled print cartoons.
Robert Douglas (1727–1809)
Robert Douglas (1727 – 1809) was a Dutch States Army officer from Scotland who was commander of the garrison city of 's-Hertogenbosch in the Dutch Republic from 1780 to 1794. He was governor there from 1784.

Douglas was a major-general from 1778, and replaced Ludwig Ernst von Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern at 's-Hertogenbosch. He was the son of George Douglas of Friarshaw and his wife, Elizabeth Scott (daughter of Sir Patrick Scott, Bart. of Ancrum). His grandfather was Henry Douglas, 6th laird of Friarshaw.

's-Hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch: [ˌsɛrtoːɣə(m)ˈbɔs] ⓘ), colloquially known as Den Bosch (pronounced [dɛm ˈbɔs] ⓘ), is a city and municipality in the Netherlands with a population of 160,783. It is the capital of the province of North Brabant and its fourth largest city by population. The city is directly south of the Maas river and near the Waal.
Minha Loja de Discos
Minha Loja de Discos (Portuguese pronunciation: [miɲa loʒa dɛ dʒiscos]; English: My Record Store) is a Portuguese-language television documentary series focusing on independent record stores and local music scenes in  various cities. The series was produced by Ton Ton Films in partnership with Canal Bis, running for three seasons from 2013 to 2015.

Globosat
Globosat, was a Brazilian pay television content service, part of Grupo Globo. Established in 1991, after the creation of subscription television services in Brazil, with 29 channels and over 1,000 employees, it is the largest pay television content provider in Brazil, as well as of Latin America, comprising a domestic audience of 45 million viewers distributed among more than 15 million households.
Walter William Massey
Walter William Massey (28 January 1882 – 8 November 1959) was a New Zealand politician of the Reform Party.

He represented the Hauraki electorate from the 1931 by-election (after the death of Arthur Hall), to 1935 when he was defeated by Charles Robert Petrie of the Labour Party.

He was a son of Prime Minister William Massey, and brother of Jack Massey who represented the Franklin electorate.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

Reform Party (New Zealand)
The Reform Party, formally the New Zealand Political Reform League, was New Zealand's second major political party, having been founded as a conservative response to the original Liberal Party. It was in government between 1912 and 1928, and later formed a coalition with the United Party (a remnant of the Liberals), and then merged with United to form the modern National Party.