hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Death rattle
A death rattle is noisy breathing that often occurs in someone near death. Accumulation of fluids such as saliva and bronchial secretions in the throat and upper airways are the cause. Those who are dying may lose their ability to swallow and may have increased production of bronchial secretions, resulting in such an accumulation. Usually, two or three days earlier, symptoms of approaching death can be observed, such as saliva accumulating in the throat, difficulty taking even a spoonful of water, shortness of breath, and rapid chest movement. While a death rattle is a strong indication that someone is near death, it can also be produced by other problems that cause interference with the swallowing reflex, such as brain injuries.

It is sometimes misinterpreted as the sound of the person choking to death or gargling. Notably, death rattle is a separate phenomenon from agonal respiration, ataxic respiration, and Kussmaul respiration.

Ataxic respiration
Ataxic respirations, also known as Biot's respirations or Biot's breathing, is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by variable tidal volume, random apneas, and no regularity. It is named for Camille Biot, who characterized it in 1876. Biot's respiration is caused by damage to the medulla oblongata and pons due to trauma, stroke, opioid use, and increased intracranial pressure due to uncal or tentorial herniation. Often this condition is also associated with meningitis. In common medical practice, Biot's respiration is often mistaken for Cheyne–Stokes respiration, part of which may have been caused by them both being described by the same person and subtle differences between the types of breathing.

Ataxic respirations were discovered by Dr. Camille Biot in the late 19th century as he wrote multiple papers analyzing subtle differences in  Cheyne-Stokes respirations in patients admitted to Hôtel Dieu Hospital.
Ly Theam Teng
Ly Theam Teng (Khmer: លី ធាមតេង; Chinese: 李添丁) was a Sino-Khmer literatus who authored many books including novels which have become classics of Cambodian literature, before he died of exhaustion under the Khmer Rouge in 1978.

Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values.
Xanthoparmelia surrogata
Xanthoparmelia surrogata is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in South Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected by Hale from a large flat Table Mountain sandstone boulder in fynbos vegetation, at an elevation of 800 m (2,600 ft). The lichen thallus is dull yellowish green in color, has a leathery texture, and measures 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) broad. Although it does not produce apothecia (fruiting bodies), pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are common; these structures produce conidia (asexual spores) that have a bifusiform shape and measure 0.5 by 5–6 μm. The lichen contains salazinic acid, usnic acid, and skyrin.

Usnic acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Frank H. Curd and Alexander Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).
Multiple realizability
In the philosophy of mind, multiple realizability is the thesis that the same mental property, state, or event can be implemented by different physical properties, states, or events.

Philosophers of mind have used multiple realizability to argue that mental states are not the same as—and cannot be reduced to—physical states. They have also used it to defend or criticize many versions of functionalism, especially machine-state functionalism.

Corkscrew
A corkscrew is a tool for drawing corks from wine bottles and other household bottles that may be sealed with corks. In its traditional form, a corkscrew simply consists of a pointed metallic helix (often called the "worm") attached to a handle, which the user screws into the cork and pulls to extract it. Corkscrews are necessary because corks themselves, being small and smooth, are difficult to grip and remove, particularly when inserted fully into an inflexible glass bottle. More recent styles of corkscrew incorporate various systems of levers that further increase the amount of force that can be applied outwards upon the cork, making the extraction of difficult corks easier.
Charles Boyd
Charles Boyd could refer to:

Charles Boyd (archdeacon) (1842–1914), Archdeacon of the Anglican Diocese of Colombo

Charles Anthony Boyd (1959–1999), American serial killer

Charles G. Boyd (1938–2022), United States Air Force general

Charles Anthony Boyd
Charles Anthony Boyd (August 17, 1959 – August 5, 1999), known as The Bathroom Slayer, was an American serial killer who raped and killed three women over a nine-month period from 1986 to 1987 in North Dallas, Texas. He was sentenced to death for the final murder and was executed by lethal injection on August 5, 1999.
Cody Dennison
Cody Blake Dennison (born March 4, 1990) is an American professional stock car racing driver and YouTube personality. He currently competes part-time in the ARCA Menards Series West, driving the No. 72 Chevrolet SS for Strike Mamba Racing. He has previously competed in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, the ARCA Menards Series, and the ARCA Menards Series East.

Chevrolet SS
The Chevrolet SS is a performance full-size sedan sold by Chevrolet from 2013 to 2017, as a rebadge of the Holden Commodore exclusive to the United States. It was sold in the 2014–2017 model years.

It was unveiled during Speedweeks in Daytona Beach, Florida, in February 2013. The SS started sale in the 2014 model year in late 2013. It was Chevrolet's first rear-wheel drive V8 sedan since 1996.
Operation Torch order of battle
Operation Torch was the Allied invasion of French North Africa between 8 and 16 November 1942 during World War II. It was intended to distract the Axis forces from the Eastern front and thereby relieve the Soviet Union of the pressure it was facing to fight them. The invasion led to Oran's surrender on 10 November and France's agreement to an armistice with the Allies. Involved were British and American forces, organized into the Western, Central and Eastern task forces, which landed on beaches near Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers, respectively.

2nd Armored Division (United States)
The 2nd Armored Division ("Hell on Wheels") was an armored division of the United States Army. The division played important roles during World War II in the invasions of Germany, North Africa, and Sicily and in the liberation of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. During the Cold War, the division was primarily based at Fort Hood, Texas, and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in Garlstedt, West Germany. After participation in the Persian Gulf War, the division was deactivated in 1995.
Krishnaveni (actress)
Chittajallu Krishnaveni (24 December 1924 – 16 February 2025), also known as C. Krishnaveni or simply Krishnaveni, was an Indian actress, producer and playback singer who worked in Telugu cinema. She was awarded the Raghupathi Venkaiah Award by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

Raghupathi Venkaiah Award
The Raghupathi Venkaiah Award is an award given by the Indian state government of Andhra Pradesh to recognise lifetime achievements in Telugu cinema. The award was introduced in 1981 in honour of Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, one of India's film pioneers, who is considered the "father of Telugu cinema". The winner is presented a Golden Nandi (named after a bull in Hindu mythology), a gold medal, a citation and a cash prize of ₹50,000 (US$590) at the Nandi Awards ceremony.
Lochaber Loch
Lochaber Loch is a small, lowland freshwater loch that lies among steep-sided hills, approximately 4.5 mi (7.2 km) to the west of Dumfries, Scotland. The loch is somewhat triangular in shape and is 0.5 mi (0.80 km) long and 0.25 mi (0.40 km) at its widest point. It has an average depth of 20.5 ft (6.2 m) and is 55 ft (17 m) at its deepest. The loch was surveyed on 4 May 1905 by James Murray and L.W. Collett as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

Swans, great crested grebes and ospreys can be seen on the loch. There is a  bird hide on the water's edge.

The loch in the Mabie Forest, which is managed by the Forestry Commission.

Osprey
The osprey (/ˈɒspri, -preɪ/; Pandion haliaetus), historically known as sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor, reaching more than 60 cm (24 in) in length and a wingspan of 180 cm (71 in). It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts.

The osprey tolerates a wide variety of habitats, nesting in any location near a body of water providing an adequate food supply. It is found on all continents except Antarctica, although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding migrant.

As its other common names suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It possesses specialised physical characteristics and unique behaviour in hunting its prey. Because of its unique characteristics it is classified in its own taxonomic genus, Pandion, and family, Pandionidae.
Emergency medical services in Portugal
Emergency medical services in Portugal are organized in three separate systems, one each covering Continental Portugal, the Azores and Madeira. The largest system is SIEM, which covers the territory of Continental Portugal.

The modern Portuguese emergency medical services were created in 1964, and were initially provided only in the major cities of Lisbon, and later Porto, Coimbra, Aveiro, Setúbal and Faro, by PSP Police ambulances and staff. These services were accessible through a telephone call to the national emergency number 115. In 1971, the National Ambulance Service (SNA) was created. It was later absorbed into the National Institute of Medical Emergencies (INEM) when it was created 10 years later. The Integrated Medical Emergency System (SIEM) was created as a part of INEM in 1980. In the 1990s the national emergency number 115 was replaced by the European common emergency number 112.

Polícia de Segurança Pública
The Polícia de Segurança Pública MHTE (PSP; Public Security Police) is the national civil police force of Portugal. Part of the Portuguese security forces, the mission of the PSP is to defend Republican democracy, safeguarding internal security and the rights of its citizens. Despite many other functions, the force is generally known for policing urban areas with uniformed police officers, while rural areas are normally policed by National Republican Guard (GNR), the country's national gendarmerie force. PSP is focused in preventive policing, only investigating minor crimes. Investigation of serious crimes falls under the Judicial Police responsibility, which is a separate agency.

Since October 2023, the PSP is now in charge of controlling the Portuguese borders (alongside the GNR), with the dissolution of the Foreigners and Borders Service.
GHash.io
GHash.io was a bitcoin mining pool subsidiary of CEX.io that operated from 2013–2016. The pool gained notoriety for briefly controlling more than half of bitcoin's computing power in 2014 (notable in that bitcoin was supposedly outside any party's control).

Double-spending
Double-spending is the unauthorized spending of the same money (either digital or conventional) more than once. As with counterfeit money, double-spending leads to supply inflation by creating a new amount of copied currency that did not previously exist. It can also devalue the currency and diminish user trust in the currency.

There are many fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending while preserving anonymity in a transaction, including the introduction of a centralized authority (proof-of-authority) for blind signatures and, particularly in offline systems, secret splitting.. Other methods to mitigate the double-spend problem include decentralized consensus protocols such as proof-of-work and proof-of-stake.
Saga Rail
Saga Rail was a short-lived open access operator in Sweden. It was founded by Mats Nyblom who had previously established Hector Rail. It commenced operations on 23 February 2018 with a twice weekly service from Stockholm to Linköping with intermediate stops at Nyköping and Norrköping.

Four former X10 electric multiple units were acquired from Storstockholms Lokaltrafik and painted in a pink livery.

Operations ceased in June 2018 after Saga Rail lost an appeal with the Swedish Competition Authority over SJ's refusal to sell its tickets on its website.

Storstockholms Lokaltrafik
Storstockholms Lokaltrafik known as SL, (lit. 'Greater Stockholm Local Transport') is the public transport organisation responsible for managing land-based public transport in Stockholm County, Sweden. SL oversees a network that includes the Tunnelbana metro, Pendeltåg commuter trains, buses, trams, local rail, and some ferry services.

SL's network serves approximately 700,000 daily passengers and is financed through a combination of regional taxes and fare revenues. The organisation operates under a unified ticketing system, and contracts with several private operators to run its services, including Transdev, SJ, VR Sverige, Keolis, and Stockholms Spårvägar.
Nebos
Nebos (30 March 1976 – 26 June 1999) was a German Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was one of the best horses of his generation in Germany at the age of two winning three races including the Zukunfts Rennen. In the following year he won the Dr. Busch-Memorial, Union-Rennen, Grosser Preis von Berlin and Preis von Europa as well as finishing second to Königsstuhl in both the Deutsches Derby and the Aral-Pokal. Nebos emerged as the best racehorse in Germany in 1980, winning five races including the Gerling-Preis, Grosser Preis von Dortmund, Grosser Preis von Baden, Grosser Preis von Düsseldorf and the Grosser Preis von Berlin for the second time as well as being beaten less than two lengths in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. He later became a successful breeding stallion.

Grosser Preis der Wirtschaft
The  Dortmund Grand Prix (formerly known as Grosser Preis der Wirtschaft) is a Group 3 flat horse race in Germany open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Dortmund over a distance of 2,000 metres (about 1¼ miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June.
Demonstrator
A demonstrator may be:

A person performing a demonstration, such as to explain science or technology

A person demonstrating a product for sale live or in an infomercial

An attendee at a political rally

An academic rank

A vehicle adapted to emergency service specification, and issued to locations for use as a prospective emergency vehicle if adopted to that workforce either police, ambulance or fire.

A fountain pen with a transparent body originally used so dealers could show customers how they worked. See Demonstrator pen

Demonstrator (film)

Emergency vehicle
An emergency vehicle is a vehicle used by emergency services. Emergency vehicles typically have specialized emergency lighting and vehicle equipment that allow emergency services to reach calls for service in a timely manner, transport equipment and resources, or perform their tasks efficiently. Emergency vehicles are usually operated by authorized government agencies, but some may also be operated by private entities where permitted by law.

Emergency vehicles are usually given right of way in traffic, and may be exempted from certain basic road laws to reach their destinations in the fastest possible time, such as driving through a red traffic light or exceeding the speed limit; however, this is almost always done with emergency lights and sirens on, to alert traffic that the emergency vehicle is approaching. In some jurisdictions, the driver of an emergency vehicle can face legal action if the driver shows "reckless disregard for the safety of others".
Sneyd Colliery Disaster
The Sneyd Colliery Disaster was a coal mining accident on 1 January 1942 in Burslem in the English city of Stoke-on-Trent. An underground explosion occurred at 7:50 am, caused by sparks from wagons underground igniting coal dust. A total of 57 men and boys died.

Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent (often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city and unitary authority area in Staffordshire, England. It had an estimated population of 259,965 in 2022, making it the largest settlement in Staffordshire and one of the largest cities of the Midlands. Stoke is surrounded by the towns of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Alsager, Kidsgrove and Biddulph, which form a conurbation around the city.

The city is polycentric, formed from the federation of six towns in 1910. It took its name from the town of Stoke-upon-Trent, where the main centre of government and the principal railway station in the district were located. Hanley is the primary commercial centre. The other four towns which form the city are Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Fenton.

As the home of the pottery industry in England, the area is known as The Potteries. It is a centre for service industries and distribution centres. It formerly had a primarily heavy industry sector.
Murder hole
A murder hole or meurtrière is a hole in the ceiling of a gateway or passageway in a fortification through which the defenders could shoot, throw or pour harmful substances or objects such as rocks, arrows, scalding water, hot sand, quicklime, or hot oil (rarely used because of its cost), down on attackers.

Calcium oxide
Calcium oxide (formula: CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature. The broadly used term lime connotes calcium-containing inorganic compounds, in which carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, and iron predominate. By contrast, quicklime specifically applies to the single compound calcium oxide. Calcium oxide that survives processing without reacting in building products, such as cement, is called free lime.

Quicklime is relatively inexpensive. Both it and the chemical derivative calcium hydroxide (of which quicklime is the base anhydride) are important commodity chemicals.
April Cantelo
April Rosemary Cantelo (2 April 1928 – 16 July 2024) was an English soprano. She created roles in operas by major composers, including the title role of Semele by John Eccles, Helena in Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream, and in several works by Malcolm Williamson such as English Eccentrics.

Raymond Leppard
Raymond John Leppard CBE (11 August 1927 – 22 October 2019) was a British-American conductor, harpsichordist, composer and editor. In the 1960s, he played a prime role in the rebirth of interest in Baroque music; in particular, he was one of the first major conductors to perform Baroque opera, reviving works by Claudio Monteverdi and Francesco Cavalli. He conducted operas at major international opera houses and festivals, including the Glyndebourne Festival where he led the world premiere of Nicholas Maw's The Rising of the Moon, the Metropolitan Opera and the Royal Opera House. He composed film scores such as Lord of the Flies and Alfred the Great.
Pulsallama
Pulsallama was an all-woman, no wave band from New York. Described as "13 girls fighting over a cowbell," the post-punk group was primarily a percussion ensemble with two bass guitars and several vocalists. The band was formed in early 1981 from the Ladies Auxiliary of the Lower East Side, a performance art group that had its beginnings at Club 57. Ann Magnuson, Wendy Wild, and April Palmieri were among the members of the band.

Pulsallama toured the United Kingdom and the U.S. East Coast, opening for The Clash during their Combat Rock tour. The video for Pulsallama's 1982 song "The Devil Lives in my Husband's Body" was in rotation on MTV. Pulsallama released two singles with Y Records, one in 1982 and one in 1983. Their sole full-length album was never released and they played their last show in July 1983. A seven-song self-titled EP, originally recorded for a French radio broadcast, was released in 2020.

All-female band
An all-female band is a musical group in popular music that is exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are solely vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed. While all-male bands are common in many rock and pop scenes, all-female bands are less common.
Chinese Taipei at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Chinese Taipei competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, Spain. 11 competitors from Chinese Taipei won a single bronze medal and finished joint 50th in the medal table along with five other countries.

1992 Summer Paralympics medal table
The 1992 Summer Paralympics medal table is a list of National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) ranked by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the 1992 Summer Paralympics, held in Barcelona and Madrid Spain, from September 3 to September 22, 1992.
Narol
Narol can refer to:

Narol, Poland

Narol (Hasidic dynasty), originally based in Narol, Poland

Naröl Township, located in Gyantse County

Narol, a trade name for the psychoactive drug Buspirone

Narol, a character in Red Rising

Gyantse County
Gyantse County officially Gyangzê County (Tibetan: རྒྱལ་རྩེ་རྫོང་།; Chinese: 江孜县) is a county of Xigazê in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Its main settlement is Gyantse Town known for its monasteries.
Kimsa Chata (Arequipa)
Kimsa Chata (Aymara and Quechua kimsa three, Pukina chata mountain, "three mountains", Hispanicized spelling Quimsachata) is a group of three mountains in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru. Its central peak reaches 5,091 metres (16,703 ft) above sea level. It is situated in the Arequipa Region, La Unión Province, Huaynacotas District. Kimsa Chata lies at the Yana Wanaku valley ("black guanaco", Yanahuanaco) southeast of Hatun Pata.

Department of Arequipa
Arequipa (Quechua: Ariqipa) is a department of Peru. Located to the country's southwest, it is the sixth largest department in Peru, after Puno, Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, its sixth most populous department, and its eleventh least densely populated department. It is bordered by the departments of Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cuzco to the north, Puno to the east, the Department of Moquegua to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital, also called Arequipa, is Peru's second-largest city.