hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robustness validation
Robustness validation is a skills strategy with which the Robustness of a product to the loading conditions of a real application is proven and targeted statements about risks and reliability can be made. This strategy is particularly for use in the automotive industry however could be applied to any industry where high levels of reliability are required

SAE International
SAE International is a global professional association and standards organization based in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, United States.  Formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers, the organization adopted its current name in 2006 to reflect both its international membership and the increased scope of its activities beyond automotive engineering and the automotive industry to include aerospace and other transport industries, as well as commercial vehicles including autonomous vehicles such as self-driving cars, trucks, surface vessels, drones, and related technologies.

SAE International has over 138,000 global members. Membership is granted to individuals, rather than companies. Aside from its standardization efforts, SAE International also devotes resources to projects and programs in STEM education, professional certification, and collegiate design competitions.
Eilhard Wiedemann
Eilhard Ernst Gustav Wiedemann (1 August 1852, in Berlin – 7 January 1928, in Erlangen) was a German physicist and historian of science. He was the son of physicist Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann (1826–1899), and an older brother to Egyptologist Alfred Wiedemann (1856–1936).

He studied physics at the Universities of Heidelberg and Leipzig, obtaining his doctorate in 1872 with the thesis "Über die elliptische Polarisation und ihre Beziehung zu den Oberflächenfarben der Körper (On the elliptical polarization of light and its relation to surface color). From 1878 to 1886, he was an associate professor of physics at Leipzig, afterwards relocating to the University of Erlangen as a full professor (1886–1926).

The term luminescence was first introduced by Wiedemann in 1888.

In addition to his duties as a physicist, he was a prolific author of works involving "history of science" themes, in particular, science as it pertained to Arab traditions.

Egyptology
Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία, -logia; Arabic: علم المصريات) is the scientific study of ancient Egypt, including historic artifacts and ancient writing. The topics studied include ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture, culture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD.
Niagara Purple Eagles
The Niagara Purple Eagles are athletics teams that represent Niagara University in college sports. Part of the NCAA's Division I, the Purple Eagles field 19 varsity level teams. The Purple Eagles are full members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and the ice hockey-only Atlantic Hockey America, and are also members of the Northeast Conference for women's bowling. Previously, Niagara was a charter member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North (1979-1989). Between 1946 and 1958, Niagara was a member of the Western New York Little Three Conference.

In 2012, the women's ice hockey program was replaced by women's track and field. In 2023 women's bowling was added with a number of players from closing Medaille University, their head coach and their assistant coach.

Atlantic Hockey America
Atlantic Hockey America (AHA) is a college ice hockey conference which operates primarily in the northeastern United States. It participates in NCAA Division I as an ice hockey-only conference. The conference was formed in 2023 by the merger of the men-only Atlantic Hockey Association and the women-only College Hockey America (CHA).
Myint Naing (artist)
Myint Naing, (born 26 February 1967) is a Myanmar watercolour artist. Myint Naing was born in Giwa Village, Taungup Township, Rakhine State, Myanmar. He graduated from the State School of Fine Arts (Yangon)(1986–1989). He studied under U Kyaw Lay, U Mya Aye, U Say Yoe, U Thit Lwin Soe and U Thukha.

Exhibitions

Rakhine State
Rakhine State (/rəˈkaɪn/ ⓘ rə-KYN; Burmese: ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်, MLCTS: ra.hkuing pranynai, pronounced [jəkʰàiɰ̃ pjìnɛ̀]; Rakhine pronunciation: [ɹəkʰàiɰ̃ pɹènè]), formerly known as Arakan State, is a state in Myanmar (Burma). Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State to the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chattogram Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. The north–south Arakan Mountains or Rakhine Yoma separate Rakhine State from central Myanmar. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Ramree, Cheduba and Myingun. Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres (14,194 sq mi) and its capital is Sittwe (formerly known as Akyab).

As of November 2025, the Arakan Army which is the armed wing of the ethnic Rakhine, maintains de facto control over approximately 90 percent of the state, including 14 of its 17 townships.
Beaulard railway station
Beaulard (Italian: Stazione di Beaulard) is a railway station in Beaulard, Piedmont, in Turin (Torino) Italy. The station is located on the Turin-Modane railway and the train services are operated by Trenitalia.

Province of Turin
The province of Turin (Italian: provincia di Torino; Piedmontese: provinsa ëd Turin; French: province de Turin) was a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Turin. The province existed until 31 December 2014, when it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Turin.
Natasha (EP)
Natasha is an EP by Pig Destroyer, released in 2008 by Relapse Records. The EP consists of a single, unbroken song originally included on special editions of Terrifyer as a DVD. Unlike Pig Destroyer's earlier grindcore material, Natasha showcases the band playing in a sludge/doom style.

The EP also acts as a continuation and ending of the lyrical concept presented on Terrifyer.

Sludge metal
Sludge metal (also known as sludge doom or simply sludge) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music that combines elements of doom metal and hardcore punk. The genre generally includes slow tempos, down-tuned guitars and nihilistic lyrics discussing poverty, drug addiction and pollution.

The sound of sludge metal has its origins in California hardcore punk bands in the early-to-mid-1980s like Black Flag, Flipper and Fang, who began slowing their tempos and embracing the influence of Black Sabbath. This sound was expanded upon by the Melvins towards the end of the decade and the bands they influenced in both the Seattle grunge scene, and in Louisiana with Eyehategod, Crowbar and Acid Bath. In the 1990s and 2000s, the sound of sludge diversified: bands including Neurosis, Isis and Cult of Luna helped to pioneer post-metal, while Baroness and Mastodon fused the genre with progressive metal, while Dystopia did so with crust punk and Grief with anarcho-punk.
Chen Tuan
Chen Tuan Chinese: 陳摶 (died August 25, 989) was a Chinese Taoist credited with creation of the kung fu system Liuhebafa ("Six Harmonies and Eight Methods"). Along with this internal art, he is also said to be associated with a method of qi (energy) cultivation known today as Taiji ruler and a 24-season Daoyin method (ershisi shi daoyin fa) using seated and standing exercises designed to prevent diseases that occur during seasonal changes throughout the year.

Qi
In the Sinosphere and Chinese philosophy, qi (/ˈtʃiː/ CHEE; simplified Chinese: 气; traditional Chinese: 氣; pinyin: qì) is a vital force traditionally believed to be a part of all living entities. Literally meaning 'vapor', 'air', 'gas', or 'breath', the word qi is polysemous, often translated as 'vital energy', 'vital force', 'material energy', or simply 'energy'. Qi is also a concept in traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese martial arts. The attempt to cultivate and balance qi is called qigong.

Believers in qi describe it as a vital force, with one's good health requiring its flow to be unimpeded. Originally prescientific, today it is a pseudoscientific concept, i.e. not corresponding to the concept of energy as used in the physical sciences.

Chinese gods and immortals, especially anthropomorphic gods, are sometimes thought to have qi and be a reflection of the microcosm of qi in humans, both having qi that can concentrate in certain body parts.
Dimethylhydrazine
Dimethylhydrazine is the name of two compounds with the molecular formula C2H8N2. These are:

unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (1,1-dimethylhydrazine), with both methyl groups bonded to the same nitrogen atom

symmetrical dimethylhydrazine (1,2-dimethylhydrazine), with one methyl group bonded to each of the two nitrogen atoms

Methyl group
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3 (whereas normal methane has the formula CH4). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond (−CH3), it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion (CH−3), methylium cation (CH+3) or methyl radical (CH•3). The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed.
Golconda Historic District
The Golconda Historic District is a designated historic district in the Pope County, Illinois city of Golconda, along the banks of the Ohio River. The district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one of only three sites in Pope County to be on the Register. The other sites are Millstone Bluff, a prehistoric Mississippian settlement in the Shawnee National Forest, and the Pope County portion of the Kincaid Mounds, a prehistoric city in the Ohio River floodplain. The historic district located along Illinois Route 146 and was added to the Register in 1976.

The Buel House, a historic home built in 1840 and currently owned by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, is included within the district.

Illinois Route 146
Illinois Route 146 (IL 146) is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of Illinois.  It serves the extreme southern region of the state, commonly called Little Egypt or the Illinois Ozarks. IL 146 is 92.93 miles (149.56 km) long. An east–west highway, it serves Hardin County, Pope County, Johnson County, Union County, and Alexander County.  These are some of the least-populated counties in Illinois.  IL 146 serves two sections of the Shawnee National Forest.
John Palmer MacBeth
John Palmer MacBeth (November 19, 1921 – March 20, 1991) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 1981. He represented the ridings of York West and Humber in the west end of Toronto. He served as a cabinet minister in the government of Bill Davis.

Ministry of the Solicitor General
The Ministry of the Solicitor General (French: Ministère du Solliciteur général; formerly known as the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services) is the ministry in the Government of Ontario responsible for public security, law enforcement and policing, emergency management, correctional and detention centres/jails and organizations such as the Ontario Provincial Police, Emergency Management Ontario, and the Office of the Fire Marshal.

The minister responsible is Michael Kerzner, Solicitor General of Ontario.
2010 Beni-Ilmane earthquakes
The 2010 Beni-Ilmane earthquakes began 14 May at 12:29:22 UTC, when a Mw  5.3 strike-slip earthquake occurred in Northern Algeria. With a maximum EMS-98 intensity of VII (Damaging), it was the first in a sequence of three shocks that affected the Bouïra Province over a ten-day period. Two people were killed, forty-three were injured, and some structural damage was reported.

European Macroseismic Scale
The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) is the basis for evaluation of seismic intensity in European countries and is also used in a number of countries outside Europe. Issued in 1998 as an update of the test version from 1992, the scale is referred to as EMS-98.
Kyaukme
Kyaukme (Burmese: ကျောက်မဲမြို့ [tɕaʊʔ mɛ́ mjo̰]) is a town in northern Shan State of Burma. It is  situated on the Mandalay - Lashio road, after Pyin Oo Lwin and Nawnghkio, and before Hsipaw, on what is now the Mandalay - Muse road, part of the Asian Highway route 14 (AH14). It is also connected to Momeik (Mongmit) in the Shweli River valley and Mogok with its ruby mines. Kyaukme can be reached by train on the Mandalay-Lashio railway line. As of 2014, the population was 39,930.

Pyin Oo Lwin
Pyin Oo Lwin or Pyin U Lwin (Burmese: ပြင်ဦးလွင်မြို့, MLCTS: prang u: lwang mrui., pronounced [pjɪ̀ɰ̃ ʔú lwɪ̀ɰ̃]; Shan: ဝဵင်းပၢင်ႇဢူႈ, Weng Pang U), formerly and colloquially referred to as Maymyo (Burmese: မေမြို့, MLCTS: me mrui.), is a scenic hill town in the Mandalay Region, Myanmar, approximately 67 kilometers (42 mi) east of Mandalay, at an elevation of 1,070 metres (3,510 ft). The town had an estimated population of around 255,000 in 2014.
Hornbrook (surname)
Hornbrook is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Hornbrook, New Zealand settler  at Mount Pleasant in 1849

Bruce Hornbrook Sage (1909–1983), American chemical engineer and lecturer

Chris Hornbrook, American musician, founding member of metalcore band Poison the Well

Hester Hornbrook, co-founder of the Melbourne City Mission in 1854

James Joseph Hornbrook (1868–1942), American brigadier general during World War I

Olive MacFarland (née Hornbrook; 1872–1962), American artist and illustrator

Rebecca Hornbrook (born 1975), Canadian atmospheric chemist

Thomas Hornbrook, whose name was the source of the former name of Wheeling Park, a park in Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S.

Thomas Lyde Hornbrook (1807–1855), British marine artist

Olive MacFarland
Olive Knowles MacFarland (née Hornbrook; 1872–1962) was an American artist and illustrator. She attended Ohio Wesleyan College and earned degrees in physiology at Stanford University. She created watercolor drawings to illustrate the scientific publications of her husband, American malacologist Frank Mace MacFarland, and prepared his notes on opisthobranch mollusks for publication after his death.
Right Bank
Right Bank generally refers to the bank of a river or other body of water that is on the right side when facing downstream. It may specifically refer to:

Right Bank (Biscay), the right bank of the Nervión in Biscay, Spain

Right-bank Ukraine, a historical region in Ukraine

Right Bank (Bordeaux), a wine region in France

Rive Droite, the northern right bank of the Seine in Paris, France

Right Bank (Biscay)
The right bank of the estuary of the river Nervión in Biscay, Spain is part of the Metropolitan Area of Bilbao and is formed by the towns of Getxo, Leioa and Erandio. It includes affluent neighbourhoods like Neguri and Las Arenas, traditionally the residential areas of the industrial bourgeoisie. The municipality of Getxo is routinely listed amongst the cities with the highest real estate prices and personal income levels in Spain.

The "Puente Colgante" joins it with the Left Bank. The distinction between the two banks has dimmed as the industrial crisis and the lack of building space caused the population of both to merge, and many chalets gave way to apartment blocks. However, both banks are still distinguishable by economic, demographic and political indicators.
Margaretta Schwartz
Margeretta Schwartz was one of the first distinguished female performers in Yiddish theater. She and her sister Annetta shared prima donna duties in Abraham Goldfaden's troupe in Romania beginning in 1877. Jacob Adler described the sisters as "absolutely respectable" women with classical training as singers.  He also writes that when they performed in Odessa, Ukraine in the late 1870s, they had Paris dresses of a quality that had never been seen in that city.

Prima donna
In opera or commedia dell'arte, a prima donna (Italian: [ˈpriːma ˈdɔnna]; Italian for 'first lady'; pl.: prime donne) is the leading female singer in the company, the person to whom the prime roles would be given.

Prime donne often had grand off-stage personalities and were seen as demanding of their colleagues. Because of this, the term has spread in contemporary usage, from its original usage in opera to referring to anyone behaving in a demanding or temperamental fashion or having an inflated view of oneself.

The prima donna in opera was normally, but not necessarily, a soprano. The corresponding term for the male lead (usually a castrato in the 17th and 18th centuries, later a tenor) is primo uomo.
Collins Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Collins Township was a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, in the northeast part of what is now Pittsburgh. It included most of the present city east of Lawrenceville, north of Penn Avenue, and south of the Allegheny River. It was formed in 1850 from a northern portion of Peebles Township and was named for Thomas Collins, a prominent lawyer. On June 30, 1868, Collins Township along with the borough of Lawrenceville and the townships of Pitt, Oakland, Liberty, and Peebles were incorporated into Pittsburgh. The former Collins Township became wards 18, 19, and 21 of the expanded city.

Oakland (Pittsburgh)
Oakland is the academic and healthcare center of Pittsburgh and one of the city's major cultural centers. Home to three universities, museums, hospitals, shopping venues, restaurants, and recreational activities, this section of the city also includes two city-designated historic districts: the mostly residential Schenley Farms Historic District and the predominantly institutional Oakland Civic Center Historic District, as well as the locally-designated Oakland Square Historic District.

In addition, the Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire operates Fire Station No. 14 on McKee Place and Fire Station No. 10 on Allequippa Street.
Sutton railway station (London)
Sutton railway station (sometimes referred to as Sutton (Surrey) on tickets and timetables) is in the London Borough of Sutton in South London and is the main station serving the town of Sutton. It is served by Southern and Thameslink trains, and lies in London fare zone 5, 14 miles 75 chains (14.94 miles, 24.04 km) down the line from London Bridge, measured via Forest Hill.

South London
South London is the southern part of London, England, mostly south of the River Thames. The region consists of the boroughs, in whole or in part, of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth.

South London originally emerged from Southwark, first recorded as Suthriganaweorc, meaning 'fort of the men of Surrey'. From Southwark, London then extended further down into northern Surrey and western Kent.
Efavaleukin alfa
Efavaleukin alfa is an experimental drug that works as an interleukin-2 "mutein Fc fusion protein that preferentially binds the high-affinity IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) to selectively promote Treg expansion". It is developed to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

IL2RA
The interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (also called Tac antigen, P55, and mainly CD25) is a protein involved in the assembly of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor, consisting of alpha (IL2RA), beta (IL2RB) and the common gamma chain (IL2RG). As the name indicates, this receptor interacts with interleukin-2, a pleiotropic cytokine which plays an important role in immune homeostasis.
Swedish Army Riding and Horse-Driving School
Swedish Army Riding and Horse-Driving School (Swedish: Arméns rid- och körskola, RS) was a Swedish Army equestrian facility which operated from 1868 to 1970. Its tasks from the 1930s were to train commanders at the infantry and cavalry into instructors and more in horse-driving or horse riding. Today the school is one of three national facilities operated by the Swedish Equestrian Federation.

Driving (horse)
Driving is the practice of guiding a horse or other draft animal in harness to pull a load. Horses may draw vehicles such as wagons, carts, carriages, coaches, and sleighs, as well as farm implements or other equipment. They are driven for transportation, ceremonial and tourist uses, pleasure, sport, and a variety of working tasks including logging, plowing, and towing boats. Training for driving often begins with ground driving, in which a handler works the animal from behind or alongside.
2010 US Open Series
In tennis, the seventh edition of the US Open Series (known as Olympus US Open Series for sponsorships reasons), includes ten hard court tournaments that started on July 19, 2010, in Atlanta and ended in New Haven, Connecticut on August 29, 2010. This edition has scheduled five separate men's tournaments, four women's tournaments, and the Pilot Pen Tennis Tournament that will host both a men's and women's event. The series included two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and two WTA Premier 5 events to headline the series.

Connecticut Open (tennis)
The Connecticut Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts under various names and in various venues from 1948 until 2019.

It was most recently a Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Premier Tournament on the WTA Tour, held annually at the Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, just before the fourth and last Grand Slam tournament of the year, the US Open. From 2005 through 2010, the tournament was also part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the ATP Tour.

In 2019, the tournament sanction was sold to APG, a sports and entertainment company, which transferred it to Zhengzhou, China.
Manuel Becerra (settler)
Manuel Becerra (1762 – c. 1849) was a Tejano settler and politician in Texas. In the 1820s, he served as the first secretary of the town of La Bahia (today Goliad, Texas) and accompanied Stephen F. Austin's travel to the Colorado River to find a place for a colony. In 1827, he served as síndico (civil judge or syndic) in Martín De León's Guadalupe colony and helped negotiate a treaty with the Karankawa tribe. In 1832, Becerra received a land grant of 8,856 acres (35.84 km2) from the Mexican Government in what is now Refugio County.

Tejanos
Tejanos (/teɪˈhɑːnoʊz/ tay-HAH-nohz, Spanish: [teˈxanos]) are descendants of mostly Native Americans, but also Texas Creoles and Mestizos who settled in Texas before its admission as an American state. The term is also sometimes applied to Texans of Mexican descent.
Arthur Minasy
Arthur Minasy (1925 – 9 May 1994) was an American inventor. His most famous invention was in 1966, when he invented surveillance tags that could be attached to items in stores to prevent shoplifting.

The tag is removed by a cashier once it has been paid for. If the tag is not removed, an alarm is set off when the person leaves the store.

Following the success of this, Minasy set up his own security company, The Knogo Corporation, which has produced numerous other security related items.

Cashier
A retail cashier or simply a cashier is a person who handles the cash register at various locations such as the point of sale in a retail store. The most common use of the title is in the retail industry, but this job title is also used in the context of accountancy for the person responsible for receiving and disbursing money or within branch banking in the United Kingdom for the job known in the United States as a bank teller.