hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philetus (martyr)
Saint Philetus (Φιλητός) (d. 121) is, along with Saints Lydia (Λυδία), Macedo(n) (Μακεδών), Theoprepius (Theoprepides) (Θεοπρέπιος), Amphilochius (Ἀμφιλόχιος) and Cronidas (Cronides) (Κρονίδης), venerated as a Christian martyr.  Philetus was supposedly "...a senator who resided in the province of Illyria and was put to death during the persecution under Emperor Hadrian]..."

According to the Roman Martyrology and Orthodox Synaxarium, they were martyred in Illyria during the reign of Hadrian.  The Martyrology also states that Philetus was a senator, that Lydia was his wife; Macedo and Theoprepius their sons; Amphilochius a captain; and Cronidas a notary.  Their Acta are considered unreliable.

Notary
A notary is a person authorised to perform acts in legal affairs, in particular witnessing signatures on documents. The form that the notarial profession takes varies with local legal systems.

A notary, while a legal professional, is distinct from an advocate in that they do not represent the person who engages their services, or act in contentious matters.
Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Russian: Мордовская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, Mordovskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika; Moksha: Мордовскяй Автономнай Советскяй Социалистическяй Республикась, Mordovskjaj Avtonomnaj Sovetskjaj Socialističeskjaj Respublikaś; Erzya: Мордовской Автономной Советской Социалистической Республикась, Mordovskoj Avtonomnoj Sovetskoj Socialističeskoj Respublikaś) was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. It is now known as the Republic of Mordovia, a federal subject of Russia.

Moksha language
Moksha (мокшень кяль, mokšəń käĺ, pronounced ['mɔkʃənʲ kælʲ]) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas, with around 130,000 native speakers in 2010.
Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia.
Its closest relative is the Erzya language, with which it is not mutually intelligible. Moksha is also possibly closely related to the extinct Meshcherian and Muromian languages.
Caribbean Broadcast Network
The Caribbean Broadcast Network (CBN) is the local television station for Road Town, and the rest of the British Virgin Islands. Owned locally by Caribbean Broadcast Network (BVI) Limited, the station broadcasts a 24-hour schedule of local entertainment, news, sports and religious programming, along with infomercials and movies.

CBN was founded in 2005 replacing ZBTV. It started broadcasting in November 1973 on channel 5, its schedule as of 1979 consisted mainly of American television series some religious programming. The station in 1978 threatened against WTJX-TV for the creation of a relay station on the same frequency.

WTJX-TV
WTJX-TV (channel 12) is a PBS member television station serving the United States Virgin Islands that is licensed to Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas. Owned by the Virgin Islands Public Broadcasting System, it is sister to NPR member WTJX-FM (93.1 MHz). The two stations share studios on Haypiece Hill in Charlotte Amalie; WTJX-TV's transmitter is located on Signal Hill.

WTJX-TV also operates a translator facility in Christiansted on Saint Croix: W05AW-D on VHF channel 5. In July 2007, WTJX St. Croix moved to a larger facility, with a full studio, control room, and editing bays.

The station has also created its own mascot, "Langford the Lizard", primarily displayed on their website.
Ballenger Creek
Ballenger Creek is a 10.7-mile-long (17.2 km) tributary of the Monocacy River in Frederick County, Maryland.  The headwaters of the creek are located on the east slope of Catoctin Mountain, about 3 miles (5 km) west of the city of Frederick.  The stream runs roughly southeast to the Monocacy National Battlefield and the confluence with the Monocacy River, which drains to the Potomac River. The watershed area of the creek is 21.8 square miles (56 km2).

Frederick, Maryland
Frederick is a city in and the county seat of Frederick County, Maryland, United States. Frederick's population was 78,171 people as of the 2020 census, making it the second-largest incorporated city in Maryland behind Baltimore. It is a part of the Washington metropolitan area and the greater Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area.

The city is located at an important crossroads at the intersection of a major north–south Native American trail and east–west routes to the Chesapeake Bay, both at Baltimore and what became Washington, D.C., and across the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River watershed.

Frederick is home to Frederick Municipal Airport (IATA: FDK), which accommodates general aviation, and Fort Detrick, a U.S. Army bioscience and communications research installation and Frederick County's largest employer.
Delimited continuation
In programming languages, a delimited continuation, composable continuation or partial continuation, is a "slice" of a continuation frame that has been reified into a function. Unlike regular continuations, delimited continuations return a value, and thus may be reused and composed.  Control delimiters, the basis of delimited continuations, were introduced by Matthias Felleisen in 1988 though early allusions to composable and delimited continuations can be found in Carolyn Talcott's Stanford 1984 dissertation, Felleisen et al., Felleisen's 1987 dissertation, and algorithms for functional backtracking,
e.g., for pattern matching, for parsing, in the Algebraic Logic Functional programming language, and in the functional implementations of Prolog
where the failure continuation is often kept implicit and the reason of being for the success continuation is that it is composable.

Reification (computer science)
In computer science, reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language. A computable/addressable object—a resource—is created in a system as a proxy for a non computable/addressable object. By means of reification, something that was previously implicit, unexpressed, and possibly inexpressible is explicitly formulated and made available to conceptual (logical or computational) manipulation. Informally, reification is often referred to as "making something a first-class citizen" within the scope of a particular system. Some aspect of a system can be reified at language design time, which is related to reflection in programming languages. It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time. Reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledge representation.
Nagambal Shah
Nagambal D. "Swarna" Shah is an American mathematician and statistician known for her mentorship of students at Spelman College. She is the founder of the annual StatFest of the American Statistical Association, a leader of the association's Diversity Mentoring Program, and the former chair of the association's Committee on Minorities in Statistics.

Spelman College
Spelman College is a private, historically Black, women's liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is a founding member of the  Atlanta University Center academic consortium. Founded in 1881 as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, Spelman awarded its first college degrees in 1901 and is the oldest private historically Black liberal arts institution for women.
Deaths in August 2025
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2025.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

August 2025 Israeli attack on Sanaa
On 28 August 2025, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) conducted targeted strikes, codenamed Operation Lucky Drop (Hebrew: מבצע טיפת מזל) against several Houthi ministers in Bayt Baws, Sanaa, Yemen. The group's prime minister Ahmed al-Rahawi, defense minister Mohamed al-Atifi, and chief of staff Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari, who had gathered to listen to a televised speech by Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, were among the targets. The deaths of al-Rahawi and several other ministers were later confirmed by the group, and al-Ghamari's death was confirmed in October.
1923 Giro d'Italia
The 1923 Giro d'Italia was the 11th edition of the Giro d'Italia, a Grand Tour organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 23 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 328 km (204 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 10 June after a 341.3 km (212 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 3,202.7 km (1,990 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Costante Girardengo of the Maino team. Second and third respectively were the Italian riders Giovanni Brunero and Bartolomeo Aymo.

This year saw the debutant Ottavio Bottecchia finish in 5th place overall, and the leading 'isolate' (rider without a team). Bottecchia caught the attention of French rider Henri Pélissier, who instigated his glorious Tour de France career.

La Gazzetta dello Sport
La Gazzetta dello Sport (Italian: [la ɡadˈdzetta dello ˈspɔrt]; English: "The Sports Gazette") is an Italian daily newspaper dedicated to coverage of various sports. Founded in 1896, it is the most widely read daily newspaper of any type in Italy (in 2018).
Blodau Yr Oes
Blodau Yr Oes ("Flowers of the Age") was a 19th-century monthly Welsh-language periodical, first produced in 1872 by T. J. Griffiths, Utica, New York. The full title was Blodau Yr Oes A'r Ysgol. It was aimed at children attending Welsh Sunday schools in America. Its first editors were William ap Madoc and T. Solomon Griffiths. They were later replaced by Calvinist Methodist minister, Morgan Albert Ellis (1832–1901), who had emigrated to the US in 1853, and the Congregationalist minister and Eisteddfodwr Thomas Edwards (bardic name Cynonfardd, 1848–1927).

Bardic name
A bardic name (Welsh: enw barddol, Cornish: hanow bardhek, Breton: anv ur barzh) is a pseudonym used by poets and other artists in the Brythonic cultures of Wales, Cornwall and Brittany.

In Wales, it is also associated with the National Eisteddfod, with new members of the Gorsedd assuming a bardic name when being admitted.
Lemaître–Tolman metric
In physics, the Lemaître–Tolman metric, also known as the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi metric or the Tolman metric, is a Lorentzian metric based on an exact solution of Einstein's field equations; it describes an isotropic and expanding (or contracting) universe which is not homogeneous, and is thus used in cosmology as an alternative to the standard Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric to model the expansion of the universe. It has also been used to model a universe which has a fractal distribution of matter to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. It was first found by Georges Lemaître in 1933 and Richard Tolman in 1934 and later investigated by Hermann Bondi in 1947.

Isotropy
In physics and geometry, isotropy (from Ancient Greek  ἴσος (ísos) 'equal' and  τρόπος (trópos) 'turn, way') is uniformity in all orientations. Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix a- or an-, hence anisotropy. Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.
John Ebersole (American football)
John Joel Ebersole (born November 5, 1948) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL) from 1970 to 1977. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions and was selected in the fourth round of the 1970 NFL draft.

1970 NFL draft
The 1970 NFL draft was the 35th National Football League draft and the first of the league's modern era, following the merger of the National Football League with the American Football League. It was held on January 27–28, 1970, at the Belmont Plaza Hotel in New York City, New York.

The first overall pick of the draft was quarterback Terry Bradshaw from Louisiana Tech University, who was taken by the Pittsburgh Steelers (after winning a coin flip with the Chicago Bears, who had the same record as Pittsburgh). Bradshaw was one of two future Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees drafted by the Steelers; the other being Mel Blount from Southern University in Round 3.

The last remaining active player from the 1970 draft class was kicker Mark Moseley, who played his final NFL game in the 1986 season, although he was absent in 1973.
Henry E. Huntington
Henry Edwards Huntington (February 27, 1850 – May 23, 1927) was an American railroad magnate and collector of art and rare books. He settled in Los Angeles, where he owned the Pacific Electric Railway and substantial real estate interests.  He was a major booster for Los Angeles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and many places in California are named after him.

Boosterism
Boosterism is the act of promoting ("boosting") a town, city, or organization, with the goal of improving public perception of it. Particularly in a geographic context, boosterism is meant to encourage outsiders to invest or settle in the area. Boosting can be as simple as talking up the entity at a party or as elaborate as establishing a visitors' bureau.
Ming typefaces
The Song script (simplified Chinese: 宋体; traditional Chinese: 宋體) or Ming script (simplified Chinese: 明体; traditional Chinese: 明體) is a category of serifed typefaces used to display Chinese family of scripts such as traditional and simplified Chinese characters as well as their borrowed (e.g. Japanese kanji and Korean hanja) and radical-derived relatives (e.g. katagana). First invented during the Song dynasty and matured during the Ming dynasty, they are currently the most common printing and text display/editing fonts for Chinese and Japanese language publications.

The former term "Song" is the official terminology used in Mainland China, while the latter "Ming" is used prominently in Taiwan and Hong Kong and is a loanword from post-restoration Japan, as the typefaces are commonly called Mincho tai (Hiragana: みんちょうたい) and Myeongjo che (Hangul: 명조체) — both literally translate to "Ming dynasty font" — respectively in Japanese and Korean texts.

Text editor
A text editor is interactive software that allows a user to edit plain text, such as Notepad.

As with any software, a text editor can be installed onto a  system, but often a relatively simple text editor is included in a default installation of an operating system (OS) since editing text files is a relatively basic need for any system and since a simple text editor can be provided at relatively low cost.

As source code is text, any text editor can be used to edit code, but a source-code editor is designed with features specifically intended for editing code. Some provide integration with software development tools and provide a debugging environment.
Jin-hyuk
Jin-hyuk, also spelled Jin-hyeok or Jin-hyok, is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Oh Jin-hyek (born 1981), South Korean archer

Choi Jin-hyuk (born Kim Tae-ho, 1986), South Korean actor

Kim Jin-hyeok (born 1989), South Korean Greco-Roman wrestler

No Jin-hyuk (born 1989), South Korean baseball player

Jeong Jin-hyeok (born 1991), South Korean long distance runner

Lee Jin-hyuk (born 1996), South Korean singer and actor

Oh Jin-hyek
Oh Jin-hyek (Korean: 오진혁; Korean pronunciation: [o.dʑin.ɦjʌk̚,], Hanja: 吳真爀; born 15 August 1981) is a South Korean archer. Oh first competed for the Korean national team in 1999, but did not win a major individual international tournament until he won the gold medal in the Men's individual event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, also becoming the first Korean male archer to win an Olympic individual gold medal.
Baltimore Ravens Ring of Honor
The Baltimore Ravens Ring of Honor is a display encircling the field of M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, honoring former players and personnel who have made outstanding contributions to the Baltimore Ravens and Baltimore Colts football organizations.

The Ring of Honor began in 2000, with the induction of Earnest Byner. In 2002, eight former Baltimore Colts players were added, followed by the induction of then-owner Art Modell a year later. Ten players and former head coach Brian Billick have been inducted since. Terrell Suggs became the latest member after being inducted on October 22, 2023.

Terrell Suggs
Terrell Raymonn Suggs (born October 11, 1982), nicknamed "T-Sizzle", is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for 17 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was selected by the Baltimore Ravens with the 10th overall pick in the 2003 NFL draft, and is the franchise's all-time leader in sacks. He also played for the Arizona Cardinals and the Kansas City Chiefs.

Suggs is a seven-time Pro Bowl selection, a two time All-Pro, and was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 2011. Suggs won two Super Bowls in his career, Super Bowl XLVII in 2012 with the Ravens and Super Bowl LIV in 2019 with the Chiefs. Suggs is eighth on the NFL's all-time sacks list (tracked since 1982) and first all-time in tackles for loss (tracked since 1999). He is fourth all-time in postseason sacks.
Shih Che
Shih Che (Chinese: 史哲; born 14 July 1969) is a Taiwanese politician. He was the Minister of Culture under the Chen Chien-jen cabinet. Before his ministerial office, he had served as the deputy mayor of Kaohsiung and the director of the Department of Information and the Bureau of Cultural Affairs of the Kaohsiung City Government.

Ministry of Culture (Taiwan)
The Ministry of Culture (MOC; Chinese: 文化部; pinyin: Wénhùabù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bûn-hòa pō͘) is the ministry of the Republic of China (Taiwan) that promotes cultural and creative industries. The ministry also maintains the National Repository of Cultural Heritage.
Pawel Hawrylak
Pawel Hawrylak is a Polish-Canadian physicist who works in theoretical condensed matter physics, with research interests including low-dimensional and nanostructured materials and light–matter interaction at the nanoscale.

Polish Canadians
Polish Canadians (Polish: Polonia w Kanadzie) are citizens of Canada with Polish ancestry, and Poles who immigrated to Canada from abroad. At the 2016 Census, there were 1,106,585 Canadians who claimed full or partial Polish heritage.
Eric Brewer (scientist)
Eric Allen Brewer is professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley and vice-president of infrastructure at Google. His research interests include operating systems and distributed computing. He is known for formulating the CAP theorem about distributed network applications in the late 1990s.

In 1996, Brewer co-founded Inktomi Corporation (bought by Yahoo! in 2003) and became a paper billionaire during the dot-com bubble. Working with the United States federal government during the presidency of Bill Clinton, he helped to create USA.gov, which launched in 2000. His research also included a wireless networking scheme called WiLDNet, which promises to bring low-cost connectivity to rural areas of the developing world. He has worked at Google since 2011.

Wireless network
A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes. Wireless networking allows homes, telecommunications networks, and business installations to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure.

Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless sensor networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial microwave networks.
Saltese
Saltese or Seltice can refer to:

Saltese, Montana

Saltese Mountain, a mountain in Mineral County, Montana

Saltese Uplands, shrub-steppe conservation area in Spokane County, Washington

Saltese Flats, wetland in Spokane County, Washington

Saltese Creek, creek that runs through the Saltese Flats

Chief Andrew Seltice, Coeur d'Alene chief who sold the land to create Post Falls, Idaho

Saltese Creek
Saltese Creek is an approximately 9 mi (14 km) long stream in Spokane County, Washington, United States. Originally only 3.5 miles (5.6 km), the lower 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of the stream, along with around 10 mi (16 km) of drainage canals were dug to drain Saltese Lake. The stream now functions as one of two primary inflows (the other being Quinnamose Creek), as well as the primary outflow for the Saltese Flats (the residual wetlands of the drained lake). The stream has its headwaters near the summit of Mica Peak and terminates at Shelley Lake, which was created as a result of draining Saltese Lake.
Rip van Winkle cipher
In cryptography, the Rip van Winkle cipher is a provably secure cipher with a finite key, assuming the attacker has only finite storage.

The cipher requires a broadcaster (perhaps a numbers station) publicly transmitting a series of random numbers.

The sender encrypts a plaintext message by XORing it with the random numbers, then holding it some length of time T.
At the end of that time, the sender finally transmits the encrypted message.

The receiver holds the random numbers the same length of time T.
As soon as the receiver gets the encrypted message, he XORs it with the random numbers he remembers were transmitted T ago, to recover the original plaintext message.

The delay T represents the "key" and must be securely communicated only once.

Ueli Maurer says the original Rip van Winkle cipher is completely impractical, but it motivated a new approach to provable security.

Exclusive or
Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or logical inequality is a logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of true inputs is odd.

It gains the name "exclusive or" because the meaning of "or" is ambiguous when both operands are true. XOR excludes that case. Some informal ways of describing XOR are "one or the other but not both", "either one or the other", and "A or B, but not A and B".

It is symbolized by the prefix operator : 16  and by the infix operators XOR (/ˌɛks ˈɔːr/, /ˌɛks ˈɔː/, /ˈksɔːr/ or /ˈksɔː/), EOR, EXOR, , , , ⩛, , , and .
1901 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1901 Texas 'Varsity football team represented The University of Texas (now known as the University of Texas at Austin Longhorns) as a member of the SIAA during the 1901 college football season. In its second year under head coach Samuel Huston Thompson, the team compiled an 8–2–1 record, shut out seven opponents, and outscored opponents by a collective total of 153 to 71. These wins included the first ever UT-A&M game held on Thanksgiving day. The team played its home games at Varsity Athletic Field on the school's campus in Austin, Texas.

1901 college football season
The 1901 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with NCAA-designated "major selectors" retroactively selecting Michigan and Harvard as national champions. The NCAA records book erroneously lists Yale as Parke H. Davis's selection. Harvard beat Yale 22–0 the last game of the year.