hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
EU Tax Observatory
The EU Tax Observatory (EUTO, Eutax) is an independent research institute dedicated to studying tax evasion and avoidance in the European Union, established in June 2021. Its offices are hosted at the Paris School of Economics, with staff also hosted at the University of Copenhagen. In its first year of operation its budget was €1.1 million, funded primarily by the EU's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union.

The Observatory's October 2023 annual report on tax evasion described the potential impact of a wealth tax on billionaires and of a minimum tax on companies' profits. It also described ways for countries to unilaterally implement such policies and fight tax avoidance.

Billionaire
A billionaire is a person whose net worth is at least one billion units of a given currency, typically USD. It is a sub-category of the concept of the ultra high-net-worth individual. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed billionaire in 1916.

Nineteen individuals had attained the status of centibillionaires, each with a net worth of at least $100 billion, as of January 2026. As of March 2025, there are 3028 billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over $16.1 trillion, up nearly $2 trillion over 2024.
Máximo Corral
Máximo Corral Garrido (10 September 1913 – 31 July 1989) was a Chilean industrial engineer, builder, and liberal politician.

He served as Deputy of the Republic for the 4th Departmental Grouping – La Serena, Coquimbo, Elqui, Ovalle, Combarbalá, and Illapel – during the legislative periods 1955–1957 and 1957–1961.

Coquimbo
Coquimbo [koˈkimbo] is a port city, commune and capital of the Elqui Province, located on the Pan-American Highway, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile. Coquimbo is situated in a valley 10 km (6 mi) south of La Serena, with which it forms Greater La Serena with more than 400,000 inhabitants. The commune spans an area around the harbor of 1,429.3 km2 (552 sq mi). The average temperature in the city lies around 14 °C (57 °F), and precipitation is low.
Svetinci
Svetinci (pronounced [ˈsʋeːtintsi], German: Swetinzen) is a settlement in the Municipality of Destrnik in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

There are two small chapel-shrines in the settlement. Both date to the early 20th century.

Wayside shrine
A wayside shrine is a religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway, sometimes in a settlement or at a crossroads, but often in the middle of an empty stretch of country road, or at the top of a hill or mountain.  They have been a feature of many cultures, including Chinese folk religious communities, Catholic and Orthodox Europe and some Asian regions.
Nabor Ojeda Delgado
Gustavo Nabor Ojeda Delgado (born 6 June 1947) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He has served in the Chamber of Deputies during four sessions of Congress:

the 49th (1973–1976), for Guerrero's 6th,

the 53rd (1985–1988), for Guerrero's 9th,

the 55th (1991–1994), for Guerrero's 7th,

and the 58th (2000–2003), as a plurinominal deputy.

LV Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LV Legislature of the Congress of the Union of Mexico (55th Congress) met from 1 September 1991 to 31 August 1994.

32 senators and all of the deputies had been elected in the 1991 legislative elections. The deputies served three years and the senators six, continuing into the 56th Congress.

The PRI regained near-total control of the legislature, with nearly two-thirds of the deputies and all but three senators.
Saw Yun
Athinkhaya Saw Yun (Burmese: အသင်္ခယာ စောယွမ်း [ʔəθɪ̀ɰ̃ kʰəjà sɔ́ jʊ́ɰ̃]; also spelled Saw-Yoom; c. 1299 – 5 February 1327) was the founder of the Sagaing Kingdom of Myanmar (Burma). The eldest son of King Thihathu set up a rival kingdom in 1315 after Thihathu appointed Uzana I as heir-apparent. Saw Yun successfully resisted two small expeditions by Pinya by 1317. While Saw Yun nominally remained loyal to his father, he was the de facto king of the area roughly corresponding to present-day Sagaing Region and northern Mandalay Region.

After Thihathu's death, Sagaing and Pinya formally went separately ways. Saw Yun died in 1327. Saw Yun had four children, three sons and a daughter. All of his sons became king of Sagaing. His only daughter was the mother of Thado Minbya, the founder of the Kingdom of Ava.

Mandalay Region
Mandalay Region (Burmese: မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [máɰ̃dəlé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Mandalay Division) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It is located in the center of the country, bordering Sagaing Region and Magway Region to the west, Shan State to the east, and Bago Region and Kayin State to the south. The regional capital is Mandalay. To the south of the region lies the national capital of Naypyidaw. The division consists of eleven districts, which are subdivided into 28 townships and 2,320 wards and village-tracts.

Mandalay Region is important in Myanmar's economy, accounting for 15% of the national economy. It is under the administration of the Mandalay Region Government.
2022 Estoril Open – Singles
Sebastián Báez defeated Frances Tiafoe in the final, 6–3, 6–2 to win the singles tennis title at the 2022 Estoril Open. It was his maiden ATP Tour title.

Albert Ramos Viñolas was the defending champion, but he lost in the semifinals to Báez.

Carlos Taberner
Carlos Taberner Segarra (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɾlos taβeɾˈneɾ]; born 8 August 1997) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 83, achieved on 4 August 2025 and a doubles ranking of No. 337, achieved on 18 September 2017.

He has reached 23 career ITF singles finals, with a record of 12 wins and 11 losses, including nine Challengers titles, all on clay courts (Iași, Antalya, Aix-en-Provence, Lošinj, Roseto, Augsburg, Todi,  Murcia, Sassuolo). Additionally, he has reached seven career ITF doubles finals with a record of 4 wins and 3 losses including a Challenger doubles title in San Benedetto.
Bradley Stoke
Bradley Stoke is a town and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England, situated  6 miles (10 kilometres) north-northeast of Bristol city centre. The town is the northernmost part of the Bristol built-up area.

Planned in the 1970s, building works began in 1987. Bradley Stoke was Europe's largest new town built with private investment. It is named after two local streams, the Bradley Brook and Stoke Brook.

Bradley Stoke is part of the North Fringe of Bristol, an extensive area of housing and employment developed during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is bordered by Patchway to the west and Stoke Gifford to the south, but unlike these neighbours, Bradley Stoke has fewer major employers and is primarily a residential suburb, being 40% detached housing. The M5 and M4 motorways form its northern and eastern boundaries, beyond which is the Avon Green Belt.

Avon Green Belt
The Avon Green Belt, also known as the Bristol and Bath Green Belt (or Bath and Bristol Green Belt), is a non-statutory green belt environmental and planning policy that regulates urban expansion and development in the countryside surrounding the cities of Bristol and Bath in the South West region of England. It covers areas in Bristol, South Gloucestershire, the county of Somerset which include the council areas of North Somerset, Bath and North East Somerset and Somerset, and Wiltshire. Essentially, the function of the green belt is to limit urban sprawl and maintain the open character of areas around the Bristol and Bath built up areas, and nearby towns and villages. The policy is implemented by local planning authorities on the basis of guidance from central government.
Lake Leon (Texas)
Lake Leon is located in Eastland County and was created by the State Board of Water Engineers by impounding the Leon River. In reference to Abilene, Texas with a population of around 125,000, it is 68 miles (109 kilometers) east, and in reference to Eastland, Texas with a population of around 4,000, it is 10 miles (16 kilometers) southeast. Lake Leon is found in the Brazos River and in the Cross Timbers ecoregion, more specifically the Cross Timbers Grand Prairie ecoregion.

Channel catfish
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),meaning “fish cat with spots”. known informally as the "channel cat", is a species of catfish native to North America. They are North America's most abundant catfish species, and the official state fish of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Tennessee. The channel catfish is the most fished species of catfish in the United States, with around 8 million anglers angling them per year. The popularity of channel catfish for food has contributed to the rapid expansion of this species' aquaculture in the United States. It has also been widely introduced to Europe, Asia and South America, and many countries consider it an invasive species.
Rachel suum videns
Rachel suum videns is a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory IX on 17 November 1234 calling for a crusade to the Holy Land and ordering Dominicans and Franciscans to preach in favour of it. It was issued before the truce between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and the Egyptian Sultan, Al-Kamil, was due to expire. It was the key driver of recruitment for the Barons' Crusade.

Al-Kamil
Al-Malik al-Kamil Nasir ad-Din Muhammad (Arabic: الملك الكامل ناصر الدين محمد; c. 1177 – 6 March 1238), titled Abu al-Maʽali (Arabic: أبي المعالي), was an Egyptian ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the Fifth Crusade. He was known to the Frankish crusaders as Meledin, a name by which he is referred to in some older western sources. As a result of the Sixth Crusade, he ceded West Jerusalem to the Christians and is known to have met with Saint Francis.
Dominican Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Eucharist
The Dominican Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Eucharist, is a Catholic female religious institute of diocesan right, rather than Pontifical right, based in Ann Arbor, Michigan which follows the charism of the Dominican Order. The congregation was founded in 1997 by four members of the Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia in Nashville, Tennessee. As of 2021, it has 155 members.

Pontifical right
In Catholicism, "of pontifical right" is the term given to ecclesiastical institutions (religious and secular institutes, societies of apostolic life) either created by the Holy See, or approved by it with the formal decree known by the Latin name decretum laudis ('decree of praise'). The term is included in the names of institutions, often capitalised in English: "Institute of [xxx] of Pontifical Right".

The institutions of pontifical right depend immediately and exclusively on the Holy See on matters of internal governance and discipline.
Militaire Luchtvaart Museum
The Militaire Luchtvaart Museum was located at Camp Zeist, Netherlands, near the former Soesterberg Air Base. It was the official museum of the Royal Netherlands Air Force.

In 2006 the Ministry of Defence decided to merge three military museums in the Netherlands into the Nationaal Militair Museum, located at the former Soesterberg Air Base. The new museum opened in 2013.

Soesterberg Air Base
Soesterberg Air Base (IATA: UTC, ICAO: EHSB) was a Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) military air base located in Soesterberg, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east-northeast of Utrecht.  It was first established as an airfield in 1911, and in 1913, the Dutch Army bought the field and established the Army Aviation Division.

For almost 40 years, United States Air Force facilities at Soesterberg, named Camp New Amsterdam, were a major front line USAFE air base during the Cold War.  The base was closed on 31 December 2008, due to budget cuts in the Dutch armed forces.  The air base ceased flying operations on 12 November 2008, when the command was transferred from the RNLAF to the Ministry of Defence which will maintain the base until it will be given back to nature.  The last fighter ever to depart, delayed due bad weather at Aviano AB, was a Greek F-4E Phantom II.  The former USAFE facilities remained in military hands, and will now officially be called Camp New Amsterdam.
Russell Goodway
Russell Vivian Goodway OBE (born 23 December 1955) is a Welsh Labour Party councillor for Ely, Cardiff; and the former Lord Mayor of Cardiff and former CEO of Cardiff Chamber of Commerce. He was Britain's youngest council leader when he led South Glamorgan County Council in 1992.

Welsh Labour
Welsh Labour (Welsh: Llafur Cymru), formerly known as the Labour Party in Wales (Welsh: Y Blaid Lafur yng Nghymru), is an autonomous section of the United Kingdom Labour Party in Wales and the largest party in the modern politics of Wales. Welsh Labour and its forebears have won a plurality of the Welsh vote at every United Kingdom general election since 1922, every National Assembly (now Senedd) election since 1999, and all elections to the European Parliament in the period 1979–2004 and in 2014. Welsh Labour holds 27 of the 32 Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, 29 of the 60 seats in the Welsh Senedd, and 576 of the 1,264 councillors in principal local authorities including overall control of 10 of the 22 principal local authorities.

It has longest winning streak of any political party in the world and has been described as "by some distance the democratic world's most successful election-winning machine".
25 The Esplanade
25 The Esplanade is a primarily residential condominium, mixed-use high-rise building in Downtown Toronto (in the St. Lawrence neighbourhood), Ontario, Canada. It has condominium, office and retail space. It also has hotel space at Novotel Toronto Centre. The building is "Reminiscent of New York's famed Flatiron Building".

St. Lawrence, Toronto
St. Lawrence is a neighbourhood located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The area, a former industrial area, is bounded by Yonge, Front, and Parliament Streets, and the Canadian National railway embankment. The Esplanade off Yonge St., lined with restaurants, cafés and hotels runs through the middle of the area. In previous times, the area was sometimes referred to as 'St. Lawrence Ward' or more often today as 'St. Lawrence Market', synonymous with the large retail vendor market which is the neighbourhood's focal point. The area is the site of a large city-sponsored housing project of the 1970s, which revitalized an old brownfields area. The boundaries of the St Lawrence Neighbourhood Association and the St Lawrence Market BIA are somewhat larger than those noted above.  Both groups have boundaries that extend from Yonge to Parliament Streets and Queen Street East to the rail corridor.
Chuck Walker (American football)
Charles David  Walker  (born August 10, 1941) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Falcons.

Walker played college football for the Duke Blue Devils and was the Cardinals' twelfth-round selection in the 1963 NFL draft. Walker earned Pro Bowl honors in 1966 and his best season came in 1967 when he led the Cardinals with 12 sacks. He led the NFL with five fumble recoveries in 1969. Walker has the seventh most sacks in Cardinals history with 50.5.

Walker was traded to Atlanta in 1972 where he was a key defensive contributor during the Falcons' first winning season, in 1973.

St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)
From 1960 to 1987, the professional American football team now known as the Arizona Cardinals played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Cardinals.

The team moved from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960, and played their first home game there on October 2 at Busch Stadium against the New York Giants. Their last home game in St. Louis, played at Busch Memorial Stadium on December 13, 1987, was also against the Giants. Their last game as a St. Louis–based club was on December 27, 1987, at the Dallas Cowboys.

During the Cardinals' 28 years in St. Louis, they advanced to the playoffs just four times (1964, 1974, 1975, and 1982), and never hosted a playoff game. Their only postseason win came in the 1964 Playoff Bowl.

Their winning percentage of .481 during their time in St. Louis—187 victories, 202 losses, and 13 ties—is better than those in the other two cities the Cardinals have called home.

The team moved to Tempe, Arizona, in 1988.
Yenaktayevo
Yenaktayevo (Russian: Енактаево; Bashkir: Янаҡтай, Yanaqtay; Meadow Mari: Чормак, Čormak) is a rural locality (a village) in Kariyevsky Selsoviet, Krasnokamsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 96 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

Krasnokamsky District
Krasnokamsky District (Russian: Краснока́мский райо́н; Bashkir: Краснокама районы, Krasnokama rayonı; Tatar: Кызыл Кама районы, Qızıl Qama rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic and borders with the territory of the city of republic significance of Neftekamsk in the north, Yanaulsky District in the northeast, Kaltasinsky District in the east, Ilishevsky District in the south, the Republic of Tatarstan in the south and southwest, and with the Udmurt Republic in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 1,594.92 square kilometers (615.80 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Nikolo-Beryozovka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 27,986, with the population of Nikolo-Beryozovka accounting for 21.8% of that number.
Highway 55 (Israel–Palestine)
Highway 55 is a west–east highway running between Israel and the West Bank. Its Western terminus is in Kfar Saba, and it continues east to Nablus. Much of the road follows the eastern section of the "Aphek Ascent", an ancient east–west trade route connecting the Via Maris and the Way of the Patriarchs.

The road passes near Qalqilya, Alfei Menashe, Azzun, Jit, Karnei Shomron, and Kedumim, and ends in Nablus.

Kfar Saba
Kfar Saba [kfaʁˈsaba] (Hebrew: כְּפַר סַבָּא, lit. 'Grandfather's Village'), officially Kfar Sava [kfaʁ saˈva], is a city in the Sharon region, of the Central District of Israel. In 2023 it had a population of 100,013, making it the 16th-largest city in Israel. The population of Kfar Saba is nearly entirely Jewish.
Veblen–Young theorem
In mathematics, the Veblen–Young theorem, proved by Oswald Veblen and John Wesley Young (1908, 1910, 1917), states that a projective space of dimension at least 3 can be constructed as the projective space associated to a vector space over a division ring.

Non-Desarguesian planes give examples of 2-dimensional projective spaces that do not arise from vector spaces over division rings, showing that the restriction to dimension at least 3 is necessary.

Jacques Tits generalized the Veblen–Young theorem to Tits buildings, showing that those of rank at least 3 arise from algebraic groups.

John von Neumann (1998) generalized the Veblen–Young theorem to continuous geometry, showing that a complemented modular lattice of order at least 4 is isomorphic to the principal right ideals of a von Neumann regular ring.

Non-Desarguesian plane
In mathematics, a non-Desarguesian plane is a projective plane (or sometimes an affine plane) that does not satisfy Desargues' theorem (named after Girard Desargues), or in other words a plane that is not a Desarguesian plane. The theorem of Desargues is true in all projective spaces of dimension not 2; in other words, the only projective spaces of dimension not equal to 2 are the classical projective geometries over a field (or division ring). However, David Hilbert found that some projective planes do not satisfy it. The current state of knowledge of these examples is not complete.
Maximum term method
The maximum-term method is a consequence of the large numbers encountered in statistical mechanics. It states that under appropriate conditions the logarithm of a summation is essentially equal to the logarithm of the maximum term in the summation.

These conditions are (see also proof below) that (1) the number of terms in the sum is large and (2) the terms themselves scale exponentially with this number. A typical application is the calculation of a thermodynamic potential from a partition function. These functions often contain terms with factorials  which scale as  (Stirling's approximation).

Stirling's approximation
In mathematics, Stirling's approximation (or Stirling's formula) is an asymptotic approximation for factorials. It is a good approximation, leading to accurate results even for small values of . It is named after James Stirling, though a related but less precise result was first stated by Abraham de Moivre.

One way of stating the approximation involves the logarithm of the factorial:

where the big O notation means that, for all sufficiently large values of , the difference between  and  will be at most proportional to the logarithm of . In computer science applications such as the worst-case lower bound for comparison sorting, it is convenient to instead use the binary logarithm, giving the equivalent form
 The error term in either base can be expressed more precisely as , corresponding to an approximate formula for the factorial itself,

Here the sign  means that the two quantities are asymptotic, that is, their ratio tends to 1 as  tends to infinity.
Saint-Maurice-lès-Couches
Saint-Maurice-lès-Couches (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ mɔʁis lɛ kuʃ]; literally "Saint-Maurice near Couches") is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (French pronunciation: [buʁɡɔɲ fʁɑ̃ʃ kɔ̃te] ⓘ; lit. 'Burgundy-Free County', sometimes abbreviated BFC; Arpitan: Borgogne-Franche-Comtât) is a region in northeastern France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions, from a merger of Burgundy and Franche-Comté. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections of December 2015, electing 100 members to the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

The region covers an area of 47,783 km2 (18,449 sq mi) and eight departments; it had a population of 2,811,423 in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Dijon, although the regional council sits in Besançon, making Bourgogne-Franche-Comté one of two regions in France (along with Normandy) in which the prefect does not sit in the same city as the regional council.
Burns Beach, Western Australia
Burns Beach is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located 34 kilometres (21 mi) north of Perth's central business district at the northern fringe of the City of Joondalup. Burns Beach has maintained much of its original character as a small coastal village even with its loss of isolation, and the beach is popular among hang gliding enthusiasts.

City of Joondalup
The City of Joondalup is a local government area in Perth, Western Australia. Its central business district is located in the suburb Joondalup, and it includes the town centres of Hillarys and Warwick.
Tushar Kalia
Tushar Kalia (born 7 March 1986) is an Indian choreographer, dancer and actor. He specialises in Mayurbhanj Chhau Odisha, Kalari and Contemporary dance forms. He is the winner of Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 12 (2022). Kalia participated in the dance reality shows, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 (2013) and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 (2014) as a choreographer. He was also the stage director of the reality show India's Got Talent (2015—2016) in its 6th and 7th season.

Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 7
Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 is the seventh season of the dance reality show, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa. It premiered on 7 June 2014 on Colors. The series was hosted by Ranvir Shorey and Drashti Dhami but later got replaced by Manish Paul. Madhuri Dixit, Karan Johar and Remo D'Souza were the three judges. The finale took place on 20 September 2014 and was won by Ashish Sharma and Shampa Gopikrishna.