hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Problem structuring methods
Problem structuring methods (PSMs) are a group of techniques used to model or to map the nature or structure of a situation or state of affairs that some people want to change. PSMs are usually used by a group of people in collaboration (rather than by a solitary individual) to create a consensus about, or at least to facilitate negotiations about, what needs to change. Some widely adopted PSMs include

soft systems methodology

the strategic choice approach

strategic options development and analysis (SODA)

Unlike some problem solving methods that assume that all the relevant issues and constraints and goals that constitute the problem are defined in advance or are uncontroversial, PSMs assume that there is no single uncontested representation of what constitutes the problem.

PSMs are mostly used with groups of people, but PSMs have also influenced the coaching and counseling of individuals.

Coaching
Coaching is a form of development in which an experienced person, called a coach, supports a learner or client in achieving a specific personal or professional goal by providing training and guidance. The learner is sometimes called a coachee. Occasionally, coaching may mean an informal relationship between two people, of whom one has more experience and expertise than the other and offers advice and guidance as the latter learns; but coaching differs from mentoring by focusing on specific tasks or objectives, as opposed to more general goals or overall development.
Havern
Havern is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dave Havern (fl. 1968–2017), American football player and coach

Gianluca Havern (born 1988), English footballer

Robert Havern III (1949–2014), American politician

Gianluca Havern
Gianluca Havern (born 24 September 1988) is an English retired footballer who played as a defender.

In his playing career, Havern had played for Stockport County, Radcliffe Borough, Ashton United, Mansfield Town and Hyde.
Kuntur Wachanan (Lima)
Kuntur Wachanan (Quechua kuntur condor, wacha birth, to give birth, -na a suffix, 'where the condor is born', -n a suffix, also spelled Cóndorhuachanan) is a mountain in the Cordillera Central in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,800 metres (15,748 ft). It is located in the Lima Region, Yauyos Province, Huancaya District.

Department of Lima
Lima (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlima]; Jaqaru: Nimaja, [niˈmaxa]) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's central coast, it is administered by a regional government based in Huacho, whose jurisdiction does not include the quasi-autonomous special regime of the province of Lima, coterminous with the country's capital, Lima.
Collingwood railway station
Collingwood station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne on the Mernda and Hurstbridge lines, which are part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the north-eastern suburb of Abbotsford, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Collingwood is an elevated unstaffed station, featuring two side platforms. The station opened on 21 October 1901 and was reconstructed in 1987.

Initially opened as Collingwood Town Hall, the station was given its current name on 1 May 1909.

Although it is named after the suburb of Collingwood, and is adjacent to the former Collingwood Town Hall, the station is actually located in the neighbouring suburb of Abbotsford.

Elevated railway
An elevated railway or elevated train (also known as an el train or el for short) is a railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other elevated structure (usually constructed from steel, cast iron, concrete, or bricks). The railway may be a broad-gauge, standard-gauge or narrow-gauge railway, rapid transit, light rail, monorail, or a suspension railway. Elevated railways are normally found in urban areas that would otherwise require impracticably many level crossings. Usually, the tracks of elevated railways that run on steel viaducts can be seen from street level.
BSA B44
The BSA B44 was a series of 441 cc (26.9 cu in) unit construction single-cylinder OHV four-stroke motorcycles made by the Birmingham Small Arms Company between 1966 and 1970. The machines were developed from the BSA World Championship Motocross machines, which were themselves based on the C15/B40.

Single-cylinder engine
A single-cylinder engine, sometimes called a thumper, is a piston engine with one cylinder. This engine is often used for motorcycles, motor scooters, motorized bicycles, go-karts, all-terrain vehicles, radio-controlled vehicles, power tools and garden machinery (such as chainsaws, lawn mowers, cultivators, and string trimmers). Single-cylinder engines are made both as 4-strokes and 2-strokes.
Michael O'Rourke
Michael, Mick or Mike O'Rourke is the name of:

Michael O'Rourke (gambler) (1862–1882, alias "Johnny-Behind-the-Deuce"), professional gambler of the Old West

Michael James O'Rourke (1878–1957), Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross

Mick O'Rourke (1946–2019), Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler who played for Offaly

Mike O'Rourke (athlete) (born 1955), New Zealand javelin thrower

Mike O'Rourke (baseball) (1868–1934), Major League Baseball pitcher

Mick O'Rourke
Michael O'Rourke (1946 – 26 January 2019) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler who played for club side Killeigh and at inter-county level with the Offaly senior team. He usually lined out at left corner-back, but could also be deployed as a forward.
Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga
Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga (French pronunciation: [maʁi fʁɑ̃swa oɡyst də kafaʁɛli dy falɡa]; 7 October 1766, Falga, Haute-Garonne, France – 23 January 1849, Leschelles, near Guise, Aisne) was a French général de division of Italian descent. Two of his brothers were also generals. His name is inscribed on the south side of the Arc de Triomphe.

Guise
Guise (/ɡwiːz/ GWEEZ, French: [ɡɥiz]; Dutch: Wieze) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. The city was the birthplace of the noble family of Guise, Dukes of Guise, who later became Princes of Joinville.
Hoernlé
Hoernlé is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adolfe and Henrietta Hoernle (Count and Countess de Hoernle)

Rudolf Hoernlé (1841–1918), Indologist and philologist

Winifred Hoernlé (1885–1960), South African anthropologist

Count and Countess de Hoernle
The Count and Countess de Hoernle were a German-born American philanthropic couple who made many major donations to arts, educational, and social agencies, primarily in the Boca Raton, Florida, area. Their names are seen on more than 50 buildings in the area. Their titles are from the Knights of Malta. The Countess said that the importance of the titles was that they made it easier to raise money.
Ladislav Dluhoš
Ladislav Dluhoš (born 6 October 1965 in Čeladná) is a Czech former ski jumper who competed for Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic from 1984 to 1995. He earned two bronze medals in the Team large hill event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1984, 1989), and earned his best individual finish of 6th in the individual large hill in 1989.

Dluhoš's best finish at the Winter Olympics was 4th in the team large hill at Calgary in 1988. He also finished 4th in the 1986 Ski-flying World Championships.

Dluhoš's best individual career finish was 2nd three times (1985, 1986, 1990).

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is a biennial Nordic skiing event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The World Championships was started in 1924 for men and opened for women's participation in 1954. World Championship events include Nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and Nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping). The Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1980 were also the Nordic World Ski Championships. This meant that the Olympic champions were also World champions and received an additional medal from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.
Oniiwa Park
Oniiwa Park (鬼岩公園, Oniiwa Kōen) is a park on the border of Mitake, Kani District and Mizunami in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is located in Hida-Kisogawa Quasi-National Park. Oniiwa is a Japanese government designated Place of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monument.

Mizunami, Gifu
Mizunami (瑞浪市, Mizunami-shi) is a city located in Gifu, Japan. As of 1 January 2019, the city had an estimated population of 37,705, and a population density of 220 persons per km2. The total area of the city was 174.86 square kilometres (67.51 sq mi).  Mizunami's biggest claim to fame came in 1995, when the largest ceramic plate in the world, as recognised by the Guinness Book of Records, was created by the Inatsu Town Planning Association in the city. It measures 2.8 metres in diameter.
North Korean literature
Reading is a popular pastime in North Korea, where literacy and books enjoy a high cultural standing, elevated by the regime's efforts to disseminate propaganda as texts. Because of this, writers are held in high prestige.

The division of Korea following the Second World War led to a considerable cross-border movement, which included writers moving from North to South or from South to North.

North Korea's subsequent literary tradition was shaped and controlled by the State. The "Guidelines for Juche Literature", published by the official Korean Writers' Alliance (Korean: 조선 작가 동맹), emphasised that literature must extoll the country's leader, Kim Il Sung, and, later, Kim Jong Il. Only members of the Writers' Alliance are authorised to have their works published.

McCune–Reischauer
McCune–Reischauer (MR; /məˈkjuːn ˈraɪʃaʊ.ər/ mə-KEWN RYSHE-ow-ər) is a romanization system for the Korean language. It was first published in 1939 by George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer. Significant work on the system was done by Korean linguists Choe Hyeon-bae, Jeong In-seop, and Kim Seon-gi.

According to Reischauer, McCune "persuaded the American Army Map Service to adopt [the McCune–Reischauer system], and through the Korean War it became the foundation for most current Romanizations of Korean place names."

A variant of McCune–Reischauer is currently used as the official system in North Korea. Another variant is currently used for standard romanization library catalogs in North America. On the other hand, South Korea formerly used yet another variant as its official system from 1984 to 2000, but replaced it with the Revised Romanization of Korean in 2000.
Open Waters (The Morning Show)
"Open Waters" is the seventh episode of the American drama television series The Morning Show, inspired by Brian Stelter's 2013 book Top of the Morning. The episode was written by Jeff Augustin, and directed by Roxann Dawson. It was released on Apple TV+ on November 29, 2019.

The series follows the characters and culture behind a network broadcast morning news program, The Morning Show. After allegations of sexual misconduct, the male co-anchor of the program, Mitch Kessler, is forced off the show. It follows Mitch's co-host, Alex Levy, and a conservative reporter Bradley Jackson, who attracts the attention of the show's producers after a viral video. In the episode, Mitch tries to get Bradley to accept an interview to expose the executives, while Alex faces a crisis while announcing her divorce.

The episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the character development and performances.

Brian Stelter
Brian Patrick Stelter (born September 3, 1985) is an American journalist best known as a CNN media correspondent and analyst. He hosted CNN's Reliable Sources and was chief media correspondent from 2013 to 2022, then returned to the network as media analyst in 2024. Stelter was previously a media reporter for The New York Times and editor of the blog TVNewser.
Fever Beach
Fever Beach is a 2025 novel by American author Carl Hiaasen.

Hiaasen dedicated the novel to Jimmy Buffett, who died during the writing of the book. Hiaasen co-wrote the song "Fish Porn" with Buffett on Buffett's final 2023 album Equal Strain on All Parts.

Equal Strain on All Parts
Equal Strain on All Parts is the thirty-second studio album by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett. It is the final album to be completed prior to his death on September 1, 2023, and was released on November 3, 2023, through Mailboat and Sun Records.
Hydroxylamine reductase
In enzymology, a hydroxylamine reductase (EC 1.7.99.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

NH3 + H2O + acceptor  hydroxylamine + reduced acceptor

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are NH3, H2O, and acceptor, whereas its two products are hydroxylamine and reduced acceptor.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors with other acceptors.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ammonia:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include hydroxylamine (acceptor) reductase, and ammonia:(acceptor) oxidoreductase.  This enzyme participates in nitrogen metabolism.  It has 2 cofactors: FAD,  and Flavoprotein.

Hydroxylamine
Hydroxylamine (also known as hydroxyammonia) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NH2OH. The compound exists as hygroscopic colorless crystals. Hydroxylamine is almost always provided and used as either an aqueous solution or, more often, as one of its salts, such as hydroxylammonium sulfate, a water-soluble solid.

Hydroxylamine and its salts are consumed almost exclusively to produce Nylon-6. The oxidation of NH3 to hydroxylamine is a step in biological nitrification.
Akosombo International School
Akosombo International School (AIS) is a Ghanaian coeducational international second-cycle institution located at Akosombo in the Asuogyaman District of the Eastern Region.  It is operated by the Volta River Authority.

Akosombo
Akosombo is a small town in the south of the Asuogyaman District, Eastern Region, Ghana with notable street names of some African countries in the sub-region like Ghana, Congo, Namibia, Lagos-town, and Freetown. It is occupied by people of diverse ethnic backgrounds, like the Akans, Ewe, Krobo and other ethnic groups. Akosombo is north of the Adomi Bridge at Atimpoku, which is a 3 to 5 minute drive away.
CFRG (AM)
CFRG was a Canadian radio station, which broadcast in Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan from 1952 to 1973. A private affiliate of Radio-Canada, the station was owned by Radio-Gravelbourg Ltée.

CFRG originally aired at 1230 AM, signing on June 1, 1952. On October 14, 1956, the station became a daytimer, moving to 710 during the day but retaining a nighttime signal on the original 1230 frequency with the call sign CFGR. The two stations broadcast with 5,000 and 250 watts, respectively.

The station and CFNS in Saskatoon were purchased by Radio-Canada in 1973 to become rebroadcasters of Regina's new CBKF-FM. The transmitter, which now has the call sign CBKF-1, is still in operation as a rebroadcaster of CBKF on 690 kHz.

The call sign was later revived on CFRG-FM, a francophone community radio station in Gravelbourg.

Gravelbourg
Gravelbourg (/ˈɡrævəlbərɡ/) is a small multicultural town in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada.  It is located just west of the Wood River at the junction of provincial Highway 43 and Highway 58, approximately 125 kilometres from Moose Jaw, Swift Current, and the United States border. The region served as a path for First Nations peoples many years ago, and was also integrated into the Redcoat Trail of the 19th century. Gravelbourg is now a key link on the 21st century Trans Canada Trail.

Gravelbourg is also referenced in the fourth verse of the North American version of "I've Been Everywhere", written by Geoff Mack and made popular in North America by Hank Snow and more recently Johnny Cash.
2023 Orlando USTA Pro Circuit Event – Doubles
Sophie Chang and Angela Kulikov were the defending champions but chose not to participate.

Ashlyn Krueger and Robin Montgomery won the title, defeating Arianne Hartono and Eva Vedder in the final, 7–5, 6–1.

Eva Vedder
Eva Vedder (born 23 November 1999) is a Dutch tennis player.
She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 221 by the WTA, reached on 9 January 2023. She also has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 110, achieved on 3 April 2023. She has won three singles and 27 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
The Torch-Bearers
The Torch-Bearers is a 1922 stage play by George Kelly about a housewife who becomes an actress (the original actress became a widow and withdrew) while her husband is away on business, with Act I being the rehearsal at their home, Act II is the show, and Act III is afterwards. The play is in the style of, as is the play within the play, of the Little Theatre Movement.

Little Theatre Movement
As the new medium of cinema was beginning to replace theater as a source of large-scale spectacle, the Little Theatre Movement developed in the United States around 1912. The Little Theatre Movement served to provide experimental centers for the dramatic arts, free from the standard production mechanisms used in prominent commercial theaters.  In several large cities, beginning with Chicago, Boston, Seattle, and Detroit, companies formed to produce more intimate, non-commercial, non-profit-centered, and reform-minded entertainments.
Fabrikant
Fabrikant is a surname typical to Russian Jews:

Anat Fabrikant, olympic sailor

Janika Fabrikant, French-Swiss painter

Sara Irina Fabrikant, Swiss geographer

Valentin Fabrikant, scientist

Valery Fabrikant, associate professor of mechanical engineering

Valentin Fabrikant
Valentin Aleksandrovich Fabrikant (Russian: Валентин Александрович Фабрикант; 9 October 1907 – 3 March 1991) was a Soviet scientist in the field of electromagnetic radiation. He is a laureate of the Stalin Prize (1951). He claimed to be a precursor of laser and maser technology and soviet patents where granted to him, but the global community of physicists did not recognize his claim.
Jerónimo Martins
Jerónimo Martins SGPS, SA (JM) is a Portuguese corporate group that operates in food distribution and specialised retail. It operates more than 6,100 stores in Portugal, Poland, Slovakia and Colombia.

The group is the majority owner of Jerónimo Martins Retail (JMR), which operates the Pingo Doce super- and hypermarket chain in Portugal. JMR has been run as a 51%-49% joint venture with the Dutch firm Ahold Delhaize since 1982.

Jerónimo Martins is listed on Euronext Lisbon, under the code JMT, and is part of the PSI-20 index.

Cash and carry
Cash and carry is a wholesale business model in which goods are sold from a warehouse-style premises to business buyers who pay for products immediately at the point of sale and arrange their own transport. The model emphasizes self-service, immediate payment, and reduced service offerings such as credit accounts or delivery, which distinguishes it from traditional full-service wholesalers. It is commonly used in the distribution of fast-moving consumer goods and supplies to independent retailers, food service operators, and other business customers.
Cop Shoot Cop
Cop Shoot Cop was a noise rock group founded in New York City in 1987. They disbanded in 1996. The band were frequently classified as industrial rock, but were often quite different from many bands so dubbed: having a distinctive instrumental lineup that encompassed twin bass guitars, found metal percussion, and no lead guitar. The group had little mainstream success (scoring a few hits on college radio), despite tours with Iggy Pop and music videos on MTV's Headbangers Ball and 120 Minutes (notably for "$10 Bill", featuring a number of little people). They retain a cult following—their out-of-print releases sometimes sell for large amounts.

120 Minutes
120 Minutes is a television program in the United States dedicated to the alternative music genre, that originally aired on MTV from 1986 to 2000, and then aired on MTV's associate channel MTV2 from 2001 to 2003.

After its cancellation, MTV2 premiered a replacement program called Subterranean. A similar but separate MTV Classic program, also titled 120 Minutes, plays many classic alternative videos that were regularly seen on 120 Minutes in its heyday.

120 Minutes returned as a monthly program on MTV2 on July 30, 2011, with Matt Pinfield as host.

In March 2023, former 120 Minutes host Lewis Largent died at the age of 58.
The Parkerilla
The Parkerilla is a 1978 live double album by Graham Parker and the Rumour. It was recorded at Winter Gardens, Bournemouth, Manchester Opera House, Apollo Theatre, Oxford and The Palladium, New York City; and mixed at Rockfield Studios, Wales.

The album was recorded as a contractual obligation album as Parker had already signed with Arista and was preparing "Squeezing Out Sparks" for that label. The album was longer than a traditional record and Mercury elected to release it as a double album. The single "Hey Lord Don't Ask Me Questions" was a re-recording of a song from the first album (and slightly retitled) with the song occupying the fourth side.

The album met with a mixed reception from critics who were waiting for new material from Parker.

In 1991, Rolling Stone ranked The Parkerilla number 64 on its list of 100 greatest album covers. The cover photography was by Brian Griffin, with the artwork completed by Barney Bubbles.

Rockfield Studios
Rockfield Studios is a residential recording studio located in the Wye Valley in Monmouthshire, south-east Wales, close to the village of Rockfield. The studio was founded in 1963 by brothers Kingsley and Charles Ward.
Black Bear Road (album)
Black Bear Road is an album by country musician C. W. McCall, released on MGM Records in 1975 (see 1975 in music). It is largely considered the album which gave him the most significant boost of his career, almost entirely due to the hit novelty song, "Convoy", that hit the number one spot on both Billboard's Country charts and its Pop charts. The song itself was largely responsible for starting a nationwide citizens' band radio craze. The song "Black Bear Road" in turn popularized the now-infamous road itself, along with its "You don't HAVE to be crazy to drive this road - but it helps" sign.

C. W. McCall
William Dale Fries Jr. (November 15, 1928 – April 1, 2022) was an American commercial artist who won several Clio Awards for his advertising campaigns. He was also a musician remembered for his character C. W. McCall, a truck-driving country singer that he created for a series of bread commercials while working for an Omaha advertising agency as an art director. Fries performed as McCall in a series of outlaw albums and songs in the 1970s, in collaboration with co-worker Chip Davis who also founded Mannheim Steamroller.

McCall's most successful song was "Convoy", a surprise hit in 1975, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number two in the UK Singles Chart in March 1976. After a successful spell of touring, Fries retired to Ouray, Colorado, where he was elected mayor, serving from 1986 to 1992. The "Convoy" song became an anthem for the Freedom Convoy protests in 2022 and Fries enjoyed this revival before he died of cancer at the age of 93.
Zago (character)
Zago is a fictional character who appeared in comic books published by Fox Feature Syndicate. He first appeared in Zago, Jungle Prince #1 (September 1948).

Zago was a jungle adventurer, very much like the more popular Tarzan. He was accompanied by his mate Wana, who bore a more than passing resemblance to Sheena.

Tarzan
Tarzan (John Clayton, Viscount Greystoke) is a fictional character, a feral child raised in the Congo Basin by the Mangani great apes; he later experiences civilization, only to reject it and return to the wild as a heroic adventurer.

Created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan first appeared in the novel Tarzan of the Apes (magazine publication 1912, book publication 1914), and subsequently in 23 sequels, several books by Burroughs and other authors, and innumerable works in other media, both authorized and unauthorized.