hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kooros couch
The Kooros couch is a 6-7th century (Northern Zhou/Sui dynasty) funeral monument to an anonymous Sogdian nobleman and official in northern China (the epitaph has been lost). The tomb was probably discovered in the northern city of Tianshui in a clandestine excavation. It belonged to the "Vahid Kooros collection" after which it was named, and was briefly presented in the Musée Guimet in 2004, but has since disappeared. It is one of the major known examples of Sogdian tombs in China.

The stone couch, similar to other Sogdian tombs in China and contemporary Chinese tombs, is composed of a pedestal with stone slabs around the couch, decorated with reliefs showing the life of the deceased and scene of the afterlife, particularly hunting, drinking and feasting. The iconography of the panels is rather excentric, or "Bacchic".

Given the iconographical content of the tomb, the owner may not have been Sogdian, but rather may have originated from northern India or Tokharistan (Bactria).

Guimet Museum
The Guimet Museum (full name in French: Musée national des arts asiatiques-Guimet, MNAAG; abbr. Musée Guimet, [myze ɡimɛ]) is a Parisian art museum with one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of Asian art outside of Asia which includes items from Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet, India, and Nepal, among other countries.

Founded in the late 19th century, it is located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, at 6, Place d'Iéna. Its name literally translated into English is the National Museum of Asian Arts-Guimet, or Guimet National Museum of Asian Arts.
Luke Williams (journalist)
Luke Williams is an Australian journalist. He has worked as a reporter for ABC Radio, written for The Sydney Morning Herald, The Guardian, Brisbane Times, Crikey, The Global Mail, The Weekend Australian and Eureka Street. He is the author of The Ice Age, an account of his experiences with addiction to crystal meth.

Eureka Street (magazine)
Eureka Street is an Australian magazine concerned with public affairs, arts, and theology. Founded in 1991, the magazine was published in print format for 15 years before becoming an online-only magazine in 2006.

The magazine is part of Jesuit Communications, the communications arm of the Australian Jesuit Province. However, the magazine has a tradition of being strongly secular and inclusive.

Morag Fraser was editor of Eureka Street from 1991 till 2003. Tim Kroenert held the position until early 2020, when David Halliday became editor, alongside editorial consultant Andrew Hamilton.
Taube Pan
Taube bas Leib Pan (née Pitzker; Yiddish: טויבאַ בּת לייבּ פּאַן) was a sixteenth-century Yiddish writer, who lived in the Prague ghetto at the time of Mordecai Meisel.

Pan was the daughter of Rabbi Moshe Leib Pitzker, and wife of Yakov Pan. Like many poets of this period, she published religious and ethical works in the current idiom of the Jews. Such publications were facilitated by the printing-press of Gersonides then running in Prague. Among other pieces, she published, probably in 1609, a poem of six pages, under the title Ayn sheyn lid, nay gemakht, beloshn tkhine iz vorden ausgetrakht.

Gersonides
Levi ben Gershon (1288 – 20 April 1344), better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides, or by his Latinized name Magister Leo Hebraeus, or in Hebrew by the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG, was a medieval French Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, physician and astronomer/astrologer. He was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, France. According to Abraham Zacuto and others, he was the son of Gerson ben Solomon Catalan.
Macaulayism
Macaulayism refers to the policy of introducing the English education system to British colonies. The term is derived from the name of British politician Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859), who served on the Governor-General's Council and was instrumental in making English the medium of instruction for higher education in India.

Council of India
The Council of India (1858 – 1935) was an advisory body to the Secretary of State for India, established in 1858 by the Government of India Act 1858. It was based in London and initially consisted of 15 members. The Council of India was dissolved in 1935 by the Government of India Act 1935. It is different from the Viceroy's Executive Council based in India, which was the advisory body and cabinet of the Governor-General of India/Viceroy, which was originally established in 1773 as the Council of Four.
Lempor ejector
The Lempor ejector is a steam locomotive exhaust system developed by noted Argentine locomotive engineer Livio Dante Porta. The ejector's name is a portmanteau of the names of Porta and Belgian locomotive engineer Maurice Lemaître. The Lempor ejector follows the principles of the de Laval nozzle.

De Laval nozzle
A de Laval nozzle (or convergent–divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con–di nozzle) is a tube that is pinched in the middle with a rapid convergence and gradual divergence. It is used to accelerate a compressible fluid to supersonic speeds in the axial (thrust) direction, by converting the thermal energy of the flow into kinetic energy. De Laval nozzles are widely used in some types of steam turbines and rocket engine nozzles. It also sees use in supersonic jet engines.

Similar flow properties have been applied to jet streams within astrophysics.
Tongue Untied
Tongue Untied is a stand-up comedy special written and performed by actress and comedian Wanda Sykes. The show premiered on July 22, 2003 on Comedy Central and was the seventh episode in season one of Comedy Central Stand-Up Specials. It is directed by Paul Miller and was filmed in front of a live audience at the Palace Theater in Albany, NY. According to Linda Mizejewski, a Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies professor at Ohio State University in her book, Pretty/Funny: Women Comedians and Body Politics, the title of the special refers to Tongues Untied, a documentary by Marlon Riggs released in 1989.

Marlon Riggs
Marlon Troy Riggs (February 3, 1957 – April 5, 1994) was a Black gay filmmaker, educator, poet, and activist. He produced, wrote, and directed several documentary films, including Ethnic Notions, Tongues Untied, Color Adjustment, and Black Is... Black Ain't. His films examine past and present representations of race and sexuality in the United States. The Marlon Riggs Collection is open to the public at Stanford University Libraries.
Arrondissements of the Val-d'Oise department
The 3 arrondissements of the Val-d'Oise department are:

Arrondissement of Argenteuil, (subprefecture: Argenteuil) with 17 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 425,515 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Pontoise, (prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department: Pontoise) with 105 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 349,407 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Sarcelles, (subprefecture: Sarcelles) with 62 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 481,685 in 2021.

Subprefectures in France
In France, a subprefecture (French: sous-préfecture) is the commune that hosts the administrative centre of an arrondissement (a primary division of a department). The commune that hosts the administrative center for the whole department is known as the prefecture. The term "subprefecture" also applies to the building that houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement.

The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, assisted by a general secretary. Between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title Deputy Commissioner of the Republic (commissaire adjoint de la République). Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the general secretary to the prefect carries out duties equivalent to those of the subprefect.

(The municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon and Marseille are divisions of the commune rather than the department. They are not arrondissements in the same sense.)
Pegasus 1
Pegasus 1 or I, known before launch as Pegasus A, was an American satellite which was launched in 1965 to study micrometeoroid impacts in low Earth orbit. It was the first of three Pegasus satellites to be launched. The Pegasus spacecraft were manufactured by Fairchild Hiller, and operated by NASA.

Micrometeoroid
A micrometeoroid is a tiny meteoroid: a small particle of rock in space, usually weighing less than a gram. A micrometeorite is such a particle that survives passage through Earth's atmosphere and reaches Earth's surface.

The term "micrometeoroid" was officially deprecated in 2017 by the International Astronomical Union, the primary international association of astronomers, as redundant to "meteoroid." It remains in use in astronautical engineering to refer to small, difficult to detect objects that can impact and damage spacecraft.
Japanese Americans (miniseries)
99 Years of Love 〜Japanese Americans〜 (99年の愛〜JAPANESE AMERICANS〜, Kyūjūkyūnen no Ai Japanīzu Amerikanzu) is a five-episode Japanese-language TV miniseries produced by TBS for its 60th anniversary announced in 3–7 November 2010, starring Tsuyoshi Kusanagi and Yukie Nakama, and sponsored by Toyota and Panasonic.

Issei
Issei (一世, "first generation") are Japanese immigrants to countries in North America and South America. The term is used mostly by ethnic Japanese. Issei are born in Japan; their children born in the new country are nisei (ni, "two", plus sei, "generation"); and their grandchildren are sansei (san, "three", plus sei, "generation").

The character and uniqueness of the issei is recognized in their social history.
Plashett Park Wood
Plashett Park Wood is a 157.6-hectare (389-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Lewes and Uckfield in East Sussex.

This ancient wood has an extensive area of rides. There are several rare plants, such as the spiked rampion and 25 species of butterfly, including the pearl bordered fritillary, purple hairstreak and silver-washed fritillary. There are also 67 species of breeding birds.

Phyteuma spicatum
Phyteuma spicatum, the spiked rampion, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is common across much of Europe. Its common names include raiponce en épi (French), Ährige Teufelskralle (German), Ährige Rapunzel (Swiss German), and Raponzolo giallo (Italian).

Found in diverse types of forest, especially broadleaf beech forests, but also coniferous forests, as well as prairies, along forest roads, in logging clearings.

The leaves, roots, and flowers are edible, and can be eaten raw. Flowers before blooming can for instance be prepared by steaming or boiling briefly, then seasoned (see photo).
Charles Bridault
Charles Bridault (Paris, 1830 – 1896) was a 19th-century French playwright. His plays were given on the most significant Parisian stages of his time including the Théâtre des Folies-Nouvelles, and the Théâtre Saint-Germain.

Théâtre Déjazet
The Théâtre Déjazet (French pronunciation: [teɑtʁ deʒazɛ]) is a theatre on the boulevard du Temple (popularly known as the 'boulevard du crime') in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris, France. Théâtre Déjazet is the only theatre surviving on the boulevard du Temple, not destroyed by Georges-Eugène Haussmann.
Selab
Selab (Azerbaycanca: Selab, Persian: سئلاب), is a district of Tabriz.

Selab district is located in North of Tabriz, south of Eynali mountain and consists of two neighbourhoods: Selab Bazarçası and Quşxana Selab. Selab was traditionally a labour class district since at least Qajar era. During Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's industrialization plans under the name of white revolution (ca. 1960s), Selab became a destination of the unskilled labour immigrants from the Iranian Azerbaijan's rural areas. It is one of the most dense and poorest districts of Tabriz.

Eynali
Eynali (Persian: عینالی), or On ibn Ali (عون بن علی),  is a mountain range in north of Tabriz, Iran. The range has a couple of peaks including Eynali (1800 m), Halileh (1850 m), Pakeh-chin (1945 m), Bahlul (1985 m) and the highest one Dand (2378 m). There is a tomb at top of the mountain which is believed to be the grave of two clerics which the mountain's name is related to them. There is a belief among people that originally the building was a Zoroasterian temple or a Church that the shrine name to is a cover to saving the structure from destruction during Muslims invasion.
Generational list of programming languages
This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

Cobra (programming language)
Free and open-source software portal

Cobra is a discontinued general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. Cobra is designed by Charles Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and dynamic typing. It has support for unit tests and contracts. It has lambda expressions, closures, list comprehensions, and generators.

Cobra is an open-source project; it was released under the MIT License on February 29, 2008.
Ixtlán Zapotec
Ixtlán Zapotec is a Zapotec dialect cluster of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Varieties share about 80% mutual intelligibility. They are:

Yareni (Western Ixtlán, Etla Zapotec), spoken in Santa Ana Yareni.

Atepec (Macuiltianguis Zapotec), spoken in San Juan Atepec and San Pablo Macuiltianguis.

Central Ixtlan

Sierra de Juárez

Yavesía Zapotec (Southeastern Ixtlán) is somewhat more divergent.

Yareni Zapotec speakers can communicate with speakers of related Zapotec variants in the towns of Teococuilco de Marcos Pérez, San Miguel Aloapam, and San Isidro Aloápam (Aloápam Zapotec).

San Miguel Aloápam
San Miguel Aloápam is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 133.96 km2. 
It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,637.
Jangheung O clan
Jangheung O clan (Korean: 장흥 오씨; Hanja: 長興 吳氏) was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Jangheung County, South Jeolla Province. According to the research in 2000, the number of Jangheung O clan was 3564. Their founder was O Cheon-u. O Cheon-u was a 7th descendant of O Hyeon-pil who was a founder of Boseong O clan. O Hyeon-pil was a 24th descendant of O Cheom (Hanja: 吳瞻) who came over from China to Silla during Jijeung of Silla’s reign in Silla dynasty. O Cheon-u passed Imperial examination during Taejong of Joseon’s reign in Joseon dynasty. As a result, O Cheon-u served as Byeongmajeoldosa (Korean: 병마절도사; Hanja: 兵馬節度使) and was appointed as Prince of Jangheung (Hanja: 長興君). Then, O Cheon-u began Jangheung O clan.

Taejong of Joseon
Taejong (Korean: 태종; Hanja: 太宗; 16 May 1367 – 10 May 1422), personal name Yi Pangwŏn (이방원; 李芳遠), was the third monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea and the father of Sejong the Great. He was the fifth son of King Taejo, the founder of the dynasty. Before ascending to the throne, he was known as Grand Prince Jeongan (정안군; 靖安君).
Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies
The Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies Under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (KazISS) (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы Президентінің жанындағы Қазақстан стратегиялық зерттеулер институты, romanized: Qazaqstan Respublikasy Prezidentınıñ janyndağy Qazaqstan strategiialyq zertteuler instituty; Russian: Казахстанский институт стратегических исследований при Президенте Республики Казахстан) is a Kazakhstan state institution aimed at providing research and analytical support to the president of Kazakhstan and his government. The KazISS provides research related to international and domestic affairs as well as the social and economic development of Kazakhstan. The KazISS aims to provide predictive research and analysis for the country's leadership.

Ermukhamet Ertisbaev
Ermukhamet Qabidenuly Ertisbaev (Kazakh: Ермұхамет Қабиденұлы Ертісбаев, Ermūhamet Qabidenūly Ertısbaev, [jeɾmo̙χɑmʲet qɑbɯjdʲeno̙ɫɯ jeɾtɘsbɑjəf]; born 19 November 1956) is a Kazakh politician and diplomat who has served as the chairman of the People's Party of Kazakhstan since 27 March 2022. Prior to that, he served as the Kazakh ambassador to Belarus from November 2017 to August 2019 and to Georgia from April 2013 to November 2017.

Ertisbaev worked in several governmental ministries of Culture, Information which was split in March 2006 with Ertisbaev being appointed as a Culture and Information. He was also a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR from 1990 to 1994 and has served in President Nursultan Nazarbayev's administration where he had been called as Nazarbayev's "wily political adviser."
CityLink Lime (BaltimoreLink)
CityLink Lime (abbreviated LM) is a CityLink bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore and its suburbs. The line currently runs from the Mondawmin Metro Subway Station along Liberty Heights Avenue and Liberty Road to a loop known as in Milford Mill with buses marked as "Milford Mill" (not to be confused with the Milford Mill Metro Subway Station, where this route presently does not operate). The loop is composed of a square block, consisting of Liberty Road, Rolling Road, Church Lane, and Milford Mill Road. The spot of the layover depends on the time of day.

The line was known as Route M-1 from 1984 until its renaming on August 30, 2009, when no routing changes were made.

Maryland Transit Administration
The Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) is a state-operated mass transit administration in Maryland, and is part of the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT). The MTA operates a comprehensive transit system throughout the Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area. There are 80 bus lines serving the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, along with rail services that include the Baltimore Light RailLink, Baltimore Metro Subway, and MARC Train. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 67,092,400, or about 223,400 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

With 27% of Baltimore households lacking access to a car, the MTA is an important part of the regional transit picture. The system has many connections to other transit agencies of Central Maryland, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and south-central Pennsylvania (Hanover, Harrisburg, and York): WMATA, Charm City Circulator, Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland, Annapolis Transit, Rabbit Transit, Ride-On, and TransIT.
Arghush Farhadan
Arghush Farhadan (Middle Persian: Āghosh Vehādhān) was a legendary king of Gilan, who lived during the time of the Kayanian king of Iran, Kay Khosrow. He was one of the commanders of the latter during the war against the Turanian king Afrasiab, and along with Gostaham, invaded Khwarazm and defeated Afrasiab's brother, Garsivaz, and his son, Sheda.

The rulers of Gilan, including the Ziyarid king Mardavij, claimed to be descended from Arghush.

Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg  (Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐‎, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, the official language of Iran (also known as Persia), Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan (Tajik).
Chouans!
Chouans! is a 1988 French historical adventure film directed by Philippe de Broca and starring Sophie Marceau, Philippe Noiret, and Lambert Wilson. Loosely based on the 1829 novel Les Chouans by Honoré de Balzac, the film is about a woman who must choose between two brothers on opposite sides of the French Civil War of 1793. For her performance in the film, Sophie Marceau received the Cabourg Romantic Film Festival Award for Best Actress.

Chouan
Chouan (French pronunciation: [ʃwɑ̃] ⓘ, "the silent one", or "owl") is a French nickname.  It was used as a nom de guerre by the Chouan brothers, most notably Jean Cottereau, better known as Jean Chouan, who led a major revolt in Bas-Maine against the French Revolution. Participants in this revolt – and to some extent French anti-revolutionary activists in general – came to be known as Chouans, and the revolt itself came to be known as the Chouannerie.
Gustav Mann
Gustav Mann (1836–1916) was a German botanist who led expeditions in West Africa and was also a gardener at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Born in the Kingdom of Hanover in 1836, he was chosen by William Jackson Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to take part in William Balfour Baikie's expedition to West Africa.  While there, he sent numerous specimens back to Kew.

Mann's exploration of the Cameroon mountains is described by Sir Richard Burton in Abeokuta and the Camaroon Mountains vol. 2  Mann later collected specimens in Darjeeling, India, before retiring to Munich, Germany, in 1891.

Some 349 species of plants, the genera Manniella Hook.f. and Manniophyton Muell. Arg.; and Mann's Spring on the Cameroon Mountain bear his name.

Mount Cameroon
Mount Cameroon is an active stratovolcano in the Southwest Region of Cameroon next to the city of Buea near the Gulf of Guinea. Mount Cameroon is also known as Cameroon Mountain or Fako (the name of the higher of its two peaks) or by its indigenous name Mongo ma Ndemi ("Mountain of Greatness"). Mount Cameroon is ranked 22nd by topographic isolation.

It is the highest point in sub-Saharan western and central Africa, the fourth-most prominent peak in Africa, and 31st-most prominent in the world.
The mountain is part of the area of volcanic activity known as the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which also includes Lake Nyos, the site of a disaster in 1986. The eruption of 28 April-June 1909 caused the German colonial government of Kamerun to temporarily move from Buea to Douala. The most recent eruption occurred on February 3, 2012.
HMS B9
HMS B9 was one of 11 B-class submarines built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1906, she was initially assigned to the Home Fleet, before the boat was transferred to the Mediterranean six years later. After the First World War began in 1914, B9 played a minor role in the Dardanelles Campaign. The boat was transferred to the Adriatic Sea in 1916 to support Italian forces against the Austro-Hungarian Navy. She was converted into a patrol boat in 1917 and was sold for scrap in 1919.

Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign
The naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign (17 February 1915 – 9 January 1916) took place against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Ships of the Royal Navy, French Marine nationale, Imperial Russian Navy (Российский императорский флот) and the Royal Australian Navy, attempted to force a passage through the Dardanelles Straits, a narrow, 41-mile-long (66 km) waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea further north.

The naval operations were defeated by the Ottoman defenders, mainly through use of naval mines. The Allies conducted the Gallipoli campaign, a land invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula to eliminate the Ottoman artillery along the straits before resuming naval operations. The Allies also passed submarines through the Dardanelles to attack Ottoman shipping in the Sea of Marmara.