hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023)
The following is a timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) in 2023.

This timeline is a dynamic and fluid list, and as such may never satisfy criteria of completeness. Moreover, some events may only be fully understood and/or discovered in retrospect.

Umm Ruwaba
Umm Ruwaba, also Umm Ruwabah (Arabic: أم روابة; Ruaba and Umm Ruaba), is a city in the state of North Kordofan in Sudan and is the capital of the Um Rawaba District. By road it is located 147 kilometres (91 mi) southeast of El Obeid, and 184 kilometres (114 mi) west of Rabak. Founded by the Ottoman Empire in late 1820s , it is at the junction of important roads and camel caravan routes.
QSST election
In United States federal income tax law, a qualified Subchapter S trust is one of several types of trusts that may retain ownership as the shareholder of an S corporation. The beneficiary of such a trust makes a QSST election for each S corporation in which the trust holds stock. A trust is eligible to hold S corporation stock if it is a Subpart E trust ("grantor trust"), a testamentary trust, a voting trust, a qualified Subchapter S trust ("QSST"), or an electing small business trust ("ESBT").

Voting trust
A voting trust is an arrangement whereby the shares in a company of one or more shareholders and the voting rights attached thereto are legally transferred to a trustee, usually for a specified period of time (the "trust period").  In some voting trusts, the trustee may also be granted additional powers (such as to sell or redeem the shares).  At the end of the trust period, the shares would ordinarily be re-transferred to the beneficiary, although in practice many voting trusts contain provisions for them to re-vested on the voting trusts with identical terms.

Voting trusts were made popular in Delaware corporate law, but they have since been adopted widely by other states in the United States. They have also been extensively adopted in offshore jurisdictions.
The Last of the Family
The Last of the Family is a comedy play by the British writer Richard Cumberland. It was first staged at Drury Lane Theatre on 8 May 1797 as a benefit performance for the actor John Bannister. The original cast included William Dowton as Sir John Manfred, John Bannister as Sir Adam ap Origen, Ralph Wewitzer as Squire Abel, Charles Kemble as Peregrine, Richard Suett as Beau Tiffany, Robert Palmer as Ned Flexible, Thomas Caulfield as George Ivey, John Hayman Packer as David Duncan, Jane Pope as Lady Manfred, Charlotte Tidswell as Lucy and Dorothea Jordan as Letitia Manfred.

Dorothea Jordan
Dorothea Jordan (née Bland; 22 November 1761 – 5 July 1816) was an Anglo-Irish actress, as well as a courtesan. She was the long-time partner of Prince William, Duke of Clarence (later King William IV), and the mother of 10 illegitimate children by him, all of whom took the surname FitzClarence. She was known professionally as Dorothea Francis and Dorothea Jordan, was informally Dora Jordan, and she was commonly referred to as Mrs Jordan and Mrs FitzClarence.
Taksim (Istanbul Metro)
Taksim is an underground rapid transit complex. It is located in central Beyoğlu under Taksim Square in Istanbul. The complex is serviced by the M2 line of the Istanbul Metro and the Kabataş-Taksim Funicular (F1) line. Taksim was opened on 16 September 2000 as the southern terminus of the M2 until the line was extended to Yenikapı in 2014. On 29 June 2006 the Kabataş-Taksim funicular station was opened, offering shuttle service to Kabataş. Taksim is the busiest station on the M2 Line as well as the Istanbul Metro. Connections to Havabüs express bus service to Sabiha Gökçen Airport are available.

Sabiha Gökçen International Airport
Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (IATA: SAW, ICAO: LTFJ) is the secondary international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. Located 32 km (20 mi) southeast of the city centre, Sabiha Gökçen Airport is in the Asian part of the transcontinental city and serves as the operating base for AJet and Pegasus Airlines.

The airport is named after Sabiha Gökçen, adoptive daughter of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the first female fighter pilot in the world. Although Istanbul Airport, located 63 km (39 mi) west of the European side of Istanbul, is larger, Sabiha Gökçen is still one of the largest airports in the country and one of the busiest airports in the Middle East.
Hüyüklü, Artuklu
Hüyüklü (Kurdish: Girmasek) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Artuklu, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Qelenderan Kurdish tribe and had a population of 348 in 2021.

Artuklu
Artuklu (Kurdish: Ertuqî; Turoyo: ܐܪܬܘܟܠܘ, romanized: Artoklo; Arabic: الأرتقية) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 885 km2, and its population is 189,769 (2022). It encompasses the city of Mardin and the adjacent countryside to the north and southeast.
South Ural Nature Reserve
South Ural Nature Reserve (Russian: Южно-Уральский заповедник) (also Yuzhno-Uralsky) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) protecting mountain taiga ecosystems in the highest part of the Southern Ural Mountains. Several mountain ridges run through the territory: Mashak, Zigalga, Nara Kumardak and Yamantau.  Mt. Yamantau reaches 1,640 metres (5,380 ft), and is the highest mountain in the Southern Urals.  90% of the reserve is situated in the Beloretsky District of Bashkortostan, and the remainder in Chelyabinsk Oblast.  Ufa, the largest city of Bashkortostan, is about 200 km to the northwest.

Southern Ural
Southern Ural (Russian: Южный Урал, Bashkir: Көньяҡ Урал) encompasses the south, the widest part of the Ural Mountains, stretches from the river Ufa (near the village of Lower Ufaley) to the Ural River. From the west and east the Southern Ural is limited to the East European Plain, West Siberian Plain and the steppes near Aral Sea and Caspian Sea.
HGS (electronic toll collection)
HGS (Hızlı Geçiş Sistemi; English: Fast Pass System) is an electronic toll collection system of radio-frequency identification (RFID) transponder type available on toll roads and toll bridges in Turkey. It is obtainable in a sticker or card form. Payment is handled by antenna on the toll booth, which collect money from the account associated with the tag. Additionally, smart cameras are used to detect the license plate and class of the vehicle. Despite these features, HGS is more cost-efficient compared to the OGS system.

It was implemented in September 17, 2012 to replace the slow KGS which needed drivers to stop at the booth to pay for the toll and caused congestion during rush hour. KGS was fully phased out by February 2013.

It was used alongside the OGS (electronic toll collection) system, although OGS was retired on March 31, 2022.

Toll bridge
A toll bridge is a bridge where a monetary charge (or toll) is required to pass over. Generally the private or public owner, builder and maintainer of the bridge uses the toll to recoup their investment, in much the same way as a toll road.
Bohnet
Bohnet is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Eva Bohnet, the maiden name of Eva Köhler, wife of the ninth President of Germany

Folker Bohnet (1937–2020), German actor, director and playwright

Iris Bohnet, Swiss professor at the Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, Massachusetts

John Bohnet (born 1961), American baseball pitcher

Iris Bohnet
Iris Bohnet (born 1966) is a Swiss behavioral economist, and the Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government and the Academic Dean at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Her work focuses primarily on issues of gender, trust, and social preferences.
Control point (mathematics)
In computer-aided geometric design a control point is a member of a set of points used to determine the shape of a spline curve or, more generally, a surface or higher-dimensional object.

For Bézier curves, it has become customary to refer to the ⁠⁠-vectors ⁠⁠ in a parametric representation  of a curve or surface in ⁠⁠-space as control points,  while the scalar-valued functions ⁠⁠, defined over the relevant parameter domain, are the corresponding weight or blending functions. 
Some would reasonably insist, in order to give intuitive geometric meaning to the word "control", that the blending functions form a partition of unity, i.e., that the ⁠⁠ are nonnegative and sum to one. This property implies that the curve lies within the convex hull of its control points. This is the case for Bézier's representation of a polynomial curve as well as for the B-spline representation of a spline curve or tensor-product spline surface.

Scalar field
In mathematics and physics, a scalar field is a function associating a single number to each point in a region of space – possibly physical space. The scalar may either be a pure mathematical number (dimensionless) or a scalar physical quantity (with units).

In a physical context, scalar fields are required to be independent of the choice of reference frame. That is, any two observers using the same units will agree on the value of the scalar field at the same absolute point in space (or spacetime) regardless of their respective points of origin.  Examples used in physics include the temperature distribution throughout space, the pressure distribution in a fluid, and spin-zero quantum fields, such as the Higgs field.  These fields are the subject of scalar field theory.
Russ Hoogerhyde
Russell B. Hoogerhyde (February 26, 1906 – August 20, 1985) was an American archer. He won six American national archery championships from 1930 to 1940 and was one of the initial inductees into the Archery Hall of Fame in 1972.

Northbrook, Illinois
Northbrook is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago in the greater North Shore, part of a collection of upscale residential communities north of Chicago. The population was 35,222 at the 2020 census. It is within Northfield Township, Illinois, bordering Lake County.

When incorporated in 1901, the village was known as Shermerville in honor of Frederick Schermer, who donated the land for its first train station. The village changed its name to Northbrook in 1923 as an effort to improve its public image. The name was chosen because the West Fork of the North Branch of the Chicago River runs through the village.

Glenbrook North High School, founded in 1953 as Glenbrook High School, is located in Northbrook. The village is also home to the Northbrook Park District, the Northbrook Court shopping mall, the Ed Rudolph Velodrome, the Chicago Curling Club, and the Northbrook Public Library.
Delias lytaea
Delias lytaea  is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin in 1878.
It is endemic to the Bismark archipelago (New Britain, New Ireland and New Georgia).

New Georgia
New Georgia, with an area of 2,037 km2 (786 sq mi), is the largest of the islands in Western Province, Solomon Islands, and the 203rd-largest island in the world. Since July 1978, the island has been part of the independent state of Solomon Islands.
Johannes Nesse
Johannes Jeremias Nesse (26 September 1891 – 1 June 1948), often abbreviated in Norwegian as Johs. Nesse, was a Norwegian newspaper editor.

He became an editor in Aftenposten in 1928, and was promoted to editor-in-chief in 1930. In 1941, following the milk strike, Nesse was promptly fired together with Torolv Kandahl by the occupying Nazi authorities, who had taken control over Aftenposten. He was replaced by Henry Endsjø. He was imprisoned at Møllergata 19 from 12 September to 24 September 1941. He was reinstated after the Second World War in 1945 and remained editor-in-chief until his death.

Aftenposten
Aftenposten (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈɑ̂ftn̩ˌpɔstn̩]; transl. "The Evening Post"; stylized as Aftenpoſten in the masthead) is Norway's largest printed newspaper by circulation as well as Norway's newspaper of record. It is based in Oslo. It sold 211,769 daily copies in 2015 (172,029 printed copies according to University of Bergen) and estimated 1.2 million readers. It converted from broadsheet to compact format in March 2005. Aftenposten's online edition is at Aftenposten.no.

Aftenposten is a private company wholly owned by the public company Schibsted ASA. Norway's second largest newspaper, VG, is also owned by Schibsted. Norwegian owners held a 42% of the shares in Schibsted at the end of 2015.

The paper has around 240 employees. Trine Eilertsen was appointed editor-in-chief in 2020.

Aftenposten has correspondents based in Kyiv, Brussels, Washington D.C, Moscow and Istanbul (2025).
Lepidochrysops loveni
Lepidochrysops loveni is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Zambia and possibly Malawi and Angola. The habitat consists of open Brachystegia woodland at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,500 metres, as well as grass-topped low hill ranges.

Adults are on wing from October to December.

The larvae feed on Ocimum and Salvia species.

Ocimum
Ocimum /ˈɒsɪməm/ is a genus of aromatic annual and perennial herbs and shrubs in the family Lamiaceae, native to the tropical and warm temperate regions of all 6 inhabited continents, with the greatest number of species in Africa. Its best known species are the cooking herb basil, O. basilicum, and the medicinal herb tulsi (holy basil), O. tenuiflorum.
Daedong Bay Important Bird Area
The Daedong Bay Important Bird Area (대동강변 조류보호구) lies on the north-eastern coast of the Yellow Sea on the west coast of North Korea near the mouth of the Taedong River.  It comprises 3,500 ha of marine, intertidal and beach wetlands, encompassing a 2,000 ha protected area.  It has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant populations of various birds, including greater white-fronted geese, Oriental storks, black-faced spoonbills, Chinese egrets, great bustards, hooded cranes, red-crowned cranes, Far Eastern curlews, Nordmann's greenshanks and spoon-billed sandpipers.  Threats to the site include agricultural intensification and aquacultural development.

Far Eastern curlew
The Far Eastern curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) is a large wader most similar in appearance to the long-billed curlew, but slightly larger. It is mostly brown, differentiated from other curlews by its plain, unpatterned brown underwing, and brown rump. It is not only the largest curlew but probably the world's largest sandpiper, at 60–66 cm (24–26 in) in length and 110 cm (43 in) across the wings. The weight is 390–1,350 g (0.86–2.98 lb), which is equalled by the Eurasian curlew; females are on average about 100 g heavier than males. The extremely long bill, at 12.8–20.1 cm (5.0–7.9 in) in length, rivals the bill size of the closely related long-billed curlew as the longest bill for a sandpiper. It overlaps in range with the eastern subspecies of the Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata orientalis, from which it is most easily told by its brown rump and lower back, rather than white.
G. Waldo Dunnington
Guy Waldo Dunnington (January 15, 1906, Bowling Green, Missouri – April 10, 1974, Natchitoches, Louisiana) was a writer, historian and professor of German known for his writings on the famous German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Dunnington wrote several articles about Gauss and later a biography entitled Gauss: Titan of Science (ISBN 0-88385-547-X). He became interested in Gauss through one of his elementary school teachers, Minna Waldeck Gauss Reeves, who was a great-granddaughter of Gauss.

Dunnington was also a translator at the Nuremberg trials. He ended his teaching career at Northwestern State University, which houses his collection of Gauss-related material, believed to be the largest collection of its kind in the world. He became Dean of international students there near the end of his life.

International student
International students or exchange students, also known as foreign students, are students who undertake all or part of their secondary or tertiary education in a country other than their own.

In 2022, there were over 6.9 million international students, up from 5.12 million in 2016. The most popular destinations were in the Anglosphere. Three countries in particular received 39% of international students: the United States (with 1,126,690 international students), Canada (842,760 students), and the United Kingdom (758,855 students).
Norderstedt Mitte station
Norderstedt Mitte station is a railway station in Norderstedt, Germany. It is a terminus for the rapid transit trains of the line U1 of the Hamburg U-Bahn and connects the underground railway with the commuter trains of the AKN railway company line A2 (Alster Northern Railway).

AKN Eisenbahn
AKN Eisenbahn GmbH operates railway lines, commuter trains and freight trains in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. Its headquarters is in Kaltenkirchen. It is a member of the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV), which organises public transport in and around Hamburg.

AKN is an abbreviation for Altona - Kaltenkirchen - Neumünster, its first railway line.
11th Army (Italy)
The 11th Army (Italian: 11ª Armata) was a World War II field army of the Royal Italian Army. It was formed in November 1940 for service in the Greco-Italian War, and after the German invasion of Greece and the capitulation of that country in April 1941, assumed occupation duties in the Greek mainland. It remained on station in Greece until the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, when it was forcibly disbanded by the Germans.

Generale d'armata
Generale d'Armata (literally: Field Army General) is a former Italian military rank equating to a "full general" (see General Officer).  It was one of the ranks, along with Field Marshal (Maresciallo d'Italia) and General of the Army (Generale dell'Esercito), that was eligible to hold the appointment of Chief of the General Staff (Capo di Stato Maggiore Generale della Difesa), established in 1925.  When the appointment was reformed in 1948 to that of Chief of the Defence Staff officers of the lower rank of Army Corps General became eligible for the position
2024–25 Michigan State Spartans women's basketball team
The 2024–25 Michigan State Spartans women's basketball team represented Michigan State University during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Spartans were led by second-year head coach Robyn Fralick and played their home games at the Breslin Center in East Lansing, Michigan as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the regular season 22–10, 11–7 in Big Ten play to finish in a three-way tie for fifth place. As the No. 6 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they lost to Iowa in the second round. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 7 seed Spokane 1 region. They defeated Harvard in the first round before losing to NC State in the second round.

2024–25 Big Ten Conference women's basketball season
The 2024–25 Big Ten women's basketball season will begin with practices in October 2024, followed by the start of the 2024–25 NCAA Division I women's basketball season in November 2024. The regular season will end in March 2025.

The season will be the conference's first with 18 teams as four schools, Oregon, UCLA, USC, and Washington, joined the conference in August 2024. The conference announced that all teams will play 18 regular season conference games with each school playing one school both home and away, while facing 16 teams once. However, only 15 of the 18 teams will qualify for the Big Ten tournament.
Willie Ryan (Tipperary hurler)
Willie Ryan (born 29 December 1984 in Toomevara, County Tipperary) is an Irish sportsperson.  He plays hurling with his local club Toomevara and has been a member of the Tipperary senior inter-county team since 2006.

Toomevara
Toomevara, officially Toomyvara (Irish: Tuaim Uí Mheára, meaning 'tumulus of the Ó Meadhra's'), is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland, 11 km east of Nenagh. It is a parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe, and is in the historical barony of Ormond Upper.
Manuela Janer Cabanyes
Manuela Janer Cabanyes (1696–1760), was a Spanish businessperson.

She was born in a merchant family: her father and brothers owned a hotel and traded in wool and textiles. In 1716, she married Francesc Baldrich, a successful merchant in commercial investments. Upon the death of her husband in 1748, Manuela Janer Cabanyes took over his business. She invested in buildings and had factories built in Valls. As was the custom for pious people in Spain, she also made large donations to religious institutions and charitable funds. In 1756, she made her son Anton Baldrich her partner on his 25fth birthday. She is noted as one of the most successful businesswomen in 18th-century Spain and particularly in the history of Catalonia.

Valls
Valls (Catalan pronunciation: [baʎs]) is a city and municipality in the Camp de Tarragona region in Catalonia, Spain. It is the capital of the comarca of Alt Camp. It has a population of 25,047 (register office, 2024) .

Valls is known for its calçots – a type of scallion or green onion – and the human towers tradition known as the castells. The town is the birthplace of the composer Robert Gerhard (1896–1970).
Homewood Plantation (Natchez, Mississippi)
Homewood is an historic estate in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi. It was created beginning in 1855 as a wedding present for the Southern belle Catherine Hunt and her husband William S. Balfour on 600 acres given to the couple by Catherine's father David Hunt. The plantation house remained unscathed during the American Civil War of 1861-1865.  By the early twentieth century, it was used as a shooting location for 1915 classic film The Birth of a Nation. The author Stark Young used Homewood as the setting of a wedding  in his 1934  novel So Red the Rose (pages 414 and 415).  The mansion burnt down in 1940.

Southern belle
"Southern belle" (from French  belle 'beautiful') is a colloquialism for a debutante or other fashionable young woman of European heritage in the planter class of the Antebellum South, particularly as a romantic counterpart to the Southern gentleman.
Bofors 75 mm m/12 gun
The Bofors 75 mm m/12 was a Swedish naval gun deployed aboard the Sverige-class coast-defense ships built during the First World War. It also served as the main armament of the Wrangel-class destroyers.

Sverige-class coastal defence ship
The Sverige-class coastal defence ships were a class of  coastal defence ships that, at the time of introduction, were the largest ships to serve in the Swedish Navy. Their design was completely new and was influenced by the ships of the time. Their armament consisted of four 283 mm (11 in)/45 cal. Bofors guns in two turrets and eight 152 mm (6 in) Bofors guns in one double and six single turrets. During the Second World War they were the backbone of the Swedish Navy.