hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jared J. Grantham
Jared J. Grantham (1936–2017) was an American physician and nephrologist who was the founding editor of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology and co-founder of the PKD Foundation. The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute at the University of Kansas Medical Center is named in his honor.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
The Journal of the American Society of Nephrology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering nephrology. It was established in 1966 and is published by the American Society of Nephrology. The editor-in-chief is Josephine P. Briggs. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 10.121, ranking it first in the field of nephrology.
Non-blanching rash
A non-blanching rash (NBR) is a skin rash that does not fade when pressed with, and viewed through, a glass.

It is a characteristic of both purpuric and petechial rashes. Individual purpura measure 3–10 mm (0.3–1 cm, 3⁄32-3⁄8 in), whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm.

A non-blanching rash can be a symptom of bacterial meningitis, but this is not the exclusive cause.

Purpura
Purpura (/ˈpɜːrpjʊərə/) is a condition of  red or purple discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. The spots are caused by bleeding underneath the skin secondary to platelet disorders, vascular disorders, coagulation disorders, or other causes. They measure 3–10 mm, whereas petechiae measure less than 3 mm, and ecchymoses greater than 1 cm.

Purpura is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by meningococci or septicaemia.  In particular, meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis), a Gram-negative diplococcus organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses.  Endotoxin activates the Hageman factor (clotting factor XII), which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).  The DIC is what appears as a rash on the affected individual.
Magna Carta (band)
Magna Carta was a folk rock band, originally formed in London in April 1969.

The band's debut album Magna Carta (1969) was released by Mercury Records and produced by Gus Dudgeon, producer of Elton John’s Your Song & David Bowie’s Space Oddity. The album was arranged by producer Tony Visconti. David Bowie said of the album, "That was one of the most beautiful things I’ve ever heard."

The trio signed with Mercury Records in 1969, and later with Vertigo Records, enjoying international success with Seasons, and a career spanning the 1970s & 1980s.

Vertigo Records
Vertigo Records is a British record company. It was a subsidiary of the Philips/Phonogram record label, launched in 1969 to specialise in progressive rock and other non-mainstream musical styles. Today, it’s operated by Universal Music Germany and the UK catalogue was folded into Mercury Records, which was absorbed in 2013 by Virgin EMI Records, which returned to the EMI Records name in June 2020.
Pentafluorosulfur hypofluorite
Pentafluorosulfur hypofluorite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SOF6. In standard conditions it is a colorless gas. It is an oxyfluoride of sulfur, where sulfur is in the +6 oxidation state, with a fluorine atom attached to oxygen.

Thionyl fluoride
Thionyl fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula SOF2. This colourless gas is mainly of theoretical interest, but it is a product of the degradation of sulfur hexafluoride, an insulator in electrical equipment. The molecule adopts a distorted pyramidal structure, with Cs symmetry. The S-O and S-F distances are 1.42 and 1.58 Å, respectively. The O-S-F and F-S-F angles are 106.2 and 92.2°, respectively.
1806−20 cluster
1806−20 (originally named the SGR 1806−20 cluster) is a heavily obscured star cluster on the far side of the Milky Way, approximately 28,000 light-years distant. Some sources claim as far as 50,000.  It contains the soft gamma repeater SGR 1806−20 and the luminous blue variable hypergiant LBV 1806−20, a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way. LBV 1806−20 and many of the other massive stars in the cluster are thought likely to end as supernovas in a few million years, leaving only neutron stars or black holes as remnants.

The cluster is heavily obscured by intervening dust, and mostly visible in the infrared. It is part of the larger W31 H II region and giant molecular cloud. It has a compact core of ~0.2 pc in diameter with a more extended halo of ~2 pc in diameter containing the LBV and at least three Wolf–Rayet stars (of types WC8, WN6, and WN7) and an OB supergiant, plus other young massive stars.

Soft gamma repeater
A soft gamma repeater (SGR) is an astronomical object which emits large bursts of gamma-rays and X-rays at irregular intervals. It is conjectured that they are a type of magnetar or, alternatively, neutron stars with fossil disks around them.
Siege of Odawara
Odawara Castle in today's Odawara city, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, was besieged three times.

Siege of Odawara (1561) - a two-month siege by Uesugi Kenshin, which was abandoned when Takeda Shingen threatened Kenshin's territories

Siege of Odawara (1569) - a three-day failed siege by Takeda Shingen

Siege of Odawara (1590) - the castle fell to the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, marking an end to the power of the Hōjō clan

Odawara
Odawara (小田原市, Odawara-shi) is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2025, the city had an estimated population of 185,027 and a population density of 1,700 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 113.79 square kilometres (43.93 sq mi).
The Sunflower
The Sunflower (Italian: Il Girasole) was an electoral alliance of two Italian centre-left parties for the 2001 Italian general election, namely:

Federation of the Greens (Federazione dei Verdi)

Italian Democratic Socialists (Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI)

The Sunflower was founded to benefit from the proportional list voting system employed in the election; however, the member parties received too few votes to benefit from their alliance.  They did manage to enter parliament via its participation on the Olive Tree list, however, so the electoral alliance was disbanded soon afterwards.

Party-list proportional representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats  roughly proportional to their share of the vote.

In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to determine the share of representation of their respective parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage).
Plague of Cyprian
The Plague of Cyprian was a pandemic which afflicted the Roman Empire from about AD 249 to 262, or 251/2 to 270.  The plague is thought to have caused widespread manpower shortages for food production and the Roman army, severely weakening the empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. Its modern name commemorates St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, an early Christian writer who witnessed and described the plague, in his treatise On the Plague. The agent of the plague is highly speculative due to sparse sourcing, but suspects have included smallpox, measles, and viral hemorrhagic fever (filoviruses like the Ebola virus). The pandemic attacked everyone, "just and unjust", and the response to it has strong ties to Christian beliefs and religion.

Roman army
The Roman Army (Latin: Exercitus Romanus) served ancient Rome and the Roman people enduring through the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476/1453), including the Western Roman Empire (collapsed AD 476/480) and the Eastern Roman Empire (collapsed AD 1453). It is thus a term that broadly spans approximately 2,206 years, during which the force underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.
Kalaskathi
Kalaskati or Kalaskathi is a village in Bakerganj Upazila of Barisal District in the Barisal Division of southern-central Bangladesh.

According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Kalaskati had 816 households and a population of 3,374. It has a total area of 2.03 km2 (0.78 sq mi).

Barisal District
Barisal District, officially Barishal District (Bengali: বরিশাল জেলা) is a district in south-central Bangladesh, it was formerly called Bakerganj district, and established in 1797. Its headquarters is in Barisal city, which is also the headquarters of Barisal Division.
Kate Lord-Brennan
Kate Lord-Brennan is a Manx politician who has been a member of the House of Keys for the constituency of Glenfaba & Peel since the 2021 Manx general election. Prior to September 2021, Lord-Brennan served as a member of the  Legislative Council of the Isle of Man, having been elected in March 2018.

In October 2021 she was appointed by Chief Minister Alfred Cannan as Minister for the Cabinet Office.

2021 Manx general election
General elections were held in the Isle of Man on 23 September 2021. A record ten women were elected, twice as many as the five elected at the previous election. For the first time, in two constituencies, both elected MHKs were women. Four government ministers failed to be re-elected.
Trau, schau, wem!
Trau, schau, wem! (Take Care in Whom You Trust!), Op. 463, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. The composition was dedicated to the portrait painter Franz von Lenbach. It was based on melodies from Strauss's operetta Waldmeister – the work is therefore also known as "Waldmeister Walzer". It premiered on 15 December 1895 in the Golden Hall of the Vienna Musikverein, conducted by Eduard Strauss.

Franz von Lenbach
Franz Seraph Lenbach, after 1882, Ritter von Lenbach (13 December 1836 – 6 May 1904), was a German painter known primarily for his portraits of prominent personalities from the nobility, the arts, and industry. Because of his standing in society, he was often referred to as the "Malerfürst" (Painter Prince).
Joseph ben Mordechai Gershon
Joseph ben Mordechai Gershon HaKohen Ka"tz (1510 in Kraków – 1591) was a kohen, a rabbi and Talmudist, who began his studies in the Talmud at an early age, and became the dean (rosh yeshivah) at a yeshiva founded for him by his father-in-law. His views on religious questions were widely sought, while Solomon Luria was one of his correspondents.

Joseph was the author of "She'erit Yosef" (Kraków, 1590), containing responsa and discussions on various rabbinical subjects, as well as a commentary on the "Mordechai" tractates Nezikin, Berakot, and Mo'ed. In the preface the author states that he published this work at the request of his sons, Tanhuma and Aaron Moses, who were members of the Jewish community of Kraków. He also corrected the manuscript from which was printed the "Aggudah" of Alexandri HaKohain of Frankfurt.

Joseph is an ancestor of Miriam Wulff, wife of Daniel Itzig (1723-1799), Court Jew of Frederick the Great.

Moed
Seder Moed (Hebrew: סדר מועד, romanized: Sēder Môʿēd, lit. "Order of Appointed Time") is the second of the six orders, or major divisions, of the Mishnah, Tosefta, and the Talmud, and primarily deals with the laws and observances of holidays such as Shabbat, Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah and Passover.
Maxwell baronets
There have been seven baronetcies created for persons with the surname Maxwell, six in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia, and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.

Maxwell baronets of Calderwood (1627): see Baron Farnham

Maxwell baronets of Pollok (1630)

Maxwell baronets of Orchardtoun (1663)

Maxwell baronets of Monreith (1681)

Maxwell baronets of Springkell (1683): see Heron-Maxwell Baronets

Maxwell baronets of Pollock (1682/1707): see Maxwell Macdonald Baronets

Maxwell baronets of Cardoness (1804)

Maxwell baronets of Pollok (1630)
The Maxwell baronetcy of Pollok, Renfrewshire, was created in 1630 for John Maxwell, 13th of Pollok in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. He was son of the John Maxwell of Pollok killed at the Battle of Dryfe Sands in 1593. His mother was Margaret Cunningham. He concerned himself with the colonising efforts of William Alexander in Nova Scotia in the late 1620s.
Foam cake
Foam cakes are cakes with very little (if any) fatty material such as butter, oil or shortening. Foam, sponge or unshortened cakes are distinguished by their large proportion of foamed eggs and/or egg whites to a small proportion of sugar and wheat flour.

Foam cakes are leavened primarily by the air that is beaten into the egg whites that they contain. They differ from butter cakes, which contain shortening, and baking powder or baking soda for leavening purposes. Foam cakes are typically airy, light and spongy.

After it is baked, the cake and the pan are flipped down on a sheet pan with parchment paper in order for them to cool down at the same rate.

Examples of foam cakes are angel food cake, meringue, genoise, and chiffon cake.

Genoise
A génoise (US: /ʒeɪˈnwɑːz, ʒəˈ-/, UK: /dʒeɪˈ-, dʒɛˈ-/, French: [ʒenwaz]; usually spelled genoise in English), also known as Genoese cake or Genovese cake, is a French sponge cake named after the city of Genoa and associated with French cuisine.  Instead of using chemical leavening, air is suspended in the batter during mixing to provide volume.

Genoise should not be confused with pain de Gênes (lit. 'Genoa bread'), which is made from almond paste, but it is similar to pan di Spagna (lit. 'Spanish bread').

It is a whole-egg cake, unlike some other sponge cakes for which yolks and whites are beaten separately, such as Pão de Ló. The eggs, and sometimes extra yolks, are beaten with sugar and heated at the same time, using a bain-marie or flame, to a stage known to patissiers as the "ribbon stage". A genoise is generally a fairly lean cake, getting most of its fat from egg yolks, but some recipes also add in melted butter before baking.
Athletic Club (women) B
Athletic Club Femenino B is a Spanish women's association football team based in Bilbao, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, Spain.

Founded in 2002, it is the reserve team of Athletic Club Femenino, and currently plays in the Primera Federación, playing their home matches at the Lezama Facilities.

Reserve teams in Spain play in the same league system as the senior team, rather than in a reserve team league. They must play at least one level below their main side, and thus Athletic B are ineligible for promotion to the Primera División and cannot play in the Copa de la Reina.

Copa de la Reina de Fútbol
The Copa de la Reina (Queen's Cup) is an annual cup competition for Spanish women's association football teams organized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation. Its full name is Campeonato de España - Copa de Su Majestad la Reina (Championship of Spain - Her Majesty the Queen's Cup).
Gaelic Senior Softball Singles
The All-Ireland Senior Softball Singles title (M Donnelly 60 x 30 Singles) is an all-Ireland Gaelic Athletic Association competition between all 32 counties of Ireland which first commenced in 1925. The first senior hardball singles title was won by M. Joyce of Dublin, a player from Urlingford, County Kilkenny. Kilkenny have won the most titles, with a total of 22.

The 2007 final will was contested by Michael 'Ducksy' Walsh of Kilkenny and Eoin Kennedy of Dublin and Saint Brigid's GAA. Eoin won the final in two straight games by winning 21-20 and 21-6 to retain his title. Eoin then went on to win it in 2008, 2009 and 2010, which means he has now won the title seven times in a row. Since then, he has won three more titles, while Robbie McCarthy of Westmeath and Mullingar Handball Club won seven titles.

Urlingford
Urlingford (Irish: Áth na nUrlainn, meaning 'Ford of the slaughter') is a town in County Kilkenny, Ireland. It is also a civil parish within the barony of Galmoy. The town is in the north west of the county, along the boundary with County Tipperary, 16 km north-east of Thurles.
April Novelization
The April Novelization (Polish: Nowela kwietniowa) was a set of changes (constitutional amendments) to the 1952 Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland, agreed in April 1989, in the aftermath of the Polish Round Table Agreement.

Among key changes were:

restoration of the Senate of Poland and the post of the president of Poland (the latter annulling the power of the Polish United Workers' Party general secretary)

introduction of the National Council of the Judiciary (Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa)

changes to the electoral legislation, in order to make elections more free and fair

powers of the Sejm were adjusted

The 1952 constitution would be even further reformed by the December Novelization and Small Constitution of 1992, and finally replaced in 1997 by a completely new current Constitution of Poland.

National Council of the Judiciary (Poland)
The National Council of the Judiciary (Polish: Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa) is the national council of the judiciary of Poland. It is a public body in Poland responsible for nominating judges and reviewing ethical complaints against sitting jurists.
Martinniemi
Martinniemi is a district of Oulu, Finland. Together with Haukipudas and Jokikylä districts, it forms the Haukipudas area. Martinniemi is located in north of the river delta of the Kiiminkijoki river. It is bounded by the Bothnian Bay in the west, the Jokikylä district in the east, the Ii municipality in the north and the Kiiminkijoki river and the Haukipudas district in the south. The district was established in 2013 when the Haukipudas municipality together with Kiiminki, Oulunsalo and Yli-Ii municipalities were merged with the city of Oulu.

Kiiminkijoki
Kiiminkijoki (Swedish: Kiminge älv) is a river of Finland in the region of Northern Ostrobothnia. It flows for 170 kilometres (110 mi) into the Gulf of Bothnia.

Among the most impressive rapids on the river are Kalliuskoski in Puolanka, Kurimonkoski in Utajärvi, and Koitelinkoski in Kiiminki, Oulu.
Central Committee of the Liberated Jews
The Central Committee of the Liberated Jews (ZK) was an organization which represented Jewish displaced persons in the American Zone of the post-World War II Germany, during 1945–1950.

The organization was founded on July 1, 1945, through the efforts of Dr. Zalman Grinberg, former director of the Kovno ghetto hospital; rabbi Abraham Klausner, a chaplain of the US Army; and others. On September 7, 1946, the committee was recognized as "the legal and democratic representation of the liberated Jews in the American zone" by the  American military government in Germany.

The first chairman was Zalman Gringberg, succeeded by David Treger (in 1946) after Grinberg's emigration to Palestine and then by Abraham Treger. Abraham Treger served as the committee's chairman between 1946 and 1948 and then emigrated with his wife Ida to Haifa, Israel.

American occupation zone in Germany
The American occupation zone in Germany (German: Amerikanische Besatzungszone), also known as the US-Zone, and the Southwest zone, was one of the four occupation zones established by the Allies of World War II in Germany west of the Oder–Neisse line in July 1945, around two months after the German surrender and the end of World War II in Europe. It was controlled by the Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS) and ceased to exist after the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany on 21 September 1949 (FRG established 23 May 1949), but the United States maintains military presence across Germany.
Al-Sabehat
Al-Sabehat (Persian: السابحات) is a swimmer delivery vehicle built and operated by Iran. The SDV is approximately 8 m (26 ft 3 in) long, and carries a crew of 2 plus 3 divers. It can carry out coastal reconnaissance missions, planting naval mines on ports and anchorages, as well as lifting special forces. According to Abhijit Singh, a senior fellow at Observer Research Foundation, the SDV "can be used effectively for unconventional attacks".

Hengam class ships function as a mothership for Al-Sabehat SDVs.

Al-Sabehat SDV is designed at Esfahan Underwater Research Centre.
Planning and construction of Al-Sabehat was reportedly started in 1996 and the first vessel was unveiled on 29 August 2000.

Observer Research Foundation
28°37′50″N 77°14′15″E﻿ / ﻿28.630643°N 77.237465°E﻿ / 28.630643; 77.237465

Observer Research Foundation (ORF) is an independent global think tank based in Delhi, India. The foundation has three centres in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
Gedali Szapiro
Gedali Shapiro (Grzegorz Szapiro) (later Gedalia Shapira) (Hebrew: גדלי שפירו; 28 October 1929 – 28 December 1972) was a Polish–Israeli chess master, born in Siedlce.

He tied for 7-8th at Wrocław (Breslau) 1955 Polish Championship. He played for “Poland B” in 3rd Triennial Cup (HUN–CSR–POL) at Warsaw 1956.

Szapiro played twice in Chess Olympiads.

In 1956, at first reserve board in 12th Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+1 –4 =2) for Poland;

In 1962, at second reserve board in 15th Chess Olympiad in Varna (+4 –2 =5) for Israel.

He tied for 4-5th with Yair Kraidman, behind Milan Matulović, Petar Trifunović and Moshe Czerniak, at Netanya 1961.

He died in Rishon Lezion, Israel.

Milan Matulović
Milan Matulović (10 June 1935 – 9 October 2013) was a Serbian-Yugoslav chess grandmaster who was the third strongest Yugoslav player for much of the 1960s and 1970s behind Svetozar Gligorić and Borislav Ivkov. He was primarily active before 1977, but remained an occasional tournament competitor until 2006.
Eduard Schwyzer
Eduard Schwyzer (15 February 1874, Zürich – 3 May 1943, Berlin) was a Swiss Classical philologist and Indo-European linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Greek dialects.

He was a professor in Zürich 1912–1926, in Bonn from 1927 and in Berlin from 1932. 1898–1927 and 1934–1943 he also worked for the Schweizerisches Idiotikon, first as an editor, later reading all correction sheets.

Ancient Greek dialects
Ancient Greek in classical antiquity, before the development of the common Koine Greek of the Hellenistic period, was divided into several varieties. Most of these varieties are known only from inscriptions, but a few of them, principally Aeolic, Doric, and Ionic, are also represented in the literary canon alongside the dominant Attic form of literary Greek. Likewise, Modern Greek is divided into several dialects, most derived from Koine Greek.
Boudinotiana puella
Boudinotiana puella, the pale orange underwing, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Eugen Johann Christoph Esper in 1787. It is found in isolated populations in central Europe, ranging to southern Russia in the east.

The wingspan is 29–34 mm for males and 27–30 mm for females. Adults are on wing from February to April in one generation per year.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Populus species, especially Populus tremula. The larvae can be found from May to June. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.

Populus
Populus is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (/ˈpɒplər/ ⓘ), aspen, and cottonwood.

The western balsam poplar (P. trichocarpa) was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing, in 2006.