hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Of Mice and Men
Of Mice and Men is a 1937 novella written by American author John Steinbeck. It describes the experiences of George Milton and Lennie Small, two displaced migrant ranch workers, as they move from place to place in California, searching for jobs during the Great Depression.

Steinbeck based the novella on his own experiences as a teenager working alongside migrant farm workers in the 1910s, before the arrival of the Okies whom he would describe in his novel The Grapes of Wrath.  The title is taken from Robert Burns' poem "To a Mouse": "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley" ("The best-laid plans of mice and men / Often go awry").

Although the book is taught in many schools, Of Mice and Men has been a frequent target of censorship and book bans for vulgarity and for what some consider offensive and racist language. Consequently, it appears on the American Library Association's list of the Most Challenged Books of the 21st Century.

Kirsty Williams (drama)
Kirsty Williams is a radio drama director and producer for BBC Radio Drama at Pacific Quay, Glasgow.

Plays written by Oliver Emanuel that she directed have received several awards: Daniel and Mary received a Bronze Sony Radio Academy Award for Best Drama in 2010, A History of Paper was shortlisted for the Tinniswood Award 2017, When The Pips Stop won the Tinniswood Award in 2019, and The Truth About Hawaii won the BBC Audio Drama Award for Best Original Series or Serial in 2019.
Anisomeles malabarica
Anisomeles malabarica, more commonly known as the Malabar catmint, is a species of herbaceous shrub in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, and Sri Lanka, but can also be found in Malaysia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bismarck Archipelago, Mauritius, Andaman Islands and Réunion.

Growing up to 2 m high, it has narrow green leaves 3–8 cm in length, and 1.5–3 cm wide. It is pollinated by sunbirds and carpenter bees, and bears purple flowers in mid spring, though it may also bear the flowers throughout the year. Originally used in Sri Lankan and Hindi folk medicine, the current main uses are medicinal, aromatics and cosmetics.

Carpenter bee
Carpenter bees are species in the genus Xylocopa of the subfamily Xylocopinae. The genus includes some 500 bees in 31 subgenera. The common name "carpenter bee" derives from their nesting behavior; nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo. The main exceptions are species in the subgenus Proxylocopa, which dig nesting tunnels in suitable soil.

Linnaeus named the type species Apis violacea 'violet bee' in the Systema Naturae,: 578  and Latreille described the genus Xylocopa, romanized Ancient Greek: ξυλοκόπος, lit. 'wood-cutter', in his Natural history, general and particular of the crustaceans and insects,: 379  to which the type species was reassigned.
Little River (Goose Creek tributary)
Little River is a 23.4-mile-long (37.7 km) tributary stream of Goose Creek in Fauquier and Loudoun counties in Northern Virginia. Via Goose Creek, it is a tributary of the Potomac River.

The stream rises to the east of Marshall in Fauquier County and flows northwards along the western base of the Bull Run Mountains to Aldie, where it passes between the Bull Run Mountains and Catoctin Mountain.  It then flows northward along the eastern slope of the latter mountain, joining Goose Creek east of Oatlands.

The Little River Turnpike (present-day U.S. Route 50/State Route 236) derives its name from the stream, as its western terminus was at the Little River in Aldie where it intersected the Ashby's Gap Turnpike and Snickersville Turnpike.

Bull Run Mountains
The Bull Run Mountains are a mountain range of the Blue Ridge Mountains in northern Virginia in the United States. They are located approximately 20 miles (32 km) east of the main chain, across the Loudoun Valley. The Bull Run Mountains, together with Catoctin Mountain in Virginia and Maryland, make up the easternmost front of the Blue Ridge.

The mountain range is the home of the Virginia Outdoors Foundation's Preserve at Bull Run Mountains, which is a state-designated Natural Area Preserve dedicated to the scientific and educational potential of the region. The Preserve at Bull Run Mountains has over seven miles of trails that are open to the public on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays year round.

The mountain range also holds several communities of residents, which includes the Bull Run Mountain Estates.

Interstate 66, the John Marshall Highway (Virginia Route 55) and the Manassas Gap Railroad pass through the range at Thoroughfare Gap.
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2016
The nominations for the 17th Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2016, were announced on December 16, 2016. Manchester by the Sea led with six nominations, when Moonlight with four and La La Land with three nominations.

The winners were announced on December 20, 2016. Manchester by the Sea won five awards, including Best Film.

Window Horses
Window Horses: The Poetic Persian Epiphany of Rosie Ming is a 2016 Canadian animated film written and directed by Ann Marie Fleming (sometimes stylized with the title in parentheses or written as Window Horses without a subtitle), and a graphic novel by Fleming, Window Horses: The Poetic Epiphany of Rosie Ming.

Funding for the film was raised through an Indiegogo campaign, which amassed more than $80,000 in 50 days, from 730 contributors in 28 countries. The film was co-produced by Fleming's Stickgirl Productions, Sandra Oh and the National Film Board of Canada.
2018 Odlum Brown Vancouver Open – Women's doubles
Jessica Moore and Jocelyn Rae were the defending champions, however Rae retired from professional tennis in December 2017, while Moore decided not to participate.

Desirae Krawczyk and Giuliana Olmos won the title, defeating Kateryna Kozlova and Arantxa Rus in the final, 6–2, 7–5.

Arantxa Rus
Arantxa Rus (Dutch pronunciation: [aːˈrɑɲtɕaː ˈrʏs]; born 13 December 1990) is a Dutch professional tennis player.
She won one WTA Tour singles title at the 2023 Hamburg Open and four in doubles.

Her biggest singles successes to date include a second-round upset over world No. 2, Kim Clijsters, at the 2011 French Open, reaching the fourth round at the 2012 French Open, and defeating world No. 5, Samantha Stosur, in the 2012 Wimbledon Championships to reach the third round.
Bill Johnson (cricketer)
William Johnson (born 27 February 1959) is a former English cricketer.  Johnson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.  He was born in Sunderland, County Durham.

Johnson made his debut for Durham against Bedfordshire in 1986 Minor Counties Championship.  He played Minor counties cricket for Durham from 1986 to 1988, making 7 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 4 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He made his only List A appearance against Somerset in the 1988 NatWest Trophy. He scored 16 runs in this match, before being dismissed by Gary Palmer.

1988 NatWest Trophy
The 1988 NatWest Trophy was the 8th NatWest Trophy.  It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 22 June and 3 September 1988. The tournament was won by Middlesex who defeated Worcestershire by 3 wickets in the final at Lord's.
Biofunctionalisation
In the field of bioengineering, biofunctionalisation (or biofunctionalization) is the modification of a material to have  biological function and/or stimulus, whether permanent or temporary, while at the same time being biologically compatible.

Various types of medical implants are designed to biofunctionalize so that they are accepted by the host organism to replace or repair a defective biological function.

Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and can refer to the biological target of a  pharmacologically active drug compound, the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin), or some other target of an external stimulus.  Biological targets are most commonly proteins such as enzymes, ion channels, and receptors, but in recent years DNA's and RNA's became more targeted than in the past.
Nigel Essenhigh
Admiral Sir Nigel Richard Essenhigh GCB DL (born 8 November 1944) is a former Royal Navy officer who served as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from 2001 to 2002. He served as a navigating officer before commanding the Type 42 destroyer HMS Nottingham and then the Type 42 destroyer HMS Exeter during the Gulf War. As First Sea Lord he entered into a contract to acquire up to 150 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft for the UK's two new aircraft carriers. In retirement he worked for Northrop Grumman and became a non-executive director of Babcock International. He remains a Deputy Lieutenant of Devon.

Admiral (Royal Navy)
Admiral (Adm) is a senior rank of the Royal Navy, which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9, outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet. Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is general; and in the Royal Air Force, it is air chief marshal.
Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen
Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen (before 1470 – 1533) was a Northern Netherlandish designer of woodcuts and painter. He was one of the first important artists working in Amsterdam, at a time when it was a flourishing and beautiful provincial town.

Karel van Mander
Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander I (May 1548 – 2 September 1606) was a Flemish painter, playwright, poet, art historian and art theoretician, who established himself in the Dutch Republic in the latter part of his life.  He is mainly remembered as a biographer of Early Netherlandish painters and Northern Renaissance artists in his Schilder-boeck.  As an artist and art theoretician he played a significant role in the spread and development of Northern Mannerism in the Dutch Republic.
Poppy (1952 film)
Poppy (Italian: Lo sai che i papaveri) is a 1952 Italian comedy film by Vittorio Metz and Marcello Marchesi and starring Walter Chiari, Anna Maria Ferrero and Carlo Campanini. It was shot at the Ponti-De Laurentis Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alberto Boccianti.

Marcello Marchesi
Marcello Marchesi (Italian pronunciation: [marˈtʃɛllo marˈkeːzi; -eːsi]; 4 April 1912 – 19 July 1978) was an Italian author, screenwriter and film director. He wrote more than 60 films between 1939 and 1977. He also directed six films between 1951 and 1952. He was born in Milan and died in San Giovanni di Sinis, Cabras, Italy.
Tapar
Tapar can refer to:

People

Muhammad I Tapar, a Sultan of the Seljuq Empire from 1105–1118

Tapar, a Visayan shaman in the Philippines who led a native revolt against the Spanish Empire in 1663

Other

Tapar, a trade name for paracetamol

Filipino shamans
Filipino shamans, commonly known as babaylan (also balian or katalonan, among many other names), were shamans of the various ethnic groups of the pre-colonial Philippine islands. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the spirits of the dead and the spirits of nature. Babaylan were predominantly women serving in spiritual leadership roles; in rare instances, effeminate men (asog or bayok) adopted dress and roles commonly associated with women within indigenous spiritual practice. They were believed to have spirit guides, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (anito or diwata) and the spirit world. Their primary role were as mediums during pag-anito séance rituals. There were also various subtypes of babaylan specializing in the arts of healing and herbalism, divination, and sorcery.
Helium star
A helium star is a class O or B star (blue), which has extraordinarily strong helium lines and weaker than normal hydrogen lines, indicating strong stellar winds and a mass loss of the outer envelope. Extreme helium stars (EHe) entirely lack hydrogen in their spectra. Pure helium stars lie on or near a helium main sequence, analogous to the main sequence formed by the more common hydrogen stars.

Hydrogen spectral series
The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen has been divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula. These observed spectral lines are due to the electron making transitions between two energy levels in an atom. The classification of the series by the Rydberg formula was important in the development of quantum mechanics. The spectral series are important in astronomical spectroscopy for detecting the presence of hydrogen and calculating red shifts.
Nshenyi
Nshyeni was one of the six independent kingdoms which was established after the fall of the Kingdom of Mpororo in 1752. It was ruled by an Omukama. It is located in Kitwe, Ntungamo, Uganda. In 1901, it became a part of the Kingdom of Ankole, an ancient Ugandan kingdom that encompassed the former independent kingdoms of Igara, Sheema, Bweju, and parts of Mpororo. Today Nshyeni is a village located about 10 kilometers away from Uganda's border with Rwanda and Tanzania. It also became a cultural center, serving as a hub for community tourism. It is being promoted a homestead where visitors can experience the local's culture and way of life.

Omukama
Omukama (Nyoro pronunciation: [omukâma], Tooro pronunciation: [omukáma], 'king, lord', pl. : Abakama) is a title used in Uganda and neighbouring countries for monarchs, especially in the kingdoms of Bunyoro and Tooro. They were recognized by the colonial powers of Great Britain when Uganda was made a republic. After reestablishing the Ugandan kingdoms in the 1990s, the Omukama are accepted as kings with cultural functions.
Thatta Musa
Thatta Musa (Urdu: ٹھٹھہ موسیٰ) is a village in Gujrat District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Daudpur village, also in Gujrat, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city of Jalalpur Jattan. According to the 2017 census, it had a population of 4,000

Gujrat District
Gujrat (Punjabi, Urdu: ضلع گجرات) is a district of Gujrat Division in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The Gujrat District was created by the British Government in 1846. According to the 2023 Pakistani census, the population of the Gujrat District is 3,219,375.
John Shepherd (Australian politician)
John Shepherd (1849 – 8 April 1893) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Melbourne to John Shepherd and Eliza Audley. A solicitor, he moved to Sydney around 1873. On 25 October 1883 he married Margaret Kennedy Yorston Ballantyne, with whom he had a daughter. In 1877 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Wellington; he did not contest the subsequent election in 1880. He returned to the Assembly in 1885 as the member for East Macquarie, but was defeated running for Paddington in 1887. A Free Trader, he served his final term on election to Paddington in 1889, and did not contest in 1891. Shepherd died in Sydney in 1893.

Electoral district of East Macquarie
East Macquarie was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales between 1859 and 1894, in the Bathurst region. It was represented by two members, with voters casting two votes and the first two candidates being elected.
1941 Dunbartonshire by-election
The 1941 Dunbartonshire by-election was held on 27 February 1941.  The by-election was held due to the appointment as sheriff substitute of the incumbent Labour MP, Thomas Cassells.  It was won by the Labour candidate Adam McKinlay.

Because of the wartime truce his only opponent was Malcolm MacEwen, a Communist, who had a relatively strong vote, possibly because the constituency did include the Vale of Leven, a "little Moscow".  It took place before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, when the Communist Party changed its line.

The Scottish National Party had intended to stand a candidate - Robert MacEwen, the brother of Malcolm. However, he was serving in the Army at the time, and was not given permission by the military authorities to stand as a candidate; there was a dispute as to whether he had submitted his request in time and questions were raised in Parliament as to whether it had been delayed.

Thomas Cassells
Thomas Cassells (7 August 1902 – 16 June 1944) was a Labour Party politician in Scotland who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dunbartonshire from 1936 to 1941.

He won the seat at a by-election in March 1936, when his predecessor resigned to become Governor of Burma. A solicitor by training, Cassells held the seat until his appointment in 1941 as a Sheriff-substitute of Inverness, Elgin and Nairn, when he was succeeded at a by-election by Adam McKinlay. He also served as Dean of Guild for the Burgh for Falkirk.

Thomas Cassells was educated at Hamilton Academy where one of his teachers had been Robert Gibson, himself a former pupil of the school, and who was also to serve as a Labour MP (for Greenock) and over the same period, 1936–41. From the academy, Cassells studied at both Glasgow and Edinburgh universities. He was McFarlane Scholar in Law at Glasgow.
Undefined value
In computing (particularly, in programming), undefined value is a condition where an expression in a programming language does not have a semantically correct value in the language, even though it is syntactically correct. An undefined value must not be confused with empty string, Boolean "false" or other "empty" (but defined) values. Depending on circumstances, evaluation to an undefined value may lead to exception or undefined behaviour, but in some programming languages undefined values can occur during a normal, predictable course of program execution.

Dynamically typed languages usually treat undefined values explicitly when possible. For instance, Perl has undef operator which can "assign" such value to a variable. In other type systems an undefined value can mean an unknown, unpredictable value, or merely a program failure on attempt of its evaluation. Nullable types offer an intermediate approach; see below.

Boolean data type
In computer science, the Boolean (sometimes shortened to Bool) is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted true and false) which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid-19th century. The Boolean data type is primarily associated with conditional statements, which allow different actions by changing control flow depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false. It is a special case of a more general logical data type—logic does not always need to be Boolean  (see probabilistic logic).
Rogue River (film)
Rogue River is a 1951 American Western film directed by John Rawlins and starring Rory Calhoun, Peter Graves, Frank Fenton.

The film was made in Cinecolor, a cheaper alternative to Technicolor. Location shooting took place at Grants Pass in Oregon.

Grants Pass, Oregon
Grants Pass is a city in and the county seat of Josephine County, Oregon, United States. The city is located on Interstate 5, northwest of Medford, along the Rogue River. The population is 39,194 according to the 2020 census, making it the 15th most populous city in Oregon.
1959 Philadelphia municipal election
1959 Philadelphia's municipal election, held on November 3, involved contests for mayor, all seventeen city council seats, and several other executive and judicial offices. Citywide, the Democrats took majorities of over 200,000 votes, continuing their success from the elections four years earlier. Richardson Dilworth, who had been elected mayor in 1955, was re-elected over Republican nominee Harold Stassen. The Democrats also took fifteen of seventeen city council seats, the most seats allowed to any one party under the 1951 city charter. They further kept control of the other citywide offices. The election represented a continued consolidation of control by the Democrats after their citywide victories of the previous eight years.

Mayor of Philadelphia
The mayor of Philadelphia is the chief executive of the government of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
as stipulated by the Charter of the City of Philadelphia. The current mayor of Philadelphia is Cherelle Parker, who is the first woman to hold the position.
52nd Street station (SEPTA Regional Rail)
52nd Street is a closed train station that was located at the intersection of North 52nd Street & Merion Avenue (just north of Lancaster Avenue (US-30)) in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) at the junction of its Main Line and its Schuylkill Branch. Today, these lines are the SEPTA Regional Rail Paoli/Thorndale Line and Cynwyd Line, respectively.

Schuylkill Branch
The Schuylkill Branch was a rail line owned and operated by the former Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in Pennsylvania. The line ran from the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line at 52nd Street in Philadelphia north via Norristown, Reading, and Pottsville to Delano Junction, about 2.5 mi (4.0 km) northeast of Delano. From Delano Junction, the PRR had trackage rights over the Lehigh Valley Railroad's Hazleton Branch and Tomhicken Branch to Tomhicken, where the PRR's Catawissa Branch began.

In conjunction with the Catawissa Branch, Nescopeck Branch, and Wilkes-Barre Branch, the Schuylkill Branch gave the PRR a direct line from Philadelphia to Wilkes-Barre.
Drum GAC
Saint Colm's GAC Drum (Irish: CLG Naomh Colm An Droim) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in the rural area of Drum and Gortnahey, near Dungiven, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The club is a member of Derry GAA.

Drum fields Gaelic football teams at U8, U10, U12, U14 and Senior levels. They currently compete in the Derry Junior Football Championship and Division 2 of the Derry ACFL. The U16 and Minor teams are amalgamated with Drumsurn and play as St Patrick's.

Drum has won the Derry Junior Football Championship seven times. Underage teams up to U-12s play in North Derry league and championships, from U-13 upwards teams compete in All-Derry competitions.

The club also has a number of camogie sides at various age groups. Drum won the 2003 Derry Intermediate Hurling Championship but no longer competes in hurling.

Dungiven
Dungiven (from Irish Dún Geimhin, meaning 'Gevin's fort') is a small town, townland and civil parish in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is near the main A6 Belfast to Derry road, which bypasses the town. It lies where the rivers Roe, Owenreagh and Owenbeg meet at the foot of the 1,525 ft (465 m) Benbradagh. Nearby is the Glenshane Pass, where the road rises to over 1,000 ft (300 m). It had a population of 3,346 people in the 2021 census. It is within Causeway Coast and Glens district council area.