hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bluing (steel)
Bluing, sometimes spelled as blueing, is a passivation process in which steel is partially protected against rust using a black oxide coating. It is named after the blue-black appearance of the resulting protective finish. Bluing involves an electrochemical conversion coating resulting from an oxidizing chemical reaction with iron on the surface selectively forming magnetite (Fe3O4), the black oxide of iron. In comparison, rust, the red oxide of iron (Fe2O3), undergoes an extremely large volume change upon hydration; as a result, the oxide easily flakes off, causing the typical reddish rusting away of iron. Black oxide provides minimal protection against corrosion, unless also treated with a water-displacing oil to reduce wetting and galvanic action. In colloquial use, thin coatings of black oxide are often termed "gun bluing", while heavier coatings are termed "black oxide". Both refer to the same chemical process for providing true gun bluing.

Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, different metal, when both in the presence of an electrolyte. A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in single-use battery cells to generate a useful electrical voltage to power portable devices. This phenomenon is named after Italian physician Luigi Galvani (1737–1798).

A similar type of corrosion caused by the presence of an external electric current is called electrolytic corrosion.
Vresse-sur-Semois
Vresse-sur-Semois (French pronunciation: [vʁɛs syʁ səmwa], literally Vresse on Semois; Walloon: Vresse) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Alle, Bagimont, Bohan, Chairière, Laforêt, Membre, Mouzaive, Nafraiture, Orchimont, Pussemange, Sugny, and Vresse.

On its south and west, the municipality borders the Ardennes department of France. It is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Sedan.

Sedan, Ardennes
Sedan (French pronunciation: [sədɑ̃] ⓘ) is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. It is also the chef-lieu (administrative centre) of the arrondissement of the same name.

Sedan is notable as the site of two major battles between the armed forces of France and Germany, both of which were won by Germany. The First Battle of Sedan in 1870 sealed the fate of the Second French Empire and paved the way to the foundation of the German Empire, leading to the subsequent annual celebration of "Sedan Day" in Germany. The Second Battle of Sedan in 1940 achieved a decisive breakthrough by Wehrmacht forces in the Battle of France and ultimately led to the collapse of the French Third Republic.
Dolphin Records (Ireland)
Dolphin Records is an independent record label founded in 1968 in Dublin, Ireland by Joe O'Reilly Senior. As of 2018, Joe's son Paul O'Reilly was acting as managing director of the label, and three of his children had also joined the business.

Irish Independent
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper and online publication which is owned by Independent News & Media (INM), a subsidiary of Mediahuis.

The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines.

Traditionally a broadsheet newspaper, it introduced an additional compact size in 2004. Further, in December 2012 (following billionaire Denis O'Brien's takeover) it was announced that the newspaper would become compact only.
Hallstatt Lecture
The Hallstatt Lecture is an hour-long lecture in any European language on some aspect of ancient and modern Celtic culture. It is given at The Tabernacle, Machynlleth in Wales at lunchtime on the Wednesday of each Machynlleth Festival.

Past lecturers

1991 Professor J. E. Caerwyn Williams

1992 Morfydd Owen

1993 Emeritus Professor Dafydd Jenkins

1994 Frank Delaney

1995 Unknown

1996 John Meirion Morris

1997 Gwynn ap Gwilym

1998 Graham and Ann Arnold

1999 Trevor Fishlock

2000 Murray Chapman

2001 Dr Marion Loffler

2002 Simon Jenkins

2003 Professor Alistair Crawford

2004 Dr Damian Walford Davies

2005 Derec Llwyd Morgan

Simon Jenkins
Sir Simon David Jenkins FSA FRSL FLSW (born 10 June 1943) is a British author, a newspaper columnist and editor. He was editor of the Evening Standard from 1976 to 1978 and of The Times from 1990 to 1992.

Jenkins chaired the National Trust from 2008 to 2014. He currently writes columns for The Guardian.
Wilderness State Park
Wilderness State Park is a public recreation area bordering Lake Michigan, five miles southwest of Mackinaw City in Emmet County in Northern Michigan. The state park's 12,800 acres (5,200 ha) include 26 miles (42 km) of shoreline, diverse forested dune and swale complexes, wetlands, camping areas, and many miles of hiking trails. The state park is operated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, which has, as of 2006, approved a proposal that 4,492 acres (1,818 ha) be officially dedicated as a wilderness area. Wilderness State Park was designated a Michigan "dark sky preserve" in 2012.

Dark-sky preserve
A dark-sky preserve (DSP) is an area, usually surrounding a park or observatory, that restricts or reduces light pollution or maintains and protects naturally dark night skies. Different terms have been used to describe these areas as national organizations and governments have worked independently to create programs. DarkSky International (DarkSky) uses "International Dark Sky Reserve" (IDSR) and "International Dark Sky Park" (IDSP) among others when certifying Dark Sky Places.
My Own Brucie
Ch. My Own Brucie (May 4, 1935–June 9, 1943) was a male American Cocker Spaniel who was the Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1940 and 1941. He was sired by popular sire Red Brucie and died as a result of a kidney and liver ailment. Obituaries described him as the most photographed dog in the world.

Dog show
A dog show is an animal show; it is an event where dogs are exhibited. A conformation show, also referred to as a breed show, is a kind of dog show in which a judge, familiar with a specific dog breed, evaluates individual purebred dogs for how well the dogs conform to the established breed type for their breed, as described in a breed's individual breed standard.

Dog shows can be in the means of evaluating dogs for breeding purposes. A conformation championship from a recognised national kennel club is generally considered as an indication of merit. Many breeders consider championships a prerequisite for breeding. Some critics argue that the shows can encourage selective breeding of traits and lower genetic diversity.

The first modern conformation dog show was held in Newcastle Town Hall in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, in June 1859.
Castilleja rhexiifolia
Castilleja rhexiifolia, commonly called rosy paintbrush, subalpine paintbrush, or rhexia-leaved paintbrush, is a species of plant in Orobanchaceae, commonly known as the broomrape family. They are a common flower found in moist habitats near or above timberline in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest. Like most members of the Castilleja genus, they are partially parasitic plants.

Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Striga) were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives, but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus.

The Orobanchaceae are annual herbs or perennial herbs or shrubs, and most (all except Lindenbergia, Rehmannia and Triaenophora) are parasitic on the roots of other plants—either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic (fully or partly parasitic). The holoparasitic species lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis.
Legacy Meridian Park Medical Center
Legacy Meridian Park Medical Center, formerly Legacy Meridian Park Hospital, is an acute care hospital in Tualatin, Oregon, United States. Opened in 1973, it is operated by Legacy Health. The facility is licensed for 150 beds, but operates only 128.  Located in Clackamas County along the boundary with Washington County, it employs over 800 people and is Tualatin's second largest employer.

Clackamas County, Oregon
Clackamas County (/ˈklækəməs/ ⓘ CLAK-ə-məss) is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 421,401, making it Oregon's third-most populous county. Its county seat is Oregon City. The county was named after the native people living in the area at the time of the coming of Europeans, the Clackamas people, who are part of the Chinookan peoples.

Clackamas County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Willamette Valley.
Darreh Bidad-e Sofla
Darreh Bidad-e Sofla (Persian: دره بيدادسفلي, also Romanized as Darreh Bīdād-e Soflá and Darreh-ye Bīdād-e Soflá; also known as Darreh Bīdād) is a village in Shirvan Rural District, in the Central District of Borujerd County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 7 families.

Shirvan-e Sharqi Rural District
Shirvan-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان شیروان شرقی) is in Shirvan District of Borujerd County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Khayan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sharkat Zarayi Shirvan Chafa.
St. Nicholas' Church, Tsimlyansk
Saint Nicholas Church (Russian: Свято-Никольский храм) is an Orthodox church in the town of Tsimlyansk, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is the church for the parish of Nicholas in Volgodonsk Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Tsimlyansk
Tsimlyansk (Russian: Цимля́нск) is a town and the administrative center of Tsimlyansky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Don River, on the coast of Tsimlyansk Reservoir, 236 kilometers (147 mi) northeast of Rostov-on-Don, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  15,028 (2010 Census); 15,444 (2002 Census); 15,343 (1989 Soviet census).
Zigurat (company)
Zigurat was a Spanish software house for 8-bit home computers very popular in the eighties. Its origin is in the company Made in Spain, founded in 1983, which would know massive success in Spain with Fred, commercialized in the United Kingdom as Roland on the Ropes (only the Amstrad CPC version). When the programmers and owners of Made in Spain could not go on alone on the task of distribution, they decided to create in 1986 another company, Zigurat, which would be entirely dedicated to distribution, and would distribute all the titles by Made in Spain, which became an internal producer seal under Zigurat. They would also distribute games by independent programmers or companies and would allow Made in Spain to concretate solely on programming. Later on, Made in Spain would completely merge into Zigurat, creating a single producer and distributor company. When the 8-bit market disappeared, the company turned to develop games for arcade machines.

Arcade cabinet
An arcade cabinet, also known as an arcade machine or a coin-op cabinet or coin-op machine, is the housing within which an arcade game's electronic hardware resides. Most cabinets designed since the mid-1980s conform to the Japanese Amusement Machine Manufacturers Association (JAMMA) wiring standard. Some include additional connectors for features not included in the standard.
Mark Sweeten Wade
Mark Sweeten Wade (November 23, 1858 – 1929) was a medical doctor and historian of early British Columbia history.  A medical doctor at the Kamloops Home for Men in the 1920s, he was able to interview many veterans of the province's early gold rush, including many of the more famous names in the history of the Cariboo Road, the Cariboo Gold Rush and the Overlanders of 1862 led by Thomas McMicking.  He also wrote on medical legislation and hospital policy in the province of British Columbia as well as a biography of explorer Alexander Mackenzie.  His works have served as an important source of biographical and historical detail by later historians.

Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)
Sir Alexander Mackenzie (c. 1764 – 12 March 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer and fur trader known for accomplishing the first crossing of North America north of Mexico by a European in 1793. The Mackenzie River and Mount Sir Alexander are named after him.

As a leading member of the North West Company, he aspired to extend the Company's operations into western Canada and sell furs gained from there in China. His ambitions competed with the monopoly positions of both the Hudson's Bay Company and the East India Company.
Porterville, Mississippi
Porterville (also Maryville) is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Kemper County, Mississippi. It lies a slight distance away from U.S. Route 45 southeast of the city of De Kalb, the county seat of Kemper County.  Its elevation is 200 feet (61 m).  It has a post office with the ZIP code 39352. It is adjacent to Lake Porterville.

U.S. Route 45
U.S. Route 45 (US 45) is a major north-south United States highway and a border-to-border route, from Lake Superior to the Gulf of Mexico. A sign at the highway's northern terminus notes the total distance as 1,297 miles (2,087 km).

US 45 is notable for incorporating, in its maiden alignment, the first paved road in the South, a 49-mile (79 km) segment in Lee County, Mississippi. Let to contract in July 1914, the concrete highway opened on November 15, 1915.

As of 2006, the highway's northern terminus is in Ontonagon, Michigan, at the corner of Ontonagon and River Streets, a few blocks from Lake Superior (M-64 formerly terminated there as well until its rerouting in October 2006 to use the newly built Ontonagon River Bridge).  US 45's southern terminus is in Mobile, Alabama, at an intersection with U.S. Route 98.
Landgoed Persijn (Maartensdijk)
The Persijn Estate (Persijn landgoed) in Maartensdijk is an estate with a white villa just west of the A27 motorway.

The estate dates from 1781 and was originally designed as an early English landscape garden. In the 19th century it was renewed in the late landscape style with two tree-lined avenues and the introduction of exotic plants.

The pedagogy center OPL has established her headquarters here and also houses three living units for maladjusted youth.

The villa and the gardener's house are Rijksmonuments.

A27 motorway (Netherlands)
The A27 motorway is a motorway in the Netherlands. It is approximately 109 kilometers in length.

The A27 is located in the Dutch provinces North Brabant, South Holland, Utrecht, North Holland, and Flevoland. It connects the city of Breda with Almere. On its way, it passes the cities of Gorinchem, Utrecht and Hilversum.
Matrix analysis
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra and applications, matrix analysis is the study of matrices and their algebraic properties. Some particular topics out of many include; operations defined on matrices (such as matrix addition, matrix multiplication and operations derived from these), functions of matrices (such as matrix exponentiation and matrix logarithm, and even sines and cosines etc. of matrices), and the eigenvalues of matrices (eigendecomposition of a matrix, eigenvalue perturbation theory).

Logarithm of a matrix
In mathematics, a logarithm of a matrix is another matrix such that the matrix exponential of the latter matrix equals the original matrix. It is thus a generalization of the scalar logarithm and in some sense an inverse function of the matrix exponential. Not all matrices have a logarithm and those matrices that do have a logarithm may have more than one logarithm. The study of logarithms of matrices leads to Lie theory since when a matrix has a logarithm then it is in an element of a Lie group and the logarithm is the corresponding element of the vector space of the Lie algebra.
Surman
Surman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Surman (born 1986), South African-born English footballer

Finn Surman (born 2003), New Zealand professional footballer

Frank Surman, (1865/1866–1925), New Zealand rugby union footballer

Godfrey Surman (1914–1987), English cricketer

John Surman (born 1944), English jazz musician and composer

John Surman Carden (1771–1858), officer of the British Royal Navy in the early nineteenth century

Kate Surman (born 1991), Australian rules footballer playing

Les Surman, English professional footballer

Mark Surman (born 1969), executive director of the Mozilla Foundation

Rebecca Surman, American physicist

Roman Surman (active since 2006), American guitarist

Thomas Surman, professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s

Tonya Surman, Canadian social entrepreneur, CEO of the Centre for Social Innovation

Kate Surman
Kate Surman (born 28 October 1991) is an Australian rules footballer playing for Geelong in the AFL Women's (AFLW). She previously played for Gold Coast and Port Adelaide

Surman signed with Gold Coast during the first period of the 2019 expansion club signing period in July. She made her debut against Greater Western Sydney at Blacktown ISP Oval in the opening round of the 2020 season.

In June 2022, Surman was traded to Port Adelaide.

In March 2023, Surman was traded to Geelong in exchange for Maddy Keryk and pick #12.
Marcato (surname)
Marcato is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrea Marcato (born 1983), Italian rugby union player and coach

Marco Marcato (born 1984), Italian cyclist

Robert Marcato (born 1983), American actor

Andrea Marcato
Andrea Marcato (born 17 April 1983) is an Italian rugby union coach and former international player. He won 16 caps for Italy and played in the 2008 and 2009 Six Nations Championships.
After the end of his playing career he began coaching as the head coach of Petrarca Rugby, a position held from 2017 to 2024; since then Marcato has been assistant coach of the U-20 Italian national team.

Mainly a fly-half, Marcato also used to play fullback.

As a player Marcato won 4 Italian championships with Benetton Treviso and also appeared for them in the Celtic League and the Heineken Cup; in 2011 he came back to Italy to newly promoted Calvisano, with which he won the 2011-12 title, his 5th personal Scudetto and 3rd for the club.

As coach, he won 3 scudetto (2018, 2022 and 2024) and one Coppa Italia (2022), all with Petrarca Padova.
Since June 2024 he is also assistant coach of the Italy U-20 national team.
Babiči
Babiči (pronounced [ˈbaːbitʃi]; Italian: Babici di Maresego) is a village in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

A small church on a hill above the settlement is dedicated to Saints John and Paul. It was abandoned after it was looted by German soldiers that took refuge in the church in the Second World War and it was never restored.

Urban Municipality of Koper
The Urban Municipality of Koper (pronounced [ˈkoːpəɾ]; Slovene: Mestna občina Koper, Italian: Comune città di Capodistria) is one of twelve urban municipalities of Slovenia. It is located at the coastline of the Adriatic Sea in southwestern Slovenia and was established in 1994. The seat of the municipality is the town of Koper. Since 1995, the area has been part of the Coastal–Karst Statistical Region. The municipality is bilingual, with both Slovene and Italian recognized, and it shares borders with Italy and Croatia.
Capo D'Orlando Prize
The Capo d'Orlando Prize, promoted by the Mineralogical Museum of Campania, is a recognition granted in Vico Equense since 1999 "to those who achieve outstanding results in the world of multidisciplinary research, in the field of science communication and science journalism, in museum management, and in the promotion of science through the Internet".

Paul Nurse
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse (born 25 January 1949) is an English geneticist, President of the Royal Society and former Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute. He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt, for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the cell cycle.
2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group L
Group L of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the twelve groups to decide the teams which qualified for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consisted of four teams: Cape Verde, Uganda, Tanzania, and Lesotho.

The teams played against each other in home-and-away round-robin format between June 2017 and March 2019.

Uganda and Tanzania, the group winners and runners-up respectively, qualified for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations.

Uganda national football team
The Uganda national football team have represented Uganda in men's international football since the first international match in 1926. It is controlled by Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA), the governing body for football in Uganda, which is affiliated with CAF and comes under the global jurisdiction of world football's governing body FIFA. Uganda competes in the three major international tournaments contested by African nations: the FIFA World Cup, Africa Cup of Nations and African Nations League.
2013 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group III
The Asia/Oceania Zone is one of the three zones of regional Davis Cup competition in 2013.

In the Asia/Oceania Zone there are four different groups in which teams compete against each other to advance to the next group.

Hong Kong Davis Cup team
The Hong Kong men's national tennis team represents Hong Kong in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Hong Kong Tennis Association.

Hong Kong contested Asia/Oceania Group I on four occasions in 1989, 1993-95 but failed to negotiate the opening round.
Dancing Galaxy
Dancing Galaxy is the third studio album by the Israel goa trance band Astral Projection. It was released on 20 October 1997, through Trust In Trance Records. It has become one of the best-selling trance albums.

The voices in the songs "Dancing Galaxy", "No One Ever Dreams" and "Ambient Galaxy (Disco Valley Mix)" is taken from the film Dune (1984).

The voice in the song "Flying Into A Star" is taken from the sixth season of Star Trek: The Next Generation's: episode 22, Suspicions (1993).

The Japanese release includes a bonus three-inch CD single.

Trust in Trance Records
Trust in Trance Records is the second record label started by Avi Nissim, Yaniv Haviv and Guy Sabbag (they were shortly joined by Lior Perlmutter) in late 1993.

The label was formed under the name Outmosphere Records late in 1993.
It was founded by Avi Nissim, Lior Perlmutter, Yaniv Haviv (SFX and later Astral Projection) and Guy Sabbag. They are pioneers of  Israeli style Psychedelic Trance.

After the success of the first compilation album Trust In Trance in February 1994, they decided to change the label's name to Trust In Trance. Later that year, Guy Sabbag left the label. Avi, Lior and Yaniv created the album Trust In Trance 2 with the
3 super hits: Mahadeva, Power Gen & Innovation. The label is now defunct.