hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aleksandr Dulichenko
Aleksandr Dmitrievich Dulichenko (alternatively Alexander Duličenko; Russian: Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко) (born 1941) is a Russian-Estonian Esperantist, linguist, and an expert in Slavic microlanguages currently living in Estonia. He is a professor at the University of Tartu, where he is the head of the department of Slavic studies.

Dulichenko was born in Krasnodar. He is the editor of Interlinguistica Tartuensis, a journal on interlinguistics published by the University of Tartu that published seven volumes from 1982 to 1990 recording the proceedings of colloquia at Tartu; in 2006, an eighth volume was published. 
A festschrift in Dulichenko's honor was organized in 2006; Humphrey Tonkin calls this volume a "particularly important addition to the literature" of interlinguistics and Esperanto studies.

Russians in Estonia
In Estonia, the population of ethnic Russians is estimated at 285,819 or 20.9% of the country's total population as of 2025, most of whom live in the capital city Tallinn and other urban areas of Harju and Ida-Viru counties. While a small settlement of Russian Old Believers on the coast of Lake Peipus has an over 300-year long history, the large majority of the ethnic Russian population in the country originates from the immigration from Russia and other parts of the former USSR during the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation of Estonia.
Grand Union Hotel Stakes
The Grand Union Hotel Stakes was an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York. A sprint race, it was open to two-year-old horses and run on dirt over a distance of six furlongs.

The Grand Union Hotel Stakes was last run in 1958.

The Grand Union Hotel was a luxury hotel in Saratoga Springs that by 1870 was the largest hotel in the world. It was the meeting place for Saratoga Race Course officials and where the wealthy elite stayed during the racing season.

The Grand Union Hotel Stakes was won by several U.S. Racing Hall of Fame horses including Colin, Man o' War, Zev, Tom Fool, Native Dancer and Nashua. When Man o' War won in 1919, the purse was $10,000.

Tom Fool
Tom Fool (March 31, 1949 – August 20, 1976) was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the 1953 American Horse of the Year and was inducted into the Racing Hall of Fame. He sired the champion racehorses Buckpasser and Tim Tam.
Lipen Glacier
Lipen Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Липен, romanized: lednik Lipen, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik ˈlipɛn]) is a 5 km long and 3.5 km wide glacier draining the east slopes of the Trojan Range on Anvers Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.  Situated east of Iliad Glacier and north of Rhesus Glacier.  Flowing northeastwards into the head of Patagonia Bay east of Gourdon Peninsula and west of Thompson Peninsula.

The glacier is named after the settlement of Lipen in northwestern Bulgaria.

Thompson Peninsula
Thompson Peninsula (64°28′S 63°8′W﻿ / ﻿64.467°S 63.133°W﻿ / -64.467; -63.133) is a peninsula 3 nautical miles (6 km) long on the northeast coast of Anvers Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It is bounded by Patagonia Bay on the northwest and Fournier Bay on the southeast, and ends in Dralfa Point on the northeast.

The peninsula was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1955–57, and named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for John W. Thompson (1928-2012) of FIDS, general assistant and mountaineer at Arthur Harbor in 1956 and leader at that station in 1957.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Thompson Peninsula". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Cuzco brushfinch
The Cuzco brushfinch (Atlapetes canigenis), also known as the grey brushfinch or sooty brushfinch, is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae. It is endemic to humid Andean forest in southeastern Peru, where mainly found in Cusco. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the slaty brushfinch.

Department of Cusco
Cusco,  also spelled Cuzco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkusko]; Aymara and Quechua: Qusqu [ˈqɔsqɔ]), is a department of Peru. It is the fourth-largest in the country, after Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, and borders the departments of Ucayali on the north; Madre de Dios and Puno on the east; Arequipa on the south; and Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín on the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is Cusco, the historical capital of the Inca Empire.
Alecia Elliott
Alecia Elliott (born December 25, 1982) is an American contemporary country music singer and actress.  She was discovered by Lorrie Morgan, who was impressed by her demo recordings in the mid-1990s. Elliott issued her first studio recording on MCA Nashville in 2000 entitled I'm Diggin' It. As an actress, Elliott was one of the stars of the TNBC series All About Us, of which she also co-wrote its theme song.

In 2001, the American Music Awards nominated Elliott for the American Music Award for Favorite Country New Artist, losing to Billy Gilman.

In December 2019, she returned to music with a new single called "What Love Can Do" under Muscle Shoals Recordings. It was her first single since 2001. Her second studio album, Voodoo, was released in September 2020. As of September 2021, "Voodoo" had been removed from all streaming platforms.

On April 23, 2023, Alecia released a new R&B single titled "Addicted" independently.

American Music Awards
The American Music Awards (AMAs) is an annual American music awards show produced by Dick Clark Productions since 1974. Nominees are selected on commercial performance such as sales and airplay. Winners are determined by a poll of the public who vote through the AMAs website.

The event originally aired on ABC after the network's contract to air the Grammy Awards expired. After the 2022 ceremony, when ABC's rights to broadcast the ceremony expired, the American Music Awards were put on hiatus. In March 2024, it was announced that the AMAs would move to CBS as part of a deal with its rights to broadcast the now DCP-owned Golden Globe Awards. The event remained on hiatus for 2024, with CBS airing a 50th anniversary special in October 6, ahead of a 2025 return, which was held on May 26, and hosted by Jennifer Lopez.
Pádraig Timoney
Pádraig Timoney (born 1968 in Derry, Northern Ireland) is an artist who has become noted for the extreme diversity of his work so that his solo exhibitions sometimes appear to be group exhibitions by different artists. A past-pupil of St Columb's College, Derry, Timoney graduated from Goldsmiths College, University of London, in 1991 and in 1999 was one of the curators for the Liverpool Biennial. Timoney works principally using photography, painting and installation.

Liverpool Biennial
Liverpool Biennial is the largest international contemporary art festival in the United Kingdom.

Since its launch in 1998, Liverpool Biennial has commissioned over 400 new artworks and presented work by over 592 artists from around the world.
2024 America East women's basketball tournament
The 2024 America East Women's Basketball Conference tournament will be the postseason women's basketball tournament for the America East Conference. It will be held March 8–March 15, 2024, at campus sites of the higher seeds. The winner will receive the conference's automatic bid to the 2024 NCAA Tournament. The tournament will be sponsored by Jersey Mike's Subs.

Jersey Mike's Subs
A Sub Above, LLC, doing business as Jersey Mike's Subs, is an American multinational submarine sandwich chain headquartered in Manasquan, New Jersey. The Jersey Mike's franchise has about 3,500 locations, with locations in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere.
Baryaxes
Baryaxes (Ancient Greek: Βαρυάξης) was a Mede who lived in the 4th century BCE. He was said to have been from Lak, though it is unclear which Lak this was.

After the conclusion of the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great, around 324 or 325 BCE, Baryaxes led some Median forces in a campaign of guerrilla warfare against the invaders' garrisons in Alexander's absence. He ultimately declared himself king of Media and Persia, and was said to have worn the upright kidaris, a headgear that by law was permitted to only the Persian and Median monarch, and which Alexander himself never wore.

He was shortly thereafter seized by the Persian nobleman Atropates, the satrap of Media after the dismissal of Oxydates, and was delivered to Alexander at Pasargadae. Alexander subsequently put him and his followers to death.

Pasargadae
Pasargadae (/pəˈsɑːrɡədi/; from Pāθra-gadā, lit. 'protective club'  or 'strong club'; Persian: پاسارگاد, romanized: Pāsārgād) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), located just north of the town of Madar-e-Soleyman and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the northeast of the city of Shiraz. It is one of Iran's UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is considered to be the location of the Tomb of Cyrus, a tomb previously attributed to Madar-e-Soleyman, the "Mother of Solomon". It is a national tourist site administered by the Iranian culture of world heritage.
Merthyr Cynog
Merthyr Cynog is a hamlet and a community in the modern county of Powys, Wales, in the historic county of Brecknockshire. The population of the community at the 2021 Census was 245.

The Welsh name signifies the 'shrine of Cynog'. The grade II* listed church, a place of pilgrimage, is dedicated to Saint Cynog, a son of Brychan Brycheiniog, and was founded in the 5th century. It is situated on the land between the valleys of the Ysgir Fawr and the Ysgir Fach which penetrate northwestwards into the uplands of Mynydd Epynt from the River Usk some miles to the south. The community includes the hamlet of Upper Chapel which lies a couple of miles to the northeast. To the north and west of Merthyr Cynog is the Army's extensive Sennybridge Training Area or 'SENTA'.

In 2013 Merthyr Cynog Community launched a new website.

For elections to Powys County Council, Merthyr Cynog is part of the Yscir electoral ward.

River Usk
The River Usk (/ʌsk/; Welsh: Afon Wysg) rises on the northern slopes of the Black Mountain (y Mynydd Du), Wales, in the westernmost part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Initially forming the boundary between Carmarthenshire and Powys, it flows north into Usk Reservoir, then east through Sennybridge to Brecon before turning southeast to flow by Talybont-on-Usk, Crickhowell and Abergavenny, after which it takes a more southerly course.

Beyond the eponymous town of Usk, it passes the Roman legionary fortress of Caerleon to flow through the heart of the city of Newport and into the Severn Estuary at Uskmouth near the Newport Wetlands. The river is about 125 kilometres (78 miles) long and drains a basin of 1160 km2. According to the Encyclopaedia of Wales (which gives a figure of 137 km (85 mi)), the river is the longest to flow wholly within Wales.

The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal follows the Usk for most of the length of the canal.
Dutch Athletics Championships
The Dutch Athletics Championships (Dutch: Nederlandse kampioenschappen atletiek) is an annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation, which serves as the national championship for the sport in the Netherlands. It is typically held as a two- or three-day event in the Dutch summer, ranging from late June to early August. The venue of the championships varies, though Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium has been a regular host.

Established in 1910 as a men-only competition, the programme expanded to include women's events in 1921.

National championship
A national championship(s) is the top achievement for any sport or contest within a league of a particular nation or nation state. The title is usually awarded by contests, ranking systems, stature, ability, etc. This determines the best team, individual (or other entity) in a particular nation and in a particular field. Often, the use of the term cup or championship is just a choice of words.
K. K. Jacob
Kunnenkeril Kuruvila Jacob (1904-1991) was an Indian educationist from the South Indian state of Kerala. Born on 3 August 1904 in a small hamlet of Aymanam in Kottayam district to Kuruvila of the Kunnenkeril house and educated at various places such as Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Nagercoil, and Parur, Jacob did higher education at Leeds University. He started his career as the first Indian headmaster of Madras Christian College School, Chennai, in 1931 and retired from there in 1962. After retirement, he was in charge of Hyderabad Public School for seven years and, later, worked as the principal of Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai. He died on 25 August 1991. He was honored by the Government of India, in 1991, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. Jacob's students have started an initiative for bringing about innovation in teaching methodology under the name, Kuruvila Jacob Initiative.

M. C. C. Higher Secondary School
MCC Higher Secondary School (full name: Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School) is located in Chetpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was founded in 1835 and has a long, and illustrious history, including having produced many citizens of note. It is also known for its large campus in the center of the city, with large playgrounds, verdant gardens, and various facilities.

The school in its current form, was an offshoot of the Madras Christian College, and became a separate entity when the college moved to a new location.

The school is part of an exchange program by the United States Department of State.
The Better Woman (TV series)
The Better Woman is a 2019 Philippine television drama series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Mark Sicat dela Cruz, it stars Andrea Torres in the title role, it premiered on July 1, 2019 on the network's Telebabad line up. The series concluded on September 27, 2019, with a total of 65 episodes.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Philippine television drama
Philippine television drama, also known as teleserye is a form of melodramatic, serialized, televised fiction in the Philippines. Teleserye is derived from two Filipino words: "tele", short for "telebisyón" (television), and "serye" (series).

Teleseryes share characteristics with and have roots similar to soap operas and telenovelas. They have evolved into a genre with unique characteristics, however, and often reflect Filipino social reality. Teleseryes are aired in the afternoon and prime time, five days a week. Their audience crosses age and gender lines, and they have the highest advertising rates in the Philippine television industry. Series last from three months to a year or longer, depending on ratings.

Philippine TV dramas also include serials and anthologies, usually shown weekly. These dramas have a finite number of episodes and usually last one season, again depending on ratings.
McGregor Lake
McGregor Lake is an elongated (40 by 2 km or 24.9 by 1.2 mi) reservoir in Southern Alberta. McGregor Lake was created in 1920 by the completion of two dams bracketing water flowing through in Snake Valley. It is situated 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Calgary in the Vulcan County.

The reservoir is part of the Carseland-Bow River Headworks System owned and operated by Alberta Environment and Parks and delivers water to the Bow River Irrigation District. McGregor Lake is in the Oldman River drainage basin, but most water in it arrives via canals from the Bow River. The reservoir was built by British-owned Canada Land and Irrigation Company and named after J. D. McGregor, the company's Canadian manager who became Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba in 1929.

Southern Alberta
Southern Alberta is a region located in the Canadian province of Alberta.  In 2016, the region's population was approximately 291,112. The primary cities are Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. The region is known mostly for agricultural production, but other sectors, such as alternative energy, film production and tourism, are emerging.
Saylan
Saylan is a Turkish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Merryll Saylan (born 1936), American woodturner

Türkan Saylan (1935–2009), Turkish physician, academic, writer, teacher, and social activist

Ziya Saylan, Turkish medical doctor

Türkan Saylan
Türkan Saylan (13 December 1935 – 18 May 2009) was a Turkish medical doctor in dermatology, academic, writer, teacher and social activist. She was famous for fighting leprosy, and for founding a charitable foundation called "Association for the Support of Contemporary Living" (Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Derneği, ÇYDD).
Oblivious RAM
An Oblivious RAM (ORAM) simulator is a compiler that transforms an algorithm in such a way that the resulting algorithm preserves the input-output behavior of the original algorithm but the distribution of the memory access patterns of the transformed algorithm is independent of the memory access pattern of the original algorithm.

The use of ORAMs is motivated by the fact that an adversary can obtain nontrivial information about the execution of a program and the data that the program is using just by observing the pattern in which the program accesses various memory locations during its execution. An adversary can get this information even if the data in memory is encrypted.

This definition is suited for settings like protected programs running on unprotected shared memory or clients running programs on their systems by accessing previously stored data on a remote server. The concept was formulated by Oded Goldreich and Rafail Ostrovsky in 1996.

Output device
An output device is any piece of computer hardware that converts information or data into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video. Examples include monitors, printers and sound cards.

In an industrial setting, output devices also include "printers" for paper tape and punched cards, especially where the tape or cards are subsequently used to control industrial equipment, such as an industrial loom with electrical robotics which is not fully computerized
Jock McKenzie (sportsperson, born 2001)
Jock James McKenzie (born 9 November 2001) is a New Zealand rugby union player and cricketer who plays for the Blues in Super Rugby and the Auckland in top-class cricket.

His rugby playing position is fly-half or fullback. He was named in the Blues squad for the rescheduled Round 1 of the 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season. He made his debut in the same match, coming on as a replacement. He was also named in the Auckland squad for the 2021 Bunnings NPC, but didn't make an appearance.

His brother Angus currently plays cricket for Canterbury, having also previously represented Otago.

2021 Bunnings NPC
The 2021 Bunnings NPC season was the 16th season of New Zealand's provincial rugby union competition since it turned professional in 2006. The regular season began on August 6, when Manawatu hosted Counties Manukau. It involved the top 14 rugby unions in New Zealand. For sponsorship reasons, the competition was known as the Bunnings NPC and it was the first season under the lead sponsor and to carry the NPC moniker since 2005. The winner of the Championship, Taranaki wasn't promoted to the Premiership due to a format restructure earlier in the season. Despite finishing seventh in the Premiership, Auckland was not relegated to the Championship, having only played two matches due to a resurgence of COVID-19 in the Auckland Region.
Homoplasy
Homoplasy, in biology and phylogenetics, is the term used to describe a feature that has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution. This is different from homology, which is the term used to characterize the similarity of features that can be parsimoniously explained by common ancestry. Homoplasy can arise from both similar selection pressures acting on adapting species, and the effects of genetic drift.

Most often, homoplasy is viewed as a similarity in morphological characters. However, homoplasy may also appear in other character types, such as similarity in the genetic sequence, life cycle types or even behavioral traits.

Evolutionary pressure
Evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure is exerted by factors that reduce or increase reproductive success in a portion of a population, driving natural selection. It is a quantitative description of the amount of change occurring in processes investigated by evolutionary biology, but the formal concept is often extended to other areas of research.

In population genetics, selective pressure is usually expressed as a selection coefficient.
Shasta sideband
The Shasta sideband (Monadenia troglodytes) is a species of gastropod in the subfamily Monadeniinae.

This species is endemic to Northern California in the United States. It is very rare, known from only nine locations around Shasta Lake, California. It is threatened by a variety of activities, but none of its sites are protected. The USFWS recently determined that it may warrant protection under the Endangered Species Act due to threats to its habitat from the proposed raising of Shasta Dam.

Shasta Lake, California
The city of Shasta Lake, known as Central Valley or CV prior to incorporation, is a city in Shasta County, California, United States. It is the closest settlement to Shasta Dam and Shasta Lake reservoir, which are popular tourist destinations. Its population is 10,371 as of the 2020 census, up from 10,164 from the 2010 census.
Praça de Entrecampos
Praça de Entrecampos is a plaza in Lisbon, Portugal.  "Entrecampos" means "between the fields" in Portuguese.  Entrecampos is located between Campo Grande ("large field") and Campo Pequeno ("small field").

At the center is Lisbon's Monument to the Heroes of the Peninsular War (Monumento aos Heróis da Guerra Peninsular).

The plaza is the starting point of three major avenues: Avenida da República to the South, Avenida dos Estados Unidos da América to the East and Avenida das Forças Armadas to the West.

The plaza has a Lisbon Metro station on the Yellow Line (Linha Amarela) and a CP railway station.  The metro station is spelled as two words, Entre Campos.  The railway station is written as a single word, Entrecampos.  Lines serving the railway station include the Alfa Pendular and suburban lines.

Alfa Pendular
Alfa Pendular is the name of the flagship Pendolino high-speed tilting train of Portuguese state railway company Comboios de Portugal.

Since the 1990's it connects the near-coastal and coastal cities of Braga, Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Santarém, Lisbon, Albufeira, and Faro, spanning from North to South, at speeds of up to 220 km/h (135 mph).

The trains were assembled in Portugal by ADtranz at the former Sorefame works at Amadora, based on contracting partnership between Fiat-Ferroviaria as the main contractor and ADtranz and Siemens as the main subcontractors.

In 2017, the Alfa train fleet was upgraded with new interiors, livery, seating, and features such as Wi-Fi, plugs and chargers for electronic devices.
Maria Àngels Anglada Prize
The Maria Àngels Anglada Prize (in Catalan: Premi de Narrativa Maria Àngels Anglada; Catalan pronunciation: [ˈpɾɛ.mi ˈðə nə.rə'ti.βa məˈɾi.ə 'aɲ.ʒəlz əɲ'ɡla.ðə]) is a Catalan literary award, given annually by the Institut Ramon Muntaner ("Ramon Muntaner Secondary School"), in Figueres (Spain), with the aim of contributing to the promotion of Catalan literature, reaffirming the civic and cultural projection of the school and extolling the memory of the writer Maria Àngels Anglada (Vic, 1930 - Figueres, 1999), ex-professor of the centre. The award has the support of the Geli-Anglada family and the sponsorship of the Ajuntament de Figueres ("Figueres City Council") and the Diputació de Girona ("Girona Provincial Council"), as well as the collaboration of the Consell Comarcal de l'Alt Empordà ("Alt Empordà County Council").

Vic, Spain
Vic (Catalan pronunciation: [bik]; Spanish: Vic) is the capital of the comarca of Osona, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Vic is 69 km (43 mi) from Barcelona and 60 km (37 mi) from Girona.