hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Prayagraj
Prayagraj, also known as Ilahabad or Allahabad in an anglicized version in Roman script, and anciently Prayag, is a city situated on an inland peninsula, surrounded by the rivers Ganges and Yamuna on three sides, with only one side connected to the mainland Doab region, of which it is a part.

This position is of importance in Hindu scriptures for it is situated at the confluence, known as Triveni Sangam, of the holy rivers. As per Rigveda the Sarasvati River (now dried up but believed to be flowing under the river Ganges) was part of the three river confluence in ancient times. It is one of four sites of the Kumbh Mela, an important mass Hindu pilgrimage.

Warren Hastings
Warren Hastings FRS (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first governor-general of Bengal in 1772–1785. He and Robert Clive are credited with laying the foundation of the British Empire in India. He was an energetic organizer and reformer. In 1779–1784, he led forces of the East India Company against a coalition of native states and the French. In the end, the well-organised British side held its own, while France lost influence in India. In 1787, he was accused of corruption and impeached, but he was eventually acquitted in 1795 after a long trial. He was made a privy councillor in 1814.
Christiane Baumeister
Christiane Baumeister is a German economist. She is the Lambert Family Professor of Economics at the University of Notre Dame in the United States.

She holds the named professor title of Robert H. Lambert, Class of 1940, Helen B. Lambert, Mary E. Lambert and Michael P. Lambert Professor of Economics. Her research focuses on empirical macroeconomics, energy markets, Bayesian analysis, and the transmission of monetary policy.

She is on the board of editors of the American Economic Review. Her work has been cited over 9000 times and she is the 114th-most-cited female economist worldwide. She is a research associate at the NBER.

Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference (/ˈbeɪziən/ BAY-zee-ən or /ˈbeɪʒən/ BAY-zhən) is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to calculate a probability of a hypothesis, given prior evidence, and update it as more information becomes available. Fundamentally, Bayesian inference uses a prior distribution to estimate posterior probabilities. Bayesian inference is an important technique in statistics, and especially in mathematical statistics. Bayesian updating is particularly important in the dynamic analysis of a sequence of data. Bayesian inference has found application in a wide range of activities, including science, engineering, philosophy, medicine, sport, and law. In the philosophy of decision theory, Bayesian inference is closely related to subjective probability, often called "Bayesian probability".
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides
The lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (abbreviated as Li-NCA, LNCA, or NCA) are a group of mixed metal oxides. Some of them are important due to their application in lithium-ion batteries. NCAs are used as active material in the positive electrode (which is the cathode when the battery is discharged). NCAs are composed of the cations of the chemical elements lithium, nickel, cobalt and aluminium. The compounds of this class have a general formula LiNixCoyAlzO2 with x + y + z = 1. In case of the NCA comprising  batteries currently available on the market, which are also used in electric cars and electric appliances, x ≈ 0.84, and the voltage of those batteries is between 3.6 V and 4.0 V, at a nominal voltage of 3.6 V or 3.7 V. A version of the oxides currently in use in 2019 is LiNi0.84Co0.12Al0.04O2.

Cathode
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device such as a lead–acid battery. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs. Conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons, which are the carriers of current in most electrical systems, have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow: this means that electrons flow into the device's cathode from the external circuit. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a + (plus) is the cathode.

The electrode through which conventional current flows the other way, into the device, is termed an anode.
Mapyong Line
The Map'yŏng Line is a non-electrified railway line of the Korean State Railway in T'aech'ŏn County, North P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from P'arwŏn on the Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'arwŏn Line to Hwŏnhwa.

The line formerly continued from Hwŏnhwa to past the site of the T'aech'ŏn nuclear reactor, but that section was abandoned after construction of the reactor was halted in 1994; the line had also continued further on to Map'yŏng to assist with the construction of the large Taech'ŏn No. 2 Hydroelectric Power Station further up the Taeryŏng River.

North Pyongan Province
North Pyongan Province (also spelled North P'yŏngan; Korean: 평안북도; MR: Phyŏnganbukto; IPA: [pʰjʌŋanbuk̚t͈o]) is a western province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former P'yŏng'an Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Sinŭiju. In 2002, Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region—near the city of Sinuiju—was established as a separately governed Special Administrative Region.
Ruben Nirvi
Ruben Erik Nirvi (until 1928 Snirvi, born 16 December 1905 in Askola - died 26 January 1986 in Helsinki) was a Finnish linguist. He was the deputy of Finnish philology at the University of Helsinki from 1955 to 1957 and the personal additional professor of the Finnish language from 1957 to 1972. He was a special expert on Finnish, especially the Ingrian dialects. He defended his thesis Sanankieltoja ja niihin liittyviä kielenilmiöitä itämerensuomalaisissa kielissä: Riista- ja kotieläintalous ("Negative words and linguistic phenomena connected to them in Baltic Finnic languages: Game and animal husbandry").

Ingrian Finnish dialects
Ingrian Finnish dialects (Finnish: Inkerin suomalaismurteet) are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken in Russia, Finland and Sweden. In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns left in Russia. The Ingrian dialects are gradually dying out, as primarily elderly people speak them still, and unlike Standard Finnish, the dialects are not taught in schools.
Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity
The Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity (ATCSI), also known as the NARTH Institute, is a United States organization that promotes conversion therapy, a pseudoscientific practice used in attempts to change the sexual orientation of people with same-sex attraction.  ATCSI's promotion of conversion therapy as a scientifically supported therapeutic method is contradicted by overwhelming scientific consensus. ATCSI has not been recognized by any major United States–based professional association. No schools, universities or professional programs currently train its counselors in reparative therapy.

ATCSI was founded in 1992 by Joseph Nicolosi, Benjamin Kaufman, and  Charles Socarides. Until 2014, it was known as the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality, and its headquarters were in Encino, California, at its Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic.

American Psychiatric Association
38°52′47″N 77°01′30″W﻿ / ﻿38.879713°N 77.025061°W﻿ / 38.879713; -77.025061

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. It has more than 39,200 members who are involved in psychiatric practice, research, and academia representing a diverse population of patients in more than 100 countries. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used mostly in the United States as a guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

The organization has its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Burnaby Lake Regional Park
Burnaby Lake is a lake located in Burnaby, British Columbia and is the focal geographic feature and namesake of Burnaby Lake Regional Park. The lake occupies 3.11 square kilometres (770 acres) of land, and is home to a large variety of wildlife. At least 70 species of birds make the lake and surrounding areas their home, and about 214 species of birds visit the lake throughout the year. The park has been managed by the Metro Vancouver Parks Department since 1977.

New Westminster
New Westminster (colloquially known as New West, hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓: sӽəyəməɬ) is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver Regional District.

It was founded in 1858 by Richard Clement Moody as the capital of the Colony of British Columbia, and served as such until the mainland and Vancouver Island colonies were merged to form the new Colony of British Columbia in 1866. It was the British Columbia mainland's largest city from its foundation until the first decade of the 20th century, when it was surpassed in population by Vancouver.

It is located on the banks of the Fraser River as it turns southwest towards its estuary, on the southwest side of the Burrard Peninsula and roughly at the centre of the Greater Vancouver region.
Rainer Moormann
Rainer Moormann (born 1950) is a German chemist and nuclear whistleblower. He grew up in Osnabrück. After finishing highschool he studied physical chemistry in Braunschweig and received a doctor's degree with Raman spectroscopic and theoretical investigations on hydrogen bonds in liquids.

Since 1976 he had been working at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, doing research on safety problems with pebble bed reactors (especially with the AVR reactor), fusion power and spallation neutron sources.

Neutron source
A neutron source is any device that emits neutrons, irrespective of the mechanism used to produce the neutrons. Neutron sources are used in physics, engineering, medicine, nuclear weapons, petroleum exploration, biology, chemistry, and nuclear power. Neutron source variables include the energy of the neutrons emitted by the source, the rate of neutrons emitted by the source, the size of the source, the cost of owning and maintaining the source, and government regulations related to the source.
Foldamer
In chemistry, a foldamer is a discrete chain molecule (oligomer) that folds into a conformationally ordered state in solution.  They are artificial molecules that mimic the ability of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides to fold into well-defined conformations, such as α-helices and β-sheets. The structure of a foldamer is stabilized by noncovalent interactions between nonadjacent monomers.  Foldamers are studied with the main goal of designing large molecules with predictable structures.  The study of foldamers is related to the themes of molecular self-assembly, molecular recognition, and host–guest chemistry.

Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of the mole fractions of solutes is small compared with unity, the solution is called a dilute solution." One parameter of a solution is the concentration, which is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. The term "aqueous solution" is used when one of the solvents is water.
Psie Pole-Zawidawie
Psie Pole-Zawidawie (Polish pronunciation: [pɕɛ ˈpɔle zaviˈdavjɛ], literally "Dogs' Field-Zawidawie") are self-goverening osiedles (a type of neighborhood) in Wrocław, Poland, located in the north-eastern part of the city. It was established in the territory of the former Psie Pole city district. It consists of the neighborhoods of Psie Pole, Zakrzów, Zgorzelisko, and Kłokoczyce.

The Psie Pole neighborhood is in the place of the former independent city Psie Pole known as the place of the Battle of Psie Pole of 1109, in which the Poles defeated invading Germans.

In 1991, after reforms in the administrative division of Wrocław, Psie Pole-Zawidawie became one of the city's 48 districts.

Battle of Hundsfeld
The Battle of Hundsfeld or Battle of Psie Pole was said to be fought on 24 August 1109 near the Silesian capital Wrocław between the Holy Roman Empire in aid of the claims of the exiled Piast duke Zbigniew against his ruling half-brother, Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland. It was recorded by the medieval Polish chronicler Bishop Wincenty Kadłubek of Kraków in his Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae several decades later.
Johann Reinhard II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg
Count Johann Reinhard II of Hanau-Lichtenberg (2 February [O.S. 23 January] 1628 in Bouxwiller – 25 April 1666 in Bischofsheim am Hohen Steg) was a younger son of Count Philipp Wolfgang of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1595–1641) and Countess Johanna of Oettingen-Oettingen (d. 1639).

County of Oettingen
The House of Oettingen was a high-ranking noble Franconian and Swabian family. It ruled various estates that composed the County of Oettingen between the 12th century and the beginning of the 19th century. In 1674 the house was raised to the rank of prince for the first time. Despite the annexation of their lands following the German mediatisation of 1806, the family retained their titles and still have representatives today.
USS Rodney M. Davis
47°33′09″N 122°39′07″W﻿ / ﻿47.5526195°N 122.6519157°W﻿ / 47.5526195; -122.6519157

USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG-60) was an Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigate of the United States Navy named for Marine Sergeant Rodney Maxwell Davis (1942–1967), who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism in the Vietnam War.

Rodney M. Davis was laid down on 8 February 1985 by the Todd Pacific Shipyards, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California; Launched on 11 January 1986; Christened by Mrs. Judy P. Davis, Widow of Sgt. Davis, and commissioned on 9 May 1987.

The ship was homeported at Yokosuka, Japan for several years while assigned to Destroyer Squadron 15. Rodney M. Davis was decommissioned at NS Everett on 23 January 2015. She was sunk 12 July 2022 during RIMPAC 2022.

Indian Island, Washington
Indian Island is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. The whole island is covered by the Marrowstone CDP. It is located between Port Townsend Bay and Kilisut Harbor.  Parts also border on Oak Bay and Scow Bay.

Until the construction of the Port Townsend Ship Canal (also known as Portage Canal) Indian Island was connected to the mainland by a broad sand flat and backshore marsh. Indian Island is the location of the Indian Island Naval Reserve, which covers the entire island. No civilian residences are allowed on Indian Island. Indian Island is attached to Marrowstone Island, and is often grouped with it.  Indian Island is served by the ZIP code for Nordland. The entire island has a land area of 11.28 km2 (4.3553 sq mi) and a population of 44 persons as of the 2000 census.
Calochortus flexuosus
Calochortus flexuosus is a species of lily known by the common names winding Mariposa lily and straggling Mariposa lily.

This is a bulbous perennial wildflower native to the Southwestern United States, the Mojave Desert in California, and northern Mexico. It is most often found in desert scrub, growing up through low shrubs.

Lilium
Lilium (/ˈlɪliəm/ LIL-ee-əm) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the Northern Hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies. True lilies are known to be highly toxic to cats.
Ruze's equation
Ruze's equation is an equation relating the gain of an antenna to the root mean square (RMS) of the antenna's random surface errors. The equation was originally developed for parabolic reflector antennas, and later extended to phased arrays. The equation is named after John Ruze, who introduced the equation in a paper he wrote in 1952. The equation states that the antenna's gain is inversely proportional to the exponential of the square of the RMS surface errors. Mathematically, the equation for parabolic reflector antennas can be expressed as:

where  is the surface RMS errors of the reflector,  is the wavelength, and  is the gain of the antenna in the absence of surface errors.

The equation is often expressed in decibels as:

where the -685.81 coefficient is the numerical value of  and

Root mean square
In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, RMS or rms) of a set of values is the square root of the set's mean square.
Given a set , its RMS is denoted as either  or . The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted ), a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted  and can be defined in terms of an integral of the square of the function.
In estimation theory, the root-mean-square deviation of an estimator measures how far the estimator strays from the data.
Sant'Agnese in Agone
Sant'Agnese in Agone (also called Sant'Agnese in Piazza Navona) is a 17th-century Baroque church in Rome, Italy. It faces onto the Piazza Navona, one of the main urban spaces in the historic centre of the city and the site where the Early Christian Saint Agnes was martyred in the ancient Stadium of Domitian. Construction began in 1652 under the architects Girolamo Rainaldi and his son Carlo Rainaldi. After numerous quarrels, the other main architect involved was Francesco Borromini.

The church is a titular deaconry, with Gerhard Ludwig Müller being the current Cardinal-Deacon.  As well as religious services, the church hosts regular classical concerts in the Borromini Sacristy, from sacred Baroque works to chamber music and operas.

Alessandro Algardi
Alessandro Algardi (July 31, 1598 – June 10, 1654) was an Italian high-Baroque sculptor active almost exclusively in Rome. In the latter decades of his life, he was, along with Francesco Borromini and Pietro da Cortona, one of the major rivals of Gian Lorenzo Bernini, in Rome. He is now most admired for his portrait busts that have great vivacity and dignity.
Rahuste Nature Reserve
Rahuste Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated on Saaremaa island in western Estonia, in Saare County.

The nature reserve has been established to protect the bird-life of the area, and is centred on Ooslamaa and Kriimi islets. Birds that can be seen in the area include avocet, dunlin and arctic tern, among others. The reserve also hosts one of the most well-preserved coastal meadows of Estonia.

Dunlin
The dunlin (Calidris alpina) is a small wader in the genus Calidris. The English name is a dialect form of "dunling", first recorded in 1531–1532. It derives from dun, "dull brown", with the suffix -ling, meaning a person or thing with the given quality.

It is a circumpolar breeder in Arctic or subarctic regions. Birds that breed in western Europe are short-distance migrants largely staying on western and southern European and northwest African coasts; those breeding in far northern Europe and Asia are long-distance migrants, wintering south to Africa, southeast and west Asia. Birds that breed in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic migrate short distances to the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America, although those nesting in northern Alaska overwinter in Asia.
2024 Mid-American Conference women's soccer tournament
The 2024 Mid-American Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Mid-American Conference held from November 3 through November 10, 2024. The First Round was held at campus sites. The semifinals and finals took place at WMU Soccer Complex in Kalamazoo, Michigan, home of Western Michigan, the regular season conference champions. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The Ohio Bobcats were the defending champions, as they fell in the semifinals to Buffalo. Western Michigan defeated Ohio in the final, 5–0.  The title was the fourth in program history for the Western Michigan women's soccer program and first for head coach John Deal. As tournament champions, Western Michigan earned the Mid-American's automatic berth into the 2024 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.

Buffalo Bulls
The Buffalo Bulls are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University at Buffalo (UB) in Buffalo, New York. The Bulls compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level as a member of Mid-American Conference (MAC) East Division, having joined the conference in 1998. Buffalo sponsors teams in seven men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The football team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the highest level for college football.

The mascot of UB athletic teams is Victor E. Bull.
Kumada coupling
In organic chemistry, the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon–carbon bonds by the reaction of a Grignard reagent and an organic halide. The procedure uses transition metal catalysts, typically nickel or palladium, to couple a combination of two alkyl, aryl or vinyl groups. The groups of Robert Corriu and Makoto Kumada reported the reaction independently in 1972.

The reaction is notable for being among the first reported catalytic cross-coupling methods. Despite the subsequent development of alternative reactions (Suzuki, Sonogashira, Stille, Hiyama, Negishi), the Kumada coupling continues to be employed in many synthetic applications, including the industrial-scale production of aliskiren, a hypertension medication, and polythiophenes, useful in organic electronic devices.

Carbon–carbon bond
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals are sp3-hybridized orbitals, but single bonds formed between carbon atoms with other hybridizations do occur (e.g. sp2 to sp2). In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp-hybridized orbital and two p-orbitals from each atom. The use of the p-orbitals forms a pi bond.
Ujamaa Place
Ujamaa Place is a non-profit organization, it was launched in 2009 to fill a gap in social welfare programming and services for African-American men in the age group of between 17 and 28 years old in St. Paul, Minnesota. Ujamaa Place took over the services offered by a previous form of the program, Awali Place. Ujamaa Place replaced Awali, when Awali lost its funding due to the 2009 budget cuts. Ujamaa Place received its non-profit status in 2010.

Ecolab
Ecolab Inc. (formerly Economics Laboratory), headquartered in Saint Paul, Minnesota, provides products related to water treatment, sanitation, and hygiene, primarily to commercial and industrial customers.

The company is ranked 274th on the Fortune 500 and 569th on the Forbes Global 2000.