hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Luther Mays
James Luther Mays (July 14, 1921 – October 29, 2015) was an American Old Testament scholar. He was Cyrus McCormick Professor of Hebrew and the Old Testament Emeritus at Union Presbyterian Seminary, Virginia. He served as president of the Society of Biblical Literature in 1986.

Mays wrote commentaries on Psalms, Hosea, Amos, and Micah. He was formerly editor of Interpretation.

In 1986, a Festschrift was published in his honor, called The Hermeneutical Quest: Essays in Honor of James Luther Mays on His Sixty-fifth Birthday. It included contributions from Elizabeth Achtemeier, James Barr, Brevard Childs, Patrick D. Miller, James A. Sanders, and Claus Westermann.

Book of Amos
The Book of Amos is the third of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Christian Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh and the second in the Greek Septuagint. The Book of Amos has nine chapters. According to the Bible, Amos was an older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah, and was active c. 750 BC during the reign of Jeroboam II (788–747 BC) of Samaria (Northern Israel), while Uzziah was King of Judah. Amos is said to have lived in the kingdom of Judah but preached in the northern Kingdom of Israel where themes of social justice, God's omnipotence, and divine judgment became staples of prophecy. In recent years, scholars have grown more skeptical of The Book of Amos’ presentation of Amos’ biography and background. It is known for its distinct “sinister tone and violent portrayal of God.”
Joan Brudieu
Joan Brudieu (Catalan pronunciation: [ʒuˈam bɾuðiˈew]; 1520–1591) was a French-Catalan composer. Brudieu  was born around 1520 in the diocese of Limoges and died in la Seu d'Urgell in 1591, after spending most of his life in the Aragonese region of Catalonia,.

From 1539 he was cantor at the Cathedral of Santa Maria d'Urgell, where he was ordained in 1546. In 1548 he was appointed choir master for life. In 1550 he traveled to his home country to acquire instruments for the chapel.

In 1577 he retired to Balaguer, but after a year moved to become maestro di cappella at Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, which he left shortly afterwards, apparently due to health problems. Then in 1579 he returned to la Seu d'Urgell, where he remained until his death, having previously been replaced by Rafael Coma.

Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona
Santa Maria del Mar (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈsantə məˈɾi.ə ðəl ˈmaɾ], "Saint Mary of the Sea") is a church in the Ribera district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, built between 1329 and 1383 at the height of Principality of Catalonia's maritime and mercantile preeminence. It is an outstanding example of Catalan Gothic, with a purity and unity of style that is very unusual in large medieval buildings.
RNA hydrolysis
RNA hydrolysis is a reaction in which a phosphodiester bond in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA is broken, cleaving the RNA molecule. RNA is susceptible to this base-catalyzed hydrolysis because the ribose sugar in RNA has a hydroxyl group at the 2’ position. This feature makes RNA chemically unstable compared to DNA, which does not have this 2’ -OH group and thus is not susceptible to base-catalyzed hydrolysis.

Phosphodiester bond
In chemistry, a phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups (−OH) in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds. The "bond" involves this linkage C−O−PO−2O−C.  Discussion of phosphodiesters is dominated by their prevalence in DNA and RNA, but phosphodiesters occur in other biomolecules, e.g. acyl carrier proteins, phospholipids and the cyclic forms of GMP and AMP (cGMP and cAMP).
Gianni di Parigi
Gianni di Parigi is an 1839 melodramma comico (opera buffa) in two acts with music by Gaetano Donizetti to a libretto by Felice Romani, which had previously been set by Francesco Morlacchi in 1818 and by Giovanni Antonio Speranza in 1836.

It is derived from Jean de Paris, an 1812 opera by François-Adrien Boieldieu with a libretto by Claude Godard d'Aucourt de Saint-Just, which had been performed in Naples in 1816.

François-Adrien Boieldieu
François-Adrien Boieldieu (pronounced [fʁɑ̃.swa a.dʁi.(j)ɛ̃ bɔ.jɛl.djø], also [bwa(.ɛ)l.djø]) (16 December 1775 – 8 October 1834) was a French composer, mainly of operas, often called "the French Mozart". Although his reputation is largely based upon his operas, Boieldieu composed other works and among them, his Harp Concerto in C (1800–1801) is a masterpiece of the harp repertory.
Raffles (surname)
Raffles is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hugh Raffles, English-born anthropologist and writer based in America

Franki Raffles (1955–1994), English feminist social documentary photographer

Mark Raffles (1922–2022), British magician

Ralph Raffles (1920–2008), British bobsledder

Stamford Raffles (1781–1826), British statesman, Lieutenant Governor of Java and founder of Singapore in 1819
Lady Raffles (disambiguation), title of two women married to Stamford Raffles

Stamford Raffles-Flint (1847–1925), onetime Archdeacon of Cornwall

Thomas Raffles (1788–1863), English Congregational minister
Thomas Raffles Hughes (1856–1938), British barrister

Franki Raffles
Franki Raffles (17 October 1955 – 6 December 1994) was an English feminist social documentary photographer, best known for her work on the Zero Tolerance campaign. In her lifetime, she exhibited in Stills Gallery, Edinburgh; Mercury Gallery, London; The Corridor Gallery, Fife; Pearce Institute, Glasgow; and First of May Gallery, Edinburgh.
Beaverdell
Beaverdell is an unincorporated settlement in the Monashee Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, which lies to the east of the Okanagan Valley and north of the Boundary Country region.

Beaverdell is located midway along the West Kettle River between Kelowna and Rock Creek along British Columbia Highway 33.

Beaverdell was an amalgamation of the adjoining Beaverton and Rendell townsites in 1901. However, the Beaverton post office was not renamed until 1905.

Beaverdell is the namesake of the Beaverdell Range, which is on the settlement's east side and is the mountain spine lying between the West Kettle River and the Kettle River.

Monashee Mountains
The Monashee Mountains are a mountain range lying mostly in British Columbia, Canada, extending into the U.S. state of Washington. They stretch 530 km (329 mi) from north to south and 150 km (93 mi) from east to west. They are a sub-range of the Columbia Mountains. The highest summit is Mount Monashee, which reaches 3,274 m (10,741 ft). The name is from the Scottish Gaelic monadh and sìth, meaning "moor" and "peace".
Ternopil National Medical University
The Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, or simply Ternopil National Medical University (Ukrainian: Тернопільський національний медичний університет імені І.Я.Горбачевського), is a state-sponsored university run by the Ministry of Health as medical training institute located in the city of Ternopil in Ukraine.

Ministry of Health (Ukraine)
The Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Міністерство охорони здоров'я України, romanized: Ministerstvo okhorony zdorovia Ukrainy, МОЗ) is the main healthcare body in the system of central government of Ukraine. It is based on former Ministries of Healthcare.

The ministry consists of the central body headed the Minister of Healthcare and deputies to assist the minister. Ministry deputies elect several state healthcare administrations employee that specialize in certain field and coordinate operation of the government companies.
Galleria Spada
The Galleria Spada is a museum in Rome, which is housed in the Palazzo Spada on Piazza Capo di Ferro. The palazzo is also famous for its façade and for the forced perspective gallery by Francesco Borromini.

The gallery exhibits paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries. A state museum, it is managed by the Polo Museale del Lazio.

Guido Reni
Guido Reni (Italian pronunciation: [ˌɡwiːdo ˈrɛːni]; 4 November 1575 – 18 August 1642) was an Italian Baroque painter, although his works showed a classical manner, similar to Simon Vouet, Nicolas Poussin, and Philippe de Champaigne. He painted primarily religious works, but also mythological and allegorical subjects. Active in Rome, Naples, and his native Bologna, he became the dominant figure in the Bolognese School that emerged under the influence of the Carracci.
Rotaru
Rotaru is a Romanian surname meaning "wheelwright". Notable people with the surname include:

Alina Rotaru (born 1993), Romanian long jumper

Doina Rotaru (born 1951), Romanian composer

Elysia Rotaru (born 1984), Canadian actress

Gabriel Rotaru (born 1971), Romanian footballer

Ioana Rotaru (born 1984), Romanian rower

Nicolae Rotaru (1935–2009), Romanian sport shooter

Sofia Rotaru (born 1947), Soviet and Ukrainian singer of Moldovan descent

Alina Rotaru-Kottmann
Alina Rotaru-Kottmann, née Alina Rotaru, (born 5 June 1993) is a Romanian long jumper. She won the bronze medal at the 2023 World Championships in the long jump event.

At the 2009 World Youth Championships she won the silver medal in long jump and finished fourth in the high jump. She was knocked out in the qualification at the 2010 World Junior Championships, but won the silver medal at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.

She finished fifth at the 2012 World Junior Championships, fourth at the 2013 Jeux de la Francophonie and seventh at the 2014 European Championships. She also competed at the 2012 European Championships and the 2013 European Indoor Championships without reaching the final.

Her personal best jump is 6.96 metres, achieved in Inneringen in July 2023.
Pilot (Gossip Girl)
"Pilot" is the pilot episode of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl. The episode was written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage and directed by Mark Piznarski. It premiered on September 19, 2007, on The CW in the United States.

Matthew Settle
Jeffrey Matthew Settle (born September 17, 1969) is an American actor. He is known for playing Will Benson in I Still Know What You Did Last Summer, Captain Ronald Speirs on the 2001 HBO miniseries Band of Brothers and Rufus Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl.
Mauch Chunk Opera House
The Mauch Chunk Opera House, formerly known as the Capitol Theater, is a theatre in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania in the United States.

Built in 1881 by architect Addison Hutton on "millionaires row" in the former community known as Mauch Chunk, the cornerstone was laid on August 10, 1881. The theater then officially opened its doors to patrons in 1882.

Addison Hutton
Addison Hutton (1834–1916) was a Philadelphia architect who designed prominent residences in Philadelphia and its suburbs, plus courthouses, hospitals, and libraries, including the Ridgway Library, now Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts, and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He made major additions to the campuses of Westtown School, George School, Swarthmore College, Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, and Lehigh University.
Raorchestes thodai
Raorchestes thodai or the Thoda bush frog is a species of frog of the genus Raorchestes found in Ooty in the Nilgiris district of the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu in India. Scientists have observed it in the type locality, 1980 meters above sea level. The species is named after the Thoda tribe who dwell in the region.

Scientists have yet to determine the frog's preferred habitat. They observed it sitting on rocks and shrubs in patches of forest near Ooty town. These areas were separated by plantations for eucalyptus, wattle, and pine. These sightings took place between 1863 and 2465 meters above sea level.

Scientists believe this frog breeds through direct development, like other frogs in Raorchestes, with no free-swimming tadpole stage.

Scientists believe this frog might be synonymous with Raorchestes signatus.

Direct development
Direct development is a concept in biology.  It refers to forms of growth to adulthood that do not involve metamorphosis.  An animal undergoes direct development if the immature organism resembles a small adult rather than having a distinct larval form.  A frog that hatches out of its egg as a small frog undergoes direct development.  A frog that hatches out of its egg as a tadpole does not.

Direct development is the opposite of complete metamorphosis.  An animal undergoes complete metamorphosis if it becomes a non-moving thing, for example a pupa in a cocoon, between its larval and adult stages.
HMS Euryalus
Several ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Euryalus after Euryalus, one of Argonauts - the mythical band of heroes who accompanied Jason in his search for the Golden Fleece.

HMS Euryalus (1803), launched 1803, was a frigate. Captained by Henry Blackwood, she was at the Battle of Trafalgar, where she was Collingwood's flagship after the death of Nelson. She was broken up in Gibraltar in 1860.

HMS Euryalus (1853), launched at Chatham in 1853, was a 2,371-ton wooden screw frigate of 35 guns and crew of 515.

HMS Euryalus (1877), launched in 1877, was a Bacchante-class iron screw corvette, sold in 1897.

HMS Euryalus (1901), launched 1901, was a Cressy-class armoured cruiser that fought at the Dardanelles in World War I. She was scrapped in 1920.

HMS Euryalus (42), launched 1939, was a Dido-class cruiser. In World War II she was damaged at the Second Battle of Sirte in 1942.

HMS Euryalus (F15), launched 1963, was a Leander-class frigate, scrapped in 1990.

Cressy-class cruiser
The Cressy-class cruiser was a class of six armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy around 1900. Their design's incorporation of a pair of 9.2-inch guns and armoured sides served to address criticism directed against the previous Diadem class — advances made possible by their 1,000 ton increase in displacement over their predecessors. The ships were notably stable, except for a susceptibility to pitching.
Hope (Non-Prophets album)
Hope is the first studio album by American hip hop duo Non-Prophets. It was released on Lex Records on September 29, 2003. The album was produced entirely by Joe Beats and all vocal duties were handled by Sage Francis. "Damage" was released as a single from the album. The album peaked at number 9 on the CMJ Hip-Hop chart.

Lex Records
Lex Records is a British independent record label. Most releases on the label are alternative hip hop, alternative rock or electronic music. Dazed described Lex as a label "...whose wildly creative output spans over a decade of landmark releases that have changed the music industry no end."
Randy Hoback
Randy C. Hoback MP (born December 19, 1967) is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the electoral district of Prince Albert in the 2008 Canadian federal election. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He was subsequently re-elected in the 2011, 2015, 2019, 2021 and 2025 federal elections.

Prince Albert (federal electoral district)
Prince Albert is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1908 to 1988, and since 1997. It is one of two districts which has been represented by two different Prime Ministers: William Lyon Mackenzie King from 1926 to 1945, and John Diefenbaker from 1953 to 1979; the district of Quebec East was the other. It is also the only district where two future Prime Ministers competed against each other – King against Diefenbaker, in the 1926 election.
A Bear Named Wojtek
A Bear Named Wojtek is a 2023 Scottish-Polish animated short film directed by Iain Gardner. The 28-minute animated film about the true story of Wojtek, the war bear, has been selected in various international film festivals, including the Annecy International Animation Film Festival and the Manchester Animation Film Festival. It also won a British Animation Award for Best Long Form Animation as well as a Venice TV Award for Best Animation. The film was first broadcast on BBC Alba on the 8th May 2024. It was shortlisted for the Best Animated Short Film category at the 97th Academy Awards.

Venice TV Awards
The Venice TV Award is a television prize bestowed each year in September.  Two weeks after the Venice International Film Festival, a team of jurors from around the world meet in Venice to select the winners of 19 categories. Prerequisite for a nomination is that the production was first broadcast on a television station. The exception is the New Talent category. This award also highlights that the TV industry is a $260 billion industry worldwide with around 38,500 TV channels in operation and is supported by egta, ACT (Association of Commercial TV) and IMZ (International Music + Media Centre). This award brings national and international recognition for quality content.
Steve Kettering
Steve Kettering (born 1943) is the former Iowa State Senator from the 26th District. A Republican, he served in the Iowa Senate since 2003, when he won a special election to fill the vacancy left after Steve King was elected to Iowa's 5th congressional district.  He got his B.A. from Buena Vista College and his master's degree from California State University, Long Beach.

Kettering currently serves on several committees in the Iowa Senate - the Commerce committee; the Ethics committee; the Natural Resources committee; the Rules and Administration committee; the Appropriations committee, where he is the ranking member; and the Judiciary committee, where he is the ranking member.  His prior political experience includes serving as a representative in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1999 to 2003.

Kettering was last re-elected in 2008 with 22,853 votes, unopposed.

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Allen Boozer
Allen Boozer (Born July 28, 1944 in Orangeburg, South Carolina) is an American physicist, full professor, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University and co-recipient of the 2010 Hannes Alfvén Prize. He is noted for work in plasma physics. Boozer coordinates are named after him.

Orangeburg, South Carolina
Orangeburg is the principal city in and the county seat of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States. The population of the city was 13,964 according to the 2020 census. The city is located 37 miles southeast of Columbia, on the north fork of the Edisto River.

Two historically black institutions of higher education are located in Orangeburg: Claflin University (a liberal arts college) and South Carolina State University (a public university).
Battle of Transylvania
The Battle of Transylvania was the first major operation of Romania during World War I, beginning on 27 August 1916. It started as an attempt by the Romanian Army to seize Transylvania, and potentially knock Austria-Hungary out of the war. Although initially successful, the offensive was brought to a halt after Bulgaria's attack on Dobruja. Coupled with a successful German and Austro-Hungarian counterattack which started in mid-September, the Romanian Army was eventually forced to retreat back to the Carpathians by mid-October. The Romanian armies however managed to escape the Central Powers' attempts to completely destroy them. The Battle of Transylvania also caused the replacement of the chief of staff of the German Army and the shifting of German attention to the region, causing German offensive operations at Verdun to cease.

Praid
Praid  (Hungarian: Parajd, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpɒrɒjd]; German: Salzberg) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is composed of six villages: Becaș (Békástanya), Bucin (Bucsin), Ocna de Jos (Alsósófalva), Ocna de Sus (Felsősófalva), Praid (Parajd), and Șașvereș (Sásverés).

The route of the Via Transilvanica long-distance trail passes through the villages of Șașvereș and Praid.
Solving History with Olly Steeds
Solving History with Olly Steeds is a weekly American documentary adventure reality television series that premiered on January 13, 2010, on the Discovery Channel.  Produced by JWM Productions, the program follows British explorer and investigative journalist Oliver Steeds as he travels around the world investigating historical claims and theories.

Adventure
An adventure is a novel and exciting undertaking that is typically bold, sometimes risky. Adventures may be activities with danger such as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river rafting, or other extreme sports. Adventures are often undertaken to create psychological arousal or in order to achieve a greater goal, such as the pursuit of knowledge that can only be obtained by such activities.
In the Wild
In The Wild is a nature television series produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 1976 until 1981. It was hosted by Harry Butler, a Australian naturalist and environmental consultant.

The re-runs of In The Wild continued to play into the 1990s.

With a hand-on style, the show could be seen as a predecessor to the Steve Irwin/Crocodile Hunter style of nature television.

The Crocodile Hunter
The Crocodile Hunter is a wildlife documentary television series hosted by Steve Irwin and his wife, Terri. The show became a popular franchise due to Irwin's unconventional approach to wildlife. It spawned a number of separate projects, including the feature film The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course and two television spinoffs: Croc Files and The Crocodile Hunter Diaries.

First airing in 1992 on Network 10 in Australia, the series received broader attention in the United States through Animal Planet, becoming the network's highest-rated series at the time, and was in international syndication on networks worldwide. The series aired 64 episodes during five seasons, from 1997 to 2004, two years before Irwin's death, with a pilot episode in 1996 and 13 specials into 2007.

With a nearly 11-year run, the series is the second longest-running program of any Discovery Communications network, behind MythBusters.
Ryan Gingeras
Ryan Gingeras (born 1978) is an American historian. He is a professor at the Naval Postgraduate School in California and a historian of the late Ottoman Empire.

He is the author of five books, including Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Ataturk and Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire. He has published on a wide variety of topics related to history and politics in such publications as Foreign Affairs, New York Times, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Middle East Journal, Iranian Studies, Past & Present, and War on the Rocks.

Gingeras stated that he wanted to write his dissertation about Kars during World War I, or how Nakhichevan became part of Azerbaijan, but was warned that writing about controversial topics such as Kurds and Armenians would be akin to "professional suicide".

Naval Postgraduate School
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a Naval command with a graduate university mission, operated by the United States Navy and located in Monterey, California.

The NPS mission is to provide "defense-focused graduate education, including classified studies and interdisciplinary research, to advance the operational effectiveness, technological leadership and warfighting advantage of the Naval service."

It offers master's and doctoral degrees in more than 70 fields of study to the U.S. Armed Forces, Department of Defense civilians and international partners. Established in 1909, the school also offers research fellowship opportunities at the postdoctoral level through the National Academies' National Research Council research associateship program.