hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Downham, Essex
Downham is a small village in the civil parish of South Hanningfield, in the Chelmsford district of Essex, England. It is located approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of the county town of Chelmsford. The nearest towns are Billericay, 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) west-south-west, and Wickford, 2+1⁄4 miles (3.6 km) south-east.

Billericay
Billericay (/bɪləˈrɪkiː/ ⓘ BIL-ə-RIK-ee) is a historic market town and civil parish in the Borough of Basildon in Essex, England. It lies 23 miles (37 km) east of the City of London. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 28,562 and the built up area had a population of 34,075.

The town was founded in the 13th century by the Abbot of West Ham, in his Manor of Great Burstead. During the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, the Essex rebels were defeated in a battle with Richard II's forces in the Battle of Billericay. In 1620, four local people were on board the Mayflower as it sailed to Massachusetts, to establish the first English settlement in what would become the north of the United States. The town has long taken a pride in this connection, and many businesses and other organisations use the name Mayflower, with the Town Council and other local organisations using it as their emblem.
Mushroom management
Mushroom management is the management of a company where the communication channels between the employers and the employees do not work effectively, and where employees are 'kept in the dark' by management in regards to business decisions that affect their work and employment. The term 'mushroom management' alludes to the stereotypical (and somewhat inaccurate) view of mushroom cultivation: kept in the dark and fed bullshit.

Fungiculture
Fungiculture is the cultivation of fungi such as mushrooms. Cultivating fungi can yield foods (which include mostly mushrooms), medicine, construction materials and other products. A mushroom farm is involved in the business of growing fungi.

The word is also commonly used to refer to the practice of cultivation of fungi by animals such as leafcutter ants, termites, ambrosia beetles, and marsh periwinkles.
Ministry of Women Development and Family Affairs
The Puntland Ministry of Women Development and Family Affairs MoWDAFA (Somali: Wasaaradda Horumarinta Haweenka iyo Arrimaha Qoyska ee Dawladda Puntland) is a government body tasked with developing the Puntland Government public policies on issues affecting women and children and family affairs. The ministry was formed in 2005 as one of the initial measures of President Mohamud Muse Hersi; the first minister was Asha Gelle Dirie, the current minister is Maryan Ahmed Ali since 2024.

President of Puntland
The president of Puntland is the head of government and state of Puntland. The Presidency was elected by the House of Representatives of Puntland behind establishing the Puntland State in Somalia on 1 August 1998.
NGC 1560
NGC 1560, also known as IC 2062, is an  11th-magnitude spiral galaxy, in the IC 342/Maffei Group. It was discovered by Wilhelm Tempel on August 1, 1883.

The galaxy has a negative radial velocity of -35 km/second. NGC1560 is close enough to the Earth that its distance must be derived directly (not using redshift). Karachentsev et al. (2003) report a distance of 3.45 Mpc (11.2 million light years), while Madore (1993) give 2.5 Mpc (8.1 Mly) using the brightest stars method. Currently, the most accurate estimate is approximately 8 to 12 million light years. At this distance, it is relatively close to Earth, but not part of the Local Group.

This galaxy is approximately 35 thousand light years wide, determined by its apparent size of 11.6 by 1.9 arcminutes.

Wilhelm Tempel
Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel (4 December 1821 – 16 March 1889), normally known as Wilhelm Tempel, was a German astronomer who worked in Marseille until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, then later moved to Italy.

Tempel was born at Niedercunnersdorf, Saxony. He was a prolific discoverer of comets, discovering or co-discovering 21 in all, including Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, now known to be the parent body of the Leonid meteor shower, and 9P/Tempel, the target of the NASA probe Deep Impact in 2005. Other periodic comets that bear his name include 10P/Tempel and 11P/Tempel-Swift-LINEAR.

In 1861, he was awarded the Lalande Prize. He won the Prix Valz for the year 1880. The main-belt asteroid 3808 Tempel and the lunar crater Tempel are named after him.
Good Vibes: Remixes
Good Vibes: Remixes is a Ladislav Lučenič (also known as Double L) project that featured fourteen compositions by major Slovak artists, such as Marika Gombitová ("Domy na zbúranie", "V období dažďa"), Elán ("Poďme sa báť"), Pavol Habera and TEAM ("Som v tom", "Výsluch svedomia") and Prúdy ("Poď so mnou"). The set was released on PolyGram Slovakia in 1997.

For the production of the album, Lučenič received the ZAI Award '97 as the Best Producer His additional productions included "Klik-klak" by  I.M.T. Smile, and "Tomorrow"/The Same Mist Here by Karol Mikloš.

Prúdy
Prúdy (English: "The Jets") was a Slovak rock band formed by guitarist Pavol Hammel in the former Czechoslovakia in 1963. The original lineup of the band consisted of Hammel on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Saller on lead guitar, František Machats on drums, and Vladimír Kaššay on bass guitar. Various members came and went throughout the bands lifetime, including future big players in the Slovak big-beat scene like Marián Varga and Fedor Frešo, among others. Prúdy were a predominantly live band, and only released one studio album in their first incarnation, the now famous Zvoňte, zvonky (1969). After the group dismantled in 1969, it was reintegrated as a vehicle for Pavol Hammel's solo career the following year, recording under the name Pavol Hammel & Prúdy.
Tommy Asher
Thomas Asher (21 December 1936 – 11 March 2017) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Notts County. He also played for Peterborough United, Ilkeston Town, Ransome & Marles, Grantham Town, Eastwood Town, and Keyworth United. Tommy represented England Schoolboys during his youth and played alongside Manchester United's Duncan Edwards.

Hatfield, South Yorkshire
Hatfield is a town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England.  It had a population of 17,236 at the 2011 Census. The town is located on the A18 road between Doncaster and Scunthorpe, and to the west of the M18 motorway. It shares a railway station with Stainforth on the line between Goole and Scunthorpe, and Doncaster. Recorded history in the parish extends as far back as 730, when Bede wrote about the Northumbrian King, Edwin, being killed in battle in the area.
Allium burlewii
Allium burlewii is a species of wild onion known by the common name Burlew's onion. It is endemic to California, where grows in the granitic soils of several of the central and southern mountain ranges from Riverside and San Bernardino to Fresno and Monterey Counties, usually between 6,000 and 10,000 feet above sea level.

Allium burlewii is a short-stemmed onion, from an oval-shaped bulb, with a scape rarely taller than 20 cm. It has a single long, pointed leaf up to 35 cm long. The inflorescence contains up to 20 dark-veined purple flowers each up to a centimeter long with dark purple anthers.

Bulb
In botany, a bulb is a short underground stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that function as food storage organs during dormancy. In gardening, plants with other kinds of storage organ are also called ornamental bulbous plants or just bulbs.
Popliteal artery aneurysm
A popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) is an enlargement of the popliteal artery to greater than 1.5 times its normal size. PAAs are the most common type of aneurysm of the peripheral vascular system, accounting for 85% of all cases. Roughly half of all popliteal aneurysms appear on both legs, being associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm 40–50% of the time.

Popliteal aneurysms very rarely cause symptoms. They are typically discovered during routine examinations. The cause of these aneurysms is unknown, but they are more common in older people and men. Elective surgery is usually recommended for aneurysms over 20 mm in size.

Paresthesia
Paresthesia is a sensation of the skin that may feel like numbness (hypoesthesia), tingling, pricking, chilling, or burning. It can be temporary or chronic and has many possible underlying causes. Paresthesia is usually painless and can occur anywhere on the body, but does most commonly in the arms and legs.

The most familiar kind of paresthesia is the sensation known as pins and needles after having a limb "fall asleep" (obdormition). This is typically achieved by not moving the limb for a long period of time. Hitting the ulnar nerve (the "funny bone", actually a nerve) also induces paresthesias. A less common kind is formication, the sensation of insects crawling on or under the skin.
Hedge Lawn
Hedge Lawn is a historic home located at Colonie in Albany County, New York.  It was built in 1870 and is an unusual 2+1⁄2-story mansion designed in a composite style with Greek Revival  and Second Empire style elements.  It features a Mansard roof with scalloped slate shingles, three pedimented dormers, and a monumental portico across the front elevation supported by six massive Doric order columns. The property also has a contributing carriage house, lawns, mature plantings, iron fence, and two wagon sheds.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Second Empire style
Second Empire style, also known as the Napoleon III style or Haussmann style, is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and North America. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier, the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871), and the Philadelphia City Hall (1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
Joselane Santos
Joselane "Josi" Santos (born 14 July 1984) is a Brazilian gymnast and freestyle skier.

Originally a gymnast competing at an international level for Brazil, she started freestyle skiing in 2013 and qualified for the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup.

In the women's aerials at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Santos finished last at 22nd place. She dedicated her performance to Laís Souza whom she replaced after Souza was gravely hurt while training in Utah in January 2014.

Freestyle skiing
Freestyle skiing is a  skiing discipline comprising aerials, moguls, cross, half-pipe, slopestyle and big air as part of the Winter Olympics. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. Known as "hot-dogging" in the early 1970s, it is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, and many other names, around the world.
Center Street Branch
The Center Street Branch, formerly known as the Centre Street Branch, is a short railway line in Harrison and Kearny, New Jersey. It was formerly the main line of the New Jersey Railroad between Jersey City and Newark, before the building of a new crossing of the Passaic River reduced its importance. Today, it is an industrial freight line owned and operated Conrail Shared Assets Operations with connections to the Passaic and Harsimus Line and the Morristown Line.

Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (/ˈkɑːrni/ KAR-nee) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 41,999, an increase of 1,315 (+3.2%) from the 2010 census count of 40,684, which in turn reflected an increase of 171 (+0.4%) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 census.

Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant, owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts.
Kingdom of Kartli
The Kingdom of Kartli (Georgian: ქართლის სამეფო, romanized: kartlis samepo) was a late medieval and early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centred on the province of Kartli, with its capital at Tbilisi. It emerged in the process of a tripartite division of the Kingdom of Georgia in 1478 and existed, with several brief intervals, until 1762 when Kartli and the neighbouring Georgian kingdom of Kakheti were merged through dynastic succession under the Kakhetian branch of the Bagrationi dynasty. Through much of this period, the kingdom was a vassal of the successive dynasties of Iran, and to a much shorter period Ottoman Empire, but enjoyed intermittent periods of greater independence, especially after 1747.

Mkhare
A mkhare (Georgian: მხარე, mxare) is a type of administrative division in the country of Georgia. It is usually translated into English as "region".

According to presidential decrees issued in 1994 and 1996, Georgia's division into regions is on a provisional basis until the secessionist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia are resolved. The regional administration is headed by a state commissioner (სახელმწიფო რწმუნებული, Saxelmćipo Rćmunebuli, usually translated as "governor"), an official appointed by the president.

The regions are further subdivided into municipalities. There are nine regions in Georgia (see also map opposite):
Skyberg, Minnesota
Skyberg is an unincorporated community in Kenyon Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located southeast of Kenyon at the junction of State Highway 56 (MN 56) and County 11 Boulevard.

Skyberg is located five miles southeast of Kenyon, and four miles north of West Concord.

Kenyon, Minnesota
Kenyon (/ˈkɛnjən/ KEN-yən) is a city in southwestern Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, located along the North Fork of the Zumbro River. It was founded in 1856 and named in honor of Kenyon College. It is known for the Boulevard of roses on main street, which is the namesake of the town festival "Rosefest" held every August. The population was 1,894 at the 2020 census.
National Liberation Alliance (Brazil)
The National Liberation Alliance (Portuguese: Aliança Nacional Libertadora – ANL) was a left-wing movement formed by sectors of different anti-imperialist, anti-fascist and anti-integralist organizations. The collective had the support of the Brazilian Communist Party.

Coluna Prestes
The Coluna Prestes, also known as Coluna Miguel Costa-Prestes, in English Prestes Column, was a social rebel movement that broke out in Brazil between 1925 and 1927, with links to the Tenente revolts. The rebellion's ideology was diffuse, but the main issues that caused it were the general dissatisfaction with the oligarchic First Brazilian Republic, the demand for the institution of the secret ballot, and the defense of better public education. The rebels marched some 25,000 km (15,534 mi) through the Brazilian countryside. They did not aim to defeat the forces of the Federal government in battle, but rather to ensure their survival and their ability to continue threatening the government.
Joseph Parent
Joseph Parent (January 8, 1835 – June 29, 1912) was a farmer, merchant and political figure in Quebec. He represented Rimouski in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1880 to 1881 as a Liberal.

He was born in Rimouski, Lower Canada, the son of Pierre Parent and Madeleine Gagné. He was married twice: to Angèle Caron in 1859 and to Hermine Chouinard in 1890. He was elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1880 by-election held after Alexandre Chauveau was named a judge. Parent was defeated by Louis-Napoléon Asselin when he ran for reelection in 1881. He died in Quebec City at the age of 77 and was buried at Sainte-Foy.

Rimouski
Rimouski (/ˌrɪmˈuːski/ /ˌrɪmuːˈski/ rim-OO-skee RIM-oo-SKEE; French: [ʁimuski] ⓘ) is a city in Quebec, Canada. Rimouski is located in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, at the mouth of the Rimouski River. It has a population of 48,935 (as of 2021). Rimouski, whose motto is Legi patrum fidelis (Faithful to the law of our fathers), is located on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence Estuary, around 300 km downstream of Quebec City. It is the site of Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), the Cégep de Rimouski (which includes the Institut maritime du Québec) and the Music Conservatory. It is also the home of some ocean sciences research centres (see below).
Game Preservation Society
The Game Preservation Society (Japanese: ゲーム保存協会, romanized: Gēmu Hozon Kyōkai) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of Japanese video games on PC and other devices.

In 2021, the Game Preservation Society launched a fundraising effort to purchase as many i-mode mobile games as possible. They were successfully able to download games from publishers such as Sega and G-mode before store fronts closed on November 30th.

G-Mode
G-Mode Corporation (株式会社ジー・モード, Kabushikigaisha Jī Mōdo) is a Japanese company that specializes in games for Java-compatible mobile phones.  The company also licenses content for mobile telecommunications operators, as well as being involved in the original equipment manufacturing of mobile phone games.
MAGOH
Protein mago nashi homolog is a human protein encoded by the MAGOH gene. This gene encodes the mammalian homolog of the Drosophila mago nashi gene. In mammals, mRNA expression is not limited to the germplasm, but is ubiquitous in adult tissues and can be induced by serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts.

Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
Abtsregt
Abtsregt is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. It was located about 4 km southeast of Delft. The municipality existed from 1817 to 1855, when it merged with Vrijenban. It had around 200 inhabitants at that time.

According to historian Van der Aa, the name of the area ("Abbot's right") derives from an ancient privilege of the abbot of Egmond. Until 1595, he was entitled to choose the best property of any inhabitant of Abtsregt who died in the area.

South Holland
South Holland (Dutch: Zuid-Holland [ˌzœyt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ⓘ) is a province of the Netherlands with a population of over 3.8 million as of January 2023 and a population density of about 1,410/km2 (3,700/sq mi), making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,308 km2 (1,277 sq mi), of which 609 km2 (235 sq mi) is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is the Dutch seat of government The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam. The Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta drains through South Holland into the North Sea. Europe's busiest seaport, the Port of Rotterdam, is located in South Holland.
Rita Karin
Rita Karin (born Rita Karpinowicz; October 24, 1919 – September 10, 1993) was a Polish-born American actress best known for her role as Jackie Mason's mother on the 1989 TV series Chicken Soup. She also appeared as Meryl Streep's Brooklyn landlady who appears at the beginning of Sophie's Choice. Her voice can be heard singing children's songs from the camps in the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C.

Born to Moses Karpinowicz and Rachel Levitan in Wilno, Poland (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania), Rita and her husband, Norbert Horowitz, a graduate of the Moscow State Jewish Theater, created a Yiddish theater that performed for Holocaust survivors throughout Europe. The couple emigrated in 1948 to the United States, where she acted in the Yiddish theater in New York City. She and other actors read the works of Sholom Aleichem at the home of Bel Kaufman, Aleichem's granddaughter, each year on the anniversary of the writer's death.

Jackie Mason
Jackie Mason (born Yacov Moshe Maza; Yiddish: יעקב משה מזא"ה; June 9, 1928 – July 24, 2021) was an American stand-up comedian and actor.

His 1986 one-man show The World According to Me! won a Special Tony Award, an Outer Critics Circle Award, an Ace Award, an Emmy Award, and earned a Grammy nomination. Later, his 1988 special Jackie Mason on Broadway won another Emmy Award (for outstanding writing) and another Ace Award, and his 1991 voice-over of Rabbi Hyman Krustofski in The Simpsons episode "Like Father, Like Clown" won Mason a third Emmy Award. He wrote and performed six one-man shows on Broadway.

Known for his delivery and voice, as well as his use of innuendo and pun, Mason's often culturally grounded humor was described as irreverent and sometimes politically incorrect. A critic for Time magazine wrote that, throughout his career, Mason spoke to audiences: "... with the Yiddish locutions of an immigrant who just completed a course in English. By mail."
The Trench in Potter's Field
The Trench in Potter's Field is a black and white photograph produced by Danish-American photographer Jacob A. Riis, probably in 1890, depicting a trench used as a mass grave for tenement residents who died during the period of mass immigration in New York. This photograph was part of the larger work made by Riis to depict the conditions of the lower classes of New York in his photographic and journalistic work.

Mass grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial.  Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime, they may also be used after a famine, epidemic, or natural disaster. In disasters, mass graves are used temporarily for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and the individual disposal of each body.

The United Nations has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution, although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon.