hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nature study
The nature study movement (alternatively, Nature Study or nature-study) was a popular education movement that originated in the United States and spread throughout the English-speaking world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  Nature study attempted to reconcile scientific investigation with spiritual, personal experiences gained from interaction with the natural world.  Led by progressive educators and naturalists such as Anna Botsford Comstock, Liberty Hyde Bailey, Louis Agassiz, William Gould Vinal, and Wilbur S. Jackman, nature study changed the way science was taught in schools by emphasizing learning from tangible objects, something that was embodied by the movement's mantra: "study nature, not books." The movement popularized scientific study outside of the classroom as well, and has proven highly influential for figures involved in the modern environmental movement, such as Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson.

Aldo Leopold
Aldo Leopold (January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) was an American writer, philosopher, naturalist, scientist, ecologist, forester, professor, conservationist, and environmentalist. He taught at the University of Wisconsin and is best known for his book A Sand County Almanac (1949), which has been translated into fifteen languages and has sold more than two million copies.

Leopold was influential in the development of modern environmental ethics and in the movement for wilderness conservation. His ethics of nature and wildlife preservation had a profound impact on the environmental movement, with his ecocentric or holistic ethics regarding land. He emphasized biodiversity and ecology and was a founder of the science of wildlife management.
Western Reserve Conference
The Western Reserve Conference is a high school athletics conference made up of members from Cuyahoga, Geauga and Lake counties in Northeast Ohio. They compete in the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) and began play in the 2015–16 school year. It is anticipated the current conference will cease operations at the end of the 2025–26 school year as all current members are planning on changing to other league affiliations for the 2026–27 school year. Historically, it is the fourth athletics conference to use the Western Reserve name, succeeding a previous Western Reserve Conference that existed from 1996 to 2007 and two other earlier leagues that existed in the early and mid 20th century.

Geauga County, Ohio
Geauga County (/dʒiˈɔːɡə/ jee-AW-gə) is a county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 95,397. The county seat and largest city is Chardon.

The county is named for an Onondaga or Seneca language word meaning "raccoon", originally the name of the Grand River.

Geauga County is part of the Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.

In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Geauga County as the fourth best place in the United States to raise a family.

About 20% of the counties area (Geauga, Trumbull, Ashtabula and Portage) population is Amish, as of 2017.
Hummingbird Springs Wilderness
The Hummingbird Springs Wilderness is a 31,200-acre (12,626 ha) wilderness administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The wilderness is located in the northwest of Maricopa County in northern regions of the central Sonoran Desert of Arizona.

The wilderness is located at the northwest end of the Belmont Mountains; the southwest border of the wilderness is the northeast border of the Big Horn Mountains Wilderness, of the Big Horn Mountains (Arizona); this two-mountain region lies at the north and northwest of the small Tonopah Desert, a desert plains region. The northwest of both mountain ranges drain northwest into Tiger Wash, in the upper-central region of a southeast flowing Centennial Wash, a tributary to the Gila River in central, lower elevation desert Arizona.

Sugarloaf Mountain (Arizona) is the highest elevation of the Hummingbird Springs Wilderness and the Belmont Mountains at 3,418 feet (1,042 m).

Centennial Wash (Maricopa County)
Centennial Wash is an ephemeral dry wash that forms the final watershed of the Gila River in central Arizona – before the river turns south. From the Centennial Wash confluence, the Gila turns south, then southwest to exit Arizona on the California border adjacent Yuma.

The Centennial Wash drainage is adjacent to the south-flowing Hassayampa River Drainage on the east; the next drainage east is the Agua Fria Drainage (as shown on map). To the south as the Gila River makes its turns, arriving at the Painted Rock Reservoir, the Hassayampa and Centennial Wash drainages abut the Lower Gila–Painted Rock Reservoir Drainage.
Constance Lewallen
Constance Lewallen (July 25, 1939 – April 24, 2022) was an American curator. She was curator at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. She was known for her support of Conceptual art and West Coast artists. Lewallen died on April 24, 2022, at the age of 82.

John Baldessari
John Anthony Baldessari (June 17, 1931 – January 2, 2020) was an American conceptual artist known for his work featuring found photography and appropriated images. He lived and worked in Santa Monica and Venice, California.

Initially a painter, Baldessari began to incorporate texts and photography into his canvases in the mid-1960s. In 1970, he began working in printmaking, film, video, installation, sculpture and photography. He created thousands of works which demonstrate—and, in many cases, combine—the narrative potential of images and the associative power of language within the boundaries of the work of art. His art has been featured in more than 200 solo exhibitions in the United States and Europe. His work influenced that of Cindy Sherman, David Salle, Annette Lemieux, and Barbara Kruger among others.
Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival
The Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival (BHFF; Bosnian: Bosanskohercegovački filmski festival) is an annual event founded in 2003 and held in New York.  This Festival showcases Bosnian cinematography and also provides a platform for the international exposure for emerging Bosnian filmmakers. In addition to showcasing the Bosnian production films the festival also includes in their program films by other producers and directors that deal with historical, socio-political and cultural issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival is organized by not-for-profit organization the Academy of Bosnia and Herzegovina Inc.

Arsen Anton Ostojić
Arsen Anton Ostojić (born 29 July 1965) is a Croatian film director and screenwriter.

He won the Golden Arena for Best Director at the 2008 Pula Film Festival, and was nominated for the European Discovery of the Year award at the 2004 European Film Awards.
2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
The 2026 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri will be held on November 3, 2026, to elect the eight U.S. representatives from the State of Missouri, one from each of the state's eight congressional districts. The elections will coincide with other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections. Primary elections will take place on August 4, 2026.

Bob Onder
Robert Frank Onder Jr. (born January 6, 1962) is an American politician, attorney, and physician from the state of Missouri. He is the member of the United States House of Representatives for Missouri's 3rd congressional district. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Before his tenure in the House of Representatives, he was a member of the Missouri Senate from 2015 to 2023, serving the 2nd District in the St. Charles area. Onder previously was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 2007 to 2008.

Onder announced his bid for the 3rd district in 2024, following the announcement that incumbent Blaine Luetkemeyer would not run for reelection. After defeating six opponents to win the Republican nomination, Onder went on to win the general election against Democrat Bethany Mann.
Lattice of subgroups
In mathematics, the lattice of subgroups of a group  is the lattice whose elements are the subgroups of , with the partial ordering being set inclusion.
In this lattice, the join of two subgroups is the subgroup generated by their union, and the meet of two subgroups is their intersection.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
Plaikner
Plaikner is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Michael Plaikner (fl. 1970s), Italian luger of Austrian origin

Walter Plaikner (born 1951), Italian luger and coach of Austrian origin

Michael Plaikner
Michael Plaikner was an Italian luger who competed in the mid-1970s. A natural track luger, he won a silver medal with Johann Mair in the men's doubles event at the 1977 FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships in Seis am Schlern, Italy.
Adolfo Mesquita Nunes
Adolfo Miguel Baptista Mesquita Nunes (born 29 November 1977) is a Portuguese jurist and politician. While part of CDS – People's Party, he served as Member of the Assembly of the Republic from 2011 to 2013, and as Secretary of State for Tourism in Pedro Passos Coelho's first and second governments from 2013 to 2015.

In 2021, he announced he was rescinding his party membership, citing differences with party leader Francisco Rodrigues dos Santos and the controversy surrounding the 2022 CDS – People's Party leadership election.

XIX Constitutional Government of Portugal
The XIX Constitutional Government of Portugal (Portuguese: XIX Governo Constitucional de Portugal) was the 19th government of the Third Portuguese Republic, under the current Constitution. It was in office from 21 June 2011 to 30 October 2015, and was formed by a centre-right coalition between the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP). Pedro Passos Coelho, leader of the PSD, served as Prime Minister.
Water skiing at the 2015 Pan American Games – Women's jump
The women's jump competition of the Water skiing events at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto were held from July 21 to July 23 at the Ontario Place West Channel. The defending champion was Regina Jaquess of the United States.

Regina Jaquess
Regina Jaquess (born June 7, 1984) is an American water skier. She had won awards in the sport by age 13 and won medals in Water skiing at the 2003 Pan American Games. In that same year she won at the Water Ski World Championship. She won gold medals in Water skiing at the 2011 Pan American Games and for 2012-2013 was named "Female Slalom Skier of the Year" by Water Ski Magazine.

In December 2016, the International Waterski and Wakeboard Federation's (IWWF) Tournament Council approved Jaquess' November 5, 2016 world record of three and a half buoys at 10.25 meters (41' off) as part of the Malibu Boats team.

On July 6, 2019, Jaquess set a new world record of 4.5 buoys at 10.25 meters (41' off) during the Regina Jaquess Open II tournament at Lymanland in Duncanville, Alabama.  The record was approved by the IWWF Tournament Council in July 2019.
Maurice Grimaud
Maurice Grimaud (11 November 1913 – 16 July 2009) was the French Prefect of Police, or police chief, of the city of Paris during the May 1968 general strikes and student uprisings. He is credited with avoiding an escalation of violence and bloodshed during the May 1968 unrest.

Grimaud was born in Annonay, Ardèche, on 11 November 1913. He originally studied literature.

Grimaud began his career in civil service with the French colonial administration of Morocco in Rabat. He later worked in both Algeria and Germany. Grimaud also worked as a local governor and aide to then-French Interior Minister François Mitterrand.

Minister of the Interior (France)
The Minister of the Interior (French: Ministre de l'Intérieur, pronounced [ministʁ d(ə) lɛ̃teʁjœʁ]) is the interior minister of the government of France, traditionally responsible for internal security and territorial administration. The minister ensures the maintenance and cohesion of the country's institutions throughout its national territory.

The current Minister of the Interior is Laurent Nuñez, who has held the position since 12 October 2025 under Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu.
Paul V. Scura
Paul V. Scura was the former executive vice president and head of the investment bank of Prudential Securities, a subsidiary of Prudential Financial, from 1986 to 2000. He was responsible for the firm's efforts in the areas of mergers and acquisitions, restructuring and reorganization, private finance, high-yield finance and all international and US investment banking. Scura also sat on the business review committee (the firm's investment banking screening committee) and was a member of the firm's operating council. He was a voting member of the investment committee of four separate private equity funds and Prudential Securities merchant banking fund, Prudential-Bache Interfunding. In February 1998, he joint ventured with the former EMI/Capitol Music chairman Charles Koppelman for musicians to cash in on music royalties.

Prudential Securities
Prudential Securities, formerly known as Prudential Securities Incorporated (PSI), was an American financial services arm of the insurer, Prudential Financial. In 2003, Prudential Securities was merged into Wachovia Securities, a division of Wachovia Bank.
Mycetinis opacus
Mycetinis opacus is a species of agaric fungus first described in 1849 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis as Marasmius opacus. Andrew Wilson and Dennis Desjardin transferred it to Mycetinis in 2005.

The cap reaches only to about 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) in diameter. The stem is up to 5 cm (2 in) long and the spore print is white. The species has conspicuous pale mycelial cords and unlike some other members of its genus, it does not smell of garlic.

It is found in eastern North America (May–September) and rarely in Japan, growing especially on dead Rhododendron material, but also on debris of oak, pine, and eastern hemlock.

Miles Joseph Berkeley
Miles Joseph Berkeley (1 April 1803 – 30 July 1889) was an English cryptogamist and clergyman, and one of the founders of the science of plant pathology. The standard author abbreviation Berk. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Archdiocese of Brasília
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Brasília (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Brasiliapolitanus) is ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church located in the city of Brasília in Brazil. The archdiocese is a metropolitan see.

Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
A metropolis, metropolitanate or metropolitan diocese is an episcopal see whose bishop is the metropolitan bishop or archbishop of an ecclesiastical province. Metropolises, historically, have been important cities in their provinces.
Pakistan Navy Submarine Force
Pakistan Navy Submarine Force, officially referred to as the PN Submarine Force, is the principal underwater warfare component of the Pakistan Navy. It is responsible for reconnaissance, intelligence gathering, and offensive operations during wartime. Established in 1964 with the induction of its first submarine, PNS Ghazi (formerly USS Diablo) from the United States, it became the first submarine force to operate in the Indian Ocean. Since its inception, the Submarine Force has participated in cross-border engagements, including the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 and the 1971.

India–Pakistan wars and conflicts
Since the partition of British India in 1947 and subsequent creation of the dominions of India and Pakistan, the two countries have been involved in a number of wars, conflicts, and military standoffs. A long-running dispute over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism have been the predominant cause of conflict between the two states, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which occurred as a direct result of hostilities stemming from the Bangladesh Liberation War in erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
VGX-1027
VGX-1027 (GIT-27) is a drug which acts as an immunomodulator. It acts by blocking downstream signalling of the Toll-like receptors TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6, and thereby reducing production of various cytokines, including interleukins and TNF-α. In animal studies it has antiinflammatory effects and has been investigated for conditions such as arthritis and lung inflammation.

Toll-like receptor 6
Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene. TLR6 is a transmembrane protein, member of toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. TLR6 acts in a heterodimer form with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Its ligands include multiple diacyl lipopeptides derived from gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma and several fungal cell wall saccharides. After dimerizing with TLR2, the NF-κB intracellular signalling pathway is activated, leading to a pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of innate immune response. TLR6 has also been designated as CD286 (cluster of differentiation 286).
Code 01 Bad Girl
Code#01 Bad Girl (Korean: Code#01 나쁜여자) is the debut extended play by South Korean girl group Ladies' Code. It was released on March 7, 2013 through Polaris Entertainment and CJ E&M Music. Its lead single "Bad Girl" was released the same day.

Stone Music Entertainment
Stone Music Entertainment (Hangul: 스톤 뮤직 엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean music distribution company under CJ ENM, as part of a partnership with the music streaming store Genie Music since 2021. It was one of the largest co-publisher companies in South Korea.

The company was also formerly a music production and management company, which managed artists such as SG Wannabe, Davichi, Roy Kim, Son Ho-young, Eric Nam, Fromis 9, HEDY, and TO1, before the business closed in April 2021.

Under its previous name CJ E&M Music, it was named Music Distributor of the Year at the Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards in 2014.
Kasturi (2007 TV series)
Kasturi is an Indian soap opera that aired on STAR Plus channel from 23 April 2007 through 31 March 2009. It starred Shubhangi Atre and Karan Patel in the lead roles. The soap opera was created by Ekta Kapoor and was produced by her production company Balaji Telefilms.

StarPlus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Its programming consists of family dramas, romantic comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films.
Winnipeg Monarchs (senior)
The Winnipeg Monarchs were a Canadian senior ice hockey team from Winnipeg, Manitoba, that was organized in 1906.  The Monarchs won the 1915 Allan Cup as the Canadian Senior Hockey Champions. In 1935 the Monarchs won gold for Canada at the World Ice Hockey Championships.

1935 Ice Hockey World Championships
The 1935 Ice Hockey World Championships were held from January 19 to January 27, 1935, at the Eisstadion Davos in Davos, Switzerland, in which a record 15 countries took part. The teams first played in four preliminary round groups (three groups of four and a group of three). Unlike in the previous year, Canada participated in the preliminary round. The first two teams in each group advanced to the semifinal round, while the remaining seven played in a consolation round to determine positions 9 through 15. In the semifinal round there were two groups of four teams. The first two teams in each group advanced to a final round while the remaining teams played for positions 5 though 8. Canada won its eighth world championship title while the host, Switzerland, won its second European championship.
RMS Otranto
At least 2 British ships have been named RMS Otranto after the Strait of Otranto between Italy and Albania.

RMS Otranto (1909) – A steamship that was renamed HMS Otranto in 1914 and became an armed merchant cruiser and troop ship during World War I before being wrecked in 1918.

RMS Otranto (1925) – An ocean liner that served during World War II as a troop transport and Landing ship, infantry before she was scrapped in 1957.

Strait of Otranto
The Strait of Otranto connects the Adriatic Sea with the Ionian Sea and separates Italy from Albania. Its width between Punta Palascìa, eastern Salento, and Karaburun Peninsula, western Albania, is less than 72 km (45 miles; 39 nautical miles). The strait is named after the Italian city of Otranto.
Saint-Quentin Parish, New Brunswick
Saint-Quentin (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ kɑ̃tɛ̃] ⓘ) is a geographic parish in Restigouche County, New Brunswick, Canada.

For governance purposes it is divided between the town of Saint-Quentin, the incorporated rural community of Kedgwick, and the Northwest rural district, both members of the Northwest Rural Service Commission.

Before the 2023 governance reform, the parish was divided between a much smaller town of Saint-Quentin and local service districts of St. Martin de Restigouche and the parish of Saint-Quentin. In the reform, St. Martin de Restigouche was annexed by Saint-Quentin while the parish LSD was divided by the town, rural community, and rural district.

Kedgwick, New Brunswick
Kedgwick is a Canadian incorporated rural community in northern New Brunswick, Canada. On 1 January 2023, Kedgwick annexed a large area including the local service districts of St. Jean Baptiste – Menneval and White's Brook, with parts of two others; revised census figures have not been released.

A variation of the original Micmac Madawamkedjwik, the name was "shortened by the river men to Tom Kedgwick or Kedgwick" (Ganong). Of uncertain meaning.  Appears as Grande Fourche, " Big Fork", on some maps; however, the older variant prevailed.

Forestry is the major industry in the area.
Classification of discontinuities
While continuous functions are important in mathematics, not all functions are continuous. If a function is not continuous at a limit point (also called an "accumulation point" or "cluster point") of its domain, it has a discontinuity there. The set of all points of discontinuity of a function may be a discrete set, a dense set, or even the entire domain of the function.

Dense set
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a subset A of a topological space X is said to be dense in X if every point of X either belongs to A or else is arbitrarily "close" to a member of A — for instance, the rational numbers are a dense subset of the real numbers because every real number either is a rational number or has a rational number arbitrarily close to it (see Diophantine approximation). 
Formally,  is dense in  if the smallest closed subset of  containing  is  itself.

The density of a topological space  is the least cardinality of a dense subset of