hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thomas McKay (fur trader)
Thomas McKay (c. 1796–1849) was an Anglo-Métis Canadian fur trader who worked mainly in the Pacific Northwest for the Pacific Fur Company (PFC), the North West Company (NWC), and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). He was a fur brigade leader and explorer of the Columbia District and later became a U.S. citizen and an early settler of Oregon.

Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands.

Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas.
Siege of Crema (1514)
The siege of Crema in 1514 was a significant military engagement set within the broader context of political and martial upheaval in early 16th-century Italy, particularly during the War of the League of Cambrai.

Cremona
Cremona (/krɪˈmoʊnə/ krim-OH-nə, UK also /krɛˈ-/ krem-, Italian: [kreˈmoːna]; Cremunés: Cremùna; Emilian: Carmona) is a city and comune (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city and province governments. The city of Cremona is especially noted for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari, Francesco Rugeri, Vincenzo Rugeri, and several members of the Amati family.
Ferranti Mark 1
The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature, and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was produced by British electrical engineering firm Ferranti Ltd.  It was the world's first commercially available electronic general-purpose stored-program digital computer.

Although preceded as a commercial digital computer by the BINAC and the Z4, the Z4 was electromechanical and lacked software programmability, while BINAC never operated successfully after delivery.

The Ferranti Mark 1 was "the tidied up and commercialised version of the Manchester Mark I". The first machine was delivered to the Victoria University of Manchester in February 1951 (publicly demonstrated in July) ahead of the UNIVAC I which was delivered to the United States Census Bureau in late December 1952, having been sold on 31 March 1951.

Computer data storage
Computer data storage or digital data storage is the retention of digital data via technology consisting of computer components and recording media. Digital data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.: 15–16

Generally, the faster and volatile storage components are referred to as "memory", while slower persistent components are referred to as "storage". This distinction was extended in the Von Neumann architecture, where the central processing unit (CPU) consists of two main parts: The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The former controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory, while the latter performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. In practice, almost all computers use a memory hierarchy,: 468–473  which puts memory close to the CPU and storage further away.

In modern computers, hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are usually used as storage.
Manya Makoski
Manya Janine Makoski (born April 18, 1984) is a retired American professional soccer midfielder who most recently played for Sky Blue FC in the National Women's Soccer League. She previously played for the Los Angeles Sol and Atlanta Beat of Women's Professional Soccer.

Atlanta Beat (WPS)
The Atlanta Beat was an American soccer club based in Atlanta, Georgia that competed on a professional level. The team joined Women's Professional Soccer as an expansion team in 2010, and played its home games at Kennesaw State University Soccer Stadium, the result of a public-private partnership between the team and Kennesaw State University. The club took the name and logo of the former Atlanta Beat (WUSA) of the defunct Women's United Soccer Association.
Amy Bess Miller
Amy Bess Williams Miller (May 4, 1912 – February 23, 2003) was an American historian, preservationist, trustee, and civic leader from the cities of Worcester and Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Best known for leading the effort to preserve Hancock Shaker Village on the border of Pittsfield and Hancock, Massachusetts and establish a museum there, she was a major scholar of Shaker history, society, and artifacts. In addition to serving as the Hancock museum's first president, she was president of the Berkshire Athenaeum, member of the Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners and American Antiquarian Society, and trustee of Berkshire Medical Center, the Berkshire Museum, Miss Hall's School, the Massachusetts Audubon Society, and the Shaker Museum and Library. Miller's published works all deal with Shaker history and society. She wrote four books and co-edited a fifth, contributed an article to The Herbarist, and contributed to numerous exhibits.

Preservationist
Preservationist is generally understood to mean historic preservationist: one who advocates to preserve architecturally or historically significant buildings, structures, objects, or sites from demolition or degradation. Historic preservation usually refers to the preservation of the built environment, not to the preservation of, for instance, primeval forests or wilderness.

Preservationist is, however, sometimes used descriptively in other contexts, notably with regard to language and the environment.
John Caldwell (cartoonist)
John F. Caldwell (March 23, 1946 – February 21, 2016) was a nationally syndicated American gag cartoonist primarily known for his work in  National Lampoon and Mad, where he was a member of "The Usual Gang of Idiots."

Following his death, The Comics Reporter described him as having had "one of the most prolific and successful [cartooning] careers of the late 20th Century."

Tom Spurgeon
Thomas Martin Spurgeon (December 16, 1968 – November 13, 2019) was an American writer, historian, critic, and editor in the field of comics, notable for his five-year run as editor of The Comics Journal and his blog The Comics Reporter.
Henselian ring
In mathematics, a Henselian ring (or Hensel ring) is a  local ring in which Hensel's lemma holds. They were introduced by Azumaya (1951), who named them after Kurt Hensel. Azumaya originally allowed Henselian rings to be non-commutative, but most authors now restrict them to be commutative.

Some standard references for Hensel rings are  (Nagata 1975, Chapter VII), (Raynaud 1970), and (Grothendieck 1967, Chapter 18).

Noncommutative ring
In mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different. Equivalently, a noncommutative ring is a ring that is not a commutative ring.

Noncommutative algebra is the part of ring theory devoted to study of properties of the noncommutative rings, including the properties that apply also to commutative rings.

Sometimes the term noncommutative ring is used instead of ring to refer to an unspecified ring which is not necessarily commutative, and hence may be commutative. Generally, this is for emphasizing that the studied properties are not restricted to commutative rings, as, in many contexts, ring is used as a shorthand for commutative ring.

Although some authors do not assume that rings have a multiplicative identity, in this article we make that assumption unless stated otherwise.
1947 Salon Grand Prix
The 3rd Grand Prix du Salon was a Formula One motor race held on 16 November 1947 at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry, in Montlhéry near Paris.

The 48-lap race was won by Talbot-Lago driver Yves Giraud-Cabantous. Eugène Chaboud in another Talbot-Lago was second and Charles Pozzi was third in a Delahaye. Talbot-Lago driver Louis Chiron started from pole but failed to finish, as did Raymond Sommer who set fastest lap in a Maserati.

Eugène Chaboud
Marius Eugène Chaboud (12 April 1907 – 28 December 1983) was a French racing driver.  He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, scoring one championship point. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.
Bernárd J. Lynch
Bernárd J. Lynch (born 1947) is an Irish Catholic priest and psychotherapist based in London, renowned for his human rights work with HIV/AIDS and with the LGBTQIA community. He is a former member of the Society of African Missions and was ordained in 1971.

Lynch is an "out" gay man. In 2006, he became the first Catholic priest in the world to have a civil partnership and married his husband in Ireland in 2017.

Conor McAnally
Conor McAnally (born 24 March 1952) is an Irish television writer, producer and director. He worked in Ireland up to 1989, moved to London and worked in the United Kingdom until 2004 when he moved to the United States. He is based in Austin, Texas. His productions have won more than 20 awards including five British Academy Awards and three from the Royal Television Society. He is best known for music and entertainment programmes and is an expert in live broadcasts.
Wächtersbach station
Wächtersbach station is a station in the town of Wächtersbach in the German state of Hesse on the Frankfurt–Göttingen railway. The former Bad Orb Light Railway (Bad Orber Kleinbahn) branches off at the station. It was originally standard gauge, but has been converted to narrow gauge. The Vogelsberg Southern Railway (Vogelsberger Südbahn) also used to branch off here to Hartmannshain (in the municipality of Grebenhain) via Birstein. The station is classified by Deutsche Bahn (DB) as a category 4 station.

German railway station categories
The approximately 5,400 railway stations in Germany that are owned and operated by the Deutsche Bahn subsidiary DB InfraGO are divided into seven categories, denoting the service level available at the station.

This categorisation influences the amount of money railway companies need to pay to DB Station&Service for using the facilities at the stations.
Preacher
A preacher is a person who delivers sermons or homilies on religious topics to an assembly of people. Less common are preachers who preach on the street, or those whose message is not necessarily religious, but who preach components such as a moral or social worldview or philosophy.

Open-air preaching
Open-air preaching, street preaching, or public preaching is the act of evangelizing a religious faith in public places. It is an ancient method of proselytizing a religious or social message and has been used by many cultures and religious traditions, but today it is usually associated with evangelical Protestant Christianity. Supporters of this approach note that Jesus and many of the Old Testament prophets often preached about God in public places. It is one of the oldest approaches to evangelism.
Yixian railway station
Yixian railway station (Chinese: 义县) is a third-class railway station in Yizhou town, Yi County, Jinzhou, Liaoning. It is located on the Xinlitun–Yixian railway and Jinzhou–Chengde railway. It was built in 1921 and is under the jurisdiction of China Railway Shenyang Group.

Yi County, Liaoning
Yi County or Yixian (simplified Chinese: 义县; traditional Chinese: 義縣; pinyin: Yì Xiàn) is a county in west-central Liaoning Province, China, and is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhou. Fengguo Temple, dating from 1020, is located in the county seat.
Cromer, Manitoba
Cromer, Manitoba is a village in the Rural Municipality of Pipestone, in south-western Manitoba, Canada, in a region called Westman.

In 1884, the Post Office was opened at LSD 26-8-28W and was known as Elm Valley. The name was changed to Cromer when the Canadian Northern Railway came through in 1907.

The community is situated alongside Pipestone Creek in the Pipestone Valley. The valley was formed almost 20,000 years ago during the melting of the last glaciation. The melting waters formed the Pipestone Spillway, which is the valley seen today. The village sits at the intersections of Provincial Roads 256 and 255 and consists of several businesses, residences, and churches. There is also an ice rink and a 9-hole golf course.

Enbridge Line 2B starts just north of the village at the Tundra Oil & Gas plant.

Dominion Land Survey
The Dominion Land Survey (DLS; French: arpentage des terres fédérales, ATF) is the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile (2.6 km2) sections for agricultural and other purposes.  It is based on the layout of the Public Land Survey System used in the United States, but has several differences. The DLS is the dominant survey method in the Prairie provinces, and it is also used in British Columbia along the Railway Belt (near the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway), and in the Peace River Block in the northeast of the province. Although British Columbia entered Confederation with control over its own lands (unlike the Northwest Territories and the Prairie provinces), British Columbia transferred these lands to the federal Government as a condition of the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The federal government then surveyed these areas under the DLS.
Microscopy Society of Ireland
The Microscopy Society of Ireland (MSI) is a learned society for the promotion of microscopy in Ireland. It was founded in 1975 as the Irish Society For Electron Microscopy and held its first symposium the following year at University College Dublin, an event they have held every year since 1979. It shares the Journal of Microscopy with the Royal Microscopical Society as its official journal. The society is the member organisation of the European Microscopy Society representing the island of Ireland.

Journal of Microscopy
The Journal of Microscopy is the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Royal Microscopical Society which covers all aspects of microscopy including spatially resolved spectroscopy, compositional mapping, and image analysis. This includes technology and applications in physics, chemistry, material science, and the life sciences. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society. The editor-in-chief is Michelle Peckham, a Cell Biology professor at University of Leeds.
The journal publishes review articles, original research papers, short communications, and letters to the editor. It was established in 1841 as the Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London, obtaining its current name in 1869, with volume numbering restarting at 1.
Shygirl
Blane Muise (born 4 May 1993), better known by her stage name Shygirl, is a British singer, DJ, rapper, songwriter and co-head/founder of record label and collective Nuxxe. Shygirl's music incorporates elements of dance music, hip-hop, experimental pop, grime and deconstructed club. She has also been associated with the hyperpop music scene. Shygirl rose to prominence after working with close collaborator and friend Sega Bodega, as well as other well-known experimental producers Arca and Sophie, and gaining attention from the likes of Rihanna, who has used various Nuxxe tracks for her Fenty Beauty commercials and fashion shows. Shygirl has released various singles since 2016, and three EPs titled Cruel Practice, Alias and Club Shy. Her debut studio album Nymph was released on 30 September 2022 to widespread acclaim from music critics.

Fenty Beauty
Fenty Beauty LLC (stylized as FEИTY BEAUTY) is a cosmetics brand of Rihanna and LVMH, launched on September 8, 2017. Popular for its broad inclusivity across various skin tones, its Pro Filt'R foundation became in high-demand upon its first release.
Barkarby station
Barkarby station is a railway station and future metro station located in the Barkarby area of Järfälla Municipality in Stockholm County. Currently part of the Stockholm commuter train network on the Mälaren line, it lies approximately 14.6 kilometers northwest of Stockholm City station.

The station is being upgraded to also serve long-distance and regional trains and will include a new metro station as the terminus of the Blue Line extension, expected to open in 2027.

Stockholm County
Stockholm County (Swedish: Stockholms län [ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlms ˈlɛːn]) is a county (Swedish: län) on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County. It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city of Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stockholm County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland (Roslagen) and Södermanland (Södertörn). More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county. Stockholm County is also one of the statistical riksområden (national areas) according to NUTS:SE, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU. With more than two million inhabitants, Stockholm is the most densely populated county of Sweden.
Rorik of Dorestad
Rorik (Latin: Roricus, Rorichus; Old Norse: Hrœrekr; c. 810 – c. 880) was a Danish Viking, who ruled over parts of Friesland between 841 and 873, conquering Dorestad and Utrecht in 850. Rorik swore allegiance to Louis the German in 873. He was born in Denmark around 800. He died at some point between 873 and 882.

Annales Xantenses
The Annales Xantenses or Annals of Xanten are a series of annals which adapt and continue the Royal Frankish Annals. Their first editor, Georg Pertz, thought they were perhaps written at the monastery at Xanten, hence their name. However, according to Heinz Löwe, the entries from 790 to around 860 were probably written at Lorsch by Gerward, a royal chaplain. Löwe suggests that the manuscript subsequently passed to Cologne, and around 871 new entries were written there, for the years from 861 onwards. This part of the text is hostile to Archbishop Gunthar of Cologne.

The annals survive in a single twelfth-century manuscript, London, British Library Cotton Tiberius C.XI.
Ward (South Africa)
In South Africa, wards are geopolitical subdivisions of municipalities used for electoral purposes. Each metropolitan and local municipality is delimited by the Municipal Demarcation Board into half as many wards as there are seats on the municipal council (rounding up if there are an odd number of seats). Each ward then elects one councillor directly, and the remaining councillors are elected from party lists so that the overall party representation is proportional to the proportion of votes received by each party.

After the 2021 municipal elections, there are 4,468 wards in South Africa.

Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)
In South Africa, a metropolitan municipality or metro, is a municipality which executes all the functions of local government for a city or conurbation. This is by contrast to areas which are primarily rural, where the local government is divided into district municipalities and local municipalities.

There are a total of eight metros located in five of South Africa's nine provinces. The seats of some metros serve as provincial capitals, namely Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Bloemfontein. Three of SA's metros serve as the joint capitals of South Africa - Cape Town, Pretoria, and Bloemfontein.
Salt Lake City Bicycle Collective
The Salt Lake City Bicycle Collective is a bicycle cooperative in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The Bicycle Collective refurbish donated used bikes  and sells them to community members or donates them to individuals in need. The Bicycle Collective also offers various educational programs, such as general bicycle maintenance courses, educational courses specifically for children, and a women's night.

Bicycle cooperative
A bicycle cooperative ("bike co-op") can take the many forms of the cooperative model. These often include co-ops composed of businesses to achieve economies of scale (retailers' cooperative), co-ops managed by those who work at the business (worker cooperative), and bicycle co-ops owned and managed by the cyclists that use their services (consumers' co-operative). To date, many bicycle co-ops have taken the form of community bike shops and cooperatives organized to give the local bike shop national scale and buying power.
Sybil Morgan
Sybil Morgan, known as Mrs E.L. Morgan, (1898 – 5 April 1983) was a British philatelist who was added to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1976.

Morgan was a specialist in Welsh postal history, campaign covers to 1914, the cachets of forwarding agents, and Swiss airmails.

Forwarding agent (philately)
A forwarding agent was an intermediary who facilitated the routing of international mail before the development of the modern postal system.

A forwarding agent's cachet is "A strike or endorsement applied to a letter to indicate that it had been handled in transit by means other than the Postal Service." Their markings are distinguished, and can be a collectible.
LGBTQ rights in Missouri
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the U.S. state of Missouri may experience some legal challenges that non-LGBTQ residents do not. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Missouri, in accordance with 2003's Lawrence v. Texas decision. In 2006, Missouri legislatively repealed its unenforceable laws that had nominally criminalized this activity.

Missouri recognizes same-sex marriages. A state court ruling striking down Missouri's same-sex marriage ban ordered the City of St. Louis to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. St. Louis County and Jackson County also issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On June 26, 2015, the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges invalidated the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples, including Missouri's.

Missouri is categorized "High Priority to Achieve Basic Equality," the lowest ranking category, in the Human Rights Campaign State Equality Index.

Human Rights Campaign
The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is an American LGBTQ advocacy group. It is the largest LGBTQ political lobbying organization within the United States. Based in Washington, D.C., the organization focuses on protecting and expanding rights for LGBTQ individuals, including advocating for same-sex marriage, anti-discrimination and hate crimes legislation, and HIV/AIDS advocacy. The organization has a number of legislative initiatives as well as supporting resources for LGBTQ individuals.
MFAP4
MFAP4 (microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4) is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the MFAP4 gene. It is part of the MFAP family of proteoglycans, which are involved in cell adhesion, intercellular interactions and the assembly and/or maintenance of elastic fibres.

MFAP4 is known to co-localise at sites rich in elastic fibres and is thought to interact with several proteins including FBN1, FBN2, tropoelastin and desmosine. It has a relatively non-specific tissue expression pattern, with higher levels observed in organs such as the lungs and vasculature.

Fibrillin
Fibrillin is a glycoprotein, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue.
Fibrillin is secreted into the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and becomes incorporated into the insoluble microfibrils, which appear to provide a scaffold 
for deposition of elastin.