hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hongze Lake
Hongze Lake, previously romanized as Lake Hungtze or Hung-tse, is the fifth-largest freshwater lake in China. Although it is known to have existed from antiquity, it drastically increased in size during the Qing when the Yellow River—then still flowing south of Shandong—merged with the Huai. The increased sediment and flow combined to greatly expand the lake, swallowing the previous regional center of Sizhou and the Ming Zuling tombs. During the imperial and republican periods, the lake formed part of the border between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces but since 1955, border changes have put it entirely in Jiangsu, in the counties of Sihong and Siyang in Suqian Prefecture and Xuyi and Hongze in Huai'an Prefecture. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the lake has generally decreased in size as more of its inflow has been diverted for irrigation.

Sihong County
Sihong County (simplified Chinese: 泗洪县; traditional Chinese: 泗洪縣; pinyin: Sìhóng Xiàn) is under the administration of Suqian, Jiangsu province, China. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Huai'an to the southeast, Chuzhou (Anhui) to the south, Bengbu (Anhui) to the west, and Suzhou (Anhui) to the northwest.
Donora Smog Museum
The Donora Smog Museum features a collection of archival materials documenting the Donora Smog of 1948, an air inversion of smog containing fluorine that killed 20 people in Donora, Pennsylvania, United States, a mill town 20 miles south of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela River.

Donora was home to U.S. Steel's Donora Zinc Works and its American Steel & Wire plant. The event is sometimes credited for initiating the clean-air movement in the United States, whose crowning achievement was the Clean Air Act.

The museum, which opened October 20, 2008, is located at 595 McKean Avenue near Sixth Street in an old storefront.

The museum has partnered with California University of Pennsylvania to develop a digital collection of primary sources that are archived on site.

Inversion (meteorology)
In meteorology, an inversion (or temperature inversion) is a phenomenon in which a layer of warmer air overlies cooler air. Normally, air temperature gradually decreases as altitude increases, but this relationship is reversed in an inversion.

An inversion traps air pollution, such as smog, near the ground. An inversion can also suppress convection by acting as a "cap". If this cap is broken for any of several reasons, convection of any humidity can then erupt into violent thunderstorms. Temperature inversion can cause freezing rain in cold climates.
If I Ever Leave This World Alive
"If I Ever Leave This World Alive" is the ninth episode of the first season of the American science fiction series Defiance, and the series' ninth episode overall. It was aired on June 17, 2013. The episode was written by Bryan Gracia and directed by Allan Kroeker.

Julie Benz
Julie Benz (born May 1, 1972) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Darla on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel (1997–2004), and as Rita Bennett on Dexter (2006–2010), for which she won the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress and the 2009 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Benz had starring roles on Training Day (2017), Defiance (2013–2015), No Ordinary Family (2010–2011) and also had recurring roles in the television series Roswell (1999–2000), A Gifted Man (2011–2012), Hawaii Five-0 (2015–2017), Desperate Housewives, and Love, Victor (2021).

Her film credits include Jawbreaker (1999), The Brothers (2001), Rambo (2008), Saw V (2008), Punisher: War Zone (2008), and The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009).
Leviathan and the Air-Pump
Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (published 1985) is a book by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer. It examines the debate between Robert Boyle and Thomas Hobbes over Boyle's air-pump experiments in the 1660s. In 2005, Shapin and Schaffer were awarded the Erasmus Prize for this work.

On a theoretical level, the book explores the acceptable methods of knowledge production, and societal factors related to the different knowledge systems promoted by Boyle and Hobbes. The "Leviathan" in the title is Hobbes's book on the structure of society, Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil and the "Air-Pump" is Robert Boyle's mechanical instrument. The book also contains a translation by Schaffer of Hobbes's Dialogus physicus de natura aeris. It attacked Boyle and others who founded the society for experimental research, soon known as the Royal Society.

Trevor Pinch
Trevor J. Pinch (1 January 1952 – 16 December 2021) was a British sociologist, part-time musician and chair of the science and technology studies department at Cornell University. In 2018, he won the J.D. Bernal Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science for "distinguished contributions to Science and Technology Studies over the course of [a] career."
Stephen Dixon (cricketer)
Stephen Brian Dixon (born 12 July 1958) is a former English cricketer.  Dixon was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox.  He was born in Bolton, Lancashire.

Dixon first appeared in county cricket for the Lancashire Second XI, making 3 Minor Counties Championship appearances, spread over 1977 and 1978.
Dixon made his debut for Norfolk in the 1986 MCCA Knockout Trophy against Lincolnshire.  Dixon played Minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1986 to 1993, which included 42 Minor Counties Championship matches and 14 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut against Yorkshire in the 1990 NatWest Trophy.  He made 2 further List A appearances, against Gloucestershire in the 1991 NatWest Trophy and Warwickshire in the 1993 NatWest Trophy. In his 3 List A matches, he scored 7 runs at an average of 2.33, with a high score of 6.

County cricket
Inter-county cricket matches have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

Two county championship competitions have existed since the late 19th century at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves 18 clubs, of which 17 are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, with 19 English clubs and one club representing several Welsh counties.

County clubs have also played limited-overs competitions since the 1960s. The first edition of the Gillette Cup in 1963 was the world's first List A cricket tournament. The Sunday League existed from 1969 to 2009, mostly as a 40-overs-per-side league. The 2003 Twenty20 Cup was the world's first Twenty20 tournament. Currently, the main limited-overs county competitions are the One-Day Cup, Women's One-Day Cup, T20 Blast and Women's T20 Blast.
R713 (Bangladesh)
Rabindra Kuthibari Road on R713 (Bangladesh) is a regional highway used to reach Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari. The road starts from Alauddin Nagar in Kumarkhali Upazila of Kushtia District and ends at Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari. This is the main town to go Shilaidaha. The road is also known as Kuthibari Road.

Kushtia District
Kushtia District (Bengali: কুষ্টিয়া জেলা; pronounced [kuʃʈi̯a‿d͡ʒela] ⓘ) is a district in the Khulna administrative division of western Bangladesh. Kushtia is the second largest municipality in Bangladesh and the eleventh largest city in the country. Kushtia has existed as a separate district since the partition of India. Prior to that, Kushtia was name of a subdivision of Nadia district. Kushtia is the birthplace of many historical figures including Mir Mosharraf Hossain (1847–1912), Bagha Jatin (1879–1915) Akshay Kumar Maitreya(1861 – 1930) and Lalon (1774–1890). Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore lived his early life at Shelaidaha, a village in the district.
Fornelos Castle
Fornelos Castle (la Torre de Fornelos) is a castle located in Crecente in the Pontevedra province of Spain.

These castle keep is the remains of a rectangular castle built during the Middle Ages. Nowadays, the tribute tower is conserved. The castle is dated from the 12th century.

The fights between the King of Galicia, Alfonso VII, and his cousin Afonso I of Portugal took place in the castle. Some time after the Irmandiños rebellion destroyed the castle, Pedro Madruga rebuilt it. Just out of curiosity, Madruga kept Diego de Muros, bishop of Tui, chained in this tower.

Sancho I of Portugal donated this place to the Casa de Fornelos' founders, Doña Aldonza Vázquez de Fornelos and Fernán Pérez de Castro who became owners.

The most outstanding part of the castle is the tribute tower. This has a square base and it is 62 feet tall with four floors. The entrance is in the ground floor.

Tui, Pontevedra
Tuy (Galician pronunciation: [ˈtuj]; Spanish: Tuy) is a municipality in the province of Pontevedra, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is located in the comarca of Bajo Miño on the right bank of the Miño River, facing the Portuguese town of Valença. The municipality of Tui is composed of 11 parishes: Randufe, Malvas, Pexegueiro, Areas, Pazos de Reyes, Rebordáns, Ribadelouro, Guillarey, Paramos, Baldráns and Caldelas.

Two bridges connect Tuy and Valença: Tui International Bridge (known in Portugal as Valença International Bridge or "Friendship Bridge"), completed in 1878 under the direction of Pelayo Mancebo, and a modern one from the 1990s. Both Portugal and Spain being signatories of the Schengen Treaty, there are normally no formalities in crossing what is the busiest border-point in northern Portugal.
Paulina D. Jenkins
Paulina (Paula) D. Jenkins – active from the 1970s – is a British zoologist, specialising in mammals and employed as curator at the Natural History Museum, London. Jenkins has published research in a large number of papers, especially on smaller mammals such as shrews and bats. Her honours include the specific epithet derived from her first name for a species of rock rat found in Laos, Saxatilomys paulinae, prompting the invention of a common name "Paulina's rock rat". The mammalogist's surname is also the eponym of other animal names, the shrew-tenrec Microgale jenkinsae, and derived in the masculine gender for the shrew Crocidura jenkinsi.

Saxatilomys
Saxatilomys paulinae, Paulina's limestone rat, is a species of murid rodent native to central Laos and Vietnam, separated to a monotypic genus Saxatilomys. It was first discovered in the Khammouan Limestone National Biodiversity Conservation Area in Khammouan Province, Laos, and also been found in the Vietnamese province of Quang Bình. It is the only known species in the genus Saxatilomys. The genus name is derived from the Latin saxatilis, meaning "among the rocks" and the Greek mys, meaning mouse or rat.
Words & Pictures
Words & Pictures was an object-based art magazine published between 1994 and 1997, each issue in a signed and numbered limited edition. It was published by British artists Iain Forsyth and Jane Pollard.
 Complete sets exist in several public collections, including the Tate Gallery in London, the National Art Library at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Yale Center for British Art in the USA. More than 200 artists and writers contributed to the project, including several Turner Prize winners.

Martin Creed
Martin Creed (born 21 October 1968) is a British artist, composer and performer. He won the Turner Prize in 2001 for exhibitions during the preceding year, with the jury praising his audacity for exhibiting a single installation, Work No. 227: The lights going on and off, in the Turner Prize show. Creed lives and works in London.
1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster
23°48′N 86°27′E﻿ / ﻿23.8°N 86.45°E﻿ / 23.8; 86.45
The 1965 Dhanbad coal mine disaster  occurred on 28 May 1965, in a coal mine near Dhanbad, India. An explosion occurred in Dhori colliery near Dhanbad, which led to fire in the mine. The fire killed 268 miners. Dhori colliery is located near Bermo. The mine was at the time owned by the Raja of Ramgarh.

Bermo
For the town in North Wales, see Y BermoFor the commune of Niger see Bermo, Niger

Bermo is a census town in the Bermo CD block in the Bermo subdivision of the Bokaro district of the state of Jharkhand, India.
O'Malley Case
The O'Malley Case was the criminal prosecution of the Chief Magistrate of Philadelphia on charges of malfeasance, or serious misconduct in office by a public officer. The trials began in 1948 and continued into early 1949.

The defendant was John J O'Malley, Chief Magistrate of Philadelphia; the lead prosecutor was Laurence Howard Eldredge; the first assistant prosecutor was Robert Lowe Kunzig; The second assistant prosecutor was Henry W. Sawyer; the defense attorney was Lemuel Braddock Schofield.

Misfeasance
Misfeasance, nonfeasance, and malfeasance are types of failure to discharge public obligations existing by common law, custom, or statute.

The Carta de Logu caused Eleanor of Arborea to be remembered as one of the first lawmakers to set up the crime of misfeasance.
Baloch Goth
Baloch Goth (Urdu: بلوچ گوٹھ) is a neighbourhood in the Orangi municipality of Karachi, Pakistan. It is administered as part of Karachi West district, but was part of the Orangi Town borough until that was disbanded in 2011.

There are several ethnic groups in Baloch Goth including Muhajirs, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras Ismailis, etc. Over 99% of the population is Muslim. The population of Orangi Town is estimated to be nearly one million.

Musta'li Ismailism
Musta'li Isma'ilism (Arabic: المستعلية, romanized: al-Mustaʿliyya) is a branch of Isma'ilism named for their acceptance of al-Musta'li as the legitimate ninth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father, al-Mustansir Billah (r. 1036–1094/1095). The Nizari the other living branch of Ismailism, led by Aga Khan V believe the ninth caliph was al-Musta'li's elder brother, Nizar.

The Musta'li originated in Fatimid-ruled Egypt, later moved its religious center to Yemen, and gained a foothold in 11th-century Western India through missionaries.
Walkovszky v. Carlton
Walkovszky v. Carlton, 223 N.E.2d 6 (N.Y. 1966), is a United States corporate law decision on the conditions under which Courts may pierce the corporate veil. A cab company had shielded itself from liability by incorporating each cab as its own corporation. The New York Court of Appeals refused to pierce the veil on account of undercapitalization alone.

Legal liability
In law, liable means  "responsible or answerable in law; legally obligated". Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies. The claimant is the one who seeks to establish, or prove, liability.
1967 New York Yankees season
The 1967 New York Yankees season was the 65th season for the Yankees. The team finished ahead of only the Kansas City Athletics (who moved to Oakland after the season ended) in the American League final standings, with a record of 72–90, finishing 20 games behind the Boston Red Sox. It was their most losses in a season since losing 94 games in 1913, which was the first season in which the team went by the word Yankees. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium.

1913 New York Yankees season
The 1913 New York Yankees season was the club's eleventh. This was their first season exclusively using the "Yankees" name. The team finished with a record of 57–94, coming in seventh place in the American League. The team also moved into the Polo Grounds which they would share with the New York Giants until 1923.
Polygnotus (crater)
Polygnotus is a crater on Mercury, named by the IAU in 1976, after ancient Greek painter Polygnotus.  The crater was first imaged by Mariner 10 in 1974.

Polygnotus has a central peak ring which is embayed with smooth plains material, which is very different in texture from the surrounding terrain.  It is one of 110 peak ring basins on Mercury.

Boethius crater is west of Polygnotus.  Tansen is to the northwest, and Motonobu is to the east.

Exaggerated color image with Polygnotus near center

Distant oblique view showing Polygnotus at right and Motonobu at top center

Peak ring
A peak ring crater is a type of complex crater, which is different from a multi-ringed basin or central-peak crater. A central peak is not seen; instead, a roughly circular ring or plateau, possibly discontinuous, surrounds the crater's center, with the crater rim still farther out from the center.
Rumi Kasahara
Rumi Kasahara (笠原 留美, Kasahara Rumi, born March 8, 1970) is a Japanese voice actress affiliated with Aoni Production. She voiced roles in a bunch of titles in the 1990s including Pretty Sammy OVA and TV series, Moeyo Ken, Hell Teacher Nube, Princess Nine, and Sakura Diaries.  In video games, she provides the voice of Ena Arashizaki in Money Puzzle Exchanger, Yue Ying in the Dynasty Warriors / Warriors Orochi franchise, Alia in Mega Man, and Futaba Taiga in Sakura Wars New York.

Warriors Orochi
Warriors Orochi (無双OROCHI, Musō Orochi) is a hack and slash video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360, developed by Koei and Omega Force. It is a crossover of two of Koei's popular video game series, Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors (specifically Dynasty Warriors 5 and Samurai Warriors 2) and the first title in the Warriors Orochi series.

The game was released on March 21, 2007, in Japan, and in September for North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The game came out for the Xbox 360 in Japan on September 13, and the European version came out on the same date as the PlayStation 2 version in the North America. The game was ported to the PlayStation Portable, released in Japan in February 2008, and in March 25 for North America and Europe. A PC version was released in North America on March 25 of the same year.
Kennedy baronets
There have been five baronetcies created for persons with the surname Kennedy, one in the Baronetage of Ireland, three in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. One creation is extant as of 2026.

Kennedy baronets of Newtownmountkennedy (1665)

Kennedy baronets of Girvan (1673)

Kennedy baronets of Culzean (1682)

Kennedy baronets of Clowburn (1698)

Kennedy baronets of Johnstown Kennedy (1836)

Kennedy baronets of Culzean (1682)
The Kennedy baronetcy, of Culzean in the County of Ayr, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 8 December 1682 for Archibald Kennedy. He was the great-grandson of Sir Thomas Kennedy, Master of Cassilis, younger son of Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassillis. The 4th Baronet succeeded to the earldom of Cassillis in 1759.

Susanna, Countess of Eglinton, daughter of the 1st Baronet, was a celebrated beauty and literary patron.
Buganda Agreement (1900)
The Buganda Agreement (1900), signed in March 1900, formed the basis of British relations with the Kingdom of Buganda. The Kabaka of Buganda was recognised as ruler of the kingdom as long he remained faithful to the British monarch, and the Lukiko (council of chiefs) was given statutory recognition. This was following another agreement signed in 1894 in which Buganda, then known as Uganda, was declared a British protectorate. This agreement is also known as the Buganda Charter of Rights and was upheld for more than 50 years.

Alfred Tucker
Alfred Robert Tucker (1 April 1849–1914) was the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa (covering the contemporary countries of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania), from 1890 to 1899, and Bishop of Uganda from 1899 to 1908.
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Pulmonary hypoplasia is an incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in an abnormally low number or small size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli.  A congenital malformation, most often occurs secondary to other fetal abnormalities that interfere with normal development of the lungs.  Primary (idiopathic) pulmonary hypoplasia is rare and usually not associated with other maternal or fetal abnormalities.

Incidence of pulmonary hypoplasia ranges from 9–11 per 10,000 live births and 14 per 10,000 births.  Pulmonary hypoplasia is a relatively common cause of neonatal death.  It also is a common finding in stillbirths, although not regarded as a cause of these.

Fetus
A fetus or foetus (/ˈfiːtəs/; pl.: fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring of a viviparous animal that develops from an embryo. Following the embryonic stage, the fetal stage of development takes place. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, in general a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional, and some may not yet be situated in their final anatomical location.

In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (which is the eleventh week of gestational age) and continues until the birth of a newborn.
Edwin C. Burleigh
Edwin Chick Burleigh (November 27, 1843 – June 16, 1916) was an American politician who served as the 42nd governor of Maine from 1889 to 1893. A member of the Republican Party, he went on to hold federal office, first in the United States House of Representatives for Maine's 3rd congressional district (1897–1911) and later in the United States Senate (1913–1916).

Maine's 3rd congressional district
Maine's 3rd congressional district is an obsolete congressional district.  It was created in 1821 after Maine achieved statehood in 1820 as part of the enactment of the Missouri Compromise.  It was eliminated in 1963 after the 1960 U.S. census.  Its last congressman was Clifford McIntire.
Digital omnivore
A digital omnivore is a person who uses multiple modalities (devices) to access the Internet and other media content in their daily life. As people increasingly own mobile devices, cross-platform multimedia consumption has continued to shape the digital landscape, both in terms of the type of media content they consume and how they consume it. As of 2021, at least half of all global digital traffic is generated by mobile devices.

Media consumption
Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media, reading books and magazines, watching television and film, and listening to radio. An active media consumer must have the capacity for skepticism, judgement, free thinking, questioning, and understanding. Media consumption is to maximize the interests of consumers.
Damn Fool
Damn Fool is the second studio album by American rapper Big Scoob, released on May 3, 2011 by American label Strange Music. The album serves as a follow-up to Big Scoob's debut album Monsterifik.Guests on the album include Glasses Malone, Bumpy Knuckles, Krizz Kaliko, Tech N9ne and Jay Rock with production being provided by Seven, Robert Rebek and EmayDee, amongst others.

Tech N9ne
Aaron Dontez Yates (born November 8, 1971), better known by his stage name Tech N9ne (pronounced "tech nine"), is an American rapper, songwriter, and singer. In 1999, he and business partner Travis O'Guin founded the record label Strange Music. He has sold over two million albums and his music has been featured in film, television, and interactive media. In 2009, he won the Left Field Woodie Award broadcast on mtvU.

His stage name originated from the TEC-9 semi-automatic handgun, a name given to him by rapper Black Walt due to his fast-rhyming chopper style. Yates later applied a deeper meaning to the name, stating that it stands for the complete technique of rhyme, with "tech" meaning technique and "nine" representing the number of completion.