hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Utrecht war of 1481–83
The Utrecht war of 1481–83 (Dutch: Stichtse Oorlog or Driejarige Oorlog, German: Utrechter Stiftsfehde) was a diocesan feud in the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht between 1481 and 1483, influenced by the ongoing Hook and Cod wars in the neighbouring County of Holland. It was also a battle for control over Utrecht between the Dukes of Burgundy in the person of ruling Bishop David of Burgundy, and the Duchy of Cleves, which sought to replace him with Engelbert of Cleves.

County of Holland
52°09′48″N 4°32′12″E﻿ / ﻿52.16325°N 4.53678°E﻿ / 52.16325; 4.53678

The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from its inception until 1433. From 1433 onward it was part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands.

The County of Holland was the first Holy Roman county in the area to reach a substantial level of economic, cultural, military, and technological development, having had time to undergo this development before the area became classed as a county.
1995 North Rhine-Westphalia state election
The 1995 North Rhine-Westphalia state election was held on 14 May 1995 to elect the 12th Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia. The outgoing government was a majority of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), led by Minister-President Johannes Rau.

The SPD remained the largest party but lost its majority for the first time since 1980, declining to 46%. The opposition Christian Democratic Union (CDU) made small gains and took 37.7% of the vote. The Greens achieved a significant victory, doubling their vote share to 10% and winning 24 seats. Since the Free Democratic Party (FDP) fell below the 5% electoral threshold and lost representation, the Greens alone held the balance of power. They subsequently formed a coalition with the SPD.

Overhang seat
Overhang seats are constituency seats won in an election under the traditional mixed-member proportional (MMP) system (as it originated in Germany), when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituencies won.
Eskimo Trade Jargon
Eskimo Trade Jargon was an Inuit pidgin used by the Mackenzie River Inuit as a trade language with the Athabaskan peoples to their south, such as the Gwich'in (Loucheux). It was reported by Stefánsson (1909), and was apparently distinct from the Athabaskan-based Loucheux Jargon of the same general area.

A reduced form of the pidgin was used for ships' trade at Herschel Island off the Arctic coast near Alaska.

Gwichʼin
The Gwichʼin (or Kutchin or Loucheux) are an Athabaskan-speaking First Nations people of Canada and an Alaska Native people. They live in the northwestern part of North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle.

Gwichʼin are well-known for their crafting of snowshoes, birchbark canoes, and the two-way sled. They are renowned for their intricate and ornate beadwork. They also continue to make traditional caribou-skin clothing and porcupine quillwork embroidery, both of which are highly regarded among Gwichʼin. Today, the Gwich’in economy consists mostly of hunting, fishing, and seasonal wage-paying employment.
Waxed jacket
A waxed jacket is a type of hip-length jacket made from waxed cotton cloth, iconic of British and Irish country life. Today it is commonly worn for outdoor rural pursuits such as hunting, shooting and fishing. It is a cotton jacket made water-resistant by a paraffin-based waxing, typically with a tartan lining and a corduroy or leather collar.  Waxed jackets develop a patina over time. The main drawbacks of a waxed fabric is its lack of breathability and tendency to be heavier and bulkier than modern synthetic waterproof materials.

The origin of the waxed jacket is in the coated garments also known as oilskin.

Wax
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic solids that are  malleable near ambient temperatures.  They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform.  Natural waxes of various types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.
Malice Aforethought (TV series)
Malice Aforethought is a four-part BBC TV adaptation of the novel of the same name, broadcast in 1979.  It was later broadcast in the US in 1981, when it was featured in the PBS series, Mystery!, introduced by Vincent Price.
It was praised as a faithful adaptation, which retained the atmosphere and 1920s setting of the book. Cheryl Campbell was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her role as Madeleine Cranmere, along with her performance in Testament of Youth, winning for the latter at the 1980 Baftas.

There was a later adaptation of the novel by ITV Granada in 2005, starring Ben Miller and Megan Dodds. This version has been released on DVD, but the 1979 adaptation has never received either a video or DVD release, and has not been repeated on TV since 1981.

Mystery!
Mystery! is an anthology television series produced by WGBH Boston for PBS in the United States.

The series was created as a mystery, police and crime drama spin-off of the PBS show Masterpiece Theatre. From 1980 to 2007, Mystery! aired mostly British crime series purchased from or co-produced with the BBC or ITV and adapted from British mystery fiction. In 2002, due to pressure to include more American material, a series based on the novels of US mystery writer Tony Hillerman was produced, but the vast majority of Mystery! programming has always been and continues to be British literary adaptations co-produced with UK-based production companies.

In 2008, PBS combined Mystery! with its predecessor Masterpiece Theatre under the umbrella title Masterpiece, which includes the sub-brands Masterpiece Classic, Masterpiece Mystery!, and Masterpiece Contemporary.
Lane Stadium
Lane Stadium is a college football stadium in the eastern United States, located on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) in Blacksburg, Virginia. The playing surface of the stadium is named Worsham Field.  The home field of the Virginia Tech Hokies of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), it was rated the number one home field advantage in all of college football in 2005 by Rivals.com. In 2007, it was ranked #2 on ESPN.com's "Top 10 Scariest Places To Play."  The stadium is named for Edward Hudson Lane, a former student, local businessman, and Virginia Tech booster, while the playing surface is named for Wes Worsham, a university donor and booster.

From 1982 to 2014, Lane Stadium had the highest elevation of any Football Bowl Subdivision stadium in the eastern United States, at 2,057 feet (627 m) above sea level.

Eastern United States
The Eastern United States, often abbreviated as simply the East, is a macroregion of the United States located to the east of the Mississippi River. It variably includes between 17 and 26 states and Washington, D.C., the national capital.

As of 2011, the Eastern United States had an estimated population exceeding 179 million, representing the majority (over 58 percent) of the total U.S. population.

The three most populous cities in the Eastern United States are New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
Cairo–Cape Town Highway
The Cairo–Cape Town Highway is Trans-African Highway 4 in the continental road network developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the African Union. The route has a length of 10,228 km (6,355 mi) and links Cairo in Egypt to Cape Town in South Africa.

The concept originated under the British Empire as part of the proposed Cape to Cairo Road within the Cape to Cairo Red Line of colonial territories. Like the Cape to Cairo Railway, the road was never completed under colonial rule.

Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls (Lozi: Mosi-oa-Tunya, "Thundering Smoke/Smoke that Rises"; Tonga: Shungu Namutitima, "Boiling Water") is a waterfall on the Zambezi River, located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is one of the world's largest waterfalls, with a width of 1,708 m (5,604 ft). The region around it has a high degree of biodiversity in both plants and animals.

Archaeology and oral history describe a long record of African knowledge of the site. Although known to some European geographers before the 19th century, Scottish missionary David Livingstone identified the falls in 1855, naming them Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Since the mid-20th century, the site has been a major tourist destination. Zambia and Zimbabwe both have national parks and tourism infrastructure at the site. Research in the late 2010s found that precipitation variability due to climate change is likely to alter the character of the falls.
Piasecki VZ-8 Airgeep
The Piasecki VZ-8 Airgeep (company designation PA-59) was a prototype vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft developed by Piasecki Aircraft. The Airgeep was developed to fulfill a U.S. Army Transportation Research Command contract for a flying jeep in 1957. The flying jeep was envisioned to be smaller and easier to fly than a helicopter.

Honeywell TPE331
The Honeywell TPE331 (military designation: T76) is a turboprop engine. It was designed in the 1950s by Garrett AiResearch, and produced since 1999 by its successor Honeywell Aerospace. The engine's power output ranges from 575 to 1,650 shaft horsepower (429 to 1,230 kW).
Miami Valley
The Miami Valley is the region surrounding the Great Miami River in southwestern Ohio, United States. It also includes the Little Miami, Mad, and Stillwater rivers. The region includes the cities of Dayton, Hamilton, Springfield, and Middletown, among other communities. The river's name is derived from the Miami people. The name lends itself to many institutions and enterprises in the area, such as Miami University, Miami Valley Career Technology Center, the Miami Valley Conference, Miami Valley Today, Premier Health Miami Valley Hospital, and the Miami Valley Council of Boy Scouts of America.

Stillwater River (Ohio)
The Stillwater River is a 69.3-mile-long (111.5 km) tributary of the Great Miami River in western Ohio in the United States.  Via the Great Miami and Ohio rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

It rises near the Indiana state line, in western Darke County, approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Greenville. It flows east-southeast and is joined by Greenville Creek in Covington, approximately 5 miles (8 km) west of Piqua. It flows south past Covington and Englewood, where it is dammed for flood control, then southeast to join the Great Miami River in Dayton.

Stillwater River was so named on account of its relatively slow current. The Stillwater River was one of the Great Miami River tributaries that flooded during the Great Dayton Flood of 1913, resulting in the creation of the Miami Conservancy District. In 1975, the lowermost 58 miles (93 km) of the river was designated a state scenic river, along with 35 miles (56 km) of Greenville Creek.
CGS Aviation
CGS Aviation, Inc. is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Grand Bay, Alabama. The company was founded by Chuck Slusarczyk in the early 1970s in Broadview Heights, Ohio as Chuck's Glider Supplies. Today it is run by Danny Dezauche and specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction and ready-to-fly aircraft in the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules category.

Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry.

The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance.  This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation. Most production is done pursuant to type certificates and Defense Standards issued by a government body. This term has been largely subsumed by the more encompassing term: "aerospace industry".
Hundred of Palmer
The Hundred of Palmer is a cadastral hundred of the County of Newcastle in South Australia. It is 
located near 32.35°S, 138.21°E east of the township of Quorn, and south of the former town of Willochra which, although surveyed in 1860, never properly developed and was abandoned during the drought in the 1860s.

The traditional owners of the area are the Ngadjuri people. The first European explorer to the area was Thomas Burr in September 1842.

Quorn
Quorn is a brand of meat substitute products. Quorn originated in the UK and is sold primarily in Europe, but is available in 11 countries. The brand is owned by parent company Monde Nissin.

Quorn is sold as both a cooking ingredient and as a meat substitute used in a range of prepackaged meals.

Though all Quorn products are vegetarian, not all are vegan. All Quorn foods contain mycoprotein as an ingredient, which is derived from the Fusarium venenatum microfungus. In most Quorn products, the fungus culture is dried and mixed with egg white, which acts as a binder, and then is adjusted in texture and pressed into various forms. The vegan formulation uses potato protein as a binder instead of egg white.
Nicolas Tournadre
Nicolas Tournadre is a professor at the University of Provence specializing in morphosyntax and typology. He is a member of the LACITO lab of the CNRS.

His research mainly deals with ergative morphosyntax and grammatical semantics of tense, aspect, mood and evidentiality.

Tournadre specializes in Tibetic languages. Since 1986, he has carried out fieldwork on the Tibetan High Plateau, in the Himalayas and the Karakoram in China, India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan.

Tournadre taught at the Institute of Oriental Languages (Inalco), at the Paris 8 University, at the University of Virginia and conducted research in the Tibet Academy of Social Sciences.

He obtained his Ph.D. in 1992 at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle under the supervision of Claude Hagège.

In 2000, he was awarded the CNRS Bronze Medal.

University of Provence
The University of Provence Aix-Marseille I (French: Université de Provence; Occitan: Universitat de Provença) was a public research university mostly located in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille. It was one of the three Universities of Aix-Marseille and was part of the Academy of Aix and Marseille. On 1 January 2012, it merged with the University of the Mediterranean and Paul Cézanne University to become Aix-Marseille University, the youngest, but also the largest in terms of students, budgets and staff in the French-speaking world.
Duisburg Cathedral Mosque
The Duisburg Cathedral Mosque (German: DİTİB-Merkez-Moschee) is a mosque, Islamic cultural center, and madrasa, located in Duisburg-Marxloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Completed in 2008 with capacity for 1,200 worshippers, it was the largest mosque in Germany until the Cologne Central Mosque was completed in 2017 with capacity to accommodate 1,200 worshippers. The mosque has a community center and a madrasa. The initiator of the mosque in Duisburg was the local Muslim community. The mosque's 23-metre-high (75 ft) silver dome and 34-metre-high (112 ft) minaret are unique features of the city skyline.

Cultural center
A cultural center or cultural centre is an organization, building or complex that promotes culture and arts. Cultural centers can be neighborhood community arts organizations, private facilities, government-sponsored, or activist-run.
Harty (surname)
Harty is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Herbert Hamilton Harty (1879–1941), Irish and British composer, conductor, pianist and organist

Ian Harty (born 1978), Scottish footballer

Jeremiah James Harty (1853–1927), Catholic Archbishop of Manila and Bishop of Nebraska.

John Harty (born 1958), former American football defensive tackle

Martin Harty (1919–2017), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives

Maura Harty (born c. 1959), United States Assistant Secretary of State for Consular Affairs

Patricia Harty, Irish-American journalist

Patricia Harty (born 1941), American actress and dancer

Rhett Harty (born 1970), American soccer defender

Robert Harty (1779–1832), British politician and Whig Member of Parliament

Russell Harty (1934–1988), English television presenter

William Harty (1847–1929), Ontario businessman and politician.

Jeremiah James Harty
Jeremiah James Harty (November 5, 1853 – October 29, 1927) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the 26th archbishop of the Archdiocese of Manila in the Philippines from 1903 to 1916.  He later served as bishop (with the personal title of archbishop known as archbishop ad personam) of the Diocese of Omaha in Nebraska  from 1916 until he died in 1927.
Whitefield Bentley
Thomas Whitefield Bentley (July 5, 1884 – June 12, 1952) was a life insurance company manager and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 4th Prince in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1924 to 1927 as a Conservative.

He was the son of George Bentley and Emma Jane Dennis. Bentley married Linda Irene Moore. He lived in Kensington. He was a branch manager for the Maritime Life Assurance Company; after he retired in 1952, he was rehired by the company as provincial supervisor. He died at the Prince Edward Island Hospital in Charlottetown at the age of 67.

Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island (French: Assemblée législative de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard) together with the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island form the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island. The Legislative Assembly meets at Province House, which is at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown. Bills passed by the Assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.
Abdelwahab Benmansour
Abdelwahab Benmansour (Arabic: عبد الوهاب بن منصور, romanized: ʿAbd al-Wahhāb bin Manṣūr ; born 1920, Fes – died 13 November 2008, Rabat) was a Moroccan historian and civil servant. His most important work is "Tribes of Morocco" (Arabic: قبائل المغرب), a historical study of Moroccan tribes and their origins. He also edited some previously unpublished works such as a 15th-century detailed manuscript about the history of Ceuta as well as works by al-Baydhaq and Ibn Tumart, the eminent Imam and spiritual leader of the Almohads.

Abdelwahab Benmasour was the official histographer of the Kingdom of Morocco working under Mohammed V, Hassan II and Mohammed VI.

Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy, microanatomy or histoanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope.

Historically, microscopic anatomy was divided into organology, the study of organs, histology, the study of tissues, and cytology, the study of cells, although modern usage places all of these topics under the field of histology. In medicine, histopathology is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue. In the field of paleontology, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of fossil organisms.
The Briton
The Briton is a 1722 tragedy by the British writer Ambrose Philips. The play is set in pre-Roman Celtic Britain.

Performed at Drury Lane the original cast included Barton Booth as Vanoc, Robert Wilks as Ivor, John Thurmond as Didius, John Bowman as Ebranc, John Mills as Valens, Charles Williams as Alan, William Mills as Idwall, John Roberts as Messenger, Mary Porter as Cartismande and Hester Santlow as Gwendolen.

John Bowman (actor)
John Bowman (1651–1739) was a British stage actor. He began his career in the Duke's Company at the Dorset Garden Theatre. In 1692, he married Elizabeth Watson, who acted under the name Elizabeth Bowman. He later switched to act at the Drury Lane Theatre. He is also referred to as John Boman.
La Bohème (1965 film)
La Bohème is a 1965 West German film production of the 1896 opera of the same name by Puccini, filmed in a Milan studio and recorded at the Munich Opera. The film director and producer and set designer was the Italian director Franco Zeffirelli; Herbert von Karajan conducted the chorus and orchestra of La Scala and was the artistic supervisor. This is not a stage live recording: the singers mime to their own pre-recordings.

Deutsche Grammophon released the film for home media in analog VHS tape format in 1988 and in Digital Video Disc (DVD) format in 1996, 2002 and 2006.

Deutsche Grammophon
Deutsche Grammophon (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ɡʁamoˈfoːn]; DGG) is a German classical music record label that was the precursor of the corporation PolyGram. Headquartered in Berlin Friedrichshain, it is now part of Universal Music Group (UMG) since its merger with the MCA family of labels in 1999. Deutsche Grammophon is the world's oldest surviving established record company. Presidents of the company are Frank Briegmann, Chairman and CEO Central Europe of Universal Music Group and Clemens Trautmann.
You Can't Kill God with Bullets
You Can't Kill God With Bullets is the fifth studio album by American rapper Conway the Machine. It was released through Drumwork on December 12, 2025. The album features DJ Whoo Kid, G Herbo, Kndrx, Lady London, Roc Marciano, Tony Yayo and Heather Victoria. Production was handled by various producers including Apollo Brown, AraabMuzik, Daringer, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, The Alchemist and Timbaland.

Lady London
Zaire Miylaun Stewart (born June 25, 1995), known professionally as Lady London, is an American rapper from The Bronx, New York, currently based in Los Angeles. Her debut extended play (EP) S.O.U.L. (Signs of Universal Love)—preceded by two mixtapes—was released on November 3, 2023.
Active measures
Active measures (Russian: активные мероприятия, romanized: aktivnye meropriyatiya, designated "executive action" by the U.S. Government) is a term used to describe political warfare conducted by the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. The term, which dates back to the 1920s, includes operations such as espionage, propaganda, sabotage and assassination, based on foreign policy objectives of the Soviet and Russian governments. Active measures have continued to be used by the administration of Vladimir Putin.

Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan, is a historical name for the region of Asia lying between the Caspian Sea to the west, Siberia to the north, the Gobi Desert to the east, and Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tibet to the south. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by Turkic peoples, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. It is subdivided into West Turkestan, which historically belonged to the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, and East Turkestan (identified either with the Tarim Basin/Southern Xinjiang or with Xinjiang as a whole), which forms part of China.

Throughout history, the region has been exposed to the invasion of several different groups and kingdoms, including the Huns, Hepthalites, Bactrians, Imperial China, Arab Caliphate,  Hellenistic Macedonian Empire, Achaemenid Empire,  as well as various Turkic states and the Mongol Empire. The Qara Khitai also briefly controlled a significant bulk of Turkestan.