hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shahba Canton
The Shahba Canton (Kurdish: Kantona Şehba, Arabic: مقاطعة الشهباء, Classical Syriac: ܦܠܩܐ ܕܫܗܒܐ, romanized: Pelqo d'Shahba) was a political unit of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, in the Aleppo Governorate. The canton was established to administer the areas captured by the Syrian Democratic Forces from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant west of the Euphrates, as part of the Afrin Region.

The Shahba autonomous region was founded during the first and second conferences of the Shahba region in Afrin on 28 January 2016 and 2–4 February 2016. The conferences set up the Shahba Regional Assembly with its own council and senate and a de facto autonomous administration, created on 22 March 2016. During the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives, the remaining SDF-controlled area around Tell Rifaat was also taken by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army.

Menagh
Menagh (Arabic: منق, also spelled Manaq or Manq) is a town near Azaz 16 km North of Aleppo in northwestern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

Administratively part of Nahiya Azaz, Manaq had a population of 2,128 in the 2004 census. Nearby localities include Azaz to the north, Maraanaz to the northwest, Kaljibrin to the east and Tell Rifaat to the south.

Menagh is located by the Baghdad Railway connecting Aleppo with the Turkish city of Adana, and by the strategic highway 214 to Gaziantep. The Menagh Military Airbase is situated immediately to the west of the village.
Iwata Nakayama
Iwata Nakayama (中山 岩太, Nakayama Iwata; August 3, 1895 – January 20, 1949) was a Japanese avant-garde photographer.

Nakayama was born in Yanagawa, Fukuoka (Japan). His wife, Nakayama Masako (中山正子) became an English language educator after their years aboard. His father was an inventor who held a patent for a fire extinguisher. Iwata moved to Tokyo and was educated at the private school Kyohoku-Chūgakkō. After graduating, he entered Tokyo University of the Arts as the first student of its photography course. After learning artistic and commercial techniques there, he moved to the United States in 1918 as an overseas student of California State University, sent by the Japanese government. However he quit studying and began to work at a photo studio run by Tōyō Kikuchi (菊池東陽) in New York City.

Man Ray
Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American-born, French-naturalized visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all.

He was a photography innovator as well as a fashion and portrait photographer, and is noted for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" in reference to himself.
U-duality
In physics, U-duality (short for unified duality) is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory combining S-duality and T-duality transformations. The term is most often met in the context of the "U-duality (symmetry) group" of M-theory as defined on a particular background space (topological manifold). This is the union of all the S-duality and T-duality available in that topology. The narrow meaning of the word "U-duality" is one of those dualities that can be classified neither as an S-duality, nor as a T-duality - a transformation that exchanges a large geometry of one theory with the strong coupling of another theory, for example.

The idea was introduced by Hull and Townsend.

Chris Hull
Christopher Michael Hull (born 1957) FRS FInstP is a professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College London. Hull is known for his work on string theory, M-theory, and generalized complex structures. Edward Witten drew partially from Hull's work for his development of M-theory.
Jab Jab Phool Khile (1975 film)
Jub Jub Phool Khiley (transl. Whenever the blossoms bloom) was a Pakistani Urdu-language film, released on 21 November 1975. It starred Zeba, Mumtaz, Waheed Murad, Mohammad Ali and Nadeem.

The film went on to be a super-hit at the cinemas all over Pakistan and completed 50 weeks on the big screen, becoming a golden jubilee film

M. Ashraf
M. Ashraf or Muhammad Ashraf (1 February 1942 – 4 February 2007) was a Pakistani film composer.

In the early 1960s, he first started as one member of the music directors duo of Manzoor – Ashraf in the Pakistan film industry.

By the end of his 45 years long career, he had composed more than 2,000 film songs for over 400 films.
Energy Innovation Center
The Energy Innovation Center is a multi-disciplinary institution in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, that integrates workforce development programs, green technology research laboratories, a business incubator and collaborative university-industry projects. It is housed in the former Clifford B. Connelley Trade School, which was renovated both to accommodate diverse uses and to serve as a case study for green adaptive reuse. In 2014 the renovated building received the Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania Project of the Year Award for Sustainability. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks, making it perhaps the only LEED Platinum structure to qualify for Historic Tax Credits.

Adaptive reuse
Adaptive reuse is the reuse of an existing building for a purpose other than that for which it was originally built or designed. It is also known as recycling or conversion. The adaptive reuse of buildings can be a viable alternative to new construction in terms of sustainability and a circular economy, and it has been used to create affordable housing, among other developments.
Shuja Haider
Shuja Haider or Shuja Hyder (Urdu: شجاع حیدر; pronounced [ʃʊˈdʒaː ˈɦɛːdər]; born 20 November 1982) is a Pakistani singer, songwriter, composer, and record producer. Haider is best known as a playback singer for films Khuda Kay Liye (2007) and Bol (2011) and more recently for his work on Coke Studio, Pakistan. Haider served as music director for Lux Style Awards for two years. He has produced over 50 albums in his career and is considered one of the most established music producers in Pakistan today.

Muqaddas (TV series)
Muqaddas (Urdu: مقدس, lit. 'Sacred/Blessed') is a 2015 Pakistani romantic, thriller television series that premiered on Hum TV on 25 May 2015. The serial is produced by Momina Duraid under MD Productions. It stars Noor Hassan Rizvi, Iqra Aziz, ZQ, Hina Khawaja Bayat and Farhan Ali Agha. At 15th Lux Style Awards, it received three nominations, for Best TV Play, Best TV Actor (for Noor Hassan) and Best TV Writer (for Adeel Razzaq).
DIPAMP
DIPAMP is an organophosphorus compound that is used as a ligand in homogeneous catalysis.  It is a white solid that dissolves in organic solvents.  Work on this compound by W. S. Knowles was recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. DIPAMP was the basis for one of the first industrial scale asymmetric hydrogenation, the synthesis of the drug L-DOPA.

Synthesis of L-DOPA via hydrogenation with the C2-symmetric diphosphine DIPAMP.

DIPAMP is a C2-symmetric diphosphine. Each phosphorus centre, which is pyramidal, bears three different substituents - anisyl, phenyl, and the ethylene group. The ligand therefore exists as the enantiomeric (R,R) and (S,S) pair, as well as the achiral meso isomer.

DIPAMP was originally prepared by an oxidative coupling, starting from anisyl(phenyl)(methyl)phosphine.

Homogeneous catalysis
In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the catalyst is in same phase as reactants, principally by a soluble catalyst in a solution. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysis describes processes where the catalysts and substrate are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas, respectively. The term is used almost exclusively to describe solutions and implies catalysis by organometallic compounds. Homogeneous catalysis is an established technology that continues to evolve. An illustrative major application is the production of acetic acid. Enzymes are examples of homogeneous catalysts.
Tony Aimo
Tony Aimo (born 24 August 1960) is a Papua New Guinean politician. He was a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea from 2002 to 2012 and again from 2012 to 2013, representing the electorate of Ambunti-Drekikir Open. He was Minister for Correctional Services under Michael Somare from 2007 until 2011, although he was stood aside for three months in 2010. A long-time People's Action Party member, he was briefly reported to have joined the Papua New Guinea Party following the fall of the Somare government, only to emerge as a member of Somare's National Alliance Party.

Ambunti-Dreikikier District
Ambunti-Dreikikier District (sometimes spelled Ambunti-Drekikier District) is a district of East Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea. It is one of the six administrative districts that make up the province.

April Salome Forest Management Area is located in the district.
Egor Bazin
Egor Yuryevich Bazin (Russian: Егор Юрьевич Базин, born 13 September 1995) is a retired Russian ice dancer. With his skating partner, Elizaveta Khudaiberdieva, he is the  2023 Russian champion, 2022 Russian national bronze medalist.

With his former partner, Sofia Evdokimova, he is the 2017 Winter Universiade silver medalist, the 2018 Ice Star champion, and the 2019 Russian national bronze medalist.

2023 Russian Figure Skating Championships
The 2023 Russian Figure Skating Championships (Russian: Чемпионат России по фигурному катанию на коньках 2023) were held from 20 to 25 December 2022 in Krasnoyarsk. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pairs, and ice dance.
Visa requirements for Guyanese citizens
Visa requirements for Guyanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Guyana.

As of 2025, Guyanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 91 countries and territories, ranking the Guyanese passport 55th in the world, tied with the Jamaican passport and the Nauruan passport according to the Henley Passport Index.

Jamaican passport
The Jamaican passport is issued to citizens of Jamaica for international travel. The passport is a CARICOM passport as Jamaica is a member of the Caribbean Community.

Passports are issued through the Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency (PICA), which was established in 2007 as an "Executive Agency" of the Government of Jamaica. PICA processes all Jamaican passport applications through its offices in Kingston including for all applications received by its High Commissions and consulates abroad.

As of May 2023, Jamaican citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 103 countries and territories, ranking the Jamaican passport 47th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index.

Jamaica began issuing biometric passports, also known as e-passports, to Jamaican citizens on March 31, 2023.
The Mayne Inheritance
The Mayne Inheritance is a non-fiction narrative written by Queensland author Rosamond Siemon. It was first published in 1997 by University of Queensland Press, and a new edition with updated information was issued by the same publisher in 2003. The book won the Brisbane City Council's One Book One Brisbane competition in 2003.

Brisbane City Council
Brisbane City Council (BCC, also known as Council) is the local government of the City of Brisbane, the capital city of the Australian state of Queensland. The largest local government in Australia by population, BCC's jurisdiction includes 26 wards and 27 elected councillors covering 1,338 km2 (517 mi2). Brisbane City Council consists of the 26 councillors (elected or appointed to represent wards) and the Lord Mayor of Brisbane (currently Adrian Schrinner) (elected by the city as a whole). By resolution, the council may make local laws (previously known as ordinances). The Lord Mayor is responsible for the key executive functions, such as implementing policies, preparing the budget and directing senior employees. They are supported by the Civic Council (formally the Establishment and Coordination (E&C) Committee), whose members are drawn from the council and each chair one of the standing committees. The council's current CEO is Colin Jensen, supported by EO Ainsley Gold.
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (Canada)
The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) is a Canadian government service under the Department of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.

FMCS is responsible for providing dispute resolution and dispute prevention assistance to trade unions and employers under the federal jurisdiction of the Canada Labour Code. FMCS provides conciliation and mediation assistance to parties engaged in collective bargaining and offers an extensive range of preventive mediation and grievance mediation services aimed at resolving differences and improving industrial relations during the closed period of a collective agreement.

Conciliation
Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution process whereby the parties to a dispute rely on a neutral third-party known as the conciliator, to assist them in solving their dispute. The conciliator, who may meet with the parties both separately and together, does this by: lowering tensions, improving communication, interpreting issues, and assisting parties in finding a mutually acceptable outcome.

Unlike litigation or arbitration, conciliation is a voluntary, confidential, and flexible method aimed at resolving conflicts without the need for formal legal proceedings. The conciliation process has no legal standing and the decision made by the conciliator is not binding. The conciliator usually has no authority to seek evidence or call witnesses, usually writes no decision, and makes no award.
Frank A. Yocum
Frank Alvin Yocum (December 11, 1892 – June 29, 1970) was an American football player and coach. Yocum attended Oberlin High School graduating in 1910 and Oberlin College graduation 1915. He played professional football as a halfback for the 1916 Cleveland Indians.

Yocum coached the Western Reserve football team for two seasons, from 1917 to 1918, while attending the Western Reserve Dental School.

In 1990, 20 years after his death, Yocum was inducted into the Case Western Reserve Spartans sports Hall of Fame.

Case Western Reserve Spartans
The Case Western Reserve Spartans are the varsity intercollegiate athletic teams of Case Western Reserve University, located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Case Western Reserve University competes at the NCAA Division III level. The Spartans compete in the University Athletic Association (UAA), except in football where the team competes as an associate member of the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC). The university offers 19 sports—10 men's sports and 9 women's sports.

All 19 varsity teams wear a commemorative patch on their uniforms honoring Case alumnus, M. Frank Rudy, inventor of the Nike air-sole.

The Spartans' primary athletic rival is Carnegie Mellon University.
Boing (company)
Boing S.p.A is an Italian company It is a joint venture between Mediaset and Turner Broadcasting System (TBS), established with capital of €10 million between Mediaset (51%) and Warner Bros. Discovery (49%). The company operates on television.

Warner Bros. Discovery
Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. (WBD) is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered in New York City. It was formed from WarnerMedia's spin-off by AT&T and merger with Discovery, Inc. on April 8, 2022.

Warner Bros. Discovery operates via two divisions: Streaming & Studios (S&S) and Global Linear Networks (GLN). S&S includes the flagship Warner Bros. studios, HBO, DC Entertainment, and the Warner Bros. Discovery's streaming services. GLN largely includes advertising-supported cable networks. Those networks were inherited from its predecessors Discovery (such as Discovery Channel among others), Scripps Networks Interactive (such as HGTV among others), and Turner Broadcasting System (such as Cartoon Network, Boomerang, CNN, TBS, and TNT). Warner Bros. Discovery International is also included in the division, which manages broadcasting operations outside of the United States.
Colquepucro
Colquepucro  or Collquepucro (possibly from Quechua qullqi money, silver, p'ukru - s. gorge; ravine; gully; hollow; valley,) is a mountain in the Pariacaca or Huarochirí mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,658 metres (18,563 ft) high. It is situated in the Junín Region, Jauja Province, Canchayllo District and in the Lima Region, Huarochiri Province, Quinti District. Colquepucro lies north-east of the mountains Corihuasi and Pariacaca.

Department of Lima
Lima (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlima]; Jaqaru: Nimaja, [niˈmaxa]) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's central coast, it is administered by a regional government based in Huacho, whose jurisdiction does not include the quasi-autonomous special regime of the province of Lima, coterminous with the country's capital, Lima.
Moyes Delta Gliders
Moyes Delta Gliders is an Australian aircraft manufacturer based in Kurnell, New South Wales. The company was founded by Bill Moyes in 1967 and specializes in the design and manufacture of hang gliders. The company's designs have won many world, national and regional championships.

One of the oldest hang glider manufacturers in the world, the company's Litespeed line monopolized world competition throughout the 2000s.

An affiliated company, Moyes Microlights, builds the Moyes Dragonfly hang glider tug and at one time built the Moyes Tempest microlight sailplane.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Nathaly Navas
Nathaly Andreína Navas Pérez is a model and pageant titleholder, born in La Guaira, Venezuela, on February 8, 1987.

She was present on the Elite Model Look Curaçao 2004 and Elite Model Look Shanghai 2004.
Had a role on Con toda el Alma TV series in Venezuela.
She represented the Delta Amacuro state in the Miss Venezuela 2008 pageant, on September 10, 2008.

Worked in many TV commercials like McDonald's, Levi's, Panasonic, and Orbit.

Navas competed in the Sambil Model / Miss Earth Venezuela 2009 pageant on June 12, 2009, in Margarita Island, Venezuela, when she won the title of 1st runner up.

La Guaira
La Guaira (Spanish: [la ˈɣwajɾa] ⓘ) is the capital city of the eponymous state of Venezuela (formerly named Vargas) and the country's main port, founded in 1577 as an outlet for nearby Caracas.

The city hosts its own professional baseball team in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, the Tiburones de La Guaira. They have won eight national championships since their founding in 1962 and won the Caribbean Series in 2023-24.
Earlswood
Earlswood is a suburb of Redhill in Surrey, England, which lies on the A23 between Redhill (in the direction of London) and Horley (next to Gatwick Airport). Earlswood Common is a local nature reserve that separates the suburb from the southern outskirts of Reigate and has two lakes and picnic areas. Earlswood station is on the Brighton Main Line. To the east of the line are Royal Earlswood Park, the East Surrey Hospital and Whitebushes.

A23 road
The A23 road is a major road in the United Kingdom between London and Brighton, East Sussex, England. It is managed by Transport for London for the section inside the Greater London boundary, Surrey County Council and West Sussex County Council for the section shadowed by the M23 motorway, National Highways (as a trunk road) between the M23 and Patcham, and by Brighton and Hove Council from the A27 road to the centre of Brighton.

The road has been a major route for centuries, seeing numerous upgrades, bypasses and diversions.
Bower, South Australia
Bower is a town in South Australia, approximately halfway between Eudunda and Morgan on the Thiele Highway.

The area was originally the territory of the Ngadjuri people. The name Bower honours David Bower, a South Australian Member of Parliament (1865 – 1887) who donated land in the state for institutional purposes. By 1916, Bower had become a dispatch centre for mallee timber and roots. These were loaded at the railway station on the Morgan railway line and sent to Adelaide. Bower Public School operated in the town between 1917 and 1960, replacing an earlier Lutheran school forcibly closed during World War I.

The historic Lime Kiln Ruins on Bower Boundary Road are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

South Australian Heritage Register
The South Australian Heritage Register, also known as the SA Heritage Register, is a statutory register of historic places in South Australia. It extends legal protection regarding demolition and development under the Heritage Places Act 1993. It is administered by the South Australian Heritage Council.

As a result of the progressive abolition of the Register of the National Estate during the 2000s and the devolution of responsibility for state-significant heritage to state governments, it is now the primary statutory protection for state-level heritage-listed buildings and other sites in South Australia.
1944 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
The 1944 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the 47th staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1895.

The final was played on 18 February 1945 at the Clonmult Memorial Park in Midleton, between 31st Battalion and Cloyne, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. 31st Battalion won the match by 5-05 to 2-04 to claim their first ever championship title.

Cloyne GAA
Cloyne GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Cloyne, County Cork, Ireland. The club is affiliated to the East Cork Board and is primarily concerned with the game of hurling, but also fields teams in Gaelic football.
John Rae (biographer)
John Rae (1845 – 1915) was a Scottish journalist and biographer. The long-time editor of The Contemporary Review, and contributor to The British Quarterly Review, he became famous for his 1895 biography of Adam Smith, Life of Adam Smith, which replaced the Biographical Memoir of Adam Smith of 1811, by Dugald Stewart, as the standard Smith reference.

British Quarterly Review
The British Quarterly Review was a periodical published between 1845 and 1886. It was founded by Robert Vaughan, out of dissatisfaction with the editorial line of the Eclectic Review under Edward Miall.