hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Incidence (graph)
In graph theory, a vertex is incident with an edge if the vertex is one of the two vertices the edge connects.

An incidence is a pair  where  is a vertex and 
is an edge incident with . Two distinct incidences  and  are adjacent if and only if , , or the edge  equals  or .

A graph can be formally defined as an ordered triple , where  is the set of vertices,  is the set of edges, and  is an incidence function (or incidence mapping) that maps each edge to a pair of vertices. For an edge , if , then  and  are called the end-vertices (or endpoints) of the edge , and the edge  is said to be incident with vertices  and .

A graph can also be specified as an incidence structure , where  is a set of "points" (the vertices),  is a set of "blocks" (the edges), and  is the incidence relation between them.

Incidence structure
In mathematics, an incidence structure is an abstract system consisting of two types of objects and a single relationship between these types of objects. Consider the points and lines of the Euclidean plane as the two types of objects and ignore all the properties of this geometry except for the relation of which points are incident on which lines for all points and lines. What is left is the incidence structure of the Euclidean plane.

Incidence structures are most often considered in the geometrical context where they are abstracted from, and hence generalize, planes (such as affine, projective, and Möbius planes), but the concept is very broad and not limited to geometric settings. Even in a geometric setting, incidence structures are not limited to just points and lines; higher-dimensional objects (planes, solids, n-spaces, conics, etc.) can be used. The study of finite structures is sometimes called finite geometry.
1995 Memphis Pharaohs season
The 1995 Memphis Pharaohs season was the first season for the Memphis Pharaohs. They finished the 1995 Arena Football League season 6–6 and ended the season with a loss in the quarterfinals of the playoffs against the Tampa Bay Storm.

1995 Arena Football League season
The 1995 Arena Football League season was the ninth season of the Arena Football League (AFL). It was succeeded by 1996. The league champions were the Tampa Bay Storm, who defeated the Orlando Predators in ArenaBowl IX. The AFL realigned its divisions for the third straight year to two divisions per conference, a format that was then used until 2016.
Len Rix
Len Rix is a Zimbabwe-born translator of Hungarian literature into English, noted for his translations of Antal Szerb's Journey by Moonlight and The Pendragon Legend and of Magda Szabó's The Door and Katalin Street.

Pushkin Press
Pushkin Press is a British-based publishing house dedicated to publishing novels, essays, memoirs and children's books. The London-based company was founded in 1997 and is notable for publishing authors such as Stefan Zweig, Marcel Aymé, Antal Szerb, Paul Morand and Yasushi Inoue, as well as award-winning contemporary writers, including Andrés Neuman, Edith Pearlman, Ayelet Gundar-Goshen, Eka Kurniawan and Ryu Murakami.
David Ellenson
David Ellenson (June 25, 1947 – December 7, 2023) was an American rabbi and academic who was known as a leader of the Reform movement in Judaism. Ellenson was director of the Schusterman Center for Israel Studies and visiting professor of Near Eastern and Judaic studies at Brandeis University and previously president of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR). He previously served as president of HUC-JIR from 2001 to December 31, 2013, and was later chancellor emeritus of that college until his death. Ellenson had served as interim president following the death of his successor, Aaron D. Panken until the inauguration of Andrew Rehfeld, the 10th and current President.

Jewish studies
Jewish studies (Hebrew: מדעי היהדות, romanized: madʿê ha-yahadut, lit. 'sciences of Judaism'), or Judaic studies, is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, Oriental studies, religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America.

Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish thought. Bar-Ilan University has the world's largest school of Jewish studies, while Harvard University was the first American university, and perhaps the first in the world, to appoint a full-time scholar of Judaica to its faculty.
Big Pond (Massachusetts)
Big Pond is a 330-acre (130 ha) lake located in Otis, Massachusetts. The lake is popular for boating, swimming, fishing, water skiing, snowmobiling, camping, and water-related recreation. Fish include lake trout, bass, white perch, yellow perch, catfish, and bluegills. Big Pond is stocked with trout by the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife.

The Big Pond Association is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that oversees a number of activities throughout the year. In addition, the association has an active weed watcher program to identify invasive plant species and raises awareness of the threat.

On July 25, 1919, Big Pond was the site of the drowning of 11 boys and young men of the Springfield Boys' Club. A group of about 60 boys had been crossing the pond in several canoes and small boats when a squall swamped a rowboat. Efforts to save the boys were hindered by confusion and panic.

Bass (fish)
Bass (/bæs/;pl.: bass) is a common name shared by many species of ray-finned fish from the large clade Percomorpha, mainly belonging to the orders Perciformes and Moroniformes, encompassing both freshwater and marine species. The word bass comes from Middle English bars, meaning "perch", despite that none of the commonly referred bass species belong to the perch family Percidae.
Good-Bye, Bill
Good-Bye, Bill is a lost 1918 American comedy silent film directed by John Emerson and written by John Emerson and Anita Loos. The film stars Shirley Mason, Ernest Truex, Joseph Allen Sr., Joseph Burke, Carl De Planta, and Henry S. Koser. The film was released on December 15, 1918, by Paramount Pictures.

John Emerson (filmmaker)
John Emerson (born Clifton Paden; May 29, 1874 – March 7, 1956) was an American stage actor, playwright, producer, and director of silent films (many featuring Douglas Fairbanks). Emerson was married to Anita Loos from June 15, 1919, until his death, and prior to that the couple had worked together as a writing team for motion pictures. They would continue to be credited jointly, even as Loos pursued independent projects.
2025 ATP Hong Kong Tennis Open – Doubles
Sander Arends and Luke Johnson defeated Karen Khachanov and Andrey Rublev in the final, 7–5, 6–4, [10–7] to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 ATP Hong Kong Tennis Open.

Marcelo Arévalo and Mate Pavić were the reigning champions, but both players decided not to participate this year.

Karen Khachanov
Karen Abgarovich Khachanov (born 21 May 1996) is a Russian professional tennis player. He has been ranked by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) as high as world No. 8 in singles, which he achieved on 15 July 2019, and No. 53 in doubles, attained on 29 January 2024. Khachanov has won seven ATP Tour singles titles, the most significant at the 2018 Paris Masters, an ATP 1000-level event. In doubles, he has won one title at the 2023 Madrid Open, with compatriot Andrey Rublev.

His most notable career achievement is a silver medal in singles at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. He also has reached two major semifinals at the 2022 US Open and 2023 Australian Open.
Japanese ironclad Hiei
Hiei (比叡, Hiei) was the second and last vessel of the Kongō-class ironclad corvettes built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the 1870s. They were built in the United Kingdom because the Japanese were unable to build ironclad warships in Japan at the time. She became a training ship in 1887 and made training cruises to the Mediterranean and to countries on the edge of the Pacific Ocean. The ship returned to active duty during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 where she was damaged during the Battle of the Yalu River. Hiei also participated in the Battle of Weihaiwei and the invasion of Formosa in 1895. The ship resumed her training duties after the war, although she played a minor role in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. She was reclassified as a survey ship in 1906 and was sold for scrap in 1912.

Battle of Weihaiwei
The Battle of Weihaiwei (Japanese: Ikaiei-no-tatakai (威海衛の戦い) took place between 20 January and 12 February 1895, during the First Sino-Japanese War in Weihai, Shandong Province, China, between the forces of Japan and Qing China. In early January 1895, the Japanese landed forces in eastern Shandong, positioning them behind the Chinese naval base at Weihaiwei.

Through a well-coordinated offensive of both naval and land forces, the Japanese destroyed the forts and sank much of the Chinese fleet. With the Shandong and Liaoning peninsulas under Japanese control, the option for a pincer attack against the Chinese capital, Beijing, was now a possibility. This strategic threat forced the Chinese to sue for peace and led to the war's end in April 1895.
Salle Bhumlu
Salle Bhumlu is a village development committee in Kabhrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,615 in 481 individual households.

Bagmati Zone
Bagmati Zone (Nepali: बागमती अञ्चलListenⓘ Bāgmatī Añcal) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restoration of zones to Provinces. Its headquarters are Kathmandu. It was named after the Bagmati River. It was in the Central Development Region of Nepal. The districts are now all part of Bagmati Province. The zone contains the Kathmandu Valley with its conurbation of 4.5 million inhabitants.
Ogunquit Village School
Ogunquit Village School was a school in Ogunquit, Maine. It closed in 2004 after the Wells-Ogunquit Community School District and the Maine Department of Education determined that necessary building repairs would cost more than the building was worth.  Safety concerns also contributed to the decision to close the school; shortly after closing, the building was condemned by the state fire marshall.

Ogunquit, Maine
Ogunquit (/oʊˈɡʌŋkwɪt/ oh-GUNG-kwit) is a resort town in York County, Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,577. Ogunquit is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford metropolitan area.
José Rizal University
José Rizal University (formerly José Rizal College or JRC), also referred to by its acronym JRU, is a private non-sectarian, non-stock coeducational basic and higher education institution located in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. It was founded in 1919 by Don Vicente Fabella, the Philippines' first certified accountant. José Rizal University is one of the schools situated in the east side of Mandaluyong, the others being the Plaridel Campus of Arellano University and Don Bosco Technical College.

Philippine National Police
The Philippine National Police (PNP; Filipino: Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas) is the national police force of the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Currently, it has approximately 228,000 personnel to police a population in excess of 100 million.

The agency is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and is part of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Local police officers are operationally controlled by city or municipal mayors. DILG, on the other hand, organizes, trains and equips the PNP for the performance of police functions as a police force that is national in scope and civilian in character.

The PNP was formed on January 29, 1991, when the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police were merged pursuant to Republic Act 6975 of 1990.
Anti-Taiwanese sentiment
Anti-Taiwanese sentiment refers to the general dislike or hatred of the Taiwanese people or Taiwanese culture. Anti-Taiwanese sentiment (反臺灣) is often related to but can be distinct from sentiments against Taiwan independence (反臺獨).

Taiwan Affairs Office
The Taiwan Affairs Office is an administrative agency under the State Council of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is responsible for cross-strait relations and sets and implements guidelines and policies related to Taiwan, which is claimed by the People's Republic of China as a province of its own. This organization has no relationship with the Taiwan government.

Under the "one institution with two names" arrangement, it is also the Chinese Communist Party's Taiwan Work Office of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs under the CCP Central Committee; the party title is used for party-to-party interactions with Taiwan.
1988 U.S. Women's Open
The 1988 U.S. Women's Open was the 43rd U.S. Women's Open, held July 21–24 at the Five Farms East Course of Baltimore Country Club in Lutherville, Maryland, a suburb north of Baltimore.

Liselotte Neumann won her only major title, three strokes ahead of runner-up Patty Sheehan. From Sweden, she was only the fifth international player to win the U.S. Women's Open. For the first time, the championship was won by non-Americans in consecutive years, as Laura Davies of England won in 1987.

At age 22, Neumann was the youngest professional to date to win the title, second by two months to 1967 champion Catherine Lacoste, an amateur who won less than a week after turning 22. She opened with a record 67 on Thursday, and either led or co-led after every round.

Sixty years earlier, the East Course hosted the PGA Championship in 1928, won by Leo Diegel. He stopped four-time defending champion Walter Hagen in the quarterfinals, ending his winning streak at 22 matches.

Laura Davies
Dame Laura Jane Davies, DBE (born 5 October 1963) is an English professional golfer. She has achieved the status of her nation's most accomplished female golfer of modern times, being the second non-American to finish at the top of the LPGA money list as well as winning the Ladies European Tour (LET) Order of Merit a record seven times: in 1985, 1986, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2004 and 2006.

As of 2018, Davies has 86 professional wins worldwide, with 20 on the LPGA Tour, including four majors. From 1985 to 2010, she won at least one individual title somewhere in the world every season, except for 2005, and was the first golfer, male or female, to win tournaments on five continents in one year. She is a member of U.S.-based LPGA Tour and a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2015.
LGBTQ rights in Burundi
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Burundi face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ citizens. While never criminalized before 22 April 2009, Burundi has since criminalized same-sex sexual activity by both men and women with a penalty up to two years in prison and a fine. LGBTQ persons are regularly prosecuted and persecuted by the government and additionally face stigmatisation among the broader population.

Bujumbura
Bujumbura (French pronunciation: [buʒumbuʁa]; Kirundi pronunciation: [buʒuᵐbuɾa]), formerly Usumbura, is the economic capital, former political capital, largest city and main port of Burundi. It ships most of the country's chief export, coffee, as well as cotton and tin ore. Bujumbura was formerly the country's political capital. In late December 2018, Burundian president Pierre Nkurunziza announced that he would follow through on a 2007 promise to return Gitega its former political capital status, with Bujumbura remaining as economical capital and center of commerce. A vote in the Parliament of Burundi made the change official on 16 January 2019, and as of late 2025, the transition is still ongoing, having estimated to end in 2022.
Wilfrido Ramos-Orench
Wilfrido Ramos-Orench (born May 4, 1940) is an Episcopal bishop. From 2014 to 2017 he served as the Provisional Bishop of the Diocese of Puerto Rico. He was a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Connecticut from 2000 to 2006, and the provisional bishop of the Diocese of Central Ecuador from 2006 to 2009.

Provisional bishop
A provisional bishop in the Episcopal Church (United States) is a bishop—either retired or concurrently holding another episcopal post (such as in a neighbouring diocese)—who serves as the bishop of a particular diocese during a vacancy in that see. The provisional bishop may then serve either for an agreed period of time or until a new diocesan bishop is elected and consecrated—but both at the pleasure of the diocese's Convention. Provisional bishops are appointed under Canon III.13 of the Constitution and Canons of the Episcopal Church, 2012.
Papyrus 113
Papyrus 113 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓113, is a fragment of an early copy of a section of the New Testament in Greek. It comes from a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans. The surviving text features parts of Romans 2:12-13 on one side of the fragment and parts of 2:29 on the other.

The manuscript paleographically has been assigned by the INTF to the 3rd century. Comfort dated it to the first half of the 3rd century. 
The manuscript is currently housed at the Papyrology Rooms, of the Sackler Library at Oxford University with the shelf number P. Oxy. 4497.

Papyrus
Papyrus (/pəˈpaɪrəs/ pə-PY-rəs) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing material. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus (plural: papyri or papyruses) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.

Papyrus was first known to have been used in Egypt (at least as far back as the First Dynasty), as the papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta. It was also used throughout the Mediterranean region. Apart from writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.
Breede River Valley
Breede River Valley is a region of Western Cape Province, South Africa known for being the largest fruit and wine producing valley in the Western Cape, as well as South Africa's leading race-horse breeding area. It is part of the Boland bordering on becoming Little Karoo towards the east.

Little Karoo
The Little Karoo, also known as the Klein Karoo, is a region in the south of the Western Cape province where ostrich farming was formerly practiced on a large scale. The area extends more or less from the Langeberg to the Swartberg. The Langeberg and the Outeniqua Mountains form the southern border of the area, the Swartberg the northern border. The main town is Oudtshoorn. Other towns/settlements in the area include: Ladismith, Calitzdorp, De Rust, as well as well-known mission stations such as Zoar, Amaliënstein, Barrydale and Dysselsdorp. Uniondale is the easternmost point of the area.

The area is mainly drained by the Gourits River, via its tributary the Olifants River. There are five island mountains in the region:Anysberg, Warmwaterberg, Touwsberg, Rooiberg, Gamkaberg, Kammanassieberg and Antoniesberg.
Chevening, Kent
Chevening (/ˈtʃiːvnɪŋ/) is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It was the location for the world's earliest known organised cricket match.

The parish is located to the north west of Sevenoaks on the southern slopes of the North Downs. The parish is a small one, being 6.5 miles (10.5 km) in length and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide.  It had a population of 3,092 at the 2011 Census.  Apart from the village the remaining area is rural. Chevening House is located here. The Pilgrims' Way crosses the parish.  Close to Chevening, the path of Harold Godwinson's army en route to the Battle of Hastings in 1066, heading south along what is now Chipstead Lane, crosses William the Conqueror's route after the battle towards London along the Pilgrim's Way.

The village of Chevening is also small. It stands on the upper reaches of the River Darent. The village lies very close to the M25 motorway.

Sevenoaks District
Sevenoaks is a local government district in west Kent, England. Its council is based in the town of Sevenoaks.

The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of Sevenoaks Urban District, Sevenoaks Rural District and part of Dartford Rural District.
Unatù Endisciau
Unatù Endisciau was an Ethiopian soldier who served in the Italian Army during World War II. He was one of only two colonial subjects to be awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour, Italy's highest award for bravery. Unatù served as a Muntaz in the LXXII Zaptié Corps.

Following the surrender of the Debra Tabor garrison, Endisciau and some other colonial soldiers refused to surrender their battalion's banner and instead attempted to reach Italian lines at Kulkaber 106 kilometres away; Endisciau led the group there. Along the way, they were harassed by local guerrillas supporting the Allies and Endisciau was briefly captured by a guerrilla leader but escaped. As they reached Kulkaber, Endisciau was wounded when attempting to cross an Italian minefield; he was taken to the infirmary after insisting that his comrades deliver the banner. He died shortly thereafter, declaring that he was glad to reach Italian lines and see his banner remain in Italian hands.

Debre Tabor
Debre Tabor (Amharic: ደብረ ታቦር, lit. "Mount Tabor") is a  town and woreda in northern Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, about 100 kilometers southeast of Gondar and 50 kilometers east of Lake Tana, this historic town has a latitude and longitude of 11°51′N 38°1′E﻿ / ﻿11.850°N 38.017°E﻿ / 11.850; 38.017 with an elevation of 2,706 metres (8,878 ft) above sea level. The presence of at least 48 springs in the area contributed to the development of Debre Tabor.

Debre Tabor is served by an airport (ICAO code HADT, IATA DBT).
Ligny Tower
Ligny Tower (Italian: Torre di Ligny, Sicilian: Turrignì) is a coastal watchtower in Trapani, Sicily. It was built between 1671 and 1672 at a strategic position on the city's western coast. Today, the tower is in good condition, and it is open to the public as an archaeological museum.

Sicilian language
Sicilian (sicilianu, pronounced [sɪʃɪˈljaːnʊ, sɪdʒɪˈljaːnʊ]; Italian: siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (Italian: italiano meridionale estremo).

Ethnologue (see below for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language", and it is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region. It has the oldest literary tradition of the Italo-Romance languages. A version of the UNESCO Courier is also available in Sicilian.
2024 Nebraska elections
The 2024 Nebraska elections were held on November 5, 2024. Voters in Nebraska elected both of the state's members of the United States Senate, all three members of the United States House of Representatives, half of the seats in the state legislature, and seats on the Public Service Commission, State Board of Education, and Board of Regents.

Nebraska Republican Party
The Nebraska Republican Party (NEGOP) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Nebraska. The party is led by chair Mary Jane Truemper. Its headquarters is located in Lincoln. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling all of Nebraska's three U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, the state legislature, and the governorship.