hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Messenger bag
A messenger bag (also called a courier bag) is a type of sack, usually made of cloth (natural or synthetic). It is worn over one shoulder with a strap that goes across the chest resting the bag on the lower back. While messenger bags are sometimes used by couriers, they are now also an urban fashion icon. Some types of messenger bags are called carryalls. A smaller version is often called a sling bag.

Cultural icon
A cultural icon is a person or an artifact that is identified by members of a culture as representative of that culture. The process of identification is subjective, and "icons" are judged by the extent to which they can be seen as an authentic symbol of that culture. When individuals perceive a cultural icon, they relate it to their general perceptions of the cultural identity represented. Cultural icons can also be identified as an authentic representation of the practices of one culture by another.

In popular culture and elsewhere, the term "iconic" is used to describe a wide range of people, places, and things. Some commentators believe that the word "iconic" is overused.
Media depictions of body shape
Body shape refers to the many physical attributes of the human body that make up its appearance, including size and countenance. Body shape has come to imply not only sexual/reproductive ability, but wellness and fitness. In the West, slenderness is associated with happiness, success, youth, and social acceptability. Being overweight is associated with laziness. The media promote a weight-conscious standard for women more often than for men.   Deviance from these norms result in social consequences. The media perpetuate this ideal in various ways, particularly glorifying and focusing on thin actors and actresses, models, and other public figures while avoiding the use or image of overweight individuals. This thin ideal represents less than 15% of the American population.

Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organs and then organ systems.

The external human body consists of a head, hair, neck, torso (which includes the thorax and abdomen), genitals, arms, hands, legs, and feet. The internal human body includes organs, teeth, bones, muscle, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and blood, lymphatic vessels and lymph.

The study of the human body includes anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar, iron, and oxygen in the blood.

The body is studied by health professionals, physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work.
Japanese Language School of Greater Cincinnati
Japanese Language School of Greater Cincinnati (シンシナティ日本語補習校, Shinshinati Nihongo Hoshūkō) is a Japanese supplementary school with classes held at Northern Kentucky University (NKU) in Highland Heights, Kentucky, in the Cincinnati metropolitan area.

Classes are held at the Mathematics, Education and Psychology Center (MP), formerly known as the Business Education Psychology (BEP) Building.

Hoshū jugyō kō
Hoshū jugyō kō (補習授業校), or hoshūkō (補習校), are supplementary Japanese schools located in foreign countries for students living abroad with their families. Hoshū jugyō kō educate Japanese-born children who attend local day schools. They generally operate on weekends, after school, and other times not during the hours of operation of the day schools.

The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (Monbusho), as of 1985, encouraged the opening of hoshū jugyō kō in developed countries. It also encouraged the development of full-time day schools for Japanese students (nihonjin gakkō) in developing countries. In 1971, there were 22 supplementary Japanese schools worldwide.

By May 1986, Japan operated 112 supplementary schools worldwide, having a total of 1,144 teachers, most of them Japanese nationals, and 15,086 students. The number of supplementary schools increased to 120 by 1987. As of April 15, 2010, there are 201 Japanese supplementary schools in 56 countries.
ISO 3166-2:TV
ISO 3166-2:TV is the entry for Tuvalu in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Tuvalu, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one town council and seven island councils. Niulakita, which now has its own island council, is not listed as it is administered as part of Niutao.

Each code consists of two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is TV, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Tuvalu. The second part is three letters.

Niutao
Niutao is a reef island in the northern part of Tuvalu. It is one of the nine districts (islands) of Tuvalu. It is also one of the three districts that consist of only one island — not counting the three islets inside the closed lagoon. Niutao has a population of 550 (2022 census).
Bona fide occupational qualification
In employment law, a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) (US), bona fide occupational requirement (BFOR) (Canada), or genuine occupational qualification (GOQ) (UK) is a quality or an attribute that employers are allowed to consider when making decisions on the hiring and retention of employees—a quality that when considered in other contexts would constitute discrimination in violation of civil rights employment law. A BFOQ can legally justify discrimination if it is directly related to the realization of the business's function, supported by reliable evidence, validated through widely accepted research consensus, and if proving that a prospective hire is an exception to the recognized consensus would cause undue hardship for the employer. Such qualifications must be listed in the employment advertisement.

Reliability (statistics)
In statistics and psychometrics, reliability is the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions:

It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores. Scores that are highly reliable are precise, reproducible, and consistent from one testing occasion to another. That is, if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers, essentially the same results would be obtained. Various kinds of reliability coefficients, with values ranging between 0.00 (much error) and 1.00 (no error), are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores.

For example, measurements of people's height and weight are often extremely reliable.
His Wife's Mother (1932 film)
His Wife's Mother is a 1932 British comedy film directed by Harry Hughes and starring Jerry Verno, Molly Lamont and Jack Hobbs. It is an adaptation of the stage farce The Queer Fish by William Matthew Scott, pen name Will Scott. The film was made at Elstree Studios by British International Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director John Mead.

Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)
Elstree Studios on Shenley Road, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire is a British film and television production centre operated by Elstree Film Studios Limited. One of several facilities historically referred to as Elstree Studios, the Shenley Road studios originally opened in 1926.

The studio complex has passed through many owners during its lifetime, and is now owned by Hertsmere Borough Council. Known as the studios used for filming Alfred Hitchcock's Blackmail (1929)—the first British talkie, Star Wars (1977),  The Shining (1980) and Indiana Jones, its largest stage is known as the George Lucas Soundstage 2 (15,770 sq ft), with the studios used both for film and television productions.

With the BBC Elstree Centre nearby, a number of the stages are leased to BBC Studioworks, and are used for recording television productions such as Strictly Come Dancing.
Menelaus Ridge
Menelaus Ridge (64°35′S 63°40′W﻿ / ﻿64.583°S 63.667°W﻿ / -64.583; -63.667) is a snow-covered ridge having four small summits at about 1,370 metres (4,500 ft), between Mount Agamemnon and Mount Helen in the Achaean Range of central Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was surveyed in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee, in association with other names in the area, for Menelaus, husband of Helen and younger brother of Agamemnon in Homer's Iliad.

Palmer Archipelago
Palmer Archipelago, also known as Antarctic Archipelago, Archipiélago Palmer, Antarktiske Arkipel or Palmer Inseln, is a group of islands off the northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It extends from Tower Island in the north to Anvers Island in the south. It is separated by the Gerlache and Bismarck straits from the Antarctic Peninsula and Wilhelm Archipelago, respectively. The archipelago is in the British, Chilean, and Argentine Claims.

Palmer Archipelago is located at 64°15′S 62°50′W﻿ / ﻿64.250°S 62.833°W﻿ / -64.250; -62.833.
Swimming at the 1971 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre backstroke
The women's 200 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 1971 Pan American Games took place on 9 August. The last Pan American Games champion was Elaine Tanner of Canada.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in backstroke.

Backstroke
Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back. This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing, but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see where they are going. It also has a different start from the other three competition swimming styles. The swimming style is similar to an upside down front crawl or freestyle. Both backstroke and front crawl are long-axis strokes. In individual medley backstroke is the second style swum; in the medley relay it is the first style swum.
9th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
The 9th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was informally known as the "German Regiment" on account of its high enlistment of German recruits, primarily from Milwaukee.  They spent nearly the entire war on guard and anti-guerilla duty in Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas, in the western theater of the war.

United States Volunteers
United States Volunteers (also called U.S. Volunteers, U.S. Volunteer Army, among other variations) were military volunteers called upon during wartime to help the United States Army. They were separate from the Regular Army and the militia.

Until the Militia Act of 1903, the land forces of the United States were divided into three organizations:

The Regular Army, which was the permanent military establishment of the United States in peace and war.

The militia of states and territories, when called into the service of the United States.

Volunteer forces that the Congress of the United States authorized to be organized for a limited time period as an adjunct to the Regular Army in time of emergencies.
Patrick Hennessy (journalist)
Patrick Hennessy (born 10 July 1963) is a former journalist who currently serves as Director of Communications for the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan. He was previously Deputy Director of Communications for the Labour Party, under leader Jeremy Corbyn and communications chief Seumas Milne, but left to join Sadiq Khan's campaign in the 2016 London mayoral election.

He was educated at Colet Court, Eton College and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford (BA, 1985). He was previously political editor of The Sunday Telegraph from 2009 to 2013.

St Paul's Juniors
St Paul's Prep School (formerly Colet Court/St Paul's Juniors) is a private preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13 in Barnes, London. It forms the preparatory department of St Paul's School, to which most Juniors pupils progress at the age of 13.

The School was founded in 1881, named Colet Court in 1892, and renamed St Paul's Juniors from 1 September 2016. From January 2026, the school will be named St Paul's Prep School.
Rainbow Park, Florida
Rainbow Park is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in western Marion County, Florida, United States. It is on the northwest side of Florida State Road 40, 14 miles (23 km) west of Ocala, the county seat, and 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Dunnellon.

Rainbow Park was first listed as a CDP for the 2020 census, at which time it had a population of 1,672. It is part of the Ocala, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Ocala, Florida
Ocala (/oʊˈkælə/ oh-KAL-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States. Located in North Central Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, up from 56,315 at the 2010 census and making it the 43rd-most populated city in Florida. Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020.

Home to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala is considered the "Horse Capital of the World". Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center.
Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects
The Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects (officially named the Frederick Douglass Homes, and alternately named Frederick Douglass Projects, Frederick Douglass Apartments, Brewster-Douglass Homes, and Brewster-Douglass Projects) were the largest residential housing project owned by the city of Detroit. It was located in the Brush Park section on the east side of Detroit, Michigan, United States, near the Chrysler Freeway, Mack Avenue and St. Antoine Street. The housing project was named after Brewster Street, which ran through the area, and Frederick Douglass, African American abolitionist, author, and reformer. It was demolished in phases between 2003 and 2014.

The complex was home to such notable figures as Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard,  Loni Love, Smokey Robinson, and Etterlene DeBarge, during their early years.

Chrysler Freeway
The Chrysler Freeway is the name given to a freeway in the Detroit area. It is composed of:

Interstate 375 (Michigan) south of the junction with the Fisher Freeway

Interstate 75 in Michigan north of the junction with the Fisher Freeway
Life's Vagaries
Life's Vagaries is a 1795 comedy play by the Irish writer John O'Keeffe. It was first performed at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 19 March 1795. The original cast included John Bernard as Lord Torrendel, William Thomas Lewis as Lord Arthur D'Aumerle, Joseph Shepherd Munden as Sir Hans Burgess, John Quick as Dickins, John Fawcett as George Burgess, John Henry Johnstone as Timolin, Edward Townsend as Robin, Charles Farley as Leillet, Tryphosa Jane Wallis as Augusta and  Jane Pope as Lady Torrendel. Its first Dublin performance was at the Crow Street Theatre on 7 January 1796.

John Bernard (actor)
John Bernard (1756 in Portsmouth, England – 29 November 1828 in London) was an English actor and biographer. He was the author of Retrospections of the Stage (1830) and Retrospections of America, 1797-1811. He acted in a number of plays with Mary Ann Duff. His son, William Bayle Bernard, was a playwright and critic, and edited editions of his Retrospections.
Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein
Ludwig Karl von Kalckstein (10 March 1725 – 12 October 1800) was a Prussian count and field marshal.

Kalckstein was born in Berlin to Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein, laird of Knauten, Wogau and Graventhien near Mühlhausen in East Prussia, and Christophore Erna von Brandt. He became an officer in the Prussian Army and served in Prince Henry of Prussia's regiment, which led to a close relationship between Kalckstein and the Prince. In 1778 he was retired as a major general by Frederick II of Prussia and returned to his family's manor in East Prussia. After the death of Frederick II he was reenacted by Frederick William II of Prussia in 1786. In 1790 he received the Order of the Black Eagle and in 1798 he was promoted to a Generalfeldmarschall. Kalckstein became the governor of the Fortress Magdeburg, where he died and was buried.

Generalfeldmarschall
Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to Großadmiral (English: Grand Admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
Wyvetter H. Younge
Wyvetter H. Younge (August 23, 1930 – December 26, 2008) was a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 114th District from 1975 until 2008. She served as the Assistant Majority Leader later in her career. Her district included Alorton, Belleville, Brooklyn, Cahokia, Centreville, East St. Louis, Fairview Heights, Mascoutah, Millstadt, O'Fallon, Sauget, Scott Air Force Base, Shiloh, Swansea and Washington Park.

Fairview Heights, Illinois
Fairview Heights is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States within Greater St. Louis. It is an eastern suburb of St. Louis. As of the 2020 census, Fairview Heights had a population of 16,706.
Theodore Scowden
Theodore Ransom Scowden (June 8, 1815, Pennsylvania – December 31, 1881, Cleveland, Ohio) was an engineer and architect. He designed the Louisville Water Tower with his assistant Charles Hermany. He also designed waterworks for Cleveland and Cincinnati.

He was the son of Theodore Scowden II and Sarah Ransom Hazard of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and was educated at Augusta College in Kentucky.

His designs for the Louisville Water Works may have been based on Philadelphia's Fairmount Water Works (1812). The design is described as being an example of Palladian architecture. The buildings were renovated for conversion into the Louisville WaterWorks Museum.

Fairmount Water Works
The Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was Philadelphia's second municipal waterworks. Designed in 1812 by Frederick Graff and originally finished in 1815, it operated until 1909, winning praise for its design and becoming a popular tourist attraction. It now houses a restaurant and an interpretive center that explains the waterworks' purpose and local watershed history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture and its engineering innovations.  It was the nation's first water supply to use paddle wheels to move water.
Malachi Whitaker
Marjorie Olive Whitaker, née Taylor (23 September 1895, Bradford – 7 January 1976, Skipton), better known under her pseudonym Malachi Whitaker, was an English writer, noted for her short stories and an autobiography. She wrote nearly 100 stories published in four collections by Jonathan Cape in the 1920s and 1930s. Following the publication of her memoir And so did I in 1939, she announced her retirement from writing.

Skipton
Skipton (also known as Skipton-in-Craven) is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the East Division of Staincliffe Wapentake in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is on the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal to the south of the Yorkshire Dales. It is situated 27 miles (43 km) north-west of Leeds and 38 miles (61 km) west of York. At the 2021 Census, the population was 15,042. The town has been listed as one of the best and happiest places to live in the UK.
Rhizine
In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures arising mainly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their substrate; they do not absorb nutrients, as plant roots do. Characteristics of the rhizines are used to identify lichens, for example, whether they are dense or sparse, uniformly distributed or clumped in specific areas, and straight or branched. Only foliose lichens may possess rhizines, not crustose or fruticose lichens, which lack a lower cortex.

Rhizohyphae are a type of attachment structure on some lichens. Rhizohyphae are more slender than rhizines and are one cell thick in diameter. Rhizohyphae often occur as a felt-like hyphal mass.

Cortex (botany)
In botany, a cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles. The cortex is composed mostly of large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system and shows little to no structural differentiation. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells.
Baltzer Hansen
Alfred Hansen (30 November 1908 – date of death unknown), better known as Baltzer Hansen was a motorcycle speedway rider from Denmark, who rode in the first ever Speedway World Championship competition in 1936.

Speedway World Championship
The World Championship of Speedway is an international competition between the highest-ranked motorcycle speedway riders of the world, run under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The first official championships were held in 1936.

Today, the championship is organised as a series of Speedway Grand Prix events, where points are awarded according to performance in the event and tallied up at the end of each season. However, up to 1994, it was usually run as a single-night event after qualifying rounds during the season, leading up to a final consisting of 20 heats, where points were awarded according to riders' heat placings and then tallied up at the end.

Before the World Championship received its formal recognition from the ACU and the FIM in 1936, other unofficial Speedway World Championships were staged between 1931 and 1935, in Europe, South America and Australasia, such as the Star Riders' Championship.
Bowron clearcut
The Bowron clearcut or the Bowron River clearcut was a forest clearcut near the Bowron River in British Columbia, Canada. It was once considered the largest clearcut in the world. A large timber salvage operation took place in the 1980s in response to a spruce beetle infestation. 15 million cubic meters of wood were harvested.

It was known as the "clear-cut you could see from space." Despite its reputation, clearcuts on Cape Breton as well as those found in Brazil are larger.

Salvage logging
Salvage logging is the practice of logging trees in forest areas that have been damaged by wildfire, flood, severe wind, disease, insect infestation, or other natural disturbance in order to recover economic value that would otherwise be lost.

Although the primary motivation of salvage logging is economic, it has also been suggested that salvage logging may reduce erosion, reduce intensity  of future wildfires, and slow buildup of pest insects. However, there is little evidence to support such claims, and most evidence supports the view that salvage logging is harmful to forest health and function.

As with other logging operations, the harvesting may be either by selection, thinning or clearcutting, and a regeneration plan may be put in place after the logging. Salvage logging may include removal of remaining live trees in predominantly dead stands.