hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anglosphere
The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world, is a sphere of influence among Anglophone countries. The core group of this sphere of influence comprises five developed countries that maintain close social, cultural, political, economic, and military ties with each other: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Anglosphere countries are generally aligned with each other on global issues and collaborate extensively in matters of security, as exemplified by alliances like Five Eyes. The core countries of the Anglosphere are either NATO members or designated by the United States as major non-NATO allies.

Major non-NATO ally
A major non-NATO ally (MNNA) is a designation given by the United States government to countries that have strategic working relationships with the United States Armed Forces while not being members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

While MNNA status does not automatically constitute a mutual defense pact with the United States—as would be the case through NATO membership—it does confer a variety of military and financial advantages that are otherwise unobtainable by non-NATO countries. The designation also denotes strong diplomatic and economic ties and is considered a symbol of mutual friendship.

There are currently 22 major non-NATO allies across four continents: 12 in Asia, four in Africa, four in South America, and two in Oceania.
Robert Turner (footballer)
Robert Turner (1877 – unknown) was an English footballer. His regular position was at full-back. He was born in Manchester.

He played for Manchester United, making two Football League appearances in the 1898-1899 season, when the club was known as Newton Heath F.C.

He also played for Red Rock, Gravesend United, Brighton United and Cray Wanderers.

Whilst at Cray, he was part of the side that won the 1901-1902 Kent League Championship, scoring four goals during the season.

Cray Wanderers F.C.
Cray Wanderers Football Club is an English semi-professional football club based in Chislehurst, London.  Based on later reports, the club has a claim to have been established some time in 1860 in the twin villages of St Mary Cray and St Paul's Cray, near Orpington. Such a date would make it one of the oldest football clubs in the world. Cray Wanderers play their home games at Flamingo Park.

Cray Wanderers were Kent League champions four times, and have reached the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup three times in their history. The club currently play in the Isthmian League Premier Division.
Douglas Lowe (rugby union)
James Douglas Lowe (28 May 1906 — 7 November 1936) was a Scottish international rugby union player.

Lowe was the son of David Lowe, Provost of Musselburgh, and a brother of horticulturalist David Lowe.

A forward, Lowe played for Edinburgh club Heriot's FP. He gained his solitary Scotland cap against Wales at Murrayfield in the 1934 Home Nations and represented Cities (Edinburgh & Glasgow) against the touring 1935–36 All Blacks.

Lowe died of illness in 1936 at the age of 30. He had noticed a pain in his arm a week prior following a club game with Heriot's, then several days later was taken ill and diagnosed with blood poisoning.

David Lowe (horticulturalist)
Sir David Lowe CBE FRSE DL (12 May 1899 – 3 November 1980) was a Scottish horticulturalist and businessman. He was Chairman of Elvingston Estates in East Lothian. In horticulture he did much to promote the daffodil.
Eda Hurd Lord
Eda Isadore Hurd Lord (March 8, 1854 – February 26, 1938) was an American businesswoman from Evanston, Illinois.  She was responsible for plotting the city's land and developing the residential spaces.

Myron Hunt
Myron Hubbard Hunt (February 27, 1868 – May 26, 1952) was an American architect whose numerous projects include many noted landmarks in Southern California and Evanston, Illinois. Hunt was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1908.
Roosevelt Lakers
The Roosevelt Lakers are the athletic teams that represent Roosevelt University, located in Chicago, Illinois, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. As of the 2025–26 school year, Roosevelt are transitional NCAA members as they move athletic teams from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics to Division II.

The Lakers are members of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) for 15 of 17 sports. The other two programs, men's volleyball and women's bowling, respectively play in the Great Lakes Valley Conference and as an independent.

The Lakers previously competed in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) between 2010 (when the school revived its athletics program and joined the NAIA) and 23.

Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level.

The GLIAC was founded in June 1972. Its eleven member institutions are located in the Midwestern United States in the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. There are three affiliate members who compete in the GLIAC for sports not sponsored by their home conference.

Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season. Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference (MIFC), which began play in 1990. The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999, and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall.
Sally Shelton-Colby
Sally Angela Shelton-Colby (born August 29, 1944) is an American diplomat. She was Ambassador of the United States to Barbados, Grenada and Dominica as well as Minister to St Lucia, and Special Representative to Antigua, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, and St. Vincent from 1979 to 1981, under Jimmy Carter.

Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (or Saint Christopher, Nevis, and Anguilla) was a British colony in the West Indies from 1882 to 1983, consisting of the islands of Anguilla (until 1980), Nevis, and Saint Christopher (or Saint Kitts). From 1882 to 1951, and again from 1980, the colony was known simply as Saint Christopher and Nevis. Saint Christopher and Nevis gained independence in 1983 as the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, while Anguilla remains a British overseas territory.
Ryan Sheckler
Ryan Allen Sheckler (born December 30, 1989) is an American professional skateboarder and entrepreneur, and the star of the MTV-produced reality television series Life of Ryan, which ran from 2007 to 2009. He also starred in four seasons of the short-format video series Sheckler Sessions on Red Bull TV. Sheckler was listed in Fox Weekly's "15 Most Influential Skateboarders of All-Time" article.

Gravity Games
The Gravity Games was a multi-sport competition originating in Providence, Rhode Island that was broken down into Winter (only held in 2000) and Summer (held from 1999 to 2006) adaptations. The competition featured a variety of extreme sports such as aggressive inline skating, skateboarding, freestyle motocross, BMX freestyle and snowboarding.

The Gravity Games were jointly owned through a strategic partnership between Primedia, Octagon and NBC Sports.

The summer Gravity Games were last held in Perth in Australia in December 2006.

Only one game based on the license, Gravity Games Bike: Street Vert Dirt was released in North America on June 28, 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and on September 4, 2002 for the Xbox and was developed and published by Midway.
Plasma diffusion
Due to the presence of charged particles in plasma, plasma diffusion significantly differs from diffusion of gas or liquid. Even in the absence of externally applied fields, the interaction between the positive (ions) and negative (usually, electrons) plasma particles results in ambipolar diffusion with the diffusion coefficient that is dissimilar to that of either electron or ion species separately if the interaction is neglected.

Plasma diffusion across a magnetic field is an important topic in magnetic confinement of fusion plasma. It especially concerns how plasma transport is related to the strength of an external magnetic field B. Classical diffusion predicts the 1/B2 scaling, while Bohm diffusion, borne out of experimental observations from early confinement machines, was conjectured to follow the 1/B scaling. It is still an area of active research.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
Edward Tyng (military officer)
Edward Tyng (ca. 1649 - ca. 1691) was a leading military officer in Maine and was appointed Governor of Acadia during King William's War. He was the commander of Fort Loyal, 1681–82 and 1686–87.

In the Raid on Salmon Falls, the attackers' original intent was to target the home of Edward Tyng, father of Edward Tyng, at Fort Loyal but they changed plans and attacked Salmon Falls instead.

Tyng was also commander at Fort William Henry, and later became Governor of Acadia in 1690, only to be taken prisoner, together with John Alden III, by Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure in the Naval battle off St. John (1691). Alden's father, John Alden Jr., was sent to Boston to arrange an exchange of prisoners, but negotiations stalled and Tyng was sent to Quebec, where he met briefly with another prisoner, Hannah Swarton, and was later transferred to France. He died in prison there, at La Rochelle, some time after 1691.

Fort William Henry (Maine)
Fort William Henry is located in the village of New Harbor in the town of Bristol, Maine. The fort was, in its time, the largest in New England. The fort was originally built in 1692 but destroyed four years later by New France in the Siege of Pemaquid (1696). A reconstruction was built in 1908. The fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1969. Fort William Henry is now operated as a museum about the fort's history.

Fort William Henry is part of the Colonial Pemaquid State Historic Site, which also includes the archaeological excavations of 17th and 18th century village buildings and a museum with excavated artifacts found on the site, including musket balls, coins, pottery and early hardware.
Cornelis sjunger Povel
Cornelis sjunger Povel (English: Cornelis sings Povel) is a music album recorded by Swedish-Dutch folk singer-songwriter Cornelis Vreeswijk in 1981. It is an homage to composer and lyricist Povel Ramel.

Issued as double LP in 1981 titled as "Alla vi har varit små" och "The Gräsänkling blues", it was re-issued on CD in 2007 under title Diamanter.

Povel Ramel
Baron Povel Karl Henric Ramel (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈpǒːvɛl ˈrǎmːɛl] ⓘ; 1 June 1922 – 5 June 2007) was a Swedish entertainer. Ramel was a singer, pianist, vaudeville artist, author and a novelty song composer. His style was characterized by imaginative wit, both verbal and musical. He took inspiration from US and UK 'crazy' style humor and created his own personal Swedish version, unusual combinations of lyrics and music, word play, pastiche and general unexpectedness. He wrote approximately 1700 songs, skits and monologues, and he is regarded as a legend and an institution in Swedish entertainment.
Kenneth House
Kenneth House (7 April 1936 – 18 October 2014) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Dorset. He was born in Sturminster Newton, Dorset.

Having made his Minor Counties Championship debut in 1962, House made a single List A appearance, in the 1973 Gillette Cup. From the opening order, he scored 15 runs, as the team collapsed to a 79-run defeat.

Sturminster Newton
Sturminster Newton is a town and civil parish situated on the River Stour in the north of Dorset, England. The town is at the centre of the Blackmore Vale, a large dairy agriculture region around which the town's economy is built, and is known as 'the heart of the Blackmore vale'.

The town has shops, a primary and secondary school – Sturminster Newton High School – and a school and college catering for children with special educational needs. A market is held in the town on Mondays. One of the largest cattle markets in England used to be held here, but it was closed in 1998.

The town is noted for its connections with the authors Thomas Hardy and William Barnes, and as part of the historic West Country Carnival circuit.
Willacy
Willacy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Willacy (1916–1941), English footballer

John G. Willacy (1859–1943), American politician

Mark Willacy, Australian journalist

Sarah Willacy (born 1995), Australian soccer player

David Willacy
David Lewis Willacy (13 June 1916 – 1 September 1941) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Scottish Football League for Queen of the South and the Football League for Preston North End.
Jacob Philip Wingerter
Jacob Philip Wingerter (1833 in Bavaria, Germany – March 11,
1916 in Cabo Verde, Brazil) was a Protestant colporteur evangelist who spent most of his life campaigning for the Presbyterian church in Brazil.

Iguape
Iguape is a municipality located into the Ribeira Valley in the southern portion of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 30,989 (2020 estimate) in an area of 1,977.96 km2 (763.69 sq mi), making it the largest municipality area in São Paulo state. The city was officially founded on December 3, 1538, and its historic constructions are classified as national heritage by the IPHAN since 2009.

Its name has tupi origins and its translation means "in the river cove", 'y (water/river), kûá (cove) and pe (in).
Elizabeth Alexander (poet)
Elizabeth Alexander (born May 30, 1962) is an American poet, writer, and literary scholar who has served as the president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation since 2018.

Previously, Alexander was a professor for 15 years at Yale University, where she taught poetry and chaired the African American studies department. In 2015, she was appointed director of creativity and free expression at the Ford Foundation. She then joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2016, as the Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Professor in the Humanities in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. In 2022, Time named Alexander one of 100 Most Influential People in World.

Poets & Writers
Poets & Writers, Inc. is one of the largest nonprofit literary organizations in the United States serving poets, fiction writers, and creative nonfiction writers.  The organization publishes a bi-monthly magazine called Poets & Writers Magazine, and is headquartered in New York City.
Veronica macrantha
Veronica macrantha, the large-flowered hebe, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to New Zealand's South Island. As its synonym Hebe macrantha, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae, the plantain family or veronica family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain". In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.
Handen
Handen (also known as Haninge Centrum) is a part of Metropolitan Stockholm and the seat of Haninge Municipality in Stockholm County in eastern Sweden. Handen had around 15,092 inhabitants in 2018.

Geographically and statistically Handen is a part of the Stockholm urban area. Handen has a station on the Stockholm commuter rail system and a large bus station serving great areas of Södertörn.

Handen is where the municipality seat of Haninge is located. Haninge's major shopping center, Haninge Centrum, and the joint campus of KTH and Södertörn University are also located here.

The Övre Rudasjön lake is located just west of the commercial center.59°10′N 18°08′E﻿ / ﻿59.167°N 18.133°E﻿ / 59.167; 18.133

Stockholm commuter rail
Stockholm commuter rail (Swedish: Stockholms pendeltåg) is the commuter rail system in Stockholm County, Sweden. The system is an important part of the public transport in Stockholm, and is controlled by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. The tracks are state-owned and administered by the Swedish Transport Administration, while the operation of the Stockholm commuter rail services itself has been contracted to SJ AB since March 2024.
Inverse matrix gamma distribution
In statistics, the inverse matrix gamma distribution is a generalization of the inverse gamma distribution to positive-definite matrices. It is a more general version of the inverse Wishart distribution, and is used similarly, e.g. as the conjugate prior of the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution or matrix normal distribution.  The compound distribution resulting from compounding a matrix normal with an inverse matrix gamma prior over the covariance matrix is a generalized matrix t-distribution.

This reduces to the inverse Wishart distribution with   degrees of freedom when .

Conjugate prior
In Bayesian probability theory, if, given a likelihood function ,  the posterior distribution  is in the same probability distribution family as the prior probability distribution , the prior and posterior are then called conjugate distributions with respect to that  likelihood function and the prior is called a conjugate prior for the likelihood function .

A conjugate prior is an algebraic convenience, giving a closed-form expression for the posterior; otherwise, numerical integration may be necessary. Further, conjugate priors may clarify how a likelihood function updates a prior distribution.

The concept, as well as the term "conjugate prior", were introduced by Howard Raiffa and Robert Schlaifer in their work on Bayesian decision theory. A similar concept had been discovered independently by George Alfred Barnard.
Catarina Eufémia
Catarina Efigénia Sabino Eufémia (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐtɐˈɾinɐ ewˈfɛmiɐ]; February 13, 1928 – May 19, 1954) was an illiterate harvester from Alentejo, Portugal, who was murdered during a worker's strike by lieutenant Carrajola of the Guarda Nacional Republicana in Monte do Olival, Baleizão, in Beja, Alentejo. Catarina had three children, one eight months old, who was with her when she was shot.

The historic tragedy of Catarina came to personify the resistance movement against the regime of Salazar. She was adopted as an icon by the Portuguese Communist Party in Alentejo. Poets Sophia de Mello Breyner, Carlos Aboim Inglez, Eduardo Valente da Fonseca, Francisco Miguel Duarte, José Carlos Ary dos Santos, Maria Luísa Vilão Palma and António Vicente Campinas have all dedicated poems to her. António Vicente Campinas' "Cantar Alentejano" was put to music by Zeca Afonso on the album "Cantigas de Maio", made on Christmas 1971. (Hear part of the song here.)

Eduardo Valente da Fonseca
Eduardo Valente da Fonseca (Aveiro, 1928–2003) was a Portuguese writer. He collaborated on literary supplements for journals such as Comércio do Porto, Jornal de Notícias, Vértice and the Jornal de Letras. Other than writing features for journals and children's literature, he was also a poet.

His poem "Canto do Ceifeiro", with music by Francisco Fernandes was included in the LP "Cancões da Cidade Nova", by Francisco Fanhais.
1982–83 Kent Football League
The 1982–83 Kent Football League season was the seventeenth in the history of the Kent Football League, a football competition featuring teams based in and around the county of Kent in England.

The League structure comprised two divisions: Division One and Division Two with the latter known as the Reserves Section (reserves teams were not permitted in Division One). Additionally there were two league cup competitions: the Challenge Cup for the Division One clubs and another for the teams in Division Two.

Crockenhill F.C.
Crockenhill Football Club is a football club based in the village of Crockenhill near Swanley in Kent, England. Affiliated to the Kent County Football Association, the club are currently members of the Kent County League Division Two West and play at Wested Meadow.
Chip Martel
Charles U. "Chip" Martel (born 1953) is an American computer scientist and bridge player.

Martel was Inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame in 2014.  He is married to Jan Martel, also in the ACBL Hall of Fame.

Jacoby Open Swiss Teams
The Jacoby Open Swiss Teams national bridge championship is held at the spring American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).

The Jacoby Open Swiss Teams is a four session Swiss Teams event with two qualifying and two final sessions. The event typically starts on the second Saturday of the NABC. The event is open.
Veronica copelandii
Veronica copelandii is a rare species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name Copeland's speedwell.

It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the southeastern Klamath Mountains in Shasta and Trinity Counties. It occurs in mountain meadows and forest habitat in subalpine zones, usually on serpentine soils.

Shasta County, California
Shasta County (/ˈʃæstə/ ⓘ), officially the County of Shasta, is a county located in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. Its population is 182,155 as of the 2020 census, up from 177,223 recorded in 2010. The county seat is Redding. The county is bordered by Modoc County, Lassen County, Siskiyou County, Plumas County, Tehama County and Trinity County.

Shasta County comprises the Redding, California metropolitan statistical area. The county occupies the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, with portions extending into the southern reaches of the Cascade Range. Points of interest in Shasta County include Shasta Lake, Lassen Peak, and the Sundial Bridge.