hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boundary (graph theory)
In graph theory, the outer boundary of a subset S of the vertices of a graph G is the set of vertices in G that are adjacent to vertices in S, but not in S themselves. The inner boundary is the set of vertices in S that have a neighbor outside S. The edge boundary is the set of edges with one endpoint in the inner boundary and one endpoint in the outer boundary.

These boundaries and their sizes are particularly relevant for isoperimetric problems in graphs, separator theorems, minimum cuts, expander graphs, and percolation theory.

Percolation theory
In statistical physics and mathematics, percolation theory describes the behavior of a network when nodes or links are added. This is a geometric type of phase transition, since at a critical fraction of addition the network of small, disconnected clusters merge into significantly larger connected, so-called spanning clusters. The applications of percolation theory to materials science and in many other disciplines are discussed here and in the articles Network theory and Percolation (cognitive psychology).
2022 Challenger Concepción – Doubles
Orlando Luz and Rafael Matos were the defending champions but chose not to compete.

Diego Hidalgo and Cristian Rodríguez won the title after defeating Francisco Cerúndolo and Camilo Ugo Carabelli 6–2, 6–0 in the final.

Rafael Matos
Rafael Fabris de Matos (born 6 January 1996) is a Brazilian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 26, achieved on 6 February 2023 and a singles ranking of No. 440, reached on 21 May 2018. His most notable result is a major mixed doubles title at the 2023 Australian Open, playing with compatriot Luisa Stefani. They became the first Brazilian pair to win a major.

Matos has won thirteen ATP Tour titles in doubles. He represents Brazil at the Davis Cup.
Puyo, Pastaza
Puyo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpuʝo]), also known as El Puyo, is the capital of Pastaza, a province in Ecuador. Puyo is located at an altitude of approximately 950 metres above sea level by the Puyo River, a tributary of the Pastaza River, which eventually leads into the Amazon River. True to its name, derived from the Kichwa word for "cloudy", the local climate is a wet one and the weather is often overcast.

Puyo was founded in 1899. Located between Baños, and the Amazonian cities of Tena and Macas, Puyo is the commercial, cultural and political capital of the region. In late 2006, the city had approximately 25,000 inhabitants. It was the fastest growing city in Ecuador in 2006. The seasonal changes in the climate are relatively small, and daytime temperature typically range between 18 and 24 °C, with sun and generally short, but heavy periods of rain daily.

Kichwa language
Kichwa (Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (Inga), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated half million speakers.
Ernst L. Freud
Ernst Lucie Freud (/frɔɪd/ FROYD; Austrian German: [frɔʏt]; 6 April 1892 – 7 April 1970) was an Austrian-born British architect and the fourth child of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and his German-born wife Martha Bernays. In honour of his wife, Lucie Brasch, he added the initial L. to his name when he married, making the middle initial stand for Lucie.

Golders Green Crematorium
Golders Green Crematorium and Mausoleum was the first crematorium to be opened in London, and is one of the oldest crematoria in Britain. The land for the crematorium was purchased in 1900, costing £6,000 (equivalent to £820,000 in 2023) and the crematorium was opened in 1902 by Sir Henry Thompson, founder of the Cremation Society.

Golders Green Crematorium, as it is usually called, is in Hoop Lane, off Finchley Road, Golders Green, in northwest London, near Golders Green Underground station. It is directly opposite the Golders Green Jewish Cemetery. The crematorium is secular and accepts all faiths and non-believers. The crematorium gardens are listed at Grade I in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
Luis Basagaña
Luis Basagaña Soto or Lluís (born 9 August 1963 in Andorra la Vella, Andorra) is an Andorran former footballer who last played for RCD Espanyol of the Spanish Primera División for the 1984–85 season. He is the first Andorran to have played in La Liga.

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella is the capital and largest city of Andorra. It is located high in the east Pyrenees, between France and Spain. It is also the name of the Andorran parish that surrounds the capital.

As of 2023, the city had a population of 24,042, and the urban area, which includes Escaldes–Engordany plus satellite villages, has over 40,000 inhabitants.

The principal industry is tourism, and the country also earns foreign income from being a tax haven. It is at an elevation of 1,023 m (3,356 ft), and is the highest capital city in Europe. The city shares a border with Spain.
Karl Fedke
Karl Fedke (born 28 July 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Fedke, recruited from Kerang, appeared for Geelong in the final two rounds of the 1982 VFL season, an 11-point loss to Essendon at Windy Hill and another narrow loss to Collingwood at Kardinia Park. He performed well on debut, in the ruck against Essendon's Madden brothers. He was a member of Geelong's reserves premiership team that year.

He went to Glenelg in 1983.

In 2010, Fedke became senior coach of Corio.

Kardinia Park (stadium)
Kardinia Park (also known as GMHBA Stadium due to naming rights) is a sporting and entertainment venue located within Kardinia Park, South Geelong, in the Australian state of Victoria. The stadium, owned and operated by the Kardinia Park Stadium Trust, is the home ground of the Geelong Football Club, an Australian rules football club competing in the Australian Football League (AFL).It is also a secondary home ground for the Melbourne Renagades, who play two games there every BBL season. Kardinia Park can accommodate 40,000 spectators, making it the largest-capacity Australian stadium in a regional city, and the third largest-capacity stadium in Victoria behind the Melbourne Cricket Ground (100,024) and Docklands Stadium (56,347).
Manoir de Mézarnou
The Manoir de Mézarnou (Breton: Maner Mézarnou) is a fortified 16th century manor-house located in the Finistère département of Brittany in northwestern France. It is located in the small rural town of Plounéventer, near Landivisiau. It was erected by Yves de Parcevaux, who reorganised the domaine between 1571 and 1591.

Finistère
Finistère (/ˌfɪnɪˈstɛər/; French: [finistɛʁ] ⓘ; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed [ˌpɛnarˈbeːt]) is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany. Its prefecture is Quimper and its largest city is Brest. In 2019, it had a population of 915,090.
Henk Ovink
Henk Ovink (born 8 November 1967, in Doetinchem, Netherlands) is a Dutch water advocate and flood expert. From March 2015 until August 2023, he served as special envoy for International Water Affairs appointed by the Cabinet of the Netherlands. He was succeeded by Meike van Ginneken.

Doetinchem
Doetinchem (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdutɪŋxəm] ⓘ; Low Saxon: Deutekem) is a city and municipality in the east of the Netherlands. It is situated along the Oude IJssel (Old IJssel) river in a part of the province of Gelderland called the Achterhoek. The municipality had a population of 58,270 in 2021 and consists of an area of 79.66 km2 (30.76 sq mi) of which 0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi) is water. This makes Doetinchem the largest town (by population) in the Achterhoek.

On 1 January 2005, a municipal restructuring merged the neighbouring municipality of Wehl as well as the Zelhelmse Broek area with Doetinchem.
Jonathan Afolabi
Jonathan Afolabi (born 14 January 2000) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Challenger Pro League club Kortrijk. His previous clubs include Celtic, Dunfermline Athletic, Dundee, Ayr United, Airdrieonians, Bohemians and Cambuur.

Challenger Pro League
The Challenger Pro League, previously known as 1B Pro League is the second-highest division in the Belgian football league system, one level below the Belgian Pro League. It was created by the Royal Belgian Football Association in 2016, replacing the Belgian Second Division. From the season 2016–17 until 2019–20, the competition was named Proximus League, after the main sponsor Proximus.
Richard Alley
Richard Blane Alley (born 18 August 1957) is an American geologist and Evan Pugh Professor of Geosciences at Pennsylvania State University. He has authored more than 240 refereed scientific publications about the relationships between Earth's cryosphere and global climate change, and is recognized by the Institute for Scientific Information as a Highly Cited Researcher.

Cryosphere
The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form. This includes sea ice, ice on lakes or rivers, snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is an overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system. It also has important feedbacks on the climate system. These feedbacks come from the cryosphere's influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, the water cycle, atmospheric and oceanic circulation.

Through these feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. Approximately 10% of the Earth's surface is covered by ice, but this is rapidly decreasing. Current reductions in the cryosphere (caused by climate change) are measurable in ice sheet melt, glaciers decline, sea ice decline, permafrost thaw and snow cover decrease.
Jean-François Revel
Jean-François Revel (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa ʁəvɛl]; born Jean-François Ricard;  19 January 1924 – 30 April 2006) was a French  philosopher, journalist, and author.  A prominent public intellectual, Revel was a socialist in his youth but later became a prominent European proponent of classical liberalism and free market economics.  He was a member of the Académie française after June 1998.  He is best known for his book Without Marx or Jesus: The New American Revolution Has Begun, published in French in 1970.

Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values.
José Luis Romero (footballer)
José Luis Romero Robledo (born 5 January 1945 in Madrid) is a Spanish former footballer and coach.

Romero played for Villarrobledo, Sabadell, Xerez, Barcelona, Espanyol, Burgos and Sant Andreu.

Romero coached Sabadell, Barcelona (as interim), Real Oviedo, Logroñés, Betis, Cádiz and Atlético Madrid.

UE Sant Andreu
Unió Esportiva Sant Andreu (Catalan pronunciation: [uniˈo əspuɾˈtiβə ˈsant ənˈdɾew]) is a Catalan Spanish football club based in the district of Sant Andreu in Barcelona, Catalonia. Founded in 1909, it plays in Segunda Federación – Group 3, holding home matches at Camp Municipal Narcís Sala, with an all-seated capacity of 6,563.
Eskitaş, Kahta
Eskitaş (Kurdish: Encoz) is a village in the Kâhta District of Adıyaman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Gewozî and Kawan tribes and had a population of 510 in 2021.

The hamlets of Kaynarca and Sırmalı are attached to the village.

Kâhta District
Kâhta District is a district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Kâhta. Its area is 1,274 km2, and its population is 127,534 (2021). On 12 October 2018, cave drawings which date back to the Paleolithic era, were discovered in the Kâhta district, due to the decline of Atatürk Reservoir waters by 10–15 meters.
Dan Kneen
Daniel Richard Kneen (26 June 1987 – 30 May 2018) was a professional motorcycle racer from Douglas, Isle of Man.

Kneen was a race winner at the Manx Grand Prix (three times) and the Ulster Grand Prix, and finished on the podium at the 2017 Isle of Man TT, in the Superstock race. Kneen died of multiple injuries after an accident during qualifying for the 2018 Isle of Man TT, the 147th competitor to be killed at the Mountain Course during a TT meeting.

Tandragee 100
The Tandragee 100 is a motorcycle race that occurs on the public roads which connect Tandragee and Markethill, near the village of Clare, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Spanning 5.3 miles, it is sometimes referred to by its organisers as the 'Mini TT'.
WDR 4
WDR 4 is a German commercial-free public radio station owned and operated by the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR). It is designed as an entertainment programme targeted at an audience aged 50 and above.

Originally the station played mostly German Schlager music. Starting in 2011, it transitioned into playing international oldies. As of 2023, WDR 4 has more than 2 million daily listeners.

Schlager music
Schlager (German: [ˈʃlaːɡɐ], "hit(s)") is a style of European popular music generally defined by catchy instrumental accompaniments to vocal pieces of pop music with simple, easygoing, and often sentimental lyrics.

Schlager tracks are typically light pop tunes or sweet, sentimental ballads with simple, catchy melodies. Their lyrics typically center on love, relationships, and feelings. The northern variant of schlager (notably in Finland) has taken elements from Finnic, Nordic, Slavic, and Eastern European folk songs, with lyrics tending toward melancholic and elegiac themes. Musically, schlager bears similarities to styles such as easy listening.

The style was frequently represented in the early years of the Eurovision Song Contest  but has now been replaced by other pop music styles.
1977 Tour de Suisse
The 1977 Tour de Suisse was the 41st edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 15 June to 24 June 1977. The race started in Baden and finished in Effretikon. The race was won by Michel Pollentier of the Flandria team.

Flandria (cycling team)
Flandria was a Belgian professional cycling team that existed from 1957 to 1979. It was sponsored by Flandria a bicycle manufacturer located in West Flanders that also manufactures mopeds, lawnmowers, and motorbikes.
Municipal Okrug 75
Municipal Okrug 75 (Russian: Муниципальный округ № 75) is a municipal okrug in Frunzensky District, one of the eighty-one low-level municipal divisions  of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 50,757.

Okrug
An okrug is a type of administrative division in some Slavic-speaking states. The word okrug is a loanword in English, alternatively translated as area, district, county, or region.

Etymologically, okrug literally means 'circuit', derived from Proto-Slavic *okrǫgъ, in turn from *ob- "around" + *krǫgъ "circle". In meaning, the word is similar to the German term Bezirk or Kreis ('district') and the French word arrondissement; all of which refer to something "encircled" or "surrounded".
HIST1H2BL
Histone H2B type 1-L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H2BL gene.

Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes. The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the histone H2B family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails but instead contain a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the small histone gene cluster on chromosome 6p22-p21.3.

Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word intron is derived from the term intragenic region, i.e., a region inside a gene. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding RNA sequence in RNA transcripts. The non-intron sequences that become joined by this RNA processing to form the mature RNA are called exons.

Introns are found in the genes of most eukaryotes and many eukaryotic viruses, and they can be located in both protein-coding genes and genes that function as RNA (noncoding genes). There are four main types of introns: tRNA introns, group I introns, group II introns, and spliceosomal introns (see below). Introns are rare in Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes).
N. J. Holmberg
Nathaniel John Holmberg (July 24, 1878 – June 13, 1951) was an American politician and farmer.

Holmberg was born in a log cabin in Sacred Heart Township near Renville, Renville County, Minnesota and was educated in the Renville elementary public schools and the Renville High School. In 1909, Holmberg graduated from the University of Minnesota School of Agriculture. He lived in Renville, Minnesota with his wife and family and was a farmer. Holmberg served as the Sacred Heart Township supervisor and on the Reville School Board. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1907 to 1914 and in the Minnesota Senate from 1915 to 1918. Homberg was a Republican. He served on the Minnesota Railroad and Warehouse Commission and as the commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture. Holmberg died at the Saint Paul City Hall, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, from a heart attack while speaking at a committee meeting.

Minnesota Senate
The Minnesota Senate is the upper house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota. At 67 members, half as many as the Minnesota House of Representatives, it is the largest upper house of any U.S. state legislature. Floor sessions are held in the west wing of the State Capitol in Saint Paul. Committee hearings, as well as offices for senators and staff, are located north of the State Capitol in the Minnesota Senate Building. Each member of the Minnesota Senate represents approximately 85,000 constituents.
Man Sagar Lake
Man Sagar Lake is an artificial lake, situated in Jaipur, the capital city of the state of Rajasthan in India. It is named after Raja Man Singh, the then ruler of Amer, who constructed it in c. 1610 by damming the Dravyavati river. The Jal Mahal is situated in the middle of the lake.

Nahargarh Fort
Nahargarh Fort stands on the edge of the Aravalli Hills, overlooking the city of Jaipur in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Along with Amber Fort and Jaigarh Fort, Nahargarh once formed a strong defence ring for the city. The fort was originally named Sudershangarh, but it became known as Nahargarh, which means 'abode of tigers'. The popular belief is that Nahar here stands for Nahar Singh Bhomia, whose spirit haunted the place and obstructed construction of the fort. Nahar's spirit was pacified by building a temple in his memory within the fort, which thus became known by his name.
Barony of Schwarzenberg
The Barony of Schwarzenberg (German: Herrschaft Schwarzenberg) was a domain that emerged in the middle of the 12th century in the Saxon Ore Mountains in central Europe. It continued to exist following its acquisition by John Frederick the Magnanimous in 1533 as an administrative unit of the Electorate of Saxony under the name of Amt Schwarzenberg and acted as the regional focal point, until the end of the Saxon Amt constitution, for the collection of baronial contributions and coordination of socage, for law and order and military service.

John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
John Frederick I (German: Johann Friedrich I. von Sachsen; called the Magnanimous der Großmütige; 30 June 1503 – 3 March 1554) was the Elector of Saxony (1532–1547) until he was deprived of this title in the Capitulation of Wittenberg by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. He was leading the Schmalkaldic League, a military alliance of Lutheran principalities.
Dallas County Schools
Dallas County Schools (DCS) was a school bus transportation agency in Dallas County, Texas. The public agency, founded in 1846, provided student transportation services to school districts, charter schools and private schools in the county. DCS also served select school districts in Parker and Tarrant Counties under the name TexServe.

Until its dissolution in 2018 following a corruption scandal, DCS was one of the largest student transportation fleets in the nation. It operated a fleet of approximately 2,000 buses and transported more than 75,000 students per day.

Coppell Independent School District
The Coppell Independent School District is a school district based in Coppell, Texas (USA).

The district includes most of Coppell and small parts of Grapevine, Irving (including a portion of Valley Ranch), Dallas and Lewisville.

In 2009, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.

In 2022, the school district was accused of tolerating racism and bullying against minority students.
1967 VFA Grand Final
The 1967 VFA Division 1 Grand Final was an Australian rules football match played between the Dandenong Redlegs and the Port Melbourne Borough. The match was held on Sunday 24 September 1967 at the Punt Road Oval in Jolimont, Melbourne, to decide the Division 1 Premiership for the 1967 Victorian Football Association season.

The match was described by historian John Devaney as "indisputably one of the most infamous matches in Australian football history". after Port Melbourne captain-coach Brian Buckley nearly led his team off the field in protest at the performance of umpire David Jackson. Dandenong went on to win the game 16.13 (109) to 12.12 (84), securing the first Division 1 premiership in Dandenong's history.

Jolimont, Victoria
Jolimont is an unbounded neighbourhood of the suburb of East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Situated to the south east of the city's primary axis, Jolimont features parks, business precincts and a limited amount of residential accommodation. It was named after the Jolimont estate of Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe, Victoria's first governor from 1839 to 1854.
Ministry of Health (Malaysia)
The Ministry of Health (Malay: Kementerian Kesihatan; abbreviated MOH (KKM in Malay); Jawi: كمنترين كصيحتن‎) is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for health system: health behaviour, cancer, public health, health management, medical research, health systems research, respiratory medicine, health promotion, healthcare tourism, medical device, blood collection, leprosy control, clinical research, health care, dental care, health institution, laboratory, pharmaceutical, patient safety.

The Minister of Health administers ministerial functions through the Ministry of Health and a range of other government agencies. The current Health Minister is Dzulkefly Ahmad who has served since 12 December 2023 and from 21 May 2018 to 24 February 2020. The minister is assisted by the Deputy Minister of Health Lukanisman Awang Sauni who took office on 10 December 2022.

Its headquarters is located in Putrajaya.

Health facility
A health facility is, in general, any location where healthcare is provided. Health facilities range from small clinics and doctor's offices to urgent care centers and large hospitals with elaborate emergency rooms and trauma centers. The number and quality of health facilities in a country or region is one common measure of that area's prosperity and quality of life. In many countries, health facilities are regulated to some extent by law; licensing by a regulatory agency is often required before a facility may open for business. Health facilities may be owned and operated by for-profit businesses, non-profit organizations, governments, and, in some cases, individuals, with proportions varying by country. See also the recent review paper,