hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erlach family
The Erlach family was a Bernese patrician family.  They first became citizens of Bern around 1300.  During the 17th and 18th centuries they were one of the leading families in Bern.   For centuries the family served as senior military commanders in both Bern and in foreign armies.  They were mayors of Bern and ruled over many other towns and cities in western Switzerland.  Several family members received the upper nobility title "Reichsgraf".

Battle of Laupen
The Battle of Laupen was fought in June 1339, between Bern and its allies on one side, and Freiburg together with feudal landholders from the County of Burgundy and Habsburg territories on the other. Bern was victorious, consolidating its position in the region. As a consequence of the conflict, the relations of Bern and the Swiss Confederacy tightened, resulting in Bern's permanent accession in 1353.

This is also the first battle that the white cross was documented as being used as a field sign worn by Swiss combatants.
Palais des Fêtes
The Palais des Fêtes (Festival Palace) is a music venue in the Neustadt district of Strasbourg, in the French department of the Bas-Rhin. Built for the male choral society of Strasbourg (German: Strassburger Männergesangverein) in 1903, it has served as the principal concert hall of the city and home to the Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg until 1975. It has been classified as a monument historique since 2007.

Well known conductors such as Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Charles Munch, Bruno Walter, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Herbert von Karajan, Karel Ančerl, Pierre Boulez and Lorin Maazel, among others, have all conducted guest concerts in the Palais.

Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan (German: [ˈhɛʁbɛʁt fɔn ˈka(ː)ʁajan] ⓘ; born Heribert Adolf Ernst Karajan; 5 April 1908 – 16 July 1989) was an Austrian conductor. He was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 34 years. During the Nazi era, he debuted at the Salzburg Festival, with the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and during World War II he conducted at the Berlin State Opera. Generally regarded as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century, he was a controversial but dominant figure in European classical music from the mid-1950s until his death. Part of the reason for this was the large number of recordings he made and their prominence during his lifetime. By one estimate, he sold 200 million records.
USNS Mission Purisima
SS Mission Purisima was a Type T2-SE-A2 tanker built for the United States Maritime Commission during World War II. After the war, she was acquired by the United States Navy as USS Mission Purisima (AO-118). Later the tanker transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS Mission Purisima (T-AO-118). She was a member of the Mission Buenaventura-class oiler and was named for Mission La Purísima Concepción near Lompoc, California.

Lompoc, California
Lompoc (/ˈlɒmpoʊk/ LOM-poke; Chumashan Purisimeño: lumpo'o̥) is a city in Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Located on the Central Coast, its population was 43,834 as of July 2021.

Lompoc has been inhabited for thousands of years by the Chumash people, who called the area lumpo'o̥, meaning 'lagoon' in the local Purisimeño language. The Spanish called the area Lompoco after Fermín de Lasuén had established Misión La Purísima in 1787. In 1837, the Mexican government sold the area as the Rancho Lompoc land grant. After the U.S. conquest of California, multiple settlers acquired the Lompoc Valley, including William Welles Hollister, who sold the land around the mission to the Lompoc Valley Land Company, which established a temperance colony that incorporated in 1888 as Lompoc. Lompoc is often considered a military town because it is near Vandenberg Space Force Base.
Joe Battin
Joseph V. Battin (November 11, 1853 – December 10, 1937) was a 19th-century American Major League Baseball player. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Battin played major league baseball from 1871 to 1884 and then returned for one season in 1890, after several years in various minor leagues. Battin primarily played at second base and third base, although he occasionally filled in at other roles as well.

His best year was in 1876 for the St. Louis Brown Stockings, when he batted .300 and scored 34 runs.

Battin briefly served as manager for two different teams; the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association in 1883 (2–11 record) and 1884 (6–7 record), and the Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies of the Union Association in 1884 (1–5 record).

In 1936, the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum listed Battin on the ballot. He received one vote.

Battin died at the age of 84 in Akron, Ohio, where he was buried at the Glendale Cemetery.

American Association (1882–1891)
The American Association of Base Ball Clubs (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from 1882 to 1891. Together with the National League (NL), founded in 1876, the AA participated in an early version of the World Series seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the Temple Cup (1894–1897).

During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League". It was also sometimes called the "Beer and Whiskey League".
Notis Marias
Epaminóndas "Nótis" Mariás (Greek: Επαμεινώνδας (Νότης) Μαριάς; born 5 April 1957) is a Greek political scientist, politician, and Member of the European Parliament (MEP).  He is a former member of the Independent Greeks and sits in the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament, of which he is one of the three Vice-Chairmen.

Marias was elected to the Hellenic Parliament at the May 2012 election, representing Heraklion in Crete.  He was re-elected a month later, again representing Heraklion.  Marias was elected to the European Parliament at the 2014 election, at which the Independent Greeks won 3.5% of the vote: entitling them to one MEP.

Before his election to Parliament, Marias was a Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Crete.  He holds a BA in Law from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, an LL.M in Law from the London School of Economics, and a Ph.D in Political and Social Sciences from Panteion University.

Hellenic Parliament
37°58′31″N 23°44′13″E﻿ / ﻿37.97528°N 23.73694°E﻿ / 37.97528; 23.73694

The Parliament of the Hellenes (Greek: Βουλή των Ελλήνων, romanized: Voulí ton Ellínon), commonly known as the Hellenic Parliament (Greek: Ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο, romanized: Ellinikó Koinovoúlio), is the unicameral legislature of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens. The parliament is the supreme democratic institution that represents the citizens through an elected body of Members of Parliament (MPs).

It is a unicameral legislature of 300 members, elected for a four-year term. From 1844–1863 and from 1927–1935, the parliament was bicameral with an upper house (the Senate; Greek: Γερουσία, romanized: Gerousía) and a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies; Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων, Voulí ton Antiprosópon). Several important Greek statesmen have served as the speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.
Jez Bond
Jez Bond (born 1977) is a British theatre director. One of the cohort of artistic directors born in the 1960s and 70s who are now running significant UK theatres, he opened the Park Theatre in Finsbury Park, London in 2013.

Finsbury Park
Finsbury Park is a public park in Harringay, north London, England. The park lies on the southern-most edge of the London Borough of Haringey. It is in the area formerly covered by the historic parish of Hornsey, succeeded by the Municipal Borough of Hornsey. It was one of the first of the great London parks laid out in the Victorian era. The park borders the neighbourhoods of Finsbury Park, Stroud Green, and Manor House.

Finsbury Park should not be confused with Finsbury, which is a district of Central London roughly 3 miles (5 km) to the south, forming the south-eastern part of the London Borough of Islington.
Southwest Florida International Airport
Southwest Florida International Airport (IATA: RSW, ICAO: KRSW, FAA LID: RSW) is a major county-owned airport in the South Fort Myers area of unincorporated Lee County, Florida, United States. The airport serves the Southwest Florida region, including the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Naples-Marco Island, and Punta Gorda metropolitan areas, and is a U.S. Customs and Border Protection port of entry. It currently is the second-busiest single-runway airport in the United States, after San Diego International Airport, California. In 2025, the airport served 11,154,458 passengers, the most in its history.

The airport sits on 13,555 acres (5,486 ha, 21.2 sq.mi.) of land just southeast of Fort Myers, about 6,000 acres of which have been conserved as swamp lands and set aside for environmental mitigation.

United Airlines
United Airlines, Inc. is a major airline in the United States headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It operates an extensive domestic and international route network across the United States and to destinations on six continents. Regional service is provided by independent carriers operating under the United Express brand, and the Star Alliance, of which United was one of the five founding airlines, extends its network throughout the world.

The principal figure behind the formation of the airline was William E. Boeing, founder of the Boeing Aircraft Company in 1916. He launched an air service between Victoria, British Columbia, and Seattle and later acquired three additional airlines, completing the merger by 1931 to form United Air Lines. Through successive mergers and acquisitions, United has remained one of the largest airlines in the world for much of its history.
Jacob Ford House
Jacob Ford House is a historic home located at Morristown in St. Lawrence County, New York.  It is a 2+1⁄2-story rectangular stone structure with a gable roof, built in 1837 in a late Federal style. There is a 1+1⁄2-story wing on the south side.  The front features a portico added about 1890.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Morristown, New York
Morristown is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 1,974 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Gouverneur Morris, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and landowner in New York.

The Town of Morristown is on the northwestern part of the county and contains a village also named Morristown. The village and town are northwest of Gouverneur.
Nędzerzew, Łódź Voivodeship
Nędzerzew [nɛnˈd͡zɛʐɛf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witonia, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) southeast of Witonia, 12 km (7 mi) northeast of Łęczyca, and 40 km (25 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Łęczyca County
Łęczyca County (Polish: powiat łęczycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łęczyca, which lies 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 774 square kilometres (298.8 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 53,435, out of which the population of Łęczyca was 15,423 and the rural population was 38,012.
Thérèse Raquin (opera)
Thérèse Raquin is an American opera in two acts composed by Tobias Picker to a libretto by Gene Scheer based on the 1867 novel Thérèse Raquin by Émile Zola. It is Picker's third opera, following Emmeline (1996) and Fantastic Mr. Fox (1998). It was commissioned by the Dallas Opera, San Diego Opera, and the Opéra de Montréal. It premiered in November 2001. In 2006, a version with reduced orchestration was commissioned by Opera Theatre Europe; it premiered that year at the Royal Opera House and had its first New York performance in 2007 at Dicapo Opera Theatre. This version was subsequently produced by Boston University Opera Institute in 2009, Pittsburgh's Microscopic Opera Company in 2013, and both Long Beach Opera and the Chicago Opera Theater in 2015.

Long Beach Opera
Long Beach Opera is a Southern California opera company serving the greater Los Angeles and Orange County metroplex. Founded in 1979, it is the oldest continually running opera company in the L.A. area. In June 2019 LBO presented the world premiere of The Central Park Five, an opera by Anthony Davis with libretto by Richard Wesley, about the Central Park jogger case. The opera won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in May 2020.
Nangchu River
Nangchu River (Chinese: 年楚河, Wylie: myang chu, ZYPY: མྱང་ཆུ), or Nianchu River, the largest tributary of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo, is located in Samzhubzê, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region.

Gyantse County
Gyantse County officially Gyangzê County (Tibetan: རྒྱལ་རྩེ་རྫོང་།; Chinese: 江孜县) is a county of Xigazê in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Its main settlement is Gyantse Town known for its monasteries.
Sir William Acton, 1st Baronet
Sir William Acton, 1st Baronet (1570 – 22 January 1651) was an English merchant and Royalist who was Lord Mayor of London in 1640.

Acton was the son of Richard Acton, a London merchant, and Margaret Dannell. He was apprenticed by the Merchant Taylor Company in 1593 and freed in 1601. On 12 February 1628, he was elected an alderman of the City of London for Aldersgate ward. That same year, he was Sheriff of London.  He was created a baronet on 30 May 1629.

In 1640, Acton was due to be elected Lord Mayor of London but in an unprecedented vote he was passed over because of his strong Royalist views. Edmund Wright was voted in as the compromise candidate.

Acton married firstly Anne Bill, daughter of James Bill of Ashwell, Hertfordshire, and secondly Jane Johnson Bird, widow of Sir William Bird.  Acton's daughter and sole heiress, Elizabeth, brought great wealth to the Whitmore family upon her marriage to Sir Thomas Whitmore, 1st Baronet. The baronetcy became extinct on Acton's death.

Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors
The Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors is one of the 113 livery companies of the City of London.

The Company, originally known as the Guild and Fraternity of St John the Baptist in the City of London, was founded prior to 1300, first incorporated under a royal charter in 1327, confirmed by later charters in 1408, 1503 and 1719.

Its seat is the Merchant Taylors' Hall between Threadneedle Street and Cornhill, a site it has occupied since at least 1347. The Company's motto is Concordia Parvae Res Crescunt, from the Roman historian Sallust meaning In Harmony Small Things Grow.
Herbert's rock-wallaby
Herbert's rock-wallaby (Petrogale herberti) is a member of a group of seven very closely related rock-wallabies found in northeastern Queensland, Australia. Herbert's is the most southerly and most widespread of the group.

Herbert's rock-wallaby is distributed from around 100 km northwest of Brisbane north to the Fitzroy River. It ranges inland to around Clermont and Rubyvale. It is the largest of the related group of Queensland rock-wallabies.

The species was named in honour of the mineralogist Herbert Smith.

Fitzroy River (Queensland)
The Fitzroy River (Darumbal: Toonooba) is a river in Central Queensland, Australia. Its catchment covers an area of 142,665 square kilometres (55,083 sq mi), making it the largest river catchment flowing to the eastern coast of Australia.  It is also the largest river basin that discharges onto the Great Barrier Reef.
Kokory
Kokory is a municipality and village in Přerov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.

Kokory lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Přerov, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Olomouc, and 223 km (139 mi) east of Prague.

Olomouc Region
Olomouc Region (Czech: Olomoucký kraj; German: Olmützer Region, pronounced [ˈɔlmʏt͡sɐ ʁeˈɡi̯oːn]; Polish: Kraj ołomuniecki) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western and central part of its historical region of Moravia (Morava) and in a small part of the historical region of Czech Silesia (České Slezsko). It is named for its capital Olomouc.

Olomouc region borders with the Moravian-Silesian Region (in the east), Zlín Region (in the south-east), South Moravian Region (in the south-west) and Pardubice Region (in the west). Furthermore, the region shares a 104 km long border with Poland (in the north).
Théophile Georges Kassab
Théophile Georges Kassab (5 June 1945 − 22 October 2013) was a Syrian Syriac Catholic archbishop.

Ordained to the priesthood in 1974, Kassab was elected archbishop of the Syriac Metropolitan Archeparchy of Homs, Syria in May 1999, before being ordained archbishop of the title in March 2000.

He died in October 2013, while receiving treatment at the Maronite Saint Georges Hospital in Ajaltoun, Lebanon.

Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Homs
The Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Homs (-Hama-Nabk) (informally Homs of the Syriacs) is a nominally metropolitan archeparchy (Eastern Catholic archdiocese) of the Syriac Catholic Church sui iuris (Antiochian Rite in Syriac language) in Syria. It has no suffragans. The seat of the archeparchy is the Holy Ghost Cathedral in Homs, Syria.

Since March 2023, it is headed by Archbishop Julian Yacoub Mourad (born Jacques Mourad).
Baseball cheering culture in South Korea
The baseball cheering culture in South Korea (Korean: 베이스볼 치어링 컬처 인 사우스 코리아) started in the 1990s and continues to the present. There are 10 professional clubs and each club has its own way of cheering. The Korean cheering culture generally shares similar characteristics: collective, enthusiastic and empathetic. Baseball cheering is popular because of easy-to-learn fight songs, break-time events and a variety of foods. Baseball cheering is performed in most parts of a ballpark.

Gwangju
Gwangju (Korean: 광주; Korean: [kwaŋ.dʑu] ⓘ), formerly romanized as Kwangju, is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until its promotion to a metropolitan city in 2005, upon which the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County.

Its name is composed of the words gwang (Korean: 광; Hanja: 光) meaning "light" and ju (주; 州) meaning "province". Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju (무주; 武州), in which "Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju, Ungju, Jeonju, Muju and various counties, plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla" in the Samguk sagi. In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine.
Nanosatellite Launch System
The Nanosatellite Launch System (NLS) is a series of satellite launch missions launched 2003–2010, coordinated by the Space Flight Laboratory (SFL) of the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS).

NLS has provided low-cost launch services for a number of nanosatellites.

Small satellite
A small satellite, miniaturized satellite, or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction.  Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example, gathering of scientific data and radio relay.  Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.
Crib talk
Crib talk or crib speech is pre-sleep monologue made by young children while in bed. This starts somewhere around one-and-a-half years and usually ends by about two-and-a-half years of age, though children can continue longer. It consists of conversational discourse with turn-taking often containing semantically and syntactically coherent question-answer sequences. It may contain word play and bits of song and nursery rhyme.

Crib talk has been found in deaf children in their early sign language. It also occurs in autistic children.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Ringwood Manor
Ringwood Manor, located in Passaic County, New Jersey, was the site of an ironworks and home to a number of well-known ironmasters from the 1740s to the late 19th century. The current manor house was not built until 1807.

Passaic County, New Jersey
Passaic County (/pəˈseɪ.ɪk/ pə-SAY-ik or locally /pəˈseɪk/ pə-SAYK) is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey that is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the county was the state's eighth-most-populous county, with a population of 524,118, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 22,892 (+4.6%) from the 2010 census count of 501,226, which in turn reflected an increase of 12,177 (+2.5%) from the 489,049 counted in the 2000 census. The county is part of the North Jersey region of the state.

The most populous place in Passaic County is Paterson, the county seat, with 159,732 residents at the 2020 Census, more than 30% of the county's population, while West Milford covered 80.32 square miles (208.0 km2), the largest total area of any municipality and more than 40% of the county's area.
Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis
Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Walter de Gruyter. It covers research on fractional calculus, special functions, integral transforms, and some closely related areas of applied analysis.

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Zentralblatt MATH, and Mathematical Reviews.

The journal's Founding Editors were Professors Eric Love, Ian Sneddon, Bogoljub Stanković, Rudolf Gorenflo, Danuta Przeworska-Rolewicz, Gary Roach, Anatoly Kilbas, and Wen Chen.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).