hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mersey and Irwell Navigation
The Mersey and Irwell Navigation was a river navigation in North West England, which provided a navigable route from the Mersey estuary to Salford and Manchester, by improving the course of the River Irwell and the River Mersey. Eight locks were constructed between 1724 and 1734, and the rivers were improved by the construction of new cuts several times subsequently. Use of the navigation declined from the 1870s, and it was ultimately superseded by the Manchester Ship Canal, the construction of which destroyed most of the Irwell section of the navigation and the long cut between Latchford and Runcorn.

North West England
North West England is one of nine official regions of England and consists of the ceremonial counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside. The North West had a population of 7,417,397 in 2021. It is the third-most-populated region in the United Kingdom, after the South East and Greater London. The largest settlements are Manchester and Liverpool. It is one of the three regions, alongside North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber, that make up Northern England.
Saalfeld Fairy Grottoes
The Saalfeld Fairy Grottoes (in German: Saalfelder Feengrotten) are caverns or grottoes of a former mine near Saalfeld, in the German state of Thuringia.

They have long been famous for their countless colorful mineral formations (speleothems) formed over many years by water dripping through relatively soft rock. Since 1993, the Guinness Book of World Records has termed the Feengrotten "the most colorful cave grottoes in the world".

Speleothem
A speleothem (/ˈspiːliəθɛm/; from Ancient Greek  σπήλαιον (spḗlaion) 'cave' and  θέμα (théma) 'deposit') is a geological formation made by mineral deposits that accumulate over time in natural caves. They can take a variety of forms, depending on their depositional history and environment. Common forms include stalagmites, stalactites, and flowstones.

Speleothems most commonly form in calcareous caves due to carbonate dissolution reactions. Their chemical composition, gradual growth, and preservation in caves make them useful paleoclimatic proxies.
Laís Souza
Laís da Silva Souza (born December 13, 1988) is a Brazilian former artistic gymnast and aerial skier. Souza represented Brazilian gymnastics team internationally from 2003 to 2008 and helped the Brazilian team qualify for two Summer Olympic Games. In 2013, she took up the winter sport of freestyle skiing, and qualified in the aerials event for the 2014 Winter Olympics, but was paralyzed in an accident during training weeks before the Olympics.

2003 Pan American Games
The 2003 Pan American Games, officially the XIV Pan American Games (Spanish: XIV Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Santo Domingo 2003, were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from August 1 to 17, 2003.  The successful bid for the Games was made in the mid-1990s, when Dominican Republic had one of the highest growth rates in Latin America.

All 42 PASO countries and over 5,223 athletes pre-registered for participation in the XIV Pan American Games. An additional 2,425 trainers and delegates attended. The United States pre-registered the most athletes (713) and Saint Lucia entered the least (6).  The host country entered 562 athletes.
Heljo Sepp
Heljo Sepp (October 15, 1922, Valga, Estonia - November 27, 2015, Tallinn) was an Estonian pianist and music teacher,  professor at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre.

After winning the International Youth Piano Competition, and the British Council's Music Prize, she was granted a 3-year scholarship for Royal Academy of Music. The study was interrupted by World War II. After the war she continued her studies at the Tallinn Conservatoire and the Moscow Conservatoire.

Valga, Estonia
Valga (German: Walk; Latvian: Valka) is a town in southern Estonia and the capital of Valga County and Valga Parish. Until their separation in 1920, Valga and the town of Valka in northern Latvia were one town. They are now twin-towns. The area of Valga is 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 square miles). The population is 12,261. On 21 December 2007 all border-crossing points were removed and roads and fences opened between the two countries with both countries joining the Schengen Agreement.
Vasily Zuyev
Vasily Fyodorovich Zuyev (Russian: Василий Фёдорович Зуев, 1 (12) January 1754 – 7 (18) January 1794) was a Russian naturalist and traveler, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1779).

Zuyev participated in the academy's expeditions (1768–74) under the command of Peter Simon Pallas. In 1781–82 he traveled to the region of the Bug and lower Dniepr rivers, which he described in the book Travel Notes From St. Petersburg to Kherson in 1781 and 1782 (1787). He wrote a number of works on zoology, chiefly on the taxonomy of fish. Zuyev was the author of the first Russian manual on natural science, Outline of Natural History (parts 1–2, 1786).

Academician
An academician is a full member of an artistic, literary, engineering, or scientific academy. In many countries, it is an honorific title used to denote a full member of an academy that has a strong influence on national scientific life.

Accordingly, within systems such as the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the title grants privileges and administrative responsibilities for funding allocation and research priorities.
Laser Doppler velocimetry
Laser Doppler velocimetry, also known as laser Doppler anemometry, is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque, reflecting surfaces. The measurement with laser Doppler anemometry is absolute and linear with velocity and requires no pre-calibration.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Bharata Ratna
Bharata Ratna is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna. The film stars Vijayashanti in a dual role as Vijaya and Bhavani, alongside Vinod Kumar, Kota Srinivasa Rao, and Raghunatha Reddy. It was produced by Boyinapalli Srinivasa Rao under the Pratima Film Productions banner, with music composed by Vandemataram Srinivas.

Bharata Ratna was released on 4 June 1999, and was later dubbed in Tamil as Bharatha Rathna (with a few reshot scenes with Senthil and Pandu) and Hindi as Captain Bhavani. It received the Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration at the 1999 Nandi Awards.

Vinod Kumar Alva
Vinod Kumar Alva (born 1 April 1963) is an Indian actor who has worked predominantly in Telugu cinema and appeared in Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam films. He is known as Vinod Kumar in Telugu film industry. He hails from Puttur in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka in India.   He is known for his roles in Telugu films like Karthavyam (1990), Seetharatnam Gari Abbayi (1992) and Police Brothers (1994).
Bunker Spreckels
Bunker Spreckels (born Adolph Bernard Spreckels III; August 15, 1949 – January 7, 1977) was an American surfer and an early pioneer of a surfboard design.

He was the great-grandson of German-born sugar baron Claus Spreckels and was heir to the Spreckels Sugar fortune. Spreckels became the stepson of Clark Gable when his mother married the actor.

Spreckels met surf photographer Art Brewer in 1969 at the surf spot known as Banzai Pipeline while Brewer was on a three-month photo shoot for Surfer magazine.

Banzai Pipeline
The Banzai Pipeline, or simply Pipeline or Pipe, is a surf reef break located in Hawaii, off Ehukai Beach Park in Pupukea on O'ahu's North Shore. A reef break is an area in the ocean where waves start to break once they reach the shallows of a reef. Pipeline is known for huge waves that break in shallow water just above a sharp and cavernous reef, forming large, hollow, thick curls of water that surfers can tube ride. There are three reefs at Pipeline in progressively deeper water farther out to sea that activate according to the increasing size of approaching ocean swells.
Riverside Farm (Nelson County, Virginia)
Riverside Farm is a historic farm complex in rural western Nelson County, Virginia.  It is located on the south side of Patrick Henry Highway (Virginia State Route 151) west of Roseland, on the western shore of the Tye River.  Set on 295 acres (119 ha), it has a history dating to the early-to-mid 19th century, with the main farm complex set near the center of rolling fields.  The main house is an 1841 late Federal period wood-frame house, and it is surrounded by a variety of domestic and agricultural outbuildings, including an ice house, poultry house, and smokehouse, all from the 1840s.  Near the road stands a secondary complex that includes a mid-19th century tenant house.  Development on the farm apparently began between 1831 and 1835 by James D. Goodwin.

The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

Roseland, Virginia
Roseland is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.  It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969.

Roseland is home to the Devils Backbone Brewing Company.
A Tale of the Ragged Mountains
"A Tale of the Ragged Mountains" is a fantastical short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. Set near Charlottesville, Virginia, it is the only story the author set in the state. It was first published in Godey's Lady's Book in April 1844. It was anthologized the following year in Tales, published in New York by Wiley and Putnam.

Warren Hastings
Warren Hastings FRS (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first governor-general of Bengal in 1772–1785. He and Robert Clive are credited with laying the foundation of the British Empire in India. He was an energetic organizer and reformer. In 1779–1784, he led forces of the East India Company against a coalition of native states and the French. In the end, the well-organised British side held its own, while France lost influence in India. In 1787, he was accused of corruption and impeached, but he was eventually acquitted in 1795 after a long trial. He was made a privy councillor in 1814.
Midhad Hujdur
Midhad Hujdur aka Hujka (December 28, 1953 – June 30, 1993) was a member of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the First Mostar Brigade, whose commander was Arif Pašalić, Hujdur commanded a battalion numbering 1,200 fighters. When Pašalić was appointed commander of the 4th Corps, Hujdur took command of the brigade, which would later become the 41st Glorious Brigade. He was killed on June 30, 1993, in the action to unblock Mostar and was buried at the Martyrs Cemetery in Mostar.

He was posthumously awarded the Order of the Golden Lily and the Order of the Hero of the Liberation War of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Order of the Golden Lily
The Order of the Golden Lily (Bosnian: Orden Zlatnog ljiljana), or simply the Golden Lily (Bosnian: Zlatni ljiljan), was a military decoration of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. It was given to soldiers and officers who displayed exceptional courage, bravery, and strategic skill during wartime.

Although initially, the Golden Lily was the highest war award, on April 14, 1994, the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted the Decree on Decorations, which exclusively mentions the Order of the Hero of the Liberation War as the highest award.

1,742 people were awarded the Golden Lily.
Paisa Paisa (2013 film)
Paisa Paisa is a 2013 Indian Malayalam thriller film written and directed by debutante director Prasanth Murali. The film was produced by Raj Zacharias under the banner Celebs and Red Carpet and features Indrajith, Aju Varghese, Mamta Mohandas, Sandhya, and Daniel Balaji in the lead roles. Set against the backdrop of Chennai and Kochi, Paisa Paisa is a multi-narrative realistic thriller showing how money can affect the lives of people. The film released on 28 June 2013. The songs were composed by debutant, Aby Salvin while Rahul Raj composed the background score.

Rahul Raj
Rahul Raj  is an Indian music composer. He has composed and produced scores and soundtracks predominantly for Malayalam movies. He is an alumnus of the prestigious Berklee College of Music and holds a postgraduate degree in scoring for films, TV and video games.
Bölüktepe, Kurtalan
Bölüktepe (Kurdish: Girê Hemdo) is a village in the Kurtalan District of Siirt Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Babosî tribe and had a population of 2,553 in 2021.

The hamlets of Çeşmeli and Pınarlı are attached to the village.

Siirt Province
Siirt Province, (Turkish: Siirt ili, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Sêrtê; Armenian: Սղերդ զավառ) is a province of Turkey, located in the southeast. The province borders Bitlis to the north, Batman to the west, Mardin to the southwest, Şırnak to the south, and Van to the east. Its area is 5,717 km2, and its population is 331,311 (2022). Its capital is Siirt. It encompasses 12 municipalities, 280 villages and 214 hamlets.

The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority. The current Governor of the Siirt province is Kemal Kızılkaya.
Josephus problem
In computer science and mathematics, the Josephus problem (or Josephus permutation) is a theoretical problem related to a certain counting-out game.  Such games are used to pick out a person from a group, e.g. eeny, meeny, miny, moe.

In the particular counting-out game that gives rise to the Josephus problem, a number of people are standing in a circle waiting to be executed. Counting begins at a specified point in the circle and proceeds around the circle in a specified direction. After a specified number of people are skipped, the next person is executed. The procedure is repeated with the remaining people, starting with the next person, going in the same direction and skipping the same number of people, until only one person remains, and is freed.

The problem—given the number of people, starting point, direction, and number to be skipped—is to choose the position in the initial circle to avoid execution.

Circle
A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any point of the circle and the centre is called the radius. The length of a line segment connecting two points on the circle and passing through the centre is called the diameter. A circle bounds a region of the plane called a disc.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles are common, such as the full moon or a slice of round fruit. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern machinery possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy and calculus.
Supreme Court of Namibia
The Supreme Court of Namibia is the highest court in the judicial system of Namibia. It is the court of last resort and the highest appellate court in the country. It is located in the city centre of Namibia's capital city, Windhoek. A Supreme Court decision is supreme in that it can only be reversed by an Act of Parliament that contradicts it, or by another ruling of the Supreme Court itself.

Parliament of Namibia
The Parliament of Namibia is the national legislature of Namibia. It is a bicameral legislature that consists of two houses: the National Council (upper house) and the National Assembly (lower house).

All cabinet members are also members of the lower house. This situation has been criticised by Namibia's civil society and the opposition as creating a significant overlap between executive and legislature, undermining the separation of powers. The seniority of cabinet members generally relegates ordinary MPs to the back benches.

From Namibian independence until 2014, the National Assembly consisted of 78 members, 72 members elected by proportional representation and 6 members appointed by the president. The National Council had 26 representatives of the Regional Councils, 2 from each of the then thirteen regions. Before the 2014 general elections the constitution was amended to increase both chambers to their current size.
Sandokan the Great (film)
Sandokan the Great (Italian: Sandokan, la tigre di Mompracem) is a 1963 Italian adventure film, directed by Umberto Lenzi and starring Steve Reeves. It is the first entry in a film series about Sandokan, the pirate-prince from Emilio Salgari's popular swashbuckler novels.

Reeves also starred in the sequel Pirates of Malaysia, which was also directed by Lenzi.

Film series
A film series or movie series is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe, or are marketed as a series. It is a type of series fiction.

This article explains what film series are and gives brief examples of movie series. The body shows a list of the most popular film series and franchises in the United States and Canada.
El Castillo del Cacao
El Castillo del Cacao is Nicaragua's first commercial chocolate factory based in Matagalpa, on the outskirts of cacao growing areas of Matiguás and Waslala. It was established in 2005 by a Dutch national who was surprised by the wasting of cacao in the countryside, yet no chocolate in the local supermarkets.

Starting with a 3000 Euro investment, the company now sells chocolate bars throughout Central America.

Matagalpa
Matagalpa (Spanish pronunciation: [mataˈɣalpa]) is a city in Nicaragua which is the capital of the department of Matagalpa. The city has a population of 112,697 (2022 estimate), while the population of the department is 606,643. Matagalpa is Nicaragua's seventh largest city, the largest in the country's interior, and one of the most commercially active outside of Managua. Matagalpa is known as the "Pearl of the North" and "Land of Eternal Spring."
Goulds, Florida
Goulds is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. As of the 2020 US census, the population stood at 11,446, up from 10,103 in 2010 US census.

South Florida
South Florida, sometimes colloquially shortened to SoFlo, is the southernmost region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is one of Florida's three most commonly referred to directional regions; the two others are Central Florida and North Florida. South Florida is the southernmost part of the continental United States and the only region of the continental U.S. that includes some areas with a tropical climate.

South Florida is dominated by the Miami metropolitan area and the Everglades. It also contains the Florida Keys; three U.S. national parks: Biscayne, Dry Tortugas, and Everglades; and multiple cities.
Saalumarada Thimmakka
Saalumarada Thimmakka (died 14 November 2025), also known as Aala Marada Thimmakka, was an Indian environmentalist from the state of Karnataka, noted for her work in planting and tending to 385 banyan trees along a 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) stretch of highway between Hulikal and Kudur, Ramanagara district. She also planted nearly 8000 other trees.

She received no formal education and worked as a casual labourer in a nearby quarry. Her work has been honoured with the National Citizen's Award of India. Her work was recognised by the Government of India and she was conferred with Padma Shri in 2019.

A US environmental organisation based in Los Angeles and Oakland, California called Thimmakka's Resources for Environmental Education is named after her. Central University of Karnataka has announced an honorary doctorate for Thimmakka in the year 2020.

Thimmakka died in Bengaluru on 14 November 2025, at the claimed age of 114.

Central University of Karnataka
The Central University of Karnataka, (CUK), is a central university situated in Kadaganchi village in the Aland taluka of Kalaburagi district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It was established by an Act of the Parliament of India in 2009, "The Central Universities Act, 2009".
Antonaves
Antonaves (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃tɔnav]; Vivaro-Alpine: Antonavas) is a former commune of the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val Buëch-Méouge. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Méouge and Buëch, and is known as the gateway to the Gorges de la Méouge, a 4 km limestone gorge.

Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ot.z‿alp] ⓘ; Occitan: Auts Aups; English: Upper Alps) is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. It is located in the heart of the French Alps, after which it is named. Hautes-Alpes had a population of 141,220 as of 2019, which makes it the third least populated French department. Its prefecture is Gap; its sole subprefecture is Briançon. Its INSEE and postal code is 05.
Timeline of the 2011 Bahraini uprising
The following is a timeline of the Bahraini uprising from February to March 2011, beginning with the start of protests in February 2011 and including the Saudi and Emirati-backed crackdown from 15 March.

Haq Movement
The Haq Movement for Liberty and Democracy (Arabic: حركة حق حركة الحريات والديمقراطية, romanized: Ḥarakat Ḥaqq Ḥarakat al-Ḥurrīyāt wa-al-Dīmuqrāṭīyah) is an opposition political organization in Bahrain founded in November 2005 with Hasan Mushaima as its secretary general. Several of its leaders were previously in the leadership of the Al Wefaq society, a Shi'a Bahraini political party, but it also contains others such as Ali Rabea, a secular nationalist and former member of parliament previously associated with the National Democratic Action Society, and Shaikh Isa Al Jowder, a Sunni cleric.
Wage payment systems
Wage Payment Systems are the different methods adopted by organizations by which they remunerate labour. There exist several systems of employee wage payment and incentives, which can be classified under the following names.

Remuneration
Remuneration is the pay or other financial compensation provided in exchange for an employee's services performed (not to be confused with giving (away), or donating, or the act of providing to). Remuneration is one component of reward management. In the UK, it can also refer to the automatic division of profits attributable to members in a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP).
Cyber ShockWave
Cyber ShockWave, similar to the Cyber Storm Exercise, was a 4-hour wargame conducted in February 2010 by the Bipartisan Policy Center, an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. Former high-ranking Cabinet and National Security Officials role played a cabinet level response to a cyberwarfare scenario.  Portions of the exercise were later broadcast on CNN.

Military simulation
Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. Military simulations are seen as a useful way to develop tactical, strategical and doctrinal solutions, but critics argue that the conclusions drawn from such models are inherently flawed, due to the approximate nature of the models used.

Simulations exist in many different forms, with varying degrees of realism. In recent times, the scope of simulations has widened to include not only military but also political and social factors, which are seen as inextricably entwined in a realistic warfare model. Whilst many governments make use of simulation, both individually and collaboratively, little is known about it outside professional circles. Yet modelling is often the means by which governments test and refine their military and political policies.