hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rule in Queen Caroline's case
The Rule in Queen Caroline's Case was a rule of evidence in English and American law that required showing a witness a document before cross-examination about the witness' prior inconsistent statements in the document. The doctrine was formally abolished in the United Kingdom by the Common Law Procedure Act 1854 and in the federal courts of the United States by the Federal Rules of Evidence.

Federal Rules of Evidence
First adopted in 1975, the Federal Rules of Evidence codify the evidence law that applies in United States federal courts. In addition, many states in the United States have either adopted the Federal Rules of Evidence, with or without local variations, or have revised their own evidence rules or codes to at least partially follow the federal rules.
Mahdi al-Arabi
Mahdi al-Arabi (Arabic: مهدي العربي) is a Libyan brigadier-general who served under the Libyan Armed Forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi. He was the deputy chief of staff of the Libyan Army. During the 2011 Libyan civil war, he was put in charge of helping to suppress protests, most notably in the Libyan city of Zawiya.

On 21 August 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces reportedly arrested Al-Arabi in Tripoli, after some spies disclosed his location and the location of other generals. A video purportedly of Arabi in detention was posted to YouTube on 11 September.

Zawiya, Libya
Zawiya /zɑːˈwiːə/, officially Zawia (Arabic: الزاوية, transliteration: Az Zāwiyaẗ, Italian: Zauia or Zavia, variants: Arabic: الزاوية الغربية Az Zawiyah Al Gharbiyah, Ḩārat az Zāwiyah, Al Ḩārah, El-Hára and Haraf Az Zāwīyah), is a city in northwestern Libya, situated on the Libyan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea about 47 km (29 mi) west of Tripoli, in the historic region of Tripolitania. Zawiya is the capital of the Zawiya District.
Perfect Day (Jim Jones song)
"Perfect Day" is a song by American rapper Jim Jones, released by Entertainment One Music and Splash Records on December 10, 2010 as the lead single from his fifth studio album, Capo (2011). It features guest appearances from American record producers Chink Santana and Lamont "LOGiC" Coleman, the latter of whom also produced the song.

"Perfect Day" experiments with pop rap sensibilities and features Jones singing, a notable departure from the East Coast hip hop sound of his previous releases. Stylistically, it is reminiscent of the works of then-upcoming Internet rappers Wiz Khalifa and Kid Cudi. The song peaked at number 67 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, a significant commercial decline from "Pop Champagne"—the lead single of his previous album Pray IV Reign (2009)—albeit moderately successful for an independent release.

Pop rap
Pop rap (also known as pop hip-hop, pop hop, hip pop, melodic hip-hop or melodic rap) is a genre of music fusing the rhythm-based lyricism of hip-hop with pop's preference for melodic vocals, catchy hooks, and occasional rap-singing on pop-like productions and structure, as well as samples of various popular songs. This genre gained mainstream popularity during the 1990s, though the influences and roots of pop rap can trace back to late-1980s hip-hop artists such as Run-DMC, LL Cool J, and Beastie Boys.
Ruled
Ruled is the fifth full-length LP by The Giraffes.  Drums, bass and principal guitar tracks recorded at The Bunker in Brooklyn, NY.  Vocals and additional guitars recorded at Strangeweather in Brooklyn, NY.  Mixed at Studio G in Brooklyn, NY by Joel Hamilton.  Mastered by Julian Silva at On Air Mastering.  Produced by The Giraffes and Joel Hamilton.

Joel Hamilton
Joel Hamilton (born 1980) is an American Brooklyn-based record producer, audio engineer and musician. Hamilton performs as a musician for the band Book of Knots. He is also a producer and engineer at Studio G in Brooklyn, New York.

In the summer of 2014, Hamilton appeared as the host of a web series produced by Spotify and Bose named "Art of Sound", which focuses on the connection between the physical, technical and emotional sides of music and sound. He hosted many musicians and sound engineers to conduct experiments on a wide variety of sound-related topics.

Hamilton has been a guest speaker and panelist at:
Nordic Music Week, Norway (2012 and 2013),
Pot Luck Con., Tucson (2012),
AES Latin America Conference (2011, 2019, 2022, 2023), and 
Tape Op Con., Tucson (2006).
Staten Island Community Board 3
Staten Island Community Board 3 is a community board of New York City, encompassing the southern Staten Island neighborhoods of Annadale, Arden Heights, Bay Terrace, Charleston, Eltingville, Great Kills, Greenridge, Huguenot, Pleasant Plains, Prince's Bay, Richmond Valley, Rossville, Tottenville and Woodrow. It is bordered by Arthur Kill on the west, New York Bay on the east, and Staten Island Community Board 2 on the north.

Its current Chairperson is Diane Peruggia, and its District Manager Stacy Wertheim. Transit is served by the Staten Island Railway, and various NYC Bus Lines.

Richmond Valley, Staten Island
Richmond Valley is a neighborhood located on the South Shore of Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, the largest city in the United States. Richmond Valley is bordered on the north by Pleasant Plains, to the south by Tottenville, to the west by the Arthur Kill, and to the east by the Lower New York Bay.

Once considered part of Tottenville, Richmond Valley gained a separate identity when the Richmond Valley (Staten Island Railway station) was opened soon after the railroad was extended to Tottenville in 1860.  Today the neighborhood is noted chiefly for being the site of the terminus, on the Staten Island side, of the Outerbridge Crossing, which connects the island to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, across the Arthur Kill.

The neighborhood is represented in the New York State Senate by Andrew Lanza, in the New York State Assembly by Michael Reilly, and in the New York City Council by Frank Morano. All three are members of the Republican Party.
Stan Leadbetter
Stanley 'Stan' Austin Leadbetter (22 May 1937 – 13 December 2013) was an English first-class cricketer.

While undertaking his national service as a non-commissioned officer in the Royal Air Force, Leadbetter made his debut in first-class cricket for the Combined Services cricket team against Warwickshire at Edgbaston in 1956. He made two further first-class appearances the following year, against Surrey and Warwickshire. He scored a total of 112 runs across his three first-class matches, averaging 22.40, with a high score of 46. He featured regularly for the Northamptonshire Second XI from 1953–1958, but did not feature for the first team.

He died at Kettering in December 2013.

Conscription in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, military conscription has existed for two periods in modern times. The first was from 1916 to 1920, and the second from 1939 to 1960. The last conscription term ended in 1963 although many soldiers chose to continue in the service beyond 1963.

It was legally designated as "Military Service" from 1916 to 1920, and as "National Service" from 1939 to 1960. However, between 1939 and 1948, it was often referred to as "War Service" in documents relating to National Insurance and pension provision.
Florian Schwarthoff
Florian Schwarthoff (born 7 May 1968 in Dortmund) is a former German hurdler best known for winning a bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Schwarthoff had his best season in 1995 when set a new German record of 13.05 sec. in Bremen. He was expected to compete for a silver or bronze medal at the World Championships in Gothenburg behind the overwhelming favourite Allen Johnson from the United States. However, Schwarthoff did not finish the semi-final as he fell over a hurdle. Schwarthoff remained for several years a world class hurdler but never won a gold medal.

Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics
At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, 44 events in athletics were contested. There were a total number of 2053 participating athletes from 191 countries.

A total of two world records and 14 Olympic records were set during the competition.
Counts of Dammartin
The Counts of Dammartin were the rulers of the county of Dammartin, based in the current commune of Dammartin-en-Goële as early as the 10th century. Located at the central plain of France, the county controlled the roads of Paris to Soissons and Laon. It seems that this county was initially held by Constance, the wife of Manasses Calvus, the first Count. The name Dammartin-en-Goële comes from Domnus Martinus, the Latin name of St. Martin of Tours, who evangelized the region of Goële in the fourth century. A small town in the district of Meaux in the Department of Seine-et-Marne, ancient village of Region of Île-de-France, it appears to go back to the earliest times; Dammartin-en-Goële, also called Velly, was in 1031 one of the most significant places in France.

Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne (French pronunciation: [sɛn e maʁn] ⓘ; lit. 'Seine and Marne') is a department in the Île-de-France region in Northern France. Named after the rivers Seine and Marne, it is the region's largest department with an area of 5,915 square kilometres (2,284 square miles); it roughly covers its eastern half. In 2019, it had a population of 1,421,197. Its prefecture is Melun, although both Meaux and Chelles have larger populations.
Herbert Sharp
Herbert Hastings Sharp (23 July 1881 – 1 September 1918) was an English-born New Zealand first-class cricketer and New Zealand Army soldier.

The son of Hastings Sharp, he was born in July 1881 at Blackheath, Kent. He was educated at St. Lawrence College, Ramsgate. Sharp immigrated to New Zealand around 1901, where he gained employment with a Mr. Carlyon. He was a cricket enthusiast, playing club cricket in Poverty Bay. Sharp appeared once in first-class cricket, playing for Hawke's Bay against Auckland at Auckland Domain in 1905. In a heavy defeat for Hawke's Bay, he made scores of 13 and 1, being dismissed by Jocelyn Kallender and William Stemson respectively.

Sharp served in the First World War, seeing action on the Western Front in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force as a corporal with the 26th Reinforcements. He was killed in action on 1 September 1918 near Bancourt during the Second Battle of Bapaume. He is buried at the Bancourt British Cemetery.

Auckland cricket team
The Auckland cricket team represent the Auckland region and are one of six New Zealand domestic first class cricket teams. Governed by the Auckland Cricket Association they are the most successful team having won 28 Plunket Shield titles, ten wins in The Ford Trophy and the Super Smash four times. The team currently play their home games at Eden Park Outer Oval.

The limited overs team, known as the Auckland Aces, have a predominantly light blue kit with a navy and white trim. Their One Day Championship shirt sponsors are Ford whilst their major T20 sponsor is Mondiale.

They won the Men's Super Smash competition in the 2015–16 season, their 4th domestic Twenty20 title overall, making them become the most successful team in New Zealand.
Diamondback Energy
Diamondback Energy, headquartered in Midland, Texas, is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the Permian Basin.

As of December 31, 2024, the company had 3,557 million barrels of oil equivalent (2.176×1010 GJ) of estimated proved reserves, of which 49% was petroleum, 24% was natural gas, and 27% was natural gas liquids.

It is ranked 383rd on the Fortune 500 and 471st on the Forbes Global 2000.

Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Midland County in West Texas, with small portions extending into Martin County. The population was 132,524 at the 2020 census. Located in the Permian Basin, Midland is a major center for American oil and natural gas production.

The Midland metropolitan area includes all of Midland County and had 169,983 residents at the 2020 census. The metropolitan area is part of the larger Midland–Odessa combined statistical area, which had a population of 340,391 in the 2020 census. Residents of Midland are referred to as "Midlanders".

Midland was founded as the midway point between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railway in 1881. The city has many connections to the Bush family; it was the one-time home of former U.S. presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and the hometown of former First Lady Laura Bush. The Bush Family Home State Historic Site is located in Midland.
2015 Christy Ring Cup
The 2015 Christy Ring Cup was the eleventh staging of the Christy Ring Cup hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2005. The cup competition began on 2 May 2015 and ended on 6 June 2014.

Kildare were the defending champions, however, they were beaten in the semi-final. Kerry won the title after defeating Derry by 1-20 to 0-12 in the final.

Mayo were relegated from the Christy Ring Cup after losing a play-off with Roscommon.

Roscommon GAA
The Roscommon County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, Coiste Chontae Ros Comáin) or Roscommon GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Roscommon.

The county board is also responsible for the Roscommon county teams.

The county football team was the third from the province of Connacht to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), following Galway and Mayo. It competes in the Connacht Senior Football Championship, which it has won 23 times. The team won back-to-back All-Ireland SFC titles in 1943 and 1944.
Pretenders (TV series)
Pretenders was a 13 episode British historical adventure television series produced by Harlech Television (HTV) and broadcast from 27 February to 21 May 1972 on ITV. It was filmed in Somerset, England and Wales.

The series takes place in 1685 and is set against the backdrop of the Monmouth Rebellion against the Catholic King James II of England. It starred Frederick Jaeger as Joachim, a German mercenary who assists Elam (Curtis Arden), a 13-year-old boy who believes that he is the illegitimate son of the Duke of Monmouth, who in turn is the illegitimate son of James II's Protestant elder brother Charles II of England and therefore claims to be the rightful heir to the throne. The series followed their various adventures, leading up to the climactic Battle of Sedgemoor, the last pitched battle on English soil.

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
General James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, KG, PC (9 April 1649 – 15 July 1685) was an English Army officer and courtier. Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy, he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England with his mistress Lucy Walter.

The Duke of Monmouth served in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and commanded English troops taking part in the Third Anglo-Dutch War before commanding the Anglo-Dutch brigade fighting in the Franco-Dutch War. He led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, an attempt to depose his uncle King James II and VII. After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate king in the town of Taunton in Somerset, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his Protestantism and his position as the son of Charles II, in opposition to James, who had become a Roman Catholic. The rebellion failed, and Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685.
Çerikli railway station
Çerikli railway station (Turkish: Çerikli istasyonu) is a railway station in Çerikli, Turkey. The station was originally opened on 20 November 1925 by the Anatolian—Baghdad Railways and was one of the first railway stations built by the newly formed Republic of Turkey.

TCDD Taşımacılık operates three daily intercity trains from Ankara; the Doğu Express to Kars, the Southern Express to Kurtalan and the Van Lake Express to and Tatvan. The latter two operate as a single train until Yolçatı.

Çerikli
Çerikli is a town (belde) in the Delice District, Kırıkkale Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,000 (2022). It is situated on Turkish state highway D.220 and the railroad. The distance to Delice is 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) and to Kırıkkale is 64 kilometres (40 mi). According to town page the history of the settlement goes back to ancient ages. 11th-century Turkmen tribes were settled in Çerikli. After Seljuks of Turkey and Eretna domination, it was incorporated into Ottoman realm. In 1967 Çerikli was declared a seat of township. The main economic sector is agriculture. But animal breeding and light industry also play a role in town economy.
Marianne Schroll
Marianne Schroll née Bruun (born 1942) is a Danish specialist in geriatric medicine. As head of the Danish Geriatrics Society (Dansk Selskab for Geriatri) from 1986 to 1992, she has played a key role in promoting interest in the ailments of elderly people. Until her retirement in 2007, she was Professor of Geriatrics at the University of Copenhagen and principal specialist in geriatrics at Bispebjerg Hospital. An active participant in international cooperation, she was honoured as an interRAI Fellow in 1991.

Bispebjerg Hospital
Bispebjerg Hospital is one of the hospitals in the Capital Region of Denmark. Along with a number of other hospitals and the University of Copenhagen (the Faculty of Health Sciences), Bispebjerg Hospital forms part of the Copenhagen University Hospital.

The hospital is a teaching hospital for medical students from Copenhagen University.
Veikko Muronen
Veikko Muronen (21 October 1927 – 13 January 2006) was a Finnish MSc (diplomi-insinööri) and heavy vehicle designer. He worked as a manager of the Engineering Department of Vanajan Autotehdas (VAT) and later Suomen Autoteollisuus (SAT). Muronen is best known as the inventor of Vanaja lifting tandem system and designer of the last Vanaja series, "Muros-Vanaja".

Diplomi-insinööri
Diplomi-insinööri (DI) (Swedish: diplomingenjör) is a Finnish Master's level academic degree with a nominal length of 300 ECTS credits. The official English translation of the degree is Master of Science (Technology). The Finnish name derives from the old German degree called Diplom-Ingenieur.
Deportivo Kansas
Deportivo Kansas was a Peruvian futsal club that played in the División de Honor. The club was a runner-up in the 2003 season and division championships in both 2004 and 2006. In addition to winning the 2004 Copa Merconorte de Futsal, they placed second in the 2004 Copa Libertadores de Futsal; the farthest a Peruvian futsal club had come in that competition. The club dissolved in 2007.

Copa Libertadores de Futsal
The CONMEBOL Libertadores de Futsal (formerly South American Futsal Championship, Spanish: Campeonato Sudamericano de Futsal, Portuguese: Campeonato Sul-Americano de Futebol de Salão) is an international futsal competition disputed between the best clubs of South America. Since 2002, the tournament is formally organized by CONMEBOL.
USS Diphda
USS Diphda (AKA-59) was an Andromeda-class attack cargo ship named after a star in the constellation Cetus. She served as a commissioned ship for 11 years and 10 months.

Diphda was launched 11 May 1944 by the Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company,  Kearny, New Jersey, under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs. Anna Rosenberg; transferred to the Navy on 7 July 1944; and commissioned the next day.

Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (/ˈkɑːrni/ KAR-nee) is a town in the western part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of Newark. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 41,999, an increase of 1,315 (+3.2%) from the 2010 census count of 40,684, which in turn reflected an increase of 171 (+0.4%) from the 40,513 counted in the 2000 census.

Kearny is named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. It began as a township formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1867, from portions of Harrison Township. Portions of the township were taken on July 3, 1895, to form East Newark. Kearny was incorporated as a town on January 19, 1899, based on the results of a referendum held two days earlier. The Arlington section of town was named for Arlington Station on the Erie Railroad at the Arlington Mill plant, owned by Arlington Mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts.
SSC buffer
In biochemistry and molecular biology, saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer is used as a hybridization buffer, to control stringency for washing steps in protocols for Southern blotting, in situ hybridization, DNA Microarray or Northern blotting. 20X SSC may be used to prevent drying of agarose gels during a vacuum transfer.

A 20X stock solution consists of 3 M sodium chloride and 300 mM trisodium citrate (adjusted to pH 7.0 with HCl).

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
Peder Kofod Ancher
Peder Kofod Ancher  (14 June 1710 – 5 July 1788) was a Danish jurist, and with Andreas Hojer and Henrik Stampe one of the most influential jurists in Denmark in the 18th century.

After studies of theology and law at the Sorø Academy, Kofod Ancher was appointed professor of law there in 1741. He defended the Danish absolutist monarchy against Enlightenment criticism, writing a polemic against Montesquieu's De l'esprit des lois in 1765. His principal work is the first history of Danish law, in which he emphasized the view that Danish law had original roots and was subject to limited influence from other traditions.

Kofod Ancher also held several government offices, including auditor-general of the navy since 1753. He was appointed in the same year a judge of the Danish Supreme Court.

Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, intellectual, historian, and political philosopher.

He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon. His anonymously published The Spirit of Law (De l'esprit des lois, 1748) first translated into English (Nugent) in a 1750 edition was received well in both Great Britain and the American colonies, and influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States in drafting the U.S. Constitution.
Kimbiri District
Kimbiri is a district in the western La Convención Province in Peru. It is bordered by Ayacucho Region on the west, Pichari District on the north,  Echarate District on the east, and   Vilcabamba District on the south.

Department of Ayacucho
Ayacucho (Spanish pronunciation: [aʝaˈkutʃo] ⓘ; Quechua: Ayakuchu), known as Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanqa) from its creation in 1822 until 1825, is a department of Peru. It is located in the south-central Andes of the country. The region was one of the hardest hit in the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho.
Gabrielle Pilote Fortin
Gabrielle Pilote Fortin (born 26 April 1993) is a Canadian former professional racing cyclist and trail runner for Nike Elite, who finished her cycling career in 2023 in UCI Women's World Tour team Cofidis Women Team

Canadian National Road Race Championships
Governed by Cycling Canada, the Canadian National Road Race Championships is a road bicycle race that takes place as part of the Canadian National Cycling Championships, and decides the best cyclist in this type of race.

The first edition took place in 1959, and was won by Egidio Bolzon. Czeslaw Lukaszewicz holds the record for the most wins in the men's championship with 4. The current champion is Pier-André Côté.

The women's race began in 1974, with France Richer winning the first edition. The women's record is held by Alison Sydor with 4 wins. The current champion is Maggie Coles-Lyster.