hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fitting length
In mathematics, specifically in the area of algebra known as group theory, the Fitting length (or nilpotent length) measures how far a solvable group is from being nilpotent. The concept is named after Hans Fitting, due to his investigations of nilpotent normal subgroups.

Hans Fitting
Hans Fitting (13 November 1906 in München-Gladbach (now Mönchengladbach) – 15 June 1938 in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad))
was a mathematician who worked in group theory. He proved Fitting's theorem and Fitting's lemma, and defined the Fitting subgroup
in finite group theory and the Fitting decomposition for Lie algebras and Fitting ideals in ring theory.

After finishing his undergraduate work in 1931, he wrote his dissertation with the help of Emmy Noether, who helped him secure a grant from the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaften (Emergency Society for German Sciences). He died at the age of 31 from a sudden bone disease.
2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 8
The teams competing in Group 8 of the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championships qualifying competition were Israel, Portugal, Norway, Macedonia and Azerbaijan.

The ten group winners and the four best second-placed teams advanced to the play-offs.

Norway national under-21 football team
The Norway national under-21 football team, administered and controlled by the Norwegian Football Federation, is the national football team of Norway for players of 21 years of age or under at the start of a UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign. The team has reached the European Championship finals three times, in 1998 and 2013, winning bronze medals on both occasions, and again in 2023.
Canton of Saint-Herblain-1
The canton of Saint-Herblain-1 is an administrative division of the Loire-Atlantique department, western France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Saint-Herblain.

It consists of the following communes:

Couëron

Indre

Saint-Herblain (partly)

Sautron

Loire-Atlantique
Loire-Atlantique (French pronunciation: [lwaʁ atlɑ̃tik] ⓘ; Gallo: Louére-Atantique; Breton: Liger-Atlantel; before 1957: Loire-Inférieure, Breton: Liger-Izelañ) is a department in Pays de la Loire on the west coast of France, named after the river Loire and the Atlantic Ocean. It had a population of 1,429,272 in 2019.
Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
Llaqta Qulluy (Quechua llaqta place (village, town, city, country, nation), qulluy to die out, become extinct; to fail, "extinct town", also spelled Llaqta Qolloy) is an archaeological site in Peru. It is situated in the Huancavelica Region, Huancavelica Province, Acoria District.

Department of Huancavelica
Huancavelica (Spanish pronunciation: [waŋkaβeˈlika] ⓘ; Quechua: Wankawillka) is a department of Peru. It is bordered by the departments of Lima and Ica in the west, Junín in the north, and Ayacucho in the east. It has an area of 22,131.47 km2 (8,545.01 sq mi) and a population of 347,639 (2017 census). It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Huancavelica.
The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain
The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain is a 1995 romantic comedy film with a story by Ifor David Monger, written and directed by Christopher Monger. It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys.

Un Certain Regard
Un Certain Regard (French: [œ̃ sɛʁtɛ̃ ʁəɡaʁ]; 'A Certain Glance') is a section of the Cannes Film Festival's official selection. It is run at the salle Debussy, parallel to the competition for the Palme d'Or. This section was introduced in 1978 by Gilles Jacob.

The section presents 20 films with unusual styles and non-traditional stories seeking international recognition.

Since 1998, the section has awarded the Un Certain Regard Prize to one film in the lineup, recognising emerging talent and innovative work. At the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, Killer by Darezhan Omirbaev was named the inaugural winner, while The Mysterious Gaze of the Flamingo by Diego Céspedes is the most recent winner (2025).
Daisuke Katō
Daisuke Katō (加東 大介, Katō Daisuke; February 18, 1911 – July 31, 1975) was a Japanese actor. He appeared in over 200 films, including Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, Rashomon, Yojimbo, and Ikiru. He also worked repeatedly for noted directors such as Yasujirō Ozu, Mikio Naruse and Kenji Mizoguchi.

Kenji Mizoguchi
Kenji Mizoguchi (溝口 健二, Mizoguchi Kenji; 16 May 1898 – 24 August 1956) was a Japanese filmmaker who directed roughly one hundred films during his career between 1923 and 1956. His most acclaimed works include The Story of the Last Chrysanthemums (1939), The Life of Oharu (1952), Ugetsu (1953), and Sansho the Bailiff (1954), with the latter three all being awarded at the Venice International Film Festival. A recurring theme of his films was the oppression of women in historical and contemporary Japan. Together with Akira Kurosawa and Yasujirō Ozu, Mizoguchi is seen as a representative of the "golden age" of Japanese cinema.
Camp Humphreys expansion controversy
The Pyeongtaek US military base relocation issue refers to a series of incidents that occurred around the end of 2008 between the US 2nd Infantry Division and the Camp Humphreys military base in Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea, between the local residents and civic groups and the Ministry of the Republic of Korea regarding the relocation and expansion of the base. In a broad sense, it includes the opposition of residents and civic groups and the clashes with the police that occurred after the decision to relocate the US military base in 2004, and in a narrow sense, it refers only to the large-scale clashes resulting from the administrative execution that the police were deployed to on May 4, 2006. It is also called the Daechuri Incident (大秋里 事態) or the Camp Humphreys expansion controversy and the operation name is Hwangsaeul at Dawn.

Yongsan District
Yongsan District (Korean: 용산구; RR: Yongsan-gu, [jo̞ŋsʰa̠n ku]) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul, South Korea. It has a population of 231,685 (2020) and has a geographic area of 21.87 km2 (8.44 sq mi), and is divided into 19 dong (administrative neighborhoods). Yongsan is located near Downtown Seoul, on the northern bank of the Han River, bordering the city districts of Jung to the north, Mapo to the west, Yeongdeungpo and Dongjak to the southwest, Seocho and Gangnam District to the southeast, and Seongdong to the east.
Mel Steiner
Melvin James Steiner (November 29, 1916 – May 6, 1997) was an American professional baseball umpire who worked in the National League from 1961 to 1972. Steiner umpired 1,917 major league games in his 12-year career. He umpired in two World Series (1966 and 1972), two All-Star Games (1962 and 1968) and the 1969 National League Championship Series. Steiner was a Minor league baseball outfielder from 1940 to 1950.

1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 39th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball.

The game was held on July 9, 1968, at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas the home of the Houston Astros of the National League, making this the first All-Star Game to be played indoors. The game resulted in the National League defeating the American League 1–0.  It is the only All-Star Game played without a run batted in (RBI).

This was the first night All-Star Game since 1944. Apart from the 1969 game (which was originally scheduled to be played at night but was postponed to the following afternoon due to rain), all subsequent All-Star Games have been played at night.

The next indoor All-Star Game was eleven years later, at the Kingdome in Seattle.
Edward Edgeworth
Christianity portal

Edward Edgeworth, DD (died  1595) was an Anglican bishop in the last decade of the sixteenth century.

An Englishman, probably from Edgware, north London, he was Vicar of East Kirkby before coming over to Ireland, probably in the early 1560s. He was appointed a Prebendary of St Michan in St Patrick's Cathedral in 1586; and later that year of Tipperkevin in Christ Church Cathedral in the same city. 1n 1590 he became Vicar of Carrickfergus and in 1593, Bishop of Down and Connor. He died two years later.

He amassed a considerable fortune, which he left to his brother Francis, who was appointed joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in Ireland in about 1606 and held the office until about 1620. Francis founded a gifted Irish dynasty whose most notable members were Richard Lovell Edgeworth and his daughter, the novelist Maria Edgeworth. The family gave its name to Edgeworthstown, County Longford.

St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
Saint Patrick's Cathedral (Irish: Ard-Eaglais Naomh Pádraig) in Dublin, Ireland is the national cathedral of the Church of Ireland. Christ Church Cathedral, also a Church of Ireland cathedral in Dublin, is designated as the local cathedral of the Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough.
Wake Up Little Susie (film)
Wake Up Little Susie is a 1988 Filipino comedy film directed by Luciano B. Carlos and starring the comedy trio of Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto and Joey de Leon alongside child actress Ice Seguerra as the titular character. The film also stars Lotlot de Leon, Ramon Christopher, Kristina Paner, Cris Villanueva, Manilyn Reynes and Janno Gibbs. Produced by Regal Films, it was released on April 27, 1988.

Critic Lav Diaz gave the film a mixed review, criticizing its unoriginality and the unnecessary addition of musical scenes involving love teams while commending the hilarity of Tito, Vic and Joey.

Janno Gibbs
Janno Ronaldo Ilagan Gibbs (born September 16, 1969) is a Filipino singer, songwriter, comedian and actor. He was a regular host of GMA Network television shows SOP Rules, Nuts Entertainment, Eat Bulaga!, Kakasa Ka Ba Sa Grade 5?, Power of 10, Party Pilipinas and Sunday All Stars.
Nature morte: fleurs
Still Life: Flowers (Nature morte: fleurs) is an oil on canvas by Pierre-Auguste Renoir in the Thannhauser Collection at the Guggenheim Museum, New York.

This 1885 painting is similar to Still Life: Flowers and Prickly Pears believed to be painted a year earlier, but in this case Renoir did not include the fruit and table cloth and was more restrained in his use of color.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (/rɛnˈwɑːr/; French: [pjɛʁ oɡyst ʁənwaʁ]; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. It has been said that, as a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality, "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."

He was the father of the actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), the filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and the ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.
Association of Poles "White Eagle"
The Association of Poles “White Eagle”, or Związek Polaków „Orzeł Biały”, «Союз Поляків «Білий Орел», is an association of the Poles in Ukraine (see also Polonia), founded on June 6, 2011 in Lviv. It supports the development of Polish culture in the city, and has over 800 members.

The association runs courses of the Polish language and the history and culture of Poland. It has a library, organizes showings of Polish films, helps local Poles with their legal problems, consults on the Karta Polaka and helps young Poles from the area of Lviv who want to study in Poland. It also cooperates with several cultural organizations from Poland. Its current chairman is Sergiusz Łukjanenko.

Polish diaspora
The Polish diaspora comprises Poles and people of Polish heritage or origin who live outside Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish as Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance languages.

There are roughly 20,000,000 people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world and one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for displacement include border shifts, forced expulsions, resettlement by voluntary and forced exile, and political or economic emigration.

Substantial populations of Polish ancestry can be found in their native region of Central and Eastern Europe and many other European countries as well as in the Americas and Australia.

The Polonia in English-speaking countries often uses a dialect of Polish called Ponglish. It is made up of a Polish core with many English words inside it.

There are also smaller Polish communities in Asia and Africa, most notably Kazakhstan and South Africa.
Room Hire v Jeppe Street Mansions
Room Hire Co (Pty) Ltd v Jeppe Street Mansions (Pty) Ltd is an important case in South African law: the leading case, indeed, on disputes of fact. It was heard in the Transvaal Provincial Division on April 28 and 29, 1949, with judgement on July 15. Murray AJP, Ramsbottom J and Blackwell J presided. A. Shacksonvis KC (with him A. Mendelow) appeared for the appellant, and A. Suzman KC (with him MJ Hart) for the respondent. The appellant's attorneys were Schwartz & Goldblatt; the respondent's were Podlashuc, Meintjes, Liebson & Klagsbrun.

The case was an appeal from a decision in the Witwatersrand Local Division by Neser J. Its significance lies in the area of civil procedure, with its determination that the court in application proceedings, where a material fact arises which cannot be resolved by viva voce evidence, may either direct the parties to trial or dismiss the application with costs.

Trial
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
Partapnagar, Bhagalpur
Partapnagar is a village in Naugachhia Block, Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India. It is located on the north of Bhagalpur District, about 20 kilometres northeast of the district capital Bhagalpur, and 2 kilometres northwest of the block capital Naugachhia. In the year 2011, it had a population of 35,878.

Naugachhia
Naugachhia is a town in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar, situated within the Mithila region of India. In the 2011 census of India, its population was recorded as 49,069. Naugachhia has an average literacy rate of 62%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 55%. 18% of the population is under 9 years of age.

Naugachhia may meet the criteria to be a separate district from Bhagalpur. In 2018, a rally was held supporting creating a new district for the town.
Leif B. Andersen
Leif B. Andersen is an academic and researcher in the field of quantitative finance. He serves as the Global Co-Head of the Quantitative Strategies & Data Group at Bank of America and an adjunct professor at NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, where he served as the adviser of the Mathematics in Finance industry, and in Carnegie Mellon University's MS in Computational Finance program. Leif is an Associate Editor of The Journal of Computational Finance.

The Journal of Computational Finance
The Journal of Computational Finance is a peer-reviewed academic journal, published five times per year, covering advances in numerical and computational techniques in pricing, hedging, and risk management of financial instruments. It was established in 1997 and is published by Infopro Digital as part of their Risk Journals portfolio. The editor-in-chief is Christoph Reisinger (Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.758.
Piano Concertos K. 107 (Mozart)
The Piano Concertos, K. 107 are three keyboard concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composed in 1771 (or 1765) and based on sonatas by Johann Christian Bach. These sonatas are from J.C. Bach's Op. 5; Mozart turned Sonata No. 2 in D, Sonata No. 3 in G, and Sonata No. 4 in E♭ from this set into the three concertos of K. 107.

These concertos remained unpublished in the Alte Mozart-Ausgabe, the first complete edition of Mozart's works, so they were not given a number by the publishers of that edition, Breitkopf & Härtel (as the other 27 concerti were given in that publication). Therefore, when these works are enumerated with the rest, it can be seen that Mozart composed 30 keyboard concerti. These three works, however, and the concerti numbered as Piano Concertos 1 through 4 are actually not original compositions, but arrangements of works by other composers.

Sonata
In music, a sonata (/səˈnɑːtə/; pl. sonate) is a piece that consists of 3 or 4 movements that can be for different musical instruments.: 17  The term evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance. Sonata is a vague term, with varying meanings depending on the context and time period. By the early 19th century it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regarded—alongside the fugue—as one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas maintain the overarching structure.

The term sonatina, pl. sonatine, the diminutive form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata.
Diphu
Diphu (Assamese pronunciation: [ˈdifu: / di.ɸu]) is a town in the Karbi Anglong district of the state of Assam, India. It is the meeting place of the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council and the headquarters of Karbi Anglong district.

Karbi language
The Karbi language (US: /kɑːrbi/ ⓘ) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Karbi (also known as Mikir or Arlêng) people of Northeastern India. It is also called Hills Karbi to differentiate it from Plains Karbi (Amri Karbi) which is variously treated as a variety of Karbi or its own language.

It belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, but its position is unclear. Grierson (1903) classified it under Naga languages, Shafer (1974) and Bradley (1997) classify the Mikir languages as an aberrant Kuki-Chin branch, but Thurgood (2003) leaves them unclassified within Sino-Tibetan. Blench and Post (2013) classify it as one of the most basal languages of the entire family.
Weak artificial intelligence
Weak artificial intelligence (weak AI) is artificial intelligence that implements a limited part of the mind, or, as narrow AI, artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), is focused on one narrow task.

Weak AI is contrasted with strong AI, which can be interpreted in various ways:

Artificial general intelligence (AGI): a machine with the ability to apply intelligence to any problem, rather than just one specific problem.

Artificial superintelligence (ASI): a machine with a vastly superior intelligence to the average human being.

Artificial consciousness: a machine that has consciousness, sentience and mind (John Searle uses "strong AI" in this sense).

Narrow AI can be classified as being "limited to a single, narrowly defined task. Most modern AI systems would be classified in this category." Artificial general intelligence is conversely the opposite.

Sentience
Sentience is the ability to experience feelings and sensations. It may not necessarily imply higher cognitive functions such as awareness, reasoning, or complex thought processes. Some theorists define sentience exclusively as the capacity for valenced (positive or negative) mental experiences, such as pain and pleasure.

Sentience is an important concept in ethics, as the ability to experience happiness or suffering often forms a basis for determining which entities deserve moral consideration, particularly in utilitarianism.

The word "sentience" has been used to translate a variety of concepts in Asian religions. In science fiction, "sentience" is sometimes used interchangeably with "sapience", "self-awareness", or "consciousness".
Micromax Canvas HD A116
Micromax Canvas HD A116 is a dual-sim Android phablet by Micromax Mobile which is a rebranded Wiko Cink Five superseding the Micromax Canvas 2 A110. The device was exclusively launched with Snapdeal.com also found in Facebook for the advertisements on 14 February 2013 with featuring a 1.2 GHz Quad-core processor, 1 GB of RAM and a 5.0 IPS LCD (HD) screen.

Snapdeal
Snapdeal is an Indian e-commerce company, based in New Delhi, India. It was founded in February 2010 by Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal.

Snapdeal is one of the top 5 online marketplaces in India. Snapdeal targets the value e-commerce segment, which Bahl estimated to be three times larger than the branded goods market.

Fashion, home and general merchandise account for a majority of the products sold by over 500,000 sellers on Snapdeal. Buyers from more than 3,700 towns in India shop on Snapdeal.
English's Opera House
English's Opera House, also known as English's Theatre, was a theatre located in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana at Monument Circle. It was built by William Hayden English and opened in 1880. It was modeled after the Grand Opera House in Manhattan. It was demolished in 1949.

The theatre was host to the 1884 Greenback National Convention.

Grand Opera House (Manhattan)
Pike's Opera House, later renamed the Grand Opera House, was a theater in New York City on the northwest corner of 8th Avenue and 23rd Street, in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. It was constructed in 1868, at a cost of a million dollars (equivalent to about 23.6 million US dollars in 2024), for distiller and entrepreneur Samuel N. Pike (1822–1872) of Cincinnati. The building survived in altered form until 1960 as an RKO movie theater, after which it was replaced by part of Penn South, an urban renewal housing development.: 599
The Congos
The Congos are a Jamaican reggae vocal group from Jamaica which formed as the duo "Ashanti" Roy Johnson (tenor) (b. Roydel Johnson, 1947, Hanover, Jamaica) and Cedric Myton (falsetto) (b. 1947, Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica), later becoming a trio with the addition of Watty Burnett (baritone) (b. early 1950s, Port Antonio, Jamaica), and have been active on and off from the mid-1970s until the present day. They are best known for their Heart of the Congos album, recorded with Lee "Scratch" Perry.

Hanover Parish
Hanover (Jamaican Patois: Anuova) is a parish located on the northwestern tip of the island of Jamaica. It is a part of the county of Cornwall, bordered by St. James in the east and Westmoreland in the south. With the exception of Kingston, it is the smallest parish on the island. Hanover is the birth parish of Alexander Bustamante, labour leader, first head of government of Jamaica under universal suffrage, and one of seven Jamaican National Heroes. Its capital is Lucea.