hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Uetsu Main Line
The Uetsu Main Line (羽越本線, Uetsu-hon-sen) is a railway line in the Tohoku and Chubu regions of Japan. Part of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) system, it connects Niitsu Station in the city of Niigata and Akita Station in Akita. The name "Uetsu" refers to the ancient provinces of Dewa (出羽) and Echigo (越後), which the line connects.

Echigo Province
Echigo Province (越後国, Echigo no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.tɕi.ɡo (no kɯ.ɲi), -tɕi.ŋo-, e.tɕiꜜ.ɡo-, -tɕiꜜ.ŋo-, e.tɕi.ɡoꜜ, -tɕi.ŋoꜜ-]) was an old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces. It corresponds today to  Niigata Prefecture, minus the island of  Sado.

Its abbreviated form name was Esshū (越州), with Echizen and Etchū Provinces. Under the Engishiki classification system, Echigo was ranked as one of the 35 "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the 30 "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital Kyoto.

Echigo and Kōzuke Province were known as the Jōetsu region.
Copadichromis verduyni
Copadichromis verduyni is a species of haplochromine cichlid which is endemic to Lake Malawi where it is found on the eastern shore and in the south eastern arm of the lake. It occurs in Malawi and Mozambique. This species inhabits the interface between sandy areas and rocky areas. Of all its congeners, this species defends the most cryptic spawning sites, these are found at depths of 9–15 metres (30–49 ft). The females and non-territorial males feed on plankton caught 1–3 metres (3.3–9.8 ft) above the lake bed and also on benthic invertebrates. Konings named this species after the Dutch cichlid dealer Dirk Verduyn (1942-2018).

Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, (Swahili: Ziwa Nyasa) is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake in the world, including at least 700 species of cichlids. The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011, while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.

Lake Malawi is a meromictic lake, meaning that its water layers do not mix. The permanent stratification of Lake Malawi's water and the oxic-anoxic boundary are maintained by moderately small chemical and thermal gradients.
Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (town)
Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (Russian: Петровск-Забайкальский, IPA: [pʲɪˈtrofsk zəbɐjˈkalʲskʲɪj]) is a town and the administrative center of Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky District of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, located along the Balyaga River in the valley between Zagan-Daban and Zagorinsky mountain ranges, 413 kilometers (257 mi) southwest of Chita. Population:  18,549 (2010 census); 21,164 (2002 census); 28,291 (1989 Soviet census).

Refining (metallurgy)
In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal.  It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that those two involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining the final material is chemically identical to the raw material. Refining thus increases the purity of the raw material via processing. There are many processes including pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques.
Abdul Rahman Bakri
Datuk Abdul Rahman Bakri (born 10 November 1965) is a Malaysian politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sabak Bernam from March 2008 to his imprisonment in October 2012 as well as Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Sungai Air Tawar from March 2004 to March 2008. He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition.

Sungai Air Tawar (state constituency)
Sungai Air Tawar is a state constituency in Selangor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly since 1974. It has been represented by Member of the State Executive Council (EXCO) Rizam Ismail of Barisan Nasional (BN) since 2018. It is also the smallest Selangor state constituency by the number of voters.

The state constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Selangor State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.
Jarosław, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Jarosław (Polish: [jaˈrɔswaf] ⓘ; German: Marienau) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Złocieniec, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-west of Złocieniec, 13 km (8 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 93 km (58 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 2,007.

Drawsko Pomorskie
Drawsko Pomorskie [ˈdrafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] (until 1948 Polish: Drawsko; German: Dramburg) is a town in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Drawsko County and the urban-rural commune of Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 11,292. It is home to the Drawsko Training Ground, one of the largest training areas in Poland.
Kjetil Norland
Kjetil Norland (born 20 April 1978) is a retired Norwegian football striker.

He got one Norwegian Premier League game for SK Brann in 2000. In the second half of the 2001 season he was loaned out to Nest-Sotra. After the season, he joined Nest-Sotra permanently. He later joined Sandnes Ulf, and was a top goalscorer at the club. Ahead of the 2007 season he joined IL Havørn. He left halfway in the 2008 season. He resides in Florvåg.

Sandnes Ulf
Sandnes Ulf is a Norwegian association football club from Sandnes, Rogaland, currently playing in the 1. divisjon, the second highest division in the Norwegian football league system. The club play their home matches at Øster Hus Arena. The club was founded on 1 June 1911 as SK Ulf, and today has over 80 registered teams, making it the largest football club in Rogaland.

Sandnes Ulf play in light blue jerseys, white shorts and light blue socks. Sandnes Ulf is an open member association and the annual general meeting is the highest policy-making body. The meeting approves the accounts and elects the chairman and board. Stig Ravndal is the current chairman, elected in 2012. Daily operations are run by a managing director who liaises with the chairman.

Sandnes Ulf's official fan club is known as Gaukereiret ("The Cuckoo's Nest"), reflecting on the nickname for people from Sandnes; Sandnes-cuckoos.
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., commonly referred to as The Sketch Book, is a collection of 34 essays and short stories written by the American author Washington Irving. It was published serially throughout 1819 and 1820. The collection includes two of Irving's best-known stories, attributed to the fictional Dutch historian Diedrich Knickerbocker: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". It also marks Irving's first use of the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon, which he would continue to employ throughout his literary career.

The Sketch Book, along with James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, was among the first widely read works of American literature in Britain and Europe. It also helped advance the reputation of American writers with an international audience.

George Palmer Putnam
George Palmer Putnam (February 7, 1814 – December 20, 1872) was an American publisher and author. He founded the firm G. P. Putnam's Sons and Putnam's Magazine. He was an advocate of international copyright reform, secretary for many years of the Publishers' Association, and founding superintendent of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Senate (Cameroon)
The Senate is the upper house of the Parliament of Cameroon. It consists of 100 members with 70 of them being elected and 30 being appointed by the President of Cameroon, divided among the ten regions of the country.

Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.
Goblincore
Goblincore is an internet aesthetic and subculture inspired by the folklore of goblins, centered on the celebration of natural ecosystems usually considered less beautiful by conventional norms, such as soil, animals, and second-hand objects.

Subculture
In the sociology of culture, a subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the mainstream or dominant culture (or superculture) to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures coexist within mainstream society while keeping their specific characteristics intact.

Since its inception in the English-speaking world (primarily North America and the United Kingdom) during the 1940s–1950s, the concept and study of subcultures was developed in the academic fields of sociology, communication studies, and cultural studies. Examples of subcultures include punks, skinheads, Teddy Boys, mods, rockers, bikers, hip-hoppers, and more. Subcultures differ from countercultures.
Individual dressage at the 2021 European Dressage Championships
The individual dressage at the 2021 European Dressage Championships in Hagen, germany was held at Hof Kasselmann from 7 to 12 September.

Germany's Jessica von Bredow-Werndl won the gold medal in both Grand Prix Special and Grand Prix Freestyle, repeating her success after the Olympic Games. Title defender Isabell Werth representing Germany won a silver medal in the Grand Prix Special. Cathrine Dufour of Denmark won a bronze in special.

Isabell Werth
Isabell Werth (born 21 July 1969 in Issum) is a German equestrian who has competed in dressage at seven Olympic Games —1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2016, 2020, 2024— winning the gold medal in the team event in all seven, and one gold and six silver medals in the individual event. She stands alone in having medals from seven Olympics, or across a span of 32 years; her 14 medals are the most for any German or equestrian. She also has numerous titles in the World and European Championships and World Cups.
Jamal Gay
Jamal Bevon Gay (born 9 February 1989) is a Trinidadian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played abroad with 2. Bundesliga club Rot-Weiß Oberhausen and Veikkausliiga side RoPS. He scored 7 goals from 21 appearances for the Trinidad & Tobago national team. He was a member of Trinidad & Tobago under 23 Olympic team that almost qualified for London games 2012. He was top scorer with 6 goals in 11 matches. He also played for the Trinidad & Tobago U20 at the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

Rot-Weiß Oberhausen
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen is a German association football club in Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club was formed as Oberhausener SV in December 1904 out of the merger of Emschertaler SV (1902) and the football enthusiasts of Oberhausener TV 1873. The new side entered into a union with Viktoria Styrum BV to create SpVgg 1904 Oberhausen-Styrum, but within six months a number of the club's members left to form 1. FC Mülheim-Styrum. The remaining club members carried on and in 1934 took on their current name.
Crambus albellus
Crambus albellus, the small white grass-veneer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. It is found in North America, where sightings have been recorded from Quebec and Ontario to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Illinois and Wisconsin.

Adults are on wing from June to September.

The larvae feed on grasses.

James Brackenridge Clemens
James Brackenridge Clemens (31 January 1825, in Wheeling, Virginia – 11 January 1867, in Easton, Pennsylvania) was an American entomologist who specialized in Lepidoptera. He described many new species. His collection of microlepidoptera is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Independent Division of Guizhou Provincial Military District (2nd Formation)
Independent Division of Guizhou Provincial Military District (Chinese: 贵州省军区独立师)(2nd Formation) was formed on July 16, 1979. The division was composed of three infantry regiments and an artillery regiment.

The Guizhou Provincial Military District appears to have been part of the Chengdu Military Region.

The division maintained as an Army Division, Catalogue B, composing of 6961 personnel.

The division was disbanded on January 15, 1981.

Chengdu Military Region
The Chengdu Military Region was one of seven military districts and is located in the southwest of the People's Republic of China, covering Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and the Xizang/Tibet Autonomous Region. It includes some of the area previously within the Kunming Military Region and has its headquarters in Chengdu. It was probably established in 1955.

The Tibet Military Region was reduced to the status of a district in 1971.

The region was disbanded during the 2015 People's Republic of China military reform and become part of the Western Theater Command.
Acochlidiacea
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Snapdeal
Snapdeal is an Indian e-commerce company, based in New Delhi, India. It was founded in February 2010 by Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal.

Snapdeal is one of the top 5 online marketplaces in India. Snapdeal targets the value e-commerce segment, which Bahl estimated to be three times larger than the branded goods market.

Fashion, home and general merchandise account for a majority of the products sold by over 500,000 sellers on Snapdeal. Buyers from more than 3,700 towns in India shop on Snapdeal.

General line of merchandise
General line of merchandise or general merchandise is a term used in retail and wholesale business in reference to merchandise not limited to some particular category. General merchandise stores (general stores) address this sector of retail.

According to the North American Industry Classification System 2002, the following types of general merchandise are excluded from the line carried by general stores:

general line of building and home improvement materials (44411, Home Centres)

general line of grocery items (44511, Supermarkets and Other Grocery (except Convenience) Stores)

general line of used goods (45331, Used Merchandise Stores)

Regardless of this classification system, general stores indeed carry basic grocery items, often limited produce, basic hardware and gardening tools, and other necessaries of rural life.
Holaday
Holaday is a surname. Notable people with the surname include

Bryan Holaday (born 1987), American baseball player

Sarah Holaday (died 1754), English silversmith

William P. Holaday (1882–1946), American politician

Bryan Holaday
John Bryan Holaday (born November 19, 1987) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on June 6, 2012, with the Detroit Tigers. He also played in MLB for the Texas Rangers, Boston Red Sox, Miami Marlins, Baltimore Orioles, and Arizona Diamondbacks. Prior to his professional career, Holaday played college baseball at Texas Christian University (TCU) for the TCU Horned Frogs. In his senior season at TCU, Holaday won the Johnny Bench Award, given to the best collegiate catcher for the season.
Robert Stephan
Robert Taft Stephan (January 16, 1933 – January 2, 2023) was an American attorney who served four terms as Kansas Attorney General.

Stephan was born on January 16, 1933, to Taft and Julia Stephan, of Lebanese descent. He graduated from Washburn University School of Law in 1957 and practiced law in Wichita, Kansas. After losing a campaign for local school board, he was appointed a municipal court judge and two years later elected to the district court in Wichita. He first won election as state Attorney General in 1978 and was reelected three times in 1982, 1986, and 1990.

Following the end of his last term, Stephan moved to Lenexa, Kansas, and worked as a consultant in corporate law dealing in consumer protection and Federal Trade Commission regulations.

In 2007, Stephan spoke in support of legalizing medical cannabis in Kansas.

Stephan died on January 2, 2023, two weeks shy of his 90th birthday.

Lebanese Americans
Lebanese Americans (Arabic: أميركيون لبنانيون, romanized: Amrīkiyyūn Lubnāniyyūn) are Americans of Lebanese descent. This includes both native-born Americans and immigrants from Lebanon.

Lebanese Americans comprise 0.79% of the American population, as of the American Community Survey estimations for year 2007, and 32.4% of all Americans who originate from the Middle East. Lebanese Americans have had significant participation in American politics and involvement in both social and political activism.  The diversity within the region sprouted from the diaspora of the surrounding countries. There are more Lebanese outside Lebanon today than within.
CD Yeclano
Club Deportivo Yeclano was a Spanish football team based in Yecla, in the autonomous community of Murcia. Founded in 1940, it began to play official competitions since 1943 at Estadio de La Constitución. It was promoted to Tercera Division in the 1952–53 campaign and the team was dissolved after the 1957–58 season.

Yecla
Yecla (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɟʝe.kla]) is a town and municipality in eastern Spain with 35243 people registered, in the extreme north of the autonomous community of Murcia, located  96 km from the capital of the region, Murcia.
Victoria Murphy
Victoria Anne Murphy is a linguist, academic, and author. She is a professor of Applied Linguistics and Director of the Department of Education at the University of Oxford as well as a Fellow of St. Anne's College. Previously, she served as Chair of the National Association of Language Development in the Curriculum (NALDIC) from 2018 to 2021.

Murphy's research focuses on the connections between child second language learning, vocabulary acquisition, and literacy development. She has published journal articles and two books including Second Language Learning in the Early School Years: Trends and Contexts and Early Childhood Education in English for Speakers of Other Languages. Her work has been supported by grants from the Education Endowment Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), The Nuffield Foundation, and The Leverhulme Trust.

Applied linguistics
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication research, information science, natural language processing, anthropology, and sociology. Applied linguistics is a practical use of language.
Situational strength
Situational strength is defined as cues provided by environmental forces regarding the desirability of potential behaviors. Situational strength is said to result in psychological pressure on the individual to engage in and/or refrain from particular behaviors. A consequence of this psychological pressure to act in a certain way is the likelihood that despite an individual's personality, they will act in a certain manner. As such, when strong situations (situations where situational strength is high) exist, the relationship between personality variables (for example, extraversion or risk-taking behaviors) and behaviors is reduced, because no matter what the personality of the individual is, they will act in a way dictated by the situation. When weak situations exist, there is less structure and more ambiguity with respect to what behaviors to perform.

Personality type
In psychology, personality type refers to the psychological classification of individuals. In contrast to personality traits, the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial. Types are sometimes said to involve qualitative differences between people, whereas traits might be construed as quantitative differences. According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension, with many people in the middle.
Norman Robinson (priest)
Norman Robinson (18 February 1905 – 27 April 1973) was an Anglican priest. He was educated at Ulverston Grammar School and  Liverpool University and began his working life as a teacher of Mathematics at Quarry Bank School, Liverpool Ordained in 1935, he held curacies at Mossley Hill and Southport before a spell at Lancaster Priory. After incumbencies at Newbarns, Hawcoat, Penrith and West Derby he was appointed  Provost of Blackburn in 1961. He retired in 1972 and died a year later.

Penrith, Cumbria
Penrith (/ˈpɛnrɪθ/, /pɛnˈrɪθ/) is a market town and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria, England. It is less than 3 miles (5 km) outside the Lake District National Park and about 17 miles (27 km) south of Carlisle. It is between the Rivers Petteril and Eamont and just north of the River Lowther. It was historically part of Cumberland.
Indoor cycling
Indoor cycling, often called spinning, is a form of exercise with classes focusing on endurance, strength, intervals, high intensity (race days) and recovery, and involves using a special stationary exercise bicycle with a weighted flywheel in a classroom setting. When people took cycling indoors in the late 19th century, whether for reasons of weather or convenience, technology created faster, more compact and efficient machines over time.
The first iterations of the stationary bike ranged from the vertical Gymnasticon to regular bicycles on rollers.

Gymnasticon
The Gymnasticon was an early exercise machine resembling a stationary bicycle, invented in 1796 by Francis Lowndes.  Its function was to exercise the joints, either "in all parts of the body at once, or partially."