hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Drummond Community High School
Drummond Community High School  (DCHS) is a non-denominational secondary school built originally in 1926 by John Alexander Carfrae which serves the area of north east Edinburgh. Drummond Community High School is on Bellevue Place and was originally known as Bellevue Junior Secondary School. The catchment area serves an area to the east of the city including the southern areas of Leith, Hillside, Abbeyhill, Broughton and Bellevue. In addition to the school roll of around 625 the school provides places for over 400 adult day learners and approximately 400 adult learners.

Leith
Leith (/liːθ/; Scottish Gaelic: Lìte) is a suburb to the north of Edinburgh, Scotland, lying at the mouth of the Water of Leith. It is home to the Port of Leith.

The earliest surviving historical references are in the royal charter authorising the construction of Holyrood Abbey in 1128 in which it is termed Inverlet (Inverleith). After centuries of control by Edinburgh, Leith was made a separate burgh in 1833 only to be merged into Edinburgh in 1920.

Leith is located on the southern coast of the Firth of Forth and lies within the City of Edinburgh council area; since 2007 it has formed one of 17 multi-member wards of the city.
Instructional theory
An instructional theory is "a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop." It provides insights about what is likely to happen and why with respect to different kinds of teaching and learning activities while helping indicate approaches for their evaluation. Instructional designers focus on how to best structure material and instructional behavior to facilitate learning.

Paulo Freire
Paulo Reglus Neves Freire (19 September 1921 – 2 May 1997) was a Brazilian educator and Marxist philosopher whose work revolutionized global thought on education. He is best known for Pedagogy of the Oppressed, in which he reimagines teaching as a collaborative act of liberation rather than transmission. A founder of critical pedagogy, Freire’s influence spans literacy movements, liberation theology, postcolonial education, Marxism, and contemporary theories of social justice and learning. He is widely regarded as one of the most important educational theorists of the twentieth century, alongside figures such as John Dewey and Maria Montessori, and considered "the Grandfather of Critical Theory".
Bula (river)
The Bula (Russian: Була; Chuvash: Пăла, Păla; Tatar: Бола) is a river in the Chuvash Republic and the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, a left-bank tributary of the Sviyaga. Its length is 118 kilometres (73 mi) and its drainage basin is 1,580 square kilometres (610 sq mi). It originates in the Chuvash Republic and falls into the Sviyaga River south of Devlikeyevo.

Major tributaries are the Cheremshan and the Malaya Bula. The maximum mineralization is 700–1000 mg/L. Batyrevo, the administrative center of Batyrevsky District of the Chuvash Republic, is located on the river.

Batyrevo, Chuvash Republic
Batyrevo (Russian: Батырево, Chuvash: Патăрьел, Patăryel) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Batyrevsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia. Population:  5,431 (2010 Census); 5,702 (2002 Census); 5,664 (1989 Soviet census).
Orientalism in early modern France
In early modern France, Orientalism refers to the interaction of pre-modern France with the Orient, and especially the cultural, scientific, artistic and intellectual impact of these interactions, ranging from the academic field of Oriental studies to Orientalism in fashions in the decorative arts.

Jean Bodin
Jean Bodin (/boʊˈdæn/; French: [ʒɑ̃ bɔdɛ̃]; c. 1530 – 1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. Bodin lived during the aftermath of the Protestant Reformation and wrote against the background of religious conflict in France. He seemed to be a nominal Catholic throughout his life but was critical of papal authority over governments. Known for his theory of sovereignty, he favoured the strong central control of a national monarchy as an antidote to factional strife.

Towards the end of his life he wrote a dialogue among different religions, including representatives of Judaism, Islam and natural theology in which all agreed to coexist in concord, but was not published. He was also an influential writer on demonology, as his later years were spent during the peak of the early modern witch trials.
Nikolaj Pirnat
Nikolaj Pirnat (10 December 1903, Idrija, Austria-Hungary – 9 January 1948, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) was a Slovene painter and sculptor. He was the earliest exponent of social realism in Slovene fine arts.

Maribor
Maribor (UK: /ˈmærɪbɔːr/ MARR-ib-or, US: /ˈmɑːr-/ MAR-, Slovene: [ˈmáːɾibɔɾ] ⓘ; also known by other historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is the seat of the Urban Municipality of Maribor and the Drava Statistical Region. Maribor is also the economic, administrative, educational, and cultural centre of eastern Slovenia.

Maribor was first mentioned as a castle in 1164, as a settlement in 1209, and as a city in 1254. Like most Slovene ethnic territory, Maribor was under Habsburg rule until 1918, when Rudolf Maister and his men secured the city for the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which then joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1991 Maribor became part of independent Slovenia.

Maribor, along with the Portuguese city of Guimarães, was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2012.
Mid-America Science Museum
The Mid-America Science Museum is located in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It has more than 100 hands-on traveling and permanent exhibits. Many permanent exhibits were built in the early 1980s.

Several of Rowland Emett's "things" (kinetic sculptures) are at the museum, including The Featherstone-Kite Openwork Basketweave Mark Two Gentleman’s Flying Machine, and several that appear in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang as inventions of the character Caractacus Potts.

One of the museum's permanent exhibits is the powerful conical Tesla coil, which can produce 1.5 million volts of electricity.

The museum's building was originally completed in 1982 and designed by architects E. Verner Johnson & Associates of Boston and Stuck Frier Lane Scott Beisner of Jonesboro.

Jonesboro, Arkansas
Jonesboro (/ˈdʒoʊnzbʌrə/) is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Located on Crowley's Ridge in the northeastern part of the state, it is one of two county seats of Craighead County. The population was 78,579 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 84,155 in 2026, making it the fifth-most populous city in Arkansas. In 2024, the Jonesboro metropolitan area had a population of 138,152, and the greater Jonesboro-Paragould combined statistical area had a population of 184,749. Jonesboro is the home of Arkansas State University and is the cultural and economic center of Northeast Arkansas.
Gulveer Singh
Gulveer Singh (born 1 June 1998) is an Indian long-distance runner. He is the current Asian champion in the 10,000 m and 5000 m, having won gold medals in both events at the 2025 Asian Championships. Singh also secured a bronze medal in the 10,000 m at the 2022 Asian Games and a bronze in the 5000 m at the 2023 Asian Championships.

2025 Asian Athletics Championships
The 2025 Asian Athletics Championships was the 26th edition of the Asian Athletics Championships. It was held from 27 to 31 May 2025 in Gumi, South Korea. This was the third time South Korea have hosted the championships after the 1975 and 2005 editions.
Favre averaging
Favre averaging is the density-weighted averaging method, used in variable density or compressible turbulent flows, in place of the Reynolds averaging. The method was introduced formally by the French physicist Alexandre Favre in 1965, although Osborne Reynolds had also already introduced the density-weighted averaging in 1895. The averaging results in a simplistic form for the nonlinear convective terms of the Navier-Stokes equations, at the expense of making the diffusion terms complicated.

Osborne Reynolds
Osborne Reynolds FRS (23 August 1842 – 21 February 1912) was an Irish-born British innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics. Separately, his studies of heat transfer between solids and fluids brought improvements in boiler and condenser design. He spent his entire career at what is now the University of Manchester.
Sangiban
Sangiban was a fifth-century Alan king at the time of Attila's invasion of Gaul (451). He was the successor of Goar as king of the Alan foederati settled in the region around Aurelianum (modern-day Orléans). According to Jordanes, Sangiban had promised Attila before the Battle of Châlons to open the city gates and deliver Aurelianum to the Huns. Suspecting this, the Romans and Visigoths put Sangiban in the center of the line opposing the Huns, where they could prevent him from defecting. Thus the Alans bore the main brunt of the Hunnic assault, while the Goths were able to flank the Huns and ultimately drive them back.

Jordanes does not record whether Sangiban survived the battle. But in any case, the Alans of Aurelianum were conquered by the Visigoths a few years later and incorporated into the Gothic Kingdom of Toulouse.

Jordanes
Jordanes (/dʒɔːrˈdeɪniːz/; Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.

He wrote two works, one on Roman history (Romana) and the other on the Goths (Getica). The latter, along with Isidore of Seville's Historia Gothorum, is one of only two extant ancient works dealing with the early history of the Goths. Other writers, such as Procopius, wrote works on the later history of the Goths. Getica has been the object of much critical review. Jordanes wrote in Late Latin rather than the classical Ciceronian Latin. According to his own introduction, he had only three days to review what Cassiodorus had written and so he must also have relied on his own knowledge.
Joseph Lara (politician)
Joseph "Jojo Pulsar" Lasam Lara (born 1966) is a Filipino politician who served in the House of Representatives of the Philippines for three terms. Born in Tuguegarao, he ran for mayor in his birthplace in the 2010 elections but failed to secure a win. He subsequently ran in the 2019 elections under Partido Demokratiko Pilipino for Cagayan's 3rd congressional district and won. He produced numerous infrastructure projects in Cagayan. He was re-elected in the 2022 elections under the same party and succeeded. Shortly after, he conducted an investigation against Cagayan Governor Manuel Mamba. He also filed a House resolution pertaining to Chinese students in Filipino schools. He ran for re-election in the 2025 elections under Lakas–CMD and prevailed. He is currently the chairperson of the House Committee of Disaster Resilience.

2019 Philippine general election
The 2019 Philippine general election was conducted on May 13, 2019. A midterm election, those elected therein took office on June 30, 2019, midway through the term of President Rodrigo Duterte.

The following positions were contested:

12 seats in the Senate of the Philippines

All seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines

All governors, vice governors and regular members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Councils) in the provinces of the Philippines

All mayors, vice mayors and regular members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils) or Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils) in the cities or municipalities of the Philippines

Under the Local Government Code and the 1987 constitution, all terms start on June 30, 2019, and end on June 30, 2022, except for elected senators, whose terms shall end on June 30, 2025. The Commission on Elections administered the election.
Chaedok station
Chaedŏk station is a railway station in Kilju county, North Hamgyŏng province, North Korea, on the Paektusan Ch'ŏngnyŏn Line of the Korean State Railway.

The station, along with the rest of the Kilju–Hapsu section, was opened by the Chōsen Government Railway on 1 November 1933.

On 9 October 2006 an underground nuclear test was conducted at P'unggye-ri in Kilju County, causing the closure of the line for 3–4 months.

Korean State Railway
The Korean State Railway is the operating arm of the Ministry of Railways of North Korea (Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국 철도성; MR: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk Ch'ŏltosŏng), commonly called the State Rail (Korean: 국철; MR: Kukch'ŏl). Its headquarters are in P'yŏngyang. The current Minister of Railways is Chang Jun-song.
Minuscule 724
Minuscule 724 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε530 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment and partially on paper. It is dated by a Colophon to 1520 CE. The manuscript has complex contents. Scrivener labelled it as 829e.

Colophon (publishing)
In publishing, a colophon (/ˈkɒləfən, -fɒn/) is a brief statement containing information about the publication of a book such as an "imprint" (the place of publication, the publisher, ISBN and the date of publication).

A colophon may include the device (logo): 69  of a printer or publisher. Colophons are traditionally printed at the ends of books (see History below for the origin of the word), but sometimes the same information appears elsewhere (when it may still be referred to as colophon) and many modern (post-1800) books bear this information on the title page or on the verso of the title leaf, which is sometimes called a biblio page or (when bearing copyright data) the copyright page.
TV Simić
TV Simić or Serbian Cyrillic: ТВ Симић is a local commercial television channel based in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The program is mainly produced in Serbian. TV station was established in 1996. TV Simić reports on local events in Banja Luka, Republika Srpska entity and BiH.

Banja Luka
Banja Luka (Serbian Cyrillic: Бања Лука, pronounced [bǎɲa lǔːka] ⓘ) or Banjaluka (Serbian Cyrillic: Бањалука, pronounced [baɲalǔːka]) is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the most populous in Republika Srpska. It is Republika Srpska‘s main economic, political, and administrative center. Banja Luka is the traditional centre of the densely forested Bosanska Krajina region of northwestern Bosnia & Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, the city proper has a population of 138,963, while its administrative area comprises a total of 185,042 inhabitants.

The city is home to the University of Banja Luka and the University Clinical Center of the Republika Srpska, as well as numerous entities and state institutions for the Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina, respectively. The city is located on the Vrbas river. Banja Luka was designated a European city of Sport in 2018.
Castelpetroso
Castelpetroso is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Isernia in the Italian region Molise, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Campobasso and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Isernia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,708 and an area of 22.6 square kilometres (8.7 sq mi).

Castelpetroso borders the following municipalities: Carpinone, Castelpizzuto, Pettoranello del Molise, Santa Maria del Molise.

Province of Isernia
The province of Isernia (Italian: provincia di Isernia) is a province in the Molise region of Italy. The provincial capital is the city Isernia and the president of the province is Alfredo Ricci. The province of Isernia has an area of 1,535.24 square kilometres (592.76 sq mi) and a population of 79,236 inhabitants as of 2024, making it Italy's least populous province. It contains 52 comuni (sg.: comune) in the province, listed at comuni of the province of Isernia.
John Cawston
Christianity portal

John Cawston (1824– 3 March 1900)  was a Church of England priest and Royal Navy chaplain. He was Chaplain of the Fleet, serving from 1876 to 1882.

Cawston was the only son of Rev. A. W. Cawston, and was educated at St David's College, Lampeter. He was ordained deacon in 1847 and priest in 1848. After curacies at St Paul, Newport, Wales and St. Michael and All Angels, Great Torrington he began his long association with the Royal Navy in 1853. He served in Crimea and Turkey, where he was on board HMS Bellerophon during the bombardment of Sevastopol in 1854–55.  Following time in Mexico, he served on HMS Centaur for an expedition in the Baltic, and later served in the West Indies before his time as head of the service. He was an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen.

He died at his home in Blackheath Park on 3 March 1900. His son, also John Cawston,  was Comptroller of the Royal Mint from 1917 to 1921.

Royal Naval Chaplaincy Service
The Royal Naval Chaplaincy Service provides chaplains to the Royal Navy. The chaplains are commissioned by the Sovereign but do not hold military rank other than that of "Chaplain Royal Navy".

The senior chaplain in the Royal Navy is the Chaplain of the Fleet, the current post holder being Andrew Hillier, an Anglican priest, who is also the Archdeacon for the Royal Navy.

Chaplains do not hold a standard military rank, and are usually addressed as Padre, Reverend, or, more informally, Bish.

The majority of chaplains are recruited from a number of Christian denominations. However, to better reflect the changing demographics of the United Kingdom and its military, the Ministry of Defence announced in November 2023 that it would begin recruiting non-religious pastoral support officers from 2024, as is already done in prisons, universities and the NHS.
Allied bombing of Yugoslavia in World War II
The Allied bombing of Yugoslavia in World War II involved air attacks on cities and towns in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) and Royal Air Force (RAF), including the Balkan Air Force (BAF), between 1941 and 1945, during which period the entire country was occupied by the Axis powers. Dozens of Yugoslav cities and towns were bombed, many repeatedly. These attacks included intensive air support for Yugoslav Partisan operations in May–June 1944, and a bombing campaign against transport infrastructure in September 1944 as the German Wehrmacht withdrew from Greece and Yugoslavia. This latter operation was known as Operation Ratweek. Some of the attacks caused significant civilian casualties.

Herzegovina
Herzegovina (/ˌhɛərtsɪˈɡoʊvɪnə/ HAIRT-sih-GOH-vih-nə or /ˌhɜːrtsəɡoʊˈviːnə/ HURT-sə-goh-VEE-nə; Serbo-Croatian: Hercegovina / Херцеговина, pronounced [xɛ̌rt͡se̞ɡoʋina]) is the southern and smaller of two main geographical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Bosnia. It presently [when?] does not have strictly defined administrative borders; however, in the past it was organized as Sanjak of Herzegovina (1470–1833; 1851–1912) and Herzegovina Eyalet (1830–1851).

Bosnia, the larger of the two regions, lies to the north of Herzegovina; the Croatian region of Dalmatia lies to the southwest; the Montenegrin region of Old Herzegovina lies to the southeast. The land area of Herzegovina is around 12,000 km2 (4,600 sq mi), or around 23–24% of the country. The largest city is Mostar, in the center of the region. Other large settlements include Trebinje, Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški, Čapljina, Konjic and Posušje.
Mulungushi Dam
The Mulungushi Dam located 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Kabwe, Zambia, was constructed by the Broken Hill Development Company on the Mulungushi River and opened in 1925 by the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VIII) to provide hydroelectric power to the Broken Hill Mine in Kabwe (known as Broken Hill at that time). It is a sister facility to the Mita Hills Dam 60 km (37 mi) to its northeast. The Lunsemfwa Hydropower Company currently controls the power stations of both dams and the one at Lunsemfwa Falls.

The manmade lake created by the Mulungushi Dam is approximately 20 km (12 mi) long and 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) wide and is home to the Mulungushi Boat Club (MBC) and a local fishing competition.

Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the English, and later, the British throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Gwynedd who, from the late 12th century, used it (albeit inconsistently) to assert their supremacy over the other Welsh rulers. However, to mark the finalisation of his conquest of Wales, in 1301, Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title, thereby beginning the tradition of giving the title to the heir apparent when he was the monarch's son or grandson. The title was later claimed by the leader of a Welsh rebellion, Owain Glyndŵr, from 1400 until 1415.

King Charles III created his son, William, Prince of Wales on 9 September 2022, the day after his accession to the throne, with formal letters patent issued on 13 February 2023. The title has become a point of controversy in Wales.
1982 Arizona Senate election
The 1982 Arizona Senate election was held on November 2, 1982. Voters elected members of the Arizona Senate in all 30 of the state's legislative districts to serve a two-year term. Primary elections were held on September 7, 1982.

Prior to the elections, the Republicans held a majority of 16 seats over the Democrats' 14 seats.

Following the election, Republicans maintained control of the chamber with 18 Republicans to 12 Democrats, a net gain of two seats for Republicans.

The newly elected senators served in the 36th Arizona State Legislature.

Arizona Democratic Party
The Arizona Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Arizona. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona.

Along with its main rival, the Arizona Republican Party, it is one of two major parties in the state. The Arizona Democratic Party's electoral representation has increased in recent years; as of 2025, the party controls the offices of governor, secretary of state, and attorney general; both of the state's U.S. Senate seats; and two out of the state's nine U.S. House seats.
Michael Farber
Michael Farber (born September 1951) is an American author and sports journalist, and was a writer with Sports Illustrated from 1994 to 2014. He covered mostly ice hockey and Olympic sports. Before 1994, Farber spent 15 years as a sports columnist for the Montreal Gazette, and previously wrote for the Bergen Record, and the Sun Bulletin. Farber is a commentator for CJAD 800 AM in Montreal, and on The Sports Network's The Reporters.

Farber grew up in Bayonne, New Jersey. He graduated from Rutgers University in 1973, and is a Phi Beta Kappa Society member. He relocated to Montreal in 1979. He won the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award in 2003, and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame selection committee.

The Record (North Jersey)
The Record (also called The North Jersey Record, The Bergen Record and formerly The Bergen Evening Record) is a newspaper in New Jersey, United States. Serving Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Passaic counties in North Jersey, it has the second-largest circulation of the state's daily newspapers, behind The Star-Ledger.

The Record was under the ownership of the Borg family from 1930 to 2016, and the family went on to form North Jersey Media Group, which eventually bought its competitor, the Herald News. Both papers are now owned by Gannett Company, which purchased the Borgs' media assets in July 2016.

For years, The Record had its primary offices in Hackensack with a bureau in Wayne. Following the purchase of the competing Herald News of Passaic, both papers began centralizing operations in what is now Woodland Park, where The Record is currently based.