hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
J. Rufus Bratton
James Rufus Bratton (1821–1897) was a medical doctor, army surgeon, civic leader, and leader in the Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina with whom he was guilty of committing numerous crimes. Bratton trained in medicine in Philadelphia in the 1840s but spent most of his life in Yorkville, South Carolina. He joined the Confederate Army as an assistant surgeon in April 1861, the opening month of the American Civil War. After the war, he became an opponent of Reconstruction and a leader of the Ku Klux Klan. He was one of the leaders linked in the lynching and killing of local black leader Jim Williams. This led to a string of violent attacks which eventually led to a large group of York County blacks emigrating to Liberia. Bratton fled to London, Ontario, to escape prosecution, but later was able to return to South Carolina, where he pursued his career in medicine for the remainder of his life.

Lynching
Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged or convicted transgressor or to intimidate others. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in all societies.

In the United States, where the word lynching likely originated, the practice became associated with vigilante justice on the frontier and mob attacks on African Americans accused of crimes. The latter became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era, especially during the nadir of American race relations. Black people are thought to be the primary victims of lynching in the U.S. (about 72% of the total).
Ram Kishan Singhal
Ram Kishan Singhal is an Indian politician, Bharatiya Janata Party leader and a former member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly. He was born in 1951 in Karnal in Haryana and has been a member of Municipal Corporation of Delhi.

Delhi Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi is the unicameral legislature of the union territory of Delhi in India. Delhi Legislative Assembly is the legislative arm of the Government of Delhi. At present, it consists of 70 members, directly elected from 70 constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner.

The seat of assembly is the Old Secretariat building, which is also the seat of the Government of Delhi.
Alpha to coverage
Alpha to coverage is a multisampling computer graphics technique, that replaces alpha blending with a coverage mask. This achieves order-independent transparency for when anti-aliasing or semi-transparent textures are used. This particular technique is useful for situations where dense foliage or grass must be rendered in a video game.

Alpha to coverage is a sub-pixel version of screen-door transparency, a technique which uses a dithering pattern to simulate transparency with only fully opaque and fully transparent pixels.

Alpha to coverage multisampling is based on regular multisampling, except that the alpha coverage mask is ANDed with the multisample mask. Alpha-to-coverage converts the alpha component output from the pixel shader to a coverage mask. When the multisampling is applied each output fragment gets a transparency of 0 or 1 depending on alpha coverage and the multisampling result.

Texture mapping
Texture mapping is a term used in computer graphics to describe how 2D images are projected onto 3D models. The most common variant is the UV unwrap, which can be described as an inverse paper cutout, where the surfaces of a 3D model are cut apart so that it can be unfolded into a 2D coordinate space (UV space).
Alexander Maxwell (politician)
Sir Alexander Maxwell, 2nd Baronet (died 23 May 1730) of Monreith, Wigtown, was a Scottish Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons.

He was born the eldest surviving son of Sir William Maxwell, 1st Bt., of Monreith and educated at the University of Glasgow. He became an advocate in 1705 and succeeded his father as 2nd Baronet and to the Monreith estate in April 1709.

He represented Wigtown Burghs in Parliament in 1713–1715.

He married Jean Montgomerie, daughter of the 9th earl of Eglinton by his first wife Margaret Cochrane and had 3 sons and 4 daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest son William, who was the father of Jane, the wife of the 4th Duke of Gordon.

Wigtown Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)
Wigtown Burghs, also known as Wigton Burghs and Wigtown District of Burghs, was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885. It was represented by one Member of Parliament (MP).
Athletics at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres sprint competition of the athletics events at the 2011 Pan American Games took place between the 27 and 28 of October at the Telmex Athletics Stadium.  The defending Pan American Games champion was Yeimer López of Cuba.

Yeimer López
Yeimer López García (born August 28, 1982, in Buey Arriba, Granma) is a middle-distance runner from Cuba, who represented his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 2004.

He is best known for winning the gold medal in the men's 800 metres at the 2007 Pan American Games in Brazil. López is the twin brother (fraternal) of female sprinter Ana López.
Fedelmid mac Crimthainn
Fedelmid mac Crimthainn was the King of Munster between 820 and 846. He was numbered as a member of the Céli Dé, an abbot of Cork Abbey and Clonfert Abbey, and possibly a bishop. After his death, he was later considered a saint in some martyrologies.

Clonfert
Clonfert (Irish: Cluain Fearta) is a small village in east County Galway, Ireland, halfway between Ballinasloe and Portumna. The village gives its name to the Diocese of Clonfert. Clonfert Cathedral is one of the eight cathedral churches of the Church of Ireland, Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe. The cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clonfert is located in Loughrea and is home to the Shrine of Our Lady of Clonfert. Three churches lay in this parish, St. Brendan's Eyrecourt, St. Francis Meelick and Clonfert. Its current parish priest (2021) is Fr. Declan McInerney and its bishop Michael Duignan. The village is in a civil parish of the same name.
Jonas Edman
Jonas Edman (born 4 March 1967 in Linköping) is a Swedish rifle shooter, specializing in the Prone position. He was a 300 m Rifle specialist during most of the 1990s and a part of the winning team at the 1998 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Zaragoza, Spain. After this however, he started to focus in the Olympic 50 m Rifle. He got a very late wild card to the 2000 Olympics and performed 599, only one point from the maximum (and World record) result, in the qualification round, and managed to keep his lead during the final.

Edman also won the 2001 ISSF World Cup Final in Munich after the same score, 599. His results after this have been varying, but he has continued to be one of the best Prone shooters in the world. He currently owns a company that sells shooting equipment, and has also occasionally helped the Swedish biathlon team with shooting issues.

ISSF World Cup
The ISSF World Cup was introduced by the International Shooting Sport Federation in 1986 to provide a homogeneous system for qualification to the Olympic shooting competitions. It still is carried out in the Olympic shooting events, with four competitions per year in each event. For the best shooters there is since 1988 a World Cup Final.
Bear Island Lake
Bear Island Lake is a lake which is about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Ely in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The lake measures 2,351 acres (9.51 km2), or about 2 miles (3.2 km) by 4 miles (6.4 km). There are at least 20 other islands in the lake. The shoreline of the natural glacial lake is about two-thirds state and national forest, including Bear Island State Forest. While deep in parts, several shallow bays and natural sand beaches make it a popular swimming spot.

Ely, Minnesota
Ely (/ˈiːli/ EE-lee) is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 3,268 at the 2020 census.

Located on the Vermilion iron range, Ely once had several iron ore mines. It is an entry point for campers and canoers into the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Canada's Quetico Provincial Park wilderness area. The International Wolf Center and the North American Bear Center are nearby.

Ely's main street has nature outfitters, outdoor clothing stores, and restaurants. MN 1, MN 169, and County Road 21 (Central Avenue) are Ely's main routes. The city is 16 mi (26 km) south of the Canadian border and is within the Superior National Forest.
Heinrich Klutschak
Heinrich Wenzel Klutschak (3 May 1848 – 26 March 1890) was an Austrian-American engineer, artist, naturalist, writer, and explorer. He travelled to the Arctic and Southern Atlantic, visiting Repulse Bay, Nunavut in 1871 and South Georgia in 1877. He served as a part of Frederick Schwatka's 1878–1880 Arctic expedition to uncover information about the lost 1845 Franklin Expedition. He wrote and provided illustrations of his voyages, and provided one of the earliest reliable Western accounts of the Aivilingmiut, Utkuhikhalingmiut, and Netsilingmiut Inuit.

Utkuhiksalingmiut
The Utkuhiksalingmiut Ukukhalingmiut, Utkukhalingmiut —the people of the place where there is soapstone—is one of 48 groups of Inuit in what is now Nunavut, Canada.

Their traditional land was around Chantrey Inlet (Tariunnuaq) area, near the estuary of the Back River in, what was then called, the Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories.: 4

The Utkuhiksalingmiut followed the traditional hunter-nomadic life moving from fishing the camp near the mouth of the Back River on Chantrey Inlet: 3  to their caribou hunting camp in the Garry Lake area,: 10  living in winter snow houses (igloos) and caribou skin tents in the summer.  They subsisted mainly on trout (lake trout and Arctic char), whitefish, and barren-ground caribou.
30th Separate Company Armory
The 30th Separate Company Armory, also known as the Elmira Armory, formerly located at 307 East Church Street in Elmira, New York, was built from 1886 to 1888. It was a contributing property of the Elmira Civic Historic District. The structure was designed by J. H. Pierce of the firm of Pierce & Bickford.  Following decommissioning by the New York National Guard in the 1970s it was acquired by Chemung County and used as for offices and storage.

Elmira, New York
Elmira (/ɛlˈmaɪrə/) is a city in and the county seat of Chemung County, New York, United States. It is the principal city of the Elmira, New York, metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the 2020 census, down from 29,200 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.

The City of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the Town of Elmira.  It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a short distance north of the Pennsylvania state line.

The city was the site of the Elmira Prison, a prisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 captured Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Elmira College is located within the city.
Saul Isaac
Saul Isaac (1823 – late 1903) was an English businessman and Conservative Party politician.  He was the first Jew to be elected to the House of Commons (1874 – 1880) as a Conservative candidate.

Isaac was a partner in the army contracting business run by his older brother Samuel (1812–1886), which became the largest European supplier of materials to the Confederate States during the American Civil War.

He was elected at the 1874 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for Nottingham, when the Conservatives took both the city's parliamentary seats from the Liberals. The election return describes him as a colliery proprietor, of Colwick Hall, Nottinghamshire.
Isaac was defeated at the 1880 general election, and was unsuccessful when he contested Finsbury Central at the 1885 general election.

Colwick Hall
Colwick Hall was an English country house in Colwick, Nottinghamshire, England. It is now a hotel. The building is Grade II* listed.

Colwick Hall is constructed of red brick, with ashlar dressings and hipped slate roofs with a 2-storey central block and single-storey wings. The frontage has four Ionic pillars surmounted by a pediment.
Laterza culture
The Laterza culture or Laterza-Cellino San Marco culture is an Eneolithic culture in Southern Italy. It takes its name from the tombs discovered in the locality of Laterza, near Taranto, and Cellino San Marco, near Brindisi, in Apulia.
It developed in Apulia and Basilicata, and to a lesser extent of Central Italy in the 3rd millennium BC, around 2950-2350 BC. As with many of the cultures of the late prehistoric period, it is known essentially from the style of pottery recovered from archaeological digs. The culture was defined in 1967 by Francesco Biancofiore, following research in a necropolis of the same name situated to the north-west of the city of Taranto, in southern Apulia.

For a long while this culture was only documented in a few essentially funerary sites. Recent research of large sites, particularly near Rome and others in northern Campania, have extended knowledge of the homes of the culture.

Brindisi
Brindisi (US: /ˈbrɪndɪzi, ˈbriːn-/ BRIN-diz-ee, BREEN-, Italian: [ˈbrindizi] ⓘ; Brindisino: Brìnnisi) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Historically, the city has played an essential role in trade and culture due to its strategic position on the Italian Peninsula and its natural port on the Adriatic Sea. The city remains a major port for trade with the Balkan Peninsula, Greece and the Middle East. Its industries include agriculture, chemical works, and the generation of electricity.

From September 1943 to February 1944, Brindisi was the provisional government seat of the Kingdom of Italy.
Ros Beiaard (Dendermonde)
The Ros Beiaard of Dendermonde, Belgium, is a large folkloristic horse and the main character in the Ommegang van Dendermonde, a traditional folk festival held in that city. It is used only once every ten years and it is carried by members of a local guild, the Pijnders. Traditionally, four young brothers from Dendermonde ("de Vier Heemskinderen"; the Four Sons of Aymon) ride the horse in full armour.

Since 2008, the Ros Beiaard and the accompanying procession have been recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France".

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was made by the Director-General of UNESCO starting in 2001 to raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage—such traditions, rituals, dance, and knowledge—and urge the protection of the communities that create them. Several manifestations of intangible heritage around the world were awarded the status of Masterpieces; further proclamations occurred biennially. The status exists to recognize the value of non-material culture, as well as to commit states to promote and safeguard the Masterpieces. In 2008, the 90 declared Masterpieces were incorporated into the new Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as its first entries.
Fred E. Soper
Fred E. Soper (February 21, 1854 – June 18, 1930) was an American farmer, livestock dealer, and politician.

Soper was born in the town of Brooklyn, Green Lake County, Wisconsin. He moved with his parents to a farm near Ripon, Wisconsin. Soper then bought his own farm and raised livestock. In 1907, Soper served in the Wisconsin State Assembly; he was a Republican. Soper died of a heart attack in Ripon, Wisconsin.

Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Green Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,018. Its county seat is Green Lake. In 2020, the center of population of Wisconsin was located in Green Lake County, near the city of Markesan.
Global Trust Bank (Uganda)
Global Trust Bank (Uganda) Limited (GTBU), commonly referred to as Global Trust Bank (GTBU), was a commercial bank in Uganda which started operations in 2008 and was closed down in 2014. Its headquarters were located in a five-storey building on Kampala Road in the center of Uganda's capital, Kampala. It was licensed as a commercial bank by Bank of Uganda, the central bank and national banking regulator.

The bank was  a small financial services provider in Uganda. As of December 2011, its total asset valuation was approximately US$35.1 million (UGX:85 billion), with shareholders' equity of about US$17.2 million (UGX:41.53 billion). Available reports indicate that the bank broke even in 2011 and began making profits in 2012. Global Trust Bank was evaluating the introduction of Sharia banking in Uganda.

Commercial bank
A commercial bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and gives loans to its clients to make a profit.

It can also refer to a bank or a division of a larger bank that deals with wholesale banking to corporations or large or middle-sized businesses, to differentiate from retail banks and investment banks. Commercial banks include private sector banks and public sector banks. However, central banks function differently from commercial banks, despite a common misconception known as the "bank analogy". Unlike commercial banks, central banks are not primarily focused on generating profits and cannot become insolvent in the same way as commercial banks in a fiat currency system.
The Confessions Tour (Mimi Webb)
The Confessions Tour was the second concert tour by English singer-songwriter Mimi Webb, staged in support of her second studio album, Confessions. The tour visited cities across Europe and consisted of 12 shows. It began on 29 September 2023 at the Melkweg in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and concluded on 16 October 2023 at the Manchester Academy in Manchester, England.

The tour was officially announced on 12 June 2025 via Webb’s Instagram account, accompanied by promotional artwork and ticketing details. Despite the later announcement date, the performances themselves took place in late 2023 as part of the album’s initial promotional cycle.

Melkweg
Melkweg (Dutch for "Milky Way") is a music venue and cultural center on Lijnbaansgracht, near Leidseplein in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is housed in a former dairy and includes four music halls as well as a cinema, a restaurant and an exhibition space. It is operated by a nonprofit organisation founded in 1970.
Hohsaas
Hohsaas (3,101 metres (10,174 ft)) is a cable car station and a ski area in the Pennine Alps above Saas Grund in Valais.

Although Hohsaas is not a mountain summit it still offers impressive views over the Dom on the Mischabel range and 18 four-thousand meters mountains, including the Weissmies which is easily accessible from there.

Pennine Alps
The Pennine Alps (French: Alpes Pennines, German: Walliser Alpen, Italian: Alpi Pennine, Latin: Alpes Poeninae), sometimes referred to as the Valais Alps (which are just the Northern Swiss part of the Pennine Alps), are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Italy (the Aosta Valley and Piedmont) and Switzerland (Valais).

The Pennine Alps are amongst the three highest major subranges of the Alps, together with the Bernese Alps and the Graian Alps that include the Mont Blanc massif.
Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham
Petronilla Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham, Countess of Chesterfield (1 April 1693 – 16 September 1778) was the natural daughter of King George I of Great Britain and his longtime mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal.

Legitimacy (family law)
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.

Conversely, illegitimacy, also known as bastardy, has been the status of a child born outside marriage, such a child being known as a bastard, a love child, a natural child, or illegitimate. In Scots law, the terms natural son and natural daughter carry the same implications.

The importance of legitimacy has decreased substantially in Western countries since the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the declining influence of Christian churches in family and social life.

A 2009 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that in 2007 a substantial proportion of births in Western countries occurred outside marriage.
Pertenhall
Pertenhall is a small village and civil parish located in Bedfordshire, close to the borders of Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. Its parish council is a Quality Parish Council. It has recently published its Parish Plan which is available on the website

The name derives from Peters Hill (allegedly) based on the Hill by St Peters Church. The parish of Pertenhall & Swineshead is part of the Stodden Hundred (which comprises Bolnhurst, Clapham, Dean and Shelton, Keysoe, Knotting, Little Staughton, Melchbourne, Milton Ernest, Oakley, Pertenhall, Riseley, Shelton, Tilbrook and Yelden).

The village is drawn out along the B660 beginning with Chapel Yard, derived from the Moravian Chapel located there and is characterised by a series of 'Ends', namely Wood End (a cul-de-sac, terminating at a footpath known locally as 'the Track', Chadwell End (a thoroughfare), derived from the Chad Well that exists nearby and leading to Green End at the south.

Parish plan
In England, parish plans are a form of community-led plan.

Parish plans determine the future of communities and how they can change for the better.  They are documents that set out a vision for the future of a parish and outlines how that can be achieved in an action plan.

The parish plan process may include:

a village appraisal – a household questionnaire to assess needs and aspirations of local people

participatory appraisals – hands-on interactive workshops

business surveys

the creation of an action plan

Members of the rural community action network support groups in local communities to create parish plans.

Another type of community-led plan is a village design statement.
Sooke Potholes Provincial Park
Sooke Potholes Provincial Park is a 7.28 hectare provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.  It is adjacent to the Sooke River and Sooke Potholes Regional Park, near Victoria, British Columbia. Intended primarily to provide access to the Sooke River and the associated potholes, it also offers wildlife viewing and other day-use activities.

Provincial park
A provincial park (or territorial park) is a park administered by one of the provinces of a country, as opposed to a national park. They are similar to state parks in other countries. They are typically open to the public for recreation. Their environment may be more or less strictly protected.