hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cosmic ray visual phenomena
Cosmic ray visual phenomena, or light flashes (LF), also known as Astronaut's Eye, are spontaneous flashes of light visually perceived by some astronauts outside the magnetosphere of the Earth, such as during the Apollo program. While LF may be the result of actual photons of visible light being sensed by the retina, the LF discussed here could also pertain to phosphenes, which are sensations of light produced by the activation of neurons along the visual pathway.

Phosphene
A phosphene is the phenomenon of seeing light without light entering the eye. The word phosphene comes from the Greek words phos (light) and phainein (to show).  Phosphenes that are induced by movement or sound may be associated with optic neuritis.

Phosphenes can be induced by mechanical, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the retina or visual cortex, or by random firing of cells in the visual system. Phosphenes have also been reported by meditators (called nimitta), people who endure long periods without visual stimulation (the prisoner's cinema), or those who ingest psychedelic drugs.
Kermt
Kermt (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɛrmt] ⓘ) is a sub-municipality of the city of Hasselt located in the province of Limburg, Flemish Region, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. In 1971, Spalbeek was merged into Kermt. On 1 January 1977, Kermt was merged into Hasselt.

Flemish Region
The Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest, pronounced [ˌvlaːms xəˈʋɛst] ⓘ), usually simply referred to as Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen [ˈvlaːndərə(n)] ⓘ), is one of the three regions of Belgium—alongside the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region. Covering the northern portion of the country, the Flemish Region is primarily Dutch-speaking. With an area of 13,626 km2 (5,261 sq mi), it accounts for only 45% of Belgium's territory, but 58% of its population. It is one of the most densely populated regions of Europe with around 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi).

The Flemish Region is distinct from the Flemish Community: the latter encompasses both the inhabitants of the Flemish Region and the Dutch-speaking minority living in the Brussels-Capital Region. It borders the Netherlands and France.
2025 Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles
Hugo Nys and Édouard Roger-Vasselin defeated Rohan Bopanna and Takeru Yuzuki in the final, 7–5, 7–5 to win the doubles title at the 2025 Japan Open. Aged 45, Bopanna was the second-oldest tour-level men's doubles finalist in the Open Era after John McEnroe (won San Jose in 2006, aged 47).

Julian Cash and Lloyd Glasspool were the reigning champions, but chose to compete in Beijing instead.

Julian Cash
Julian Cash (born 29 August 1996) is a British tennis player who specialises in doubles. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 2 achieved on 18 August 2025. Cash won the 2025 Wimbledon title with Lloyd Glasspool becoming the first all-British team to win the title in 89 years. He has won an additional nine ATP Tour doubles titles.

He has also won 17 ATP Challenger doubles titles, 11 with Henry Patten. Ten of the titles came in 2022, a record for most Challenger doubles titles in a single season. He also has a career high singles ranking of No. 786 achieved on 1 August 2022.
1942 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1942 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1942 Big Ten Conference football season.  In their first season under head coach Ray Eliot, the Illini compiled a 6–4 record and finished in a tie for third place in the Big Ten Conference. Illinois was ranked at No. 11 (out of 590 college and military teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1942.

End Elmer Engel was selected as the team's most valuable player. Guard Alex Agase received second-team honorshonors from the United Press on the 1942 All-Big Ten Conference football team.

The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois.

1942 All-Big Ten Conference football team
The 1942 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams selected by the Associated Press (AP) and United Press (UP) for the 1942 Big Ten Conference football season. Dave Schreiner was the only unanimous pick with 18 points (representing all nine first-team picks); Julius Franks and Dick Wildung followed with 17 points each.
Didelphis
Didelphis is a genus of New World marsupials. The six species in the genus Didelphis, commonly known as Large American opossums, are members of the opossum order, Didelphimorphia.

The genus Didelphis is composed of cat-sized omnivorous species, which can be recognized by their prehensile tails and their tendency to feign death when cornered. The largest species, the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), is the only marsupial to be found north of Mexico.

The Virginia opossum has opposable toes on their two back feet.

One of the synapomorphies of this genus is the hypertrophied spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, which also interlock. As a result, this prevents any movement of the neck. The purpose of this is not yet fully understood.

Apomorphy and synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor.

In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology.

Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals, such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals.
Wendy Smith (politician)
Wendy Smith is the chairman and executive director of Vipac Engineers and Scientists Ltd and deputy chairman of the Victorian Government's Patient Review Panel.

She has a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Melbourne and a general nursing certificate from Adelaide Children's Hospital.

Women's and Children's Hospital
The Women's and Children's Hospital (WCH) is a hospital dedicated to the care of women and children in Adelaide, South Australia. It was established in March 1989, when the Queen Victoria Hospital and Adelaide Children's Hospital were amalgamated, initially named Adelaide Medical Centre for Women and Children, being renamed to its present name in 1995.

In September 2022 plans were announced by the Government of South Australia to build a new facility in Park 27, on the site of the Thebarton Police Barracks.

The hospital is part of the Women's and Children's Health Network.
UFO (2018 film)
UFO is a 2018 American science fiction film written and directed by Ryan Eslinger, and starring Gillian Anderson and Alex Sharp. The story focuses on college student Derek Echevaro's attempts to prove the existence of extraterrestrials with assistance from his mathematics professor, Dr. Hendricks.

Alex Sharp
Alexander Ian Sharp (born 1988/1989) is an English actor. He is known for originating the role of Christopher Boone in the Broadway production of The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. He is also known to a wider audience as Will Downing in 3 Body Problem.

After graduating from the Juilliard School in the summer of 2014, he made his Broadway and acting debut in the play The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time in the autumn. For his role as the autistic teenager Christopher Boone, he was awarded the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play, Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play, and the Outer Critics Circle Award.
AI safety
AI safety is an interdisciplinary field focused on preventing accidents, misuse, or other harmful consequences arising from artificial intelligence (AI) systems. It encompasses AI alignment (which aims to ensure AI systems behave as intended), monitoring AI systems for risks, and enhancing their robustness. The field is particularly concerned with existential risks posed by advanced AI models.

Beyond technical research, AI safety involves developing norms and policies that promote safety, including advocacy for regulations at different levels of government. The field gained significant popularity in 2023, with rapid progress in generative AI and public concerns voiced by researchers and CEOs about potential dangers. During the 2023 AI Safety Summit, the United States and the United Kingdom both established their own AI Safety Institute. However, researchers have expressed concern that AI safety measures are not keeping pace with the rapid development of AI capabilities.

Michelle Donelan
Michelle Emma May Elizabeth Donelan (born 8 April 1984) is a British former politician. A member of the Conservative Party, she served as Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology from February 2023 to July 2024.

Donelan also held three other cabinet positions from 2020 to 2023 under prime ministers Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, and Rishi Sunak. She sat as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chippenham in Wiltshire from 2015 until she left Parliament after unsuccessfully contesting the new Melksham and Devizes constituency at the 2024 election.
Pierre-Yves Roussel
Pierre-Yves Roussel (born November 7, 1965) is a French business executive who is the CEO of Tory Burch LLC, a role he assumed in 2019. He was previously the chairman and chief executive officer of LVMH Fashion Group and a member of the LVMH Executive Committee before moving into an advisory role at the luxury conglomerate in 2018.

Business executive
A business executive is a person responsible for running an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization.

Executives run companies or government agencies. They create plans to help their organizations grow. Becoming an executive usually takes years of promotions and hard work since the qualifications of this role needs hard working individuals with years of experience in multiple facets of the business.
Destruction of opium at Humen
The destruction of opium at Humen began on 3 June 1839, lasted for 23 days, and involved the destruction of 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of illegal opium seized from British traders under the aegis of Lin Zexu, an Imperial Commissioner of Qing China. Conducted on the banks of the Pearl River outside Humen Town, Dongguan, China, the action provided casus belli for Great Britain to declare war on Qing China. What followed is now known as the First Opium War (1839–1842), a conflict that initiated China's opening for trade with foreign nations under a series of treaties with the western powers.

Casus belli
A casus belli (from Latin  casus belli 'occasion for war'; pl. casus belli) is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war. A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis involves offenses or threats against its ally—usually one bound by a mutual defense pact. Either may be considered an act of war. A declaration of war usually contains a description of the casus belli that has led the party in question to declare war on another party.
Livingstone-Macleod
Livingstone-Macleod is a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada. The district is one of 87 current districts in the province mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting.

The electoral district located in rural southwestern Alberta was created with minimal boundary changes in the 1997 boundary re-distribution from the old riding of Pincher Creek-Macleod. The district is named after Mount Livingstone and the town of Fort Macleod. The district also contains the communities of Pincher Creek and the municipality of the Crowsnest Pass.

The district and its antecedent have been favourable to electing Progressive Conservative candidates in the past few decades, but this history was broken in the 2012 Alberta general election when Wildrose candidate Pat Stier was elected.

Fort Macleod
Fort Macleod (/məˈklaʊd/ mə-KLOWD) is a town in southern Alberta, Canada. It was originally named Macleod to distinguish it from the North-West Mounted Police barracks (Fort Macleod, built 1874) it had grown around. The fort was named in honour of the then Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police, Colonel James Macleod. Founded as the Municipality of the Town of Macleod in 1892, the name was officially changed to the already commonly used "Fort Macleod" in 1952.
Poshan Haiming
Poshan Haiming (Chinese: 破山海明; 8 March 1597 – 19 April 1666) was a towering figure in Chinese Chan Buddhism during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Revered as the "Little Śākyamuni" and the founder of the Shuanggui Temple (Double Laurel Temple), he revitalized the Linji school of Chan Buddhism in southwestern China, leaving an indelible mark on Buddhist history.

Southwestern China
Southwestern China (Chinese: 西南; pinyin: Xīnán) is a region in the People's Republic of China. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet.
Connie Butler
Cornelia H. Butler (born 1 February 1963) is an American museum curator, author, and art historian. Since 2023, Butler is the Director of MoMA PS1. From 2013 to 2023, she was the Chief Curator at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles.

MoMA PS1
MoMA PS1 is a contemporary art institution at 22-01 Jackson Avenue in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens in New York City, United States. In addition to its exhibitions, the institution organizes the Sunday Sessions performance series, the Warm Up summer music series, and the Young Architects Program with the Museum of Modern Art. MoMA PS1 has been affiliated with the Museum of Modern Art since January 2000 and, as of 2013, attracts about 200,000 visitors a year.
Capital Hoops Classic
The Capital Hoops Classic is a Canadian rivalry basketball series between the University of Ottawa Gee-Gees and Carleton University Ravens. The series, featuring both the men's and women's teams, was held at the Canadian Tire Centre (known until 2013 as Scotiabank Place) from 2007 to 2019 until moving to TD Place Arena in 2020. Since 2015, the games traditionally occur on the first Friday in February.

Both schools are located in the city of Ottawa; Ottawa is older of the two and is located in the downtown Sandy Hill neighbourhood of the city, while Carleton sits between Old Ottawa South and Dow's Lake. Both teams compete in the East division of Ontario University Athletics in U Sports, and frequently finish near the top of the league table.

Ottawa Gee-Gees
The Ottawa Gee-Gees (French: Gee-Gees d'Ottawa) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario.

The Gee-Gees won the national football championship, the Vanier Cup, in 1975 and 2000, while also appearing in the game in the 1970, 1980, and 1997 seasons. The Gee-Gees women's rugby team won the national championship in 2017, and the women's soccer team were national champions in 1996 and 2018. The men's cross country team won three national titles, in 1986, 1987, and 1990.

The men's rugby team will host the 2024 Canadian University Men's Rugby Championship and are granted automatic entry as hosts. They are undefeated at home in 2023 and 2024, and are consistently ranked as a top 10 team in the country.

The men's hockey team will host the 2025 U Sports University Cup from March 20–23, 2025 and are granted automatic entry as hosts. The team finished the 2023–24 season 20–8.
Vlogger (film)
Vlogger is a 2011 Catalan-language Spanish political thriller film written and directed by Ricard Gras in his directorial debut. It stars Irina Sanjeevan as a computer specialist who enters the virtual world of her brother's favourite game, Second Life, in order to find him and prevent his planned suicide bombing.

Produced by Zentropa Spain on a budget of €300,000, the film features heavy use of machinima and was distributed internationally by TrustNordisk.

Political thriller
A political thriller is a thriller that is set against the backdrop of a political power struggle; high stakes and suspense are the core of the story. The genre often forces the audiences to consider and understand the importance of politics. The stakes in these stories are immense, and the fate of a country is often in the hands of one individual. Political corruption, organized crime, terrorism, and warfare are common themes.

Political thrillers can be based on facts such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy or the Watergate Scandal. There is a strong overlap with the conspiracy thriller.
Solebit
Solebit is a privately held cybersecurity company, with main offices located in the United States and Israel.

Solebit's cloud-based, real-time SaaS platform is focused on zero-day malware and unknown threats. Solebit blocks malicious active content with flow analysis, de-obfuscation and content evaluation.

Solebit's applications are in use by organizations in such industries as financial services, healthcare, information technology, public sector, and retail and consumer goods.

Obfuscation (software)
In software development, obfuscation is the practice of creating source or machine code that is intentionally difficult for humans or computers to understand. Similar to obfuscation in natural language, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements. Programmers may obfuscate code to conceal its purpose, logic, or embedded values. The primary reasons for doing so are to prevent tampering, deter reverse engineering, or to create a puzzle or recreational challenge to deobfuscate the code, a challenge often included in crackmes. While obfuscation can be done manually, it is more commonly performed using obfuscators.
2013 Generali Ladies Linz – Doubles
Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Květa Peschke were the defending champions, but chose not to participate.
Karolína Plíšková and Kristýna Plíšková won the title, defeating Gabriela Dabrowski and Alicja Rosolska in the final, 7–6(8–6), 6–4.

Gabriela Dabrowski
Gabriela "Gaby" Dabrowski (/dəˈbraʊski/; Polish: Dąbrowska, pronounced [dɔmˈbrɔfska]; born April 1, 1992) is a Canadian professional tennis player. She reached her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 2 on 23 February 2026. A four-time Grand Slam champion, she has won two US Open doubles titles, in 2023 and 2025, partnering Erin Routliffe. She also won the 2017 French Open mixed-doubles title, with Rohan Bopanna, becoming the first Canadian woman to win a senior major title, and the 2018 Australian Open with Mate Pavić. Her highest singles ranking of world No. 164 was achieved in November 2014.
1995 Ordina Open – Doubles
Stephen Noteboom and Fernon Wibier were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Alex O'Brien and Richey Reneberg.

Richard Krajicek and Jan Siemerink won the title by defeating Hendrik Jan Davids and Andrei Olhovskiy 7–5, 6–3 in the final.

Alex O'Brien
Alex O'Brien (born (1970-03-07)March 7, 1970) is an American former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. He gained the top ranking in May 2000 and was ranked as high as world No. 30 in singles in June 1997. He won the men's doubles at the 1999 US Open with partner Sébastien Lareau.
Joel Bleifuss
Joel Bleifuss is an American journalist. He was the editor and publisher of In These Times, a Chicago-based non-profit news magazine founded in 1976 by James Weinstein.  During Bleifuss's tenure, the magazine published articles and columns by members of the U.S. Congressional Progressive Caucus, Arundhati Roy, and Slavoj Žižek, as well as long-time writers Susan Douglas, David Moberg, and Salim Muwakkil.

Salim Muwakkil
Salim Muwakkil (born Alonzo James Cannady, January 20, 1947) is an American journalist and political commentator, based in Chicago. He is a senior editor at In These Times magazine and an op-ed columnist for the Chicago Tribune.

Muwakkil writes on African-American issues, Middle East politics, and US foreign policy. He is a Crime and Communities Media Fellow of the Open Society Institute, and teaches a seminar on race, media, and politics for the Urban Studies Program of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest.

Muwakkil, born in New York City, attended Rutgers University in New Jersey; he graduated with a BA in Political Science in 1973.
Eviction of Christians from the Crimea (1778)
The Eviction of Christians from the Crimea in 1778 (Ukrainian: Виведення християн з Криму в 1778 р.; Russian: Вывод христиан из Крыма в 1778 г.) was a historical event in which the Greek and Armenian populations of Crimea were resettled by the authorities of the Russian Empire to newly founded settlements in Pryazovia, taking place in 1778 on order of Empress Catherine the Great.

Armenians in Ukraine
Armenians in Ukraine (Armenian: Հայերն Ուկրաինայում, romanized: Hayern Ukrainayum; Ukrainian: Вірмени в Україні, romanized: Virmeni v Ukrayini) are ethnic Armenians who live in Ukraine.  They number 99,894 according to the 2001 Ukrainian census.  However, the country is also host to a number of Armenian guest workers which has yet to be ascertained.  The Armenian population in Ukraine has nearly doubled since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989, largely due to instability in the Caucasus. Ukraine was home to the fifth largest Armenian community in the world before the invasion by Russia displaced millions of people.
2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses
The 2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses took place on February 1 in the U.S. state of Iowa, traditionally marking the Republican Party's first nominating contest in their series of presidential primaries ahead of the 2016 presidential election.

The Democratic Party held its own Iowa caucuses on the same day.

Ted Cruz was able to defeat Donald Trump in the Iowa Caucus by winning over Evangelical caucus-goers; Cruz won 51,666 caucus votes or 27.6%, giving him a net gain of one delegate over Trump. Cruz visited all 99 counties of Iowa and held small events. Cruz outperformed his polling average, which predicted a narrow Trump victory in the caucus.

Following poor performances in the caucuses, Rand Paul, Mike Huckabee and Rick Santorum suspended their campaigns. Both Huckabee and Santorum had previously won the caucus in 2008 and 2012 respectively.

Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries
This article contains opinion polling by U.S. state for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries. The shading for each poll indicates the candidate(s) which are within one margin of error of the poll's leader.

For the significance of the earliest state votes, the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary, see United States presidential primary – Iowa and New Hampshire. For when any given state votes, see Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016 – Schedule of primaries and caucuses.
Robert Reid Power Station
Robert Reid Power Plant is a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by the Big Rivers Electric Cooperation as part of Sebree Station. It is located in the northeast corner Webster County, Kentucky (just south of the Anaconda Aluminum plant in Henderson County).  The plant obtains much of its fuel from coal mines located within just a few miles of the plant itself.

Webster County, Kentucky
Webster County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,017. Its county seat is Dixon and its largest city is Providence. It is the southernmost county in the Evansville, IN–KY Combined Statistical Area. The county was formed in 1860 from parts of Henderson, Hopkins, and Union Counties and named for American statesman Daniel Webster (1782–1852). It was mainly pro-Confederate during the American Civil War and was the site of several skirmishes and some guerrilla warfare. Since 2018 it has been a moist county, with Providence and Sebree voting to allow alcohol sales, and Clay doing so in 2022.