hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richard Witting
Richard Witting (born: Witkowski; 19 October 1856, Berlin – 22 December 1923, Berlin) was a Prussian politician and financier.

Witting studied law at Göttingen, where he became member of Burschenschaft Hannovera (fraternity), and later became mayor of Poznań in 1891–1902. From 1902 to 1910 he was director of Nationalbank für Deutschland. Witting was a brother of Maximilian Harden and father-in-law of Hans Paasche. Witting is considered one of the major authors (fathers) of the democratic Weimar Constitution, which he and Hugo Preuß worked out in first drafts. He was also a convert to Lutheran Protestantism from Judaism, a common practice of this epoch.

Nationalbank für Deutschland
The Nationalbank für Deutschland (lit. 'National Bank for Germany') was a significant joint-stock bank in Germany, founded in 1881 and merged in 1922 with Darmstädter Bank to form Darmstädter und Nationalbank, in shorthand Danat-Bank.
National Latino Congreso
The National Latino Congreso is a political organization in the United States of Latino Americans for the purpose of mobilizing voters and strengthening the impact of the Latin-American community in the political sphere. It has held meetings in 2006 and 2007 in Los Angeles and advocates issues such as immigration reform including the legalization of undocumented immigrants.

Immigration reform
Immigration reform is change to the current immigration policy of a country. In its strict definition, reform means "to change into an improved form or condition, by amending or removing faults or abuses". In the political sense, "immigration reform" may include promoted, expanded, or open immigration, as well as reduced or eliminated immigration.

The United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union was in part driven by significant portions of the electorate having grievances about immigration law and the free movement of peoples into the UK.
A Shot of Whiskey and a Prayer
A Shot of Whiskey and a Prayer is the second album by Danni Leigh. Two of its tracks released as singles and rose to relatively low positions on the Billboard country charts: "I Don't Feel That Way Anymore" was at 56, and "Honey I Do" was at 59.

Kevin Welch
Kevin Stephen Welch (August 17, 1955) is an American country music artist. He has charted five singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts and released eight studio albums. He is also one of the cofounders of the Dead Reckoning Records label, which he founded with fellow musicians Kieran Kane, Tammy Rogers, Mike Henderson, and Harry Stinson.
Argenteuil (Province of Canada electoral district)
The district of Argenteuil was a pre-Confederation electoral district in Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1853, under the Union regime of 1841.

Argenteuil was represented by one Member at the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.

Act of Union 1840
The British North America Act, 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 35), also known as the Act of Union 1840, (French: Acte d’Union) was approved by Parliament in July 1840 and proclaimed February 10, 1841, in Montreal. It abolished the legislatures of Lower Canada and Upper Canada and established a new political entity, the Province of Canada to replace them.
Frigoglass
Frigoglass is a manufacturer in commercial refrigeration and West Africa's leading glass producer.

Frigoglass has operations in many countries across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East including production hubs in Romania, Russia, Greece, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Nigeria, in addition to sales offices in Hungary, Germany, Poland, Norway, Turkey and Kenya. The company's customer base consists of the Coca-Cola Company bottlers (Coca-Cola Hellenic, Coca-Cola European Partners, BIG, Coca-Cola Amatil, Coca-Cola Sabco), brewers (Heineken, SABMiller, Carlsberg, AB InBev, Efes), Pepsi, and dairy companies (Nestle, Danone).

Glass operations consist of two glass plants with three furnaces, two plastic crates production facilities and one metal crown production facility in Nigeria.

The company's stock is 48.55% owned by Truad Verwaltungs AG and trades in the Athens Stock exchange.

AB InBev
Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, known as AB InBev, is an American-Belgian multinational drink and brewing company based in Leuven, Belgium. It is the largest brewer in the world,  and in 2023, was ranked 72nd in the Forbes Global 2000.

AB InBev was formed in 2008, with Belgian-Brazilian brewing company InBev's acquisition of the American company Anheuser-Busch. Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is a publicly listed company, with its primary listing on the Euronext Brussels. It has secondary listings on Mexico City Stock Exchange, Johannesburg Stock Exchange, and New York Stock Exchange. AB InBev has offices in New York City, alongside regional headquarters in São Paulo, London, St. Louis, Mexico City, Bremen, Johannesburg, and others. It has approximately 630 beer brands in 150 countries.
Kai Kecil
Kai Kecil (Little Kai Island) - also called Nuhu Roa - is a part of the Kai Islands group of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. Its area is 399 km2 (154 sq mi). The other main island in the group is Kai Besar (Great Kai Island). The town of Tual is situated on a smaller island to the north of Kai Kecil.

Tual
Tual (Indonesian: Kota Tual) is a city in Maluku Province of Indonesia, geographically located within the Kei Islands. On 17 July 2007, it was separated from the rest of the Kei Islands (which continue to form the Southeast Maluku Regency) and was created an independent city.

The city covers a land area of 254.39 km2 (98.22 sq mi), together with a sea area estimated at 19,088 km2 (7,370 sq mi). It includes the urbanized Dullah Island (Indonesian: Pulau Dullah) which is situated to the northeast of the much larger Kei Kecil, and includes a further number of small islands to the west of Kei Kecil.
Tapio Luusua
Tapio Luusua (born in Pelkosenniemi on August 4, 1981) is a Finnish freestyle skier. At the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2009 he received a silver medal in moguls and a bronze in dual moguls. He also competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics and competed for Finland at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Pelkosenniemi
Pelkosenniemi (Inari Sami: Pelkosnjargâ) is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the province of Lapland. The municipality has a population of 922
(30 June 2025), which make it the smallest municipality in Lapland in terms of population. It covers an area of 1,881.58 square kilometres (726.48 sq mi) of
which 45.4 km2 (17.5 sq mi)
is water. The population density is
0.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.3/sq mi). Neighbour municipalities are Kemijärvi, Rovaniemi, Salla, Savukoski and Sodankylä.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish and in 2000 was the last remaining municipality in Finland to have its entire population consist of native speakers of Finnish. As of 2010 there were two native speakers of other languages in Pelkosenniemi.

Pelkosenniemi hosts a popular mosquito swatting competition.
Chipcom
Chipcom Corporation was an early pioneering company in the Ethernet hub industry.  Their products allowed Local Networks to be aggregated in a single place instead of being distributed across the length of a single coaxial cable. They competed with now-gone companies such as Cabletron Systems, SynOptics, Ungermann-Bass, David Systems, Digital Equipment Corporation, and American Photonics, all of which were early entrants in the "LAN Hub" industry.  Chipcom also was involved in Token Ring, FDDI, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).

Some of Chipcom's innovations at the time are well-documented in the trade press of the era, such as Computerworld.

In 1995, Chipcom was acquired by 3Com for $700 million in stock., although Cabletron was also interested in buying the company.     3Com was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2011.  The firm's CEO at the time was  John Robert Held.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network.
It uses optical fiber as its standard underlying physical medium.

It was also later specified to use copper cable, in which case it may be called CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface), standardized as TP-PMD (Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent), also referred to as TP-DDI (Twisted-Pair Distributed Data Interface).

FDDI was effectively made obsolete in local networks by Fast Ethernet which offered the same 100 Mbit/s speeds, but at a much lower cost and, from 1998 on, by Gigabit Ethernet due to its speed, even lower cost, and ubiquity.
Charter of the city of Moscow
The Charter of the City of Moscow (Russian: Устав города Москвы) is the basic law of the federal city and capital of Russia, Moscow. In the hierarchy of normative acts of the city, the charter has supreme legal force: other city laws and other regulations should not contradict the charter, and in the case of such a conflict, the charter is the supreme.

Federal cities of Russia
In the Russian Federation, a city of federal importance (Russian: город федерального значения, romanized: gorod federalnogo znacheniya), also known as a federal city, is a city that has a status of both an inhabited locality and a constituent federal subject. Russia has three federal cities: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol, which was annexed in 2014 but remains internationally recognised as part of Ukraine.

Moscow and Saint Petersburg are the largest cities in the country: Moscow is the national capital and Saint Petersburg is a former Russian capital and an important port city by the Baltic Sea. Currently, Sevastopol houses the Sevastopol Naval Base, the main port of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
Nick Brophy
Nick Brophy is an American mixer, sound engineer, record producer and songwriter. The artists he has collaborated with and written for include Jason Aldean, the Rolling Stones, Avril Lavigne, Hootie & the Blowfish, Kenny Chesney, Carly Simon, Taylor Swift, Garbage and Everclear. His engineering credits include Everclear's platinum Sparkle and Fade, Avril Lavigne's 6× platinum Let Go and the Rolling Stones 4× platinum 40 Licks. His mixing credits include three consecutive #1 singles by Kip Moore; 2× platinum Somethin' 'Bout a Truck, certified gold Beer Money and platinum Hey Pretty Girl, as well as  Jimmy Fallon's Blow Your Pants Off, for which he won a Grammy. His songwriting credits include recordings by Hootie & the Blowfish, Jason Aldean, Kenny Chesney and Rascal Flatts.

Somethin' 'Bout a Truck
"Somethin' 'Bout a Truck" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Kip Moore. It was released in September 2011 as the second single from his debut album Up All Night. Moore wrote this song with and Dan Couch. It garnered positive reviews from critics who praised Moore's delivery for being able to elevate generic lyrics. "Somethin' 'Bout a Truck" reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, the only single in Moore's career to reach that peak to date. It also gave him his first and only top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 29. The song was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of over two million units in the country. It also charted in Canada, peaking at number 33 on the Canadian Hot 100. Two accompanying music videos were made for the single, the official version by Roger Pistole and an acoustic version by Stephen Shepherd.
Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro (born 1944)
Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Nikola Petrović Njegoš/ Никола Петровић Његош; born 7 July 1944), is a French-born architect and the Head of the House of Petrović-Njegoš, which reigned over Montenegro from 1696 to 1766 and again from 1782 to 1918.

He lives in Montenegro and occupies part of the former royal palace and the historic family home in Njeguši. In 2011, the country recognised an official role for the Royal House of Petrović-Njegoš: to promote Montenegrin identity, culture, and traditions through cultural, humanitarian and other non-political activities.

Montenegrin language
Montenegrin (crnogorski / црногорски [tsr̩nǒɡorskiː]) is the standard variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins. It is the official language of Montenegro. Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.

The language used in Montenegro has historically and traditionally been called simply as Serbian. The idea of a Montenegrin standard language distinct from Serbian is a relatively recent political development that emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s amid the breakup of Yugoslavia. It was closely associated with movements advocating Montenegrin independence from Serbia and Montenegro. Following independence, Montenegrin was designated the official language of Montenegro in 2007 with the adoption of a new constitution.
Whitby Lifeboat Station
Whitby Lifeboat Station is located at Market Place, on the east side of the River Esk in Whitby, a seaside town and port in North Yorkshire, England. It is one of eight lifeboat stations situated along the Yorkshire coast.

Whitby has had a lifeboat station since 1802, with management of the station transferring to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1861. In its 200 plus year history, Whitby has had seven different lifeboat stations (although not all operated at the same time). An eighth lifeboat station was located at Upgang, just up the coast from Whitby, and whilst it was considered separate from Whitby, it was crewed by Whitby lifeboat men.

The station currently operates two lifeboats; a 13-metre (43 ft) Shannon-class All-weather lifeboat (ALB), 13-49 Lois Ivan (ON 1356), on station since 2023, and the smaller D-class (IB1) Inshore lifeboat (ILB), Warter Priory (D-810), on station since 2017.

Lifeboat (rescue)
A rescue lifeboat is a boat rescue craft which is used to attend a vessel in distress, or its survivors, to rescue crew and passengers. It can be hand pulled, sail powered or powered by an engine. Lifeboats may be rigid, inflatable or rigid-inflatable combination-hulled vessels.
John Howie (businessman)
John Howie (12 March 1833 – 22 September 1895) was a wealthy Victorian captain of industry and investor, the proprietor of the renowned J & R Howie Hurlford Fireclay Works. He would have been about 350th on a national Rich List of Britain at the time, with a fortune equal to over £200 million today. At his death, he was one of the richest men in Scotland.

Hurlford
Hurlford is a village in East Ayrshire, Scotland, situated on the outskirts of Kilmarnock.  It has a population of 4,968. Hurlford's former names include Whirlford and Hurdleford. The village was named Whirlford as a result of a ford crossing the River Irvine east of Hurlford Cross, near Shawhill. The census locality is called Hurlford and Crookedholm.

The village's Blair Park is home to Hurlford United F.C. and many notable footballers have been trained there.
Kochab
Kochab /ˈkoʊkæb/, Bayer designation Beta Ursae Minoris (β Ursae Minoris, abbreviated β UMi, Beta UMi), is the brightest star in the bowl of the Little Dipper asterism (which is part of the constellation of Ursa Minor), and only slightly fainter than Polaris, the northern pole star and brightest star in Ursa Minor. Kochab is 16 degrees from Polaris and has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.08. The distance to this star from the Sun can be deduced from the parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, yielding a value of 130.9 light-years (40.1 parsecs).

Amateur astronomers can use Kochab as a precise guide for equatorial mount alignment: The celestial north pole is located 38 arcminutes away from Polaris, very close to the line connecting Polaris with Kochab.

Equatorial mount
An equatorial mount is a mount for instruments that compensates for Earth's rotation by having one rotational axis, called polar axis, parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation. This type of mount is used for astronomical telescopes and cameras. The advantage of an equatorial mount lies in its ability to allow the instrument attached to it to stay fixed on any celestial object with diurnal motion by driving one axis at a constant speed. Such an arrangement is called a sidereal drive or clock drive. Equatorial mounts achieve this by aligning their rotational axis with the Earth, a process known as polar alignment.
Caltech Intermediate Form
Caltech Intermediate Form (CIF) is a file format for describing integrated circuits.
CIF provides a limited set of graphics primitives that are useful for describing the two-dimensional
shapes on the different layers of a chip.
The format allows hierarchical description, which makes the representation concise.
In addition, it is a terse but human-readable text format.

CIF was created by Ivan Sutherland and Ron Ayres in 1976, with improvements by Carlo H. Séquin, Douglas Fairbairn and Stephen Trimberger. The written specification was later updated by  Robert Sproull and  Richard Lyon and revised by Stephen Trimberger.

Richard F. Lyon
Richard Francis Lyon (born 1952) is an American inventor, scientist, and engineer. He is one of the two people who independently invented the first optical mouse devices in 1980. He has worked in signal processing and was a co-founder of Foveon, Inc., a digital camera and image sensor company.
Tummy time
Tummy time is a colloquialism for placing infants in the prone position while awake and supervised to encourage development of the neck and trunk muscles and prevent skull deformations.

In 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended babies sleep on their backs to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Although the rate of SIDS has decreased by 50% since the Safe to Sleep campaign started in 1994, an unintended consequence was that babies missed out on the twelve or so hours they used to spend in the prone position while asleep, and there was a sharp increase in plagiocephaly (flat head syndrome) in infants. Along with tummy time, rotating the direction infants lie in their cribs as well as avoiding too much time in car seats, carriers, and bouncers are behaviors recommended to alleviate the associated risks of infants sleeping in a supine position.

Human back
The human back, also called the dorsum (pl.: dorsa), is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest and the abdomen. The vertebral column runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom.

Back pain is a common medical condition, generally benign in origin.
Vladimir Kachalov
Vladimir Yakovlevich Kachalov (Russian: Владимир Яковлевич Качалов; 27 July 1890 – 4 August 1941) was a Soviet lieutenant general. He fought in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I before going over to the Bolsheviks in the subsequent Civil War. He was a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of the Patriotic War. He was promoted to Komdiv in 1936, Komkor in 1938, and then Komandarm 2nd rank in 1939. He was killed in action at Smolensk by artillery fire. Joseph Stalin, unaware of his death because of an inaccurate report of the events by Lev Mekhlis, stated in Order No. 270 that Kachalov surrendered and defected to the Nazis; he was subsequently sentenced to death in absentia. It was not until 1953 that an investigation established the circumstances of Kachalov's death and cleared his name.

Order No. 270
Order No. 270 (Russian: Приказ № 270, romanized: Prikaz No. 270), entitled "On the responsibility of military personnel for surrendering and leaving weapons to the enemy" (Об ответственности военнослужащих за сдачу в плен и оставление врагу оружия, Ob otvetstvennosti voyennosluzhashchikh za sdachu v plen i ostavleniye vragu oruzhiya) issued on 16 August 1941, by Joseph Stalin during the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, ordered Red Army personnel to "fight to the death", virtually banned commanders from surrendering, and set out severe penalties for senior officers and deserters regarded as derelicting their duties. Order 270 is widely regarded as the basis of subsequent, often controversial Soviet policies regarding prisoners of war.
Beijing Shooting Range Clay Target Field
The Beijing Shooting Range Clay Target Field (simplified Chinese: 北京射击场飞碟靶场; traditional Chinese: 北京射擊場飛碟靶場; pinyin: Běijīng Shèjīchǎng Fēidié Bǎchǎng) is a shooting range in the Shijingshan District of Beijing, China. During the 1990 Asian Games, the shooting range was used for shooting and  archery competitions. It was under renovation and was completed in August 2007 for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

At the 2008 Olympics, the shooting range hosted men's and women's skeet shooting and trap shooting events.

It has floor space of 6,170 square metres with a capacity of 5,000 seats which was reduced to 1,047 after the Games.

Trap shooting
Trap shooting is one of the three major disciplines of competitive clay pigeon shooting. The other disciplines are skeet shooting and sporting clays.

Trap shooting is distinguished by the targets being launched from a single "house" or machine, generally away from the shooter, compared with skeet shooting where targets are launched from two "houses" crossing in front of the shooter. Sporting clays involve a more complex course, with many launch points.
Mount Boyuk Kirs
Mount Boyuk Kirs (Azerbaijani: Böyük Kirs dağı — Mount Big Kirs) is one of the highest peaks in the Karabakh Range of the Lesser Caucasus in Azerbaijan at an altitude of 2,725 metres above sea level. Before the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, it was the highest mountain of the breakaway Republic of Arstakh. It forms the border between the Khojavend and Shusha districts of Azerbaijan. The mountain is formed by volcanic rocks dating to the Middle Jurassic.

Khojavend District
Khojavend District (Azerbaijani: Xocavənd rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country in the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Shusha, Khojaly, Aghdam, Aghjabadi, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, and Qubadli. Its capital and largest city is Khojavend. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 44,100.
The Art of Touring
The Art of Touring is the first DVD released by the American, metal band Shadows Fall. It was released in 2005 through Century Media Records. The DVD features live concert, backstage, and behind-the-scenes footage shot throughout the United States, Europe, and Japan from 2002 to 2004. The DVD also includes the six music videos from The Art of Balance and The War Within albums.

The War Within (Shadows Fall album)
The War Within is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Shadows Fall. The album has sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. The War Within is the band's best selling album, and in 2005 made sales history on Century Media Records when it became the label's best selling album of all time. To date, the album retains this status. The album was also issued as a limited edition digipak with an exclusive bonus DVD that featured bootleg concert footage along with drum and guitar lessons from members of the band. The album debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200 during its release.
Buchmarkt
Buchmarkt (stylized as BuchMarkt, English: Book market) is an independent specialist magazine founded in 1966 for the German-language book trade. It is published monthly, usually on the first Tuesday of the month. The subtitle of the magazine is Das Ideenmagazin für den Buchhandel (English: The ideas magazine for the book trade).

Luchterhand Literaturverlag
The Luchterhand Literaturverlag is a German publisher of contemporary literature based in Munich. It was founded in 1924, and was acquired by Random House in 2001. Luchterhand is considered one of the most prestigious publishers in Germany. Publications include literature from Günter Grass and Christa Wolf and many others.