hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pervear v. Massachusetts
Pervear v. Massachusetts, 72 U.S. (5 Wall.) 475 (1866), was a case brought before the United States Supreme Court in 1866 over the issue of prisoners' rights. The court ruled that prisoners have no constitutional rights, not even Eighth Amendment rights. This was the first case stating  the "hands off" policy that allowed states to run their  prisons without federal interference. The application of the Bill of Rights to  state action did not come until later and then only in part.

At that time in history, the Bill of Rights was seen as a bar to federal interference with state actions, and therefore a means of ensuring federal restraint.

Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are an important concept in law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology.

The history of social conflicts has often involved attempts to define and redefine rights. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived".
Juliane Sprenger-Afflerbach
Juliane Sprenger-Afflerbach (born March 22, 1977, in Siegen) is a retired German hurdler.

She was raised in Kreuztal and competed for the athletics team LG Kindelsberg Kreuztal during her active career. She lives in Dortmund.

She finished eighth at the 2000 European Indoor Championships, and competed at the 2003 World Championships and the 2004 Olympic Games as well as the World Indoor Championships in 2001 and 2004 without reaching the finals.

Her personal best time was 12.87 seconds, achieved in July 2003 in Cuxhaven.

2004 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 10th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) were held in the Budapest Arena, Hungary between March 5 and March 7, 2004. A total off 139 countries were represented by 677 athletes at the championships.

It was the second visit of the championships to Budapest having previously visited there 15 years earlier in 1989. The newly built 13,000 capacity arena was built on the site of a former stadium that was destroyed by fire in 1999.

This was the last World Indoor Championships where the 200 m event was contested. The event was discontinued as the tight bends involved in running indoors left athletes drawn to run on the inside lanes with minimal or no chance of winning.
13th Maryland Infantry Regiment
The 13th Maryland Infantry was a regiment of infantry from the State of Maryland that fought on the Union side during the American Civil War.

It was organized March 1, 1865, and was designated 13th Regiment Infantry April 8, 1865, for 2 months service on May 29, 1865, due to the end of the war. It was organized in Frederick, Maryland, and was composed of men from Maryland and veterans from the 1st Maryland Infantry, Potomac Home Brigade. The commanding officer was Colonel Rodger E. Cook.

The unit was stationed at Martinsburg, West Virginia to protect the section of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad that stretched between Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

During the regiment's short time in existence seven soldiers died and forty-five soldiers deserted.

Martinsburg, West Virginia
Martinsburg is a city in Berkeley County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. The population was 18,773 at the 2020 census, making Martinsburg the largest city in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia and the sixth-most populous city in the state. It is a principal city of the Hagerstown–Martinsburg metropolitan area extending into Maryland, which had 293,844 residents in 2020.
Son Suh-hyun
Son Suh-hyun (Korean: 손서현; born September 7, 1999) is a South Korean figure skater. She has competed in the free skate at two ISU Championships – the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary, and the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung, South Korea.

Gangneung
Gangneung (Korean: 강릉; Korean pronunciation: [kaŋ.nɯŋ]) is a municipal city in the South Korean state of Gangwon, located on the east coast of South Korea. It has a population of 213,658 (as of 2017). Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of Gangwon State. It has many tourist attractions, such as Jeongdongjin, a very popular area for watching the sunrise, and Gyeongpo Beach. The city hosted all the ice events for the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.
Séguélon
Séguélon is a town in northwestern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Séguélon Department in Kabadougou Region, Denguélé District. Séguélon is also a commune. The town is located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south-west of Madinani.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Séguélon was 15,898.

Denguélé District
Denguélé District (French: district du Denguélé, [distʁikt dy dɛnɡele]) is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the northwest corner of the country. The capital of the district is Odienné.
Rasad
Rasad (Arabic: رصد, lit. 'Talisman'; fl. 1044–1078) was a slave concubine who, as the queen-mother of the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah, became the virtual regent of Egypt between 1044 and 1071. The name Rasad literally means "observed".

Queen mother of Africa
Queen mother (also Queenmother) is a term used to describe certain female traditional rulers in African cultures. Though there is no general description of a "queen mother", as their roles have varied by society, political context, and culture, they generally play an important role in local government and "wield social power and influence."

They are thus an important part of social, political, and cultural institutions across the African continent: the Akan, for example, recognize them as important local political actors and often trace inheritance through them in a matrilineal fashion; whereas in Uganda, the term may be used to describe women who ruled outright. The amount of power queen mothers currently hold has been diminished since pre-colonial times, though the 21st century has seen their influence grow in certain contexts. Many are members of the African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network, a voluntary organization.
Olivet Baptist High School
Olivet Baptist High School is a Baptist secondary school in Oyo, Nigeria (formerly Oyo Baptist Boys' High School), located on a hillcrest named Olivet Heights. It is affiliated with the Nigerian Baptist Convention.

Oyo, Oyo State
Oyo is a city in Oyo State, Nigeria. It was founded as the capital of the remnant of the historic Oyo empire in the 1830s, and is known to its people as 'New Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà) to distinguish it from the former capital to the north, 'Old Oyo' (Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé), which had been deserted as a result of the Yoruba Civil Wars. Its inhabitants are mostly of the Yoruba people, and its ruler is the Alaafin of Oyo.
Ut Video Codec Suite
UT Video Codec Suite is a fast, lossless video codec, developed by Takeshi Umezawa (梅澤 威志, Umezawa Takeshi) and released under the free GNU General Public License. The algorithm of UT video is based on the Huffman code.

UT video was developed as an alternative to HuffYUV, in order to achieve better compression. It can handle color spaces such as YUV422 (ULY2), RGB (ULRG), RGBA (ULRA) and, most recently, YUV420 (ULY0).

It has both x86 and x64 builds. Due to its multithreading support, this codec is also capable of encoding HDTV material in real time. The codec requires support for the SSE2 instruction set because it is heavily used for speed optimizations.

UT video uses the following FOURCC codes: ULY0, ULY2, ULRA, ULRG.

It is used in the screen recording software OBS Studio when set to "Lossless" video quality.

RGBA color model
RGBA stands for red green blue alpha. While it is sometimes described as a color space, it is actually a three-channel RGB color model supplemented with a fourth alpha channel. Alpha indicates how opaque each pixel is and allows an image to be combined over others using alpha compositing, with transparent areas and anti-aliasing of the edges of opaque regions. Each pixel is a 4D vector.

The term does not define what RGB color space is being used. It also does not state whether or not the colors are premultiplied by the alpha value, and if they are it does not state what color space that premultiplication was done in. This means more information than just "RGBA" is needed to determine how to handle an image.

In some contexts the abbreviation "RGBA" means a specific memory layout (called RGBA8888 below), with other terms such as "BGRA" used for alternatives. In other contexts "RGBA" means any layout.
Pars plicata
The pars plicata (also known as corona ciliaris ) (Latin: folded portion) is the folded and most anterior portion of the ciliary body of an eye.  The ciliary body is a part of the uvea, one of the three layers that comprise the eye.  The pars plicata is located anterior to the pars plana portion of the ciliary body, and posterior to the iris.  The lens zonules that are used to control accommodation are attached to the pars plana.

The pars plicata is the portion of the ciliary body that is responsible for producing aqueous humor, the fluid of the anterior chamber.  The production of too much aqueous humor, or reabsorption that occurs too slowly, can lead to increases in the pressure within the eye.

Intraocular pressure
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye. Tonometry is the method eye care professionals use to determine this. IOP is an important aspect in the evaluation of patients at risk of glaucoma. Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Delhi, Oklahoma
Delhi is an unincorporated community in Beckham County, Oklahoma, United States. Delhi is located west of U.S. Route 283 and 8.3 miles (13.4 km) southwest of Sayre. The community is named for the city in India and first had a post office in 1893.

U.S. Route 283
U.S. Route 283 is a spur of U.S. Route 83.  It currently runs for 731 miles (1,175 km) from Brady, Texas at U.S. Route 87 to Lexington, Nebraska at U.S. Route 30. It passes through the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.
Rowing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls
The men's single sculls event was part of the rowing programme at the 1928 Summer Olympics. It was one of seven rowing events for men and was the seventh appearance of the event, which had been on the programme for every Games since rowing was added in 1900. There were 15 competitors, each from a different nation (as each nation could enter only one boat in the event). The event was won by Bobby Pearce of Australia, the nation's first medal in the event. Silver went to Ken Myers of the United States, extending that nation's podium streak to three Games (and making the nation four-for-four in reaching the podium each time it appeared). David Collet of Great Britain took bronze; that nation had also earned a medal each time it appeared (six times) and had a five-Games podium streak.

David Collet
Theodore David Anthony Collet (19 October 1901 – 26 April 1984) was a British rower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

Collet was educated at Cambridge University and rowed for Cambridge in the Boat Race in 1922, 1923 and 1924. Cambridge won in 1922 and 1924 and Oxford won in 1923.

Collet joined Leander Club and concentrated on single sculls. In 1927 he won the Wingfield Sculls. In 1928 he competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam and won the bronze medal in the single sculls competition. He retained the Wingfield Sculls in 1928 and won again in 1929.
Jacksonport State Park
Jacksonport State Park is a 164.7-acre (66.7 ha) Arkansas state park in Jackson County, Arkansas in the United States. The park contains the 1872 Jacksonport courthouse which served as the home of county government from 1872-1892. Furnished with regional items of historical significance, tours of the courthouse are available. Jacksonport served as an important steamboat stop and trading center at the confluence of the White River and Black River, until being bypassed by the Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad shortly after becoming county seat.

Black River (Arkansas–Missouri)
The Black River is a tributary of the White River, about 300 miles (480 km) long, in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas in the United States.  Via the White River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.  Black River Technical College is named for the river.

The river was so named on account of the black tint of its water.
Maulden Heath
Maulden Heath is a 7.6-hectare (19-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest in Maulden in Bedfordshire. It was notified in 1986 under Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and the local planning authority is Central Bedfordshire Council. The site is owned by the Forestry Commission and managed by The Greensand Trust.

There are two separate meadows in the site. The eastern meadow has two ridges, which have short grass, a moss layer and many herbs. The western meadow is a steep-sided valley which has similar habitats. There is access by a footpath from the Deadman's Hill car park.

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (c. 69) is an act of Parliament in the United Kingdom implemented to comply with European Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. In short, the act gives protection to native species (especially those at threat), controls the release of non-native species, enhances the protection of Sites of Special Scientific Interest and builds upon the rights of way rules in the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The act is split into 4 parts covering 74 sections; it also includes 17 schedules.

Few amendments have been made to it, and it has acted as a foundation for later legislation to build upon. The compulsory five year review of schedules 5 and 8 make it dynamic in terms of the species which it protects.
Swimming at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships
The Swimming portion of the 7th FINA World Aquatics Championships was held from September 5 to 11, 1994. The competition was swum in the outdoor pool at the Foro Italico. The competition consisted of 32 long course events: 16 for males and females each, 26 individual events and 6 relays in total. Events by stroke were:

freestyle: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 (females), and 1500 (males);

backstroke: 100 and 200;

breaststroke: 100 and 200;

butterfly: 100 and 200;

individual medley (I.M.): 200 and 400;

relays: 4 × 100 free, 4 × 200 free, and 4 × 100 medley.

Breaststroke
Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. In most swimming classes, beginners learn either the breaststroke or the freestyle (front crawl) first. However, at the competitive level, swimming breaststroke at speed requires endurance and strength comparable to other strokes. Some people refer to breaststroke as the "frog" stroke because the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming in the water. The stroke itself is the slowest of any competitive strokes and is thought to be the oldest of all swimming strokes.
Ekweeconfractus
Ekweeconfractus ("broken fox") is an extinct genus of hyaenodont mammal of the hyainailourid subfamily Hyainailourinae, known from 17-million-year-old deposits at the Moruorot site in Kenya.

The genus contains only a single known species, Ekweeconfractus amorui. The full scientific name of type species translates as "broken fox of stone". Known from a single skull with an intact cranium, it is estimated to have weighed around 15 kilograms (33 lb), similar in size to a large fox. The researchers who described and named the fossil were able to conduct a CT scan of the cranial cavity, revealing that the animal had a comparatively large neocortex for the overall size of its brain, and an estimated encephalisation quotient of 0.54, similar to that of other contemporary African hyaenodonts, but lower than that of Hyaenodon.

Encephalization quotient
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species. It has been used as a proxy for intelligence and thus as a possible way of comparing the intelligence levels of different species. For this purpose, it is a more refined measurement than the raw brain-to-body mass ratio, as it takes into account allometric effects. Expressed as a formula, the relationship has been developed for mammals and may not yield relevant results when applied outside this group.
Danny Elfman discography
Select commercially released recordings of Danny Elfman's music for film, television, stage and the concert hall. For a full list of Elfman's compositions, see List of compositions by Danny Elfman. For Elfman's recordings as lead singer/songwriter for Oingo Boingo, see the Oingo Boingo discography page.

Oingo Boingo discography
The discography of Oingo Boingo, an American new wave band, consists of eight studio albums, two live albums, five compilation albums, two extended plays, one soundtrack, seventeen singles, ten music videos, and a list of soundtrack appearances.
Craigie, South Ayrshire
Craigie is a small village and parish of 6,579 acres (2,662 hectares) in the old district of Kyle, now South Ayrshire, four miles (six kilometres) south of Kilmarnock, Scotland. This is mainly a farming district, lacking in woodland, with a low population density, and only one village. In the 19th century, high quality lime was quarried here with at least three sites in use in 1832.

Kyle, Ayrshire
Kyle (or Coila poetically; Scottish Gaelic: Cuil) is a former comital district of Scotland which stretched across parts of modern-day East Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. It is supposedly named after Coel Hen, a legendary king of the Britons, who is said to be buried under a mound at Coylton.
WIOD
WIOD (610 AM) is a commercial radio station in Miami, serving South Florida. It airs a talk radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia,  The studios are on SW 145th Avenue in Pembroke Pines. WIOD's transmitter site is on Krome Avenue in West End, Florida. WIOD is powered at 50,000 watts by day and 20,000 watts at night.
It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array.

WIOD is also heard on the HD2 subchannel of sister station 105.9 WBGG-FM in Fort Lauderdale.

West End, Florida
The West End is a wholly unincorporated area in suburban Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is the collection of communities within and adjacent to County Commission District 11. At the time of the 2010 census, there were 213,839 residents.
Hassan Sultan
Hassan Sultan  (حسن سلطان, born 6 August 1983) is an Egyptian male water polo player. He was a member of the Egypt men's national water polo team, playing as a driver. He was a part of the  team at the 2004 Summer Olympics. On club level he played for Maadi in Egypt.

Maadi
Maadi (Egyptian Arabic: المعادى el-Maʿādi [elmæˈʕæːdi]) is a leafy and once suburban district in the Southern Area of Cairo, Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile about 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) upriver from downtown Cairo. The modern extensions north-east and east of Maadi, New Maadi and Zahraa al-Maadi are administratively part of the Basatin district.

The Nile in Maadi is paralleled by the Corniche, a waterfront promenade and the main road north into Cairo. There is no bridge across the Nile at Maadi; the nearest one is located at El Mounib along the Ring Road (Tarik El-Da'eri, English: The Round Road) on the way north to the downtown.

Maadi's population was estimated to be 85,000 according to the 2017 census. The district is popular with expatriates as well as Egyptians and is home to many embassies, as well as major international schools, sporting clubs, and cultural institutions such as the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt and the national Egyptian Geological Museum.
Mary T. Jeffries
Mary T. Jeffries (1863–1930) was an American temperance advocate and Prohibitionist. For 12 years, she served as President of the Alabama Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). From 1927 to 1928, she was an appointive member of the Alabama State Board of Education under Governor, Bibb Graves.

Alabama State Board of Education
The Alabama State Board of Education is an administrative agency created by the Constitution of Alabama that is responsible for supervising the state's public school system. The Board consists of eight members who are elected from districts and the Governor of Alabama, and is responsible for appointing the State Superintendent of Education.
Derek Tolan
Derek Tolan (born October 21, 1985) is a professional golfer and graduate from the University of Colorado Boulder.  He is known for having played in the U.S. Open at the age of 16  at Bethpage Black in 2002.

Bethpage State Park
Bethpage State Park is a 1,477-acre (5.98 km2) New York state park on the border of Nassau County and Suffolk County on Long Island. The park contains tennis courts, picnic and recreational areas and a polo field, but is best known for its five golf courses, including the Bethpage Black Course, which hosted the 2002 and 2009 U.S. Open Golf Championships, the 2019 PGA Championship and the 2025 Ryder Cup.
Broth
Broth, also known as bouillon (French pronunciation: [bujɔ̃] ⓘ), is a savory liquid made of water in which meat, fish, or vegetables have been simmered for a period of time. It can be eaten alone, but it is most commonly used to prepare other dishes, such as soups, gravies, and sauces.

Commercially prepared liquid broths are available, typically chicken, beef, fish, and vegetable varieties. Dehydrated broth in the form of bouillon cubes was commercialized beginning in the early 20th century.

Dish (food)
A dish in gastronomy is a specific food preparation, a "distinct article or variety of food", ready to eat or to be served.

A dish may be served on tableware, or may be eaten in one's hands.

Instructions and specific ingredients for preparing a dish are called recipes.

Some dishes, for example a hot dog with ketchup, rarely have their own recipes printed in cookbooks as they are made by simply combining two ready-to-eat foods.
Miyazaki (city)
Miyazaki (宮崎市, Miyazaki-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.jaꜜ.(d)za.kʲi, -ja.(d)za.kʲi̥ꜜ.ɕi, -(d)zaꜜ.kʲi̥.ɕi]) is the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. As of September 1, 2023, the city had an estimated population of 397,381 in 187,859 households, and a population density of 620 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 643.67 km2 (248.52 sq mi).

Cities of Japan
A city (市, shi) is a local administrative unit in Japan. Cities are ranked on the same level as towns (町, machi) and villages (村, mura), with the difference that they are not a component of districts (郡, gun). Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.