hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
David Dudley Field II
David Dudley Field II (February 13, 1805 – April 13, 1894) was an American lawyer and law reformer who made major contributions to the development of American civil procedure. His greatest accomplishment was engineering the move away from common law pleading towards code pleading, which culminated in the enactment of the Field Code in 1850 by the state of New York.

In 1877, he also served briefly as a U.S. representative from New York's 7th congressional district.

Pleading
In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a pleading is a formal written statement of one party's claims or defenses in response to another party's complaint(s) in a civil action. The parties' pleadings in a case define the issues to be adjudicated in the action.

The Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) govern pleading in England and Wales.

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern pleading in United States federal courts. Each state in the United States has its own statutes and rules that govern pleading in the courts of that state.
Unryū-class aircraft carrier
The Unryū-class aircraft carriers (雲龍型航空母艦, Unryū-gata Kōkūbokan) were World War II Japanese aircraft carriers. Sixteen ships of the class were planned under the Maru Kyū Programme (Ship #302 in 1941) and the Kai-Maru 5 Programme (#5001–5015 in 1942). However, only three of the Unryū-class carriers were completed.

Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Programme
The Modified 5th Naval Armaments Supplement Programme (改マル5計画, 戦備促進第二次実行計画, Kai-Maru 5 Keikaku, Senbi-Sokushin Dai-Ni-Ji Jikkō Keikaku) was one of the wartime armaments expansion plans of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN).
RD-810
The RD-810 (РД-810) is a Ukrainian liquid propellant rocket engine burning LOX and Kerosene (RG-1) in a staged combustion cycle. It has a single combustion chamber that provides thrust vector control by gimbaling of the nozzle in two axis by +/- 8°. It is being designed in Ukraine by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau for the prospective first stage propulsion of the Mayak rocket family.

The RD-810 as well as the RD-801 are being designed based on the work of the RD-8 vernier and the maintenance and improvement of the RD-120 engines. The RD-810 can be used stand alone on a Mayak or could be used in a module of four called RD-810M to replace the RD-170 on the Zenit.

Staged combustion cycle
The staged combustion cycle (sometimes known as topping cycle, preburner cycle, or closed cycle) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers, and is thus combusted in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high fuel efficiency, measured through specific impulse, while its main disadvantage is engineering complexity.

Typically, propellant flows through two kinds of combustion chambers; the first called preburner and the second called main combustion chamber. In the preburner, a small portion of propellant is partly combusted under non-stoichiometric conditions, increasing the volume of flow driving the turbopumps that feed the engine with propellant. The gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber and combusted completely with the other propellant to produce thrust.
Era. Anbarasu
Era Anbarasu (20 October 1940 – 8 August 2019) was an Indian politician who served as Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Lok Sabha as an Indian National Congress candidate from Central Chennai constituency in 1989 and 1991 elections. He was elected as an Indian National Congress (Indira) candidate from Chengalpattu constituency in 1980 election.

His son, D. Arul Anbarasu, was a member of Indian National Congress  and the MLA for Sholinghur constituency.

1991 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu
The 1991 Indian general election polls in Tamil Nadu were held for 39 seats in the state. The result was a repeat landslide victory for Indian National Congress, and its ally All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, winning all 39 seats. The opposition party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, which was part of the National Front, lost heavily, not winning a single seat. During this election, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated, when campaigning for Margatham Chandrasekar for the Indian National Congress, in the Sriperumbudur constituency.
Frank Kremblas
Francis Michael Kremblas Jr. (born October 25, 1966) is an American minor league baseball manager. He previously managed the Indianapolis Indians Triple-A team from 2009–10, and was a former minor league player in the Cincinnati Reds farm system from 1989 to 1996.

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
The Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (Spanish: Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional, or LVBP) is the top-level professional baseball league in Venezuela. The league's champion takes part in the Caribbean Series each year.
Carbonyl olefin metathesis
Carbonyl olefin metathesis is a type of metathesis reaction that entails, formally, the redistribution of fragments of an alkene and a carbonyl by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds respectively. It is a powerful method in organic synthesis using simple carbonyls and olefins and converting them into less accessible products with higher structural complexity.

Carbonyl group
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula C=O, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid), as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.

The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g. nickel carbonyl).

The remainder of this article concerns itself with the organic chemistry definition of carbonyl, such that carbon and oxygen share a double bond.
United States Army rank insignia
See:

United States Army enlisted rank insignia
United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War I
United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II

United States Military warrant officer rank insignia

United States Army officer rank insignia

United States Army enlisted rank insignia
The chart below shows the current enlisted rank insignia of the United States Army, with seniority, and pay grade, increasing from right to left. The enlisted ranks of  corporal (E-4) and higher are considered non-commissioned officers (NCOs). The rank of specialist is also in pay grade E-4, but does not hold non-commissioned officer status; it is common that a soldier may never hold the rank of corporal, and instead be promoted from specialist to sergeant, attaining junior NCO status at that time.

In the beginning, U.S. Army enlisted rank was indicated by colored epaulets. The use of chevrons came into being in 1821, with the orientation changing over time from point-down to point-up and back again, to the point-down orientation seen in the American Civil War. Around the turn of the 20th century, point-up wear of chevrons returned and has remained so.
Saarländisches Karnevalsmuseum
The Saarländisches Fastnachtsmuseum (English: Saarland Carnival Museum) was founded in 1979 and since 1995 located in St. Ingbert, Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate) district in the south-east part of the Saarland, Germany. Since 2002, the museum was in the Becker tower of the former Becker brewery (Kaiserstraße 176, Sankt Ingbert), which later became part of the Karlsberg Brewery.

The Mardi Gras Museum was founded by the Association of Saarland Carnival Clubs (Verband Saarländischer Karnevalsvereine "VSK"). In over 300 m2, the association displayed a large number of carnival exhibits.  Medals, costumes, commemorative lively speeches and much more were presented. Due to the critical financial situation, the museum was closed in 2013.

Karlsberg (brewery)
Karlsberg (German pronunciation: [ˈkaʁlsˌbɛɐ̯k] ⓘ; Palatine German pronunciation: [ˈkaːls.bɛɐ̯ɕ]) is one of the largest breweries in Germany; the Karlsberg Group also owns various other beer brands. It is called Karlsbräu outside of Germany to differentiate it from the Danish brewing company Carlsberg.
Patria (company)
Patria Plc (Finnish: Patria Oyj, Swedish: Patria Abp) is a Finnish provider of defence, security and aviation life-cycle support services. Patria is owned 50.1% by the Finnish government and 49.9% by Norwegian defense group Kongsberg Defense & Aerospace AS.

Armoured personnel carrier
An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I, APCs have become a very common piece of military equipment around the world.

According to the definition in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, an APC is "an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimetres calibre." Compared to infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are also used to carry infantry into battle, APCs have less armament and are not designed to provide direct fire support in battle. Infantry units that travel in APCs are known as mechanized infantry. Some militaries also make a distinction between infantry units that use APCs and infantry units that use IFVs, with the latter being known as armoured infantry.
Malli Amman Durgham
11°35′02″N 77°20′24″E﻿ / ﻿11.58397°N 77.339944°E﻿ / 11.58397; 77.339944

Malli Amman Durgham - A quiet settlement in Eastern Ghats, amidst dense forests at the top of a mountain at Kadambur Forest Division, Sathyamangalam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Malli Amman Durgham

Sathyamangalam
Sathyamangalam (also known as Sathy) is a town and municipality in Erode district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It lies on the banks of the Bhavani River, a tributary of the Kaveri straddling the Eastern and Western Ghats. It is the headquarters of Sathyamangalam taluk. It is located about 65 km (40 mi) from the district headquarters Erode. As of 2011, the town had a population of 37,816.
PTV-N-2 Gorgon IV
The PTV-N-2 Gorgon IV was a subsonic ramjet-powered missile developed by the Glenn L. Martin Company for the United States Navy. Originally intended as an air-to-surface weapon, it materialized as a propulsion test vehicle, and between 1947 and 1950 was used for test purposes and, as the KDM Plover, as a target drone.

Glenn L. Martin Company
The Glenn L. Martin Company, also known as the Martin Company from 1917 to 1961, was an American aircraft and aerospace manufacturing company founded by aviation pioneer Glenn L. Martin. The Martin Company produced many important aircraft for the defense of the US and allies, especially during World War II and the Cold War. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Martin Company moved from the aircraft industry into the guided missile, space exploration, and space utilization industries.

In 1961, the Martin Company merged with American-Marietta Corporation, a large industrial conglomerate, forming the Martin Marietta corporation. In turn, Martin Marietta in 1995 merged with aerospace giant Lockheed Corporation to form the Lockheed Martin corporation.
Lemmings (National Lampoon)
National Lampoon: Lemmings, a spinoff of the humor magazine National Lampoon, was a 1973 stage show that helped launch the performing careers of John Belushi, Christopher Guest, and Chevy Chase. The show was co-written and co-directed by a number of people, including Sean Kelly.

Lemmings opened at The Village Gate on January 25, 1973, and ran for 350 performances.

The songs from the show were subsequently issued as a record album. A video of one of the original performances, National Lampoon: Lemmings: Dead in Concert 1973, was eventually made available several decades later.

The show was revived in 2007–2008, and an attempted reboot was to be staged in March 2020.

Theatrical production
A theatrical production is any work of theatre, such as a staged play, musical, comedy or drama produced from a written book or script. Theatrical productions also extend to other performance designations such as Dramatic and Nondramatic theatre, as well as Dance theatre. These works are protected by common law or statuary copyright unless in the public domain.
Carol Kidu
Dame Carol Anne Kidu DBE AO (née Millwater ; born 10 October 1948), also known as Carol, Lady Kidu, is an Australian-born Papua New Guinean politician.

Kidu was the only female Member of Parliament in the 2002–2007 and 2007–2012 National Parliaments, and served as Minister for Community Development under Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare from 2002 until 2 August 2011, and as Leader of the Opposition from 15 February 2012 until her retirement from politics in July 2012. She was the leader of the Melanesian Alliance Party until her retirement.

Born in Shorncliffe, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, she relocated to Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea after marrying Buri Kidu, who was knighted in 1980 upon his appointment as the first indigenous Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea. Lady Kidu became a teacher and wrote school textbooks. In 1994 her husband died of a heart attack.

Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea
The Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea has been the highest court of Papua New Guinea since 16 September 1975, replacing the pre-Independence Supreme Court (corresponding to the post-Independence National Court) and the overseas appellate tribunals from 1902 to 1975 of the High Court of Australia and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Judges of the pre-Independence Supreme Court automatically became the first justices of the National Court and accordingly among the pool of judges that were available to be empanelled as a Supreme Court bench.
Spitzerberg Airport
Spitzerberg Airport (German: Flugplatz Spitzerberg, ICAO: LOAS) is a private use airport in Hundsheim, Lower Austria, Austria. The airport is located at the foot of the Spitzerberg. Part of the runway is included in the Spitzerberg nature reserve.

Spitzerberg (nature reserve)
Spitzerberg is a nature reserve in the Austrian municipality of Prellenkirchen in the province of Lower Austria. It forms one of the biggest nature reserves of Lower Austria and is located on the Spitzerberg, the southern extension of the Hundsheimer Berge. The nature reserve has an IUCN category IV protection level and is part of the Natura 2000 area Hundsheimer Berge. The area is covered by rock steppes, dry and half dry grasslands and dry forests. The steep slopes of the Spitzerberg consist of limestone and dolomite. In combination with the very thin humus layer, this creates an extremely dry environment. From 2004 till 2008 the Spitzerberg nature reserve was part of the LIFE-Nature-project Pannonische Steppen- und Trockenrasen.
Beauvais (surname)
Beauvais is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Armand Beauvais (1783–1843), American politician

Bernadette Beauvais (born 1949), French politician

Denis Beauvais (born 1962), Canadian artist

Garcelle Beauvais (born 1966), Haitian actress and model

Laurent Beauvais (born 1952), French politician

René Beauvais (1795–1837), Canadian carpenter and woodcarver

Robert Beauvais (1911–1982), French writer and journalist

Tammy Beauvais, Indigenous Canadian fashion designer

William Beauvais (born 1956), Canadian classical guitarist and composer

Garcelle Beauvais
Garcelle Beauvais (French pronunciation: [gaʁsɛl bovɛ], formerly Beauvais-Nilon; born November 26, 1966) is a Haitian-American actress and television personality. She is best known for her starring roles in the sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show and the crime drama series NYPD Blue. She also appeared in the films Coming to America (1988) and its sequel, Coming 2 America (2021), White House Down (2013), and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017).

In 2020, Beauvais became a part of the main cast on the reality television series The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, where she remained for five seasons before announcing her departure after season 14. She also co-hosted the daytime talk show The Real (2020–2022) alongside Adrienne Bailon, Loni Love, and Jeannie Mai for its final two seasons.
Xianchong station
Xianchong station (Chinese: 仙涌站; pinyin: Xiānchōng Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Sīnchūng Jaahm) is an elevated station on Line 2 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Shunde District. It opened on 28 December 2021.

Line 2 (Foshan Metro)
Line 2 of Foshan Metro (FMetro) (Chinese: 佛山地铁2号线; pinyin: Fóshān Dìtiě Èr Hào Xiàn) is a metro line in Foshan. It runs in a south-west direction, connecting Guangzhou South Railway Station and Nanzhuang. It  opened on 28 December 2021.
Qiao Liang (author)
Qiao Liang (Chinese: 乔良; pinyin: Qiáo Liáng; born 9 January 1955), is a retired major general in the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), military theorist, and author. He is the deputy director of the creative department of the PLAAF, the deputy secretary-general of the Council for National Security Policy Studies, and a member of the Chinese Writers Association. In 2007, he presented a lecture series on China Central Television (CCTV) about the Thirty-Six Stratagems.

China Writers Association
The China Writers Association (CWA) is a subordinate people's organization of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles (CFLAC).

Founded in July 1949, the organization was initially named the China National Literature Workers Association. In September 1953, it was renamed the Chinese Writers Association. In April 2012, the organization changed its translated name to China Writers Association.

It now has more than 9,000 registered members, with branch associations across the nation. The first CWA Chair was Mao Dun, under the leadership of the then CFLAC Chairman Guo Moruo. In 1985, Mao Dun was succeeded by Ba Jin and in 2006, Ba Jin was succeeded by Tie Ning. The incumbent chair is Zhang Hongsen since 2025. Other successive Associate Chairs include Ding Ling, Feng Xuefeng, Lao She, Ke Zhongping, Shao Quanlin and Liu Baiyu.
Brian Cookson
Michael Brian Cookson OBE (born 22 June 1951) is the former president of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), having been elected to the post in September 2013 at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships.

Cookson previously served as president of British Cycling from 1997 to 2013, after becoming a member of an emergency committee to rescue it from insolvency in 1996. He has been credited with turning the sport around since taking on his unpaid role as president and under his presidency, British cyclists have won 19 Olympic gold medals, 28 Paralympic Gold medals, the Tour de France five times, and multiple World Championship titles in disciplines of Road, Track and BMX.

Tour of Britain
The Tour of Britain is a multi-stage cycling race, conducted on British roads, in which participants race across Great Britain to complete the race in the fastest time.

The event dates back to the first British stage races held just after the Second World War. Since then, various different events have been described as the Tour of Britain, including the Milk Race, the Kellogg's Tour of Britain and the PruTour.

The most recent version of the Tour of Britain began in 2004 as part of the UCI Europe Tour. From 2014, the race was rated 2.HC by the UCI. The race became part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020.
Decomposed granite
Decomposed granite is granite rock that has weathered to the point where it readily fractures into smaller pieces of weaker rock. Further weathering yields material that easily crumbles into gravel-sized particles known as "grus", which may then break down further to produce a mixture of clay and silica sand or silt particles. Different granite types weather at different rates, so their likelihood of producing decomposed granite varies. Its practical uses include incorporation into paving materials for roads and driveways, residential gardening materials in arid environments, and various types of walkways and heavy-use paths in parks. Decomposed granite is available in various colours, originating from the natural spectrum of granite hues from different quarry sources. An admixture of other natural or synthetic materials can broaden the range of decomposed granite properties.

Aridity
Aridity is the condition of geographical regions which make up approximately 43% of total global available land area, characterized by low annual precipitation, increased temperatures, and limited water availability. These areas tend to fall upon degraded soils, and their health and functioning are key necessities of regulating ecosystems’ atmospheric components.
Gareis
Gareis is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jennifer Gareis  (born 1970), American actress

Franz Gareis (1775–1803), German painter

Martin Gareis (1891–1976), German general during World War II

Roland Gareis (born 1948), Austrian economist

Karl von Gareis (1844–1923), German legal scholar

Karl von Gareis
Karl Heinrich Franz von Gareis (24 April 1844 in Bamberg – 15 January 1923 in Munich) was a German legal scholar and Old Catholic writer.

He studied law at the universities of Munich, Heidelberg and Würzburg, obtaining his habilitation for private law at Würzburg in 1870. In 1873 he became a law professor at the University of Bern, specializing in private law. Later on, he served as professor at the universities of Giessen (from 1875), Königsberg (from 1888) and Munich (from 1902). From 1878 to 1881 he was a member of the National Liberal Party in the German Reichstag.

Since 2009 the "Carl-Gareis-Preis" is awarded by the University of Bayreuth Faculty of Law and Economics for outstanding dissertations in the field of legal history or intellectual property.
Red Gap
Red Gap, also known as Saggart Hill or Slieve Thoul, is a hill 397 metres above sea level situated 16 kilometres southwest of Dublin city centre in the Dublin Mountains close to Saggart and Rathcoole. The hill gets its name from the townland of 'Redgap' which lies just to the north of it. Today, Red Gap is home to farmland and telecommunication masts. The hill has FM radio transmitters for Newstalk, Kfm, LMFM, iRadio and East Coast FM.

The hill is also home to low-power fill in transmitters of Nova 100 and 4FM, designed to cover the Dublin commuter belt

The old-time song "Campbell's farewell to Red Gap" is believed to be referring to this hill.

Newstalk
Newstalk (formerly NewsTalk 106) is a national independent radio station in Ireland. It is operated by News 106 Limited, a subsidiary of Bauer Media Audio Ireland, and broadcasts under a sound broadcasting contract with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( which since 2024 has been renamed Commusiun Na Mean)

Newstalk is Ireland's only commercial all-talk station, broadcasting opinion, analysis, entertainment and sport.
Katherine Anne Porter School
The Katherine Anne Porter School, commonly referred to as KAPS, is a public charter high school in Wimberley, Texas, United States. It was founded in 1998 by Maltese politician and educator Yana Bland and named after Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer Katherine Anne Porter. The Austin American-Statesman described it as a "small, eclectic high school."

In the 2018–2019 school year, KAPS had 167 students across grades nine through twelve, and its faculty currently consists of only 25 members. The school has been said to "foster a love for learning, creative thinking, and community involvement" and features numerous afterschool activities and clubs.

The school claims to be nondiscriminatory on the basis of "race, color, sex, age, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, marital status, genetic identification, political affiliation, or disability in matters affecting employment," and students there have been said to be "very aware of environmental issues."

Ninth grade
Ninth grade (also 9th or Grade 9) is the ninth year of formal or compulsory education in some countries. It is generally part of high school or secondary school depending on the country. Students in ninth grade are usually 14–15 years old.