hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eduction (geology)
In geology, eduction is a process in which the Earth's crust spreads sideways, exposing deep-seated rocks. It is prominent in the middle layers of the Himalayas, where gravity pushes the mountains down. Together with a high grade of erosion, this activity brings deep rocks to the surface, many from more than a depth of 100 km. The unusually fast elevation preserves rare metastable minerals, e.g. diamonds and coesite.

Earth's crust
Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere, a solidified division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates whose motion allows heat to escape the interior of Earth into space.

The crust lies on top of the mantle, a configuration that is stable because the upper mantle is made of peridotite and is therefore significantly denser than the crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity.

The temperature of the crust increases with depth, reaching values typically in the range from about 700 to 1,600 °C (1,292 to 2,912 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust.
Wila Ch'ankha
Wila Ch'ankha (Aymara wila red, ch'ankha wool cord, "red cord", Hispanicized spelling Wila Chanca) is a 4,701-metre-high (15,423 ft) mountain located in the Andes in Bolivia. It is situated in the Oruro Department, Poopó Province, Poopó Municipality, Poopó Canton, near the Desaguadero River and northeast of Poopó Lake. The town of Poopó lies at the foot of the mountain, north of it.

Desaguadero River (Bolivia and Peru)
The Desaguadero River, also known as Risawariru or Uchusumain, is a river shared between Bolivia and Peru. It drains Lake Titicaca from the southern part of the river basin, flowing south and draining approximately five percent of the lake's flood waters into Lake Uru Uru and Lake Poopó. Its source in the north is very near the Peruvian border.

It is navigable only by small craft and supports indigenous communities such as the Uru Muratu community.
Knife money
Knife money (Chinese: 刀币) is the name of large, cast, bronze, knife-shaped commodity money produced by various governments and kingdoms in what is now China, approximately 2,500 years ago.  Knife money circulated in China between 600 and 200 BCE during the Zhou dynasty.

Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various time setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Heavy equipment like machine tool beds, ships' propellers, etc. can be cast easily in the required size, rather than fabricating by joining several small pieces. Casting is a 7,000-year-old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
Girolamo Ferroni
Girolamo ( Latin: Hieronymus) Ferroni (Milan, 1687 – c. 1730), born in the Duchy of Milan during Spanish rule, was a painter and engraver mainly active in the cities of Milan and Rome. Having learnt the art of painting in Milan, he moved to Rome where he trained in the workshop of the Marche painter Carlo Maratta. Returning to Milan, he painted the Dormition of St Joseph in Sant'Eustorgio and other works of more than mediocre workmanship.

When his work as a painter was finished, he devoted himself to the art of etching, producing works for Maratta including: Joshua commanding the sun to stand still; Deborah singing in triumph having defeated Sisera; Jael killing Sisara; Judith cutting off the head of Holofernes; and the chastity of St Joseph.

Together with Johann Georg Seiller he contributed to the copperplate illustrations in Serviliano Latuada's Descrizione di Milano.

Jael
Jael (/ˈdʒeɪəl/) or Yael (/ˈjeɪəl/' Hebrew: יָעֵל, romanized: Yāʿēl) is a heroine of the Bible who aids the Israelites in their war with King Jabin of the city of Hazor in Canaan by killing Sisera, the commander of Jabin's army. This episode is depicted in chapters 4 and 5 of the Book of Judges. According to that account, after Sisera's defeat by the Israelite leader Barak in the Battle of Mount Tabor, he seeks refuge in the tent of Jael, who kills him by driving a tent peg through his skull (Judges 4:17–21) near the great tree in Zaanaim near Kedesh.
GPTs
GPTs are customized generative pre-trained transformers accessible through OpenAI's chatbot ChatGPT. They are derived from OpenAI's main GPT models, such as GPT-4o. GPTs can be used and created from the GPT Store. Any user can easily create them without any programming knowledge. GPTs can be tailored for specific writing styles, topics, or tasks. The ability to create GPTs was introduced in November 2023, and by January 2024, more than 3 million GPTs had been published.

GPT-4o
GPT-4o ("o" for "omni") is a multilingual, multimodal generative pre-trained transformer developed by OpenAI and released in May 2024. It can process and generate text, images and audio.

Upon release, GPT-4o was free in ChatGPT, though paid subscribers had higher usage limits. GPT-4o was removed from ChatGPT in August 2025 when GPT-5 was released, but OpenAI reintroduced it for paid subscribers after users complained about the sudden removal.

GPT-4o's audio-generation capabilities are used in ChatGPT's Advanced Voice Mode. On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o which replaced GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. The image generation model GPT Image 1, which is based on GPT-4o, replaced DALL-E 3 in ChatGPT in March 2025.

OpenAI retired GPT-4o from ChatGPT on February 13, 2026. However, as of February 2026 the voice mode is still powered by GPT-4o or GPT-4o mini, depending on the usage and plan.
Albert Black
Albert C. Black Jr. (born July 24, 1959) is an American businessman who was CEO and chairman of On Target Supplies and Logistics, a company he founded in 1982. Black was the first African American chairman of the Dallas Regional Chamber in Dallas, Texas. He traveled to 16 countries on joint trade missions with former Dallas Mayor Ron Kirk. He was chairman of the Baylor Health Care System, helping to establish the Baylor Diabetes Health & Wellness Institute. He is the current chairman of the Charles Sammons Cancer Center and the Dallas Housing Authority.

He has received three Texas Instruments Supplier Excellence Awards and is a recipient of the 30th Congressional District Award for outstanding achievement in the field of business.

Dallas Regional Chamber
The Dallas Regional Chamber, formerly known as the Dallas Chamber of Commerce and the Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce—is a chamber of commerce that represents businesses and institutions in North Texas, including the Dallas/Fort Worth metropolitan area.
James Ah Koy
Sir James Michael Ah Koy, KBE, CF (Chinese: 何志美; born November 30, 1936) is a Fijian businessman, politician, and diplomat.  He is Executive Chairman of Kelton Investments, the IT service provider Datec Group Ltd., Honorary Consul of the Republic of Georgia to Fiji and a board director of forty-six companies.  He served as a Cabinet Minister in the 1990s, and was a Senator from 2001 to 2006. He is Fiji's past ambassador to China.  He served until December 2010, and was replaced by Esala Teleni.

Prime Minister of Fiji
The prime minister of Fiji is the head of government of the Republic of Fiji. The prime minister is appointed under the terms of the 2013 Constitution. The prime minister is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses ministers.
HD 108541
HD 108541, also known by its Bayer designation u Centauri is a star located in the constellation Centaurus, It is also known as HR 4748. The apparent magnitude of the star is about 5.4, meaning it is only visible to the naked eye under excellent viewing conditions. Its distance is about 440 light-years (140 parsecs), based on its parallax measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite.

The spectral type of HD 108541 is B8/9V, meaning it is a late B-type main sequence star. These types of stars are a few times more massive than the Sun, and have effective temperatures of about 10,000 to 30,000 K. HD 108541 is just over 3 times more massive than the Sun and has a temperature of about 11,000 K.

Astrometry
Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. It provides the kinematics and physical origin of the Solar System and this galaxy, the Milky Way.
Moawad
Moawad is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Moawad GadElrab (1929–1983), Egyptian physician, artist, writer, author and professor

Hassan Sayed Moawad (died 2007), Egyptian basketball player

Kayssar Moawad, Lebanese physician and politician

Michel Moawad (born 1972), Lebanese politician who resigned from Parliament in protest after the 2020 Beirut Explosion

Mohamed Moawad (born 1987), Egyptian male volleyball player

Nayla Moawad (born 1940), Lebanese politician and former First Lady of Lebanon

Nazli Moawad, Egyptian political science professor at Cairo University

Omar Moawad (born 2006), Egyptian professional footballer

René Moawad (1925–1989), Lebanese politician who served as the 9th President of Lebanon

Sayed Moawad (born 1979), Egyptian retired professional footballer

Wajdi Moawad, OC, (born 1968), Lebanese-Canadian writer, actor, and director

René Moawad
René Anis Moawad (Arabic: رينيه أنيس معوض; 17 April 1925 – 22 November 1989) was a Lebanese politician who served as the 9th president of Lebanon for seventeen days, from 5 to 22 November 1989, before his assassination by unknown assailants.
1993 Gent–Wevelgem
The 1993 Gent–Wevelgem was the 55th edition of the Gent–Wevelgem cycle race and was held on 7 April 1993. The race started in Ghent and finished in Wevelgem. The race was won by Mario Cipollini of the GB–MG Maglificio team.

MG Maglificio (cycling team)
MG Maglificio was an Italian professional road cycling team in the 1990s. The team started racing in 1992, under the management of Belgians Roger De Vlaeminck and Patrick Lefevere and Italians Enrico Paoloni and Paolo Abetoni. After a one-year co-sponsorship with Riso Scotti in 1998, MG Maglificio withdrew from cycling as a sponsor.
Horse Creek (Colorado)
Horse Creek is a 129-mile-long (208 km) tributary of the Arkansas River that flows from a source south of Calhan in the Holcolm Hills of El Paso County, Colorado.  It flows east and south to a confluence with the Arkansas in Bent County west of Las Animas

Calhan, Colorado
The Town of Calhan is a statutory town located in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 762 at the 2020 United States census. Calhan is a part of the Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor. The town straddles U.S. Highway 24. With Calhan sitting at an elevation of 6,535 feet (1,992 meters) above sea level, Calhan is the highest non-mountain town in the United States.
Mani Sharma
Yanamandra Venkata Subrahmanyam (born 11 July 1964), professionally known as Mani Sharma, is an Indian composer and music producer known for his work primarily in Telugu cinema, along with contributions to Tamil, Kannada, and Hindi films.

Music director
A music director, musical director or director of music is a person responsible for the musical aspects of a performance, production, or organization. This would include the artistic director and usually chief conductor of an orchestra or concert band, the director of music of a film, the director of music at a radio station, the person in charge of musical activities or the head of the music department in a school, the coordinator of the musical ensembles in a university, college, or institution (but not usually the head of the academic music department), the head bandmaster of a military band, the head organist and choirmaster of a church, or an organist and master of the choristers (the title given to a director of music at a cathedral, particularly in England).
Cleome oxalidea
Cleome oxalidea is a species of plant in the Cleomaceae family and is found in Western Australia.

The annual or ephemeral herb has a rosetted habit and typically grows to a height of 5 to 30 centimetres (2.0 to 11.8 in). It blooms between January and September producing blue-pink-purple flowers.

It is found in the Kimberley, Pilbara, Goldfields-Esperance and Mid West regions of Western Australia growing in stony sandy-loam alluvium.

The species uses C4 photosynthesis. The C4 pathway in this species evolved independently from the two other C4 Cleome species, C. angustifolia and C. gynandra.

Pilbara
The Pilbara (/ˈpɪlbərə/) is a large, dry, sparsely populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal people, its geography, its red earth, and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is also a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.
Russian ship of the line Ingermanland (1842)
Ingermanland (Russian: Ингерманланд) was a three-masted, fully-rigged Iezekiil‘-class third-rate ship of the line, built in Arkhangelsk, Russia, in 1842. She was intended for service in the Imperial Russian Navy′s Baltic Fleet. Ships of this type were characterized by good seaworthiness, practical location of guns, and rational interior planning.  The ship was armed with seventy-four 24- and 36-pound cannons.

Full-rigged ship
A full-rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel with a sail plan of three or more masts, all of them square-rigged. Such a vessel is said to have a ship rig or be ship-rigged, with each mast stepped in three segments: lower, top, and topgallant.
Muhnot Nainsi
Muhnot Nainsi (1610–1670) was a medieval historian and Dewan of Rathore ruler Jaswant Singh of Marwar. He is known for his studies of the region now encompassed by the state of Rajasthan in India. 
He was son of Jaimal Muhnot, who was Senior Office holder under reign of Sur Singh and Gaj Singh
Early in his professional career, Nainsi was appointed successively as the hakim (administrative head) of various parganas in Marwar. The extensive, first-hand knowledge he collected of the region informed his later writings. In 1658, he was appointed dewan of Marwar, in which position he served until 1666. The literary works he is most known for are Marwar Ra Pargana Ri Vigat and Nainsi Ri Khyat.

Gaj Singh I
Gaj Singh Rathore (Marwari pronunciation: [ɡədʒ sɪ̃ɳ rɑːʈʰoːɽ]; 30 October 1595 – 6 May 1638) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Marwar, who reigned as Gaj Singh I from 7 September 1619 until his death in 1638. He held the title of Raja and, after c. 1630, assumed the higher title of Maharaja.
Col Colborne
Colin Colborne (3 October 1909 – 9 August 1987) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Brisbane to printer and politician William Parry Colborne and Kathleen Mary Davey. He was educated in Brisbane and became a machine compositor. He then moved to New South Wales and became an assistant federal secretary of the Printing Industry Employees' Union in 1938. He was federal secretary of the union from 1952 to 1974, and also editor of the Printing Trades Journal. On 19 June 1937, he married Ellen Hindmarsh, with whom he had three children. From 1949 to 1973, he served as a Labor member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. Colborne died in Carlton in 1987.

Carlton, New South Wales
Carlton is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Carlton is located 15 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the St George area. Carlton lies across the boundary of two local government areas, the Georges River Council and the Bayside Council.
Midlands Provincial Hospital
Midlands Provincial Hospital is a Provincial government funded hospital in the Dr Beyers Naudé Local Municipality area in Graaff-Reinet in South Africa.

The hospital departments include Emergency department, Paediatric ward, Maternity ward, Obstetrics, Gynaecology Services, Out Patients Department, Surgical Services, Medical Services, Operating Theatre & CSSD Services, Pharmacy, Anti-Retroviral (ARV) treatment for HIV/AIDS, Post Trauma Counseling Services, Dentistry, Physiotherapy, Occupational Services, Laboratory Services, X-ray Services, Laundry Services and Kitchen Services.

Dr Beyers Naudé Local Municipality
Dr Beyers Naudé Municipality (Afrikaans: Dr Beyers Naudé Munisipaliteit; Xhosa: uMasipala wase Dr Beyers Naudé) is a local municipality within the Sarah Baartman District Municipality, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The municipality was established by merging the Camdeboo, Ikwezi and Baviaans local municipalities. The decision to merge the municipalities was taken by the Municipal Demarcation Board in 2015 but only took effect after municipal elections on 3 August 2016. The new municipality is named after the Afrikaner cleric and anti-apartheid activist Beyers Naudé. Its seat is in Graaff-Reinet. The merger was motivated by political interests because the ruling party, the African National Congress, was losing support in the area. One of the municipalities, Baviaans, was already governed by the opposition Democratic Alliance.
2024–25 Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball team
The 2024–25 Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball team represented Central Michigan University during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Chippewas, led by fourth-year head coach Tony Barbee, played their home games at McGuirk Arena in Mount Pleasant, Michigan as members of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 14–17, 7–11 in MAC play to finish in a tie for 10th place. They failed to qualify for the MAC tournament.

On April 3, 2025, the school fired head Tony Barbee. On April 14, the school named Ferris State head coach Andy Bronkema the team's new head coach.

2025 MAC men's basketball tournament
The 2025 Mid-American Conference men's basketball tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Mid-American Conference (MAC) held March 13–15, 2025. The entire tournament was played at Rocket Arena in Cleveland, Ohio.  Akron defeated Bowling Green and Toledo in the first two rounds and then Miami in the final  Nate Johnson of Akron was the MVP.
Fauna of Venezuela
The fauna of Venezuela consists of a huge variety of animals. Venezuela's diverse wildlife includes manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and Orinoco crocodiles, which have been reported to reach up to 6.6 metres (22 ft) in length.  Some 23% of reptilian and 50% of amphibian species that inhabit the country are endemic to Venezuela. Overall, around 8,000 species (the world's 5th highest total) are endemic to the country.

Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species, more than 351 mammals, 341 reptiles, 315 amphibians and more than 2,000 freshwater and marine fishes. Invertebrates groups have not been inventoried exhaustively, but among the well known groups there are around 900 species of marine molluscs, 1,600 butterflies, over 120 dung beetles species and 39 species of blowflies.

Dung beetle
Dung beetles are beetles that feed on feces. All species of dung beetle belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, most of them to the subfamilies Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae of the family Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles). As most species of Scarabaeinae feed exclusively on feces, that subfamily is often dubbed true dung beetles. There are dung-feeding beetles which belong to other families, such as the Geotrupidae (the earth-boring dung beetle). The Scarabaeinae alone comprises more than 5,000 species.

As they do not belong to a single group sharing a common ancestor, there is a diversity in the behavior of dung beetles, including the iconic dung-rolling behavior revered by Ancient Egyptians as Khepri rolling the sun across the sky.
1985 ATP Championship – Doubles
Francisco González and Matt Mitchell were the defending champions, but González did not compete this year. Mitchell teamed up with John Lloyd and lost in the second round to Mark Edmondson and Kim Warwick.

Stefan Edberg and Anders Järryd won the title by defeating Joakim Nyström and Mats Wilander 4–6, 6–2, 6–3 in the final.

Francisco González (tennis)
Francisco González (born November 19, 1955) played professional tennis in the 1970s and 1980s. He represented Paraguay in Davis Cup and played collegiate tennis at the Ohio State University.

González was ranked as high as world no. 34 in singles, achieved in July 1978, and no. 22 in doubles in November 1984. The biggest singles final of his career was at Cincinnati in 1980, defeating Jimmy Connors in the semifinals before falling to Harold Solomon.
Amb Andaura railway station
Amb Andaura Railway Station is situated in Amb Tehsil  of  Una district, Himachal Pradesh. Its code is AADR. It serves Gagret and Amb towns. The station consists of two Platforms and 3 Tracks  .  It provide   facilities including Drinking water and Sanitation. The station is serviced by the only broad-gauge line in Himachal Pradesh.

Una district
Una district is a district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Una shares its border with the Hoshiarpur and Rupnagar districts of  Punjab and Kangra, Hamirpur, and Bilaspur districts of Himachal Pradesh. The terrain is generally plain with semi hills.

Una has five tehsils, namely Ghanari, Haroli, Amb, Bangana and Una itself. It was a tehsil of Hoshiarpur district until the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 and Kangra district until 1972, after which it became a district of Himachal Pradesh.
1979 Australasian Individual Speedway Championship
The 1979 Australasian Individual Speedway Championship was the fourth annual Australasian Final for Motorcycle speedway riders from Australia and New Zealand as part of the qualification for the 1979 Speedway World Championship.

In the track's final season of operation, the 358 metres (392 yards) Rowley Park Speedway in Adelaide hosted the Australasian Final. Reigning Australian Champion Billy Sanders won the Final from Steve Koppe and John Titman. The final three qualifiers for the Commonwealth Final to be held at London's White City Stadium were Phil Crump, Ivan Mauger and Larry Ross. Later in 1979 Mauger would go on to win his record 6th World Championship at the Silesian Stadium in Chorzów, Poland.

Inaugural Australasian Final winner and local Rowley Park hero John Boulger failed on the night, scoring only 6 points from his 5 rides to finish in 11th place.

Silesian Stadium
The Silesian Stadium (Polish: Stadion Śląski; Polish: [ˈstadjɔn ˈɕlɔ̃skʲi]) is a sport stadium located on the premises of Silesian Park in Chorzów, Poland. The stadium has a fully covered capacity of 54,378, after refurbishment completed in October 2017. The stadium hosted many Poland national football team matches and for many decades was Poland's national stadium. After the National Stadium in Warsaw was completed, the Silesian Stadium lost that role. The stadium was not in operation between 2009 and 2017 due to its ongoing reconstruction.

Silesian Stadium is a UEFA Category 4 stadium and hosts the annual Kamila Skolimowska Memorial, a Diamond League meeting. The stadium hosted the athletics events of the 2023 European Games and is set to host the 2028 European Athletics Championships.