hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cornelius Beach Bradley
Cornelius Beach Bradley (November 18, 1843 – February 18, 1936) was an American English-language scholar. He served as professor of rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley (then called the University of California), and also extensively studied the Thai language.

Bradley was born and grew up in Siam, the son of missionary Dan Beach Bradley, and also did missionary work in the country after graduating from Oberlin College in the United States. He returned to the United States in 1874, becoming a teacher and vice-principal at Oakland High School, before joining the faculty of the University of California in 1882. He was also known for mountaineering, especially in the Sierra Nevada.

Bradley was the father of Harold Cornelius Bradley, a professor of biochemistry at UW-Madison, and grandfather of Charles C. Bradley, a professor of geology at Montana State College.

Oakland High School (Oakland, California)
Oakland Senior High School (also known as O-High or OHS) is a public high school in Oakland, California. Established in 1869, it is the oldest high school in Oakland and the sixth oldest high school in the state.
Geography of Rosario
Rosario is the largest city of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and the third most populous in the country, after Córdoba and Buenos Aires. It is located about 300 km (190 mi) north of Buenos Aires, on the Western shore of the Paraná River, and it has about 910,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded by smaller cities and towns that form a metropolitan area (Greater Rosario) with a population of about 1.2 million according to the 2001 census [INDEC].

Ravine
A ravine is a landform that is narrower than a canyon and is often the product of streambank erosion. Ravines are typically classified as larger in scale than gullies, although smaller than valleys. Ravines may also be called a cleuch, dell, ghout (Nevis), gill or ghyll, glen, gorge, kloof (South Africa), and chine (Isle of Wight).

A ravine is generally a fluvial slope landform of relatively steep (cross-sectional) sides, on the order of twenty to seventy percent in gradient. Ravines may or may not have active streams flowing along the downslope channel which originally formed them; moreover, often they are characterized by intermittent streams, since their geographic scale may not be sufficiently large to support a perennial stream.
Lycodon tiwarii
Lycodon tiwarii, commonly known as the Andaman wolf snake and Tiwari's wolf snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to the Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands of India.

Nicobar Islands
The Nicobar Islands /ˈnɪkəbɑːr/ are an archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are located in Southeast Asia, 150 kilometres (93 mi) northwest of Aceh on Sumatra, and separated from Thailand to the east by the Andaman Sea. Located 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) southeast of the Indian subcontinent, across the Bay of Bengal, they are part of India, as the Nicobar district within the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Together with the Andaman Islands to their north, the Nicobar Islands serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east.

In 2013, UNESCO added the Great Nicobar Island to its World Network of Biosphere Reserves, a list of internationally designated protected areas.
Murder by Proxy: How America Went Postal
Murder By Proxy: How America Went Postal is a 2010 American documentary film that examines the phenomenon of spree killing, particularly in a workplace, that became known in the United States as "going postal".

Spree killer
A spree killer is someone who commits a criminal act that involves two or more murders in a short time, often in multiple locations. There are differing opinions about what durations of time a killing spree may take place in. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics has spoken of "almost no time break between murders", but some academics consider that a killing spree may last weeks or months, e.g. the case of Andrew Cunanan, who murdered five people over three months, including fashion designer Gianni Versace.
Maigret and the Hotel Majestic
Maigret and the Hotel Majestic (French: Les Caves du Majestic) is a 1942 detective novel by the Belgian writer Georges Simenon featuring his character Jules Maigret.

This novel was first published in English in 1977 by Hamish Hamilton (London) and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (New York), translated by Caroline Hillier, later also published under the title The Hotel Majestic.

In 2015, this novel was reissued in English under the title The Cellars of the Majestic, newly translated by Howard Curtis (ISBN 9780241188446).

Howard Curtis
Howard Curtis (born 1949) is a British translator of French, Italian and Spanish fiction.

He won the 2013 Marsh Award for Children's Literature in Translation for his translation from Italian of In the Sea there are Crocodiles by Fabio Geda.
David Odiase
David Odiase (born 19 January 2003) is an Italian rugby union player, currently playing for Italian United Rugby Championship side Zebre Parma. His preferred position is flanker.

He formed by Italian Top10 team Colorno until 2021−22 season.
Odiase signed for Oyonnax in summer 2022 for the Espoirs team. He made his debut in Round 1 of EPCR Challenge Cup in the 2023–24 season against the Dragons.

He signed for Zebre Parma in May 2025 ahead of the 2025–26 United Rugby Championship. He made his debut in Round 4 of the 2025–26 season against the Stormers.

In 2022 and 2023, Odiase was named in Italy U20s squad for annual Six Nations Under 20s Championship.

On 3 December 2024, he was called in Italy Under 23 squad for test series against Emerging Scotland.

He was named to Italy senior squad to participate in the 2025 Tour of Namibia and South Africa. On 5 July 2025, he made his debut in Pretoria against South Africa.

Oyonnax Rugby
Oyonnax Rugby (French pronunciation: [ɔjɔna ʁyɡbi]) is a French professional rugby union club based in Oyonnax and competing in the Pro D2. Founded in 1949 and located in the Ain montainous department, the club plays its home matches at the 11,400-capacity Stade Charles-Mathon, the highest stadium in the league at 532 metres (1,745 ft) and wears black and red jerseys.
Uganda Oil Refinery
The Uganda Oil Refinery is a planned crude oil refinery in Kabaale village, on the Eastern shore of Lake Albert along the Hoima–Kaiso–Tonya Road, Buseruka Sub-county, Hoima District, Western Region, Uganda, near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has been planned since 2010. Community opposition was repressed early on. After 5 years of negotiations the Albertine Graben Refinery Consortium (AGRC)  formed in 2018 and agreed to design and build the refinery.

The refinery is planned to be fed by the East African Crude Oil Pipeline (EACOP) via a heated northern and a heated southern pipeline, for which the Nzizi Power Station, a 100 megawatt thermal power plant, using natural gas and heavy fuel oil as raw material will be built, together with a hospital and an international airport.

Saipem
Saipem S.p.A. (Società Azionaria Italiana Perforazioni E Montaggi lit. Drilling and Assembly Italian Public Limited Company) is an Italian multinational oilfield services company and one of the largest in the world. Until 2016 it was a subsidiary of Italian oil and gas supermajor Eni, which retains approximately 30% of Saipem's shares.
Old Dhivehi
Old Dhivehi is the earliest attested form of the Maldivian language, with records found in the Loamaafaanu from the 12th and 13th centuries CE, as well as various Buddhist texts dating back to the 6th century CE. It is the ancestral form that evolved into the modern northern dialect of the Dhivehi language. Old dhivehi belongs to Indo-Aryan branch of the wider Indo-European language family.

No endonym for the language is known. However the language may have been called "Dhuvesi" or "Dhivesi" meaning "Islander", which has evolved into the endonym for the modern language.

Lōmāfānu
Loamaafaanu are Maldivian waqf grants in the form of copper plates on which inscriptions have been engraved. Many ancient Maldivian historical texts are found only in loamaafaanu form, with the oldest of the plates dating from the twelfth century AD. The Divehi script used on the plates was named "Eveyla Akuru" by H. C. P. Bell, who claimed that it resembled medieval Sinhala script.

According to the Isdhoo Loamaafaanu and Gamu Loamaafaanu, monks from monasteries of the southern atoll of Haddhunmathi were brought to Malé and beheaded. Beside lōmāfānu plates found in Haddhunmathi Atoll, one of the most important Maldivian copper plates is the Bodugalu Miskiy Loamaafanu found in Malé.
Kazimierz Świtała
Kazimierz Czesław Switala (Rakoniewice, Poland on 21 April 1923 – Warsaw, 6 March 2011) was a Polish communist politician. He was the Minister of Internal Affairs from 1968 to 1971, but was forced to resign as a result of the December 1970 massacre of 44 revolting Polish workers. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1968 to 1971, and the head of the Chancellery of the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic (1972–1986).

Rakoniewice
Rakoniewice [rakɔɲɛˈvʲit͡sɛ] is a town located in Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, within Greater Poland Voivodeship, in western Poland. The population as of 2010 was 3,332 inhabitants. The town's historic core with its urban layout comprising 18th-century arcaded houses is registered as a Cultural Heritage Monument under protection.
Sanatorium Purkersdorf
The Sanatorium Purkersdorf was built as a sanatorium in Purkersdorf, Wien-Umgebung, Lower Austria. It was built in 1904-05 by the architect Josef Hoffmann for the industrialist Victor Zuckerkandl and is an example of the style of the Viennese Secession in architecture.

Wien-Umgebung District
Bezirk Wien-Umgebung was a district of the state of Lower Austria in Austria. The district comprised four non-contiguous districts on the outer fringes of Vienna: Klosterneuburg and Gerasdorf to the north of the city, Schwechat to its south-east and Purkersdorf on Vienna's western side.

Vienna International Airport, the headquarters of Austrian Airlines, and the headquarters of Niki are in the city of Schwechat, in the district.

The district existed from 1954 to 2016. In 2017 the municipalities became part of four adjacent districts.
David Coleman (architect)
David Coleman, FAIA, is an American architect based in Seattle, WA. David was born in New York and studied fine arts and environmental design at Pratt Institute before taking up architecture at the Rhode Island School of Design. He completed his studies at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture. He founded David Coleman Architecture in 1986. In 2011 David was elected to the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows.

Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute is a private university with its main campus in Brooklyn, New York. It has an additional campus in Manhattan and an extension campus in Utica, New York at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute. The institute was founded in 1887 with programs primarily in engineering, architecture, and fine arts. Comprising six schools, the institute is primarily known for its programs in architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and fine arts.
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (soundtrack)
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron is a soundtrack album and the ninth studio album by Bryan Adams. The songs were performed by Adams and the score was composed by Hans Zimmer to the animated feature of the same name. The album was released on May 14, 2002, and includes the European hit, "Here I Am".

Both the English and French versions of the album have Bryan Adams as the singer.

The German vocals were provided by Hartmut Engler, lead singer of the German pop band Pur.

Spanish vocals in the European version of the soundtrack were recorded by singer Raúl Malo.

Spanish vocals in the Latin version of the soundtrack were recorded by Mexican singer Erik Rubin.

Italian vocals in the Italian version of the soundtrack were recorded by singer Zucchero.

In Brazil, a Portuguese version of the soundtrack was recorded by Brazilian singer Paulo Ricardo.

In the Polish version, vocals were provided by Maciej Balcar, lead singer of the Polish blues rock band Dżem.

Raul Malo
Raul Francisco Martínez-Malo Jr. (August 7, 1965 – December 8, 2025) was an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer. He was both the lead singer and songwriter of country music band the Mavericks, co-writing many of their singles, as well as Rick Trevino's 2003 single "In My Dreams". After the disbanding of the Mavericks in the early 2000s, Malo pursued a solo career. He also participated from 2001 in the Los Super Seven supergroup. The Mavericks re-formed in 2012 and continued to tour extensively. In 2015, they won the Americana music award for duo/group of the year.
Rebecca S. Nichols
Rebecca S. Nichols (née, Reed; pen names, Ellen and Kate Cleaveland; October 28, 1819 – June 21, 1903) was a 19th American poet from New Jersey. At an early age, she removed to the West. She was among the first of the writers in the "young West" to receive popular recognition for her prose and poetry. Her first published pieces appeared in the Louisville, Kentucky News-Letter, a paper conducted by Prentice & Co., since which time, she contributed much poetry to the various western periodicals. Beginning in the autumn of 1840, she resided in Cincinnati. Her period of literary activity, which began in 1839, extended over sixteen years, till 1855. She did not write a great deal after that, though some of her better productions were sparsely scattered over the five years subsequent to this period.

George D. Prentice
George Dennison Prentice (December 18, 1802 – January 22, 1870) was an American newspaper editor, writer and poet who built the Louisville Journal into a major newspaper in Louisville, Kentucky, and the Ohio River Valley, in part by the virulence and satire in its editorials, which some blamed for a bloody election day riot in 1855. A slaveholder, Prentice initially supported Unionist candidate John Bell in the 1860 U.S. presidential election, and after the American Civil War, he urged Kentucky to remain neutral. Both of his sons joined the Confederate States Army, one dying in 1862, and Prentice's editorials lampooned Kentucky's military governor, Union General Stephen G. Burbridge. Prentice later opposed Congressional Reconstruction. He wrote a biography of Henry Clay published in 1831, an 1836 poem published in the McGuffey Readers, and a collection of his humorous essays was published in 1859 and revised after his death.
Gnowee
In Wotjobaluk mythology, Gnowee is a female personification of the Sun.  She was once a woman who lived upon the Earth at a time when it was eternally dark, and people could only move about with the aid of bark torches. One day, she left her little son sleeping while she went out to dig for yams. Food was scarce, and Gnowee wandered so far that she reached the end of the Earth, passed under it and emerged on the other side. Not knowing where she was, she could not find her little son anywhere, so she climbed into the sky with her great bark torch to get a clearer view.  She still wanders the sky to this day, lighting the whole world with her torch as she continues to search for her lost son.

Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology
Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology is the sacred spirituality represented in the stories performed by Aboriginal Australians within each of the language groups across Australia in their ceremonies. Aboriginal spirituality includes the Dreamtime (the Dreaming), songlines, and Aboriginal oral literature.

Aboriginal spirituality often conveys descriptions of each group's local cultural landscape, adding meaning to the whole country's topography from oral history told by ancestors from some of the earliest recorded history. Most of these spiritualities belong to specific groups, but some span the whole continent in one form or another.
Star of Peru
The Star of Peru, originally the Himalaya and eventually the Bouganville, was an iron sided sailing vessel. When she was purchased by the Alaska Packing Co., the name changed to Star of Peru and she was overhauled for use in Alaska. She was later sold to French owners and became the Bouganville. The ship is now a wreck site.

Alaska Packers' Association
The Alaska Packers' Association (APA) was a San Francisco-based manufacturer of Alaska canned salmon founded in 1891 and sold in 1982. As the largest salmon packer in Alaska, the member canneries of APA were active in local affairs, and had considerable political influence. The Alaska Packers' Association is best known for operating the "Star Fleet," the last fleet of commercial sailing vessels on the West Coast of North America, as late as 1927.
Manturam Pakhira
Manturam Pakhira is a Trinamool Congress politician and a Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Sundarbans Affairs in the Government of West Bengal. He is son of Kalipada Pakhira, he is a social worker. On 30 September 2020, he has been diagnosed with COVID-19 and thereafter hospitalized in ID & BG Hospital in Kolkata.

Minister of State
Minister of state is a designation for a government minister, with varying meanings in different jurisdictions. In a number of European countries, the title is given as an honorific conferring a higher rank, often bestowed upon senior ministers. Conversely, in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, "minister of state" is a junior rank, subordinate to a minister of higher rank. Finally, in other countries such as Australia, Brazil and Japan, all government ministers hold the title of "minister of state".
1975 Intercontinental final
The 1975 Intercontinental Final was the inaugural Intercontinental Final, introduced for Motorcycle speedway riders as part of the qualification for the 1975 Speedway World Championship.

Four time World Champion Ivan Mauger became the first Intercontinental Final winner, defeating reigning World Champion Anders Michanek by two points at the Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg. Another Swede Bernt Persson defeated Ole Olsen in a runoff for third place. Later in the year Olsen would go on to win his second World title at London's Wembley Stadium.

1974 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1974 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 29th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.

Sweden's own Anders Michanek scored a 15-point maximum to claim his only Individual world title in front of a capacity crowd at the Ullevi stadium in Gothenburg. Four time champion Ivan Mauger finished second on 11 points after winning a run-off with Swede Sören Sjösten who also scored 11. With the defending champion Jerzy Szczakiel not qualifying after finishing last in the 2nd Continental Semi-final, the only other World Champion in the field was Denmark's Ole Olsen who suffered a horror night, finishing second in his first ride before falling in his second and not being able to contest the rest of the meeting.
Surface-barrier transistor
The surface-barrier transistor is a type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953 as an improvement to the alloy-junction transistor and the earlier point-contact transistor. Like the modern Schottky transistor, it offered much higher speed than earlier transistors and used metal–semiconductor junctions (instead of semiconductor–semiconductor junctions), but unlike the Schottky transistor, both junctions were metal–semiconductor junctions.

Metal–semiconductor junction
In solid-state physics, a metal–semiconductor (M–S) junction is a type of electrical junction in which a metal comes in close contact with a semiconductor material.  It is the oldest type of practical semiconductor device.  M–S junctions can either be rectifying or non-rectifying.  The rectifying metal–semiconductor junction forms a Schottky barrier, making a device known as a Schottky diode, while the non-rectifying junction is called an ohmic contact.  (In contrast, a rectifying semiconductor–semiconductor junction, the most common semiconductor device today, is known as a p–n junction.)

Metal–semiconductor junctions are crucial to the operation of all semiconductor devices. Usually, an ohmic contact is desired so that electrical charge can be conducted easily between the active region of a transistor and the external circuitry.
Occasionally, however, a Schottky barrier is useful, as in Schottky diodes, Schottky transistors, and metal–semiconductor field effect transistors.
Gmelin's test
Gmelin's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of bile pigments in urine. It is named after Leopold Gmelin, who introduced the test. Five millilitres of urine is slowly added to five millilitres of concentrated nitric acid in a test-tube. Different coloured rings between the two layers are visible if bile pigments are present as they are oxidised to various chemical products. Nitric acid is used as the oxidising agent. Blue, green and violet rings are seen if bilirubin is present. Gmelin's test is not sensitive, so a positive result always indicates the presence of bile pigments, but a negative result does not exclude the presence of small quantities of bile pigments.

Bilirubin
Bilirubin (BR) (adopted from German, originally bili, for bile, plus ruber, Latin for red) is a red-orange compound that occurs  as the reduction product of biliverdin, a breakdown product of heme.

It is further broken down in the colon to urobilinogen, most of which becomes stercobilin, causing the brown color of feces. Some unconverted urobilinogen, metabolised to urobilin, provides the straw-yellow color in urine.

Although bilirubin is usually found in animals rather than plants, at least one plant species, Strelitzia nicolai, is known to contain the pigment.
GXG Markets
GXG Markets was a European Regulated Market which operated a securities market focusing on SME companies by operating a three-tier market structure with an OTC (Over-the-counter) segment called GXG First Quote (an information and trading platform for professional investors), a multilateral trading facility (MTF) called GXG Main Quote and a Regulated market called GXG Official List.

GXG Markets utilised its parent company's, GXG Global Exchange Group's proprietary electronic trading platform, GXG Tellus. The GXG Markets had two kinds of members: Corporate Advisors and Broker Dealers. A Corporate Advisor was responsible for listing firms on the Market, while an official (regulated) Broker Dealer could set up trading accounts, trade and clear shares or debt of the exchange on the MTF and Regulated Markets.

Regulated market
A regulated market (RM) or coordinated market is an idealized system where the government or other organizations oversee the market, control the forces of supply and demand, and to some extent regulate the market actions. This can include tasks such as determining who is allowed to enter the market and what prices may be charged. The majority of financial markets such as stock exchanges are regulated, whereas over-the-counter markets are usually not at all or only moderately regulated.

A variety of forms of regulations exist in a regulated market. These include controls, oversights, anti-discrimination, environmental protection, taxation, and labor laws.

In a regulated market, the regulator may legislate regulations that privilege special interests, known as regulatory capture.