hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Semibatch reactor
For both chemical and biological engineering, Semibatch (semiflow) reactors operate much like batch reactors in that they take place in a single stirred tank with similar equipment. However, they are modified to allow reactant addition and/or product removal in time.

A normal batch reactor is filled with reactants in a single stirred tank at time  and the reaction proceeds. A semi batch reactor, however, allows partial filling of reactants with the flexibility of adding more as time progresses. Stirring in both types is very efficient, which allows batch and semi batch reactors to assume a uniform composition and temperature throughout.

Reagent
In chemistry, a reagent (/riˈeɪdʒənt/ ree-AY-jənt) or analytical reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs. A reactant is a substance or compound that is consumed in a chemical reaction. The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, but reactant specifies a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction; reagent is used in the context of chemical analysis, while reactant is used in the context of reaction itself. Solvents, though involved in the reaction mechanism, are usually not called reactants. Similarly, catalysts are not consumed by the reaction, so they are not reactants. In biochemistry, especially in connection with enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the reactants are commonly called substrates.
Miguel Ángel Guerra
Miguel Ángel Guerra (born 31 August 1953) is a former racing driver from Argentina. He participated in four Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 15 March 1981. He qualified for only one of these, the 1981 San Marino Grand Prix, in which his Osella was hit by the March of Eliseo Salazar on the first lap. Guerra's car hit a wall, and he suffered a broken wrist and ankle.

Following his Formula One career, Guerra competed in multiple Argentine and South American championships. In 1984, he was vice-champion of Formula Two Codasur, and in 1989, he won the TC 2000 championship. He also raced in South American Formula Three, Turismo Nacional, Turismo Carretera, Top Race and South American Super Touring Car Championship.

Osella
Formula One portal

Osella is an Italian racing car manufacturer and former Formula One team. They participated in 132 Grands Prix between 1980 and 1990. They achieved two points finishes and scored five world championship points.
Albacora-class submarine
The Albacora class was a diesel-electric attack submarine (SSK) developed for the Portuguese Navy based on the French Daphné class.

In 1964, the Portuguese government ordered the construction of four of this class at the Dubigeòn-Normándie Shipyard to create the 4th Submarine Flotilla.

With the first submarine commissioned on 1 October 1967, the Portuguese Navy started to have a submarine able to operate in both coastal and oceanic zones, especially in the Portuguese exclusive economic zone.

The last Albacora-class submarine in service, NRP Barracuda, made its final mission in 2010. The class was replaced by two Type 209PN/Type 214PN submarines.

Type 209 submarine
The Type 209 (German: U-Boot-Klasse 209) is a range of diesel-electric attack submarines developed exclusively for export by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Germany. Five class variants (Types 209/1100, 209/1200, 209/1300, 209/1400 and 209/1500), including modifications thereof, have been successfully exported to 15 countries, with 68 submarines being built and commissioned to five variants between 1971 and 2021. More boats have been built to modified designs.

The original variant, the Type 209/1100, was designed in the late 1960s with Greece becoming its first adopter. Turkey is the largest adopter, having purchased 14 submarines consisting of eight Type 209/1400 and six Type 209/1200 submarines. A non-specific variant was adopted by Israel as its first Dolphin class. The Type 209 family is the most widely proliferated submarine in Latin America, having been adopted by seven countries.
Casio PB-1000
The Casio PB-1000 is a handheld computer released by Casio in 1987 (Released in Japan in 1986).  It featured a touchscreen display which consisted of 16 keys built into the screen, arranged in fixed positions on a four by four matrix.

The computer itself included 8Kb of RAM and it was possible to install a 32Kb memory expansion card.

The PB-1000 was programmable in both a custom version of the BASIC language and an assembly language.

The PB-1000C, one of the variants released only in Japan, has the CASL assembly language for the educational COMET simulator instead of the HD61700 assembly language.
The differences include the implementation of binary and octal calculation instructions in the BASIC language (&B,BIN$,&O,OCT$), the [TAB] key, and the line jumping in the screen editor.

Casio
Casio Computer Co., Ltd. (カシオ計算機株式会社, Kashio Keisanki Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational electronics manufacturing corporation headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic musical instruments, and analogue and digital watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 introduced the first entirely compact electronic calculator. It was an early digital camera innovator, and during the 1980s and 1990s, the company developed numerous affordable home electronic keyboards for musicians along with introducing the first mass-produced digital watches.
J. Edward Caldwell
James Edward Caldwell (June 13, 1927 – October 9, 2013) was an American politician from the state of Connecticut. He served in the Connecticut State Senate from 1958 to 1974, and as Connecticut State Comptroller from 1974 to 1991, the longest term of any comptroller in the state's history.

Caldwell was a veteran of World War II and an alumnus of Fairfield University and the University of Connecticut Law School.

Named "Man of the Year" in 1967 by his alma mater, Fairfield University, he was a member of the St Charles Holy Name Society, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, the Knights of Columbus, the American Legion, and Fairfield Prep Latin Scholars. He was a founding members of the Fairfield University Glee Club and sang tenor in church choirs and barbershop quartets.

Connecticut State Senate
The Connecticut State Senate is the upper house of the Connecticut General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. The state senate comprises 36 members, each representing a district with around 99,280 inhabitants. Senators are elected to two-year terms without term limits. The Connecticut State Senate is one of 14 state legislative upper houses whose members serve two-year terms; four-year terms are more common.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the Senate is vested with special functions such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to the state's executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions and boards. Unlike a majority of U.S. state legislatures, both the Connecticut House of Representatives and the State Senate vote on the composition of the Connecticut Supreme Court.

The Senate meets within the State Capitol in Hartford.
Dickeyville Historic District
The Dickeyville Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places-listed community located just inside the western edge of Baltimore, Maryland, near the intersection of Interstates 70 and 695 and adjacent to Kernan Hospital.  A small community of about 140 homes and a historic mill, the village is on the banks of the Gwynns Falls and lies at the start of the Gwynns Falls Trail, a 15-mile (24 km) walking and biking trail that is part of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network.  The village includes two main roads, Wetheredsville Road and Pickwick Road, and three smaller lanes, Hillhouse Road, Tucker Lane and Sekots Road.

Ballymena
Ballymena (/ˌbæliˈmiːnə/ BAL-ee-MEE-nə; from Irish: an Baile Meánach [ənˠ ˌbˠalʲə ˈmʲaːn̪ˠəx]ⓘ, meaning 'the middle townland') is a town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 31,205 people at the 2021 United Kingdom census, making it the seventh largest town in Northern Ireland by population. It is part of the Borough of Mid and East Antrim.

The town was built on the Braid River, on land given to the Adair family by King Charles I in 1626, with a right to hold two annual fairs and a Saturday market in perpetuity. Surrounding villages are Cullybackey, Ahoghill, Broughshane, and Kells-Connor.
Montenero
Montenero can refer to:

Montenero di Bisaccia, town and municipality in the Province of Campobasso, region of Molise, Italy

Montenero d'Orcia, village of the comune of Castel del Piano, province of Grosseto Tuscany, central Italy

Montenero Sabino, comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region Latium,

Montenero Val Cocchiara, town and comune in the Province of Isernia, in the Molise region, southern Italy

Circuito del Montenero, a Grand Prix motor racing road course located at the southern outskirts of Livorno, Italy

Sanctuary of Montenero, religious complex in Montenero, in the Livorno Hills, in Livorno, central Italy

Coppa Montenero, an automobile race held in Montenero, Livorno, Italy

Montenero, fraction of Livorno.

Montenero di Bisaccia
Montenero di Bisaccia is a small hill top town and comune (municipality). It is in the Province of Campobasso, which is in the region of Molise, in Italy. It is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) inland from the coast, and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Campobasso. The nearest large town and airport is Pescara.  
Montenero di Bisaccia borders the following municipalities: Cupello, Guglionesi, Lentella, Mafalda, Montecilfone, Palata, Petacciato, San Felice del Molise, San Salvo, Tavenna.

The town is on the border between Abruzzo and Molise. The coat of arms depicts three hills, the middle one has a cross on it. The gonfalon is made of a blue cloth.
Francisco Maspons y Labrós
D. Francisco de Sales Maspons y Labrós (Granollers, Vallès Oriental, Catalonia, Spain, 1840 — Bigues i Riells, Vallès Oriental, Catalonia, Spain, 1901) — in Catalan, Francesc de Sales Maspons i Labrós — was a Catalan folklorist, doctor of law and notary, as well as brother of the writer Maria del Pilar Maspons i Labrós. In addition to becoming dean of the notary college of Barcelona, he chaired the Jocs Florals de Barcelona (Floral Games of Barcelona) in 1897 and l'Associació d'Excursions Catalana in 1883–91, and effected the latter's union with l'Associació Catalanista d'Excursions Científiques to create the Centre Excursionista de Catalunya, over which he presided (1892–96).

He collaborated with, among other publications, Lo Gai Saber, Calendari Català and  La Renaixença. His son Francesc Maspons i Anglasell also published numerous works.

Floral Games
Floral Games were any of a series of historically related poetry contests with floral prizes. In Occitan, their original language, and Catalan they are known as Jocs florals (Catalan: [ˈʒɔks fluˈɾals], Valencian: [ˈdʒɔks floˈɾals]; modern Occitan: Jòcs florals [ˈdʒɔks fluˈɾals] or floraus [fluˈɾaws]). In French, they became the Jeux floraux (pronounced [ʒø flɔʁo]), and in Basque Lore jokoak (pronounced [loɾe jokoak]). The original contests may have been inspired by the Roman Floralia (Ludi Floreales) held in honour of Flora.
Underground Railroad Bicycle Route
The Underground Railroad Bicycle Route is a 2,000-mile bicycle touring route from Mobile, Alabama, to Owen Sound, Ontario. It was developed by Adventure Cycling Association with the Center for Minority Health (now called the Center for Health Equity) at the University of Pittsburgh. The route was built to loosely follow the Underground Railroad, the network of paths that African American slaves used to escape to the Northern United States and Canada.

Adventure Cycling Association
Adventure Cycling Association is a nonprofit member organization focused on travel by bicycle (bicycle touring). Headquartered in Missoula, Montana, Adventure Cycling develops cycling routes, publishes maps, provides guided trips, and advocates for better and safer cycling in the U.S. The organization grew from a mass cross-country bicycle ride in 1976 to celebrate the U.S. Bicentennial. Adventure Cycling also publishes a magazine, Adventure Cyclist.

Adventure Cycling celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2016 by hosting the Montana Bicycle Celebration in Missoula, promoting events like Bike Your Park Day and Bike Travel Weekend, and publishing its first-ever coffee table book, America's Bicycle Route: The Story of the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail.
Croline
A croline is a flaky (typically puff) pastry parcel filled with various (traditionally) salty or spicy fillings. Normally the top side of the pastry is latticed. Crolines are produced in various shapes and sizes and with different fillings. Though sweet versions are beginning to be produced, typical savoury fillings are mushroom, ham/cheese and salmon/herb. Seafood filled crolines are normally made in a fish shaped pastry.

Ham
Ham is pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing, with or without smoking. As a processed meat, the term ham includes both whole cuts of meat and ones that have been mechanically formed.

Ham is made around the world, including a number of regional specialties. In addition, numerous ham products have specific geographical naming protection.
Populus Ltd
Populus is a market research company in the United Kingdom formed in 2003.

Populus co-founded the British Polling Council in 2004 and regularly publishes opinion polls on voting intention and as well as other political and commercial issues. It is also a member of the Market Research Society.

Populus conduct telephone research using random digit dialing.

In 2020 Populus became part of Yonder Consulting.

British Polling Council
The British Polling Council (BPC) is an association of market research companies whose opinion polls are regularly published or broadcast in media in the United Kingdom. The current President is Jane Green.

The BPC was established in 2004, twelve years after the perceived failure of opinion polls to come close to predicting the actual result of the 1992 general election. BPC members use a range of fieldwork methods (telephone, door-to-door, and internet) and statistical tools.
2022 Indian Racing League
The 2022 Indian Racing League was a single seater motor racing championship held across India. The series served as a revised reboot of the X1 Racing League and was originally planned to be run alongside the Formula Regional Indian Championship and F4 Indian Championship. These two championships were delayed to 2023, but the Indian Racing League still went ahead.

Akhil Rabindra (Hyderabad Blackbirds) won the drivers' title, while Godspeed Kochi won the teams' championship.

Open-wheel car
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fenders. Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (street legal), such as the Ariel Atom, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
ONEMI
ONEMI or National Office of Emergency of the Interior Ministry (Spanish: Oficina Nacional de Emergencia del Ministerio del Interior) was a Chilean government agency dedicated to the prevention, organization, coordination and information relative to natural disasters. After the 1960 Valdivia earthquake a committee was formed to solve problems caused by the earthquake. However, this committee was not dissolved afterwards and in 1974, it acquired by law independent status as governmental office.

Other state funded agencies and services that cooperate with ONEMI are CONAF in terms related to forests and wildlife and OVDAS in monitoring volcanoes.

On 1 January 2023, it legally ceased to exist and was replaced by the current National Service for Disaster Prevention and Response (Senapred), as specified in Law No. 21,364.

Southern Andean Volcano Observatory
The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (Spanish: Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur), also known by its acronyms as OVDAS, is part of Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcánica, a program of the Chilean National Geology and Mining Service to watch the 43 most dangerous volcanoes of Chile. 2012 there were 30 volcanos under observation.

This is a list of the volcanoes with activity reports made by the OVDAS.

The headquarters are at Cerro Ñielol at Temuco from where there is good sight to Llaima and Villarrica, two of Chile's most active volcanoes. Much of the OVDAS work is made in collaboration with CONAF that administers the national parks and reserves where many volcanoes are located. The regional government of Araucanía Region also contributed to the project.
Josh Jordan-Roberts
Joshua Jordan-Roberts (born 26 August 1998) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who last played as a second-row and loose forward for Midlands Hurricanes in RFL League 1.

He has played at club level for Oulton Raiders ARLFC, in the Super League for the Leeds Rhinos, for the Bradford Bulls, Hunslet and the York City Knights, as a second-row or loose forward.

Hunslet R.L.F.C.
Hunslet R.L.F.C. is a professional rugby league club in Beeston, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. They play home games at South Leeds Stadium and compete in Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

The club was formed as a Phoenix club after the original Hunslet club folded.
The Burning Beekeeper
"The Burning Beekeeper" is the 15th episode of the seventh season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 151st episode overall. It aired on February 6, 2012. The story of "The Burning Beekeeper" unfolds room by room at Lily and Marshall's housewarming party, mostly a bottle episode.

Ted Mosby
Theodore Evelyn Mosby is a fictional character and the protagonist in the American sitcom How I Met Your Mother, portrayed by Josh Radnor. He serves as the show's narrator from the future, voiced by Bob Saget, as he tells his children the "long version" of how he met their mother.
Castiarina allensundholmi
Castiarina allensundholmi is a species of beetle in the family Buprestidae, otherwise known as jewel beetles. The species was discovered in October 2003, and was described by Dr Shelley Barker, OAM (Medal of the Order of Australia), in 2005. The three specimens in the type series measure from 7 mm to 8.2 mm. The species belongs in the Castiarina balteata species group which currently comprises three similarly-sized described species: Castiarina balteata (Saunders, 1869), Castiarina williamsi (Barker, 1988), and Castiarina allensundholmi (Barker, 2005).

Euabalong West
Euabalong West is a small town on the Broken Hill Railway Line that was founded to serve the residents of nearby Euabalong, which was a crossing point for the Lachlan River founded in the 1870s. The town has a population of approximately 70 people, and its main industries are cropping, grazing, and railway-related employment.

Euabalong West railway station opened in 1919 and is served by the weekly Indian Pacific train between Sydney and Perth. NSW TrainLink's weekly Outback Xplorer also serves the town.

The town was the scene of a major freight derailment in January 2007, when a freight train carrying chemicals derailed and spilled wreckage over a 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) zone, blocking all rail traffic between Adelaide and Sydney.
Rehman Baba Express
Rehman Baba Express (Urdu: رحمان بابا ایکسپریس) is a passenger train operated daily by Pakistan Railways between Karachi and Peshawar. The trip takes approximately 27 hours and 50 minutes, to cover a published distance of 1,491 kilometres (926 mi), traveling along the entire stretch of the Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line  and Khanewal–Wazirabad Branch Line. The train named after the Rehman Baba, who was a Sufi Dervish and poet. The Train was inaugurated on 23 December 2018 by former Minister for Railways Sheikh Rashid Ahmed at Peshawar Cantonment railway station. Train was outsourced to PRACS on January 1 2023, in September 2023, PRACS refused to run Rehman Baba Express.

Khanewal Junction railway station
Khanewal Junction Railway Station (Urdu and Punjabi: خانیوال جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in the city of Khanewal, Punjab province of Pakistan. It is a major railway station of Pakistan Railways and the junction of Khanewal-Wazirabad branch railway line. It is the stop for all Express trains.

The station is staffed and has advance and current reservation offices. Food stalls are also located on it platforms.
Guld, platina & passion
Guld, platina & passion is an album by Swedish singer Carola Häggkvist. It was released in May 2003 in Sweden and Norway. On the album charts, the album peaked at number one in Sweden and number 5 in Norway. The album stayed on the album chart in Sweden for 67 weeks and sold 4× platinum.

Sverigetopplistan
Sverigetopplistan (Swedish: [ˈsvæ̂rjɛˌtɔpːlɪstan], lit. "the Sweden top list") is the Swedish national record chart, based on sales data from IFPI Sverige.  It was formerly known as Topplistan (1975–1997) and Hitlistan (1998–2007) and has been known by its current name since October 2007. Before Topplistan, music sales in Sweden were recorded by Kvällstoppen, whose weekly chart was a combined albums and singles list.
Willie Birch
Willie Birch (born 1942) is an American visual artist who works in a variety of mediums including drawing, painting, and sculpture.  Birch was born in New Orleans, and currently lives and works in New Orleans. He completed his BA at Southern University in New Orleans,  and received an MFA from Maryland Institute College of Art in Baltimore, Maryland.

Maryland Institute College of Art
The Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) is a private art and design college in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1826 as the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, it is regarded as one of the oldest art colleges in the United States.

MICA is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD), a consortium of US art schools. The college hosts pre-college, post-baccalaureate, continuing studies, Master of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Fine Arts programs, as well as young peoples' studio art classes.
Karpov
Karpov (masculine, Russian: Карпов) or Karpova (feminine, Russian: Карпова) is a Russian surname of the Karpov family. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksandr Karpov (1917–1944), Soviet ace, double Hero of the Soviet Union

Andriy Karpov (born 1987), Ukrainian motorcyclist

Anatoly Karpov (born 1951), Russian chess grandmaster, Undisputed World Chess Champion 1975–85, and FIDE World Chess Champion 1993–99

Dmitriy Karpov (born 1981), Kazakhstani athlete, husband of Irina

Elena Karpova (born 1980), Russian basketball player

Irina Karpova (born 1980), Kazakhstani athlete, wife of Dmitriy

Lev Iakovlevich Karpov (1879–1921), Russian Chemist and Bolshevik revolutionary

Sergey Karpov (born 1948), Russian historian

Valeri Karpov (born 1971), Soviet ice hockey player

Vladimir Karpov (1922–2010), Soviet soldier and writer

Vladimir Karpov (politician) (1948–2015), Russian politician

Lev Karpov
Lev Iakovlevich Karpov (Russian: Лев Я́ковлевич Ка́рпов; 30 April [O.S. 18 April] 1879 – 6 January 1921) was a Russian chemist, Bolshevik revolutionary and one of the main organisers of the chemical industry in Soviet Russia.
He was a member of the League of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class and later joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898.