hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2D plus Delta
2D Plus Delta (also called 2D+Delta) is a method of encoding a 3D image and is listed as a part of MPEG2 and MPEG4 standards, specifically on the H.264 implementation of the Multiview Video Coding extension. This technology originally started as a proprietary method for Stereoscopic Video Coding and content deployment that utilizes the left or right channel as the 2D version and the optimized difference or disparity (Delta) between that image channel view and a second eye image view is injected into the video stream as user data, secondary stream, independent stream, enhancement layer or NALu for deployment. The Delta data can be either a spatial stereo disparity, temporal predictive, bidirectional, or optimized motion compensation.

MPEG-4
MPEG-4 is a group of international standards for the compression of digital audio and visual data, multimedia systems, and file storage formats. It was originally introduced in late 1998 as a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11) under the formal standard ISO/IEC 14496 – Coding of audio-visual objects. Uses of MPEG-4 include compression of audiovisual data for Internet video and CD distribution, voice (telephone, videophone) and broadcast television applications. The MPEG-4 standard was developed by a group led by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president) and Fernando Pereira.
Upsilon2 Hydrae
Upsilon2 Hydrae, Latinised from υ2 Hydrae, is a solitary star in the equatorial constellation of Hydra. Visible to the naked eye, it is photometrically stable with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.59. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.40 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 314 light-years from the Sun.

This is a B-type star with a stellar classification of B9 III-IV, showing partial traits of a subgiant and giant star in its spectrum. However, Zorec and Royer (2012) estimate the star still only 79% of the way through its life span on the main sequence. With an age of around 97 million years, it is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 58 km/s. The star has an estimated 3.29 times the mass of the Sun and around 3.2 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 182 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 11,758 K.

Subgiant
A subgiant is a star that is brighter than a normal main-sequence star of the same spectral class, but not as bright as  giant stars. The term subgiant is applied both to a particular spectral luminosity class and to a stage in the evolution of a star.
Psychometric function
A psychometric function is an inferential psychometric model applied in detection and discrimination tasks. It models the relationship between a given feature of a physical stimulus, e.g. velocity, duration, brightness, weight etc., and forced-choice responses of a human or animal test subject. The psychometric function therefore is a specific application of the generalized linear model (GLM) to psychophysical data. The probability of response is related to a linear combination of predictors by means of a sigmoid link function (e.g. probit, logit, etc.).

Logit
In statistics, the logit (/ˈloʊdʒɪt/ LOH-jit) function is the quantile function associated with the standard logistic distribution. It has many uses in data analysis and machine learning, especially in data transformations.

Mathematically, the logit is the inverse of the standard logistic function , so the logit is defined as

Because of this, the logit is also called the log-odds since it is equal to the logarithm of the odds  where p is a probability. Thus, the logit is a type of function that maps probability values from  to real numbers in , akin to the probit function.
Muscodor roseus
Muscodor roseus is an anamorphic fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is an endophyte that colonizes the inner bark, sapwood and outer xylem of the plants Grevillea pteridifolia and Erythrophleum chlorostachys, found in the Northern Territory of Australia. It grows as a pinkish, felt-like mycelium on several media, and produces a mixture of volatile antibiotics. Cultures tend to have a musty odour. The specific epithet roseus means "pink".

Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.

The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and those used for microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Crystal Mill
The Crystal Mill, or the Old Mill is an 1892 wooden powerhouse located on an outcrop above the Crystal River in Crystal, Colorado, United States.  It is accessible from Marble, Colorado via four-wheel drive.  Although called a Watermill, it is more correctly denoted as a compressor station, which used a water turbine to drive an air compressor, and was originally built with a horizontal wheel. The compressed air was then used to power other machinery or tools.

Air compressor
An air compressor is a machine that takes ambient air from the surroundings and discharges it at a higher pressure. It is an application of a gas compressor and a pneumatic device that converts mechanical power (from an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in compressed air, which has many uses. A common application is to compress air into a storage tank, for immediate or later use. When the delivery pressure reaches its set upper limit, the compressor is shut off, or the excess air is released through an overpressure  valve. The compressed air is stored in the tank until it is needed. The pressure energy provided by the compressed air can be used for a variety of applications such as pneumatic tools as it is released. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank.
A compressor is different from a pump because it works on a gas, while pumps work on a liquid.
Cherry Hill Park
"Cherry Hill Park" is a 1969 song written by Robert Nix and Billy Gilmore. It became a hit for the singer Billy Joe Royal. His recording was arranged by Buddy Buie, James Cobb and Emory Gordy, Jr., and produced by both Buie and Bill Lowery.

J. R. Cobb
James Barney Cobb Jr. (February 5, 1944 – May 4, 2019) was an American guitarist and songwriter, most notable for co-writing "Spooky", "Stormy" and "Traces", among others, as a member of the Classics IV, plus "Champagne Jam" and "Do It Or Die", among others, as a member of the Atlanta Rhythm Section.
MGUS polyneuropathy
MGUS polyneuropathy or polyneuropathy associated with an M component is a rare neurological disease characterized by inflammation of the peripheral nervous system and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). It was first described in the 1960s. The main symptoms are progressive muscle weakness that is symmetrical and bilateral, ataxia, numbness and arm tremor. Treatments include intravenous immunoglobulin, which is a short-term treatment, immunosuppressants, though they have not been shown to be effective, autologous stem cell transplantation, and rituximab.

Ataxia
Ataxia (from Greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.

These nervous-system dysfunctions occur in several different patterns, with different results and different possible causes. Ataxia can be limited to one side of the body, which is referred to as hemiataxia. Friedreich's ataxia has gait abnormality as the most commonly presented symptom. Dystaxia is a mild degree of ataxia.
56 Leonis
56 Leonis is a red giant variable star located approximately 390 light years away in the constellation Leo.

The apparent magnitude of 56 Leonis varies between 5.69 and 6.03, making it dimly visible to the naked eye, and it has been given the variable star designation VY Leo. The type of variability is uncertain. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars suggests it may be a slow irregular variable, but some sources have found periods and report it as semiregular.

The spectral class of 56 Leonis is M5.5III, indicating a cool red giant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It is undecided whether it is currently on the red giant branch or asymptotic giant branch. The star has an estimated 1.1 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 192 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 1,479 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,279 K.

Red-giant branch
The red-giant branch (RGB), sometimes called the first giant branch, is the portion of the giant branch before helium ignition occurs in the course of stellar evolution. It is a stage that follows the main sequence for low- to intermediate-mass stars. Red-giant-branch stars have an inert helium core surrounded by a shell of hydrogen fusing via the CNO cycle. They are K- and M-class but much larger and more luminous than main-sequence stars of the same temperature.
Recognising and Recording Progress and Achievement
Recognising and recording progress and achievement (RARPA), in the education sector in England, is an approach for measuring the progress and achievement of learners on some further education courses which do not lead to an externally accredited award or qualification. The majority of such courses are in the adult and community learning sector and other non-accredited learning settings.

Formative assessment
Formative assessment, formative evaluation, formative feedback, or assessment for learning, including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. The goal of a formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can help students identify their strengths and weaknesses and target areas that need work. It also helps faculty recognize where students are struggling and address problems immediately. It typically involves qualitative feedback (rather than scores) for both student and teacher that focuses on the details of content and performance.  It is commonly contrasted with summative assessment, which seeks to monitor educational outcomes, often for purposes of external accountability.
Mr. Bloe
Mr. Bloe was the name given to the musicians who performed the single "Groovin' with Mr. Bloe", which was a hit in 1970 in the UK for Dick James Music (DJM). In the same year, the full album Mr Bloe - Groovin' With Mr. Bloe was released internationally.

The group consisted of guitarists Caleb Quaye and Ian Duck, and drummer Roger Pope, with Harry Pitch on harmonica, and Zack Laurence on piano.

Caleb Quaye
Caleb Quaye (born 9 October 1948) is an English rock guitarist and studio musician best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with Elton John, Mick Jagger, Pete Townshend, Paul McCartney, Hall & Oates and Ralph McTell, and also toured with Shawn Phillips in the 1970s. He is the son of singer/pianist Cab Kaye, younger brother of musician Terri Quaye, and elder half-brother of singer Finley Quaye.
Luis Guerrero (politician)
Luis Bernardo Guerrero Figueroa (born 20 August 1953) is a Peruvian politician. He was a Member of Congress for two periods 2000–2001 and 2001–2006; and was Perú Ahora's presidential candidate for the 2006 national election. He was also Mayor of Cajamarca from 1993 to 1998 and President of the Association of Municipalities of Peru, from 1996 to 1999.

Peru Now
The Peru Now (Spanish: Perú Ahora) is a minor Peruvian political party. At the legislative elections held on  9 April 2006, the party won less than 1% of the popular vote and no seats in the Congress of the Republic.
Paul Emmanuel (artist)
Paul Emmanuel is a South African artist best known for his prints, drawings and installations. Emmanuel graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in 1994, with a BA Fine Art.  In 2024, he graduated with a Master’s degree in Fine Arts from the Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, USA. Emmanuel currently lives and works in Johannesburg.

Maryland Institute College of Art
The Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) is a private art and design college in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1826 as the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, it is regarded as one of the oldest art colleges in the United States.

MICA is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD), a consortium of US art schools. The college hosts pre-college, post-baccalaureate, continuing studies, Master of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Fine Arts programs, as well as young peoples' studio art classes.
Walter Taffet
"Walter Taffet" is the seventh episode of third season of the American television drama series The Americans, and the 33rd overall episode of the series. It originally aired on March 11, 2015, in the United States on FX.

The Americans season 3
The third season of the American television drama series The Americans, consisting of 13 episodes, premiered on FX on January 28, 2015, and concluded on April 22, 2015. The series was renewed for the third season on April 16, 2014.

The events of the third season begin in late 1982 and end on March 8, 1983, the night of Ronald Reagan's Evil Empire speech.
Dining Bar Akira
Dining Bar Akira (Japanese: くいもの処明楽, Hepburn: Kuimonodokoro Akira) is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Tomoko Yamashita. It was published in Japan by Tokyomangasha and in North America by Netcomics. A drama CD was released in Japan by Momogre on September 26, 2007.

Netcomics
Netcomics was a publisher of manhwa, webtoons, manga, and comics in the United States, based in Los Angeles, CA, which contributed to the Korean Wave. South Korean publisher Ecomix Media Company created Netcomics, with the first titles appearing in the first quarter of 2006 and they were considered one of the pioneers in digital publication of manhwa.

They offered a variety of English titles that could be either rented or purchased on their homepage or app.

Netcomics served as a distributor for some titles by manga publisher Aurora Publishing until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

Netcomics ended service on December 29, 2024.
Sagon, Benin
Sagon is an arrondissement in the Zou department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Ouinhi. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 12,160.

Zou Department
Zou [zu] is one of the twelve departments of Benin, named for the Zou River which travels through the department before emptying into the Atlantic in the south of the country. The department of Zou was split in two in 1999, with the northern territory transferred to the newly created Collines Department. The capital of Zou is Abomey. Zou is subdivided into nine communes, each centred at one of the principal towns: Abomey, Agbangnizoun, Bohicon, Cové, Djidja, Ouinhi, Za-Kpota, Zangnanado and Zogbodomey.

As of 2013, the total population of the department was 851,580, with 407,030 males and 444,550 females. The proportion of women was 52.20%. The total rural population was 67.00%, while the urban population was 33.00%. The total labour force in the department was 275,249, of which 50.10% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 60.70% and the proportion of households with children attending school was 72.90%.
Richardson Nunatak
Richardson Nunatak (66°22′S 64°56′W﻿ / ﻿66.367°S 64.933°W﻿ / -66.367; -64.933) is a nunatak in the southern part of Hugi Glacier, in Graham Land, Antarctica. Photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1955–57, and mapped from these photos by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1959 for E.C. Richardson (1871–1954), the "father of British skiing," one of the principal founders and first secretary of the Ski Club of Great Britain.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Richardson Nunatak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Nunatak
A nunatak (from Inuit nunataq) is the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge. They often form natural pyramidal peaks. Isolated nunataks are also called glacial islands, and smaller nunataks rounded by glacial action may be referred to as rognons.

The word is of Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s.
2024 Figueira da Foz International Ladies Open – Doubles
Eudice Chong and Arianne Hartono were the defending champions but Chong chose not to participate. Hartono partnered alongside Prarthana Thombare, but lost in the semifinals to Sayaka Ishii and Naho Sato.

Ishii and Sato won the title, defeating Madeleine Brooks and Sarah Beth Grey in the final, 7–6(7–1), 7–5.

Sarah Beth Grey
Sarah Beth Grey (born 10 August 1995; formerly known as Sarah Beth Askew) is a British tennis player who specializes in doubles.
She has a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 128, achieved on 5 August 2024. She also has a best singles ranking of No. 277, achieved on 1 August 2022. Grey has won one singles title and 26 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

She made her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the 2019 Dubai Tennis Championships, after receiving a wildcard into the doubles event, partnering Eden Silva. Grey made her singles WTA Tour debut as a qualifier at the 2021 Nottingham Open, losing in the first round to Leonie Küng.
Benin Dialogue Group
The Benin Dialogue Group is a multi-lateral international collaborative working group that brings together delegates from Western museums with representatives of the Nigerian Government, the Royal Court of Benin, and the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments. Its aims are cooperation between museums possessing Nigerian cultural heritage and the creation of a permanent display in Benin City, in particular the Benin Bronzes.

Dresden Museum of Ethnology
The Dresden Museum of Ethnology (German: Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden) contains an ethnographic collection with more than 90,000 artefacts from all parts of the earth. It is part of the Dresden State Art Collections.
Founded in 1875, the museum presents continually changing exhibitions in the Japanisches Palais, a Baroque building complex in Dresden, Germany.

The collection has its origins in the cabinet of curiosities established by Augustus, Elector of Saxony in 1560.
Sony Watchman
The Sony Watchman is a line of portable pocket televisions trademarked and produced by Sony. The line was introduced in 1982 and discontinued in 2000.

Its name came from a portmanteau formed of "Watch" (watching television) and "man" from Sony's Walkman personal cassette audio players. There were more than 65 models of the Watchman before its discontinuation. As the models progressed, display size increased and new features were added. Due to the switch to digital broadcasting, most models of the Sony Watchman can no longer be used to receive live television broadcasts without the use of a digital converter box.

Digital broadcasting
Digital broadcasting is the practice of using digital signals rather than analogue signals for broadcasting over radio frequency bands (radio broadcasting). Digital television broadcasting (especially satellite television) is widespread. Digital audio broadcasting is being adopted more slowly for radio broadcasting where it is mainly used in Satellite radio.

Digital links, thanks to the use of data compression, generally have greater spectral efficiency than analog links. Content providers can provide more services or a higher-quality signal than was previously available.

It is estimated that the share of digital broadcasting increased from 7% of the total amount of broadcast information in 2000, to 25% in 2007. Some countries have completed a Digital television transition.
A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years
A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years is a 2009 book written by the English ecclesiastical historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church at the University of Oxford. It is a survey of the historical development of the Christian religion since its inception in the 1st century to the contemporary era. The first American edition was titled Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years, published in 2010 by Viking Press, imprint of Penguin Books.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
John II, Duke of Opava
John II, Duke of Troppau (also known as John "the Pious" of Leobschütz, John of Głubczyce, Czech: Jan III Opavský or Jan Pobožný; c. 1425 – c. 1485) was a Duke of Silesia from the Opava branch of the Přemyslid dynasty.  He was co-ruler of the Duchy of Opava from 1445/1457 to 1464 and of the Duchy of Głubczyce from 1445/1457 until his death.

Přemyslid dynasty
The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Przemysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century – 1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria.
Lossiemouth Sandstone
The Lossiemouth Sandstone is a Middle to Late Triassic (Ladinian to Norian) age geological formation. It is exposed on the south side of the Moray Firth near Lossiemouth and near Golspie in Sutherland. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Middle Triassic
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between 246.7 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Early Triassic Epoch and followed by the Late Triassic Epoch. The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages.

Formerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit of rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe. The Ashfield Shale and Bringelly Shale of western Sydney date to this epoch, with the former featuring fluvial fossils from that era.