hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1906 Surry Hills state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Surry Hills on 21 July 1906 because of the resignation of John Norton (Independent). Norton blamed William Holman for an article in The Worker commenting on Norton's unnatural silence over the land scandals involving Paddy Crick and William Willis. Norton made a personal attack on Holman in parliament, challenging him to resign and both would contest Holman's seat of Cootamundra.

Paddy Crick
William Patrick Crick (10 February 1862 – 23 August 1908) was an Australian politician, solicitor and newspaper proprietor. He was described by author Cyril Pearl as an irresistible demagogue, who "looked like a prize fighter, dressed like a tramp, talked like a bullocky, and to complete the pattern of popular virtues, owned champion horses which he backed heavily and recklessly." William Willis, a political collaborator, described him as a "conservative dressed in the garments of democracy [with an] unbridled ambition and craving for public notice"
Toloy
Toloy is the name given to the first occupants of the Bandiagara Escarpment in Mali. Since the 15th century, this area has been known as Dogon country.

The people were named after the rocky channel located near Sangha, where the remains of this population were found. Evidence of their culture includes granaries, skeletal remains, pottery, and plants.

Carbon-14 dating has established these artifacts as possibly of 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.

The architecture of their granaries is quite specific to the area. They are formed of superimposed clay strands. This contrasts with the mud bricks used by the Tellem people who occupied the Bandiagara cliff from the 11th until the 16th centuries, or the dry stones covered with mud as constructed by the Dogons since the 15th century.

Granary
A granary, also known as a grain house and historically as a granarium in Latin, is a post-harvest storage building primarily for grains or seeds. Granaries are typically built above the ground to prevent spoilage and protect the stored grains or seeds from rodents, pests, floods, and adverse weather conditions. They also assist in drying the grains to prevent mold growth. Modern granaries may incorporate advanced ventilation and temperature control systems to preserve the quality of the stored grains.
McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program
The Collaborative Crop Research Program (CCRP) is a project by Rebecca J. Nelson of Cornell University and Jane Maland Cady of the McKnight Foundation to fund participatory, collaborative research on agroecological intensification (AEI) for farming communities in Africa and South America. Funded projects typically link international, national, and local organizations with communities of smallholder farmers, researchers, development professionals, and other parties. Projects work together as part of a Community of Practice to generate technical and social innovations to improve nutrition, livelihoods, and productivity. Large-scale impact is realized when new ideas, technologies, or processes are adapted, when insights from research catalyze change in policy and practice, and when innovation inspires further success. The program is under the direction of

Rebecca J. Nelson
Rebecca J. Nelson (born 1961) is an American biologist and a professor at Cornell University and a MacArthur Foundation Fellow.

Her work focuses on natural genetic diversity for disease resistance in maize.
4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl
4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl is a commonly used nematic liquid crystal with the chemical formula C18H19N. It frequently goes by the common name 5CB. 5CB was first synthesized by George William Gray, Ken Harrison, and J.A. Nash at the University of Hull in 1972 and at the time it was the first member of the cyanobiphenyls. The liquid crystal was discovered after Gray's group received a grant from the UK Ministry of Defence to find a liquid crystal that had liquid crystal phases near room temperature with the specific intention of using them in liquid crystal displays. The molecule is about 20 Å long. The liquid crystal 5CB undergoes a phase transition from a crystalline state to a nematic state at 22.5 °C and it goes from a nematic to an isotropic state at 35.0 °C.

University of Hull
The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1927 as University College Hull. The main university campus is located in Hull and is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union.

The first chancellor of the university was Lord Middleton (1954–1969), followed by Lord Cohen (1970–1977), Lord Wilberforce (1978–1994), Lord Armstrong (1994–2006) and Virginia Bottomley (Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone) (2006–2023). Alan Johnson was installed as the current chancellor in July 2023.
Halsbury's Laws
Halsbury's Laws is the name of a legal encyclopaedia produced by LexisNexis Butterworths.

Halsbury's Laws of England

Halsbury's Laws of Australia

Halsbury's Laws of Canada

Halsbury's Laws of Hong Kong

LexisNexis
LexisNexis is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York. Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006, the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX.
Golden Warrior Monument
The Golden Warrior Monument (also known as the Golden Man Statue, Statue of the Golden Warrior and Independence Monument) stands on Republic Square in the former capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty. The monument celebrates the independence of Kazakhstan, the identity of its people, and the role of the city of Almaty as capital of Kazakhstan until 1997 when the capital moved to Astana. The statue, a Saka warrior and a barys, stands atop a 91 feet (28 m) tall column.

The design of the monument was inspired by Kazakh folklore and the 1969 archaeological discovery of an 18 year old Second or Third century BC Saka or Scythian noble buried in a golden suit of armor with a sizable hoard of gold, earning him the moniker "Golden Man" (Russian: Zolotoi Chelovek).

The column is framed with artistic casting crate, which describes the historical events of Kazakhstan.

Aq Bars
Aq Bars (Tatar: Ак Барс [ɑq ˈbɑrs]) or Ak Bars (Russian: Ак Барс [ɐg‿ˈbars]) is an ancient Bulgar symbol, which has served as the official symbol of the Republic of Tatarstan since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 7 February 1992. Its name is translated literally as 'White Leopard', and it typically refers to the snow leopard.

Historically, this symbol was used in Volga Bulgaria and the Khanate of Kazan (Qazan) – predecessors of Tatarstan – as a state symbol. The snow leopard symbol comes from the totems of one of the Bulgar tribes – the Barsil. According to legend, the Barsils founded Bilär in Volga Bulgaria.

The creator of the current emblem is the artist Rif Fäxretdinov (Риф Фәхретдинов).
Medical encyclopedia
A medical encyclopaedia is a comprehensive written compendium that holds information about diseases, medical conditions, tests, symptoms, injuries, and surgeries. It may contain an extensive gallery of medicine-related photographs and illustrations. 
  
A medical encyclopaedia provides information to readers about health questions. It may also contain some information about the history of diseases, the development of medical technology uses to detect diseases in its early phase.
A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are diagnostic indications of an illness, injury, or condition. While signs are objective and externally observable, symptoms are a person's reported subjective experiences.

A sign, for example, can be an elevated or lower than normal temperature or blood pressure; or an abnormal finding showing on medical imaging. A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pains in the body. Symptoms can be a result of the immune system's response to an infection, the physical manifestation of an abnormal body condition, or the effect of a consumed substance. Symptoms, though often indicative of a disease process, are not always diagnostically relevant, and can be idiopathic in nature.
Leinster Senior Cup
Leinster Senior Cup may  refer to:

Leinster Club Senior Cup: rugby union

Leinster Schools Senior Cup: rugby union

Leinster Senior Cup (association football)

Leinster Schoolgirls' Senior Cup (field hockey)

Leinster Senior Cup (cricket)

Leinster Senior Cup (rugby union)
The Leinster Senior Cup is a major rugby competition in Ireland, involving all senior rugby clubs in Leinster, i.e., clubs from Leinster competing in the All-Ireland League.  From 2006 until 2016 it was known as the Leinster Senior League Cup during the period when the Leinster Senior League had been discontinued, but reverted to its traditional name for the 2016–17 season upon the revival of the Senior League. From 2011 to 2016 only the top senior teams competed and those in the lower divisions of the All-Ireland League competed for the Leinster Senior League Shield.
Berks County F.C.
Berks County Football Club is a football club based in Ascot, England but with teams playing across the County of Berkshire. They are currently members of the Combined Counties League Division One and groundshare with Ascot United FC.

Ascot, Berkshire
Ascot (/ˈæskət, -ɒt/) is a town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, in Berkshire, England. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Windsor, 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Bracknell and 25 miles (40 km) west of London.

It is most notable as the location of Ascot Racecourse, home of the Royal Ascot meeting. Its average house price of £1,019,451, as of June 2021, makes it the 13th most expensive town in England. It is also among the ten most expensive towns in Britain to rent a property. The town comprises three areas: Ascot itself, North Ascot and South Ascot. It is in the civil parish of Sunninghill and Ascot.
Espionage Act of 1941
The Espionage Act of 1941 or Commonwealth Act No. 616 is a Philippine law which criminalizes acts of espionage against the Philippines. Adopted in 1941 by the National Assembly of the Philippines, during the Commonwealth era when the islands were still an American territory, it also covers acts committed against the United States.

Most offenses stipulated in the act apply during wartime. Amendment to it is sought in the 2020s for stiffer penalties and expanding the coverage that can be penalized during times of peace. In June 2023, Senate Bill 2368 was filed. In October 2024, House Bill No. 10983 was filed by Rufus Rodriguez of Cagayan de Oro's 2nd district. The House proposal came following allegations of espionage by China which also involves the case of former Bamban mayor Alice Guo.

After the capture of Deng Yuanqing, a Chinese national, for alleged espionage, the National Security Council has urged for the passage of an amendment bill.

Cagayan de Oro's 2nd congressional district
Cagayan de Oro's 2nd congressional district is one of the two congressional districts of the Philippines in Cagayan de Oro. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 2007. It was created by the 2007 reapportionment that divided the city into two congressional districts and which took effect in the same year. The district is composed of the barangays located east of the Cagayan River and includes the city's downtown commercial core and port area. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Rufus Rodriguez of the Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines (CDP).
EXOFS
Free and open-source software portal

EXOFS (formerly known as OSDFS) is an object-based file system implemented on top of an external object store.
Its name stands for "EXtended Object File System" referring to its use of ext2-based metadata
and object storage devices.

Exofs was originally developed by Avishay Traeger for IBM HRL and was originally based on the ext2 file system.  Since 2008, Panasas develops and maintains Exofs on open-osd.org.

Exofs has been included in the mainline Linux kernel since version 2.6.30-rc1, but no Linux distribution implemented this with a utility for making file systems in exofs for the current kernel line. It was removed in version 5.1-rc1.

Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is data that defines and describes the characteristics of other data.  It often helps to describe, explain, locate, or otherwise make data easier to retrieve, use, or manage. For example, the title, author, and publication date of a book are metadata about the book. But, while a data asset is finite, its metadata is infinite.

As such, efforts to define, classify types, or structure metadata are expressed as examples in the context of its use. The term "metadata" has a history dating to the 1960s where it occurred in computer science and in popular culture. Different types of metadata serve different functions. For example, descriptive metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, file size and keywords.
Enuresis
Enuresis is a repeated inability to control urination. Use of the term is usually limited to describing people old enough to be expected to exercise such control. Involuntary urination is also known as urinary incontinence. The term "enuresis" comes from the Ancient Greek: ἐνούρησις, romanized: enoúrēsis.

Enuresis has been previously viewed as a psychiatric condition, however, scientific evidence has shown this view to be unsupported through current understanding of the condition and its underlying causes.

Management of enuresis varies and includes either mitigation via specialized nightwear or bedding, or identification and correction of the underlying cause, behavioral therapy, and the use of medications.

Urination
Urination is the release of urine from the bladder through the urethra in placental mammals,: 38, 364  or through the cloaca in other vertebrates. It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medically as micturition, voiding, uresis, or, rarely, emiction, and known colloquially by various names including peeing, weeing, pissing, and euphemistically number one. The process of urination is under voluntary control in healthy humans and other animals, but may occur as a reflex in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury. It is normal for adult humans to urinate up to seven times during the day.

In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centres that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex.
The Cabbie's Song
The Cabbie's Song (German: Fiakerlied) is a 1936 German romantic drama film directed by E. W. Emo and starring Paul Hörbiger, Gusti Huber, and Franz Schafheitlin. The film offers a nostalgic view of Vienna during the old Imperial Era. It takes its name from a popular Viennese song, and is set in the 1880s at the time of the song's composition. 
It was made at the Bavaria Studios in Munich and partly shot on location in Budapest and Vienna. The film's sets were designed by the art director Emil Hasler.

Emil Hasler
Emil Hasler (8 November 1901 – 15 January 1986) was a German art director who worked on more than a hundred films during his career. These included a number of Weimar classics such as Diary of a Lost Girl, M and The Blue Angel. He later worked in Nazi era cinema on films like Robert Koch and Münchhausen.
Thomas Collins (Arizona politician)
Thomas Collins was an American politician from Arizona. He served several terms in the Arizona State Senate, his first stint lasting from the 10th through 12th Arizona State Legislatures, holding one of the two seats from Pima County.  He also served from Pima County during the 20th and 22nd Arizona State Legislatures.  He also served several terms on the Pima County Board of Supervisors.

22nd Arizona State Legislature
The 22nd Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1955, to December 31, 1956, during the first of two terms of Ernest McFarland's time as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators was increased to two per county, for a total of 28, while the members of the house of representatives increased from 80 to 81. The Republicans lost two Senate seats, leaving the Democrats in control of the upper house with a 26–2 margin.  In the House, the Republicans lost ten seats, while the number of seats controlled by the Democrats increased by eleven, giving the Democrats a 61–20 edge.
Cedric Wright
George Cedric Wright (April 13, 1889 – 1959) was an American violinist and a wilderness photographer of the High Sierra. He was Ansel Adams's mentor and best friend for decades, and accompanied Adams when three of his most famous photographs were taken. He was a longtime participant in the annual wilderness High Trips sponsored by the Sierra Club.

David Brower
David Ross Brower (/ˈbraʊ.ər/ BROW-ər; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies (1997), Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer.
Janne Kristiansen
Janne Kristiansen (born 21 November 1952) is a Norwegian jurist. She was the first head of the Criminal Cases Review Commission from 2004 to 2009. and head of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) from 2009 to 2012, a position from which she resigned following a heavily politicized scandal.

Political scandal
In politics, a political scandal is an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage. Politicians, government officials, party officials and lobbyists can be accused of various illegal, corrupt,  unethical or sexual practices. Politicians and officials who are embroiled in scandals are more likely to retire or get lower vote shares.
Man About the House (film)
Man About the House is a 1974 British comedy film directed by John Robins and starring Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox, Sally Thomsett, Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy. It was written by Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke based on the ITV sitcom of the same name (1973–1976), starring the same main cast.

Yootha Joyce
Yootha Joyce Needham (20 August 1927 – 24 August 1980), known as Yootha Joyce, was a British actress best known for playing Mildred Roper opposite Brian Murphy in the sitcom Man About the House (1973–1976) and its spin-off George and Mildred (1976–1979).
Weimar+
Weimar+ (or Weimar Plus) is a European diplomatic and geopolitical alliance first named in February 2025, expanding upon the original Weimar Triangle regional alliance of France, Germany, and Poland (all within the European Union) to include additional major European powers such as the United Kingdom and Italy. The group was immediately established in response to shifts in United States foreign policy towards the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War and the transatlantic security architecture under the Trump administration, particularly United States president Donald Trump's telephone conversation with Russian president Vladimir Putin excluding Europe from Ukraine-related negotiations.

As of November 2025, Weimar+ exists in the form of summits between the leaders of the six countries and EU, and, separately, of their foreign ministers and EU HRVP.

February 2025 Putin–Trump phone call
The February 2025 Putin–Trump call was a formal telephone conversation between U.S. president Donald Trump and Russian president Vladimir Putin that took place on February 12, 2025. The conversation is said to have lasted an hour and a half, and was the first direct exchange of views between the leaders of the Russian Federation and the United States since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

According to a detailed statement posted by Donald Trump on his Truth Social social media account, the conversation  covered a wide range of topics, including the situation in Ukraine, in the Middle East, artificial intelligence, energy, and the strength of the U.S. dollar, among other issues.
Chocolate (The Time song)
"Chocolate" is a song from The Time's 1990 album Pandemonium. The song was released as the second single from Pandemonium, and was written by usual band collaborator Prince. The song had been primarily recorded in April 1983 during the early sessions for the group's third album, Ice Cream Castle. The group's drummer, Jellybean Johnson, remarked on the notable James Brown influence that the track was channeling: "That's some great shit, that's just hard-core James sound. I loved it."

The Time (band)
The Time, later known as Morris Day and the Time and the Original 7ven, is an American funk rock band founded in Minneapolis in 1981. They contributed to the development of the Minneapolis sound, an eclectic fusion of funk, R&B, new wave, synth-pop and dance. Led by singer-songwriter Morris Day, the band members are known for having been close associates of musician Prince, and are arguably the most successful artists who have worked with him, achieving success with singles such as "Get It Up", "The Bird", "Cool", "777-9311", "Jungle Love" and "Jerk Out".

Former members Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis went on to a prominent production career after they left the band in 1983, while Day and guitarist Jesse Johnson recorded solo material in addition to their work with the Time.
West Kingsdown Windmill
West Kingsdown Windmill  is a Grade II listed smock mill in West Kingsdown, Kent, England, that was built in the early nineteenth century at Farningham and moved to West Kingsdown in 1880. It is the survivor of a pair of windmills.

Smock mill
The smock mill is a type of windmill that consists of a sloping, horizontally weatherboarded, thatched, or shingled tower, usually with six or eight sides. It is topped with a roof or cap that rotates to bring the sails into the wind. This type of windmill got its name from its resemblance to smocks worn by farmers in an earlier period.