hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Monadic Boolean algebra
In abstract algebra, a monadic Boolean algebra is an algebraic structure A with signature

⟨·, +, ', 0, 1, ∃⟩   of type ⟨2,2,1,0,0,1⟩,

where ⟨A, ·, +, ', 0, 1⟩ is a Boolean algebra.

The monadic/unary operator ∃ denotes the existential quantifier, which satisfies the identities (using the received prefix notation for ∃):

∃0 = 0

∃x ≥ x

∃(x + y) = ∃x + ∃y

∃x∃y = ∃(x∃y).

∃x is the existential closure of x. Dual to ∃ is the unary operator ∀, the universal quantifier, defined as ∀x := (∃x′)′.

A monadic Boolean algebra has a dual definition and notation that take ∀ as primitive and ∃ as defined, so that ∃x := (∀x′)′. (Compare this with the definition of the dual Boolean algebra.) Hence, with this notation, an algebra A has signature ⟨·, +, ', 0, 1, ∀⟩, with ⟨A, ·, +, ', 0, 1⟩ a Boolean algebra, as before. Moreover, ∀ satisfies the following  dualized version of the above identities:

∀1 = 1

∀x ≤ x

∀(xy) = ∀x∀y

∀x + ∀y = ∀(x + ∀y).

∀x is the universal closure of x.

Arity
In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity (/ˈærɪti/ ⓘ) is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or relation. In mathematics, arity may also be called rank, but this word can have many other meanings. In logic and philosophy, arity may also be called adicity and degree. In linguistics, it is usually named valency.
Lo Chi-keung
Lo Chi-keung, BBS (Chinese: 盧志強) is a Hong Kong doctor and politician.

Lo is a doctor by profession. He is one of the founding members of the pro-Beijing flagship party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB). He had held party offices such as the Policy Research Committee and chairman of the New Territories East branch. He was also appointed member of the Yau Tsim Mong District Council from 2000 to 2004. Between 2000 and 2005, he was the vice-chairman of the party.

He had been appointed member of the Administrative Appeals Board, War Memorial Pensions Appeal Board, Obscene and Indecent Articles Panel of Adjudicators, Independent Police Complaints Council. He was councillor of the Hong Kong Baptist University. He was member of the Selection Committee from 1996 to 1998.

In 2003, he was awarded the Bronze Bauhinia Star by the Hong Kong government.

Independent Police Complaints Council
The Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) is a civilian body of the Government of Hong Kong, part of the two-tier system in which the Hong Kong Police Force investigates complaints made by the public against its members and the IPCC monitors those investigations.

The IPCC acts as an independent body to monitor the review by the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) of complaints against members of the Police Force. Unlike CAPO, which is a unit of the police force, the IPCC is a civilian body not linked with the police that reports directly to the office of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. There have been criticisms in LegCo that the IPCC has limited monitoring power.
This Is My Element
This Is My Element is an Element skateboarding video. It was their 8th video, and was released and premiered on June 21, 2007, Go Skateboarding Day, at 100 locations in the U.S., 34 of them in California alone. It was highly anticipated, and features tricks performed at 350 worldwide locations. The list price for the video was $23.99.

Chad Muska
Chadcherch ”Chad” Michael Muska (born May 20, 1977) is an American professional skateboarder. In November 2012, Skin Phillips, editor-in-chief of Transworld Skateboarding, described Muska as "one of the most marketable pros skateboarding has ever seen". Muska was inducted into the Skateboarding Hall of Fame in 2020.
Maritime patrol
Maritime patrol or maritime reconnaissance is the task of monitoring areas of water. Generally conducted by military and law enforcement agencies, maritime patrol is usually aimed at identifying human activities.

Maritime patrol refers to active patrol of an area, as opposed to passive monitoring systems such as sound-detection fixtures or land-based spotters.  A patrol consists of a ship, submarine, aircraft or satellite examining the patrolled area and seeking out activities to be identified and reported.  Maritime patrol is critical in wartime situations for navies to locate enemy forces to engage or defend against.  Peacetime patrols are important for interdiction of criminal activities and for ensuring legal use of waters.

Maritime patrols can be conducted by surface ships and submarines, by aircraft (e.g. MPA) and other aerial vehicles, and even by satellites.  Human spotting remains an important part of detecting activity, but increasingly electronic systems are used.

Law enforcement agency
A law enforcement agency (LEA) is any government agency responsible for law enforcement within a specific jurisdiction through the employment and deployment of law enforcement officers and their resources. The most common type of law enforcement agency is the police, but various other forms exist as well, including agencies that focus on specific legal violations or are organized and overseen by certain authorities. They typically have various powers and legal rights to allow them to perform their duties, such as the power of arrest and the use of force.
The Harvester
The Harvester is a 1936 American comedy film directed by Joseph Santley and written by Homer Croy, Robert Lee Johnson, Elizabeth Meehan and Gertrude Orr. It is based on the 1911 novel The Harvester by Gene Stratton-Porter, which had previously been turned into a 1927 silent film of the same title. The film stars Alice Brady, Russell Hardie, Ann Rutherford, Frank Craven, Cora Sue Collins and Emma Dunn. The film was released on April 18, 1936, by Republic Pictures.

Joseph Santley
Joseph Mansfield Santley (born Joseph Ishmael Mansfield; January 10, 1890 – August 8, 1971) was an American actor, singer, dancer, writer, director, and producer of musical theatrical plays motion pictures and television shows. He adopted the stage name of his stepfather, actor Eugene Santley.
Ralli family mansion
The Mansion of Ralli family is a former boyar residence from the early 19th century, built by the wealthy Greek nobleman Zamfirache Ralli in the village of Dolna, in the Bessarabia region (nowadays located in the Strășeni district of the Republic of Moldova). This place is particularly renowned for being frequently visited by the famous Russian poet Alexander Pushkin during his exile in Chișinău from 1821 to 1823.

Boyar
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russia), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. Comparable to Dukes/Grand Dukes, Boyars were second only to the ruling princes, grand princes or tsars from the 10th to the 17th centuries.
Abbeyfeale
Abbeyfeale (/ˈæbifeɪl/; Irish: Mainistir na Féile, meaning 'abbey of the Feale') is a historic market town in County Limerick, Ireland, near the border with County Kerry. The town is on the N21 road from Limerick to Tralee, some 21 kilometres (13 miles) south-west of Newcastle West and 16 kilometres (10 miles) south-east of Listowel
and 38 kilometres (24 miles) north-east of Tralee. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

Listowel
Listowel (/ˈlɪstoʊl/ LISS-tohl; Irish: Lios Tuathail, meaning 'Tuathal's ringfort', pronounced [l̠ʲɪsˠ ˈt̪ˠuəhəlʲ]) is a heritage market town in County Kerry, Ireland. It is on the River Feale, 28 km (17 mi) from the county town, Tralee. The town of Listowel had a population of 4,794 according to the 2022 census, the third largest in the county. Listowel is also the name of a townland within the town and an encompassing civil parish.

Described by the organisers of Listowel's writers festival as the "Literary Capital of Ireland", a number of internationally known playwrights and authors have lived there, including Bryan MacMahon and John B. Keane.
Massoia lactone
Massoia lactone is an alkyl lactone derived from the bark of the Massoia tree (Cryptocaria massoia) which is found in Papua, Indonesia though the compound can also be found as a component of cane sugar molasses, cured tobacco, and the essential oil of Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans). Chemically, massoia lactone can be obtained as a minor product in transfer hydrogenation of 6-amyl-α-pyrone.

Known in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as massoy bark, massoia essential oil was once widely used as a natural coconut flavouring. Natural massoia lactone has been largely superseded by a synthetic alternative because the extraction process is expensive and the process of removing the bark kills the tree.

Massoia lactone has an odour that is described as sweet, coconut meat, lactonic, creamy, milky and waxy and, at a dilution of 20 ppm, a taste described as creamy, coconut, green, and slightly fruity.

Cryptocarya
Cryptocarya is a genus of about 360 species of flowering plants in the laurel family, Lauraceae. Most species are trees, occasionally shrubs, distributed through the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian realms. Most plants in the genus Cryptocarya have leaves arranged alternately along the stems, small flowers with 6 tepals, stamens in 2 rows, the inner row alternating with staminodes, and the fruit is a drupe.
Texas Hangmen
The Texas Hangmen was the name of a professional wrestling tag team formed in the 1980s. The team competed in the American Wrestling Association in the late 1980s, where they received their highest amount of exposure, but had more success in the World Wrestling Council where they held the company's world tag team championship multiple times.

United States Wrestling Association
The United States Wrestling Association (USWA) was a professional wrestling promotion based in Memphis, Tennessee. The company was founded when the Memphis-based Continental Wrestling Association merged with the Dallas-based World Class Championship Wrestling.
Kanji (drink)
Kanji is a fermented drink, originating from the Indian subcontinent, made in India for the festival of Holi.

Kanji is made with water, black carrots, beetroot, mustard seeds and heeng. It may be served with boondi sprinkled on top.

Nutritionally, kanji is high in antioxidants. Eleven strains of probiotic bacteria have been isolated from kanji, with the strain Pediococcus acidilactici genotypically characterised with high growth potential.

Carrot
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, typically orange in colour, though heirloom variants including purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild carrot, Daucus carota, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Iran and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds.

The carrot is a biennial plant in the umbellifer family, Apiaceae. World production of carrots (combined with turnips) for 2022 was 42 million tonnes, led by China producing 44% of the total.

The characteristic orange colour is from beta-carotene, making carrots a rich source of  vitamin A. A myth that carrots help people to see in the dark was spread as propaganda in the Second World War, to account for the reason of British pilots' ability to fight in the dark; the real explanation was the introduction of radar.
Berengarians
The Berengarians were a Proto-Protestant religious sect who adhered to the views of Berengar of Tours, Archdeacon of Angers, and opposed several key Roman Catholic doctrines in the mid-eleventh century. They opposed the emerging doctrine of Transubstantiation, the practice of infant baptism, and private sacramental confession. Additionally, they upheld the belief that Scripture, rather than the Church, held supreme authority for Christians. The Berengarian sect, considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church, is said to have numbered 800,000 according to the historian Belamine.

Religious text
Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature a compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and laws, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community.

Within each religion, these texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation. They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold.
Risto Korhonen
Risto Korhonen (born 27 November 1986) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played for HPK of the Finnish Liiga. He was selected in the fifth round, 159th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2005 NHL entry draft.

2005 NHL entry draft
The 2005 NHL entry draft was the 43rd entry draft for the National Hockey League. Originally scheduled to be held on June 25, it was postponed to July 30 due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

Special procedures were required to determine the order of picks, because the previous season had been cancelled due to the lockout. The first overall pick was won in a lottery by the Pittsburgh Penguins, who selected Sidney Crosby.

As of 2025, the remaining active players in the NHL from this draft are Sidney Crosby, Jack Johnson, Anze Kopitar, Kris Letang, Jonathan Quick, Ryan Reaves, and Marc-Edouard Vlasic.
Roberto López Rosado
Roberto López Rosado (born 16 February 1961) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Oaxaca as replacement of his brother Gabriel.

LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LXII Legislature of the Congress of the Union, the 62nd session of the Congress of Mexico, met from September 1, 2012, to August 31, 2015. It consisted of Senators and Deputies in their respective chambers. All members of both the lower and upper houses of the Congress were elected in the elections of July 2012.

Senators were elected for a six-year term during the 2012 elections, allowing them to serve in both the LXII and subsequent legislatures. Deputies, also elected in the 2012 elections, served exclusively during the LXII Legislature.

The composition of the LXII Legislature was as follows:
Jeff Dahn
Jeff Dahn OC FRSC (born in 1957 in the United States and emigrated to Nova Scotia, Canada in 1970) is a Professor in the Department of Physics & Atmospheric Sciences and the Department of Chemistry at Dalhousie University. He is recognized as one of the pioneering developers of the lithium-ion battery, which is now used worldwide in laptop computers, cell-phones, automobiles, and many other mobile devices. Although Dr. Dahn made numerous contributions to the development of lithium-ion batteries, his most important discovery was intercalation of Li+ ions into graphite from solvents comprising ethylene carbonate, 
 which was the final piece of the puzzle in the invention of the commercial Li-ion battery. Nevertheless, Dahn was not selected for the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which recognized only John Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino.

Akira Yoshino
Akira Yoshino (吉野 彰, Yoshino Akira, born 30 January 1948) is a Japanese chemist. He is a fellow of Asahi Kasei Corporation and a professor at Meijo University in Nagoya. He created the first safe, production-viable lithium-ion battery, which became used widely in cellular phones and notebook computers. Yoshino was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and John B. Goodenough.
Mount Cramer
Mount Cramer, at 10,716 feet (3,266 m) is the second highest peak in the Sawtooth Range of Idaho.  The summit of Mount Cramer is located on the border of Custer and Boise Counties.  The peak is the highest point in Boise County.  Mount Cramer is also located within the Sawtooth Wilderness portion of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The town of Stanley, Idaho is almost 14 miles (23 km) from Mount Cramer, while the area known as Sawtooth City is nearly 12 miles (19 km) from Mount Cramer.  The west side of Mount Cramer drains into the South Fork of the Payette River, while the east side drains to the Salmon River.

Mount Cramer can be climbed in one day via the Hell Roaring Lake Trailhead, which is located 5 miles (8.0 km) down unmaintained Sawtooth National Forest road 398, west of Idaho Route 75.  The last section of the 16-mile (26 km) hike and class 3 scramble is off-trail.

Custer County, Idaho
Custer County is a rural mountain county in the center of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,275, making it the fifth-least populous county in Idaho. The county seat is Challis. Established in 1881, the county was named for the General Custer Mine, where gold was discovered five years earlier. Custer County relies on ranching, mining, and tourism as its main resources.
Clitocybe strigosa
Clitocybe strigosa is a species of mushroom-forming fungus first described by the Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja in 1969. It is characterized by its chestnut to greyish-brown, hygrophanous cap, pale yellow spore print with a faint greyish tint, and cyanophilic spores that readily absorb blue dyes due to their mucilaginous outer layer. This saprotrophic fungus grows in coniferous and deciduous forests, often in deep moss carpets under spruce or beech, and occasionally on calcareous heaths above the tree line. The species shows a disjunct distribution in Fennoscandia, occurring in both alpine, calcareous zones and southern boreal lowland zones.

Hygrophanous
The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry.

When identifying hygrophanous species, one needs to be careful when matching colors to photographs or descriptions, as color can change dramatically soon after picking.

Genera that are characterized by hygrophanous species include Agrocybe, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Panaeolus, and Galerina.

Hygrophanous pileus of Psilocybe cyanescens

Hygrophanous pileus of Tubaria furfuracea

Grouping of Psathyrella gracilis, some displaying hygrophanous pilei.

Photo of the hygrophanous pileus of Panaeolina foenisecii
Injustice
Injustice is a quality relating to unfairness or undeserved outcomes. The term may be applied in reference to a particular event or situation, or to a larger status quo. In Western philosophy and jurisprudence, injustice is very commonly—but not always—defined as  either the absence or the opposite of justice.

The sense of injustice is a universal human feature, though the exact circumstances considered unjust can vary from culture to culture. While even acts of nature can sometimes arouse the sense of injustice, the sense is usually felt in relation to human action such as misuse, abuse, neglect, or malfeasance that is uncorrected or else sanctioned by a legal system or fellow human beings.

The sense of injustice can be a powerful motivational condition, causing people to take action not just to defend themselves but also others who they perceive to be unfairly treated. Injustice within legal or societal standards are sometimes referred to as a two-tiered system.

Abuse
Abuse is the act of improper usage or treatment of a person or thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other types of aggression. Some sources describe abuse as "socially constructed", which means there may be more or less recognition of the suffering of a victim at different times and societies.
Torstein Rudihagen
Torstein Rudihagen (born 14 August 1952 in Sør-Fron Municipality) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

In his early career, he worked as a teacher. He began his political career on the municipal council of Sør-Fron Municipality, to which he was elected in 1983. He later became mayor, a seat he filled from 1991 to 1997. On 3 March 1995 he was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Transport, under the Brundtland's Third Cabinet. When Brundtland resigned and Thorbjørn Jagland formed a new government, Rudihagen retained his job as State Secretary. However, he lost the job when the cabinet fell in 1997.

In the election of 1997, he was elected to the Parliament of Norway from his home county of Oppland. He has been re-elected on two occasions.

Third Brundtland cabinet
Brundtland's Third Cabinet was a minority, Labour Government of Norway.  It succeeded the H-Sp-KrF Cabinet Syse, and sat between 3 November 1990 and 25 October 1996. It was replaced by the Labour Cabinet Jagland.  The cabinet was active during two parliaments, both 1989–93 and 1993–97. Brundtlands third cabinet had the following composition.
Abazović Cabinet
The Abazović Cabinet was the 43rd cabinet of Montenegro. It was elected on 28 April 2022 by a majority vote in the parliament. The minority government is composed of Civic Movement URA, Socialist People's Party, Bosniak Party, Albanian Coalition and Albanian List, CIVIS, as well as the Croatian Civic Initiative and was supported by the Democratic Party of Socialists and Liberal Party.

On 10 July 2022, DPS and SDP announced a motion of no confidence to the Abazović Cabinet due to the adoption of the draft Fundamental Agreement between Montenegro and the Serbian Orthodox Church. It passed on 20 August 2022.

Albanian Coalition
The Albanian Coalition (Albanian: Koalicioni Shqiptar; Montenegrin: Albanska koalicija, Албанска коалиција) is the name of several Albanian minority pre-election coalitions in Montenegro. Originally established by Democratic Party president and former Mayor of Ulcinj, Fatmir Gjeka, it currently consists of the Democratic Party, the Democratic League in Montenegro and the Democratic Union of Albanians. The coalition currently has one representative in Parliament of Montenegro.
Ineke Mulder
C.A.M. (Ineke) Mulder (born August 30, 1950 in Groningen) is a former Dutch politician of the Labour Party.

From early 2003 until early 2008 she was deputy of the Groningen provincial council responsible for welfare, healthcare, education, sports, events, personnel and facility management. As a deputy she was a member of the permanent delegation of the Social Policy Association of Provincial Authorities (IPO) in which she devoted herself to improving youth care.

In March 2008 she resigned from her post because of adverse complications in the Youth Bureau and its inability to rectify its problems.

Mulder began her career as a teacher in a school for severely maladjusted children. She continued her career in education and eventually became unit director of marketing and business services for the ROC Noorderpoortcollege, a group of schools in Groningen and Drenthe.

Association of Provinces of the Netherlands
The Association of Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch: Interprovinciaal Overleg; IPO) is the association of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. The association looks after provincial interests and forms a platform for exchanging knowledge and experience among the twelve Dutch provinces. The IPO also stimulates and takes the initiative in reform programmes.

The executive of the IPO consists of thirteen members, made up of one from each province (who can be a member of that province's Gedeputeerde Staten, or its King's Commissioner) plus a chairperson. The chair is vacant. The IPO's general assembly is made up of twenty-four members of the States-Provincial (2 from each province).

The office of the IPO presents provincial interests through relations with the central government, the European Union, the Association of Netherlands Municipalities, the Unie van Waterschappen, the National Civil Pension Fund and with social organizations.