hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
The 2023 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations qualification was a men's under-20 football competition which decided the participating teams of the 2023 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations.

Players born 1 January 2003 or later were eligible to participate in the competition. A total of twelve teams qualified to play in the final tournament, including Egypt who qualified automatically as hosts.

Egypt national under-20 football team
The Egypt national under-20 football team is the national youth team of Egypt. It is administered by the Egyptian Football Association.

Their best performance in the U-20 World Cup was a third-place finish in 2001. This remains the highest result Egypt has achieved in any International World Cup.

Their nickname, The Young Pharaohs is an obvious reference to the nickname of the National Team, The Pharaohs.

Egypt hosted the 2009 U-20 World Cup.
White Hall of the Winter Palace
The White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commemorate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a severe fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th-century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants.

The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855.

The hall is in a classical style, its vaulted ceiling supported by Corinthian columns crowned by statues representing the arts.

Today, as part of the State Hermitage Museum, this room retains its original decoration.

Vault (architecture)
In architecture, a vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof. As in building an arch, a temporary support is needed while rings of voussoirs are constructed and the rings placed in position. Until the topmost voussoir, the keystone, is positioned, the vault is not self-supporting. Where timber is easily obtained, this temporary support is provided by centering consisting of a framed truss with a semicircular or segmental head, which supports the voussoirs until the ring of the whole arch is completed.

The Mycenaeans (ca. 1800–1050 BC) were known for their tholos tombs, also called beehive tombs, which were underground structures with conical vaults. This type of vault is one of the earliest evidences of curved brick architecture without the use of stone arches, and its construction represented an innovative technique for covering circular spaces.
John Watson MacNaught
John Watson MacNaught, PC (19 June 1904 – 25 December 1984) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Coleman, Prince Edward Island, he was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada representing the riding of Prince in the 1945 federal election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1949 and 1953. He was defeated in 1957 and in 1958. He was re-elected in 1963 and was defeated in 1965. He was defeated again in 1974. He was the Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Fisheries. From 1963 to 1965, he was the Solicitor General of Canada and a Minister without Portfolio. In 1965, he was the Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys.

1963 Canadian federal election
The 1963 Canadian federal election was held on April 8, 1963, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 26th Parliament of Canada. It resulted in the defeat of the minority Progressive Conservative (Tory) government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, with the Liberals returning to power for the first time in 6 years, where they would remain for twenty of the next twenty-one years (winning every election except the 1979 election until their landslide defeat in 1984).  For the Social Credit Party, despite getting their highest ever share of the vote, the party lost 6 seats compared to its high-water mark in 1962.

The 1963 election was the first in which all of the Northwest Territories were contained in an electoral district, and consequently the first in which 100% of Canadian territory was represented in Parliament.
2006 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2006 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 112th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The championship ran from 25 May to 15 October 2006.

Garryspillane entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Granagh-Ballingarry in the third round. Dromin/Athlacca and Monaleen were relegated.

The final was played on 15 October 2006 at the Gaelic Grounds in Limerick, between Bruree and Patrickswell, in what was their second meeting in the final overall and a first final meeting in 24 years. Bruree won the match by 1–16 to 1–15 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 113 years.

Murroe-Boher's Kevin Tobin was the championship's top scorer with 3–37.

Patrickswell GAA
Patrickswell GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Patrickswell, County Limerick, Ireland. The club is primarily concerned with the game of hurling, but has also fielded teams in Gaelic football.
Manfred (surname)
Manfred is a surname.

Notable people with the name include:

Ebanda Manfred (1935–2003), Cameroonian makossa singer

Edmund Manfred (1856–1941), or E.C. Manfred, Australian architect

Frederick Manfred (1912–1994), American writer of Westerns

Freya Manfred (born 1944), American poet

Marsden Manfred (1888–1951), Australian politician

Rob Manfred (born 1958), American lawyer and baseball executive

Marsden Manfred
Marsden Erle Manfred (31 December 1888 – 26 February 1951) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Goulburn to architect Edmund Cooper Manfred and Ellen Wagstaffe. He attended King's College in Goulburn and became a solicitor, practising locally. On 13 October 1917 he married Mildred Ann Reynolds, with whom he had one son; a later marriage, on 26 November 1942, was to Lynda Mabel Rice. He was an alderman at Goulburn from 1924 to 1929, and served as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1934 to 1949, first for the United Australia Party and then for the Liberal Party. He was an assistant minister from 1939 to 1941 and served as acting Minister for Justice for sixteen days in March 1941. Manfred died at Goulburn in 1951.
Brand New (Sista song)
"Brand New" is a song by American R&B group Sista, in which a then-unknown Missy Elliott was a member of. The song was released as the only promotional single for the group's 1993 album 4 All the Sistas Around da World, which was eventually shelved after the single's release.

4 All the Sistas Around da World
4 All the Sistas Around da World is the only studio album by American contemporary R&B group Sista, released September 20, 1994, on Elektra Records. One of the group's members was future rap star and producer Missy Elliott; her future collaborator Timbaland co-produced the album.

Although the album received positive reviews from music critics, the work was eventually shelved due to the first single not having much success on the charts. However, in May 2017, 4 All the Sistas Around da World was officially released on digital and streaming platforms by Rhino Entertainment.
Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk
Eugen Böhm Ritter von Bawerk (short form: Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Austrian German: [fɔn bøːm ˈbaːvɛrk]; born Eugen Böhm, 12 February 1851 – 27 August 1914) was an Austrian-school intellectual and political economist who served intermittently as the Minister of Finance of Austria between 1895 and 1904. Böhm-Bawerk is noted for the theory of Roundaboutness, which emphasizes the time intensity, not only capital intensity, of investments in capital goods to increase productivity.  He advanced an interest rate theory centered on time preference. He also wrote an extensive critique of Marxism and Marx's labor theory of value.

Capital intensity
Capital intensity is the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor. At the level of either a production process or the aggregate economy, it may be estimated by the capital to labor ratio, such as from the points along a capital/labor isoquant. The inverse of capital intensity is labor intensity. Capital intensity is sometimes associated with industrialism, while labor intensity is sometimes associated with agrarianism.
Burnside Park, Christchurch
Burnside Park is a cricket ground in Burnside, Canterbury, New Zealand.  The first recorded match on the ground came when Canterbury Women played Auckland Women in 1974.  The ground later held its only first-class match in 1991 when Canterbury played Central Districts in the 1991/92 Shell Trophy, with the match ending in a 3 wicket victory for Canterbury.

It is the home ground of the Burnside West Christchurch University Cricket Club.

Canterbury cricket team
Canterbury is a first-class cricket team based in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is one of six teams that compete in senior New Zealand Cricket competitions and has been the second most successful domestic team in New Zealand history. They compete in the Plunket Shield first-class competition and The Ford Trophy one day competition as well as in the Men's Super Smash competition as the Canterbury Kings.
Dinidu Marage
Dinidu Asanka Marage (born 24 September 1981) is an Italian cricketer of Sri Lankan origin. A right-handed leg spinning all-rounder, he played in high-level Sri Lankan domestic competitions for Chilaw Marians Cricket Club and Panadura Sports Club early in his career. After emigrating to Italy, he made his debut for the Italian national side in April 2013, at the 2013 World Cricket League Division Three tournament.

Italy national cricket team
The Italy men's national cricket team is the team that represents Italy in men's international cricket. They have been an associate member of the International Cricket Council since 1995, having previously been an affiliate member since 1984. The Italy national cricket team is administered by the Italian Cricket Federation.
Sankey Photography Collection
A large collection of photographs was created by two generations of photographers based in Barrow in Furness, Cumbria.  The collection is currently being catalogued before being deposited in Cumbria Archives, where they will be available through their online catalogue CASCAT.

Cumbria Archive Service
Cumbria Archive Service was established to serve the English county of Cumbria. 
Rather than having just one county record office, Cumbria County Council operated four local record offices, now known as archive centres, in  Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Kendal and Whitehaven.

On 1 April 2023, the county council and 6 district councils were abolished. In their place two new councils were created, with local government functions transferred to the two new unitary authorities: Cumberland Council and Westmorland and Furness Council.
Aaron Hackley Jr.
Aaron Hackley Jr. (May 6, 1783 – December 28, 1868) was a U.S. Representative from New York.

Born in Wallingford, Connecticut, Hackley attended the public schools, and graduated from Williams College in 1805.  He moved to Herkimer, New York.

Hackley was elected county clerk in 1812 and again in 1815.  He served as judge advocate in the War of 1812.  He served as member of the New York State Assembly in 1814, 1815, and 1818.

Hackley was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth Congress (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1821).  He served as district attorney of Herkimer County 1828–1833.  He was again a member of the New York State Assembly in 1837.  He served as justice of the county court of St. Lawrence County, New York, in 1823 and 1824.  He served as master in chancery, and as recorder of Utica, New York.

Hackley died in New York City on December 28, 1868.  He was interred in Trinity Church Cemetery.

Wallingford, Connecticut
Wallingford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, centrally located between New Haven and Hartford, and Boston and New York City. The town is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region and the New York Metropolitan Area. The population was 44,396 at the 2020 census. The community was named after Wallingford, in England.
Helen Hills
Helen Hills (born 1960) is a British art historian and academic. She was appointed Anniversary Reader of Art History at the University of York in 2005 and promoted to Professor of History of Art in 2008, making her the first woman professor of Art History there.

Prior to this, Hills taught at the Universities of Keele and Manchester in the UK, at Queen's University in Canada and at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has published numerous books and articles on art and  architectural history. She has particular research interests in the baroque, and was a guest contributor to the BBC radio programme In Our Time about The Baroque Movement in November 2008 and "Night Waves" on 'The Baroque'.

Villa I Tatti
Villa I Tatti, The Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies is a center for advanced research in the humanities located in Florence, Italy, and belongs to Harvard University. It houses a collection of Italian primitives, and of Chinese and Islamic art, as well as a research library of 140,000 volumes and a collection of 250,000 photographs. It is the site of Italian and English gardens. Villa I Tatti is located on an estate of olive groves, vineyards, and gardens on the border of Florence, Fiesole and Settignano.

While guided tours of the gardens are offered, Villa I Tatti itself is not generally open to the public.
London Conference of 1912–1913
The London Conference of 1912–1913, also known as the London Peace Conference or the Conference of the Ambassadors, was an international summit of the six Great Powers of that time (Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and Russia) convened in December 1912 due to the successes of the Balkan League armies against the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War. In particular, the conference intended to arbitrate between the warring powers as to territorial acquisitions, and also to determine the future of Albania, whose independence was proclaimed during the conflict.

Albanian Declaration of Independence
The Albanian Declaration of Independence (Albanian: Deklarata e Pavarësisë) was the declaration of independence of Albania from the Ottoman Empire. Independent Albania was proclaimed in Vlorë on 28 November 1912. Six days later the Assembly of Vlorë formed the first Government of Albania which was led by Ismail Qemali and the Council of Elders (Pleqnia).

The success of the Albanian Revolt of 1912 sent a strong signal to the neighboring countries that the Ottoman Empire was weak. The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the plan for an Albanian Vilayet, preferring a partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among the four Balkan allies. Balkan allies planned the partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among them and in the meantime the territory conquered during First Balkan War was agreed to have status of the Condominium. That was the reason for Qemali to organize an All-Albanian Congress in Vlorë.
Hellmann–Feynman theorem
In quantum mechanics, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem relates the derivative of the total energy with respect to a parameter to the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to that same parameter. According to the theorem, once the spatial distribution of the electrons has been determined by solving the Schrödinger equation, all the forces in the system can be calculated using classical electrostatics.

The theorem has been proven independently by many authors, including Paul Güttinger (1932), Wolfgang Pauli (1933), Hans Hellmann (1937) and Richard Feynman (1939).

The theorem states

where

is a Hermitian operator depending upon a continuous parameter

, is an eigenstate (eigenfunction) of the Hamiltonian, depending implicitly upon

is the energy (eigenvalue) of the state , i.e.

Note that for systems with degenerate states, a refined version of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is needed.

Hamiltonian mechanics
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities  used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpretations of classical mechanics and describe the same physical phenomena.

Hamiltonian mechanics has a close relationship with geometry (notably, symplectic geometry and Poisson structures) and serves as a link between classical and quantum mechanics.
Platyzosteria novaeseelandiae
Platyzosteria novaeseelandiae, or the large black kēkerengū, is a species of cockroach in the family Blattidae. Its other names include black stink-roach, black stink cockroach, black cockroach and papata pango. It is known for the defensive chemical it produces when disturbed.

Tegmen
A tegmen (pl.: tegmina) designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera (earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) and Blattodea (cockroaches).

It is also a term used in botany to describe the delicate inner protective layer of a seed, and in zoology to describe a stiff membrane on the upper surface of the crown of a crinoid.

In vertebrate anatomy it denotes a plate of thin bone forming the roof of the middle ear.
Wrestling at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's Greco-Roman 77 kg
The men's Greco-Roman 77 kilograms wrestling competition at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou was held on 4 October 2023 at the Lin'an Sports and Culture Centre.

This Greco-Roman wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.

2022 Asian Games
The 2022 Asian Games (2022年亚洲运动会), officially the 19th Asian Games (第十九届亚洲运动会) and also known as Hangzhou 2022 (杭州2022), were a continental multi-sport event which was held from 23 September to 8 October 2023 in Hangzhou, China. The games marked the 110th anniversary since the creation of the first continental event, starting with the 1913 Far Eastern Championship Games.

Originally scheduled to take place from 10 to 25 September 2022, on 6 May 2022 the Games were postponed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The new dates were announced on 19 July 2022, with the Games remaining branded as Hangzhou 2022. Hangzhou was the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing in 1990 and Guangzhou in 2010.
Warren S. George
Warren S. George is an American union activist and International President Emeritus of the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU), one of the largest and most politically active unions in the AFL-CIO. From 2003 to 2010, George served as the International President of the ATU.

George is mentioned in the song "Workin' for the MTA" on Justin Townes Earle's 2010 Harlem River Blues album. The lyrics read:

"Yeah, them hard times are going around, hard times are goin' around, hard times are goin' around, bringin' hard luck on New York town. But I'm bankin' on the ATU, bankin' on the ATU, I'm bankin' on the ATU, Brother George is gonna see me through."

Justin Townes Earle
Justin Townes Earle (January 4, 1982 – August 20, 2020) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. After his debut EP, Yuma (2007), he released eight full-length albums. He was recognized with an Americana Music Award for Emerging Artist of the Year in 2009 and for Song of the Year in 2011 for "Harlem River Blues". His father is alternative country artist Steve Earle.
2018 Italian Basketball Supercup
The 2018 Italian Basketball Supercup (Italian: Supercoppa di pallacanestro 2018), also known as Zurich Connect Supercoppa 2018 for sponsorship reasons, was the 24th edition of the super cup tournament, organized by the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).

AX Armani Exchange Milano were the defending champions.

AX Armani Exchange Milano went to win his 3rd Supercup by beating Fiat Torino 82–71 in the Finals. Vladimir Micov was named MVP of the competition.

It was played in the PalaLeonessa in Brescia on 29 and 30 September 2018.

Italian Basketball Supercup
The Italian Basketball Supercup (Italian: Supercoppa Italiana di Pallacanestro), also known as Discovery+ Supercoppa for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball super cup competition. From the 2020 Supercup edition, all the teams of LBA took part in the competition. Created in 1995, it is organised by the Lega Basket – who run the LBA and the Italian Cup – in partnership with RCS Sport, and it traditionally opens the season.
Kitnitsa
Kitnitsa (Bulgarian: Китница) is a village in Ardino Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern-central Bulgaria.  It is located 188.619 kilometres (117.202 mi) southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 11.586 square kilometres and as of 2007 it had a population of 97 people. In Kitnitsa, the second weekend of July features an annual fair that includes a mevlid, chess tournaments, athletic events, and traditional contests.

Kardzhali Province
41°39′N 25°22′E﻿ / ﻿41.650°N 25.367°E﻿ / 41.650; 25.367

Kardzhali Province  (Bulgarian: Област Кърджали, romanized: Oblast Kărdžali) is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3,209.1 km2 in area. Its main city is Kardzhali. It is Bulgaria's southernmost province.
Baltimore Chrome Works
Baltimore Chrome Works was a chromium ore refinery with its headquarters and main factory located at Fells Point, Baltimore, USA. Isaac Tyson started mining chromite in the area around Baltimore in 1813 and built the Baltimore Chrome Works at Fells Point in 1845. The works became part of Mutual Chemical Company in 1908, and merged into Allied Chemical in 1954. The plant, which was rebuilt in 1951, employed 375 people at peak production.

The factory at Fells Point operated until 1985, when it was closed down. The company had contaminated the 20 acres (81,000 m2) site with hazardous waste, and Honeywell, the successor to Allied Chemical, was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency to perform a cleanup in the 1986. The order was confirmed by a judicial consent decree in 1989. Honeywell completed the remediation in 1999.

Consent decree
A consent decree is an agreement or settlement that resolves a dispute between two parties without admission of guilt (in a criminal case) or liability (in a civil case). Most often it is such a type of settlement in the United States. The plaintiff and the defendant ask the court to enter into their agreement, and the court maintains supervision over the implementation of the decree in monetary exchanges or restructured interactions between parties. It is similar to and sometimes referred to as an antitrust decree, stipulated judgment, or consent judgment. Consent decrees are frequently used by federal courts to ensure that businesses and industries adhere to regulatory laws in areas such as antitrust law, employment discrimination, and environmental regulation.