hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Horton overland flow
In soil science, Horton overland flow describes the tendency of water to  flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded infiltration capacity and depression storage capacity. It is named after Robert E. Horton, the engineer who made the first detailed studies of the phenomenon.

Paved surfaces such as asphalt, which are designed to be flat and impermeable, rapidly achieve Horton overland flow. It is shallow, sheetlike, and fast-moving, and hence capable of extensively eroding soil and bedrock.

Horton overland flow is most commonly encountered in urban construction sites and unpaved rural roads, where vegetation has been stripped away, exposing bare dirt. The process also poses a significant problem in areas with steep terrain, where water can build up great speed and where soil is less stable, and in farmlands, where soil is flat and loose.

Bedrock
In geology, bedrock is the solid rock that lies under weathered rock and unconsolidated or loose superficial deposits (together known as regolith) in the near surface part of Earth's crust or the crust of another terrestrial planet. The top of the bedrock is known as rockhead.
Michael Morales (musician)
Michael Morales (born April 25, 1963) is an American musician most known for the top 40-charting songs "Who Do You Give Your Love To?" (No. 15 Billboard Hot 100) and a cover version of the Romantics' "What I Like About You" (No. 28 Hot 100).

The Romantics
The Romantics are an American rock band formed in 1977 in Detroit, Michigan. The band's music is often categorized as power pop and new wave. They were influenced by 1950s American rock and roll, Detroit's MC5, the Stooges, early Bob Seger, Motown R&B, 1960s North American garage rock as well as the British Invasion rockers.

The Romantics achieved substantial popularity in the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Canada, and Australia, with their two best-charting songs "What I Like About You", peaking at #49 in the US and #2 in Australia, and "Talking in Your Sleep", reaching #3 in the US, #1 in Canada, and #14 in Australia. The two songs have become mainstays on 1980s-focused, classic rock, and active rock radio stations.
Jabril Cox
Jabril Cox (born April 16, 1998) is an American professional football linebacker. He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round of the 2021 NFL draft. He played college football for the North Dakota State Bison, where he won three FCS championships and was named the MVFC defensive player of the year before playing the 2020 season with LSU. Cox has also been a member of the Washington Commanders.

LSU Tigers football
The LSU Tigers football program, also known as the Fighting Tigers, represents Louisiana State University in college football. The Tigers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

LSU ranks 16th best in winning percentage in NCAA Division I FBS history and claims four national championships (1958, 2003, 2007, and 2019), 16 conference championships, and over 40 consensus All-Americans. Three players for the Tigers have won the Heisman Trophy: Billy Cannon (1959), Joe Burrow (2019), and Jayden Daniels (2023).

The team plays on the university's campus at Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The program's current head coach is Lane Kiffin.
Yatharth Hospitals
Yatharth Hospital & Trauma Care Services Ltd is an Indian for-profit private hospital chain of North India. It operates 8 hospitals with more than 2500 beds in four states of India. It was founded by Dr. Ajay Kumar Tyagi and Dr. Kapil Kumar in 2008. All of its hospitals are accredited by NABH. Its facility in Greater Noida West is the first and only hospital in Uttar Pradesh to be accredited by Joint Commission International.

National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers
National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers, abbreviated as NABH, is a constituent board of Quality Council of India (QCI), set up to establish and operate accreditation programme for healthcare organizations. Formed in 2005, it is the principal accreditation for hospitals in India.
Alirupendi
Alirupendi bin Haji Perudin (born June 1973) is a Bruneian civil servant and retired military officer who served as the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) since 2023. He was formerly the Deputy Commander of the Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAirF) from 2020 to 2022.

Royal Brunei Air Force
The Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAirF), natively known as the Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei (TUDB), is the air force of the sultanate of Brunei.  It is headquartered and mainly based at the Royal Brunei Air Force Base, Rimba, opposite the Brunei International Airport (BIA).  Its role is to defend the national airspace and to provide air policing and surveillance of its land and maritime borders. As of 2024, it operates twenty-two manned aircraft and five unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).

The RBAirF was formed as an independent air force on 1 October 1991.  It was originally created in 1965 as the Air Wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment (Askar Melayu Diraja Brunei; AMDB), the forerunner of today's Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF).  The Air Wing had operated helicopters (the Bell 205) since 1966. The annual anniversary ceremony of RBAirF's inception was place on 24 June every year.
Myopsalta binotata
Myopsalta binotata is a species, or species complex, of cicadas, also known as robust smoky buzzers, in the true cicada family, Cicadettinae subfamily and Cicadettini tribe. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1904 by entomologists Frederic Webster Goding and Walter Wilson Froggatt.

Cicadidae
Cicadidae, the true cicadas, is one of two families of cicadas, with about 3,400 species in over 520 genera worldwide; it contains most living cicada species, except for the two belonging to its sister taxon, the Tettigarctidae.  The classification of this family, of often very similar insects, has undergone many revisions, continuing into the 21st century; for example, many species previously assigned to the type genus Cicada, are now placed in different tribes.
Breccia Crags
The Breccia Crags (60°42′S 45°13′W﻿ / ﻿60.700°S 45.217°W﻿ / -60.700; -45.217) are rock crags, 305 metres (1,000 ft) high, standing 1 nautical mile (2 km) west of Petter Bay in the southeast end of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee following the 1956–58 survey by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The feature is of geological interest owing to the contact of brecciated schist (breccia) and conglomerate.

Coronation Island
Coronation Island is the largest of the South Orkney Islands, 25 nautical miles (46 km) long and from 3 to 8 nautical miles (5.6 to 14.8 km) wide. The island extends in a general east–west direction, is mainly ice-covered and comprises numerous bays, glaciers and peaks, the highest rising to 1,265 metres (4,150 ft).
Islam in Tunisia
Islam is the dominant religion in Tunisia. According to the United States CIA, 99.1% of its adherents are Sunni Muslims. The constitution of Tunisia states that the country's “religion is Islam”, the government is the “guardian of religion”, and requires that the president be Muslim. However, since 2022 The constitution of Tunisia does not state that the country's "religion is Islam". Instead, it says that the country is part of the Islamic world and that the government protects the interests of Islam and requires that the president be Muslim. The predominant madhhab in the country is the Maliki. The Tunisian island of Djerba is home to a population of Ibadi Muslims.

Religion in Tunisia
Islam is the most prevalent religion in Tunisia. In 2022, it was estimated that approximately 99% of Tunisia's inhabitants identified as Muslims. The country also includes Christian, Jewish, and Baháʼí communities. The 2022 Tunisian Constitution does not state Islam as the state religion and instead says that the country is part of the Islamic world.

The Constitution of Tunisia provides for freedom of religion, belief, and the freedom to practice the rites of one's religion unless they disturb the public order. The government does not permit the establishment of political parties on the basis of religion and prohibits efforts to proselytize. Although changing religions is legal, there is great societal pressure against Muslims who decide to leave Islam.
The Plugs I Met
The Plugs I Met is the fourth extended play by American rapper Benny the Butcher. It was released on June 21, 2019, by Black Soprano Family and Griselda Records. Produced by The Alchemist, Beat Butcha, Daringer, and DJ Shay, the EP features guest appearances from Black Thought, 38 Spesh, Jadakiss, RJ Payne, Conway the Machine, Pusha T and India (stylized as INDIA). The EP peaked at number 22 on the Independent Albums chart.

A sequel EP with Harry Fraud, The Plugs I Met 2, was released in 2021.

Beat Butcha
Eliot Dubock, best known as Beat Butcha, is an English record producer, disc jockey and songwriter best known for his production work for SZA, The Carters, Brent Faiyaz, Dreamville, Banks, $uicideboy$, Tyler, the Creator, and various members of the New York-based Griselda Records hip-hop collective, among others.
Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency
Bordumsa–Diyun is one of the 60 constituencies of Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh and also the only unreserved constituency in the State's Vidhan Sabha. The current MLA of this constituency is Nikh Kamin. Bordumsa–Diyun is one of the relatively new constituencies in Arunachal Pradesh, covering Diyun and Bordumsa administrative circles.The area is unique in its diversity, including indigenous Chakma, Singpho and Tangsa communities, along with a significant population of migrants from other parts of India.

Jingpo people
The Jingpo people (Burmese: ဂျိန်းဖော; Chinese: 景颇族; pinyin: Jǐngpō zú; siŋphou), also spelt Jinghpaw or Jingphaw, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group who inhabit northern Myanmar, northeastern India, and southwestern China. The Jingpo are the largest subgroup of the Kachin peoples. The Jingpo speak the Jingpo language, which is used as a lingua franca among the Kachin peoples and is distantly related to other Kachin languages.
Eastlake Park Scenic Railway
The Eastlake Park Scenic Railway was a 984 m (3,228 feet) long miniature railway in the 1:3 scale with a gauge of 18 in (457 mm), which operated from 19 May 1904 to 11 May 1905 in the Eastlake Park: Replaced by The Now Venice Miniature Railway! (now Lincoln Park) in Los Angeles in California.

Minimum-gauge railway
Minimum-gauge railways are railways with track gauges smaller than those of narrow-gauge railways, primarily designed for light, industrial, or tourist transportation. The most common gauges for minimum-gauge railways include:

15 in (381 mm)

400 mm (15+3⁄4 in)

16 in (406 mm)

18 in (457 mm)

19 in (483 mm)

500 mm (19+3⁄4 in)

20 in (508 mm)

These railways have been developed for applications such as estate transport, mining, agriculture, and amusement parks, offering an economical and adaptable solution for restricted environments.
Afraflacilla gunbar
Afraflacilla gunbar is  a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae that is endemic to Australia, and known only from its type locality (Gunbar, New South Wales).

It was first described in 2002 by Marek Zabka and Michael Gray.

Michael R. Gray
Michael Robert Blair Gray (25 August 1941 – 28 July 2023) was an arachnologist who specialised in the taxonomy of spiders at the Australian Museum in Sydney with a particular interest in the systematics of Australian funnel-web spiders (Atracidae).
Cat Protection Society of Victoria
Cat Protection Society of Victoria (CPS) is an organisation in the state of Victoria, Australia, that describes itself as "Australia’s largest cat welfare organisation." It provides cat management and pound/shelter operation for a number of Melbourne councils. It is funded in part by these pound contracts but also receives private donations and is a tax deductible gift recipient.

CPS was instrumental in founding the "Cat Crisis Coalition" to lobby government at all levels for mandatory desexing in an effort to reduce the numbers of healthy cats and kittens whose lives are ended in shelters. It has also been instrumental in the Victorian government's "Who's for Cats" campaign which aims to discourage people from feeding cats they do not own.

Neutering
Neutering, from the Latin neuter ('of neither sex'), is the removal of a non-human animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. The male-specific term is castration, while spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Colloquially, both terms are often referred to as fixing. In male horses, castrating is referred to as gelding. An animal that has not been neutered is sometimes referred to as entire or intact. Often the term neuter[ing] is used to specifically mean castration, e.g. in phrases like "spay and neuter".

Neutering is the most common method for animal sterilization. Humane societies, animal shelters, and rescue groups urge pet owners to have their pets neutered to prevent the births of unwanted litters, which contribute to the overpopulation of unwanted animals in the rescue system. Many countries require that all adopted cats and dogs be sterilized before going to their new homes.
Logic alphabet
The logic alphabet, also called the X-stem Logic Alphabet (XLA), constitutes an iconic set of symbols that systematically represents the sixteen possible binary truth functions of logic. The logic alphabet was developed by Shea Zellweger. The major emphasis of his iconic "logic alphabet" is to provide a more cognitively ergonomic notation for logic. Zellweger's visually iconic system more readily reveals, to the novice and expert alike, the underlying symmetry relationships and geometric properties of the sixteen binary connectives within Boolean algebra.

Sheffer stroke
In Boolean functions and propositional calculus, the Sheffer stroke denotes a logical operation that is equivalent to the negation of the conjunction operation, expressed in ordinary language as "not both". It is also called non-conjunction, alternative denial (since it says in effect that at least one of its operands is false), or NAND ("not and"). In digital electronics, it corresponds to the NAND gate. It is named after Henry Maurice Sheffer and written as  or as  or as  or as  in Polish notation by Łukasiewicz (but not as ||, often used to represent disjunction).

Its dual is the NOR operator (also known as the Peirce arrow, Quine dagger or Webb operator). Like its dual, NAND can be used by itself, without any other logical operator, to constitute a logical formal system (making NAND functionally complete). This property makes the NAND gate crucial to modern digital electronics, including its use in computer processor design.
Eupomatia
Eupomatia is a genus of three species of plants in the ancient family Eupomatiaceae, and is the sole genus in the family. Eupomatiaceae is recognised by most taxonomists and classified in the plant order Magnoliales. The three described species are shrubs or small trees, native to the rainforests and humid eucalypt forests of eastern Australia and New Guinea. The type species Eupomatia laurina was described in 1814 by Robert Brown.

Staminode
In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen.  Staminodes are frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.

Sometimes, the staminodes are modified to produce nectar, as in the witch-hazel (Hamamelis).

Staminodes can be a critical characteristic for differentiating between species, for  instance in the orchid genus Paphiopedilum, and among the penstemons.

In the case of cannas, the petals are inconsequential and the staminodes are refined into eye-catching petal-like replacements.

A spectacular example of staminode is given by Couroupita guianensis, a tropical tree growing in South America also known as the cannonball tree.
Baraat Series
Kis Ki Aayegi Baraat or Baraat Series is a Pakistani comedy television series developed by Marina Khan and Nadeem Baig for Geo Entertainment. Loosely based on Desi weddings, each season follows the story of four upper-class Karachiites marrying into a rich yet contrasting family from Faisalabad as they navigate through personal Sturm und Drang.

The show kick-started with Azar Ki Ayegi Baraat on 30 November 2009, followed by Dolly Ki Ayegi Baraat in 2010,  Takkay Ki Ayegi Baraat in 2011, and concluding with Annie Ki Ayegi Baraat in 2012.

Indian channel Zindagi picked the production for airing it under the same name in 2015.

Geo Entertainment
Geo Entertainment or Har Pal Geo is a Pakistani entertainment television channel established by Geo Television Network in May 2002. Its test transmission started on 14 August 2002 on the PAS 10 digital satellite whereas on 1 October 2002 the regular transmission of Geo Entertainment was started.
Walter Matthew
Christianity portal

Walter Edmund Matthew  (26 February 1848 – 19 February 1889) was an Anglican archdeacon in India in the second half of the 19th century.

Matthew was born in Cambridge and educated at Merchant Taylor's and St John's College, Oxford where he matriculated in 1866, graduating BA in 1870 and MA in 1873. He was ordained deacon in 1871, and priest in 1872. After a curacy at Christ Church, Camden he was Archdeacon of Colombo and the incumbent at St Paul, Kandy from 1875. He died, in post, at Talawakelle.

Two of his sons also became clergymen: Herbert Edmund Matthew, who died at Keswick in 1944; and Leonard Arthur Matthew, who died at Sydney in 1964.

Talawakelle
Talawakelle (Sinhala: තලවාකැලේ, Tamil: தலவாக்கலை) is a town in Nuwara Eliya District in the Central Province, Sri Lanka, governed by an Urban Council. It is the centre of the Dimbula tea planting district, the largest tea growing area in Sri Lanka. It is situated on A7 Colombo-Nuwara Eliya highway. The altitude of Talawakelle is 1,198 metres (3,930 ft). Talawakelle railway station is one of the major stops of Udarata (Sinhala "Hill Country") or Main railway line. The town is administered by Talawakelle-Lindula urban council.

Located in the Colombo-Badulla railway line, and Avissawella - Nuware Eliya main Road (A7) the town serves as a gateway to Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Nuwara Eliya and tourists.
Wolf Biermann
Karl Wolf Biermann (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔlf ˈbiːɐ̯ˌman] ⓘ; born 15 November 1936) is a German singer-songwriter, poet, and former East German dissident. He is perhaps best known for the 1968 song "Ermutigung" and his expatriation from East Germany in 1976.

Dissident
A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established political or religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and in the political sense since the 20th century, coinciding with the rise of authoritarian governments in countries such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Francoist Spain, the Soviet Union (and later Russia), North Korea, China, Turkmenistan and the Middle East. In the Western world, there are historical examples of people who have been considered and have considered themselves dissidents, such as the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. In totalitarian countries, dissidents are often incarcerated or executed without explicit political accusations, or due to infringements of the very same laws they are opposing, or because they are supporting civil liberties such as freedom of speech.
C44 road (Namibia)
The C44 is a gravel road in the Otjozondjupa Region of central Namibia. Its north-western terminus is at the B8 57 km (35 mi) north of Grootfontein. The C44 is 321 kilometres (199 mi) long and runs through Tsumkwe to Gam. It provides access to the Khaudom National Park via the D3315 turnoff in Tsumkwe, and to the Dobe border post with Botswana via the M74 east of Tsumkwe.

A feasibility study to upgrade this road to bitumen was conducted in 2019/20. It came to the conclusion that tarring this road would not be viable due to its low traffic volume.

Grootfontein
Grootfontein (lit. 'great fountain') is a city with 26,839 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of central Namibia. It is one of the three towns in the Otavi Triangle, situated on the B8 national road that leads from Otavi to the Caprivi Strip.
Belleeks
Belleeks  (from Irish Béal Leice, meaning 'ford-mouth of the flagstone') is a small village and townland in south County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The 2011 Census reported a population of 375. It lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council area and the historic barony of Upper Fews.

Newry, Mourne and Down District Council
Newry, Mourne and Down District Council (Irish: Comhairle Ceantair an Iúir, Mhúrn agus an Dúin) is a local authority in Northern Ireland that was established on 1 April 2015. It replaces Down District Council and Newry and Mourne District Council and covers most of the southeast of Northern Ireland. The first elections to the authority were on 22 May 2014. At the 2019 Northern Ireland local elections, Sinn Féin became the largest party with 16 seats. This success was continued at the 2023 Northern Ireland local elections, winning 20 seats.
Woodvale Secondary College
Woodvale Secondary College, formerly Woodvale Senior High School, is an independent public school, located in Woodvale, a suburb 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Perth, Western Australia. Opened in 1985, the school's catchment area covers parts of the City of Joondalup and the adjacent eastern portion of the City of Wanneroo. The school has an enrolment of 1,409 students from Year 7 to Year 12.

The school encompasses the middle socio-economic range suburbs of Kingsley and Woodvale and is defined by the boundaries formed by Wanneroo Road and the Mitchell Freeway in an east–west alignment and Ocean Reef Road to the north. The south border is in line with the cycle path to the Mitchell Freeway entrance in Kingsley.

The school provides specialist academic programs in basketball, football, and music.

City of Wanneroo
The City of Wanneroo is a local government area with city status in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is centred approximately 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) north of Perth's central business district and forms part of the northern boundary of the Perth metropolitan area. Wanneroo encompasses the federal divisions of Cowan, Moore and Pearce.

The city's main commercial and residential town centres are located at Wanneroo in the east and Clarkson in the north. Further urban centres are planned at Alkimos, Yanchep and Two Rocks in the future to coincide with rapid metropolitan expansion and development in the area. It is also home to the Yanchep and Neerabup National Parks, as well as the Neerabup Industrial Estate in the north.

From the city's inception until July 1st 1998, it also incorporated the neighbouring City of Joondalup in its entirety.
Nucleus (video game)
Nucleus is a 2007 twin-stick shooter video game developed by Kuju Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 It was released on the PlayStation Store. It was released as Bacterius in Japan.

Kuju (company)
Kuju Entertainment Ltd. was a British video game developer. It is a successor to Simis, which was formed in 1989 and purchased by Eidos Interactive in 1995. Kuju was formed in 1998 in Shalford, Surrey, England, after a management buyout of Simis from Eidos. Kuju merged with Curve Games in 2016.

Kuju released titles across different devices, ranging from Art Academy on the Nintendo DS, The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest and Battalion Wars 2 for the Wii, and an Xbox One title, Powerstar Golf.