hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kolmogorov equations
In probability theory, Kolmogorov equations characterize continuous-time Markov processes. In particular, they describe how the probability of a continuous-time Markov process in a certain state changes over time.  There are four distinct equations: the Kolmogorov forward equation for continuous processes, now understood to be identical to the Fokker–Planck equation, the Kolmogorov forward equation for jump processes, and two Kolmogorov backward equations for processes with and without discontinuous jumps.

Andrey Kolmogorov
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (Russian: Андре́й Никола́евич Колмого́ров, IPA: [ɐnˈdrʲej nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ kəlmɐˈɡorəf] ⓘ, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician who played a central role in the creation of modern probability theory. He also gave fundamental contributions to the mathematics of topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, functional analysis, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.
Milkmaid
A milkmaid, milk maid, milkwoman, dairymaid, or dairywoman is a girl or woman who works with milk or cows.  She milks cows and may prepare dairy products such as cream, butter, and cheese. The term milkmaid is not the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer;  it is the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of cowman or dairyman.

In 1600s-1800s, English milkmaids sold milk wearing a yoke supporting two milk pails and vending vessels, and also decorated themselves for the London May Day procession.

Dairy product
Dairy products or milk products are food products made from (or containing) milk. The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, goat, and sheep. Dairy products consumed around the world include yogurt, cheese, milk, and butter. A facility that produces dairy products is a dairy. Dairy products are consumed worldwide to varying degrees. Some people avoid some or all dairy products because of lactose intolerance, veganism, environmental concerns, or other reasons or beliefs.
K3 en de Kattenprins
K3 en de Kattenprins (K3 and the Cat Prince) is the third movie of the Flemish girlband K3. The movie was released in 2007 and was directed by Matthias Temmermans. This was also their last movie to include former member of K3, Kathleen Aerts. The film was aired on Zappelin, Ketnet, Kindernet and RTL Telekids.

All-female band
An all-female band is a musical group in popular music that is exclusively composed of female musicians. This is distinct from a girl group, in which the female members are solely vocalists, though this terminology is not universally followed. While all-male bands are common in many rock and pop scenes, all-female bands are less common.
The Han Solo Adventures
The Han Solo Adventures is a trilogy of novels set in the Star Wars fictional universe by American science-fiction novelist Brian Daley. It follows the smuggling days of Han Solo and Chewbacca two years before the events of the original Star Wars film. The books were released in 1979–1980, making them the first non-movie Star Wars books published, except for Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978). They were also the last published until The Adventures of Lando Calrissian trilogy in 1983; both trilogies were originally published by Del Rey, a division of Ballantine Books. The three Han Solo books were also published as an omnibus edition in 1992.

The events of the series are incorporated into the Star Wars Expanded Universe by being contextualized in interludes in Rebel Dawn (1998), the final book of Ann C. Crispin's Han Solo Trilogy.

Fictional universe
A fictional universe, also known as an imagined universe or a constructed universe, is the internally consistent fictional setting used in a narrative or a work of art. This concept is most commonly associated with works of fantasy and science fiction, and can be found in various forms such as novels, comics, films, television shows, video games, and other creative works.

In science fiction, a fictional universe may be a remote alien planet or galaxy with little apparent relationship to the real world (as in the Star Wars universe). In fantasy, it may be a greatly fictionalized or invented version of Earth's distant past or future (as in The Lord of the Rings).
All I Can Be
All I Can Be is the debut studio album by American country music artist Collin Raye. It features the hit singles "All I Can Be (Is a Sweet Memory)" (originally recorded by Conway Twitty as "All I Can Be Is a Sweet Memory" on his 1985 album Chasin' Rainbows), "Love, Me" (Raye's first No. 1 on the Billboard country charts), and "Every Second". "Any Ole Stretch of Blacktop" was later recorded by Shenandoah as a new track for their 1992 
Greatest Hits album.

The song "If I Were You" is not to be confused with another song with the same name which Raye recorded on his 1994 album, Extremes. This song, written by Chris Farren and John Hobbs, was released by Raye as the latter album's fifth single, in 1995.

Chris Farren (country musician)
Chris Farren is an American country music singer-songwriter and record producer. He is the president of Nashville-based Combustion Music, a publishing and music production company which was founded in 2001.
Pimmalione
Pimmalione (Pygmalion) is an opera in one act by Luigi Cherubini, first performed at the Théâtre des Tuileries, Paris, on 30 November 1809. The libretto is an adaptation by Stefano Vestris of Antonio Simeone Sografi's Italian translation of the text Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote for his scène lyrique Pygmalion (1770). It is based on the Classical legend of the sculptor Pygmalion.

Cherubini, beset by severe depression, financial difficulties, and the hostility of Napoleon, was persuaded to write the one-act opera by two of the Emperor's favourite singers, the famous castrato Girolamo Crescentini and the contralto Giuseppina Grassini (who had been Napoleon's lover), who believed that this might be a way for the composer to regain Napoleon's regard. It was first given in a private performance at the emperor's palace, Les Tuileries. Napoleon was delighted with the work and offered Cherubini a large reward and a commission for another piece.

Théâtre des Tuileries
48°51′47″N 2°19′55″E﻿ / ﻿48.863086°N 2.331982°E﻿ / 48.863086; 2.331982

The Théâtre des Tuileries (French pronunciation: [teɑtʁ de tɥilʁi]) was a theatre in the former Tuileries Palace in Paris. It was also known as the Salle des Machines, because of its elaborate stage machinery, designed by the Italian theatre architects Gaspare Vigarani and his two sons, Carlo and Lodovico. Constructed in 1659–1661, it was originally intended for spectacular productions mounted by the court of the young Louis XIV, but in 1763 the theatre was greatly reduced in size and used in turn by the Paris Opera (up to 1770), the Comédie-Française (from 1770 to 1782), and the Théâtre de Monsieur (from January to December 1789). In 1808 Napoleon had a new theatre/ballroom built to the designs of the architects Percier and Fontaine. The Tuileries Palace and the theatre were destroyed by fire on 24 May 1871, during the Paris Commune.
Barbanza e Iria
Barbanza e Iria is a Spanish geographical indication for Vino de la Tierra wines located in the autonomous region of Galicia. Vino de la Tierra is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen indication on the Spanish wine quality ladder.

The area covered by this geographical indication comprises the municipalities of Catoira, Valga, Pontecesures, Padrón, Dodro, Rianxo, Boiro, A Pobra do Caramiñal, Ribeira and some parts of Porto do Son and Lousame, located in the provinces of A Coruña and Pontevedra, in Galicia, Spain.

It acquired its Vino de la Tierra status in 2007.

Lousame
Lousame is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It belongs to the comarca of Noia. It has a population of 3,657 inhabitants (INE, 2011).
Toyota Corolla (E170)
The E170/E180 series Toyota Corolla is the eleventh generation of the Corolla and was sold internationally from 2013 to 2024. Two basic front and rear styling treatments are fitted to the E170—a North American version that debuted first—and a more conservative design for all other markets that debuted later in 2013. For the Japanese and Hong Kong markets, the smaller Japanese-made E160 model is offered instead; the Japanese-made version remains compliant with Japanese government dimension regulations. The E170/E180 has an increased wheelbase that is 100 mm (3.9 in) longer than the previous generation. The E170/E180 was derived from the Toyota New MC platform, unlike the E160, which was based on the B platform.

Toyota B platform
The Toyota B platform is a front-wheel drive automobile platform (also adaptable to four-wheel drive) that has underpinned various Toyota models from the subcompact and compact categories. The B platform improves on and replaces the NBC platform and sits below the MC platforms. Automobiles based on the B chassis started production in the beginning of 2005 with the XP90 series Vitz/Yaris hatchback.

The B platform was replaced by TNGA-B platform.
Thala Dan
MS Thala Dan, built in Aalborg in 1957, was an ice-strengthened refrigerated cargo-passenger ship. Operated by Danish J. Lauritzen A/S from 1957 to 1982, she was jointly chartered by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions and the French Polar Expeditions to re-supply their respective Antarctic stations. Afterwards acquired by the Brazilian Navy and renamed Barão de Teffé, she was engaged in the emergent Brazilian Antarctic Programme from 1982 to 1994.

Davis Station
Davis Station, commonly called Davis, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Davis is situated on the coast of Cooperation Sea in Princess Elizabeth Land, Ingrid Christensen Coast in the Australian Antarctic Territory, a territory claimed by Australia. Davis lies in an Antarctic oasis, a mostly ice-free area known as the Vestfold Hills.

Davis was named in honour of Captain John King Davis.

Davis was listed on the Register of the National Estate on 26 October 1999 and has been included on the Commonwealth Heritage List as an indicative place, due to the condition of buildings and structures that varies from no longer exists/demolished due to poor condition, through to very good condition.
Doomsday conjecture
In algebraic topology, the doomsday conjecture was a conjecture about Ext groups over the Steenrod algebra made by Joel Cohen, named by Michael Barratt, published by Milgram (1971, conjecture 73) and disproved by Mahowald (1977). Minami (1995) stated a modified version called the new doomsday conjecture.

The original doomsday conjecture was that for any prime p and positive integer s there are only a finite number of permanent cycles in

Mahowald (1977) found an infinite number of permanent cycles for p = s = 2, disproving the conjecture.  Minami's new doomsday conjecture is a weaker form stating (in the case p = 2) that there are no nontrivial permanent cycles in the image of (Sq0)n for n sufficiently large depending on s.

Ext functor
In mathematics, the Ext functors are the derived functors of the Hom functor. Along with the Tor functor, Ext is one of the core concepts of homological algebra, in which ideas from algebraic topology are used to define invariants of algebraic structures. The cohomology of groups, Lie algebras, and associative algebras can all be defined in terms of Ext. The name comes from the fact that the first Ext group Ext1 classifies extensions of one module by another.

In the special case of abelian groups, Ext was introduced by Reinhold Baer in 1934. It was named by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders MacLane in 1942, and applied to topology (the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology). For modules over any ring, Ext was defined by Henri Cartan and Eilenberg in 1956.
Reggie Pleasant
Reginald Lecarno Pleasant (born May 2, 1962) is an American former professional football defensive back. Playing collegiately for Clemson University, where he won a National Championship in 1981. He then played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for eleven seasons with the Toronto Argonauts and Edmonton Eskimos. He won a Grey Cup with the Argonauts in 1991. He started his career with the Atlanta Falcons, who selected him in the sixth round of the 1985 NFL draft, of the National Football League (NFL) in 1985. He still holds the Toronto Argonauts record for the most career interceptions and most interception return yards.

1985 NFL draft
The 1985 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. The draft was held April 30 and May 1, 1985, at the Omni Park Central Hotel in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.

The first six selections of the draft made at least one Pro Bowl, and three of the first 16 picks—Bruce Smith, Chris Doleman, and Jerry Rice—have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

For the second consecutive draft, there were no quarterbacks chosen in the first round (Day One). The Buffalo Bills used the first overall pick of the draft to select defensive end Bruce Smith. Randall Cunningham was the first quarterback selected (second round) by the Philadelphia Eagles. Of note, University of Miami quarterback Bernie Kosar was taken by the Cleveland Browns in the supplemental draft several months later.
Traces of Red
Traces of Red is a 1992 neo noir erotic thriller film, directed by Andy Wolk, and starring James Belushi, Lorraine Bracco, and Tony Goldwyn. It was released theatrically by The Samuel Goldwyn Company on November 13, 1992.  After the limited theatrical release in the United States, the film became a surprise hit in the United States Home Video market; the film made 224.8% more revenue on home video than it did in theaters.

Lorraine Bracco used a body double for the nude scene. Her performance in the film earned her a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress.

Neo-noir
Neo-noir is a film genre from the 1970s, in the era of New Hollywood, which is primarily associated with the subversion and visual style of classic film noir tropes, adapting the themes of 1940s and 1950s American film noir for contemporary audiences, often with vibrant colors and high-contrast, more graphic depictions of violence or sexuality, thematic motifs, and nonlinear narrative or editing.

During the 1970s and the mid 1980s, the term "neo-noir" surged in popularity, fueled by movies such as Roman Polanski’s Chinatown (1974), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981), Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), Paul Verhoeven's The Fourth Man (1983 film) and David Lynch’s Blue Velvet (1986). The French term film noir translates literally to English as "black film", indicating sinister stories often presented in a shadowy cinematographic style. Neo-noir has a similar style but with updated themes, content, style, and visual elements.
Steven Zucker
Steven Mark Zucker (12 September 1949 – 13 September 2019) was an American mathematician who introduced the Zucker conjecture, proved in different ways by Eduard Looijenga (1988) and by Leslie Saper and Mark Stern (1990).

Zucker completed his Ph.D. in 1974 at Princeton University under the supervision of Spencer Bloch. His work with David A. Cox led to the creation of the Cox–Zucker machine, an algorithm for determining if a given set of sections provides a basis (up to torsion) for the Mordell–Weil group of an elliptic surface , where  is isomorphic to the projective line.

He was part of the mathematics faculty at the Johns Hopkins University. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Mordell–Weil theorem
In mathematics, the Mordell–Weil theorem states that for an abelian variety  over a number field , the group  of K-rational points of  is a finitely-generated abelian group, called the Mordell–Weil group. The case with  an elliptic curve  and  the field of rational numbers is Mordell's theorem, answering a question apparently posed by Henri Poincaré around 1901; it was proven by Louis Mordell in 1922. It is a foundational theorem of Diophantine geometry and the arithmetic of abelian varieties.
Werder (woreda)
Werder is one of the woredas in the Somali Region of Ethiopia, named after its administrative center, Werder. Part of the Werder Zone, Werder is bordered on the southwest by the Korahe Zone, on the north by Danot, and on the east by Geladin.

Districts of Ethiopia
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.

These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
At the End of the Day: The Sue Rodriguez Story
At the End of the Day: The Sue Rodriguez Story is a 1998 Canadian television film about the life of Canadian right to die advocate Sue Rodriguez.

The film was written by Linda Svendsen based on the book by Lisa Hobbs Birnie and directed by Sheldon Larry.

Right to die
The right to die is a concept rooted in the belief that individuals have the autonomy to make fundamental decisions about their own lives, including the choice to commit suicide or undergo voluntary euthanasia, central to the broader notion of health freedom. This right is often associated with cases involving terminal illnesses or incurable pain, where assisted suicide provides an option for individuals to exercise control over their suffering and dignity.

The debate surrounding the right to die frequently centers on the question of whether this decision should rest solely with the individual or involve external authorities, highlighting broader tensions between personal freedom and societal or legal restrictions.

Religious views on the matter vary significantly, with some traditions such as Hinduism (Prayopavesa) and Jainism (Santhara) permitting non-violent forms of voluntary death, while others, including Catholicism, Islam and Judaism, consider suicide a moral transgression.
Villangadu
Villangadu is a village in Cheyyur taluk, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located 110 km from the state capital of Chennai. The main local language is Tamil. The closest railway station is at Melmaruvathur, 17 km distant.

Chengalpattu district
Chengalpattu district is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu, in India. The district headquarters is located at Chengalpattu. Chengalpattu district came into existence on 29 November 2019 when it was carved out of Kanchipuram district after the announcement about the bifurcation of districts on 18 July 2019.
1st Golden Raspberry Awards
The 1st Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 31, 1981, at founder John J. B. Wilson's living room alcove to recognize the worst the film industry had to offer in 1980. For it was a double feature of Can't Stop the Music, winner of Worst Picture, and Xanadu that inspired Wilson to start the Razzies. Each category included as many as ten nominees; the maximum was lowered to five the following year to mirror the Oscars. "There was a fake stage in John's apartment," remembers Maureen Murphy, who was a presenter.

Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture
The Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture is a prize at the annual Razzies to the worst film of the past year. Over the 45 ceremonies that have taken place, 232 films have been nominated for Worst Picture, with three ties resulting in 48 winners.
Amelie Solja
Amelie Solja (born 29 September 1990) is an Austrian table tennis player, born in Kandel, Germany. She competed in women's team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.  Her sister Petrissa Solja was a silver medalist at the 2016 Olympic Games for Germany.

Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's team
The women's team table tennis event was part of the table tennis programme at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The event took place from Friday 3 August to Tuesday 7 August 2012 at ExCeL London. The tournament was a single elimination tournament with a third place playoff played between the two losing semi-finalists.
Cadi Ayyad University
Cadi Ayyad University (Arabic: جامعة القاضي عياض, romanized: jāmiʿat al-qāḍī ʿayyāḍ, French: Université Cadi Ayyad), also known as the University of Marrakesh, is one of the largest universities in Morocco. One of its associated colleges, the École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech (ENSA Marrakech), was created in 2000 by the Ministry of Higher Education and specializes in engineering and scientific research. Cadi Ayyad University was established in 1978 and operates 13 institutions in the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco in four main cities, including Kalaat Sraghna, Essaouira and Safi in addition to Marrakesh.

Safi, Morocco
Safi (Arabic: آسفي, romanized: ʾāsafī) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of Safi Province. It recorded a population of 346,000 as of 2024. The city was occupied by the Portuguese Empire from 1488 to 1541, was the center of Morocco's weaving industry, and became a fortaleza of the Portuguese Crown in 1508. Safi is the main fishing port for the country's sardine industry, and also exports phosphates, textiles and ceramics. During the Second World War, Safi was the site of Operation Blackstone, one of the landing sites for Operation Torch.
Susan Dunn
Susan Dunn (born July 23, 1954) is a Grammy Award-winning American spinto soprano who has performed in many of the world's finest opera houses, concert halls, and theaters in operas, oratorios, and concert performances. Dunn is particularly admired for her portrayals of Verdi heroines. She currently lives in Durham, North Carolina where she works as a professor of vocal music at Duke University.

Robert Shaw (conductor)
Robert Lawson Shaw (30 April 1916 – 25 January 1999) was an American conductor most famous for his work with his namesake Chorale, with the Cleveland Orchestra and Chorus, and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. He was known for drawing public attention to choral music through his wide-ranging influence and mentoring of younger conductors, the high standard of his recordings, his support for racial integration in his choruses, and his support for modern music, winning many awards throughout his career.
1869 Dumfriesshire by-election
The 1869 Dumfriesshire by-election was fought on 31 March 1869.  The by-election was fought due to the disqualification of the incumbent MP of the Liberal Party, Sydney Waterlow, as he was deemed to be a government contractor.  It was won by the Conservative candidate George Gustavus Walker.

Sir Sydney Waterlow, 1st Baronet
Sir Sydney Hedley Waterlow, 1st Baronet, KCVO (1 November 1822 – 3 August 1906) was a British philanthropist and Liberal Party politician, principally remembered for donating Waterlow Park to the public as "a garden for the gardenless".
Billy Watkins (musician)
Robert Bartha L. "Billy" Watkins (July 25, 1927 – January 24, 2010) was a gospel and song singer who later became a Christian minister. He was also founder of the gospel singing group, The Zion Travelers. He recorded for the Arwin, Challenge, Chess, Era, Imperial, Kent and Victor labels.

Kent Records
Kent Records was a Los Angeles–based record label, launched in 1958 by the Bihari brothers. It was a subsidiary of Crown Records Corporation. Kent was a follow-up to Modern Records, which ceased operations in 1958. The label reissued Modern's singles, including recordings by B.B. King. By 1964, Kent had signed acts such as Ike & Tina Turner and released new material. Other acts signed to the label included Z.Z. Hill, Johnny Otis, and Lowell Fulson. Modern Records was revived in 1964 with successful singles from the Ikettes.

Initially, Kent issued only singles, but issued albums from 1964 until the early 1970s. Kent was later bought by Ace Records, England, which uses the label name to release Motown and Northern Soul music.