hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sachs subgraph
In graph theory, a Sachs subgraph of a given graph is a subgraph in which all connected components are either single edges or cycles. These subgraphs are named after Horst Sachs, who used them in an expansion of the characteristic polynomial of the adjacency matrix of graphs. A similar expansion using Sachs subgraphs is also possible for permanental polynomials of graphs. Sachs subgraphs and the polynomials calculated with their aid have been applied in chemical graph theory, for instance as part of a test for the existence of non-bonding orbitals in hydrocarbon structures.

A spanning Sachs subgraph, also called a {1,2}-factor, is a Sachs subgraph in which every vertex of the given graph is incident to an edge of the subgraph. The union of two perfect matchings is always a bipartite spanning Sachs subgraph, but in general Sachs subgraphs are not restricted to being bipartite. Some authors use the term "Sachs subgraph" to mean only spanning Sachs subgraphs.

Adjacency matrix
In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph. The elements of the matrix indicate whether pairs of vertices are adjacent or not within the graph.

In the special case of a finite simple graph, the adjacency matrix is a (0,1)-matrix with zeros on its diagonal. If the graph is undirected (i.e. all of its edges are bidirectional), the adjacency matrix is symmetric. 
The relationship between a graph and the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of its adjacency matrix is studied in spectral graph theory.

The adjacency matrix of a graph should be distinguished from its incidence matrix, a different matrix representation whose elements indicate whether vertex–edge pairs are incident or not, and its degree matrix, which contains information about the degree of each vertex.
Sanwin makin
Sanwin makin (Burmese: ဆနွင်းမကင်း; pronounced [sʰənwɪ́ɴməkɪ́ɴ], also spelt sa-nwin-ma-kin) is a traditional Burmese dessert or mont, popularly served during traditional donation feasts, satuditha feasts, and as a street snack. The dessert bears resemblance to desserts in neighboring India, where it is called sooji halwa, and Thailand, where it is called khanom mo kaeng.

The most popular form of the dessert, known as shwegyi sanwin makin (ရွှေချီဆနွင်းမကင်း) or shwegyi mont (ရွှေချီဆနွင်းမုန့်), principally uses semolina, condensed milk, butter, coconut milk, poppy seeds. Some recipes call for eggs, cashew nuts, and raisins. In recent years, semolina has been substituted with other starches to create variations such as potato sanwin makin (အာလူးဆနွင်းမကင်း) and banana sanwin makin (ငှက်ပျောဆနွင်းမကင်း).

Condensed milk
Condensed milk is cow's milk from which water has been removed (roughly 60% of it). It is most often found with sugar added, in the form of sweetened condensed milk, to the extent that the terms "condensed milk" and "sweetened condensed milk" are often used interchangeably today. Sweetened condensed milk is a very thick, sweet product, which when canned can last for years without refrigeration if not opened. The product is used in numerous dessert dishes in many countries.

A related product is evaporated milk, which has undergone a lengthier preservation process because it is not sweetened.
Val di Noto
Val di Noto (lit. 'Province of Noto') is a historical and geographical area encompassing the south-eastern third of Sicily; it is dominated by the limestone Hyblaean plateau. Historically, it was one of the three valli of Sicily.

Provinces of Italy
The provinces of Italy (Italian: province d'Italia) are the second-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, on an intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and a region (regione). Since 2015, provinces have been classified as "institutional bodies of second level".

There are currently 110 institutional bodies of second level in Italy, including 82 ordinary provinces, 2 autonomous provinces, 4 regional decentralization entities, 6 free municipal consortia, and 15 metropolitan cities, as well as the Aosta Valley region (which also exercises the powers of a province).

Italian provinces (with the exception of the current Sardinian provinces) correspond to the NUTS 3 regions.
Margarine Reference
Reference Re Validity of Section 5(a) of the Dairy Industry Act (1949),  also known as the Margarine Reference or as Canadian Federation of Agriculture v Quebec (AG), is a leading ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada, upheld on appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, on determining if a law is within the authority of the Parliament of Canada's powers relating to criminal law.  In this particular case, the Court found that a regulation made by Parliament was ultra vires. Though the regulation contained sufficient punitive sanctions, the subject matter contained within it was not the kind that served a public purpose.

The case was decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada, as the cause for appeal arose before the abolition of such appeals in 1949. The decision by Rand J was upheld in 1951, and the case has been cited in federalism disputes many times since.

Ivan Rand
Ivan Cleveland Rand CC (April 27, 1884 – January 2, 1969) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, academic, and justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. He has been described as "probably the greatest judge in Canada's history".
Nicholas McKay (actor)
Nicholas "Nick" McKay (born 25 September 1968) is an Australian actor who has appeared in a recurring role on the television series Farscape.  In addition, he voiced Nev, a bull elephant seal in the acclaimed 2006 animated film, Happy Feet.  He is the voice actor for The X Factor (Australia) and he was the original narrator of MasterChef Australia from 2009 until 2012.

He was educated at The King's School, Parramatta.

He was the voice-over for Network 10 multi-channel One HD, between 2009 & 2012. Then 2012 - 2025 “Nick” was the Voice of the Seven News division of the Seven Network and associated promos.

He is currently the Promo voice-over for the South Pacific and Australasian region for ESPN.

Seven News
Seven News (stylised 7NEWS) is the television news service of the Seven Network and, as of 2021, the highest-rated show in Australia.

National bulletins are presented from Seven's high definition studios in South Eveleigh, Sydney, while its flagship 6 pm statewide bulletins are produced in studios based in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Tasmania. The network also produces weeknight local news bulletins for regional markets in Queensland, New South Wales (including the ACT), Victoria and Western Australia.

It draws upon the resources of ITN, NBC, CBC, CNN, APTN and Reuters for select international coverage.
Nakagawa, Tochigi
Nakagawa (那珂川町, Nakagawa-machi) is a town located in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 August 2020,  the town had an estimated population of 15,824 in 6,028 households, and a population density of 82 persons per km2. Its total area of the town is 192.79 square kilometres (74.44 sq mi). On October 4, 2013, a portion of the town was designated one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan
The Association of the Most Beautiful Villages in Japan (「日本で最も美しい村」連合, Nihon de mottomo utsukushii mura rengō) is a Japanese nonprofit organization of listing some of the most beautiful villages and towns in Japan. The association is active on enhancement and protection of Japanese rural heritage, cultural fairs, and branding and promotion of regional, national, and international cooperation of its member villages and towns. It is affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World. Despite the title which may suggest that it is a systematic ranking, affiliation is not mandatory and many villages which could claim to meet the admission criteria are not candidates.
Irène Pétry
Irène Pétry (19 June 1922 – 17 April 2007) was a Belgian socialist politician.
She was the first female president of the Constitutional Court (formerly known as the Court of Arbitration).
She took part in founding a movement called the "Femmes Prévoyantes Socialistes". 
She was one of the first women to pursue a political career that took her to the highest levels. 
The main idea for which she fought her whole life was the equality and emancipation of man and woman.

Waremme
Waremme (French: [waʁɛm] ⓘ; Walloon: Wareme; Dutch: Borgworm [ˈbɔr(ə)xˌʋɔr(ə)m] ⓘ) is a municipality and city of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, in Belgium.

The city is located on the River Geer (Dutch: Jeker), in the loessic Haspengouw region.  The economy is based on the cultivation of cereals and sugar beet, and on the food industry.

The municipality includes the following districts: Bettincourt, Bleret, Bovenistier, Grand-Axhe, Lantremange, Oleye, and Waremme.
Ștefănescu
Ștefănescu is a common family name in Romania. Persons named Ștefănescu include:

Andrei Ștefănescu, musician

Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, writer

Cornelia Ștefănescu, literary critic and historian

Costică Ștefănescu, footballer

Eugeniu Ștefănescu-Est, writer

Eusebiu Ștefănescu, actor

Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă, psychologist

George Ștefănescu, painter

Grigoriu Ștefănescu, geologist

Melchisedec Ștefănescu, bishop and historian

Sabba S. Ștefănescu, geophysicist

Ștefan Ștefănescu, historian

Ștefan Ștefănescu
Ștefan Ștefănescu (24 May 1929 – 29 December 2018) was a Romanian historian, titular member (since 1992) of the Romanian Academy. He was born in Goicea, Dolj County on 24 May 1929, and died in Bucharest on 29 December 2018, at the age of 89.
Beyond the Last Frontier
Beyond the Last Frontier is a 1943 American Western film about an undercover Texas Ranger, John Paul Revere, within Big Bill Hadley's gang of crooks. Howard Bretherton directed the film and John K. Butler and Morton Grant wrote the screenplay. The film stars Eddie Dew as Johnny Revere, Harry Woods as Big Bill Hadley, Robert Mitchum as Trigger Dolan, Lorraine Miller as Susan Cook, and Smiley Burnette as Frog Millhouse.

It was the first in the 'John Paul Revere' series of films, followed by Pride of the Plains and Beneath Western Skies.

Smiley Burnette
Lester Alvin Burnett (March 18, 1911 – February 16, 1967), better known as Smiley Burnette, was an American country music performer and a comedic actor in Western films and on radio and TV, playing sidekick to Gene Autry, Roy Rogers, and other B-movie cowboys. He was also a prolific singer-songwriter who is reported to have played proficiently over 100 musical instruments, sometimes more than one simultaneously. His career, beginning in 1934, spanned four decades, including a regular role on CBS-TV's Petticoat Junction in the 1960s.
Third World Books and Crafts
Third World Books and Crafts was an independent bookstore last located at 943 Bathurst Street, Toronto. Book columnist Philip Marchand, from the Toronto Star, regarded it as the "nerve center for [B]lack intellectuals in Toronto." Carrying an assortment of literature written by people of African descent, such as C. L. R. James's The Black Jacobins or Walter Rodney's How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, the store was an entry point to a "world of history and ideas" that included the Black community.

Bathurst Street (Toronto)
Bathurst Street is a main north–south arterial road in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It begins at an intersection of the Queens Quay roadway, just north of the Lake Ontario shoreline. It continues north through Toronto to the Toronto boundary at Steeles Avenue. It is a four-lane thoroughfare throughout Toronto. The street continues north into York Region where it is also designated York Regional Road 38, and ends in the Holland Marsh.
Peter W. Chiarelli
Peter William Chiarelli (born 23 March 1950) is a retired United States Army general who served as the 32nd Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army from August 2008, to January 2012. He also served as commander, Multi-National Corps – Iraq under General George W. Casey, Jr. He was the Senior Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense from March 2007 to August 2008. He retired from the United States Army on 31 January 2012, after nearly 40 years of service, and was succeeded as Vice Chief of Staff by General Lloyd J. Austin III.

Seattle University
Seattle University (Seattle U or SU) is a private Jesuit university in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the largest independent university in the Northwestern United States, with over 7,500 students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs within seven schools.
Taedongmoon Cinema
Taedongmoon Cinema (Korean: 대동문영화관) is a movie theater located in Sungri Street, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang, North Korea. The cinema is located near the Taedong River.

Taedongmoon Cinema was built in 1955. Its facade is lined with Greek-style columns inspired by classical architecture. Originally it had only a single screen, but since renovations to the interior in 2008, there have been two. It is considered the most important cinema of Pyongyang and serves as the flagship cinema for domestic film screenings. Occasionally, when foreign films are screened, the screening is for an invited audience only with no access by the general public. It is also used for screenings of the Pyongyang International Film Festival.

Pyongyang International Film Festival
The Pyongyang International Film Festival (Korean: 평양 국제 영화 축전) is a biennial cultural exhibition held in Pyongyang, North Korea. Until 2002, the film festival was reserved to "non-aligned and other developing countries".
QuickTime for Java
QuickTime for Java or QTJ is a software library that allows software written in the Java programming language to provide multimedia functionality, by making calls into the native QuickTime library.  In practice, it allows Java applications on Mac OS, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows to support the capture, editing, playback, and export of many different media formats and codecs.

QTJ has been deprecated by Apple.

Codec
A codec is a computer hardware or software component that encodes or decodes a data stream or signal. Codec is a portmanteau of coder/decoder.

In electronic communications, an endec is a device that acts as both an encoder and a decoder on a signal or data stream, and hence is a type of codec. Endec is a portmanteau of encoder/decoder.

A coder or encoder encodes a data stream or a signal for transmission or storage, possibly in encrypted form, and the decoder function reverses the encoding for playback or editing. Codecs are used in videoconferencing, streaming media, and video editing applications.
Daichi Suzuki
Daichi Suzuki (鈴木 大地, Suzuki Daichi) (born March 10, 1967, in Narashino, Chiba) is a Japanese politician and retired backstroke swimmer. He won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Japan's First Chief Commissioner of Sports Agency (2015 - 2020). Chair of Japan Swimming Federation (2013 - 2015, 2021 - ). Vice President of Asia Aquatics (2016 - ). Bureau Member of World Aquatics (2017 - ). Professor and Associate Dean, Faculty of Health and Sports Science at Juntendo University.

Backstroke
Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back. This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing, but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see where they are going. It also has a different start from the other three competition swimming styles. The swimming style is similar to an upside down front crawl or freestyle. Both backstroke and front crawl are long-axis strokes. In individual medley backstroke is the second style swum; in the medley relay it is the first style swum.
Texas Pioneer Woman Monument
The Texas Pioneer Woman Monument is an outdoor memorial commemorating the pioneer women of Texas, installed on the Texas State Capitol grounds in Austin, Texas, United States. The monument was sculpted by Linda Sioux Henley and erected by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, District VIII, in 1998. It features a bronze statue of a pioneer mother and her baby on a Texas Sunset Red Granite pedestal.

Daughters of the Republic of Texas
The Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT) is a lineal association dedicated to perpetuating the memory of the founding families and soldiers of the Republic of Texas.  The Daughters of the Republic of Texas is best known for its former role as caretakers of The Alamo.  In early 2015, Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush officially removed control of the Alamo to the Texas General Land Office.
The DRT were also the custodians of the historic French Legation Museum until 2017, which is owned by the State of Texas and is now operated by the Texas Historical Commission. In addition, they operate a museum in Austin on the history of Texas.

Membership is limited to descendants of ancestors who "rendered loyal service for Texas" prior to February 19, 1846, the date the Republic ceased to exist and Texas handed over authority to the United States.
Milecastle 50TW
Milecastle 50TW (High House) was a milecastle on the Turf Wall section of Hadrian's Wall (grid reference NY60716583).  The milecastle is located close to the Birdoswald Roman Fort and is unique in that it was not replaced by a stone milecastle when the turf wall was upgraded to stone, the replacement wall instead running some 200m to the north.  The milecastle was partially demolished by the Romans after it was abandoned.  The milecastle was excavated in 1934 and several Roman rubbish pits discovered.  The remains of the two turrets associated with this milecastle (which were demolished when the turf wall was abandoned) have also been located.  As the turf wall lies some distance from the stone wall, the sites are not accessible from the Hadrian's Wall Path.

Hadrian's Wall Path
Hadrian's Wall Path is a long-distance footpath in the north of England, which became the 15th National Trail in 2003. It runs for 84 miles (135 km), from Wallsend on the east coast of England to Bowness-on-Solway on the west coast. For most of its length it is close to the remains of Hadrian's Wall, the defensive wall built by the Romans on the northern border of their empire. This is now recognised as part of the "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" World Heritage Site.
Strathclyde Partnership for Transport
Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) is a regional transport partnership for the Strathclyde area of western Scotland. It is responsible for planning and coordinating regional transport, especially the public transport system in the area, including responsibility for operating the Glasgow Subway, the third-oldest in the world.

Glasgow City Council
Glasgow City Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Baile Ghlaschu) is the local authority for the Glasgow City council area, the most populous of the 32 council areas of Scotland. In its modern form it was created in 1996. Glasgow was formerly governed by a corporation, also known as the town council, from the granting of its first burgh charter in the 1170s until 1975. From 1975 until 1996 the city was governed by City of Glasgow District Council, a lower-tier authority within the Strathclyde region.

Glasgow City Council has been under no overall control since 2017, being led by a Scottish National Party minority administration. The council has its headquarters at Glasgow City Chambers in George Square, completed in 1889.
Beit Nehemia
Beit Nehemia (Hebrew: בֵּית נְחֶמְיָה, lit. 'House of Nehemiah') is a moshav in central Israel. Located near Shoham, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Modi'in Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 897.

Shoham
Shoham (Hebrew: שוהם, lit. 'Onyx') is a town in the Central District of Israel. The name relates to one of the 12 stones on the Hoshen, the sacred breastplate worn by a Jewish high priest (Exodus 28:20), similar to other nearby towns: Nofekh, Bareket, Leshem and Ahlama (the former name of Beit Arif). As of 2023, Shoham had a population of 23,447. Its jurisdiction is 5,889 dunams (~5.9 km2).
Endless Harmony Soundtrack
Endless Harmony Soundtrack is an anthology album of previously unheard material by The Beach Boys, originally released by Capitol Records in August 1998.  Named for Bruce Johnston's song on the 1980 album Keepin' the Summer Alive, it was designed as a tie-in with the band's biographical documentary of the same name.  The soundtrack was re-issued in March 2000 with some remixing and different artwork (European pressings retained the original mixes), while the original 1998 edition (with the orange/yellow cover) went out of print shortly thereafter.

Keepin' the Summer Alive
Keepin' the Summer Alive is the 24th studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released March 24, 1980, on Brother, Caribou and CBS Records. Produced by Bruce Johnston, the album peaked at number 75 in the US, during a chart stay of 6 weeks, and number 54 in the UK. It is the group's last album to feature Dennis Wilson, who drowned in 1983, although he only appears on one song recorded in 1969.

The album included new material alongside several older songs that had not been released up until that point. Two of the new songs were written by Carl Wilson and Randy Bachman, the title track and "Livin' with a Heartache". The latter was released as a single alongside "Goin' On", written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love. Brian wrote or co-wrote five of the other seven tracks.
Meike Akveld
Meike Maria Elisabeth Akveld is a Swiss mathematician and textbook author, whose professional interests include knot theory, symplectic geometry, and mathematics education. She is a tenured senior scientist and lecturer in the mathematics and teacher education group in the Department of Mathematics at ETH Zurich. She is also the organizer of the Mathematical Kangaroo competitions in Switzerland, and president of the Association Kangourou sans Frontières, a French-based international society devoted to the popularization of mathematics.

Mathematics education
In contemporary education, mathematics education (known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics) is the practice of teaching, learning, and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge.

Although research into mathematics education is primarily concerned with the tools, methods, and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice, it also covers an extensive field of study encompassing a variety of different concepts, theories and methods. National and international organisations regularly hold conferences and publish literature in order to improve mathematics education.
Trnovska Vas
Trnovska Vas (pronounced [ˈtəɾnɔu̯ska ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Trnovska vas) is a settlement in the Municipality of Trnovska Vas in northeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The settlement lies on the regional road from Ptuj to Lenart v Slovenskih Goricah in the Pesnica Valley.

The local parish church is dedicated to Saint Wolfgang and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor. It dates to the 18th century.

Ptuj
Ptuj (Slovene: [ˈptùːj] ⓘ; German: Pettau, pronounced [ˈpɛtaʊ̯] ⓘ; Latin: Poetovium/Poetovio) is the eighth-largest town of Slovenia, located in the traditional region of Styria (northeastern Slovenia). It is the seat of the Municipality of Ptuj. Being the oldest recorded city in Slovenia, it has been inhabited since the late Stone Age and developed from a Roman military fort, located at a strategically important crossing of the Drava River along a prehistoric trade route between the Baltic Sea and the Adriatic.