hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Artin conjecture
In mathematics, there are several conjectures made by Emil Artin:

Artin conjecture (L-functions)

Artin's conjecture on primitive roots

The (now proved) conjecture that finite fields are quasi-algebraically closed; see Chevalley–Warning theorem

The (now disproved) conjecture that any algebraic form over the p-adics of degree d in more than d2 variables represents zero: that is, that all p-adic fields are C2; see Ax–Kochen theorem or Brauer's theorem on forms

Artin had also conjectured Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves

Quasi-algebraically closed field
In mathematics, a field F is called quasi-algebraically closed (or C1) if every non-constant homogeneous polynomial P over F has a non-trivial zero provided the number of its variables is more than its degree.  The idea of quasi-algebraically closed fields was investigated by C. C. Tsen, a student of Emmy Noether, in a 1936 paper (Tsen 1936); and later by Serge Lang in his 1951 Princeton University dissertation and in his 1952 paper (Lang 1952). The idea itself is attributed to Lang's advisor Emil Artin.

Formally, if P is a non-constant homogeneous polynomial in variables

X1, ..., XN,

and of degree d satisfying

d < N

then it has a non-trivial zero over F; that is, for some xi in F, not all 0, we have

P(x1, ..., xN) = 0.

In geometric language, the hypersurface defined by P, in projective space of degree N − 2,  then has a point over F.
Bird Town
Bird Town (foaled April 11, 2000) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. After showing some promise when winning one of her four starts as a two-year-old in 2002, she emerged as one of the best North American fillies of her generation in the following summer with wins in the Kentucky Oaks and the Acorn Stakes. She also finished second in the Test Stakes and the Beldame Stakes before being retired at the end of the season with a record of four wins in twelve races.

Gelding
A gelding (/ˈɡɛldɪŋ/) is a castrated male horse or other equine, such as a pony, donkey or a mule. The term is also used with certain other animals and livestock, such as domesticated camels. The equivalent terms for castrated male cattle are steer or bullock, and wether for sheep and goats.

Castration renders the male animal calmer, better-behaved, less sexually aggressive, and more responsive to training efforts. This makes the animal generally more suitable as an everyday working animal, or as a pet in the case of companion animals. The gerund and participle "gelding" and the infinitive "to geld" refer to the castration procedure itself.
Capital punishment in Kyrgyzstan
Capital punishment in Kyrgyzstan has been abolished.

On 5 December 1998, President Askar Akayev established a two-year moratorium on executions, which was subsequently renewed annually.

On 27 June 2007, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev signed legislation amending Kyrgyzstan's Criminal Code and abolishing the death penalty.

On 1 October 2025, President Sadyr Japarov ordered the head of the legal support department to draft a legislation to reintroduce the death penalty for people convicted of violent crimes against women and children. The initiative came as a result of the murder of a 17-year-old in late September 2025 by a previously convicted offender. This proposal caused condemnation from UN Human Rights Chief Volker Türk, who urged the Kyrgyz government to immediately halt the advancement of the bill in parliament.

The Kyrgyzstan constitution was amended to state that: "No one in the Kyrgyz Republic can be deprived of life."

Askar Akayev
Askar Akayevich Akayev (Kyrgyz: Аскар Акай уулу Акаев, IPA: [ɑsˈqɑr ɑˌχɑj‿uːˈɫʊ ɑˈχajɪf]; born 10 November 1944) is a Kyrgyz former politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until being overthrown in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution.
Kaqusha Jashari
Kaqusha Jashari (née Fejzullahu; 16 August 1946 – 6 May 2025) was a Kosovan politician and engineer. She was a member of the Assembly of Kosovo on the Democratic Party of Kosovo list from 2007 onwards.

From 1986 until November 1988, she and Azem Vllasi were the two leading Kosovo politicians. In November 1988, they were both dismissed in the "anti-bureaucratic revolution" because of their unwillingness to accept the constitutional amendments curbing Kosovo's autonomy, and were replaced by proxies of Slobodan Milošević, the leader of the League of Communists of Serbia at the time.

Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo
The Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Kuvendi i Republikës së Kosovës; Serbian: Скупштина Републике Косово, Skupština Republike Kosovo), also known as the Kuvendi, is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Kosovo. It is directly elected by the people every four years. It was originally established by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in 2001 to provide 'provisional, democratic self-government'. On 17 February 2008, representatives of the people of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo's independence and subsequently adopted the Constitution of Kosovo, which came into effect on 15 June 2008.
Armiansk Municipality
Armiansk City Municipality (Russian: Армянский горсовет, Ukrainian: Армянська міськрада, romanized: Armianska miskrada, Crimean Tatar: Ermeni Bazar şeer şurası) is an administrative territorial entity of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Population: 24,415 (2014 Census).

It is one of the smallest regions of the republic, located on the Isthmus of Perekop and is the main part of the peninsula that connects to mainland Ukraine.

2014 Crimean Federal District census
The Crimean Federal District census  (Russian: Перепись населения в Крымском федеральном округе), transliterated as Perepis naseleniya v Krymskom federalnom okruge, was carried out in Crimea by Russia in 2014, following its annexation by Russia. The census found the total population to be 2,284,769 inhabitants.
Agata Strausa
Agata Strausa (born 2 December 1989) is a Latvian long-distance runner. In 2019, she competed in the senior women's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. She finished in 105th place.

2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships were hosted in the city of Aarhus in Denmark. It was the 43rd edition of the championships and was held on 30 March 2019.

A part of the course was run on the grounds and grass roof of the Moesgaard Museum. The race was held in challenging conditions, due to the very muddy course and steep hills. The senior men's race was won by Ugandan Joshua Cheptegei, while the senior women's race was won by Kenyan Hellen Obiri.
Áras Contae an Chláir
Áras Contae an Chláir (English: County Clare Building) is a municipal building in Ennis, County Clare, Ireland.

Prior to its construction, meetings of Clare County Council were held at Ennis Courthouse. The new county building, which was designed by Henry J Lyons & Partners, was completed in May 2008. It was commended in the public buildings category in the Irish Architecture Awards held by the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland in 2008. The council meeting room was upgraded in 2018 when new fixtures and fittings, including 22 chairs and a 7-metre bespoke table featuring the council coat of arms, were acquired at a cost of €51,000.

Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland
The Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland (RIAI) (Irish: Institiúid Ríoga Ailtirí na hÉireann) founded in 1839, is the "competent authority for architects and professional body for Architecture in Ireland."

The RIAI's purpose is "to uphold the highest standards in architecture and to provide impartial and authoritative advice and information in issues affecting architects, the built environment and society." The RIAI's primary roles are in the areas of: Protecting the consumer; Promoting architecture; Supporting architects and architectural technologists; and Regulating architects. The institute is governed by a 26-member council.

The RIAI acts as the registration body for architects in Ireland. The title "Architect" is protected by Section 18 of the Building Control Act 2007 and can only be used by RIAI-registered architects.
Falcicula
Falcicula is a genus of winged bush crickets, or trigs, in the family Gryllidae, containing the single species Falcicula hebardi.

Common names for Falcicula hebardi are "Hebard's trig" and "Hebard's bush cricket". It is found in North America.

Gryllidae
The family Gryllidae contains the subfamilies and genera which entomologists now term true crickets.  Having long, whip-like antennae, they belong to the Orthopteran suborder Ensifera, which has been greatly reduced in the last 100 years (e.g. Imms): taxa such as the tree crickets, spider-crickets and their allies, sword-tail crickets, wood or ground crickets and scaly crickets have been moved or elevated to family level.  The type genus is Gryllus and the first use of the family name "Gryllidae" was by Francis Walker.

They have a worldwide distribution (except Antarctica).  The most familiar field crickets (Gryllinae) are characteristically robust brown or black insects; the largest members of the family are the 5 cm (2 in)-long bull crickets (Brachytrupes) which excavate burrows a metre or more deep.
RAF Langham
Royal Air Force Langham or more simply RAF Langham is a former Royal Air Force station, located at Langham, 27 miles (43 km) northwest of Norwich, in the English county of Norfolk. It operated between 1940 and 1961. The airfield was the most northerly of the wartime RAF airfields in Norfolk and its position, just 3.3 miles (5.3 km) from the North Sea at Blakeney, made it a suitable site for RAF Coastal Command aircraft.

The airfield was built during the early months of the Second World War as a dispersal and satellite station to RAF Bircham Newton. It became operational in the summer of 1940.

Blakeney, Norfolk
Blakeney is a coastal village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. Blakeney lies within the Norfolk Coast AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) and the North Norfolk Heritage Coast. The North Norfolk Coastal Path travels along its quayside. The village is 21.1 mi (34 km) north west of Norwich, 4.6 mi (7.4 km) NNW of the larger settlement of Holt, 11.5 mi (18.5 km) west of Cromer and 112 mi (180 km) NNE of London.

The civil parish has an area of 3.8 square miles (9.9 km2) and in the 2001 census had a population of 789 in 402 households. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk.
Atherinosoma microstoma
Atherinosoma microstoma, commonly known as the small mouth hardyhead, is a species of silverside native to southeastern Australia. 
It occurs in streams, inland lakes, estuaries and the nearby coastal waters of south-eastern Australia, from Tuggerah Lakes in New South Wales to Lake George in South Australia, as well as in the Bass Strait in Tasmania and Victoria. This species frequently forms schools and they prefer to be among sea grass beds or other aquatic vegetation. This species was described as Atherina microstoma by Albert Günther of the British Museum (Natural History) in 1872 with the type locality given as Tasmania. Francis de LaPorte de Castelnau used the species he had named as Atherinosoma vorax as the type species of the genus he called Atherinosoma but this was a synonym for Günther's Atherina microstoma, which became Atherinosoma microstoma.

Lake Hawdon System Important Bird Area
The Lake Hawdon System Important Bird Area comprises an area of  374 square kilometres (144 square miles) covering a series of five coastal lakes on the Limestone Coast of South Australia. They are the most important of a string of regional lakes occupying swale corridors between modern and historical sand dunes.
Dental microwear
Dental microwear analysis is a method to infer diet and behaviour in extinct animals, especially in fossil specimens. Typically, the patterns of pits and scratches on the occlusal or buccal surface of the enamel are compared with patterns observed in extant species to infer ecological information. Hard foods in particular can lead to distinctive patterns (although see below). Microwear can also be used for inferring behavior, especially those related to the non-masticatory use of teeth as 'tools'. Other uses include investigating weaning in past populations. Methods used to collect data initially involved a microscope and manually collecting information on individual microwear features, but software to automatically collect data have improved markedly in recent years.

This method has been used on a variety of taxa, including:

Occlusion (dentistry)
Occlusion, in a dental context, means simply the contact between teeth.  More technically, it is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or at rest.

Static occlusion refers to contact between teeth when the jaw is closed and stationary, while dynamic occlusion refers to occlusal contacts made when the jaw is moving.

The masticatory system also involves the periodontium, the TMJ (and other skeletal components) and the neuromusculature, therefore the tooth contacts should not be looked at in isolation, but in relation to the overall masticatory system.
Jack Tuck
Jack Manson Tuck (13 May 1907 – 23 March 1967) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A utility back, Tuck represented Waikato and briefly Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, on their 1929 tour of Australia. On that tour, he played six matches for the All Blacks including all three internationals.

Wellington (National Provincial Championship)
Wellington (often known as the Wellington Lions) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Wellington, New Zealand. The union was originally established in 1879, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. They now play in the reformed National Provincial Championship competition. They play their home games at Sky Stadium in Wellington. The team is affiliated with the Hurricanes Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are black and gold.
Glossary of Australian and New Zealand punting
The Australian and New Zealand punting glossary explains some of the terms, jargon and slang which are commonly used and heard on Australian and New Zealand racecourses, in TABs, on radio, and in the horse racing media. Some terms are peculiar to Australia, such as references to bookmakers, but most are used in both countries.

The emphasis in this list is on gambling terms, rather than the breeding or veterinary side of horse racing.

Veterinarian
A veterinarian (vet) or veterinary surgeon is a medical professional who practices veterinary medicine. They manage a wide range of health conditions and injuries in non-human animals. Along with this, veterinarians also play a role in animal reproduction, health management, conservation, husbandry and breeding and preventive medicine like nutrition, vaccination and parasitic control as well as biosecurity and zoonotic disease surveillance and prevention.
Infront Sports & Media
Infront Sports & Media is a sports marketing and media company based in Zug, Switzerland with over 40 offices globally. The company handles the media and marketing rights for over 200 international sports events and federations and also provides sports services - such as advertising, betting rights, sponsorship, production and hospitality. It represents six out of seven Olympic winter sport federations, several summer sport organizations and manages media rights for the FIS World Cup and World Championship Events. It also represents the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for Archive Image Rights and several top football leagues. In addition it is the majority owner of several mass participation sports including Hyrox. Infront was created in late 2002 through the integration of CWL, Prisma and KirchSportAG.

Cape Town Marathon
The Sanlam Cape Town Marathon is a City Marathon (42.2 km) held in Cape Town, South Africa, first held in its current form in 2007.  The marathon itself is held on a fast and flat course, starting and finishing in Green Point, near the Cape Town Stadium. Other distances include road races of 5km and 10km, and three trail runs of 11/12km, 22km and 46km, added in 2021 as the Cape Town Trail Marathon.

The Cape Town Marathon is also the host of the South African marathon championships.  The marathon is categorized as a Gold Label Road Race by World Athletics.
Richard Osman
Richard Osman (born 28 November 1970) is an English television presenter, producer, and novelist. He is the creator and former co-presenter of the BBC One television quiz show Pointless. He has presented the BBC Two quiz shows Two Tribes and Richard Osman's House of Games, and been a team captain on the comedy panel shows Insert Name Here and The Fake News Show. He has also made regular appearances on British comedy panel shows including Would I Lie to You?, QI, Have I Got News for You and Taskmaster.

Osman worked at Hat Trick Productions before becoming creative director of the television production company Endemol UK, producing shows including Prize Island for ITV and Deal or No Deal for Channel 4. He is the author of the best-selling Thursday Murder Club mystery novels.

Would I Lie to You?
Would I Lie to You? (abbreviated as WILTY) is a British comedy panel show aired on BBC One, made by Zeppotron for the BBC. It was first broadcast on 16 June 2007, starring David Mitchell and Lee Mack as team captains. Originally hosted by Angus Deayton, Rob Brydon has been the host since 2009.
Tanos (river)
The Tanos or Tanus (Τάνος), also called the Tanaus or Tanaos (Τάναος) is a river of the Peloponnese, Greece. In antiquity it was the northern border of the Thyreatis, or territory of the city of Thyrea, in the ancient region of Cynuria. It waters one of the most fertile plains in the Peloponnesus. The river rises in the summits of Mount Parnon, and falls into the sea, at present north of Astros, but earlier south of the latter place. It formed the boundary between the Argeia and ancient Laconia in the time of Euripides, who accordingly represents it as the boundary between the two states in the heroic age.

Cynuria
Cynuria (ἡ Κυνουρία, Kynouria or ἡ Κυνουριακή, Kynouriake) is an ancient district on the eastern coast of the Peloponnese, between the Argolis and Laconia, so called from the Cynurians, one of the most ancient tribes in the peninsula. It was believed to have taken its name from the mythical Cynurus.
2026 North Carolina House of Representatives election
The 2026 North Carolina House of Representatives election will be held on November 3, 2026, to elect all 120 members to North Carolina's House of Representatives. Representatives will serve two-year terms. The election will coincide with elections for other offices, including for the U.S Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, and State Senate. Primary elections will be held on March 3.

In 2024, Democrats broke the Republican's veto-proof super majority in newly drawn districts by one seat. They also won the popular vote, getting 51% of the vote. Despite this however, Democrats only won 49 seats.

North Carolina House of Representatives
The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate. Representatives serve two-year terms.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution, and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although the latter provision is no longer enforced.

Prior to the Constitution of 1868, the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons.
Bussmann
Bussmann or Busmann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bussmann:

Andrea Bussmann (born 1980), Canadian director and writer

Gaëtan Bussmann (born 1991), French football player

Hilde Bussmann (1914–1988), German table tennis player

Jane Bussmann (born 1969), English comedian and author who has written for television and radio

Michael Bussmann (born 1972), German taekwondo athlete

Nicholas Bussmann, English composer and performer

Hadumod Bußmann (born 1933), German linguist

Walter Bussmann (1904–1957), Swiss cross-country skier

Busmann:

Eugen Busmann (1929–2015), German sculptor and academic teacher

Johannes Busmann (born 1961), German university lecturer and publisher

Nicholas Bussmann
Nicholas Bussmann is a composer and performer.

He founded the Love Song Competition, which takes place every year in Berlin. Nicholas Bussmann has collaborated with Toshimaru Nakamura (Alles 3) and Martin Brandlmayr (Kapital band 1) amongst others.
Before Mars (novel)
Before Mars is a 2018 science fiction novel by British writer Emma Newman. It was first published in the United States as a paperback original in April 2018 by Ace Books, and in the United Kingdom by Gollancz. An audiobook was published in April 2018 in the United States by Tantor Audio, and in the United Kingdom by Orion Publishing.

Before Mars is the third book in Newman's four-book Planetfall series, and takes place on Mars during the same period as the events on Earth in the previous book, After Atlas. Before Mars concerns Dr. Anna Kubrin, a geologist and artist, who has been sent to the planet to paint Martian landscapes. The novel was a finalist for the 2018 BSFA Award for Best Novel.

RBMedia
RBMedia is an audiobook publishing company with sales globally. Headquartered in Landover, Maryland, it claims to be the largest audiobook publisher in the world.

The company was founded in 2017 through the acquisition of independent audiobook companies, which now operate as imprints of RBMedia. Among them are: Recorded Books, Tantor Media, HighBridge Audio, ChristianAudio, Gildan Media, W.F. Howes, Wavesound, GraphicAudio.

With studios in New York and elsewhere, it is based near the former Recorded Books headquarters. After being assembled by Shamrock Advisors and controlled by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, it was acquired in September 2023 by H.I.G. Capital and Francisco Partners.
Niwiska, Łódź Voivodeship
Niwiska [niˈviska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Galewice, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south of Galewice, 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Wieruszów, and 99 km (62 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Wieruszów County
Wieruszów County (Polish: powiat wieruszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Wieruszów, which lies 106 kilometres (66 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 576.22 square kilometres (222.5 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 42,336, out of which the population of Wieruszów is 8,759 and the rural population is 33,577.