hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diffusion creep
Diffusion creep refers to the deformation of crystalline solids by the diffusion of vacancies through their crystal lattice. Diffusion creep results in plastic deformation rather than brittle failure of the material.

Diffusion creep is more sensitive to temperature than other deformation mechanisms. It becomes especially relevant at high homologous temperatures (i.e. within about a tenth of its absolute melting temperature). Diffusion creep is caused by the migration of crystalline defects through the lattice of a crystal such that when a crystal is subjected to a greater degree of compression in one direction relative to another, defects migrate to the crystal faces along the direction of compression, causing a net mass transfer that shortens the crystal in the direction of maximum compression. The migration of defects is in part due to vacancies, whose migration is equal to a net mass transport in the opposite direction.

Fracture
Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement develops perpendicular to the surface, it is called a normal tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement develops tangentially, it is called a shear crack, slip band, or dislocation.

Brittle fractures occur without any apparent deformation before fracture. Ductile fractures occur after visible deformation. Fracture strength, or breaking strength, is the stress when a specimen fails or fractures. The detailed understanding of how a fracture occurs and develops in materials is the object of fracture mechanics.
2012–13 Jordan FA Cup
The 2012–13 version of the Jordan FA Cup was the 33rd edition to be played. It is the premier knockout tournament for football teams in Jordan. This season, the format had changed from a two-legged knockout competition to a group stage-based competition, similar to the 2011 Jordan FA Shield. Matches were played on a home-and-away basis.

All twelve top flight clubs took part, divided into two groups of six teams.

The cup winner is guaranteed a place in the 2014 AFC Cup.

Jordan FA Cup
The Jordan FA Cup (Arabic: كأس الأردن), also known as the Jordan Cup – CFI (Arabic: كأس الأردن CFI) for sponsorship reasons, is Jordan's premier knockout tournament in men's football (soccer), Al-Faisaly have the record for the most FA Cup wins in their history with a total of 21 titles, followed by Al-Wehdat with 11. Participants in the tournament include representatives of the Jordanian Pro League, the Jordanian First Division League, and the Jordanian Second Division League. The tournament is controlled by the Jordan Football Association.

The winner gains entry to the AFC Champions League Two.
Welimada Electoral District
Welimada electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Welimada in Badulla District, Uva Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Welimada electoral district was replaced by the Badulla multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the proportional representation system, though Badulla continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.

Welimada
Welimada (Sinhala: වැලිමඩ) is a town in the Badulla District of Uva Province, Sri Lanka. It is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,017 m (3,337 ft) above sea level.

Welimada is known for its natural environment, cool climate, and agricultural importance, particularly as a producer of vegetables and potatoes. The area is also associated with tea cultivation, with several tea estates located nearby.

The town serves as the administrative center for the Welimada Divisional Secretariat and lies within the jurisdiction of the Uva Province's judicial and administrative systems.

Agriculture, tourism, and tea production are contributors to the local economy. Nearby attractions include Hakgala Botanical Garden, Bomburu Ella Waterfall, and the Seetha Amman Temple.
Shoemaker frog
The shoemaker frog (Neobatrachus sutor) is a species of frog in the family Limnodynastidae. It is found in Western Australia. Its natural habitats are temperate scrub, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, intermittent freshwater marshes, hot deserts, and temperate desert. The frog is named after the noise they make which sounds like a hammer in use. The frog is yellow to golden in colour. It usually has some brown blotches and is at maximum 5 cm.  When they breed, the female frog lays 200 – 1000 eggs.

Freshwater marsh
A freshwater marsh is a non-forested marsh wetland that contains shallow fresh water, and is continuously or frequently flooded. Freshwater marshes primarily consist of sedges, grasses, and emergent plants. Freshwater marshes are usually found near the mouths of rivers, along lakes, or are present in low lying areas with low drainage like abandoned oxbow lakes. Unlike its counterpart the salt marsh, which is regularly flushed with sea water, freshwater marshes receive the majority of their water from surface water.
Casselman station
Casselman railway station is located on St. Joseph Street in the village of Casselman, Ontario, Canada. It is an optional station stop on the Via Rail Toronto-Ottawa-Montreal Corridor line for two trains a day in each direction. Both westbound trains arrive from Montreal and continue towards Ottawa, Kingston, and Toronto. The first eastbound train arrives from Toronto, Kingston, and Ottawa and continues towards Montreal, while the second eastbound train arrives from Ottawa only and continues to Montreal.

The station is wheelchair accessible.

Quebec City–Windsor Corridor (Via Rail)
The Quebec City–Windsor Corridor (French: Ligne de Québec à Windsor), also known as Ontario-Québec or the Corridor, is a Via Rail passenger train service in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The Corridor service area has the heaviest passenger train frequency in Canada and contributes 81% of Via's revenue and 95% of Via ridership.
319 Leona
319 Leona (provisional designation A920 HE) is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 8 October 1891, by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at Nice Observatory in France. On 12 December 2023, Leona passed in front of the bright star Betelgeuse and occulted it, which caused the star to briefly dim as seen from Central America, Europe, and east Asia. This occultation was expected to reveal the shape of Leona and the surface of Betelgeuse in high detail.

Provisional designation in astronomy
Provisional designation is the naming convention applied to astronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. As of 2019, approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 known minor planets remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades. The modern system is overseen by the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.
Mattoru Karnan
Mattoru Karnan is a 1978 Indian Malayalam film,  directed by J. Sasikumar. The film stars Jayan, Jayabharathi, Sudheer,  M G Soman, Jagathy Sreekumar and Adoor Bhasi in the lead roles. The film has musical score by K. J. Joy.

J. Sasikumar
Nambiathusseril Varkey John (14 October 1927 – 17 July 2014), better known by his screen name Sasikumar, was an Indian film director who worked in Malayalam cinema. He has directed more than 141 films in his career which began in the mid-1960s. He is often referred to as Hitmaker Sasikumar due to the commercial success of his films. In 2012, he was awarded the J. C. Daniel Award, Kerala government's highest honour for contributions to Malayalam cinema

Sasikumar holds record for directing most films (141) after Telugu film director Dasari Narayana Rao (151), most films having the same actor as hero Prem Nazir in 84 films and the most films directed in a year, 15 films in 1977. He died in 2014 at the age of 86.
Lake Lawn Airport
Lake Lawn Airport, (FAA LID: C59) is a privately owned public use airport located 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the central business district of Delavan, Wisconsin, a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The airport is part of the Lake Lawn Resort.

Although most airports in the United States use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and International Air Transport Association (IATA), this airport is assigned C59 by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

The airport does not have scheduled airline service. The closest airport with scheduled airline service is General Mitchell International Airport, about 42 miles (68 km) to the northeast.

Walworth County, Wisconsin
Walworth County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,478. Its county seat is Elkhorn. The county was created in 1836 from Wisconsin Territory and organized in 1839. It is named for Reuben H. Walworth. Walworth County comprises the Whitewater-Elkhorn, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI Combined Statistical Area. The University of Wisconsin-Whitewater is located in Walworth County.

Walworth County features several major tourist destinations: Lake Geneva, Alpine Valley Resort, and Alpine Valley Music Theatre. Tourism is a large contributor to Walworth County's economy. It is Wisconsin's fifteenth largest county in population, but it is the sixth largest in terms of economic impact from tourism (nearly $1 billion in 2023).
Hydrophis
Hydrophis is a genus of sea snakes, venomous snakes in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. Species in the genus Hydrophis are typically found in Indo-Australian and Southeast Asian waters. Currently, around 36 species are recognized as being valid.

Elapidae
Elapidae (/əˈlæpədiː/, commonly known as elapids /ˈɛləpɪdz/, from Ancient Greek: ἔλαψ élaps, variant of ἔλλοψ éllops "sea-fish") is a family of snakes characterized by their permanently erect fangs at the front of the mouth. Most elapids are venomous, with the exception of the genus Emydocephalus. Many members of this family exhibit a threat display of rearing upwards while spreading out a neck flap. Elapids are endemic to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, with terrestrial forms in Asia, Australia, Africa, and the Americas and marine forms in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Members of the family have a wide range of sizes, from the 18 cm (7.1 in) white-lipped snake to the 5.85 m (19 ft 2 in) king cobra. Most species have neurotoxic venom that is channeled by their hollow fangs, and some may contain other toxic components in varying proportions. The family includes 55 genera with around 360 species and over 170 subspecies.
Mulquinerie
Mulquinerie is a landmark of French sartorial heritage and high craftsmanship, and is the art of weaving and trading fine fabrics composed exclusively of linen: whether plain flax cloth, 'linon' or batiste. A 'mulquinier' was the artisan textile designer and weaver as well as the merchant of canvases. The mulquiniers were not only a subcategorization of the tisserand(e) artists (hand loom weavers; French pronunciation: [tisʀɑ̃]) but were also the traders of their own craft. This activity was predominantly developed within villages as a substantial rural proto-industry, hence mulquiniers working on métiers à tisser in their home' basement while breathing from "bahottes" or "blocures" to obtain the most propitious humidity levels.

Artisan
An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand. These objects may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative art, sculpture, clothing, food items, household items, and tools and mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker. Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist.
(6382) 1988 EL
(6382) 1988 EL (provisional designation 1988 EL) is a stony Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 March 1988, by American astronomer Jeffrey Alu at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California.

Provisional designation in astronomy
Provisional designation is the naming convention applied to astronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. As of 2019, approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 known minor planets remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades. The modern system is overseen by the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.
Wellington Country
Wellington Country was a former parliamentary electorate in the Wellington Region from 1853 to 1860 and then 1871 to 1881. The seat covered Miramar, Mākara, Porirua, the Kāpiti Coast and the Horowhenua District.

Mākara
Mākara is a locality located at the western edge of Wellington, New Zealand, close to the shore of the Tasman Sea. The suburb is named after the Mākara Stream (mā is Māori for white, kara is a kind of greywacke stone).

The Wellington City Council regards the nearby Mākara Beach as a separate suburb.

With winding road access from Karori or Ohariu, Mākara is a rural area with sparse development. It has attracted people who want rural living near Wellington.
Celldömölk
Celldömölk (German: Kleinmariazell) is the fifth largest town in Vas County, Hungary. Parts of the Eragon movie were filmed here. The town with 11,000 inhabitants can be found in the centre of Kemenesalja Hills.

Vas County
Vas (Hungarian: Vas vármegye, pronounced [ˈvɒʃ]; German: Komitat Eisenburg; Slovene: Železna županija or županija Železna; Croatian: Željezna županija) is an administrative county (comitatus or vármegye) of Hungary. It was also one of the counties of the former Kingdom of Hungary. It is part of the Centrope Project.
Elly Lieber
Elly Lieber (7 October 1932 in Aussee – 1 August 2020 in Bad Aussee) was an Austrian luger who competed in the late 1950s. She won the gold medal in the women's singles event at the 1959 FIL World Luge Championships in Villard-de-Lans, France.

Lieber also won a gold medal in the women's singles event at the 1956 European luge championships in Imst, Austria.

FIL European Luge Championships 1956
The FIL European Luge Championships 1956 took place in Imst, Austria under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT - International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation in (in French)) under their "Section de Luge". It would be the last championship under the FIBT until the formation of the International Luge Federation (FIL) the following year.
Inventive step under the European Patent Convention
Under the European Patent Convention (EPC), European patents shall be granted for inventions which inter alia involve an inventive step. The central legal provision explaining what this means, i.e. the central legal provision relating to the inventive step under the EPC, is Article 56 EPC. That is, an invention, having regard to the state of the art, must not be obvious to a person skilled in the art. The Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO) have developed an approach, called the "problem-and-solution approach", to assess whether an invention involves an inventive step.

Inventive step and non-obviousness
The inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a general patentability requirement present in most patent laws, according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive—i.e., non-obvious—in order to be patented. In other words, "[the] nonobviousness principle asks whether the invention is an adequate distance beyond or above the state of the art".

The expression "inventive step" is used in European Patent Convention and in Patent Cooperation Treaty, while the expression "non-obviousness" is predominantly used in United States patent law. The expression "inventiveness" is sometimes used as well. Although the basic principle is roughly the same, the assessment of the inventive step and non-obviousness varies from one country to another. For instance, the practice of the European Patent Office (EPO) differs from the practice in the United Kingdom.
Ironwood Charter Township, Michigan
Ironwood Charter Township is a charter township of Gogebic County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,214 in 2020. The city of Ironwood borders on the south, but the two are administered autonomously.

Ironwood Township is the home of Gogebic Community College, as well as the Gogebic–Iron County Airport.  Most of the land in the township is within the Ottawa National Forest. The Montreal River forms the township's western boundary with Wisconsin. The township is the westernmost municipality in the state of Michigan, as well as the largest charter township in the state by land area and the least-densely populated.

Gogebic Community College
Gogebic Community College (GCC) is a public community college in Ironwood, Michigan.  Founded as Ironwood Junior College in 1932, the college has a main campus in Ironwood and a site in Houghton, Michigan to serve Houghton County and the surrounding area.

The college offers two-year associate's degrees, a variety of certification programs, occupational training, and other learning opportunities for the surrounding community.  For the 2013–2014 academic year, the school had 1097 students, of which 18% were from outside Michigan and 6% were from minority groups. Estimated costs for the freshman year are $15,328 for Michigan residents and $16,486 for non-Michigan residents. The college operates on a semester schedule.
Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557 – 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms.

Basso continuo
Basso continuo is a harmonic musical structure, almost universal in the Baroque era (1600–1750), that generally consisted of a bassline and a chord progression. The phrase is often shortened to continuo, and the instrumentalists playing the continuo part are called the continuo group.
Leão Lopes
Leão Lopes (born 1948 in Ribeira Grande, Santo Antão, Cape Verde) is a Cape Verdean director, writer, plastic artist and professor.

As a filmmaker, he made the first ever feature of Cape Verdean fiction, The Island of Contenda (1996), based on a novel by Henrique Teixeira de Sousa.  He is also author of various documentary including Bitú (2009) which was about the Mindelo native artist filmed in 2006, and São Tomé - Os Últimos Contratados (2010).

In 1979, he founded AtelierMar in Mindelo, a non-government organization, dedicated to formation of a cultural capacity and local development in which still presides.

He was Minister of Culture and Communications during the Carlos Veiga legislature between 1991 and 2000, he is currently deputy member at the Cape Verdean National Assembly and elected as MpD party.

He founded the University Institute of Arts, Technological and Culture (M_EIA) in Mindelo and is currently dean and professor.

Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde
Ribeira Grande (also: Povoação) is the largest town of the Ribeira Grande Municipality on the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde. It has become a city in 2010. In 2010 its population was 2,564. It is situated in the northeastern part of the island, near the outflow of the river Ribeira Grande and its tributary Ribeira da Torre into the Atlantic Ocean. Neighborhoods include Tarrafal, Rua de Agua, Rua d'Horta and Penha de França.
Gert Jan Timmerman
Gert Jan Timmerman (born 15 April 1956) is a Dutch chess player, most famous for being the fifteenth ICCF World Champion in correspondence chess, 1996–2002.
Before becoming the fifteenth World Correspondence Champion, Timmerman won Final B of the 5th World Cup between 1987 and 1994.

He tied for second place behind Mikhail Umansky in a "champion of champions" tournament, the ICCF 50 Years World Champion Jubilee. This was a special invitational correspondence tournament involving all living former ICCF World Champions.

World Correspondence Chess Championship
The World Correspondence Chess Championship determines the World Champion in correspondence chess. Men and women of any age are eligible to contest the title. The official World Correspondence Chess Championship is managed by the International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF).

The world championship comprises four stages: Preliminaries, Semi-Finals, Candidates' Tournament, and Final. ICCF tournament rules define which players can access each stage. The first-, second- and third-placed finishers from the previous Final, and the first- and second-placed finishers from the Candidates' Tournaments have access to the World Correspondence Chess Championship Final.

The ICCF also manages the Ladies World Correspondence Chess Championships, that comprises Semi-Finals and Final.
2006 Kraft Nabisco Championship
The 2006 Kraft Nabisco Championship was a women's professional golf tournament, held March 30  to April 2 at Mission Hills Country Club in Rancho Mirage, California. It was the 35th edition of the Kraft Nabisco Championship, and the 24th as a major championship. The purse was $1.8 million, with a winner's share of $270,000.

In a sudden-death playoff, 2000 champion Karrie Webb defeated Lorena Ochoa with a birdie on the first extra hole, the par-5 18th. Webb had earlier holed out for an eagle on the same hole to card a 65 (−7) in the final round to force the playoff. Ochoa recorded a 62 (−10) in the first round, but was one over-par for the final 54 holes; she also eagled the 72nd hole. One stroke out of the playoff were Natalie Gulbis and Michelle Wie, then age 16.

It was Webb's second win at this event and her seventh major title, the first in nearly four years, since the Women's British Open in 2002. Through 2016, it is her most recent victory in a major.

2016 LPGA Tour
The 2016 LPGA Tour was a series of professional golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world. The season began in the Bahamas on January 28 and ended on November 20 at the Gold Course of the Tiburón Golf Club in Naples, Florida. The tournaments are sanctioned by the United States–based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA).