hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shamanism in Europe
The first historian to posit the existence of European shamanic ideas within popular beliefs of otherwise Christian Europeans was Carlo Ginzburg, who examined the Benandanti, an agrarian cult found in Friuli, Italy, whose members underwent shamanic trances in which they believed they battled witches in order to save their crops.

Historians following Ginzburg identified what they saw as shamanic elements in the accusations of the witch trials of the Early Modern period. These included Éva Pócs and Emma Wilby. This group of authors proposes what is known as the "witch-cult hypothesis", arguing that there was a religious cult with continuity reaching into the pre-Christian period behind what became identified as "witchcraft" in the Early Modern period.

The idea of shamanism's existence in Ancient Greece was advanced by E. R. Dodds and criticized by Michael J. Puett.

Friuli
Friuli (Italian: [friˈuːli]; Friulian: Friûl [fɾiˈuːl] ⓘ; Venetian: Friul or Friułi; Slovene: Furlanija; Austrian German: Friaul) is a historical region of northeast Italy. The region is marked by its separate regional and ethnic identity predominantly tied to the Friulians, who speak the Friulian language. It comprises the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, i.e. the administrative provinces of Udine, Pordenone, and Gorizia, excluding Trieste.
Democratic Republic of the Congo at the 2019 African Games
Democratic Republic of the Congo took part in the 2019 African Games held from 19 August to 31 August 2019 in Rabat, Morocco, with a total of 164 athletes competing in 17 sports, and won 12 medals (two silver medals and ten bronze medals). The country finished in 27th place in the medal table.

2019 African Games
The 12th African Games (Arabic: الألعاب الإفريقية الثانية عشرة), also known as Rabat 2019 (Arabic: الرباط 2019), were held from 19 to 31 August 2019 in Rabat, Morocco. This was the first time that the African Games were hosted by Morocco following the country's readmission to the African Union in January 2017.

Later five Egyptian athletes (Abderrahmane Al Sayed, Ibrahim Moustafa, Samar Hossein, Sara Ahmed Samir, Farag Salma) were disqualified due to anti-doping violations.
Tiako i Madagasikara
Tiako I Madagasikara (TIM, lit. 'I Love Madagascar'; French: J'aime Madagascar) is a political party in Madagascar founded on July 3, 2002, to support President Marc Ravalomanana. After the parliamentary election held on September 23, 2007, it was the largest party in the National Assembly of Madagascar, with 106 of 127 seats. The party is located in MAGRO Ankorondrano, Antananarivo. Ravalomanana was re-elected with 55.79% in the December 2006 presidential election.

Solofonantenaina Razoarimihaja was the President of TIM from 2002 to 2007. On October 12, 2007, he was succeeded by Yvan Randriasandratriniony, who became the Interim National President. Randriasandratriniony was officially elected as President of TIM on May 21, 2008, at the party's second national congress. Rina Randriamasinoro was the party's Secretary-General in 2023.

Ravalomanana led his personal movement in the 2013, 2018, and 2023 presidential elections.

2006 Malagasy presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Madagascar on 3 December 2006. President Marc Ravalomanana, in office since he prevailed in a dispute over election results in 2002, ran for re-election. On 9 December, Ravalomanana was declared to have won in the first round with 55% of the vote.
Kadhalikka Vanga
Kadhalikka Vanga (transl. Come to love) is a 1972 Indian Tamil language film produced and written by Tamilvanan, starring Jaishankar, Srikanth and Major Sundarrajan with Manorama, Kavitha, Vijaya Girija and Thengai Srinivasan in supporting roles. It was released on 25 February 1972.

Thengai Srinivasan
Thengai Srinivasan (21 October 1937 – 9 November 1987) was an Indian actor who appeared in Tamil-language films and plays from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was given the prefix Thengai (coconut) after his role as a coconut-seller in the play Kal Manam. Although originally a comedian, he also performed in other genres and enacted several lead and antagonistic roles.
Bump function
In mathematical analysis, a bump function (also called a test function) is a function  on a Euclidean space  which is both smooth (in the sense of having continuous derivatives of all orders) and compactly supported.  The set of all bump functions with domain  forms a vector space, denoted  or   The dual space of this space endowed with a suitable topology is the space of distributions.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
Our Lady Queen of Angels Catholic Church (Kula, Hawaii)
Our Lady Queen of Angels Catholic Church in Kula is a parish of the Catholic Church of Hawaii in the United States. Located in Kula on the island of Maui, the church falls under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Honolulu. It is named after a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Diocese of Honolulu
The Diocese of Honolulu (Latin: Diœcesis Honoluluensis) is a Catholic diocese for the state of Hawaii in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu. The bishop is Clarence Silva.
FS Class 420
The Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS; Italian State Railways) Class 420 (Italian: Gruppo 290), formerly SFAI Class 1200, Rete Adriatica Class 420 and Rete Mediterranea Class 480, was a class of 0-8-0 steam locomotives.

Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane
Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ferroˈviːe dello ˈstaːto itaˈljaːne]; lit. 'Italian State Railways JSC'; previously only Ferrovie dello Stato, hence the initialism FS) is Italy's national state-owned railway holding company that manages transport, infrastructure, real estate services and other services in Italy and other European countries.
Ole E. Benson
Ole E. Benson (January 23, 1866 – March 2, 1952) was an American politician.

Benson was born in Finnøy, Norway and emigrated with parents to the United States in 1871. He settled in Ottawa, Illinois and was involved with farm management. He served as sheriff of LaSalle County, Illinois in 1906 and was a Republican. Benson served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1913 to 1919; from 1923 to 1925 and from 1929 to 1939. He then served in the Illinois Senate from 1939 to 1951. Benson died in Ottawa, Illinois.

Ottawa, Illinois
Ottawa is a city in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. It is located at the confluence of the navigable Fox River and Illinois River, the latter being a conduit for river barges and connects Lake Michigan at Chicago to the Mississippi River. The population was 18,840 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Ottawa, Illinois, micropolitan area.
Kary (name)
Kary is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:

Douglas Kary, Republican member of the Montana Legislature

Hans Kary (born 1949), former Austrian professional tennis player

Given name:

Kary Antholis, American executive at the television network HBO

Kary Arora (born 1977), the first female professional DJ in Delhi, India

Kary H Lasch (1914–1993), Swedish photographer

Kary Mullis (1944–2019), a Nobel Prize–winning American biochemist, author, and lecturer

Kary Ng (born 1986), a pop rock singer in Hong Kong

Kary Osmond, Canadian television chef

Kary Vincent (born 1969), American football player

Kary Vincent Jr. (born 1999), American football player

Kary Antholis
Kary Antholis (born 1962) is an American publisher and editor of CrimeStory.com, former executive at the television network HBO and documentary filmmaker best known for the Oscar-winning short One Survivor Remembers, which was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2012. Antholis serves on the Board of Visitors of the Georgetown University Law Center and formerly served as co-chair of board of directors for Young Storytellers.
Cardanus (crater)
Cardanus is a lunar impact crater that is located in the western part of the Moon, in the western part of the Oceanus Procellarum. Due to its location the crater appears very oval because of foreshortening, and it is viewed almost from the side.

Cardanus is distinctive for the chain of craters, designated Catena Krafft, that connect its northern rim with the crater Krafft to the north. The outer rim is sharp-edged and somewhat irregular, with a hummocky outer rampart and terraces along parts of the inner wall. The crater floor has several small craterlets across its surface, and it has a low ridge near the midpoint. The floor surface is somewhat irregular in the southwest, but nearly featureless elsewhere.

To the southwest is the rille designated Rima Cardanus, a cleft in the mare that generally follows a northeasterly direction. To the southeast, beyond the rille, is the small crater Galilaei. Southwest of Cardanus is Olbers.

Cardanus is a crater of Upper (Late) Imbrian age.

Rille
Rille /ˈrɪl/ (German for 'groove') is typically used to describe any of the long, narrow depressions in the surface of the Moon that resemble channels. The Latin term is rima, plural rimae. Typically, a rille can be several kilometers wide and hundreds of kilometers in length. However, the term has also been used loosely to describe similar structures on a number of planets in the Solar System, including Mars, Venus, and on a number of moons. All bear a structural resemblance to each other.
Rekhti
Rekhti (Urdu: ریختی, Hindi: रेख़ती), is a form of Urdu feminist poetry. A genre developed by male poets, it uses women's voices to talk about themselves. It was formed in 19th-century Lucknow, then part of the State of Awadh (now in Uttar Pradesh, India). The poet Saadat Yaar Khan Rangin is credited with its creation. Rekhti has also been practiced by Punjabi Sufi poets, such as Shah Hussain, Bulleh Shah and Waris Shah.

Written generally in ghazal form, it uses women's special idioms, mannerism and accents. Their topics include women-women and women-men affairs and also women's sensual desires and sexual urges.

Shah Hussain
Shah Hussain (Punjabi: [ʃaː(ɦ) ɦʊˈsɛːn]; 1538 – 1599), also known as Mādhū Lāl Hussain, was a Punjabi Sufi poet, who is regarded as a pioneer of the Kafi form in Punjabi poetry; and the first major early-modern poet in the Punjab, living during the 16th century in the early Mughal era, the Mughal interregnum with the Sur era, and the Mughal restoration.

Shah Hussain was a student of Sufi saint Shaikh Bahlol Daryai, the founder of the Bahlol Shahi sub-order in the Qadiriyya tariqa. Before his death, the saint assigned Shah Hussain to be his representative in Lahore.
Juglone
Juglone, also called 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione (IUPAC) is a phenolic organic compound with the molecular formula C10H6O3.  In the food industry, juglone is also known as C.I. Natural Brown 7 and C.I. 75500. It is insoluble in benzene but soluble in dioxane, from which it crystallizes as yellow needles. It is an isomer of lawsone, which is the active dye compound in the henna leaf.

Juglone occurs naturally in the leaves, roots, husks, fruit (the epicarp), and bark of plants in the Juglandaceae family, particularly the black walnut (Juglans nigra), and is toxic or growth-stunting to many types of plants. It is sometimes used as an herbicide, as a dye for cloth and inks, and as a coloring agent for foods and cosmetics.

Ink
Ink is a gel, sol, or solution that contains at least one colorant, such as a dye or pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, reed pen, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and other materials. The components of inks serve multiple purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
Peter Thonemann
Peter Clive Thonemann (3 June 1917 – 10 February 2018) was an Australian-born British physicist who was a pioneer in the field of fusion power while working in the United Kingdom.

Thonemann was born in Melbourne and moved to Oxford University in 1944, becoming one of the earliest researchers on the topic of controlled fusion. He led the fusion research at Oxford in its early years, before moving to the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Harwell) in 1950. He led the ZETA reactor development at Harwell and announced its apparent success in 1958.

Thonemann was deputy director of the new Culham Laboratory in 1965–66. In 1968 he left Culham to become Professor of Physics at today's Swansea University, where he worked on applying his physics knowledge to biological research. He retired from Swansea in 1984, living out his life in the city.

Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
The Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE) is the UK's national laboratory for fusion research. It is located at the Culham Science Centre, near Culham, Oxfordshire, and is the site of the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) and the now closed Joint European Torus (JET) and Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak (START).

Formerly known as UKAEA Culham, the laboratory was renamed in October 2009 as part of organisational changes at its parent body, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA).

From 2016 to 2025, the director was Professor Ian Chapman, and the centre has been engaged in work towards the final detailed design of ITER as well as preparatory work in support of DEMOnstration Power Plant (DEMO).

In 2014 it was announced the centre would house the new Remote Applications in Challenging Environments (RACE).
Sweet Hollow Creek
Sweet Hollow Creek is a stream in Laclede County in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. The stream source area lies just west of Eldridge and it flows generally west to enter an entrenched meander of the Niangua River at Blue Spring.

The headwaters are at 37°49′56″N 92°46′11″W﻿ / ﻿37.83222°N 92.76972°W﻿ / 37.83222; -92.76972 and the confluence with the Niangua River is at 37°50′03″N 92°50′22″W﻿ / ﻿37.83417°N 92.83944°W﻿ / 37.83417; -92.83944.

Sweet Hollow Creek has the name of A. N. Sweet, a pioneer settler.

Eldridge, Missouri
Eldridge is an unincorporated community in northern Laclede County, Missouri, United States. It is situated approximately twelve miles northwest of Lebanon on Missouri Route E, west of Missouri Route 5.  The ZIP Code for Eldridge is 65463.

Eldridge was platted in 1884, and named after S. N. Eldridge, a pioneer citizen. A post office called Eldridge has been in operation since 1886.
Valley of Guatemala
The Valley of Guatemala is the territory in the country of Guatemala surrounding the historic city of Antigua Guatemala, the old capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala.

This territory contained the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, 2 large towns and 73 villages. In the immediate surrounding area, three of the most notable Guatemalan volcanos are present, namely: Acatenango, Agua (water), and Fuego (fire).

Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala
Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala ("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala") was the name given to the capital city of the Spanish colonial Captaincy General of Guatemala in Central America. It is located in present-day Antigua Guatemala.
Gerald Jacobs
Gerald Jacobs is a British author and the literary editor of The Jewish Chronicle. His book Sacred Games, an account of a Hungarian Jew, Nicholas (Miklós) Hammer (1920-2003), a Holocaust survivor, was published in 1995. Hammer was a Hungarian Jew conscripted into the Hungarian Jewish forced labour Battalion in 1944. The book recounts Hammer's subsequent time in a Nazi ghetto for Jews, and his suffering in Birkenau.

Nine Love Letters is Jacobs's first novel, published in 2016. It tells the story of two Jewish refugee families whose lives unexpectedly converge in post-war London.

Jacobs is the father of electronic musician Ben Jacobs, who performs as Max Tundra, and Becky Jacobs, a member of the band Tunng.

Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Romani people, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation. In German documents, and signage at ghetto entrances, the Nazis usually referred to them as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, both of which translate as the Jewish Quarter. There were several distinct types including open ghettos, closed ghettos, work, transit, and destruction ghettos, as defined by Holocaust historians. In a number of cases, they were the place of Jewish underground resistance against the German occupation, known collectively as the ghetto uprisings.
The Bars of Iron
The Bars of Iron (sometimes simply Bars of Iron) is a 1916 novel by the British writer Ethel M. Dell. It was one of four of Dell's novels to make the Publishers Weekly list of top ten bestselling books during the 1910s in America.

In 1920 it was adapted into a silent film of the same title by the British film studio Stoll Pictures. It was directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and featured Madge White and Joseph R. Tozer.

Floyd Martin Thornton
Floyd Martin Thornton (often credited as F. Martin Thornton, November 4, 1884 – April 1, 1956) was an American screenwriter and film director active in the United Kingdom in the 1910s and 1920s. He also directed films for the Natural Color Kinematograph Company.

Born in 1884 in New Brunswick, New Jersey, he worked for some years in England. In 1915 he married the British actress Evelyn Boucher at Steyning in West Sussex.  They had two sons, both born in England: Edward E. Martin (1916–2010) and Paul Mulford Martin (1921–1994). In 1925 he and his family left the UK for America, where they all remained for the rest of their lives.

He died in April 1956 in Orange, California.
Steve Wright (trade unionist)
Steve Wright (born 1982 or 1983) is a British trade union leader.

In 2001, Wright followed his father in becoming a firefighter, initially with the Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service.  He joined the Fire Brigades Union (FBU), and became a branch representative in 2002, during a union campaign on pay.  In 2006, he transferred to the Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service.  He later became the leader of the FBU's new southern region, and campaigned extensively on protecting firefighters from exposure to carcinogens.  He was elected as vice president of the union in 2023.

In 2025, Wright was elected as general secretary of the FBU, defeating the incumbent, Matt Wrack, by 5,188 votes to 3,436.

Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service
Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service is the Local Authority Fire Service serving the English unitary authorities of Buckinghamshire and the City of Milton Keynes.

The combined fire authority became operational on 1 April 1997 as a result of the Buckinghamshire Fire Services (Combination Scheme) Order 1996, which was approved in November 1996.
Richard Payn
Richard Payn (fl. 1383–1386), of Shaftesbury, Dorset, was an English Member of Parliament.

Payn was married with one son. His wife and son's names are unrecorded.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Shaftesbury in 1386. He was Mayor of Shaftesbury Michaelmas in 1383–84.

Michaelmas
Michaelmas (/ˈmɪkəlməs/ MIK-əl-məs; also known as the Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, the Feast of the Archangels or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels) is a Christian festival observed in many Western Christian liturgical calendars on 29 September and on 8 November in the Eastern Christian traditions. Michaelmas has been one of the four quarter days of the English and Irish financial, judicial and academic year.

In the Christian angelology of some traditions, the Archangel Michael is considered as the greatest of all the angels, being particularly honoured for defeating Satan in the War in Heaven.
Tumbleweed Theater
Tumbleweed Theater is an American anthology television series starring western/comedy band Riders in the Sky. It ran from 1983 to 1988. Each week, the Riders presented a B-Western/singing cowboy movie from the 1930s or 40s, and performed songs and sketches between segments of the film.

Riders in the Sky (band)
Riders in the Sky is an American Western music and comedy group which began performing in 1977. The band has released more than 40 albums, starred in a single-season self-titled television series on CBS, wrote and starred in an NPR syndicated radio drama Riders Radio Theater, and appeared in television series and films including as featured contributors to Ken Burns' Country Music.
Their family-friendly style also appeals to children, exemplified in their recordings for Disney and Pixar. They have won two Grammy Awards and have written and performed music for major motion pictures, including "Woody's Roundup" from Toy Story 2 and Pixar's short film, For the Birds.  The band also recorded companion albums for Toy Story 2 and Monsters, Inc.
Chmielowice, Opole Voivodeship
Chmielowice [xmjɛlɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a neighbourhood of Opole, Poland, located in the south-western part of the city.

Before 2017 it was a village in the administrative district of Gmina Komprachcice, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship.

Opole County, Opole Voivodeship
Opole County (Polish: powiat opolski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Opole, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Ozimek, 20 km (12 mi) east of Opole, Niemodlin, 24 km (15 mi) west of Opole, Prószków, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Opole, and Tułowice, 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of Opole.

The county covers an area of 1,586.82 square kilometres (612.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 123,487, out of which the population of Ozimek is 8,657, that of Niemodlin is 6,315, that of Tułowice is 4,011, that of Prószków is 2,570, and the rural population is 101,934.
Machapuchare
Machapuchare, Machhapuchchhre or Machhapuchhre (from Nepali  माछापुच्छ्रे  'fishtail', Tamu: कतासुँ क्लिको), is a mountain situated in the Annapurna massif of Gandaki Province, north-central Nepal. Its highest peak has never been officially climbed due to the impossibility of gaining a permit from the government of Nepal.

Gurung language
Gurung (Devanagari: गुरुङ), also known as Tamu Kyi (तमु क्यी, tamu kyī; Tibetan: རྟམུ་སྐད་) or Tamu Bhāṣā (तमु भाषा, tamu bhāṣā), is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Gurung people of Nepal. The total number of all Gurung speakers in Nepal was 227,918 in 1991 and 325,622 in 2011.

The official language of Nepal, Nepali, is an Indo-European language, whereas Gurung is a Sino-Tibetan language. Gurung is one of the major languages of Nepal, and is also spoken in India, Bhutan, and by diaspora communities in places such as Singapore and Hong Kong.