hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Optical Waves in Layered Media
Optical Waves in Layered Media is a textbook for optics courses in electrical engineering or applied physics. The book focuses on physics theory more than practical application. General topical coverage is divided into five parts beginning with electromagnetic theory. It then covers isotropic layered thin films, anisotropic and inhomogeneous media including crystals and birefringence, and guided waves using layered media. 
Currently, with more than 5,500 citations, this book is highly cited. The book was first published by John Wiley & Sons in 1988 and has been reprinted several times, with the last reprint in 2005.

The book is written by physicist Pochi Yeh, who received his PhD in 1971 from the California Institute of Technology. He then obtained a position at Rockwell International Science Center in Thousand Oaks, California. In 1989 he became a member of the faculty at UC Santa Barbara.

Isotropy
In physics and geometry, isotropy (from Ancient Greek  ἴσος (ísos) 'equal' and  τρόπος (trópos) 'turn, way') is uniformity in all orientations. Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix a- or an-, hence anisotropy. Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.
Zhakiyanov
Zhakiyanov or Jaqianov (Kazakh: Жақиянов, literally meaning "long-liver") is a Kazakh masculine surname. Its feminine counterpart is Zhakiyanova.

Notable persons with the name Zhakiyanov include:

Galymzhan Zhakiyanov (born 1963), Kazakh businessman and politician

Zhanat Zhakiyanov (born 1983), Kazakh former boxer

Galymzhan Zhakiyanov
Galymzhan Zhakiyanov (Kazakh: Ғалымжан Баділжанұлы Жақиянов, Ğalymjan Badıljanūly Jaqiianov; born 8 May 1963) is a Kazakh businessman and politician. He owned several companies in Kazakhstan and has served as the akim of Semipalatinsk Region and Pavlodar Region.

He was a founding member of Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan, an opposition party to Nursultan Nazarbayev's authoritarian rule in Kazkahstan. He was imprisoned from 2002 to 2006 on charges of abuse of office.
Burglauenen railway station
Burglauenen railway station (German: Bahnhof Burglauenen) is a railway station in the municipality of Grindelwald in the Swiss canton of Bern. The station is on the Berner Oberland Bahn, whose trains operate services to Interlaken Ost and Grindelwald. It takes its name from the nearby settlement of Burglauenen.

Bernese Oberland Railway
The Bernese Oberland Railway (German: Berner Oberland-Bahn, BOB) is a narrow-gauge mountain railway in the Bernese Oberland region of Switzerland. It runs, via a "Y" junction at Zweilütschinen to serve Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald from Interlaken. The railway is rack assisted (that is although an adhesion railway, rack and pinion operation is used on steep sections of the line to assist traction).

The BOB is owned by the Berner Oberland-Bahnen AG, a company that also owns the 800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in) Schynige Platte Railway. Through that company it is part of the Allianz – Jungfrau Top of Europe marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Wengernalpbahn, Jungfraubahn, Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, Harderbahn, and Firstbahn.
Thierry Van Werveke
Thierry van Werveke (23 October 1958 – 12 January 2009) was a Luxembourgish actor. He appeared in over 60 films and television shows between 1988 and 2009. He starred in Hochzäitsnuecht, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.

1992 Cannes Film Festival
The 45th Cannes Film Festival took place from 7 to 18 May 1992. French actor Gérard Depardieu served as jury president for the main competition.

Swedish filmmaker Bille August won the Palme d'Or, the festival's top prize, for a second time with the drama-film The Best Intentions.

The festival opened with Basic Instinct by Paul Verhoeven, and closed with Far and Away by Ron Howard.
Scotch Bar Time
Scotch Bar Time (born 1974) was a Quarter Horse stallion and sire.

Scotch Bar Time was a 1974 sorrel stallion, sired by Sonny Dee Bar, and out of Chubby Time, a daughter of  Spot Time. He sired 1186 foals in his breeding career, and his offspring have earned $136,394.00 in National Snaffle Bit Association (or NSBA) earnings. He was inducted into the NSBA Hall of Fame in 2002.

Scotch Bar Time was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Association's (or AQHA) AQHA Hall of Fame in 2009.

Sorrel
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Polygonaceae. It is also called common sorrel, garden sorrel, spinach dock and narrow-leaved dock ("dock" often used for the genus).

The species is native to Eurasia and a common plant in grassland habitats. It is often cultivated as a leaf vegetable or herb.
Aphanotus brevicornis
Aphanotus brevicornis, the North American flour beetle, is a species of flour beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It is a pest of stored foodstuff, particularly processed grains.

This species was originally described as Eulabis brevicornis by LeConte, later placed in the genus  Aphanotus by Casey, and further moved to Tribolium by Hinton. However, phylogenetic studies have shown that A. brevicornis is more closely related to Latheticus oryzae and Gnatocerus cornutus than to other Tribolium species, therefore warranting replacement of this species in its previous, otherwise defunct, genus Aphanotus .

Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr.
Thomas Lincoln Casey Jr. (February 19, 1857 – February 3, 1925) was an American army engineer and entomologist who was noted for his work on Coleoptera. He was the eldest son of Brigadier General Thomas Lincoln Casey (1831–1896), who served as Chief of Engineers for the United States Army Corps of Engineers and oversaw the completion of the Washington Monument.
Rancho Grande Airstrip
Rancho Grande Airfield (IATA: N/A) is a privately owned public-use  airfield located in San Luis Gonzaga, Municipality of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, on the San Luis Gonzaga Bay located on the Gulf of California coast. The airfield is used solely for general aviation purposes. It has two dirt runways.

Gulf of California
The Gulf of California (Spanish: Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (Mar de Cortés) or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (Mar Vermejo), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi). Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) because of the complex geology, linked to plate tectonics.

The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. Parts of the Gulf of California are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Chantek
Chantek (December 17, 1977 – August 7, 2017), born at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, was a male hybrid Sumatran/Bornean orangutan who demonstrated a number of intellectual skills, including the use of several signs adapted from American Sign Language (ASL). American anthropologists Lyn Miles and Ann Southcombe worked with Chantek. In 1997, he was transferred to Zoo Atlanta, where he lived for another twenty years.

Sumatran orangutan
The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is one of the three species of orangutans. Critically endangered, and found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also found in Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, orang 'people; person' and hutan 'forest', derived from Malay, and translates as 'person of the forest'.
Traces of an Amorous Life
Traces of an Amorous Life (Italian: Tracce di vita amorosa) is a 1990 Italian romantic drama film directed by Peter Del Monte. It entered the competition at the 47th Venice International Film Festival.

47th Venice International Film Festival
The 47th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 4 to 14 September 1990.

American writer Gore Vidal was the Jury President of the main competition.

The Golden Lion winner was Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead directed by Tom Stoppard.
Alma May Waterman
Alma May Waterman (1893-1977) was an American botanist, mycologist, and plant pathologist noted for studying diseases of shade and ornamental trees, as well as diseases of roses. She did research on Septoria cankers, specifically that affect poplar trees, in the 1950s. The standard author abbreviation Waterman is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Shade tree
A shade tree is a large tree whose primary role is to provide shade in the surrounding environment due to its spreading canopy and crown, where it may give shelter from sunlight in the heat of the summer for people who seek recreational needs in urban parks and house yards, and thus, also protecting them from the sun's harmful UV rays.

Some of the most popular shade trees in temperate countries are oaks, plane trees, willows, birches, beeches, maples, ashes, lindens, and elms. In subtropical countries like Australia and India, figs are popular choices as shade trees. In tropical countries, trees such as some Erythrina and African tulip tree species are often planted as shade trees.
Xbox system software
The Xbox system software is the operating system developed exclusively for Microsoft's Xbox home video game consoles. Across the four generations of Xbox consoles, the software has been based on a version of Microsoft Windows and incorporating DirectX features optimized for the consoles. The user interface, the Xbox Dashboard, provides access to games, media players, the Xbox operating system provides standardized tools that facilitate game development specifically for Xbox, potentially limiting portability, and applications, and integrates with the Xbox network for online functionality.

Though initial iterations of the software for the original Xbox and Xbox 360 were based on heavily modified versions of Windows, the newer consoles feature operating systems that are highly compatible with Microsoft's desktop operating systems, allowing for shared applications and ease-of-development between personal computers and the Xbox line.

Phil Spencer (business executive)
Phil Spencer (born January 12, 1968) is an American business executive and the former CEO of Microsoft Gaming from 2022 to 2026. Starting his career at Microsoft as an intern in 1988, Spencer has worked in various sectors within the company, including developing Microsoft's first CD-ROM-based titles. He joined the Xbox team in 2001, and in February of 2026, Spencer announced his retirement from Microsoft, with Asha Sharma replacing him.
John Lambe (priest)
Christianity portal

John Lambe (b London 30 December 1649; d Ely 10 August 1708) was an Anglican Dean at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th.

Lambe was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He was Rector of Wheathampstead from 1673 and Dean of Ely from 1693, holding both positions until his death. He was also a Chaplain to William III of England

Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Sidney Sussex College (historically known as "Sussex College" and today referred to informally as "Sidney") is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. The College was founded in 1596 under the terms of the will of Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex (1531–1589), wife of Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, and named after its foundress. In her will, Lady Sidney left the sum of £5,000 together with some plate to found a new College at Cambridge University "to be called the Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College". Her executors Sir John Harington and Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent, supervised by Archbishop John Whitgift, founded the Protestant College seven years after her death.

Sidney Sussex is one of the smaller colleges at Cambridge, with its sister college being St John's College, Oxford. The student body comprises approximately 355 undergraduates, 275 postgraduates, and around 80 fellows.
Happy drives
Happy drives are series of disk drive enhancements for the Atari 8-bit and Atari ST computer families produced by a small company called Happy Computers. Happy Computers is most noted for the add-in boards for the Atari 810 and Atari 1050 floppy disk drives, which achieved a tremendous speed improvement for reading and writing, and for the ability to backup floppies. Happy's products were among the most popular Atari computer add-ons. They were still in use and active in the aftermarket as of 2009.

Disk storage
Disk storage (also sometimes called drive storage) is a data storage mechanism based on a rotating disk. The recording employs various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to the disk's surface layer. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable types are hard disk drives (HDD), containing one or more non-removable rigid platters; the  floppy disk drive (FDD) and its removable floppy disk; and various optical disc drives (ODD) and associated optical disc media.

(The spelling disk and disc are used interchangeably except where trademarks preclude one usage, e.g., the Compact Disc logo. The choice of a particular form is frequently historical, as in IBM's usage of the disk form beginning in 1956 with the "IBM 350 disk storage unit".)
Burgener
Burgener is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Burgener (1845–1910), Swiss mountain guide, first ascentionist of many mountains in the western Alps

Casey Burgener (born 1982), American weightlifter

Clair Burgener (1921–2006), American politician

Erich Burgener (born 1951), football goalkeeper

Hans Burgener (born 1964), Swiss wheelchair curler

Jocelyn Burgenern (born 1949), Canadian politician

Jocelyn Burgener
Mary Jocelyn Burgener (née Rivers; March 4, 1949) is a businesswoman and politician. She is also a former municipal and provincial level politician from Alberta, Canada. She served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1993 until 2001.
USS Althea
Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Althea, after a shrub of the mallow family; the rose of sharon or a hollyhock.

USS Althea (1862) was a collier that served during the Civil War.

USS Althea (1863) was a tugboat that served during the Civil War.

USS Althea (SP-218) was a motorboat built in 1907.

Rose of Sharon
Rose of Sharon (in Hebrew: חֲבַצֶּלֶת הַשָּׁרוֹן) is a biblical expression, though the identity of the plant referred to is unclear and is disputed among biblical scholars. It has become a common name for several species of flowering plants that are valued in different parts of the world. In no case does it refer to actual roses. The name's varied colloquial application has been used as an example of the lack of precision of common names, which can potentially cause confusion.
William Hanger, 3rd Baron Coleraine
William Hanger, 3rd Baron Coleraine (6 August 1744 – 11 December 1814), styled The Honourable William Hanger between 1762 and 1794, was a British politician.

Hanger was the second surviving son of Gabriel Hanger, 1st Baron Coleraine, by Elizabeth Bond, daughter and heiress of Richard Bond, of Hereford. He sat as Member of Parliament for East Retford between 1775 and 1778, for Aldborough between 1778 and 1780 and for St Michael's between 1780 and 1784. In 1794 he succeeded his elder brother John in the barony. This was an Irish peerage and did not entitle him to a seat in the English House of Lords (although it did entitle him to a seat in the Irish House of Lords.

Lord Coleraine died in December 1814, aged 70, and was succeeded in the title by his younger brother, George.

Irish House of Lords
The Irish House of Lords, known formally as The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled, was the upper house of the Parliament of Ireland that existed from medieval times until the end of 1800. It was also the final court of appeal of the Kingdom of Ireland.

It was modelled on the House of Lords of England, with members of the Peerage of Ireland sitting in the Irish Lords, just as members of the Peerage of England did at Westminster. When the Act of Union 1800 abolished the Irish parliament, a subset of Irish peers sat as Irish representative peers in the House of Lords of the merged Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Division of Bland
33°50′44″S 146°49′38″E﻿ / ﻿33.84556°S 146.82722°E﻿ / -33.84556; 146.82722

The Division of Bland was an Australian electoral division in New South Wales. The division was proclaimed in 1900, and was one of the original 65 divisions to be contested at the first federal election. It was abolished in 1906. It was named for Dr William Bland, a New South Wales colonial politician. Based in rural southern New South Wales, it included the towns of Narrandera, Young, Wagga Wagga and West Wyalong. Bland was held by Chris Watson, the first Leader of the federal parliamentary Labor Party and Australia's first Labor Prime Minister. When Bland was abolished in 1906, Watson transferred to South Sydney.

Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives
Electorates (also known as electoral divisions, federal divisions or seats) are the single-member electoral districts of the Australian House of Representatives; the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. There are currently 150 federal electorates.
Thumb Peak (Palawan)
Thumb Peak is a small mountain in central Palawan, Philippines, and is the highest point in the Thumb Range. Like Mount Mantalingahan and Mount Victoria further south, Thumb Peak is part of the Mount Beaufort Ultramafics geological area, a series of ultramafic outcrops of Eocene origin that emerge in various parts of the island.

The mountain was formerly known as Mount Pulgar, a name it acquired during the Spanish Colonial period. Pulgar, means thumb in Spanish, and the name was probably translated directly to English following the ousting of Spain during the Spanish–American War. The name may have arisen as a result of the mountain's profile, which vaguely resembles the tip of a thumb protruding from a clenched fist.

The upper reaches of Thumb Peak are populated by species associated with ultramafic soils, including a number of endemics, such as the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes deaniana, rediscovered on the mountain in 2007 for the first time since its description in 1908.

Pitcher plant
Pitcher plants are  carnivorous plants that have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—prey-trapping mechanisms featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves. The plants attract and drown the prey with nectar.
Kosmos 1629
Kosmos 1629 (Russian: Космос 1629 meaning Cosmos 1629) is a Soviet US-KS missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1985 as part of the Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 1629 was launched from Site 200/39 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. A Proton-K carrier rocket with a DM upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 07:57 UTC on 21 February 1985. The launch successfully placed the satellite into geostationary orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1985-016A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 15574.

It was operational for about 2 years.

Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200
Site 200 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome is a launch site used, along with Site 81, by Proton rockets. It consists of two launch pads, areas 39 and 40. Area 39 is currently (as of 2021) used for Proton-M launches, including commercial flights conducted by International Launch Services. Area 40 is currently (as of 2021) inactive, as it was slated to be rebuilt as a launch site for the Angara rocket. Although the project was relocated to Site 250, Area 40 was not put back into service.

A number of planetary probes have been launched from Site 200. Venera 14, Venera 15, Vega 1, Fobos 1, the failed Mars-96, and ExoMars were launched from area 39. Venera 13, Venera 16, Vega 2, Fobos 2 were launched from Area 40. Area 39 was also the launch site for the core of the Mir space station, along with both Kvant modules, and the Kristall module. Salyut 7 and Granat were launched from Area 40.

On 13 May 2021 the pad was modified to support the launch of Nauka.
Niconico
Niconico, Inc. (Japanese: ニコニコ, Hepburn: Nikoniko), known before 2012 as Nico Nico Douga (ニコニコ動画, Niko Niko Dōga), is a Japanese video sharing service based in Tokyo, Japan. "Niconico" or "nikoniko" is the Japanese ideophone for smiling. As of 2021, Niconico is the 34th most-visited website in Japan, according to Alexa Internet.

The site won the Japanese Good Design Award in 2007, and an Honorary Mention of the Digital Communities category at Prix Ars Electronica 2008. Between June 8, 2024 and August 5, 2024, its servers were affected by a cyberattack and the website was partially active.

Alexa Internet
Alexa Internet, Inc. was an American web traffic analysis company based in San Francisco, California. It was founded as an independent company by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat in 1996. Alexa provided web traffic data, global rankings, and other information on over 30 million websites. It was acquired by Amazon in 1999 for $250 million in stock. Amazon discontinued the Alexa Internet service on May 1, 2022.

Alexa estimated website traffic based on a sample of millions of Internet users using browser extensions as well as from sites that had chosen to install an Alexa script. As of 2020, its website was visited by over 400 million people every month.
Lytle Creek (California)
Lytle Creek, California, is an approximately 18-mile-long (29 km) stream in southwestern San Bernardino County near the city of San Bernardino. It is a tributary of Warm Creek, a tributary of the Santa Ana River.  The Mormon settlers of San Bernardino named the stream "Lytle Creek" after their leader, Captain Andrew Lytle. The Tongva village of Wa’aachnga was located along Lytle Creek.

Guachama Rancheria
Kaawchama (Hispanicized to Guachama), alternatively referred to as Wa’aachnga ("plenty to eat"), was a significant Tongva village in the San Bernardino Valley located in what is now west Redlands, California. The village became referred to by the Spanish as the Guachama Rancheria in 1810 after a supply station was constructed at the village for Mission San Gabriel, which then became part of Rancho San Bernardino following the secularization of the missions in 1833.