hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marshy Hope, Nova Scotia
Marshy Hope is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Pictou County. The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway (CBNS) passes through Marshy Hope. The railway line was owned and operated by Canadian National Railway (CN) before CN sold the line in October 1993 to RailTex, a shortline railway holding company, which created CBNS to operate the line beginning in 1994.

RailTex
RailTex was a transportation holding company that specialized in owning and operating short line railroads across North America.

Based in San Antonio, Texas, the public company was a leader in making unprofitable lines shed by Class I railroads into viable transportation routes. The company was taken over by RailAmerica in February 2000.
Media cross-ownership in the United States
Media cross-ownership is the common ownership of multiple media sources by a single person or corporate entity. Media sources include radio, broadcast television, specialty and pay television, cable, satellite, Internet Protocol television (IPTV), newspapers, magazines and periodicals, music, film, book publishing, video games, search engines, social media, internet service providers, and wired and wireless telecommunications.

Much of the debate over concentration of media ownership in the United States has for many years focused specifically on the ownership of broadcast stations, cable stations, newspapers, and websites. Some have pointed to an increase in media merging and concentration of ownership which may correlate to decreased trust in 'mass' media.

Lachlan Murdoch
Lachlan Keith Murdoch (born 8 September 1971) is a businessman and mass media heir. He is the son of the media tycoon Rupert Murdoch. He is the executive chairman of Nova Entertainment, chairman of News Corp, executive chairman and CEO of Fox Corporation. In 2025, Murdoch's net worth was estimated at A$3.21 billion, as published in the Financial Review Rich List.
Shamir (musician)
Shamir Bailey (born November 7, 1994) is an American singer and songwriter from Las Vegas, Nevada. His debut extended play (EP), Northtown, was released in June 2014 to positive reviews. In October 2014, he signed to XL Recordings and released the single "On the Regular". His debut LP Ratchet was released on May 19, 2015 in the United States. Since then he has released seven independent studio albums, Hope (2017), Revelations (2017), Resolution (2018), Be the Yee, Here Comes the Haw (2019), Cataclysm (2019), Shamir (2020), and Heterosexuality (2022).

Audacy
Audacy, previously known as Radio.com, is an American free broadcast and Internet radio platform developed by its parent company Audacy, Inc. (formerly known as Entercom). The Audacy platform functions as a music recommender system and is the national umbrella brand for the company's radio network aggregating its over 235 local radio stations across the United States. In addition, the service includes thousands of podcasts created for the platform, hosted elsewhere or station programming on demand. It was initially developed by CBS Radio and was acquired by the former Entercom as part of the company's takeover of CBS Radio. The service's main competitors are rival station groups iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio and TuneIn. Audacy is available online via mobile devices and devices such as Chromecast and Amazon Fire TV.
Weakly additive
In fair division, a topic in economics, a preference relation is weakly additive
if the following condition is met:

If A is preferred to B, and C is preferred to D (and the contents of A and C do not overlap) then  A together with C is preferable to B together with D.

Every additive utility function is weakly-additive. However, additivity is applicable only to cardinal utility functions, while weak additivity is applicable to ordinal utility functions.

Weak additivity is often a realistic assumption when dividing up goods between claimants, and simplifies the mathematics of certain fair division problems considerably. Some procedures in fair division do not need the value of goods to be additive and only require weak additivity. In particular the adjusted winner procedure only requires weak additivity.

Adjusted winner procedure
Adjusted Winner (AW) is an algorithm for envy-free item allocation. Given two parties and some discrete goods, it returns a partition of the goods between the two parties that is:

Envy-free: Each party believes their share of the goods is as good as or better than their opponent's;

Equitable: The "relative happiness levels" of both parties from their shares are equal;

Pareto-optimal: no other allocation is better for one party and still at least as good for the other party; and

Involves splitting at most one good between the parties.

It is the only procedure that can satisfy all four properties simultaneously. Despite this, however, there are no accounts of the algorithm actually being used to resolve disputes.

The procedure was designed by Steven Brams and Alan D. Taylor, and published in their book on fair division: 65–94  and later in a stand-alone book.: 69–88  Adjusted Winning was previously patented in the United States, but expired in 2016.
Maniac (1934 film)
Maniac (also known as Sex Maniac) is a 1934 American independent black-and-white exploitation horror film directed by Dwain Esper and written by Hildagarde Stadie, Esper's wife, as a loose adaptation of the 1843 Edgar Allan Poe story "The Black Cat", with references to his "Murders in the Rue Morgue". Esper and Stadie also made the 1936 exploitation film Marihuana.

The film is in the public domain.

A restored version was made available in 1999, as part of a double feature with another Esper film, Narcotic! (1933). John Wilson, the founder of the Golden Raspberry Award, named Maniac one of the "100 Most Amusingly Bad Movies Ever Made" in his book The Official Razzie Movie Guide. Maniac has received negative reception since its release, considered as one of the worst films ever made.

Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine and alternatively spelled adrenalin, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata. It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals, including humans, and some single-celled organisms. It has also been isolated from the plant Scoparia dulcis found in Northern Vietnam.
Marathwada Kesar mango
The 'Marathwada Kesar mango', is a mango cultivar primarily grown in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. Districts where they are primarily grown are Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Jalna, Beed and Latur.

Jalna district
Jalna district (Marathi pronunciation: [d͡ʒaːlnaː]) is an administrative district in the state of Maharashtra in western India. Jalna city is the district headquarters. The district is part of Aurangabad division.
Infra Corporation
Infra Corporation is a division of EMC Corporation that produces infraEnterprise, which is a multi-tier web-based IT Service Management software tool. The software is based on ITIL and it implements a number of ITIL processes, including Service Desk management (including Incident Management and Problem Management), Change Management, Release Management, Configuration Management (including Federated CMDB), Availability Management and Service Level Management. The tool also includes a knowledge base module (known as the "knowledge bank"), which complies with principles of Knowledge-Centered Support (KCS).

IT service management
Information technology service management (ITSM) are the activities performed by an organization to design, build, deliver, operate and control IT services offered to customers.

Differing from more technology-oriented IT management approaches like network management and  IT systems management, IT service management is characterized by adopting a process approach towards management, focusing on customer needs and IT services for customers rather than IT systems, and stressing continual improvement. The CIO WaterCooler's 2017 ITSM report states that business uses ITSM "mostly in support of customer experience (35%) and service quality (48%)."
Gedgrave
Gedgrave is a civil parish in the East Suffolk district, in the English county of Suffolk in eastern England. In 2005, its population was 30. Gedgrave once had a church called St Andrews. The village is part of a joint parish council with Orford.

Gedgrave gives its name to the Gedgravian Stage of the Pliocene Epoch in British geological stratigraphy. The Sites of Special Scientific Interest Gedgrave Hall Pit and Richmond Farm Pit are situated close by.

Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.  A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.

Rock series are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called chronozones or substages, and added together into superstages.

The term faunal stage is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same fauna (animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).
Municipalities of Switzerland
Municipalities (German: Gemeinden, Einwohnergemeinden or politische Gemeinden; French: communes; Italian: comuni; Romansh: vischnancas) are the lowest level of administrative division in Switzerland. Each municipality is part of one of the Swiss cantons, which form the Swiss Confederation. In most cantons, municipalities are also part of districts or other sub-cantonal administrative divisions.

There are 2,110 municipalities as of January 2026. Their populations range between several hundred thousand (Zürich), and a few dozen people (Kammersrohr, Bister), and their territory between 0.32 km² (Rivaz) and 439 km² (Scuol).

Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland
The periods of Restoration and Regeneration in Swiss history lasted from 1814 to 1847. "Restoration" is the period of 1814 to 1830, the restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte on the centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the Act of Mediation of 1803. "Regeneration" is the period of 1830 to 1848, when in the wake of the July Revolution the "restored" Ancien Régime was countered by the liberal movement. In the Protestant cantons, the rural population enforced liberal cantonal constitutions, partly in armed marches on the cities. This resulted in a conservative backlash in the Catholic cantons in the 1830s, raising the conflict to the point of civil war by 1847.
Tiziano Pagan De Paganis
Tiziano Pagan De Paganis (1858–1932) was an Italian painter, mainly of landscapes and genre subjects.

He was born in Verona. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna, where in 1876 he was awarded a diploma for ornamentation. At the 1878 Milan exposition, he displayed two landscapes: Le due torri Asinelli e Garisenda and Il Foro romano. In 1881 at Florence, he exhibited Fra due battute d'aspetto and Una lezione meritata. He remained a resident of Bologna. At the 1885 Promotrice of Bologna, he exhibited Un ottimo amico, Un assalto impreveduto, and Angelus Domini. At the 1888 Esposition at Bologna, he sent Il Rio dì Porretta, Fiori, Ricreazione, and various drawings and designs.
 He also painted portraits, including miniatures of persons in a landscape.

Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna
The Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna ('academy of fine arts of Bologna') is a public tertiary academy of fine art in Bologna, Italy. It has a campus in Cesena.

Giorgio Morandi taught engraving at the Accademia for more than 25 years.
Electoral district of Ashburton
Ashburton was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1901 and again from 1989 to 1996.

The district was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. It was located in the remote north-west of the state. In 1898, the district's main settlement was the town of Onslow; it also included various pastoral leases along the Fortescue River. The seat was abolished ahead of the 1901 election.

Revived for the 1989 election, Ashburton was won by Labor candidate Pam Buchanan, previously the member for Pilbara. Buchanan, by this time an independent, resigned the seat in 1991 due to ill-health, triggering a by-election won by Labor candidate Fred Riebeling. The district was abolished ahead of the 1996 election and Riebeling shifted to the new seat of Burrup at that election.

Onslow, Western Australia
Onslow is a coastal town in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 1,386 kilometres (861 mi) north of Perth. It had a population of 829 people as at 2021 and is located within the Shire of Ashburton local government area.

The town is served by Onslow Airport, and is located 76 km off of the North West Coastal Highway.
Empress Sunmok
Empress Sunmok (Korean: 순목황후; Hanja: 順穆皇后; lit. accomplished and majestic empress; died 830) of the Tae clan (태씨; 泰氏) was a queen consort of Balhae as the wife of King Kan.

Her tomb and epitaph were discovered at the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, China. She was queen of Balhae for only a short period, during her husband's brief 817 CE - 818 CE reign.  He died in 818, and she outlived him for twelve years, until her death in  830 CE. She was buried in Longtou Mountain not long after that.

From 2004 to 2005, at least 14 tombs dating from the Balhae period were unearthed from Longtou Mountain. Chinese government officials  revealed that one of these tombs, M3, which is a large stone tomb, belonged to Sunmok. Her tomb featured a gravestone, which consisted of reddish-brown sandstone 34.5 cm wide, 55 cm high, and 13 cm thick.

Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain
The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain are the burial sites of twelve royal figures from the Balhae (Bohai) kingdom. It is located on Longtou Mountain, southeast of Toudao Town (头道镇) in Helong, Jilin Province, China, a region possibly called the "Western Field of the Ran Valley" (染谷之西原) by the Balhae people. The mausoleum of Princess Chŏnghyo is located here.
Decarboxylated and decarbonylated biofuels
Decarboxylated and decarbonylated biofuels are renewable hydrocarbon fuels produced by converting biomass, by either decarboxylation or decarbonylation, into liquid transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel. Conversion of biomass to liquid fuels is preferred as an alternative to the extraction of fossil fuels because biomass removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as it grows through photosynthesis. When combusted, this carbon is re-released into the atmosphere, closing the carbon cycle and making biofuels carbon neutral under some conditions. First generation biofuels such as biodiesel are produced directly from crops, such as cereals, maize, sugar beet and cane, and rapeseed. Second generation fuels are produced from byproducts from production of food and other goods, as well as from household waste, used frying oil from restaurants, and slaughterhouse waste.

Decarbonylation
In chemistry, decarbonylation is a type of organic reaction that involves the loss of carbon monoxide (CO).  It is often an undesirable reaction, since it represents a degradation.  In the chemistry of metal carbonyls, decarbonylation describes a substitution process, whereby a CO ligand is replaced by another ligand.
Winona (Winona, Virginia)
Winona is a historic home located near Bridgetown, Northampton County, Virginia. It dates to about 1681, and is a small, 1+1⁄2-story, brick structure with a gable roof. It measures 32 feet, 6 inches, by 27 feet 6 inches.  It features an exterior end chimney with three free-standing stacks set diagonally on the base.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

Northampton County, Virginia
Northampton County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,282. Its county seat is Eastville. Northampton and Accomack Counties are a part of the larger Eastern Shore of Virginia.

The county is the center of the late Eocene meteor strike that resulted in the Chesapeake Bay impact crater. The Northampton County Courthouse Historic District is part of the Eastville Historic District at the county seat.
Round-topped boiler
A round-topped boiler is a type of boiler used for some designs of steam locomotive and portable engine. It was an early form of locomotive boiler, although continuing to be used for new locomotives through to the end of steam locomotive manufacture in the 1960s.

Boiler (power generation)
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water.  Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to medium pressure (7–2,000 kPa or 1–290 psi) but, at pressures above this, it is more usual to speak of a steam generator.

A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required. The form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam locomotives, portable engines and steam-powered road vehicles typically use a smaller boiler that forms an integral part of the vehicle; stationary steam engines, heating plants, industrial installations and power stations will usually have a larger separate steam generating facility connected to the point-of-use by piping. A notable exception is the steam-powered fireless locomotive, where separately-generated steam is transferred to a receiver (tank) on the locomotive.
K.J.V. Steenstrup Glacier
K.J.V. Steenstrup Glacier is one of the major glaciers in King Christian IX Land, by the eastern coast of Greenland, Sermersooq municipality. 
This ice formation includes two nearly parallel glaciers, the Northern K.J.V. Steenstrup Glacier (Danish: K.I.V. Steenstrups Nordre Bræ) and the Southern K.J.V. Steenstrup Glacier (Danish: K.I.V. Steenstrups Søndre Bræ). These glaciers were named after Danish geologist and explorer of Greenland K. J. V. Steenstrup (1842 - 1913).

King Christian IX Land
King Christian IX Land (Danish: Kong Christian IX Land) is a coastal area of Southeastern Greenland in Sermersooq Municipality fronting the Denmark Strait and extending through the Arctic Circle from 65°N to 70°N.
Pone Fa'amausili
Pone Fa'amausili (born 26 February 1997) is an Australian rugby union footballer who plays for Moana Pasifika in Super Rugby, having previously played for Melbourne Rebels.  His position of choice is prop.

Moana Pasifika
Moana Pasifika is a professional rugby union team based in New Zealand and made up of players from various Pacific Island nations as well as New Zealand or Australian born players of Pasifika heritage, including Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and the Cook Islands who play in the Super Rugby Pacific competition. Many of its players represent Tonga and Samoa at the international level, while it also includes current and former All Blacks such as brothers Ardie and Julian Savea.

The team was originally created for a one-off match against the Māori All Blacks in December 2020, with the future intention of trying to join the Super Rugby competition.

Moana Pasifika were granted a conditional licence and subsequently an unconditional licence in April and July 2021 respectively, to join the Super Rugby competition.

The team played its inaugural Super Rugby match on 4 March 2022.
Łęknica
Łęknica (Polish pronunciation: [wɛŋkˈɲit͡sa] ⓘ; German: Lugknitz; Upper Sorbian: Wjeska, pronounced [ˈwʲɛska]) is a border town in western Poland, one of the two gminas of Żary County in Lubusz Voivodeship.

Muskau Park (Park Mużakowski), a Polish-German World Heritage Site and Historic Monument of Poland, stretches north of the town centre.

Border town
A border town is a town or city close to the boundary between two countries, states, or regions. Usually the term implies that the nearness to the border is one of the things the place is most famous for. With close proximities to a different country, diverse cultural traditions can have certain influence to the place. Border towns can have highly cosmopolitan communities, a feature they share with port cities, as traveling and trading often go through the town. They can also be flashpoints for international conflicts, especially when the two countries have territorial disputes.
Standon Bridge railway station
Standon Bridge railway station was a railway station in Standon, approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Stone, Staffordshire. The station closed on 4 February 1952, the same day as Whitmore railway station 4 miles further north.

The station is close to Mill Meece Pumping Station, an early 20th-century preserved steam-powered water pumping station built by Staffordshire Potteries Waterworks Company. During installation of a second steam engine in 1926–27, parts were delivered to Standon Bridge railway station and transferred by horse and cart to the pumping station.

The station is also near to Swynnerton Army training camp, a large former Royal Ordnance Factory.

Stone, Staffordshire
Stone is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Stafford in Staffordshire, England. It is situated approximately 7 miles (11 km) north of Stafford, 7 miles (11 km) south of Stoke-on-Trent and 15 miles (24 km) north of Rugeley. As a notable canal town, Stone is recognised for its rich history, originating from the early Bronze Age and continuing through the Industrial Revolution, with the introduction of the Trent and Mersey Canal shaping the town's development and local industry.

Originally governed as an urban district council and a rural district council, Stone became part of the Borough of Stafford in 1974. Over the years, the town has seen a steady growth in its population, which was recorded as 12,305 in the 1991 census, 14,555 in 2001 and 16,385 in 2011.
Pat Dubar
Patrick R. "Adawee" Dubar is an American singer, primarily with hardcore bands such as Unity and Uniform Choice, initially in the straight edge subgenre. Together with Pat Longrie (Uniform Choice), they ran the hardcore label Wishingwell Records.

He later went on to bands like Mind Funk, Corporate Avenger and Sitting Bull.

Dubar is a graduate of Pepperdine University.

He is the older brother of Courtney Dubar, founder of Affliction Clothing.

Corporate Avenger
Corporate Avenger is an American Rap Rock/Nu Metal band from Southern California, known for blending aggressive rap-rock, industrial, and hardcore elements with provocative, politically charged lyrics.  They originally emerged in the late 1990s, disbanded in the mid-2000s.  Their music frequently addresses themes such as social injustice, corruption, religious critique, and historical wrongs, often delivered with confrontational intensity.