hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Liu Xucang
Liu Xucang (Chinese: 刘旭沧; 1913–1966) was a photographer, born in 
Nanxun, Huzhou, Zhejiang. Liu pioneered in the use of color film, photography of everyday objects, and nudes. He was twice elected secretary of the Chinese Photographers Association 中国摄影家协会. He died in 1966, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, presumably as a result of political harassment.

Nanxun, Huzhou
Nanxun District (simplified Chinese: 南浔区; traditional Chinese: 南潯區; pinyin: Nánxún Qū) is a district in the prefecture-level city of Huzhou, Zhejiang province, China. Nanxun Town, an ancient water town, is located in the district. It is one of the most well-preserved old towns in this region and is known for its cultural heritage.  Other towns in the district include Shuanglin, Lianshi, Linghu, Shanlian, Qianjin and Shicong.
Birgit Vogel-Heuser
Birgit Vogel-Heuser (born 1961) is a German computer scientist and professor at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). She has been cited over 15,000 times. Vogel-Heuser's research focuses on systems and software engineering, and modeling of distributed embedded systems.

She received her engineering degree in 1987 and her doctorate in mechanical engineering in 1990 from the RWTH Aachen University. She was appointed to the Chair of Automation and Information Systems at TUM in 2009.

Technical University of Munich
The Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich; German: Technische Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and applied and natural sciences.

Established in 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, the university now has additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn, Straubing, Ottobrunn, and Singapore, with the Garching campus being its largest. The university is organized into seven schools, and is supported by numerous research centers. It is one of the largest universities in Germany, with 51,954 students and an annual budget of €2,171.0 million including the university hospital.

A University of Excellence under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is among the leading universities in the European Union. Its researchers and alumni include 19 Nobel laureates and 26 Leibniz Prize winners.
Stéphane Laporte
Stéphane Laporte (born 17 July 1966 in Lyon, Rhône) is a retired track and field athlete from France, who competed in the men's javelin throw event during his career. He represented France at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, where he didn't reach the final after throwing 69.40 metres in the qualification round.

Rhône
The Rhône (/roʊn/ ROHN, French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Occitan: Ròse; Arpitan: Rôno) is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion). At Arles, near its mouth, the river divides into the Great Rhône (French: le Grand Rhône; Occitan: Grand Ròse) and the Little Rhône (le Petit Rhône; Pichon Ròse). The resulting delta forms the Camargue region.

The river's source is the Rhône Glacier, at the eastern edge of the Swiss canton of Valais. The glacier is part of the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which gives rise to three other major rivers: the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino.

The Rhône is, with the Po and the Nile, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge.
Israel Kleiner (mathematician)
Israel Kleiner is a Canadian mathematician and historian of mathematics.

Kleiner earned an MA at Yale University (1963) and a PhD at McGill University (1967) under Joachim Lambek with a thesis Lie modules and rings of quotients. Before his retirement as professor emeritus, he spent his career as a mathematics professor at York University, where he was a member of the faculty since 1965 and where he coordinated the training program for mathematics teachers teaching at the secondary school level. He is noted for his work on the history of algebra and on the combination of the history of mathematics and mathematics education.

He received the Carl B. Allendoerfer Award in 1987 and again in 1992, the George Pólya Award in 1990, and the Lester Randolph Ford Award in 1995. He was in the mid 2000s vice-president of the Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Mathematics.

The American Mathematical Monthly
The American Mathematical Monthly is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics. It was established by Benjamin Finkel in 1894 and is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America. It is an expository journal intended for a wide audience of mathematicians, from undergraduate students to research professionals. Articles are chosen on the basis of their broad interest and reviewed and edited for quality of exposition as well as content. The editor-in-chief is Annalisa Crannell.
The journal gives the Lester R. Ford Award annually to "authors of articles of expository excellence" published in the journal.
Ray Hare
Raymond Lewis Hare (November 21, 1917 – June 2, 1975) was an American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and the Brooklyn Tigers.  Hare also played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the New York Yankees.  He attended Gonzaga University.

Hare achieved legendary status during the 1943 Washington Redskins season, when he played all ten league games, the Eastern Division championship game, and the 1943 NFL Championship Game while missing a total only 13 minutes of action. The average of barely more than 1 minute of rest per game was provided by teammates Coye Dunn (3 minutes) and Joe Gibson (10 minutes), according to the original report in the Washington Post.

Gonzaga University
Gonzaga University (GU) (/ɡənˈzæɡə/ ghən-ZAG-ə) is a private Jesuit university in Spokane, Washington, United States. It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. Founded in 1887 by Joseph Cataldo, a Sicilian-born priest and Jesuit missionary, the university is named after the young Jesuit saint Aloysius Gonzaga. The campus houses 105 buildings on 152 acres (62 ha) of grassland alongside the Spokane River, in a residential setting a half-mile (800 m) from downtown Spokane.

The university grants bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its college and six schools: the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Business Administration, School of Education, School of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Law, School of Nursing and Human Physiology, and the School of Leadership Studies.
Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis
Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis (born Giuseppina Ronzi; Milan 11 January 1800 – died, Florence, 7 June 1853) was an Italian soprano opera singer famous for the roles written for her by the prominent composers of the 1820s and 1830s. Her father, Gaspare, was a prominent ballet dancer and choreographer, and her mother, Antonia, was a ballerina. Her brothers Stanislao and Pollione were opera singers. As a singer, she made her debut in Naples at the Teatro dei Fiorentini in 1814 in Giovanni Cordella's L'Avaro, followed by important engagements in Bologna in 1816, also appearing in Genoa, Florence; in 1817 as Giulia La Vestale, and in Bergamo. She married Italian bass Giuseppe de Begnis (1793–1849) when she was only 16. The marriage lasted only a few years and the two separated in 1825.

La vestale (Spontini)
La vestale (The Vestal Virgin) is an opera composed by Gaspare Spontini to a French libretto by Étienne de Jouy. It takes the form of a tragédie lyrique in three acts. It was first performed on 15 December 1807 by the Académie Impériale de Musique (Paris Opera) at the Salle Montansier and is regarded as Spontini's masterpiece. The musical style shows the influence of Gluck and anticipates the works of Berlioz, Wagner, and French Grand opera.
Ipatinga Futebol Clube
Ipatinga Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Ipatinga, state of Minas Gerais, founded on 21 May 1998. During the 2013 season, the club played in Betim, shortly after returned to Ipatinga in 2015.

On 22 May 2022, the club was acquired by businessman Marcos Ferraz, through his conglomerate Kraken Holding, Inc, who took over management immediately, transforming the club into SAF (anonymous football company) and registered its squad to participate. of the championship of the same year.

Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
The Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (commonly referred to as the Brasileirão Série B, the Série B or the Brazilian Série B to distinguish it from the Italian Serie B), and currently officially called Brasileirão Série B Superbet for sponsorship reasons) is the second tier of the Brazilian football league system, which is organized by the Brazilian Football Confederation.

The competition was played for the first time in 1971, and for a long time, the competition format was inconsistent, with changes happening frequently. Also, there were years where the competition was not played at all.

Since 2006 it has been contested by 20 teams in a double round-robin format with 38 matches, with the top four teams being promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A group and the bottom four teams being relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C.
August 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 31 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Aug. 2

All fixed commemorations below are observed on August 14 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For August 1st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 19.

Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
The Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar describes and dictates the rhythm of the life of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Passages of Holy Scripture, saints and events for commemoration are associated with each date, as are many times special rules for fasting or feasting that correspond to the day of the week or time of year in relationship to the major feast days.

There are two types of feasts in the Orthodox Church calendar: fixed and movable. Fixed feasts occur on the same calendar day every year, whereas movable feasts change each year. The moveable feasts are generally relative to Pascha (Easter), and so the cycle of moveable feasts is referred to as the Paschal cycle.
Colston (name)
Colston is a surname, and also a given name. The name has several origins.  It is sometimes from a Middle English given name Colstan, probably from Old Norse kol "charcoal" and steinn "stone".  It may also be an English habitation name, from Colston Bassett or Car Colston in Nottinghamshire, or from Coulston in Wiltshire.

Car Colston
Car Colston is an English village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe borough of Nottinghamshire. The population of the civil parish at the time of the 2011 census was 185, falling to 171 at the 2021 census.
Wavebob
Wavebob was a wave energy converter which was in development between 1999 and 2013 when the company was closed owing to funding difficulties.

The device was an axisymetric self-reacting heaving buoy point absorber. It consisted of two oscillating structures, a floating collar or torus which followed the motion of the waves, and a central section containing the power-take-off at the top and a buoyancy-controlling tank below the water.

Wavebob Ltd. commenced the first of a number of sea trials in Galway Bay in Ireland during which it was tested as a 1/4 scale device for short periods at the SEAI 1/4 Scale Wave Power Testing facility which is located in the inner bay inside the natural Aran Islands breakwater and where devices under test are exposed to around 1/3 of the expected energy of the 'Full Atlantic Ocean'.

Aran Islands
The Aran Islands (/ˈærən/ ARR-ən; Irish: Oileáin Árann, pronounced [əˈlʲaːnʲ ˈaːɾˠən̪ˠ]) or The Arans (na hÁrainneacha [n̪ˠə ˈhaːɾˠən̠ʲəxə]), are a group of three islands at the mouth of Galway Bay, off the west coast of Ireland, with a combined area of about 46 km2 (18 mi2). They form the historic barony of Aran in County Galway.

From west to east, the islands are Inishmore (Árainn / Inis Mór), which is the largest; Inishmaan (Inis Meáin), the second-largest; and Inisheer (Inis Oírr), the smallest. Several smaller islets also lie in the group.

The population of 1,347 (as of 2022) primarily speaks Irish, making the islands part of the Gaeltacht. Most residents are also fluent or proficient in English. The population has declined steadily since 1841, when it was approximately 3,500.
The Pinch
The Pinch is a biannual literary magazine published at the University of Memphis. Works previously published in the magazine has been reprinted in the Best American Essays and Best American Nonrequired Reading, or have won a Pushcart Prize.

The magazine was founded by William Page in 1980, under the name Memphis State Review. Its name was changed to River City in 1988 and to The Pinch in 2006. The name "The Pinch" comes from Memphis' old Jewish ghetto, as detailed by Memphis writer Steve Stern.

The Best American Nonrequired Reading
The Best American Nonrequired Reading was a yearly anthology of fiction and nonfiction selected annually by high school students in California and Michigan through 826 Valencia and 826michigan.  The volume was part of The Best American Series and was initially edited by Dave Eggers. In the editor's note to the 2013 volume, Eggers stated that the 12th edition would be his last as editor. The 2014 volume was edited by Daniel Handler, a.k.a. Lemony Snicket. The 2019 was the last volume as it has been discontinued by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Bhora
Bhora (Arabic: بحورى)  is a Syrian village located in Maarrat Misrin Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bhora had a population of 1,341 at the 2004 census.

Idlib District
Idlib District (Arabic: منطقة ادلب, romanized: manṭiqat Idlib) is a district of the Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Idlib. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 382,929.
Kipsigis language
Kipsigis (or Kipsikii, Kipsikiis) is part of the Kenyan Kalenjin dialect cluster, It is spoken mainly in Kericho and Bomet counties in Kenya. The Kipsigis people are the most numerous tribe of the Kalenjin in Kenya, accounting for 60% of all Kalenjin speakers. Kipsigis is closely related to Nandi, Keiyo (Keyo, Elgeyo), South Tugen (Tuken), and Cherangany.

The Kipsigis territory is bordered to the south and southeast by the Maasai. To the west, Gusii (a Bantu language) is spoken. To the north-east, other Kalenjin people are found, mainly the Nandi. East from the Kipsigis, in the Mau forests, live some Okiek speaking tribes.

Maasai people
The Maasai (/ˈmɑːsaɪ, mɑːˈsaɪ/) are an Eastern Nilotic ethnic group native to northern, central and southern regions of Kenya including northern Tanzania, near the African Great Lakes region. Their native language is the Maasai language, a Nilotic language related to Dinka, Kalenjin and Nuer. A branch within the broader Nilo-Saharan language family. Except for some elders living in rural areas, most Maasai people speak the official languages of Kenya and Tanzania—Swahili and English.

The Maasai population has been reported as numbering 1,189,522 in Kenya in the 2019 census compared to 377,089 in the 1989 census.
William A. Davis Jr.
William Ames Davis Jr. (July 9, 1927 – May 4, 2017) was an engineer and distinguished leader in Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) for the United States Army at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. Davis was an inaugural member of the United States Senior Executive Service (SES) and recipient of numerous accolades and awards from the army, including the Meritorious Civilian Service Award (1980) and the Department of the Army Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service (1982).

United States national missile defense
National missile defense (NMD) refers to the nationwide antimissile program the United States has had under development since the 1990s. After the renaming in 2002, the term now refers to the entire program, not just the ground-based interceptors and associated facilities.

Other elements that could potentially be integrated into NMD include anti-ballistic missiles, or sea-based, space-based, laser, and high altitude missile systems. The NMD program is limited in scope and designed to counter a relatively small ICBM attack from a less sophisticated adversary. Unlike the earlier Strategic Defense Initiative program, it is not designed to be a robust shield against a large attack from a technically sophisticated adversary.
Post Office Investigator
Post Office Investigator is a 1949  black and white American crime film about the theft of postage stamps, directed by George Blair, and starring Audrey Long, Warren Douglas and Jeff Donnell. Allmovie called it a "diligent Republic programmer."

George Blair (director)
George Blair  (December 6, 1905 – April 19, 1970) was an American film director who worked generally on supporting features including many B-Westerns. Two of his earliest films were British-set thriller films starring C. Aubrey Smith, made for Republic Pictures.

Television programs that Blair directed included Brave Eagle.
Grimes-Crotts Mill
Grimes-Crotts Mill, also known as Eureka Mills, Old Mill, Crotts Mill, is a historic grist mill located near Reedy Creek, Davidson County, North Carolina. It was built between 1870 and 1880, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, frame mill on a foundation of fieldstone and massive timber pilings.  It is sheathed in plain weatherboard and has a monitor roof.  The mill machinery was removed in 1937.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Monitor (architecture)
A monitor in architecture is a raised structure running along the ridge of a double-pitched roof, with its own roof running parallel with the main roof. The long sides of monitors usually contain clerestory windows or louvers to light or ventilate the area under the roof. A monitor roof looks like the roof of a traditional sugar house (building for boiling down maple syrup) but the purpose of the sugar house roof is to vent steam. Historically, some railroad passenger cars had monitor roofs.
Second Nature (Rush song)
"Second Nature" is the fourth track of Canadian rock band Rush's twelfth studio album Hold Your Fire (1987), released by Anthem Records. The song was penned by drummer Neil Peart, and composed by bassist/lead vocalist Geddy Lee and guitarist Alex Lifeson. It was produced by Peter Collins, who took on the same task for the band's previous album Power Windows (1985).

"Second Nature" is a soft rock power ballad, featuring a new age world music sound and guitar-driven pop rock chorus. A spiritual successor of songs from A Farewell to Kings (1977), such as "Closer to the Heart", it focuses on the need of habituation in man's moral virtue. It is primarily an open letter to the powerful to take action against environmental destruction as second nature, instead of viewing it as an afterthought. The song was left out of the set list for Hold Your Fire's promotional tour, and retrospective critics called it middling, bland, and unexceptional.

Hold Your Fire
Hold Your Fire is the twelfth studio album by Canadian progressive rock band Rush, released on September 8, 1987. It was recorded at The Manor Studio in Oxfordshire, Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey, AIR Studios in Montserrat and McClear Place in Toronto. Hold Your Fire was the last Rush studio album released outside Canada by PolyGram/Mercury. 'Til Tuesday bassist and vocalist Aimee Mann contributed vocals to "Time Stand Still" and appeared in the Zbigniew Rybczyński-directed video.

The album was not as commercially successful as most of the band's releases of the 1980s, peaking at number 13 on the Billboard charts, the lowest chart peak for a Rush album since 1978's Hemispheres. However, it was eventually certified Gold by the RIAA.
Argies (band)
Argies is a band from Argentina playing punk rock, reggae, dub and ska, formed in Rosario, Santa Fe in 1984. The term "Argies" is the pejorative apocope for "Argentine" used extensively by British soldiers during the Falklands War in 1982. Their musical roots lie in British punk from the seventies.  The band's lyrics have a testimonial style and nowadays turn to a deeper search into human ethics.

Unlike most bands, which have fixed members, Argies works as a cooperative of independent musicians. New members play until they choose to leave, helping to create a cultural movement across the years.

They have performed numerous shows in Argentina and 45 other countries.  Between 1996 and 2022, Argies played 1211 shows in Europe, 74 shows in Latin America and 43 shows in Asia (included 14 shows in China).

Although the composition of the Band changes, its founder and singer, David Balbina, has remained the most visible face since its inception.

Apocope
In phonology, apocope (/əˈpɒkəpi/ ə-POCK-ə-pee) is the omission (elision) or loss of a sound or sounds at the end of a word. While it most commonly refers to the loss of a final vowel, it can also describe the deletion of final consonants or even entire syllables.

For instance, in much spoken English, the t in the word don't is lost in the phrase I don't know, leading to the written representation I dunno.

The resulting word form after apocope has occurred is called an apocopation.
Taisia Povaliy
Taisia Mykolaivna Povaliy (Ukrainian: Таї́сія Микола́ївна Повалі́й; Russian: Таи́сия Никола́евна Повали́й, romanized: Taisiya Nikolaevna Povaliy; née Hiriavets, Ukrainian: Гиряве́ць, Russian: Гиряве́ц, romanized: Giryavets; born 10 December 1964) is a Soviet, Ukrainian, and  Russian singer and actress.

She started her career of singer in 1985. In 1993, she won the Grand Prix at the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk, Belarus.

In 1995, she released her first album. The next year she was awarded the honorary title of Merited Artist of Ukraine. In 1997, she was awarded the title of People's Artist of Ukraine. In 1998, she was awarded the Order of Saint Nicholas Thaumaturgus (International).

People's Artist
People's Artist is an honorary title in the Soviet Union, Union republics, in some other Eastern bloc states (and communist states in general), as well as in a number of post-Soviet states, modeled after the title of the People's Artist of the USSR.
Libcanberra
libcanberra is a free and open-source implementation of the freedesktop.org name and sound theme specifications. It supports several backends, including ALSA, PulseAudio, OSS, and GStreamer. It is named after Canberra, the capital city of Australia.

Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) is a software framework and part of the Linux kernel that provides an application programming interface (API) for sound card device drivers.

Some of the goals of the ALSA project at its inception were automatic configuration of sound-card hardware and graceful handling of multiple sound devices in a system. ALSA is released under GPL-2.0-or-later and LGPL-2.1-or-later.

On Linux, sound servers, like sndio, PulseAudio, JACK (low-latency professional-grade audio editing and mixing) and PipeWire, and higher-level APIs (e.g OpenAL, SDL audio, etc.) work on top of ALSA and its sound card device drivers. ALSA succeeded the older Linux port of the Open Sound System (OSS).
SNCAC NC.271
The SNCAC NC.271 was a French experimental aircraft built by SNCAC in the late 1940s, as a 1:2.5 scale model of the proposed SNCAC NC.270 jet bomber, featuring swept-back wings, using SNCASE SE-161 Languedoc N0.31 F-BCUT as a launch platform.

SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc
The SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc was a French four-engined airliner produced by SNCASE (Sud-Est). Developed from the Bloch MB.160 and known in the late 1930s as the (SNCSO) Bloch MB.161, the SE.161 was in service with Air France and the French military after World War II.