hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wakarusa War
The Wakarusa War was an armed standoff that took place in the Kansas Territory during November and December 1855. It is often cited by historians as the first instance of violence during the "Bleeding Kansas" conflict between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the region.

The incident took place in Douglas County, centered on the Wakarusa River Valley and the town of Lawrence, where the opposing militias confronted each other for the first time. At the behest of Territorial Governor Wilson Shannon, the two sides eventually agreed to a truce, but it was short-lived, and widespread violence resumed the following spring.

Lecompton, Kansas
Lecompton (pronounced /lɪˈkɒmptən/) is a city in Lecompton Township, Douglas County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 588.  Lecompton, located on the Kansas River, was the de jure territorial capital of Kansas from 1855 to 1861, and the Douglas County seat from 1855 to 1858. Anti-slavery Lawrence became the de facto capital during the latter part of this period, when the county seat was moved there. This time period was known as Bleeding Kansas, due to the violence perpetrated by opposing pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the eastern part of the state. Lecompton was a hotbed of pro-slavery sentiment during the mid-1800s.
Candelariella granuliformis
Candelariella granuliformis is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Candelariaceae. It forms a yellow crust made up of tiny granules that break apart into smaller fragments for asexual reproduction. Fruiting bodies are rarely produced. The species occurs in arctic and alpine habitats across northern Canada, Scandinavia, and the mountains of the western United States.

Climate of the Arctic
The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface.

The Arctic consists of ocean that is largely surrounded by land. As such, the climate of much of the Arctic is moderated by the ocean water, which can never have a temperature below −2 °C (28 °F). In winter, this relatively warm water, even though covered by the polar ice pack, keeps the North Pole from being the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, and it is also part of the reason that Antarctica is so much colder than the Arctic. In summer, the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise.
G95
G95 is a free, portable, open-source Fortran 95 compiler. It implements the Fortran 95 standard, part of the Fortran 2003 standard, as well as some old and new extensions including features for the Fortran 2008 standard like coarray Fortran. It also supports the F programming language subset.

Free-software license
A free-software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software.  These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights.  Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.
The Perfect Release
The Perfect Release is an album by Annette Peacock. It was recorded in London, and was released in 1979 by Aura Records. On the album, Peacock is joined by guitarist Robert Ahwai, keyboardist Max Middleton, bassist John McKenzie, drummer Richard Bailey, and percussionists Darryl Lee Que and Lennox Laington.

In an interview, Peacock stated that she had heard Jeff Beck's album Blow by Blow prior to its release, and decided she wanted to record with the band. (Middleton and Bailey both appeared on Beck's album.)

The contents of the album were reissued by Sanctuary Records on the 2004 compilation My Mama Never Taught Me How to Cook: The Aura Years 1978–1982.

Blow by Blow
Blow by Blow is Jeff Beck's first album credited to him as a solo artist. It was recorded in October 1974 and released via Epic Records in 1975. An instrumental album, it peaked at No. 4 on the American Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the RIAA.
Yu County, Shanxi
Yu County, also known by its Chinese name Yuxian, is a county in the east of Shanxi Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yangquan and occupies its northern majority.

County (China)
Counties (县) are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan, a level that is known as "county level" and also contains autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners, autonomous banners and city districts. There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.

The term xian is sometimes translated as "district" or "prefecture" when put in the context of Chinese history.
Cyrano (DiChiera)
Cyrano is an opera in three acts by David DiChiera, with orchestration by Mark Flint, to a libretto in French by Bernard Uzan, based on the 1897 play Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand. It premiered on 13 October 2007 at the Michigan Opera Theatre, and was then presented on February 8 to 17, 2008 at the Opera Company of Philadelphia. Florida Grand Opera presented it in April 2011. It was revived November 4, 2017 by Opera Carolina.

Florida Grand Opera
Florida Grand Opera (FGO) is an American opera company based in Miami, Florida. It is the oldest performing arts organization in Florida and the seventh oldest opera company in the United States. FGO was created in 1994 from the consolidation of two opera companies in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale region: Opera Guild of Greater Miami, founded in 1941 by Arturo di Filippi; and the Opera Guild, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, formed in 1945.
Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy
In pathology, hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, abbreviated HDV, is the histomorphologic correlate of gestational hypertension, as may be seen in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and HELLP syndrome.

The name of the condition describes its appearance under the microscope; the smooth muscle of the decidual (or maternal) blood vessels is hypertrophic, i.e. the muscle part of the blood vessels feeding the placenta is larger due to cellular enlargement.

Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. It is distinguished from hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number. Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they frequently occur together, such as in the case of the hormonally induced proliferation and enlargement of the cells of the uterus during pregnancy.

Eccentric hypertrophy is a type of hypertrophy where the walls and chamber of a hollow organ undergo growth in which the overall size and volume are enlarged. It is applied especially to the left ventricle of the heart. Sarcomeres are added in series, as for example in dilated cardiomyopathy (in contrast to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a type of concentric hypertrophy, where sarcomeres are added in parallel).
Stuart-Menteth baronets
The Stuart-Menteth Baronetcy, of Closeburn in the County of Dumfries and Mansfield in the County of Ayr, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 August 1838 for Charles Stuart-Menteth. The third baronet was a naturalised American. Current family James William Francis Stuart-Menteth, Abigail Jane Stuart-Menteth (1975-2021), Audrey Plum Stuart-Menteth, Martha Isabelle Francis Stuart-Menteth

The Menteths descend from ancient Earls or Mormaers of Menteith, and more specifically from the marriage in 1260 of Mary, Countess of Menteth with Walter Bailloch Stewart, son of Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland. The Stuart name was not adopted until 1770, when the first baronet's father, Rev. James Menteth, adopted the name and arms from his cousin Charles Stuart in order to inherit his estates.

Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland
Walter Steward of Dundonald (died 1246) was 3rd hereditary High Steward of Scotland and Justiciar of Scotia.

He was the eldest son of Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland by his second wife Alesta of Mar. He was the first member of the House of Stuart to use Stewart as a surname and was designated "of Dundonald".

He witnessed a charter by King Alexander II, under the designation of "Walterus filius Alani, Senescallus, Justiciar Scotiae" and it may be that seal which Nisbet described pertaining to Walter Hereditary High Steward of Scotland. Around the seal, it states "Sigill. Walteri filii Allani".
Wyżłów
Wyżłów [ˈvɨʐwuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dołhobyczów, within Hrubieszów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship (Polish: województwo lubelskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ] ⓘ) is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in the southeastern part of the country, with its capital being the city of Lublin.

The region is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands: the western and central part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs to Cherven Cities/Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie and Podlasie.
Lublin Voivodeship borders Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west, Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north, Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north, Belarus (Brest Region) and Ukraine (Lviv and Volyn Regions) to the east. The region's population as of 2024 was 1,996,440. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).
Jacques Renaud Benard
Jacques Renaud Benard (13 April 1731 – 4 July 1794), before 2019 incorrectly called Robert Bénard, was a French engraver.

Specialized in the technique of engraving, Benard is mainly famous for having supplied a significant amount of plates (at least 1,800) to the Encyclopédie by Diderot & d'Alembert from 1751.

Later, publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke reused many of his productions to illustrate the works of his catalog.

Biographical research established in 2019 that his real name was Jacques Renaud Benard, that he was born in 1731 at Rosny-sous-Bois, and that he died in Paris in 1794.

The signature "Benard fecit" on plates probably indicates the work of his own hand; the signatures "Benard Direx" and "Benard Direxit" indicate the work of the atelier of engravers he directed for many years.

Rosny-sous-Bois
Rosny-sous-Bois (French: [ʁoni su bwɑ] ⓘ) is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.1 km (6.3 mi) from the centre of Paris.

It is the seat of the national centre of road information of the national gendarmerie.
Cudal, New South Wales
Cudal (/ˈkjuːdæl/ KEW-dal) is a town in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia, on the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri people. Cudal is in the Cabonne Shire Council local government area, 296 kilometres (184 mi) west of the state capital, Sydney. The town was first surveyed in 1867. Running through the town is "Boree Creek". Platypodes are common in the Boree Creek, giving Cudal the catchline 'home of the platypus' on signs entering the town. The place name, Cudal, could have derived from an Aboriginal word meaning 'flat'. At the 2011 census, Cudal had a population of 339. Industry and commerce in Cudal is a mixture of retail, government services, and agriculture (sheep, canola). Cudal is surrounded by fertile basalt soils, the result of lava flows from Gaanha Bula Mount Canobolas, 30 kilometres to the east.

Central West (New South Wales)
The Central West is a region in central New South Wales, Australia. The region stretches from Lithgow in the east and to as far west as Lake Cargelligo, on the Lachlan River. The Central West is known for its attractions such as the Jenolan Caves, near Oberon and also wineries, as well as rural farmland and natural landscapes. The region includes major towns like Bathurst, Orange, Mudgee, Lithgow, Parkes and Cowra. It has an area of 63,262 square kilometres (24,426 sq mi). The region also includes the sub-region known as the Central Tablelands, located in the eastern part of the region. The region known as the Orana, which includes the area surrounding Dubbo is typically classed as being a part of the Central West also.

Major population and service centres in the Central West include Bathurst, Cowra, Lithgow, Mudgee, Orange, and Parkes. Bathurst and Orange are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University, and Lithgow housing the University of Notre Dame Regional Clinical School.
John Assheton
John Assheton (fl. 1548) was an Anglican priest at "Shiltelington" (perhaps Shillington, Bedfordshire) who is the first recorded English anti-Trinitarian.

Almost nothing is known about Assheton except the record of recantation to Thomas Cranmer in 1548. In his abjuration Assheton details his former objection to the Trinity, to the person and personality of the Holy Spirit, to the pre-existence of Christ, but not to the virgin birth. This then appears to be what would later be called a Socinian position, not an Arian or fully Unitarian one.

Assheton has been identified as the subject of the 1549 work The Fal of the late Arrian by the Catholic historian John Proctor, at least tentatively, by historians including Diarmaid MacCulloch. MacCulloch also describes Assheton (Ashton) as a Cambridge man, with connections to nobility as a chaplain.

Diarmaid MacCulloch
Diarmaid Ninian John MacCulloch Kt FSA FRHistS FBA (/ˈdɜːrməd/; born 31 October 1951) is an English academic and historian, specialising in ecclesiastical history and the history of Christianity. Since 1995, he has been a fellow of St Cross College, Oxford; he was formerly the senior tutor. Since 2020, he has been a senior research fellow and archivist at Campion Hall, Oxford. From 1997 to 2019, he was Professor of the History of the Church at the University of Oxford.

Though ordained a deacon in the Church of England, he declined ordination to the priesthood because of the church's attitude to homosexuality. In 2009 he encapsulated the evolution of his religious beliefs: "I was brought up in the presence of the Bible, and I remember with affection what it was like to hold a dogmatic position on the statements of Christian belief. I would now describe myself as a candid friend of Christianity." MacCulloch sits on the editorial board of the Journal of Ecclesiastical History.
Vanadium bromoperoxidase
Vanadium bromoperoxidases are a kind of enzymes called haloperoxidases. Its primary function is to remove hydrogen peroxide which is produced during photosynthesis from in or around the cell. By producing hypobromous acid (HOBr) a secondary reaction with dissolved organic matter, what results is the bromination of organic compounds that are associated with the defense of the organism. These enzymes produce the bulk of natural organobromine compounds in the world.

Vanadium bromoperoxidases are one of the few classes of enzymes that requires vanadium.  The active site features a vanadium oxide center attached to the protein via one histidine side chain and a collection of hydrogen bonds to the oxide ligands.

Halogenation
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). Halides are also commonly introduced using halide salts and hydrogen halide acids. Many specialized reagents exist for introducing halogens into diverse substrates, e.g. thionyl chloride.
Leonardo Bates
Leonardo Bates (born November 28, 1989) is an American former professional football offensive lineman who played in the Arena Football League (AFL) for the New Orleans VooDoo, Portland Steel, Tampa Bay Storm, and Atlantic City Blackjacks. He played college football at University of Louisiana at Lafayette and attended L.W. Higgins High School in Marrero, Louisiana.

University of Louisiana at Lafayette
The University of Louisiana at Lafayette (UL Lafayette, University of Louisiana, ULL, or UL) is a public research university in Lafayette, Louisiana, United States. It has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus University of Louisiana System and the second-largest enrollment in Louisiana, behind only Louisiana State University. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

Founded in 1898 as an industrial school, the institution developed into a four-year university during the twentieth century and became known by its present name in 1999. It offers Louisiana's only Ph.D. in francophone studies, Louisiana's only master's of informatics, and Louisiana's only industrial design degree. The university has achieved several milestones in computer science, engineering and architecture. It is also home to a distinct College of the Arts.
Elias Lönnrot
Elias Lönnrot (Finnish: [ˈeliɑs ˈlønruːt] ⓘ; 9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a Finnish polymath, physician, philosopher, poet, musician, linguist, journalist, philologist and collector of traditional Finnish oral poetry. He is best known for synthesizing the Finnish national epic, Kalevala (1835, enlarged 1849) from short ballads and lyric poems he gathered from Finnish oral tradition during several field expeditions in Finland, Russian Karelia, the Kola Peninsula and Baltic countries. In botany, he is remembered as the author of the 1860 Flora Fennica, the first scientific text written in Finnish rather than in Latin.

Lyric poetry
Modern lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry that expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in a first-person narrative.
The term for both modern lyric poetry and modern song lyrics derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature, the Greek lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on an instrument known as a kithara, a seven-stringed lyre (hence "lyric"). These three are not equivalent, though song lyrics are often in the lyric mode and Ancient Greek lyric poetry was principally chanted verse.

The term owes its importance in literary theory to the division developed by Aristotle among three broad categories of poetry: lyrical, dramatic, and epic. Lyric poetry is one of the earliest forms of literature.
JSON Meta Application Protocol
The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) is a set of related open Internet Standard protocols for handling email. JMAP is implemented using JSON APIs over HTTP and has been developed as an alternative to IMAP and proprietary email APIs such as Google's Gmail and Microsoft's MAPI (used by Outlook).
Additional protocols and data models being built on top of the core of JMAP for handling contacts and calendar synchronization are meant to be potential replacements for CardDAV and CalDAV, and other support is currently in the works.

CardDAV
vCard Extensions to WebDAV (CardDAV) is an address book client/server protocol designed to allow users to access and share contact data on a server.

The CardDAV protocol was developed by the IETF and was published as RFC 6352 in August 2011. CardDAV is based on WebDAV, which is based on HTTP, and it uses vCard for contact data.
Tetum alphabet
The Tetum alphabet is used to write Tetum. It is based on the Latin alphabet and contains 24 letters:

The letters are named: á, bé, dé, é, efe, ge, agá, í, jota, kapa, ele, eme, ene, ene ho til, ó, pé, erre, ese, té, ú, vé, vé-kaduak, xis, zé.

The accented letters á, é, í, ó, and ú are also used.

The letter W only occurs in some words of dialectal or foreign origin.

The letters G, J, Ñ, P, V, X, and Z and the digraphs LL (ele-kaduak, /ʎ/) and RR (erre-kaduak, /r/) only occur in loanwords.

The letters C (sé), Q (ké), and Y (ípsilon) are not used in Tetum, except in foreign proper names and international symbols.

The apostrophe (kapa-tatolan) is used to denote glottal stop.

É
É or é (e-acute) is a letter of the Latin alphabet. In English, it is used for loanwords (such as French résumé), romanization (Japanese Pokémon) (Balinese Dénpasar, Buléléng) or occasionally as a pronunciation aid in poetry, to indicate stress on an unusual syllable.

Languages may use é to indicate a certain sound (French), stress pattern (Spanish), length (Czech) or tone (Vietnamese, Chinese), as well as to write loanwords or distinguish identical-sounding words (Dutch). Certain romanization systems such as pinyin (Standard Chinese) also use é for tone. Some languages use the letter only in specific contexts, such as in Indonesian dictionaries.
English Boy (song)
"English Boy" is a song by Pete Townshend, released as the first and only single from his 1993 album Psychoderelict. The song is used to introduce the character Ray High, as well as journalist Ruth Streeting, host of Street on the Street. Townshend has said the song is about "the emergence of the modern punk", and has been referred to as the focus point for the entire album. There are three versions of this song:

the first, lengthier version features dialog by Ruth Streeting over instrumental parts of the song.

the second was released as an edited, no dialog version, and appeared on both single releases in 1993 and on the Pete Townshend compilation albums coolwalkingsmoothtalkingstraightsmokingfirestoking, Anthology, and Gold.

a reprise, which ends the album and features a slightly different backing (including harmonica by Peter Hope-Evans and additional cowbell) and dialog by Ray High, wrapping up the album and imploring "what happened to all that lovely hippie shit?"

Cowbell (instrument)
The cowbell is an idiophone hand percussion instrument used in various styles of music, such as Latin and rock. It is named after the similar bell used by herdsmen to keep track of the whereabouts of cows. The instrument initially and traditionally has been metallic; however, contemporarily, some variants are made of synthetic materials.
Rafe Furst
Rafe Furst is an American entrepreneur, writer, and world champion poker player.

Furst is known for winning the 2006 World Series of Poker Championship Bracelet in Pot Limit Hold-em, earning over $350,000 in prize money.

He has written and spoken about the transformation of early-stage finance and cryptocurrency in articles and interviews, and has presented at consortiums and conferences that include TED.

Furst's ideas pertaining to technology, cancer research, and investing have been featured in WIRED, New York Times Magazine, and Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt's Freakonomics blog.

Stephen J. Dubner
Stephen Joseph Dubner (born August 26, 1963) is an American author, journalist, and podcast and radio host. He is co-author of the popular Freakonomics book series: Freakonomics, SuperFreakonomics, Think Like a Freak and  When to Rob a Bank. He is the host of Freakonomics Radio.