hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Silvia Cuminetti
Silvia Cuminetti (born 29 January 1985), is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Cuminetti was born in Bergamo. She started ski mountaineering in 2001 and competed first in the "Gara in Val di Rezzalo" race in Bormio in the same year. She has been a member of the national team since 2002. She is a member of the CAMOSCI-Gruppo Alpinisti Bergamaschi.

Ski mountaineering
Ski mountaineering (abbreviated to skimo) is a skiing discipline that involves climbing mountains either on skis or carrying them, depending on the steepness of the ascent, and then descending on skis. There are two major categories of equipment used: free-heel telemark skis and skis based on alpine skis, where the heel is free for ascents, but is fixed during descent. The discipline may be practiced recreationally or as a competitive sport.

Competitive ski mountaineering is typically a timed racing event that follows an established trail through challenging winter alpine terrain while passing through a series of checkpoints. Racers climb and descend under their own power using backcountry skiing equipment and techniques. More generally, ski mountaineering is an activity that variously combines ski touring, telemark, backcountry skiing, and mountaineering.

Ski mountaineering made its debut as an Olympic Games event in the 2026 Winter Olympics.
West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961
The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961 was an act of the legislature of the State of West Bengal, Republic of India, which accorded official status to the Bengali language for all state business, including legislation, except in the three hill subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Kurseong of the existing Darjeeling district in which the Nepali language was also recognised.  It was passed during the chief ministership of B. C. Roy.  The demands for Nepali had mainly come from the Nepali-speaking Gorkha majority communities of the Himalayan subdivisions of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong. In 1992, Nepali was recognised as one of languages with official status in India by being included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.

Languages with official recognition in India
As of 2025, 22 languages have been classified as scheduled languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. There is no national language of India. Hindi and English share official language status.

When the constitution was adopted in 1950, article 343 declared that Hindi would be the official language and English would serve as an additional official language for a period not exceeding 15 years. Article 344(1) defined a set of 14 regional languages which were represented in the Official Languages Commission. The commission was to suggest steps to be taken to progressively promote the use of Hindi as the official language of the country. The Official Languages Act, 1963, which came into effect on 26 January 1965, made provision for the continuation of English as an official language alongside Hindi.
Jung Hyun
Jung Hyun (Korean: 정현; born June 1, 1994) is a baseball infielder for the SSG Landers of the KBO League. He graduated Busan High School. He joined the Samsung Lions in 2013, and in 2014 he transferred to KT Wiz.

KBO League
The KBO League (Korean: KBO 리그) is a professional baseball league in South Korea. The league comprises ten teams. The KBO League was founded with six franchises in 1982 and is the most popular sports league in South Korea. The Kia Tigers are the most successful team, having won 12 of the 44 championships.

In comparison with American Major League Baseball, ESPN reports that the KBO level of play "appears to be somewhere between Double-A and Triple-A, on average, though the best players are more likely to be MLB-quality than your typical Double-A league." Historically, the KBO is known for its vocal and exuberant fan base, as well as the widespread practice of bat flips (ppa-dun (Korean: 빠던), a portmanteau of the "first syllables of the words for 'bat' and 'throw'") by hitters after striking what they think will be a home run. In the KBO, the bat flipping tradition dates to the 1990s.
Role of national identification in mental structure
The role of national identification in mental structure or psychological role of national identity emanates from the ideology of identity formation, which in other cases, is referred to as individuation. Therefore, individuation is the development of dissimilar temperament of a person, which constitutes to a continuous entity and how a person is known or recognized. Thus, national identification is both a philosophical and ethical concept. It is where all citizens are alienated into nations delimited by specific geographical boundaries, thus sharing same social, cultural and political ideology. Members of a specific nation forming national identity share collective identity.

Collective identity
Collective identity or group identity is a shared sense of belonging to a group. This concept appears within a few social science fields. National identity is a simple example,  though myriad groups exist which share a sense of identity. Like many social concepts or phenomena, it is constructed, not empirically defined. Its discussion within these fields is often highly academic and relates to academia itself, its history beginning in the 19th century.
Exchange Alley
Exchange Alley or Change Alley is a narrow alleyway connecting shops and coffeehouses in an old neighbourhood of the City of London. It served as a convenient shortcut from the Royal Exchange on Cornhill to the Post Office on Lombard Street and remains as one of a number of alleys linking the two streets. Shops once located in Exchange Alley included ship chandlers, makers of navigation instruments such as telescopes, and goldsmiths from Lombardy in Italy.

The 17th and 18th century coffeehouses of Exchange Alley, especially Jonathan's and Garraway's, became an early venue for the lively trading of shares and commodities. These activities were the progenitor of the modern London Stock Exchange. Similarly, Lloyd's Coffee House, at No. 16 Lombard Street but originally on Tower Street, was the forerunner of Lloyd's of London, the Lloyd's Register and Lloyd's List.

The nearest London Underground station is Bank. The closest mainline railway station is Cannon Street.

History of navigation
The history of navigation, or the history of seafaring, is the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments. Many peoples have excelled as seafarers, prominent among them the Austronesians (Islander Southeast Asians, Malagasy, Islander Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians), the Harappans, the Phoenicians, the Iranians, the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the ancient Indians, the Norse, the Chinese, the Venetians, the Genoese, the Hanseatic Germans, the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, the French, the Dutch, and the Danes.
Jon Levisohn
Jon A. Levisohn is an American academic who is the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Associate Professor of Jewish Educational Thought at Brandeis University. Levisohn is also the director of the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Studies in Jewish Education at Brandeis. He was the chair of the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies until 2024. At Brandeis, he also chairs the Seminar on Contemporary Jewish Life. He is a co-editor of the Mandel-Brandeis Series in Jewish Education.

He is a philosopher of general and religious education. Recent work has focused on how Jews think about the goals of Jewish education. He serves as the host of the Learning About Learning podcast.

Jewish education
Jewish education (Hebrew: חינוך, Chinuch) refers to the teaching and transmission of Judaism through religious texts, values and traditions that are being passed down from generations. For Jews, education has played a significant role from ancient time that began by learning at home. Over time, Jewish education has developed into a more formal setting like cheder and yeshiva specifically where study has become a part of daily life and cultural identity. In today's society Jewish education has taken many forms from day schools, Hebrew schools and adult learning. There remains a strong emphasis on continuing Jewish education to allow connecting to individuals to help adapt to needs and values of a more modernized Jewish life.
Germania, New Jersey
Germania is a census-designated place (CDP) located in Atlantic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is in the east-central part of the county, in western Galloway Township. It is bordered to the south by the unincorporated community of Cologne, and Egg Harbor City is 3 miles (5 km) to the northwest. U.S. Route 30 touches the southern border of Germania, leading northwest through Egg Harbor City 15 miles (24 km) to Hammonton and southeast 13 miles (21 km) to Atlantic City.

Clarks Mill Stream, a northeast-flowing tributary of Nacote Creek and thence the tidal Mullica River, forms the southeastern border of the Germania CDP.

Germania was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

Atlantic County, New Jersey
Atlantic County is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 census, the county was the state's 15th-most-populous county, with a population of 274,534, a drop of 15 from the 2010 census count of 274,549. The United States Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program estimated a 2024 population of 279,114, an increase of 4,580 (+1.7%) from the 2020 decennial census. Its county seat is the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township. The county is part of the Jersey Shore and of the South Jersey region of the state.

The most populous place in Atlantic County is Egg Harbor Township, with 47,842 residents at the time of the 2020 census; Galloway Township, covered 115.21 square miles (298.4 km2), the largest total area of any municipality, though Hamilton Township has the largest land area, covering 111.13 square miles (287.8 km2). Atlantic County forms the Atlantic City–Hammonton metropolitan statistical area, which is also part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Vuelta a San Juan
The Vuelta a San Juan is an annual road cycling stage race held in Argentine. Typically consisting of seven stages, beginning and ending in San Juan, the race was first held in 1982. In 2017, the race was classified as a 2.1 event by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), and expanded to included international, professional teams.

Taking place in January, the race was viewed as a useful event for UCI WorldTour cyclists to get racing experience early in the season, before the start of the European season. It was called "the most prestigious competition in Latin America" by the Pan American Cycling Confederation.

In 2020, the race was promoted to the UCI ProSeries and given a 2.Pro status. The race was cancelled in 2021 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the 2023 edition, the race was removed from the UCI calendar. Since 2025, the race has continued as a local competition, unaffiliated with the UCI.

2020 UCI ProSeries
The 2020 UCI ProSeries is the inaugural season of the UCI ProSeries, the second tier road cycling tour, below the UCI World Tour, but above the various regional UCI Continental Circuits.

The 2020 season initially consisted of 58 events of which 31 are one-day races (1.Pro) and 27 are stage races (2.Pro). There are 50 events in Europe, 5 in Asia, and 3 in America. The new calendar, which was presented in mid-May, consists of 29 events.
Atsushi Hiwasa
Atsushi Hiwasa (日和佐篤, Hiwasa Atsushi) (born 22 May 1987 in Hyogo, Japan) is a Japanese rugby union player. Hiwasa has played 28 international matches for the Japan national rugby union team.

Hiwasa was a member of the Japan team at the 2011 Rugby World Cup, and played four matches for the Brave Blossoms.

Hiwasa currently plays for Top League team Suntory Sungoliath. He commenced playing for the club in 2010.

Tokyo Sungoliath
Tokyo Suntory Sungoliath (formerly known as Suntory Sungoliath) is owned by the Suntory beverage company and is one of the Japanese rugby union teams in the Top League. The team is based in Fuchū, Tokyo, as is their local rival Toshiba Brave Lupus. The team rebranded as Tokyo Suntory Sungoliath ahead of the rebranding of the Top League to the Japan Rugby League One in 2022.

Suntory coached by Katsuyuki Kiyomiya won the Microsoft Cup on February 24, 2008 by defeating Sanyo Wild Knights in a close and exciting game, 14-10. Therefore, Suntory became the champion of the Top League for the 2007–08 season.

On June 18, 2008 it was announced that George Gregan, the most-capped player in the sport's history, had joined the club on a two-year contract. (Daily Yomiuri, June 19, 2008) Gregan remained with the club until he announced his retirement at the end of the 2010–11 season.
Jean Ogier de Gombauld
Jean Ogier de Gombauld (1576 – 1666) was a French playwright and poet.

Gombauld was born in Saint-Just-Luzac, County of Saintonge, France and was a Huguenot.  He was one of the original members of the Académie française.  He also wrote novels, but has been described as a mediocre novelist.  He died in Paris.

County of Saintonge
The County of Saintonge (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃tɔ̃ʒ]), historically spelled Xaintonge and Xainctonge, is a former province of France located on the west central Atlantic coast. The capital city was Saintes (Xaintes, Xainctes). Other principal towns include Saint-Jean-d'Angély, Jonzac, Frontenay-Rohan-Rohan, Royan, Marennes, Pons, and Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire.
Kjell Raaheim
Kjell Raaheim (8 October 1930 – 23 April 2017) was a Norwegian psychologist.

He hailed from Bergen and took his degree at the University of Oslo. He was hired as the first psychologist at the University of Bergen, originally working at the Institute of Philosophy. He was a professor of cognitive psychology at the University of Bergen from 1969 to 1994, and became known for both lectures, academic writing, popular writing, textbooks as well as founding the small publishing house Sigma in 1980. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of human mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning. Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, which held from the 1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were outside the realm of empirical science. This break came as researchers in linguistics, cybernetics, and applied psychology used models of mental processing to explain human behavior. Work derived from cognitive psychology was integrated into other branches of psychology and various other modern disciplines like cognitive science, linguistics, and economics.
Wally Chalmers (cricketer)
Walter Rochfort Chalmers (27 July 1934 – 18 July 2011) was a South African cricketer. He played in 48 first-class matches from 1951/52 to 1963/64.

Chalmers was born in East London and educated at Dale College in King William's Town. He was a slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler who was considered one of the best spin bowlers in South Africa during the 1950s, but his chances of playing Test cricket were hampered by his lack of ability as a batsman and fielder.

Chalmers' best first-class bowling figures were 6 for 55 (match figures of 59.3–26–96–8, eight-ball overs) when Border defeated North Eastern Transvaal in the Currie Cup in 1954-55. He took 5 for 133 for Border against the touring English team in 1956–57.

English cricket team in South Africa in 1956–57
The England cricket team toured South Africa in the 1956–57 season. The tour was organised by the Marylebone Cricket Club and the side played five Test matches as "England" and 15 other first-class matches as "MCC". Two of the first-class matches took place in Rhodesia in what is now Zimbabwe.

England won the first two Test matches; the third was drawn; and South Africa won the final two games. The Test series was noted at the time for slow scoring, and England averaged 32.69 runs an hour in the series, while South Africa managed only 29.04.
Chemelil
Chemelil is a town in Kisumu County, Kenya. It is part of Muhoroni District. Chemelil has a railway station along the Nairobi-Kisumu Railway line between the stations of Kibigori and Muhoroni. The town is located 40 kilometres east of Kisumu, the county capital. Muhoroni, another town, is located 10 kilometres east of Chemelil.

Chemelil is home to Chemelil Sugar Company. The latter also owns Chemelil Sugar FC, a football club playing in the Kenyan Premier League. Its home ground is Chemelil Sports Complex.

The educational facilities in Chemelil include Chemelil Sugar Academy (secondary school), Chemelil Factory Primary School, and Chemelil Sugar Primary School.

Since February 2022, it has been home to a "ZipLine" distribution center used to deliver medical supplies, veterinary goods and animal DNA, to 1012 facilities within the surrounding Region using drones.

Kenyan Premier League
The Kenyan Premier League (KPL), officially known as the SportPesa League, is a professional league for men's football clubs in Kenya. Standing at the top of the Kenyan football league system, the league was formed in 1963 under the Kenya Football Federation but is now controlled by the Football Kenya Federation. It is contested by 18 clubs and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Kenyan National Super League. Kenya Police are the current champions, having won the 2024–25 season.

The league was mostly stable until the late 1990s and since then its performance had been considered below average, with many of the league's clubs having little or no finances to support themselves. However, when SuperSport became an official league partner, the league has taken on a more serious role with teams becoming professional and the majority of the clubs managing to get kit sponsorships. This saw the level of competition improve compared to past.
South Florida Bulls tennis
The South Florida Bulls tennis program represents the University of South Florida in the sport of tennis. The program consists of separate men's and women's teams and competes in the American Conference within NCAA Division I. The Bulls men's tennis team is coached by Ashley Fisher and the women's team is coached by Cristina Moros. Both teams play their home matches at the USF Varsity Tennis Courts on USF's campus in Tampa, Florida.

Cristina Moros
Cristina Moros (born February 10, 1977) is an American former professional tennis player.

Moros is originally from Florida and was a world number one junior in doubles. Her father Julio, a Venezuelan by birth, is a tennis coach who was a long time assistant to Nick Bollettieri. She is a goddaughter of Bollettieri.

Between 1994 and 1998, Moros played college tennis for the Texas Longhorns and achieved All-American selection in each of her four seasons. In 1995 she was a member of Texas's NCAA championship winning team. She is currently the head coach of the University of South Florida's women's tennis team.
Ayrshire (constituency)
There have been several elective constituencies called Ayrshire:

Ayrshire (Parliament of Scotland constituency); 1605-1707

Ayrshire (UK Parliament constituency); 1708-1868

South Ayrshire (UK Parliament constituency); 1868-1983

North Ayrshire (UK Parliament constituency); 1868-1918

Bute and Northern Ayrshire (UK Parliament constituency); 1918-1983

Central Ayrshire (UK Parliament constituency); 1950-1983 and since 2005

North Ayrshire and Arran (UK Parliament constituency); since 2005

Bute and Northern Ayrshire
Bute and Northern Ayrshire  was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system.
2015 FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup U-20
The 2015 FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup U-20 was the 7th edition of the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup U-20. It was held in September 2015 in Vilanova, Spain.

Portugal won its third title, the same as Spain.

Spain national roller hockey team
Spain national roller hockey team has represented Spain in men's international roller hockey since the 1940s. It is governed by the Royal Spanish Skating Federation (Spanish: Real Federación Española de Patinaje, RFEP).

It is one of the most successful teams in the world and has been dominating both the Rink Hockey World Championship and the Rink Hockey European Championship in the last decade. Spain has 18 World titles and 16 European titles, among others.
Japanese submarine Ha-210
Ha-210 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Ha-201-class submarine. Completed and commissioned in August 1945 four days before hostilities ended in World War II, she surrendered in September 1945 and was scuttled in April 1946.

Ha-201-class submarine
The Ha-201-class submarine (波二百一型潜水艦, Ha-ni-hyaku-ichi-gata sensuikan) were a class of small submarines designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). They were first deployed in 1945, but never saw combat. The Ha-201's were designed from the outset to have high underwater speed and were based on the earlier Submarine No.71 prototype. The official designation of the submarine was Sentaka-Shō type submarine (潜高小型潜水艦, Sen-Taka-Ko-gata sensuikan, "Submarine High speed-Small type"). The type name was shortened to Suichū Kōsoku Sensuikan Ko-gata (水中高速潜水艦小型, Underwater High speed Submarine Small type).
H with descender
H with descender (Ⱨ ⱨ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from H with the addition of a small descender. It was used in Uyghur to represent [h] (~ English h), while a regular H was used to represent [x] (~ German ch in ach).

This letter was in use from the early 1960s, when a Latin alphabet, the Uyghur New Script, was introduced for writing Uyghur to replace the Arabic script, until 1984–86 when the Latin alphabet was phased out and the official script was changed back to Arabic. The equivalent Arabic letter is ھ, while the Cyrillic equivalent is the shha (Һ һ).

The capital letter is homoglyphic to the Cyrillic letter en with descender (Ң ң) used in various Turkic languages, including Uyghur itself in its own Cyrillic alphabet. Its lowercase form is homoglyphic with the shha with descender used in the Tati and Juhuri languages, which represents the same sound as in Latin.

Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet comprises the letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. In a largely unaltered form (two splits, ⟨J⟩ from ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ from ⟨V⟩; an addition, ⟨W⟩; and extensions such as letters with diacritics), it forms the Latin script that is used to write many languages worldwide: in western and central Europe, in Africa, in the Americas, and in Oceania. It is the most widely used writing system in the world, used by over 3,000 languages, which is about 70% of the global population.

Its basic modern 26-letter inventory is standardized as the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Burcu Çetinkaya
Burcu Çetinkaya (born 19 March 1981) is a Turkish rally driver and television presenter.

She was educated in Robert College between 1992 and 1999. During this time, she played basketball. After two years spent at Babson College in Boston, USA, she returned to Turkey to continue her education in economics at the Koç University and graduated in 2005.

In 2003, she earned the gold medal in the parallel giant slalom and giant slalom events at the Turkish Women's Snowboard Championships.

Babson College
Babson College is a private business school in Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States specializing in entrepreneurship education. Founded in 1919 by Roger Babson, the college was established as the Babson Institute in his Wellesley home and initially granted one-year certificates. Babson College earned degree-granting authority from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1947.