hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dot cancellation test
The dot cancellation test  or Bourdon–Wiersma test is a commonly used test of combined visual perception and vigilance.

The test has been used in the evaluation of stroke where subjects were instructed to cross out all groups of four dots on an A4 paper. The numbers of uncrossed groups of four dots, groups of dots other than four crossed, and the time spent (maximum, 15 minutes) were taken into account. The Group–Bourdon test, a modification of the Bourdon–Wiersma, is one of a number of psychometric tests which trainee train drivers in the UK are required to pass.

The test is based on the work of French psychologist Benjamin B. Bourdon (1860–1943) and Dutch neurologist Enno Dirk Wiersma (1858–1940).

Vigilance (psychology)
In modern psychology, vigilance, also termed sustained concentration, is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time. During this time, the person attempts to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus. The individual watches for a signal stimulus that may occur at an unknown time.

The study of vigilance has expanded since the 1940s mainly due to the increased interaction of people with machines for applications involving monitoring and detection of rare events and weak signals. Such applications include air traffic control, inspection and quality control, automated navigation, military and border surveillance, and lifeguarding.
Sam Turner (athlete)
Sam Turner (born June 17, 1957) is an American male former track and field hurdler who competed in both the 110-meter hurdles and 400-meter hurdles.

Turner was a finalist in the 110 m at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics and achieved his personal record in the event (13.17) that same year. He ranked number three in the world in sprint hurdles in 1982 and second in the world behind Greg Foster in 1983. He ran at the 1983 AAA Championships, being runner-up to Tonie Campbell. He was twice a medallist at the Pacific Conference Games, taking 400 m hurdles silver behind Garry Brown in 1977 and winning 110 m hurdles in 1981.

Turner did not win any national titles in his career, with his closest attempts being third in the 400 m hurdles at the 1978 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and second to Greg Foster at the 1983 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. His personal record of 49.04 seconds in the 400 m hurdles in 1978 ranked him fifth globally.

Garry Brown (athlete)
Garry Brown (born 27 October 1954) is an Australian former track and field athlete who specialised in the 400 metres hurdles. He was the champion in that event at the 1982 Commonwealth Games after winning two minor medals at the 1978 Commonwealth Games. His personal best of 49.37 seconds was set as part of his Commonwealth win.
National Museum of Colonial History, Aba
The National Museum of Colonial History is a heritage museum located at No. 6 Ikot Ekpene Road in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Established on March 8, 1985, the museum is dedicated to preserving and showcasing artefacts and exhibits related to Nigeria's colonial past, particularly focusing on the experiences of Southeastern Nigeria under British rule. It is managed by the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) and serves as a centre for historical education and cultural preservation.

The museum is housed in a historic wooden consulate building dating back to the late 19th century, which itself is a relic of colonial architecture. Its collections encompass a range of artefacts, including documents, photographs, and relics from the colonial era, providing insights into Nigeria's journey from pre-colonial times through colonisation to independence.

Aba, Nigeria
Aba is a city in southeastern Nigeria. It lies along the west bank of the Aba River and is at the intersection of roads leading to cities such as Port Harcourt, Owerri, Umuahia, Ikot Ekpene, and Ikot-Abasi.

Aba was established by the Ngwa clan of the Igbo people in Nigeria as a market town. Later, a military post was placed there by the British colonial administration in 1901. The city became a collection point for agricultural products following construction of a British-made railway running through it to Port Harcourt. Aba is a major urban settlement and commercial centre in Abia State, which is surrounded by small villages and towns. The indigenous people of Aba are the Ngwa. Aba is well known for its craftsmen, and as of 2016, Aba had an estimated population of 2,534,265, making it the biggest city in southeastern Nigeria.
William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber
William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber (fl. 1135–1179) was a 12th-century Marcher lord who secured a foundation for the dominant position later held by the Braose family in the Welsh Marches. In addition to the family's English holdings in Sussex and Devon, William had inherited Radnor and Builth, in Wales, from his father Philip. By his marriage he increased the Braose Welsh holdings to include Brecon and Abergavenny.

William remained loyal to King Stephen during the 12th-century period of civil war. He became a trusted royal servant during the subsequent reign of Henry II, accompanying the king on campaigns in France and Ireland. He served as sheriff of Herefordshire from 1173 until 1175. The family's power reached its peak under his son William during the reigns of kings Richard I and John.

Marcher lord
A marcher lord (Welsh: barwn y mers) was a noble appointed by the king of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales.

A marcher lord was the English equivalent of a margrave (in the Holy Roman Empire) or a marquis (in France) before the introduction of the title of "marquess" in Britain; no marcher lord ever bore the rank of marquess. In this context, the word march means a border region or frontier, and is cognate with the verb "to march", both ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *mereg-, "edge" or "boundary".

The greatest marcher lords included the earls of Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Pembroke and Shrewsbury (see also English earls of March).
Overland Mail Robbery
Overland Mail Robbery is a 1943 American Western film directed by John English and written by Robert Creighton Williams and Robert Yost. The film stars Wild Bill Elliott, George "Gabby" Hayes, Anne Jeffreys, Alice Fleming, Weldon Heyburn and Kirk Alyn. The film was released on November 20, 1943, by Republic Pictures.

John English (film director)
John Wilkinson English (25 June 1903 – 11 October 1969) was a British film editor and film director.  He is most famous for the film serials he co-directed with William Witney for Republic Pictures such as Zorro's Fighting Legion and Drums of Fu Manchu.

He was credited variously as John W English, John English or Jack English.
Marie Priess
Marie Priess (née Marie Drew or Drews) (1885, Bünsdorf, Germany – 9 January 1983, Reinbek, West Germany), was an anti-fascist member of the Resistance movement during World War II and a member of the Red Orchestra organization, an espionage group in Germany.

Resistance movement
A resistance movement is an organized group of people that tries to resist or try to overthrow a government or an occupying power, causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability. Such a movement may seek to achieve its goals through either the use of violent or nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. In multiple cases, as for example in the United States during the American Revolution, or in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country.
M-Audio
M-Audio (formerly Midiman) is a business unit of inMusic Brands that designs and markets audio and MIDI interfaces, keyboards and MIDI controllers, synthesizers, loudspeakers, studio monitors, digital DJ systems, microphones, and music software. The company has independent offices in the US, Canada, UK, Germany, France and Japan.

Microphone
A microphone, colloquially called a mic (/maɪk/), or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in telecommunication, sound recording, broadcasting, and consumer electronics, including telephones, hearing aids, and mobile devices.

Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a sound wave to an electrical signal. The most common are the dynamic microphone, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field; the condenser microphone, which uses the vibrating diaphragm as a capacitor plate; and the contact microphone, which uses a crystal of piezoelectric material. Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced.
Transcriber
Transcriber is an open-source software tool for the transcription and annotation of speech signals for linguistic research. It supports multiple hierarchical layers of segmentation, named entity annotation, speaker lists, topic lists, and overlapping speakers. Two views of the sound pressure waveform at different resolutions may be viewed simultaneously. Various character encodings, including Unicode, are supported.

Annotations from Transcriber may be exported in XML.  OASIS' Cover Pages publishes the open DTD used by Transcriber.

Transcriber is written in Tcl/Tk with the Snack audio library and is therefore available on most major platforms. It is distributed under the GNU General Public License. Transcriber has been superseded by TranscriberAG.

OASIS Open
The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS; /oʊˈeɪ.sɪs/), also known as OASIS Open, is an industry consortium that develops technical standards for information technology.
The Dirty Boogie
The Dirty Boogie is the third album from the swing band the Brian Setzer Orchestra. The album is considered as the breakthrough for the band, with their first single being a cover of Louis Prima's "Jump Jive an' Wail", which Prima had made popular in 1956 and included in his album The Wildest!. The release of the single came along after a Gap advertising campaign that featured Prima's original recording of the song. Each helped to propel the larger swing revival throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. Seven of the album's tracks are covers of songs written and originally made popular between 1952 and 1962.

The Wildest!
The Wildest! is an album by Louis Prima, first released in 1956. It features singer Keely Smith with saxophonist Sam Butera and the Witnesses. It is considered an innovative mixture of early rock and roll, jump blues and jazz as well as eccentric humor.
BAP Pacocha (SS-48)
BAP Pacocha (SS-48) was a submarine of the Marina de Guerra del Perú (Peruvian Navy) named for the 1877 Battle of Pacocha, in which the Peruvian ironclad Huascar clashed with the Royal Navy. Formerly USS Atule (SS-403), a Balao-class submarine with a GUPPY IA upgrade, she had been sold to Peru and commissioned on 28 May 1974. She was rammed and sunk by a fishing trawler on 26 August 1988.

Battle of Pacocha
The Battle of Pacocha was a naval battle that took place on 29 May 1877 between the rebel-held Peruvian monitor Huáscar and the British ships HMS Shah and HMS Amethyst. The vessels did not inflict significant damage on each other, however the battle is notable for seeing the first combat use of the self-propelled torpedo.
1930 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1930 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1930 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bill Ingram, the Midshipmen compiled a 6–5 record, shut out four opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined score of 148 to 117.

1930 college football season
The 1930 college football season saw Notre Dame repeat as national champion under the Dickinson System, as well as claim the No. 1 position from each of the other three contemporary major selectors, (the Boand, Dunkel, and Houlgate Systems). The post-season Rose Bowl matchup featured two unbeaten (9–0) teams, Washington State and Alabama, ranked No. 2 and No. 3, respectively, by Dickinson.  Alabama won the Pasadena contest, 24–0.
Silk peptides
Silk peptides, also known as Silk amino acids (SAAs), are a water-soluble mixture of short to medium chain peptides and glycoproteins derived from hydrolysis of raw silk. They are used as an additive in skin and hair care products due to their high levels of serine which has excellent moisture preservation characteristics. They are used to provide a protective barrier and silky feel to lotions, soaps, personal lubricants, hair and skincare products. Silk peptides are produced by hydrolyzing (or breaking apart) silk proteins into smaller peptide chains. Silk peptides have a lower molecular weight than silk protein powders and are claimed to be moisturizing to skin and hair.

Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a base. Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon around 2800 BC.
Iupshara
The Iupshara (Georgian: იუფშარა; Abkhaz: Ҩҧсара) is a river in northern Abkhazia, Georgia. The river flows from Lake Ritsa, the deepest lake in Abkhazia (116 m), to the Gega River, a tributary of the Bzyb River.

The total length of the river is 12.6 km (7.8 mi) with a gradient of 48.7 m/km (257 ft/mi). It drains an area of 170 km2 (66 mi2).  The highest discharge of the Iupshara is in May, 29.6 m3/s (1,050 cu ft/s), and the lowest in February, 0.94 m3/s (33 cu ft/s).

Stream gradient
Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. It is a dimensionless quantity, usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).
The world average river reach slope is 2.6 m/km or 0.26%;
a slope smaller than 1% and greater than 4% is considered gentle and steep, respectively.

Stream gradient may change along the stream course.
An average gradient can be defined, known as the relief ratio, which gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of river.
The calculation is the difference in elevation between the river's source and the river terminus (confluence or mouth) divided by the total length of the river or stream.
Nupe people
The Nupe (traditionally called the Nufawa by the Hausas and Tapa by the neighbouring Yoruba) are an ethnic group native to North Central Nigeria. They are the dominant ethnic group in Niger State and an important minority in Kwara State. The Nupe are also present in Kogi State and The Federal Capital Territory.

Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
The  Jihad of  Usman dan Fodio (Hausa: Jihadin Usman dan Fodio; ListenⓘListenⓘ) was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon.  The war began when Usman dan Fodio, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by King Yunfa, one of his former students.

Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a jihad against Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria.  The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa.  The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa.
Perinad railway station
Perinad railway station (station code: PRND) is an NSG–6 category Indian railway station in Thiruvananthapuram railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is situated near the city of Kollam in Kollam district of Kerala. Perinad railway station is situated between Munrothuruthu and Kollam Junction railway station. The nearest important major rail head is Kollam Junction railway station.

Perinad is well connected with various cities in India like Kollam, Trivandrum, Kochi, Thrissur, Kottayam through Indian Railways. It is one of the closest railway stations to Kollam Technopark and Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala (IFT-K).

Munroe Island
Munroe Island is an inland island group located at the confluence of Ashtamudi Lake and the Kallada River, in Kollam district, Kerala, South India. It is a group of eight small islets comprising a total area of about 13.4 km2. The island, accessible by road, rail and inland water navigation, is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Kollam by road, 38 kilometres (24 mi) north from Paravur, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west from Kundara and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Karunagapally. As of the 2011 Indian census, the administrative village of Mundrothuruth (which includes nearby small villages as well) has a total population of 9054, consisting of 4318 males and 4736 females. This island is also known as "Sinking Island of Kerala".

The place is named in honour of Resident Colonel John Munro of the former Princely State of Travancore. The islands measure 13.4 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi) in area.
OR10R2
Olfactory receptor 10R2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR10R2 gene.

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome.
David Grigoryan (serviceman)
David Grigoryan (Armenian: Դավիթ Գրիգորյան; 17 November 2000 – 2–3 November 2020) was an Armenian servicemen in the Artsakh Defense Army, participant of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war. In 2020 he was awarded the Hero of Artsakh military award, which is the highest honorary title of the Republic of Artsakh.

Artsakh Defence Army
The Defense Army of the Republic of Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախի Հանրապետության պաշտպանության բանակ, romanized: Artsakhi Hanrapetut’yan pashtpanut’yan banak, also Defense Army of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh), also known as Artsakh Defence Army (or Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army) was the defence force of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. Established in 1992, it united previously disorganized defence units which were formed in the early 1990s.

It was disbanded on 20 September 2023 under the terms of the Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement following the 2023 Azerbaijani military offensive.
Coca-Cola Spiced
Coca-Cola Spiced is a variation of the Coca-Cola cola drink, produced by The Coca-Cola Company between 2024 and 2025, consisting of raspberry and spiced flavors.

Launched in February 2024, Coca-Cola Spiced was intended to be the first permanent drink Coca-Cola launched since 2020 in North America, being released in both regular/classic Coca-Cola and Zero Sugar variants. Coca-Cola created the drink in an attempt to bring in the "next generation" of consumers. Company research had found that consumers selected raspberry on its Freestyle drink machines more than 5 million times in 2022.

Commercially the drink failed to reach the company's targets. A review from Mashed.com claimed that "the complete and utter lack of authentic spice found in Coke Spiced is an immense letdown." In September 2024, The Coca-Cola Company announced its plans to discontinue Coca-Cola Spiced, as well as Coca-Cola Cherry Vanilla, by no later than late 2025.

Coca-Cola Freestyle
Coca-Cola Freestyle is a touch screen soda fountain distributed and run by The Coca-Cola Company. First launched in 2009, the machine features over 165 different Coca-Cola drink products, as well as custom flavors, allowing users to select from mixtures of flavors of Coca-Cola branded products which are then individually dispensed.

The machines are located in major Coca-Cola partners and retail locations in the United States and in a number of other countries around the world, such as in chain restaurants, cinemas, resorts, and in Royal Caribbean ships.

In 2014, Pepsi launched a competing, similar machine, the Pepsi Spire.
Little Door Gods
Little Door Gods (simplified Chinese: 小门神; traditional Chinese: 小門神), also known as Door Guardians, or The Guardian Brothers in the US, is a 2016 Chinese animated fantasy comedy film directed and written by Gary Wang, produced by Light Chaser Animation Studios and distributed by Alibaba Pictures. It was originally released in China on January 1, 2016 in the Peachtopia trilogy Tea Pets (2017) and Cats and Peachtopia (2018). An English-language version that is 20 minutes shorter premiered on Netflix on September 1, 2017.

It is the last film to be fully co-produced by The Weinstein Company, following a series of sexual assault cases against its founder, Harvey Weinstein and is also the last film to be re-edited by Harvey Weinstein.

Gary Wang (Chinese businessman)
Gary Wang or Wang Wei (Chinese: 王微; pinyin: Wáng Wēi; born May 8, 1973) is a Chinese businessman. He is the founder of the Chinese video sharing company Tudou.com and served as its CEO until August 2012. He is currently the founder of Light Chaser Animation Studios, an animation studio based in Beijing. Wang is also a novelist, screenwriter, and playwright. He holds a bachelor's degree in computer Science from the Johns Hopkins University, and an MBA from INSEAD.
Arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Seine
The arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Seine is an arrondissement of France in the Aube department in the Grand Est region. It has 79 communes. Its population is 54,005 (2021), and its area is 1,223.6 km2 (472.4 sq mi).

Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob] ⓘ ohb) is a French department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 310,242 inhabitants (2019), Aube is the 74th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as Aubois or Auboises.

The department was constituted by a decree of the National Assembly of 15 January 1790.