hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Differential entropy
Differential entropy (also referred to as continuous entropy) is a concept in information theory that began as an attempt by Claude Shannon to extend the idea of (Shannon) entropy (a measure of average surprisal) of a random variable, to continuous probability distributions. Unfortunately, Shannon did not derive this formula, and rather just assumed it was the correct continuous analogue of discrete entropy, but it is not.: 181–218  The actual continuous version of discrete entropy is the  limiting density of discrete points (LDDP). Differential entropy (described here) is commonly encountered in the literature, but it is a limiting case of the LDDP, and one that loses its fundamental association with discrete entropy.

In terms of measure theory, the differential entropy of a probability measure is the negative relative entropy from that measure to the Lebesgue measure, where the latter is treated as if it were a probability measure, despite being unnormalized.

Probability measure
In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity.  The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a probability measure must assign value 1 to the entire space.

Intuitively, the additivity property says that the probability assigned to the union of two disjoint (mutually exclusive) events by the measure should be the sum of the probabilities of the events; for example, the value assigned to the outcome "1 or 2" in a throw of a die should be the sum of the values assigned to the outcomes "1" and "2".

Probability measures have applications in diverse fields, from physics to finance and biology.
DePoe
DePoe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brian DePoe, Canadian radio personality and program director

David DePoe (born 1944), Canadian community activist and retired teacher

Norman DePoe (1917-1980), Canadian journalist

Peter DePoe (born 1943), American rock musician

Norman DePoe
Norman Reade DePoe (4 May 1917 – 13 March 1980) was the first television news reporter for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation on Parliament Hill for eight years in the 1960s covering national and international affairs.

Born in Portland, Oregon, he arrived in Canada at age 6, attended the University of British Columbia and then the University of Toronto after serving "as a signals corps captain in Italy and northwest Europe during WWII." After joining the CBC news service in 1948 he was a creator of its television news and current affairs broadcasts in the following decade, and a household name. "He set standards that proved enduring" though his fame was primarily in the 1960s and he died a decade later at age 62.
Hla Myint Swe (artist)
Hla Myint Swe (Burmese: လှမြင့်ဆွေ [l̥a̰ mjɪ̰ɰ̃ sʰwè]; born 1948) is an artist, photographer and author from Myanmar. He was born in Bamaw, Kachin State, Myanmar in 1948. He attended the Defence Services Academy, Pyin Oo Lwin and after graduating served in various positions as an army officer. As of 2010, he was head of the Public Relations and Information Department of the Yangon City Development Committee.

Bhamo
Bhamo (Burmese: ဗန်းမော်မြို့ ban: mau mrui., also spelt Banmaw), historically known as Man Maw (Shan: မၢၼ်ႈမူဝ်ႇ; Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ) or Hsinkai (Chinese: 新街; pinyin: Xīnjiē) is a city in Kachin State in northern Myanmar, 186 km (116 mi) south of the state capital, (Myitkyina). It is on the Ayeyarwady River. It lies within 65 km (40 mi) of the border with Yunnan Province, China. The population consists primarily of residents Chinese or Shan descent, with Kachin peoples primarily occupying the hills around the town. It is the administrative center of Bhamo District and Bhamo Township.
Scollay Square
Scollay Square (c. 1838–1962) was a city square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It was named for William Scollay, a prominent local developer and militia officer who bought a landmark four-story merchant building at the intersection of the Cambridge and Court Streets in the year 1795. Local citizens began to refer to this intersection as Scollay's Square, and, in 1838, the city officially memorialized the intersection as the Scollay Square. Early on, the area was a busy center of commerce, including daguerreotypist (photographer) Josiah Johnson Hawes (1808–1901) and Dr. William Thomas Green Morton, the first dentist to use ether as an anaesthetic.

As early as the 1950s city officials had been mulling plans to completely tear the Square down and redevelop the area.  Eventually more than 1,000 buildings were demolished and 20,000 residents were displaced. With $40 million in federal funds, the city built an entirely new development there, Government Center.

Anesthetic
An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia ⁠— ⁠in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. They may be divided into two broad classes: general anesthetics, which result in a reversible loss of consciousness, and local anesthetics, which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body without necessarily affecting consciousness.

A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice.  Many are rarely used outside anesthesiology, but others are used commonly in various fields of healthcare. Combinations of anesthetics are sometimes used for their synergistic and additive therapeutic effects. Adverse effects, however, may also be increased.  Anesthetics are distinct from analgesics, which block only sensation of painful stimuli. Analgesics are typically used in conjunction with anesthetics to control pre-, intra-, and postoperative pain.
Northern celestial hemisphere
The northern celestial hemisphere, also called the Northern Sky, is the northern half of the celestial sphere; that is, it lies north of the celestial equator. This arbitrary sphere appears to rotate westward around a polar axis due to Earth's rotation.

At any given time, the entire Northern Sky is visible from the geographic North Pole, while less of the hemisphere is visible the farther south the observer is located. The southern counterpart is the southern celestial hemisphere.

North
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. North is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.
Mob Figaz
Mob Figaz is a Bay Area hip hop group formed by C-Bo in 1997. The members consist of Husalah, Rydah J. Klyde, and The Jacka from Pittsburg; Fed-X from Richmond; and AP.9 from Oakland, California.

Their first album, C-Bo's Mob Figaz, was a minor success, reaching #63 on Billboard's Top R&B Albums chart. On February 2, 2015, Mob Figaz member The Jacka was fatally shot by an unidentified gunman in Oakland.

Richmond, California
Richmond is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. The city was incorporated on August 3, 1905, and has a city council. Located in the San Francisco Bay Area's East Bay region, Richmond borders San Pablo, Albany, El Cerrito and Pinole in addition to the unincorporated communities of North Richmond, Hasford Heights, Kensington, El Sobrante, Bayview-Montalvin Manor, Tara Hills, and East Richmond Heights, and for a short distance San Francisco on Red Rock Island in the San Francisco Bay.

Richmond is one of two cities, the other being San Rafael, that sits on the shores of both San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay. Its population was 116,448 as of the 2020 United States census making it the second largest city in the United States named Richmond after Richmond, Virginia.
National Communications Commission
The National Communications Commission (NCC; Chinese: 國家通訊傳播委員會; pinyin: Guójiā Tōngxùn Chuánbò Weǐyuánhuì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kok-ka Thong-sìn Thôan-pò͘ Úi-oân-hōe) is an independent statutory agency of Executive Yuan of Taiwan responsible for regulating the development of the telecommunication and broadcasting industries, promoting competition and consumer protection, and regulating licensing, radio frequency and spectrum, programming content, communications standards and specifications in Taiwan. The NCC is considered to be Taiwan's equivalent of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, Ofcom in the United Kingdom and the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) in Australia. The current Chairperson is Chan Ting-I.

Regulatory agency
A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous jurisdiction over some area of human activity in a licensing and regulating capacity. Examples of responsibilities include strengthening safety and standards, and/or to protect consumers in markets where there is a lack of effective competition. Examples of regulatory agencies that enforce standards include the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom; and, in the case of economic regulation, the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets and the Telecom Regulatory Authority in India.
HT-28
Helicopter Training Squadron 28 (HT-28) is a United States Navy helicopter training squadron based at Naval Air Station Whiting Field in Milton, Florida. The squadron, known as the Hellions, is one of three Advanced Helicopter Training squadrons that produces aviators for the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard. They fall under the command of Training Air Wing Five and fly the TH-73A Thrasher helicopter trainer. The squadron's tactical call sign is "Lucky."

Training Air Wing Five
Training Air Wing Five (TW-5 or TRAWING 5) is a United States Navy aircraft training air wing based at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, in Milton, FL. TW-5 is one of five training wings in the Naval Air Training Command, and consists of three fixed-wing primary training squadrons and three rotary-wing advanced training squadrons. The wing trains Student Naval Aviators from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard, as well as international allies with instructors of varying backgrounds and seniority from the aforementioned military branches.

According to the Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA), TW-5 accounts for roughly 43% of all flight time within the Naval Air Training Command, and 11% of the Navy and Marine Corps' flight time worldwide. Approximately 1,200 students complete flight training with TW-5 annually.
Haruko Tachiiri
Haruko Tachiiri (たちいり ハルコ, Tachīri Haruko) (born 7 May 1949 in Meguro, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese manga artist who writes mostly manga for children. In 1979, she received an Excellence Prize from the Japanese Cartoonists' Association for Picola-picola, and in 1984 she received the Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga for Panku Ponk.

Children's anime and manga
Children's manga (Japanese: 子供向け漫画, Hepburn: kodomo-muke manga) and children's anime (子供向けアニメ, kodomo-muke anime) refer to manga and anime directed towards children. These series are usually moralistic, often educating children about staying in the right path in life. Each chapter is usually a self-contained story. An example of a notable children's anime is Doraemon.
Sullam al-Sama'
Sullam al-Sama', also known as Resaleh-ye Kamaliyyeh (Arabic*: سُلَم السماء, Transliterated as Sǒllam os-Samā'), meaning "The Ladder of the Sky" or "The Stairway of Heaven", is an astronomical treatise written by the Persian mathematician and astronomer Jamshid Kashani in 1407 about the determination of the distance and size of heavenly bodies such as the Earth, the Moon and the Sun.

Astronomical object
An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly object is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists within the universe. In astronomy, the terms object and body are often used interchangeably. However, an astronomical body, celestial body or heavenly body is a single, tightly bound, contiguous physical object, while an astronomical or celestial object admits a more complex, less cohesively bound structure, which may consist of multiple bodies or even other objects with substructures.

Examples of astronomical objects include planetary systems, star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies, while asteroids, moons, planets, and stars are astronomical bodies. A comet may be identified as both a body and an object: It is a body when referring to the frozen nucleus of ice and dust, and an object when describing the entire comet with its diffuse coma and tail.
Montecito, California
Montecito (archaic use of Spanish for woodland or countryside) is an unincorporated town in Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Located on the Central Coast of California, Montecito sits between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Montecito is best known for its concentration of prominent and wealthy residents. In 2024, the median home price was $7.5 million. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Montecito as a census-designated place (CDP). The population as of 2022 is approximately 8,638 residents.

Central Coast (California)
The Central Coast is an area of California, roughly spanning the coastal region between Point Mugu and Monterey Bay. It lies northwest of Los Angeles and south of the San Francisco Bay Area, and includes the rugged, rural, and sparsely populated stretch of coastline known as Big Sur.

From south to north, there are six counties that make up the Central Coast: Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz.

The Central Coast is the location of the Central Coast American Viticultural Area.

Geographically, the actual midpoint of the California coast lies north of Santa Cruz, near Año Nuevo State Park in San Mateo County. Neither the popular use of the term Central Coast nor that of the California North Coast include the San Francisco Peninsula counties of San Mateo and San Francisco.
Tepaeru Tereora
Mere Tepaeru Tereora QSM (born 1934) is a Cook Islands artist and educator. Her Tivaevae work is internationally recognised and displayed in  the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. She is also a significant figure in the revival of Cook Islands Māori, establishing language nests for it in New Zealand. She is the sister of writer Kauraka Kauraka.

Language nest
A language nest is an immersion-based approach to language revitalization in early-childhood education. Language nests originated in New Zealand in the 1980s, as a part of the Māori-language revival in that country. The term "language nest" is a calque of the Māori phrase kōhanga reo. In a language nest, older speakers of the language take part in the education of children through intergenerational language transference. With that, these older fluent speakers act as mentors and help children use the target language in many different settings. The language nest is a program that places focus on local Indigenous cultural practices and perspectives, and with that incorporates traditional activities, cultural products, and Indigenous language discourse. Additionally, the quality of these early childhood immersion programs helps in aiding the development of linguistic and cultural competence for participants.
North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project
North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project is an multi phased railway connectivity project in Northeast India which comprises states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura and it also includes the state of Sikkim. These states come under Northeast Frontier Railway Zone of Indian Railways. This Railway project is considered as strategically important for India because it connects all the border states in this region and  also close to ASEAN countries.

The Government of India has planned and projected to connect all 8 capitals of North Eastern states by 2030est. As of September 2025, 4 state capitals of Northeast India are connected with railways Currently the three state capitals Agartala in Tripura, Guwahati in Assam, Itanagar in Arunachal Pradesh, and Aizawl in Mizoram state are linked with railways; the rail projects to connect remaining 4 state capitals of Sikkim, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya states are underway.

Aizawl
Aizawl (English:  /ˈaɪzɔːl/ EYE-zawl; Mizo: [ˈaɪ̯.ˈzɔːl] ⓘ), formerly known as Aijal, is the capital city and the most populous city of Mizoram, India. It is also the third largest city in northeast India. It is situated atop a series of ridges, with an average elevation of around 1,132 metres (3,714 feet) above sea level. In 2024, the city has an estimated population of 415,000 people.

Having served as the capital of the British Lushai Hills from 1898 to 1947, colonial structures are prevalent in the city centre including but not limited to the Aijal Club, Raj Bhavan, the Red School, and the Office of the Deputy Commissioner. As the seat of the Government of Mizoram, Aizawl is home to the Assembly House. Additionally, Aizawl is part of the Smart Cities Mission, an initiative by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs aimed at urban development and infrastructure enhancement.
Bahram Siyavashan
Bahram Siyavashan (Middle Persian: Wahrām Siyāvakhšan) was an Iranian commander, who supported the prominent Sasanian military leader Bahram Chobin. He played an active role in the early stages of the Sasanian civil war of 589-591, but was killed by Bahram Chobin in 590 after attempting to assassinate him.

Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg  (Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐‎, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle Persian continued to function as a prestige language. It descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire and is the linguistic ancestor of Modern Persian, the official language of Iran (also known as Persia), Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan (Tajik).
Daniel Quigley (rowing)
Daniel Quigley (born 16 May 1988) is a New Zealand coxswain.

In 2006 Quigley was selected as cox in the New Zealand four, along with James Dallinger, Steven Cottle, Paul Gerritsen, and Dane Boswell. They won gold at the FISA Under 23 World Championships also setting a new world-record time of 6.03 in Hazelwinkel, Belgium  and bronze at the World Championships in Eton, UK.

Dorney Lake
Dorney Lake (also known as Eton College Rowing Centre, and as Eton Dorney as a 2012 Summer Olympics venue) is a purpose-built rowing lake and Meetings & Events Venue in England. It is near the village of Dorney, Buckinghamshire, and is around 3 km (2 miles) west of Windsor and Eton, close to the River Thames.

The lake is privately owned and financed by Eton College, which spent £17 million developing it. Additional grants, totalling £500,000, were obtained from Sport England, UK Sport, the DCMS and SEEDA in order to build the lake's finish tower.  The project was completed in 2006, after 10 years of construction. The facilities are hired out for rowing, as well as for canoeing, Hospitality, dragon boating, and triathlon.
United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court
The United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court is a special court in the United States created in 1996 to determine whether aliens (non-citizens) should be deported from the United States on the grounds that they are terrorists. The court has never conducted proceedings. It consists of five Article III judges, selected by the Chief Justice of the United States.

The Court is modeled after the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and was created by Pub. L. 104–132 (text) (PDF), the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, codified at 8 U.S.C. §§ 1531–1537.

The court has "never received an application from the Attorney General for the removal of an alien terrorist, and has therefore conducted no proceedings."

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. 104–132 (text) (PDF), 110 Stat. 1214, enacted April 24, 1996, was introduced to the United States Congress in April 1995 as a Senate Bill (S. 735). The bill was passed with broad bipartisan support by Congress in response to the 1996 Oklahoma City bombing. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton.

Controversial for its changes to the law of habeas corpus in the United States, the AEDPA also contained a number of provisions to "deter terrorism, provide justice for victims, provide for an effective death penalty, and for other purposes."
2005 Down Senior Hurling Championship
The 2005 Down Senior Hurling Championship was the 97th staging of the Down Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Down County Board in 1903.

Ballygalget entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 16 October 2005 at St Patrick's Park, between Ballygalget and Ballycran, in what was their first meeting in the final in four years. Ballygalget won the match by 3–14 to 0–15 to claim their 16th championship title overall and a third consecutive title.

Portaferry GAC
Portaferry GAC is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Portaferry, County Down, Northern Ireland. The club is affiliated to the Down County Board and is exclusively concerned with the game of hurling.
Dali Podiashvili
Dali Podiashvili (sometimes Fodiashvili) (Georgian: დალი ფოდიაშვილი) (born 27 January 1948) is a Georgian painter.

A native of Tbilisi, Podiashvili studied at the Nikoladze Art School in that city from 1963 until 1968. In the latter year she matriculated at the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts, from which she graduated in 1974. In 1986 she joined the Artists' Union. In addition to working as a painter, she has taught art. She continues to exhibit her work throughout Georgia. Several of her paintings may be found in the collection of the Georgian Museum of Fine Arts.

Georgian Museum of Fine Arts
Georgian Museum of Fine Arts (Georgian: ქართული სახვითი ხელოვნების მუზეუმი) is a private art museum located on the Rustaveli Avenue in Tbilisi, Georgia (country). The construction broke ground in 2013 and is the only building in Georgia built purposely to house art exhibitions. The museum official opening was held on September 26, 2018, while it opened to the public on October 2, 2018. The museum houses over 3500 artworks, created by over 80 artists during the last 70 years. The museum exhibits private art collection of the family of Dr. George (Gia) Jokhtaberidze and Manana Shevardadze, founders of Magticom, the largest telecommunications company in Georgia.
Ringgold Depot
The Ringgold Depot, on what is now U.S. Route 41 in Ringgold, Georgia, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

It is a 33 by 192 feet (10 m × 59 m) stone depot built as a station on the Western and Atlantic Railroad around 1850. Its 14 inches (0.36 m) sandstone walls were damaged in the American Civil War, and repairs used limestone blocks.

U.S. Route 41
U.S. Route 41, also U.S. Highway 41 (US 41), is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs from Miami, Florida, to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Until 1949, the part in southern Florida, from Naples to Miami, was US 94. The highway's southern terminus is in the Brickell neighborhood of Downtown Miami at an intersection with Brickell Avenue (US 1), and its northern terminus is east of Copper Harbor, Michigan, at a modest cul-de-sac near Fort Wilkins Historic State Park at the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula. US 41 is closely paralleled by Interstate 75 (I-75) from Naples, Florida, all the way through Georgia to Chattanooga, Tennessee.