hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tarih-i Üngürüs
The Tarih-i Üngürüs (Ottoman Turkish: تاريخ انكروس, romanized: Târîḫ-i Üngürûs, lit. 'The History of the Hungarians') is a 16th-century Ottoman Turkish chronicle treating the history of the Hungarians. Its author Mahmud Tercüman translated it from a Latin chronicle found after the siege of Székesfehérvár in 1543. According to the scientific point of view, this work was a late 15th-century chronicle, Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum. Since it provides different information on Hungarian prehistory compared to the Hungarian chronicles on several points, there is also a fringe theory according to which the author found and translated the lost Urgesta or "ancient gesta", the earliest chronicle of the Hungarians.

Fringe theory
A fringe theory is an idea or a viewpoint that differs significantly from the accepted scholarship of the time within its field. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of fringe science, as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the humanities. In a narrower sense, the term fringe theory is commonly used as a pejorative, roughly synonymous with the terms pseudo-scholarship and conspiracy theory. Precise definitions distinguishing widely held viewpoints and unaccepted theories are difficult to construct. Issues of false balance or false equivalence can occur when fringe theories are presented as being equal to widely accepted theories.
Gary Kulesha
Gary Alan Kulesha CM (born 22 August 1954) is a Canadian composer, pianist, conductor, and educator. Since 1995, he has been Composer Advisor to the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He has been Composer-in-Residence with the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony (1988–1992) and the Canadian Opera Company (1993–1995). He was awarded the National Arts Centre Orchestra Composer Award in 2002.

He currently teaches on the music faculty at the University of Toronto, where his notable students have included Vincent Ho, Anna Höstman, Abigail Richardson-Schulte, Bekah Simms, and Andrew Staniland.

He was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada in 2023.

Canadian Opera Company
The Canadian Opera Company (COC) is an opera company in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the largest opera company in Canada and one of the largest opera producers in North America. The COC performs at the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, which was purpose-built for opera and ballet and is shared with the National Ballet of Canada.

The company was founded out of the University of Toronto's opera school in 1950 for commercial opera productions at the Royal Alexandra Theatre. In 1961, the company moved its home stage to the O'Keefe Centre (now known as Meridian Hall). In 2006, the company moved to the Four Seasons Centre.
1947 Brazilian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Brazil on 19 January 1947. The elections were for 19 vacant seats in the Chamber of Deputies, one additional Senator for each state (except Santa Catarina, which elected two), and for all state Governors and legislatures.

The elections were most notable for the continued growth of the Brazilian Communist Party, which received 9% of the vote in the state elections, becoming the third party in the state of São Paulo (ahead of the UDN) and the single largest party in the federal capital, Rio de Janeiro. The PCB's growing success and its unpopularity amongst the ruling elite led to the party being banned later in 1947 by President Eurico Gaspar Dutra.

Eurico Gaspar Dutra
Eurico Gaspar Dutra (Brazilian Portuguese: [ewˈɾiku ɡasˈpaʁ ˈdutɾɐ]; 18 May 1883 – 11 June 1974) was a Brazilian military leader and politician who served as the president of Brazil from 1946 to 1951. He was the first president of the Fourth Brazilian Republic, which followed the Vargas Regime.
Asimakopoulou
Asimakopoulou is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anna-Misel Asimakopoulou (born 1967), Greek politician and lawyer

Beata Asimakopoulou (1932–2009), Greek actress

Elena Asimakopoulou (fl. 2000s), first runner-up in 2006 Miss Star Hellas competition

Ioanna Asimakopoulou (born 1984), Greek actress

Anna-Misel Asimakopoulou
Anna-Misel Asimakopoulou (Greek: Άννα-Μισέλ Ασημακοπούλου, born 27 March 1967) is a Greek lawyer and politician who was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2019.

In March 2024, she became embroiled in a significant email leak stemming from her use of Ministry of the Interior resources to reach out to Greek voters across Europe. The scandal led to her resignation from her candidacy as an MEP in the same month.
Nagahama (surname)
Nagahama (written: 長濱 or 長浜) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hiroshi Nagahama (長濱 博史) (born 1970), Japanese animator

Hiroyuki Nagahama (長浜 博行) (born 1958), politician of the Democratic Party of Japan

Kazutoshi Nagahama (長浜 一年) (born 1969), former Japanese cross-country skier

Tadao Nagahama (長浜 忠夫) (1936–1980), director of puppet shows and animation

Neru Nagahama (長濱 ねる) (born 1998), retired Japanese idol

Tadao Nagahama
Tadao Nagahama (長浜 忠夫, Nagahama Tadao; September 26, 1932 – November 4, 1980 in Kagoshima) was a Japanese director of anime and puppet shows.
He also wrote the lyrics for the anime's theme song under the name Akira Aoi (あおい あきら, Aoi Akira).

Nagahama has produced hits in a wide variety of genres, including super robot, sports, and comedy.
He is best known as the director of Sunrise and Toei's Robot Romance Trilogy, which added human drama to the Super Robot genre.
He is also known as the director of several popular anime series that are still well known among Japanese viewers.
His most famous work is the national hit, Star of the Giants, which contributed to the popularity of baseball in Japan.
Pertensive
Pertensive marking is to head-marking languages what possessive marking is to dependent-marking languages. For example, in English, a dependent-marking language, possession in the phrase "a person's rodent" is indicated by the placement of the possessive suffix "'s" on the dependent grammatical constituent, "person's," and the head constituent, "rodent," is left unmarked.

In contrast, Shilluk, a language in South Sudan, places a pertensive affix on the head (e.g., dúup = "rodent", dû́uup = "rodent belonging to"). Other languages with pertensive marking are Nungon (in Papua New Guinea), Hungarian, Mansi, and Khanty (both in Siberia). Some languages, such as Martuthunira (in Australia), have both possessive and pertensive marking.

The term was coined by the linguist Robert M. W. Dixon in 2011.

Although one of the main uses of "ezāfe" in Persian is pertensive, it has other functions.

Mansi languages
The Mansi languages are spoken by the Mansi people in Siberia, Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Ugric languages, within the broader Uralic language family. They are often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian.

The base dialect of the Mansi literary language is the Sosva dialect, a representative of the northern language. Fixed word order is typical in Mansi. Adverbials and participles play an important role in sentence construction.

In the 2020–2021 census, 2229 people claimed to speak Mansi natively. All current speakers use Northern Mansi, as the other variants have become extinct.
Trands
Trands is a Chinese clothing brand under the clothing maker Dayang Group, headquartered in Dalian, Liaoning. Trands' market is currently domestic and they target the mid-to-high end menswear market in China. The brand was launched in 1995.

Trands USA is also a North America operated company that is owned by the Dayang Group and is based in Los Angeles. The company designs, produces, markets, distributes and wholesales men's custom made to measure suits, sport coats, shirts and overcoats under the Trands label as well as a private label.

Trands is known for being worn by billionaires Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, Charlie Munger and the former CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao.

In a video released by the company on 29 August 2009, Buffett praised the brand, saying he had thrown away all his other suits (including suits from Ermenegildo Zegna) and only wears Trands. Buffett now had 9 Trands suits and a tuxedo. In the days following the Buffett video, Trands stock climbed over 200%.

Zegna
Ermenegildo Zegna N.V., also known as Zegna Group, Ermenegildo Zegna Group, or simply Zegna (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdzeɲɲa]), is an Italian luxury fashion house headquartered in Milan. It was founded in 1910 by Ermenegildo Zegna in Trivero, Biella, in the Piedmont region of northern Italy.  It is led by the Zegna family and is a public company that is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
Spring Creek (Bourbeuse River tributary)
Spring Creek is a stream in southeastern Franklin County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Bourbeuse River.

The stream headwaters arise along the north side of Missouri Route 185 approximately one mile west of downtown Sullivan at 38°12′53″N 91°11′47″W﻿ / ﻿38.21472°N 91.19639°W﻿ / 38.21472; -91.19639. The stream flows north passing west of the Long Ridge Conservation Area three miles east of Spring Bluff. It turns northeast to its confluence with the Bourbeuse at 38°20′29″N 91°07′36″W﻿ / ﻿38.34139°N 91.12667°W﻿ / 38.34139; -91.12667 approximately four miles north of Stanton. The stream gains the water of two named springs, Sour Spring west of the conservation area and Kratz Spring north of the conservation area.

Spring Creek was named for the fact its flow is increased by springs along its course.

Franklin County, Missouri
Franklin County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri. At the 2020 census, the population was 104,682. Its county seat is Union. The county was organized in 1818 and is named after Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. Franklin County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area and contains some of the city's exurbs. It is located along the south side of the Missouri River. The county has wineries that are included in the Hermann AVA (American Viticultural Area) and is part of the region known as the Missouri Rhineland, which extends on both sides of the Missouri River.
Petunu Opeloge
Petunu Opeloge (born 27 June 1994) is a Samoan male weightlifter, competing in the 85 kg category and representing Samoa at international competitions. Opeloge won the silver medal at the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, 2015 Pacific Games and also the silver medal at the 2016 Oceania Weightlifting Championships. He participated at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the 85 kg event and the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

2013 Pacific Mini Games
The 2013 Pacific Mini Games was the ninth edition of these Mini Games. They were held in Mata Utu in Wallis and Futuna from 2 to 12 September 2013. It was the first time the games had been held in Wallis and Futuna.
Yakovlev Yak-52
The Yakovlev Yak-52 (Russian: Яковлев Як-52) is a Soviet primary trainer aircraft which first flew in 1976. It was produced in Romania from 1977 to 1998 by Aerostar, as Iak-52, which gained manufacturing rights under agreement within the former COMECON socialist trade organisation. The Yak-52 was designed as an aerobatic trainer for students in the Soviet DOSAAF training organisation, which trained civilian sport pilots and military pilots.  Currently the Yak-52 is used in the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) World Aerobatic Yak 52 Competition, a popular powered aircraft one-design World Aerobatic Championship.

ZALA Aero Group
ZALA Aero Group is a Russian defence technology company specialising in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles.

The company was founded in 2003 by Aleksandr Zakharov and is headquartered in Izhevsk. ZALA Aero has provided UAV systems for several sectors of the Russian government, including the Ministry of Defence, and has also won contracts to supply UAVs to foreign countries. The company's in-house design and production projects include a variety of systems related to UAV design, manufacture and operation, including autopilots, airframes, mechanical and pneumatic catapults, launchers, payloads and communication technologies. ZALA Aero is the only Russian company producing unmanned helicopters, portable anti-drone EW systems and a VTOL drone.
Christopher Kelong
Christopher Kelong (born 10 December 1976) is a Kenyan male long-distance runner. He twice represented his country at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, placing tenth in the junior race in 1995 and sixth in the senior race in 1998. Such was Kenya's dominance at the latter event, he did not make the top four Kenyans to score points for the national team.

Outside of international competitions, he was third at the Great Edinburgh Run in 1995, won the 1996 Swansea Bay 10K. He won the Edinburgh race two years in a row in 1996 and 1997 and also took the Great South Run in the latter year. The 1998 season was his last on the roads, and he was winner of the Puy-en-Velay 15K that year.

World Athletics Cross Country Championships
World Athletics Cross Country Championships is the most important competition in international cross country running. Formerly held annually and organised by World Athletics (formerly the IAAF), it was inaugurated in 1973, when it replaced the International Cross Country Championships. It was an annual competition until 2011, when World Athletics changed it to a biennial event.
Le Bal
Le Bal can refer to:

Le Bal, a 1929 ballet by Vittorio Rieti

Le Bal (novella), a 1931 French novella by Irène Némirovsky

Le Bal (1931 film), a 1931 French film based on the novella

Le Bal (1983 film), a 1983 Algerian film

Le Bal (arts centre), a gallery, publisher, café and bookshop in Paris

Le Bal des Débutantes, a Parisian fashion event

Le Bal (1931 film)
Le Bal is a 1931 French comedy drama film directed by Wilhelm Thiele, and written jointly by Curt Siodmak, Ladislas Fodor and Henri Falk (dialogue). A German-language version, Der Ball, was simultaneously filmed with a different cast.
Elizabeth Fulton Hester
Elizabeth Fulton Hester was an American missionary, Confederate States of America nurse, and early advocate for women's suffrage who was active in Indian Territory and later the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

Boggy Depot, Oklahoma
Boggy Depot is a ghost town and Oklahoma State Park that was formerly a significant city in the Indian Territory. It grew as a vibrant and thriving town in present-day Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States, and became a major trading center on the Texas Road and the Butterfield Overland Mail route between Missouri and San Francisco. After the Civil War, when the MKT Railroad came through the area, it bypassed Boggy Depot and the town began a steady decline. It was soon replaced by Atoka as the chief city in the area.  By the early 20th century, all that remained of the community was a sort of ghost town.
Oncoantigen
An oncoantigen is a surface or soluble tumor antigen that supports tumor growth. A major problem of cancer immunotherapy is the selection of tumor cell variants that escape immune recognition. The notion of oncoantigen was set forth in the context of cancer immunoprevention to define a class of persistent tumor antigens not prone to escape from immune recognition.

Tumor antigen
Tumor antigen is a substance produced in tumor cells that triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are used tumor markers to identify tumor cells with diagnostic tests. The broader field of cancer immunology studies tumor antigens and other ways of provoking the immune system to attack tumor cells.
BETT
Bett (formerly known as the British Educational Training and Technology Show) is a global series of education shows organised by Hyve Group marketing information technology in education.  The flagship show is located in the UK, with satellite events in Asia & Brasil. Bett is also a global community for education technology, which hosts webinars, CPD sessions and publish articles from the leaders in education.

Barbican Centre
The Barbican Centre is a performing arts centre in the Barbican Estate of the City of London, England, and the largest of its kind in Europe. The centre hosts classical and contemporary music concerts, theatre performances, film screenings and art exhibitions. It also houses a library, three restaurants, and a conservatory. The Barbican Centre is a member of the Global Cultural Districts Network.

The London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra are based in the centre's Concert Hall. In 2013, it once again became the London-based venue of the Royal Shakespeare Company following the company's departure in 2001.

It was built as the City of London's gift to the nation at a cost of £161 million (equivalent to £718 million in 2023), and was officially opened to the public by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 March 1982. Together with the Southbank Centre, a similar arts centre, the Barbican Centre is also known for its brutalist architecture.
Olympic winners of the Archaic period
Just how far back in history organized contests were held remains a matter of debate, but it is reasonably certain that they occurred in Greece almost 3,000 years ago. However ancient in origin, by the end of the 6th century BC at least four Greek sporting festivals, sometimes called "classical games," had achieved major importance: the Olympic Games, held at Olympia; the Pythian Games at Delphi; the Nemean Games at Nemea; and the Isthmian Games, held near Corinth. The Olympic Games were perhaps the greatest of these sporting events, and all Olympian victors were highly appreciated among the Greeks.

Isthmian Games
Isthmian Games or Isthmia (Ancient Greek: Ἴσθμια) were one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece, and were named after the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were held. As with the Nemean Games, the Isthmian Games were held both the year before and the year after the Olympic Games (the second and fourth years of an Olympiad), while the Pythian Games were held in the third year of the Olympiad cycle.
Tsai Chia-hsin
Tsai Chia-hsin (Chinese: 蔡佳欣; pinyin: Cài Jiāxīn; Wade–Giles: Ts'ai Chia-hsin; born 25 July 1982) is a Taiwanese former badminton player. He competed at the 2006 and 2014 Asian Games. Tsai also competed (for the Republic of China as Chinese Taipei) in the 2004 Summer Olympics in mixed doubles with partner Cheng Wen-hsing and in 2016 Summer Olympics in men's doubles with partner Lee Sheng-mu. In 2004, they defeated Chris Dednam and Antoinette Uys of South Africa in the first round but lost to Zhang Jun and Gao Ling of China in the round of 16.

Badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Goudi Olympic Hall at the Goudi Olympic Complex from 14 August through 21 August. Both men and women competed in their own singles and doubles events and together they competed in a mixed doubles event.
Kanne
Kanne (Limburgish: Kan) is a village in the municipality of Riemst in the southeastern part of the Belgian province of Limburg. As of 2021, the village has 1,162 inhabitants, a significant number of whom have Dutch nationality.

Mount Saint Peter
Mount Saint Peter (French: Montagne Saint-Pierre; Dutch: Sint-Pietersberg), also referred to as Caestert Plateau, is the northern part of a plateau running north to south between the valleys of the river Geer to the west, and the Meuse to the east. The plateau runs from Maastricht in the Netherlands, through Riemst in Belgian Limburg almost to the city of Liège in Belgium, thus defining the topography of this border area between Flanders, Wallonia and the Netherlands. The name of the hill, as well as the nearby village and church of Sint Pieter and the fortress of Sint Pieter, refers to Saint Peter, one of the Twelve Apostles.
Skeptic (song)
"Skeptic" is a song by American heavy metal band Slipknot from their fifth studio album, .5: The Gray Chapter. The song was first released as a promo/digital single on October 17, 2014. It was the sixth promotional single and eighth overall single released from the album. The song is a tribute piece to late bassist Paul Gray who died from a drug overdose in May 2010.

Paul Gray (American musician)
Paul Dedrick Gray (April 8, 1972 – May 24, 2010), also known as the Pig, was an American musician who was the bassist, backing vocalist, and co-founder of the heavy metal band Slipknot, in which he was designated #2.

Gray played bass using a pick.
Paul Davidson (economist)
Paul Davidson (October 23, 1930 – June 20, 2024) was an American macroeconomist who has been one of the leading spokesmen of the American branch of the post-Keynesian school in economics. He has actively intervened in important debates on economic policy (natural resources, international monetary system, developing countries' debt) from a position critical of mainstream economics.

Mainstream economics
Mainstream economics is the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught by universities worldwide, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion. Also known as orthodox economics, it can be contrasted to heterodox economics, which encompasses various schools or approaches that are only accepted by a minority of economists.

The economics profession has traditionally been associated with neoclassical economics. However, this association has been challenged by prominent historians of economic thought including David Colander. They argue the current economic mainstream theories, such as game theory, behavioral economics, industrial organization, information economics, and the like, share very little common ground with the initial axioms of neoclassical economics.
Unitarity (physics)
In quantum physics, unitarity is (or a unitary process has) the condition that the time evolution of a quantum state according to the Schrödinger equation is mathematically represented by a unitary operator. This is typically taken as an axiom or basic postulate of quantum mechanics, while generalizations of or departures from unitarity are part of speculations about theories that may go beyond quantum mechanics. A unitarity bound is any inequality that follows from the unitarity of the evolution operator, i.e. from the statement that time evolution preserves inner products in Hilbert space.

Quantum state
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that represents a physical system. Quantum mechanics specifies the construction, evolution, and measurement of a quantum state. Knowledge of the quantum state, and the rules for the system's evolution in time, exhausts all that can be known about a quantum system.

Quantum states are either pure or mixed, and have several possible representations. Pure quantum states are commonly represented as a vector in a Hilbert space. Mixed states are statistical mixtures of pure states and cannot be represented as vectors on that Hilbert space, and instead are commonly represented as density matrices.

Common examples of quantum states are the wave functions describing position and momentum, finite-dimensional vectors describing spin such as the singlet, and states describing many-body quantum systems in a Fock space.
Pete Self
John D. Self, Jr. (Pete) - (April 19, 1923 – October 30, 2020) was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the  Alabama House of Representatives from 1959 to 1963. He served on the House judiciary and insurance committees.

Alabama House of Representatives
The Alabama House of Representatives is the lower house of the Alabama Legislature, the state legislature of state of Alabama. The House is composed of 105 members representing an equal number of districts, with each constituency containing at least 42,380 citizens. There are no term limits in the House. The House is also one of the five lower houses of state legislatures in the United States that is elected every four years. Other lower houses, including the United States House of Representatives, are elected for a two-year term.

The House meets at the Alabama State House in Montgomery. The speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives is its leader.