hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ma'ale Tzviya
Ma'ale Tzviya (Hebrew: מַעֲלֵה צְבִיָּה, lit. 'Zvia Heights'), also Tzviya, is a community settlement in northern Israel. Located in the Galilee to the south-east of Karmiel, it falls under the jurisdiction of Misgav Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 331.

Karmiel
Karmiel (Hebrew: כרמיאל) is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee. The city is located south of the Acre–Safed road, 32 kilometres (20 miles) from Safed and 20 km (12 miles) from Ma'alot-Tarshiha and 20 km (12 mi) from Acre. In 2023 Karmiel had a population of 48,675.
TraJ 5' UTR
The traJ 5' UTR is a cis acting RNA element which is involved in regulating plasmid transfer in bacteria.

In conjugating bacteria the FinOP system regulates the transfer of F-like plasmids. The FinP gene encodes an antisense RNA product that is complementary to part of the 5' UTR of the traJ mRNA. The traJ gene encodes a protein required for transcription from the major transfer promoter, pY. The FinO protein is essential for effective repression, acting by binding to FinP and protecting it from RNase E degradation.

Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).
Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long, the sequence of which is highly dependent on the gene and product of transcription, type or class of RNA polymerase recruited to the site, and species of organism.
Govert Boyen
Govert Boyen (born 7 March 1977 in Sint-Truiden) is a Belgian retired football goalkeeper. He was last on the books of Veldwezelt where he retired in the summer of 2012. After that he became goalkeeping coach and due to unavailability of the main goalkeeper at Herk FC, he made two more appearances in December 2013 and January 2014. In the 2016-17 season he was again twice on the bench but did not appear for Zepperen-Brustem.

Previously, he played for Antwerp in the Belgian Pro League and spent most of his career with Lommel United and OH Leuven in the Belgian Second Division.

Sint-Truiden
Sint-Truiden (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪnˈtrœydə(n)] ⓘ; French: Saint-Trond [sɛ̃ tʁɔ̃]; Limburgish: Sintruin [sɪnˈtʀœjn]) is a city and municipality located in the province of Limburg, Flemish Region, Belgium. With more than 41,500 inhabitants, it is one of the largest cities in Limburg.

The municipality includes the former communes (now deelgemeenten) of Aalst, Brustem, Duras, Engelmanshoven, Gelinden, Gorsem, Groot-Gelmen, Halmaal, Kerkom-bij-Sint-Truiden, Melveren, Metsteren, Ordingen, Runkelen, Velm, Wilderen, and Zepperen.

The city is in the centre of Belgium's fruit-producing region, Haspengouw (Hesbaye), which is renowned for its pears, apples (Jonagold), and sweet cherries.
Sharon English
Sharon English is a Canadian writer. Her short story collection Zero Gravity was a shortlisted nominee for the ReLit Awards, and a longlisted nominee for the Scotiabank Giller Prize, in 2007.

Originally from London, Ontario, she is currently based in Toronto, where she teaches creative writing at the University of Toronto's Innis College.

Innis College, Toronto
Innis College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Toronto. It is one of the seven colleges in the university's Faculty of Arts and Science, and U of T's second smallest college in terms of population with approximately 2000 registered students. It is located on the St. George campus in its west end, directly north of Robarts Library, and is named after prominent University of Toronto political economist Harold Innis.

The College includes a fully equipped cinema known as the Innis Town Hall, which hosts numerous film festivals, free film screenings, and a variety of other cultural events. It also serves as a venue for Hot Docs, which is North America's largest documentary film festival.
Cassida
Cassida is a large Old World genus of tortoise beetles in the subfamily Cassidinae. The natural history of Cassida sphaerula in South Africa is a typical life cycle. Several species of Cassida are important agricultural pests, in particular C. vittata and C. nebulosa on sugar beet and spinach. The thistle tortoise beetle (Cassida rubiginosa) has been used as a biological control agent against Canada thistle.

The genus name is derived from Latin Cassis for a metal helmet.

There are at least 430 described species in Cassida. This genus contains the most species of all Cassidinae. Larvae build shields with their feces and exuviae, a widespread pattern of tortoise beetles.

Old World
The "Old World" (Latin: Mundus vetus) is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously thought of by the Europeans as the entire world, with the "New World", a term for the newly encountered lands of the Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
RAF Towyn
Royal Air Force Towyn, or more simply RAF Towyn, is a former Royal Air Force airfield located 10.3 miles (16.6 km) west of Machynlleth, Powys and 12.2 miles (19.6 km) north of Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales.

Situated along the northern outskirts of Tywyn and within the southern area of Aber Dysynni, it opened for RAF Army Cooperation Command in 1940 as an air-cooperation base for the Royal Artillery Anti-Aircraft Practice Camp at Tonfanau. It was home to two flights which formed into a single squadron, but in May 1945 the squadron moved to RAF Llandbedr and RAF Towyn was transferred to No. 22 Group RAF in RAF Technical Training Command. Airfield personnel also supported the emergency services when air accidents occurred in north west Wales. The air base closed in July 1945 and the site was taken over by the army as Morfa Camp.

Machynlleth
Machynlleth (Welsh: [maˈχənɬɛθ] ⓘ) is a market town, community and electoral ward in Powys, Wales and within the historic boundaries of Montgomeryshire. It is in the Dyfi Valley at the intersection of the A487 and the A489 roads.  At the 2001 Census it had a population of 2,147, rising to 2,235 in 2011. It is sometimes referred to colloquially as Mach.

Machynlleth was the seat of Owain Glyndŵr's Welsh Parliament in 1404, and as such claims to be the "ancient capital of Wales". However, it has never held any official recognition as a capital. It applied for city status in 2000 and 2002, but was unsuccessful. It is twinned with Belleville, Michigan.

Machynlleth hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1937 and 1981.
The Voice of Frank Sinatra
The Voice of Frank Sinatra is the debut studio album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released by Columbia Records (catalogue number C-112) on March 4, 1946. The album was originally issued as a set of four 78 rpm records, comprising eight songs in total. Each disc was released under the Columbia catalog numbers 36918, 36919, 36920, and 36921.

Upon its release, the album reached number one on the then-fledgling Billboard chart, where it remained at the top for seven consecutive weeks in 1946 and spent a total of eighteen weeks on the chart overall. At the time, the album chart featured only a Top Five ranking, a format that continued until August 1948.

Axel Stordahl
Axel Stordahl (August 8, 1913 – August 30, 1963) was an American arranger and composer who was active from the late 1930s through the 1950s. He is perhaps best known for his work with Frank Sinatra in the 1940s at Columbia Records. With his sophisticated orchestrations, Stordahl is credited with helping to bring pop arranging into the modern age.
Isopropenyl acetate
Isopropenyl acetate is an organic compound, which is the acetate ester of the enol tautomer of acetone.  This colorless liquid is significant commercially as the principal precursor to acetylacetone.  In organic synthesis, it is used to prepare enol acetates of ketones and acetonides from diols.

Diol
A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (−OH groups).  An aliphatic diol may also be called a glycol. This pairing of functional groups is pervasive, and many subcategories have been identified. They are used as protecting groups of carbonyl groups, making them essential in synthesis of organic chemistry.

The most common industrial diol is ethylene glycol. Examples of diols in which the hydroxyl functional groups are more widely separated include 1,4-butanediol HO−(CH2)4−OH and propylene-1,3-diol, or beta propylene glycol, HO−CH2−CH2−CH2−OH.
Praveen Kumar (wushu)
Praveen Kumar is a sanda fighter from India. He became the world champion at the 2019 World Wushu Championships in Shanghai, China in men's Sanda 48 kg,  and thus became the first Indian male athlete to a win gold medal at Wushu World Championships.

He also won a silver medal at the 2016 Asian Wushu Championships in Taoyuan, Taiwan, in the men's Sanda 48 kg category. In domestic competition, Kumar won a silver medal in the 2014 junior nationals in and a gold medal at the 2015 senior nationals. He is currently serving in the Indian Army.

Asian Wushu Championships
The Asian Wushu Championships is a continental wushu championship hosted by the Wushu Federation of Asia (WFA), the official continental representative to the International Wushu Federation. The competition is open to the 37 member nations of the WFA and their respective national teams. Unlike other continental wushu competitions which are held every two years, the Asian Wushu Championships is held every four years to make way for wushu at the Asian Games.

The WFA also hosts the Asian Junior Wushu Championships, Asian Kungfu Championships, and the Asian Sanda Cup.
Roosevelt station (Sound Transit)
Roosevelt station is a light rail station located in the Roosevelt neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. It is served by the 1 Line and 2 Line of Sound Transit's Link light rail system. The underground station consists of a single island platform connected to the surface via a mezzanine and two entrances along 12th Avenue Northeast at Northeast 65th and 67th streets.

Construction on the Northgate extension was approved by voters in a 2008 ballot measure and began in 2012. Two tunnel boring machines used to build the light rail tunnels arrived at Roosevelt station in 2015, on their way between Northgate and the University District. The station opened on October 2, 2021.

RapidRide
RapidRide is a network of limited-stop bus routes with some bus rapid transit features in King County, Washington, operated by King County Metro. The network consists of eight routes totaling 76 miles (122 km) that carried riders on approximately 64,860 trips on an average weekday in 2016, comprising about 17 percent of King County Metro's total daily ridership.

RapidRide lines are faster than typical local bus routes because they service fewer stops (on average, 40% fewer than the routes they replaced), make extensive use of bus priority to preempt traffic lights, and on some lines, use special lanes to bypass traffic. RapidRide lines run no less often than every 10 minutes during peak commuting hours and every 15 minutes on weekends and during most off-peak hours. Most lines (except the B, F and H lines) also have night owl (late night and early morning) service.
Confocal
In geometry, confocal means having the same foci: confocal conic sections.

For an optical cavity consisting of two mirrors, confocal means that they share their foci. If they are identical mirrors, their radius of curvature, Rmirror, equals L, where L is the distance between the mirrors.

In conic sections, it is said of two ellipses, two hyperbolas, or an ellipse and a hyperbola which share both foci with each other. If an ellipse and a hyperbola are confocal, they are perpendicular to each other.

In optics, it means that one focus or image point of one lens is the same as one focus of the next lens.

Confocal conic sections
In geometry, two conic sections are called confocal if they have the same foci.

Because ellipses and hyperbolas have two foci,  there are confocal ellipses, confocal hyperbolas and confocal mixtures of ellipses and hyperbolas. In the mixture of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas, any ellipse intersects any hyperbola orthogonally (at right angles).

Parabolas have only one focus, so, by convention, confocal parabolas have the same focus and the same axis of symmetry. Consequently, any point not on the axis of symmetry lies on two confocal parabolas which intersect orthogonally (see below).

A circle is an ellipse with both foci coinciding at the center. Circles that share the same focus are called concentric circles, and they orthogonally intersect any line passing through that center.

The formal extension of the concept of confocal conics to surfaces leads to confocal quadrics.
Mobile browser
A mobile browser is a web browser designed for use on a mobile device such as a mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, or tablet. Mobile browsers are optimized to display web content most effectively on small screens on portable devices. Some mobile browsers, especially older versions, are designed to be small and efficient to accommodate the low memory capacity and low bandwidth of certain wireless handheld devices. Traditional smaller feature phones use stripped-down mobile web browsers; however, most current smartphones have full-fledged browsers that can handle the latest web technologies, such as CSS 3, JavaScript, and Ajax.

Websites designed to be usable in mobile browsers may be collectively referred to as the mobile web. Today, over 75% of websites are "mobile friendly", by detecting when a request comes from a mobile device and automatically creating a "mobile" version of the page, designed to fit the device's screen and be usable with a touch interface.

User agent
On the Web, a user agent is a software agent responsible for retrieving and facilitating end-user interaction with Web content. This includes all web browsers, such as Google Chrome and Safari, some email clients, standalone download managers like youtube-dl, and other command-line utilities like cURL.

The user agent is the client in a client–server system. The HTTP User-Agent header is intended to clearly identify the agent to the server. However, this header can be omitted or spoofed, so some websites use other detection methods.
Robert G. Gallager
Robert Gray Gallager (born May 29, 1931) is an American electrical engineer known for his work on information theory and communications networks.

Gallager was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1979 for contributions to coding and communications theory and practice. He was also elected an IEEE Fellow in 1968, a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1992, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 1999.

He received the Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1983. He also received the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1990 "For fundamental contributions to communications coding techniques", the Marconi Prize in 2003, and a
Dijkstra Prize in 2004, among other honors. For most of his career he was a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing
The ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC) is an academic conference in the field of distributed computing organised annually by the Association for Computing Machinery (special interest groups SIGACT and SIGOPS).
Wasp Hill
Wasp Hill is a hill rising to 72 meters in the southwest part of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Surmounting Sevar Point to the south-southwest.  The area was visited by 19th century sealers.

The feature is named after the American sealing schooner Wasp under Captain Robert Johnson that visited the South Shetlands in 1821–22.

Livingston Island
Livingston Island (Russian name Smolensk, 62°36′S 60°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.600°S 60.500°W﻿ / -62.600; -60.500) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude in 1819, a historic event that marked the end of a centuries-long pursuit of the mythical Terra Australis Incognita and the beginning of the exploration and utilization of real Antarctica. The name Livingston, although of unknown derivation, has been well established in international usage since the early 1820s.
Tendler
Tendler is a predominantly Yiddish derived Ashkenazi Jewish surname originating in-part to Bessarabia (now Moldova)  in the region previously known as the Pale of Settlement. Until the 19th century, in the Bavarian-Austrian region, Tendler was a professional name for small and haberdashery traders as well as itinerant peddlers or traveling traders. Notable individuals with the surname include:

Annamarie Tendler, American multimedia artist known for her work in photography and textiles

Keren Tendler (died 2006), Israeli first female helicopter flight mechanic

Lew Tendler (1898–1970), American boxer

Michael Tendler (born 1947), Russian-Swedish physicist

Moshe David Tendler, rabbi and biology professor, expert in Jewish medical ethics

Saul Tendler, British pharmacy academic

Silvio Tendler (1950–2025), Brazilian filmmaker

Susan Tendler, American rabbi

Lew Tendler
"Lefty" Lew Tendler (September 28, 1898, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – November 5, 1970, in Atlantic City, New Jersey) was an American boxer. He is generally considered one of the best boxers to never have won a world title, though he was a top rated contender for both the world light and welterweight championships.

The statistical boxing website BoxRec lists Tendler as the tenth ranked lightweight of all time, while The Ring Magazine founder Nat Fleischer placed him at #9.

He is a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame, the World Boxing Hall of Fame, and the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
Tradruk Temple
Tradruk Temple (Tibetan: ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ།, Wylie: khra-’brug dgon-pa, Lhasa dialect: [ʈʂʰaŋʈʂuk kø̃pa], referred to as Changzhu Monastery in Chinese) in the Yarlung Valley is the earliest great geomantic temple after the Jokhang and some sources say it predates that temple.

Tradruk Temple is located in Nêdong County of Lhoka in the Tibet Autonomous Region, about seven kilometres south of the county seat, Tsetang.

Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan or Standard Tibetan is a standardized dialect of Tibetan spoken by the people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan). In terms of mutual intelligibility, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot. Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become tonal and do not preserve the word-initial consonant clusters, which makes them very far from Classical Tibetan, especially when compared to the more conservative Amdo Tibetan.
Beverly, Washington
Beverly, Washington, United States, is a small unincorporated community along the banks of the Columbia River in central Washington state.  The community, which consists of a few hundred residents, is a few miles downriver from Wanapum Dam and is nestled at the base of Sentinel Gap, a water gap in the Saddle Mountains that predates the Columbia River. The population as of 2020 was 266.

Sentinel Gap
Sentinel Gap is a water gap formed by the Columbia River in the Saddle Mountains, near Mattawa in Washington state. The gap is "a water gap where erosion by the Columbia River was able to keep pace with folding, faulting and uplifting across the Saddle Mountain anticline". During Ice Age floods in which waters from the Channeled Scablands found passage to the Pacific Ocean here and at Wallula Gap, this opening was "repeatedly reamed out, which probably widened and steepened the walls of the gap". Strandlines from the floods can be seen on the basalt walls of the gap.

SR 243 runs along the east side of the river through the gap, and the river is spanned by the Beverly Railroad Bridge. The gap is located between the Wanapum and Priest Rapids dams. Priest Rapids, for which the dam was named, are now submerged beneath the dam's reservoir about 4 miles (6.4 km) downstream from Sentinel Gap.
George Pollitt
George Pollitt (3 June 1874–1942) was an English first-class cricketer, who played one match for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1899. Unusually for a 'one match wonder' he was highly successful in his only innings, scoring 51 against Hampshire in a drawn match at Park Avenue, Bradford. He took a catch but did not bowl. He also played for the Yorkshire Second XI during that year, and for Bedfordshire from 1904 to 1906. He also played football and made one Southern League appearance as a right back for Brentford in 1899.

Pollitt was born in Chickenley, Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England and died during 1942 in Blackpool Lancashire.

Dewsbury
Dewsbury is a market town in the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It is sited on the River Calder and on an arm of the Calder and Hebble Navigation waterway. It lies to the west of Wakefield, east of Huddersfield and south of Leeds. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, after undergoing a period of major growth in the 19th century as a mill town, Dewsbury went through a period of decline. It forms part of the Heavy Woollen District, of which it is the largest town. The population of the built-up area was 63,722 at the 2021 Census.
UPC Romania
UPC Romania was a telecommunications company in Romania, which provided cable television, broadband internet and fixed telephony to approximately 1 million customers. 
On July 31, 2019, Vodafone acquired the company and it was merged into Vodafone Romania on 31 March 2020.

Vodafone
Vodafone Group Public Limited Company (/ˈvoʊdəfoʊn/) is a British multinational telecommunications company. Its registered office and global headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It predominantly operates services in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania.

As of January 2025, Vodafone owns and operates networks in 15 countries, with partner networks in 46 further countries.

Vodafone has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. The company has a secondary listing on the NASDAQ as American depositary receipts (ADRs).
Twin Planet
Twin Planet (株式会社TWIN PLANET) is a Japanese marketing firm and talent agency headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo. It was found in 2006 and focuses on various marketing related businesses in the entertainment industry, including talent management.

The company was established initially as a marketing firm specializing in "Culture Branding", providing services and content production for various media, events and talents. Currently, they continue these services while maintaining themselves as a talent agency mainly for female fashion models and television personalities.

Talent agency
A talent agency is a company that represents  actors, authors, musicians, models, athletes, writers, dancers, and other professionals in various industries. Talent agencies specialize, either by creating departments within the agency or developing entire agencies that primarily or wholly represent one specialty. For example, there are modeling agencies, commercial talent agencies, literary agencies, voice-over agencies, broadcast journalist agencies, sports agencies, music agencies and many more.