hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conley index theory
In dynamical systems theory, Conley index theory, named after Charles Conley, analyzes topological structure of invariant sets of diffeomorphisms and of smooth flows. It is a far-reaching generalization of the Hopf index theorem that predicts existence of fixed points of a flow inside a planar region in terms of information about its behavior on the boundary. Conley's theory is related to Morse theory, which describes the topological structure of a closed manifold by means of a nondegenerate gradient vector field. It has an enormous range of applications to the study of dynamics, including existence of periodic orbits in Hamiltonian systems and travelling wave solutions for partial differential equations, structure of global attractors for reaction–diffusion equations and delay differential equations, proof of chaotic behavior in dynamical systems, and bifurcation theory. Conley index theory formed the basis for development of Floer homology.

Morse theory
In mathematics, specifically in differential topology, Morse theory enables one to analyze the topology of a manifold by studying differentiable functions on that manifold. According to the basic insights of Marston Morse, a typical differentiable function on a manifold will reflect the topology quite directly. Morse theory allows one to find CW structures and handle decompositions on manifolds and to obtain substantial information about their homology.

Before Morse, Arthur Cayley and James Clerk Maxwell had developed some of the ideas of Morse theory in the context of topography. Morse originally applied his theory to geodesics (critical points of the energy functional on the space of paths). These techniques were used in Raoul Bott's proof of his periodicity theorem.

The analogue of Morse theory for complex manifolds is Picard–Lefschetz theory.
Amanita liquii
Amanita liquii, also known as the dark-faced ringless amanita, is a species of agaric that fruits from July to September.

This large and robust agaric (cap diameter up to 14 centimetres or 5+1⁄2 inches, stem length up to 17 cm) is distinguishable by its very dark, sometimes almost black, overall colour. The scientific name is taken from the Chinese hero Li Kui (sometimes spelled Li Qui), who had a dark face.

It is associated with firs and pines in south-western China up to an altitude of 4,000 metres.

Pileus (mycology)
In mycology, the pileus (pl.: pilei) is the cap or cap-like part of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes.

The word pileus comes from the Latin for a type of felt cap.
2010 Silverstone GP2 Series round
The 2010 Silverstone GP2 Series round was a GP2 Series motor race held on July 10 and 11, 2010 at Silverstone Circuit in Silverstone, Britain. It was the fifth round of the 2010 GP2 Series. The race was used to support the 2010 British Grand Prix.

Silverstone
Silverstone is a village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England. The village is about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-southwest of Towcester and 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of Brackley, both accessed via the A43 main road which now bypasses Silverstone to the south and east. The village is also about 11.5 miles (18.5 km) south-southwest of Northampton, 12 miles (19 km) west-northwest of Milton Keynes, and 13.5 miles (21.7 km) east-northeast of Banbury. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 2,176.

The village's name probably means 'farm/settlement of Saewulf/Sigewulf'.

The Silverstone Circuit, the current home of the British Grand Prix and the British motorcycle Grand Prix, is located nearby; it straddles the Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire border.

The village is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Silvestone and Selvestone.
McMillan, Oklahoma
McMillan is an unincorporated community in Marshall County, Oklahoma, United States. McMillan is located south of U.S. Route 70 in the western part of the county, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) west of Madill.

A post office was established at McMillan, Indian Territory on March 28, 1892.  It was named for Joseph E.A. McMillan, first postmaster.

At the time of its founding, McMillan was located in Pickens County, Chickasaw Nation.

Madill, Oklahoma
Madill is a city in and the county seat of Marshall County, Oklahoma, United States.   It was named in honor of George Alexander Madill, an attorney for the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway.  The population was 3,914 as of the 2020 Census, up 3.8% from the figure reported in the 2010 census of 3,770, which itself was an increase of 10.8 percent from the 3,410 reported at the 2000 census.  It is best known as the site of the annual National Sand Bass Festival. It is part of the Texoma region.
4301/4302 Jilin–Shulan through train
The 4301/4302 Jilin–Shulan through train (Chinese: 4301/4302次吉林到舒兰普通旅客快车) is a Chinese passenger train service running between Jilin City to Shulan express passenger trains by the Shenyang Railway Bureau, Jilin passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Jilin originating on the Shulan train. 25B Type Passenger trains running along the Jishu Railway across Jilin and other provinces and cities, the entire 90 km. Jilin Railway Station to Shulan Railway Station running 2 hours and 11 minutes, use trips for 4301; Shulan Railway Station to Jilin Railway Station to run 1 hour and 59 minutes, use trips for 4302.

Shulan
Shulan (simplified Chinese: 舒兰; traditional Chinese: 舒蘭; pinyin: Shūlán) is a county-level city in northern Jilin province, Northeast China. It falls under the administration of Jilin City, 71 kilometres (44 mi) to the south-southwest.
St Lythans
St Lythans (Welsh: Llwyneliddon) is a hamlet and former parish in the Vale of Glamorgan, southeast Wales, just outside western Cardiff. It lies southwest of Culverhouse Cross, west of Wenvoe and southwest of Twyn-yr-Odyn and is also connected by road from Dyffryn and the Five Mile Lane in the west. The megalithic St Lythans burial chamber, over 6000 years old, lies 1 km to the west of the village and the hamlet also contains the St.Lythans Parish Church or Church of St Bleddian, a Grade II* listed building.

Culverhouse Cross
Culverhouse Cross (Welsh: Croes Cwrlwys) is a district straddling the boundary between Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, in the community of Wenvoe.

The district is centred on a major traffic roundabout that links West Cardiff to the M4 motorway and is home to a number of different retail outlets, and formerly ITV Wales's headquarters.
Abdallah al-Battal
Abdallah al-Battal (Arabic: عبدالله البطال, lit. 'Abdallah the Hero'; died in 740) was a Muslim Arab commander in the Arab–Byzantine Wars of the early 8th century, participating in several of the campaigns launched by the Umayyad Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire. Historical facts about his life are sparse, but in Anatolia, a legendary tradition grew around him after his death, and he became a famous figure in Turkish epic literature as Battal Gazi.

Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Turkish: Selçuklular, Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.

The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chief Tuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars, in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
All About You (album)
All About You is the second studio album by American recording artist Jeremih, released on September 28, 2010 by Def Jam Recordings. The album's production was handled by frequent producer Mick Schultz, and was supported by the two singles: "I Like" featuring Def Jam labelmate Ludacris, and "Down on Me" featuring 50 Cent, the latter of which peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100—tying itself with his previous album's lead single "Birthday Sex"—and received sextuple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Due to the latter distinction, "Down on Me" has yielded Jeremih's furthest commercial success.

Along with a critical decline, All About You was proved to be less commercially successful than his debut album, though in 2017, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Birthday Sex
"Birthday Sex" is the debut single by American singer Jeremih. It served as the lead single for his self-titled debut studio album (2009). The song was written by Jeremih, Keith James, and Mick Schultz, the latter of whom also helmed its production. "Birthday Sex" peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, peaked the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and has received 5× platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America.

In 2023, Burna Boy sampled the song in his track "City Boys".
Berdale
Berdale (Maay: Berdaali, Somali: Mahaa Berdaale) is a town in the southern Bay region of Somalia, in South West State of Somalia, and is also known as Bardale. It is the center of the Berdale District.

On 4 May, 2020, this was the site of an aircraft shootdown incident. A chartered cargo flight carrying medical supplies and mosquito nets, including supplies to assist in the coronavirus pandemic, was shot down by Ethiopian troops fearing a suicide attack. By fuudjeele

Maay Maay
Mai, commonly spelled Maay (also known as Af-Maay, Af-Maay, or simply Maay) is a dialect of the Somali language. It is mainly spoken in Somalia and adjacent parts of Ethiopia and Kenya. In Somalia, it is spoken in South West state, Jubaland state, and Banadir.
Rafael Papayan
Rafael Aramashoti Papayan (Armenian: Ռաֆայել Արամաշոտի Պապայան; December 22, 1942 – October 5, 2010) was a philologist, political prisoner, human rights activist, writer and a judge on the Constitutional Court of Armenia.

Garegin II
Catholicos Garegin II (Armenian: Գարեգին Բ, also spelled Karekin; born 21 August 1951) is the Catholicos of All Armenians, the supreme head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, since 1999. In 2013 he was unanimously elected the Oriental Orthodox head of the World Council of Churches for the next eight years.
Moose Jaw station (Canadian Pacific Railway)
Moose Jaw station is a former railway station in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. It was designed by Hugh G. Jones and built by the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1920 to 1922. The station comprises a two-story waiting area, a four-storey office block and a six-storey  Tyndall stone clock tower.
The building was designated a historic railway station in 1991.

The station was a stop for Canadian Pacific Railway passenger trains. The station was also a transfer point to the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, also known as the Soo Line Railroad, which operated the Soo-Pacific from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Portal, North Dakota, during the summer. It ran through to Vancouver via a connection with Canadian Pacific Railway's The Dominion at Moose Jaw. In the winter the Soo-Dominion terminated in Moose Jaw permitting a transfer to the Dominion. It was discontinued in December 1963.

Ross and Macdonald
Ross and Macdonald was one of Canada's most notable architecture firms in the early 20th century.  Based in Montreal, Quebec, the firm originally operated as a partnership between George Allen Ross and David MacFarlane (known as Ross and MacFarlane) from 1907 to 1912.  MacFarlane withdrew from the firm in 1912, and Robert Henry Macdonald became a partner.

The Ross and Macdonald name was used until 1944, after which it became Ross & Ross, Architects, when John Kenneth Ross joined his father as partner. Following George Allen Ross's death in 1946, the firm continued as Ross, Patterson, Townsend & Heughan. By 1970, the firm was known as Ross, Fish, Duschenes & Barrett. Since 2006, it has operated as DFS Inc. Architecture & Design.
Kaunan
The k-rune ᚲ (Younger Futhark ᚴ, Anglo-Saxon futhorc ᚳ) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems, meaning "ulcer". The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *Kauną. It is also  known as Kenaz ("torch"), based on its Anglo-Saxon name.

The Elder Futhark shape is likely directly based on Old Italic c (, 𐌂) and on Latin C. The Younger Futhark and Anglo-Saxon Futhorc shapes have parallels in Old Italic shapes of k (, 𐌊) and Latin K (compare the Negau helmet inscription). The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌺 k, called kusma.

The shape of the Younger Futhark kaun rune (ᚴ) is identical to that of the "bookhand" s rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc.
The ᚴ rune also occurs in some continental runic inscriptions. It has been suggested that in these instances, it represents the ch /χ/ sound resulting from the Old High German sound shift  (e.g. ᛖᛚᚴ elch in Nordendorf II).

K
K, or k, is the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is kay (pronounced /ˈkeɪ/ ⓘ), plural kays.

The letter K usually represents the voiceless velar plosive.
Clivina aucta
Clivina aucta is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1843. It has two subspecies: Clivina aucta aucta and Clivina aucta aethiopica.

Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson
Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson (26 November 1809 – 18 December 1848) was a German entomologist and doctor.

He was the author of many articles about insects mainly in Archiv für Naturgeschichte. When writing in Latin, he latinised Wilhelm to Guillelmus becoming either Guil. F. Erichson or G.F. Erichson. He wrote a paper in 1842 on insect species collected at Woolnorth in Tasmania, Australia, which was the first detailed research published on the biogeography of Australian animals and was very influential in raising scientific interest in Australian fauna.

Erichson was the curator of the Coleoptera collections at the Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin from 1834 to 1848. Erichson's Scarabaeidae classification is nearly identical to the modern one.
Bunny Brains
Bunny Brains or Bunnybrains is an American punk/noise/psych ensemble, fronted by Daniel Seward. Originating from Danbury, Connecticut, United States, in the late 1980s, Bunny Brains has recorded 14 albums, with a variety of members. Bunny Brains's output constitutes a wide array of live recordings, self-released records as well as some on more established labels such as 1995's LP put out by Matador Records. Bunny Brains has a largely undocumented role in contemporary rock; they have toured with such acts as Sebadoh, Devendra Banhart, Jackie O' Motherfucker, and Japanther.

Bunny Brains performed at The Kitchen as part of performance in collaboration with the artist Aïda Ruilova.

Self-publishing
Self-publishing is an author-driven publication of any media without the involvement of a third-party publisher. Since the advent of the internet, self-publishing usually depends on digital platforms and print-on-demand technology, ranging from physical books to eBooks. Examples include magazines, print-on-demand books, music albums, pamphlets, brochures, video games, video content, artwork, zines, and web fiction. Self-publishing is an alternative to traditional publishing that has implications for production, cost and revenue, distribution, and public perception.
2C-T-28
2C-T-28, also known as 4-(3-fluoropropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is a psychedelic drug related to 2C-T-7 and 2C-T-21. It was named by Alexander Shulgin but was never made or tested by him, and was instead first synthesised by Daniel Trachsel some years later. It has a binding affinity of 75 nM at 5-HT2A and 28 nM at 5-HT2C. It is reportedly a potent psychedelic drug with an active dose in the 8–20 mg range, and a duration of action of 8–10 hours, with prominent visual effects. 2C-T-28 is the 3-fluoropropyl instead of 2-fluoroethyl chain-lengthened homologue of 2C-T-21 and has very similar properties, although unlike 2C-T-21 it will not form toxic fluoroacetate as a metabolite. It is a controlled substance in Canada under phenethylamine blanket-ban language.

5-HT2A receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and functions as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a cell surface receptor that activates multiple intracellular signalling cascades.
Like all 5-HT2 receptors, the 5-HT2A receptor is coupled to the Gq/G11 signaling pathway. It is the primary excitatory receptor subtype among the serotonin-responsive GPCRs. The 5-HT2A receptor was initially noted for its central role as the primary target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. It later regained research prominence when found to mediate, at least in part, the effects of many antipsychotic drugs, particularly atypical antipsychotics.
Gilund
Gilund is a village and an archaeological site located in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan state in western India.  It is one of five ancient sites excavated in the Ahar-Banas Complex which also includes the sites of Ahar, Ojiyana, Marmi, and Balathal. Out of the 111 reported sites found in the Ahar-Banas Complex, Gilund is the largest. The archaeological site was named after the present-day village, Gilund, and is locally known as Modiya Magari which means "bald habitation mound".

Ahar
Ahar (Persian: اهر) is a city in the Central District of Ahar County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Ahar was the capital of Karadag Khanate in 18th and 19th centuries.
Dinosaur Train
Dinosaur Train is an animated children's television series aimed at children ages 3 to 6 and created by Craig Bartlett, who also created Nickelodeon's Hey Arnold!. The series features an anthropomorphic orange Tyrannosaurus rex named Buddy who, together with the rest of his family, who are all Pteranodons, takes the Dinosaur Train to explore the Mesozoic, and have adventures with a variety of dinosaurs. It is produced by The Jim Henson Company, the Infocomm Media Development Authority (formerly the Media Development Authority), Sparky Animation, FableVision, Snee-Oosh, Inc., and Tail Waggin' Productions in association with Reel FX and Sea to Sky Entertainment. A film based on the series for Universal Pictures and Universal 1440 Entertainment titled, Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island premiered on April 12, 2021.

A revival is currently in the works at the Jim Henson Company.

Changyuraptor
Changyuraptor is a genus of "four-winged", predatory dinosaurs. It is known from a single fossil specimen representing the species Changyuraptor yangi, which was discovered from Early Cretaceous (125 million year old) deposits in Liaoning Province, China. C. yangi belongs to the group of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs called the Microraptoria.

At the time of its discovery, C. yangi was the largest four-winged dinosaur known and among the largest Mesozoic flying paravians, volant true birds seldom approaching its size.
Center (gridiron football)
Center or centre (C) is a position in American football. The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team's offense who passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play.

During the period of the one-platoon system, centers frequently played defensively as "middle guards", off the opposing center on the opposite side of the line as with a modern nose tackle. Others played off the defensive line of scrimmage as linebackers.

Play from scrimmage
A play from scrimmage is the sequence in the game of gridiron football during which one team tries to advance the ball, get a first down, or score, and the other team tries to stop them or take the ball away.  Once a play is over, and before the next play starts, the football is considered dead.  A game of American football (or Canadian Football) consists of many (about 120–150) such plays.
John H. Van Vliet Jr.
John H. "Jack" Van Vliet Jr (November 9, 1914 – February 5, 2000) was a career United States Army officer. He graduated from the United States Military Academy (U.S.M.A.) in 1937, fought in North Africa with II Corps (United States), and was captured during the Battle of Sidi Bou Zid on February 17, 1943.  While a captive of the Germans, Van Vliet Jr and fellow POW Captain Donald B. Stewart were selected to attend the Katyn Commission investigation into the Polish officers found murdered in the Katyn Forest near Smolensk, Russia. Van Vliet Jr and Stewart were U.S. Registered Code Users who sent coded messages from Oflag 64 to MIS-X in Fort Hunt New Jersey which identified the Soviets as the perpetrators of the massacre. After their liberation, they testified before the United States House Select Committee to Conduct an Investigation of the Facts, Evidence, and Circumstances of the Katyn Forest Massacre about their experiences at the Katyn Commission exhumations.

Szubin
Szubin ([ˈʂubin]) is a town in Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located southwest of Bydgoszcz. It has a population of around 9,333 (as of 2010). It is located on the Gąsawka River in the ethnocultural region of Pałuki.

A small town in the Pałuki subregion of historical Greater Poland, founded in the Middle Ages, it became more known for being the site of German-operated prisoner-of-war camps for Allied soldiers and officers of various nationalities during the German occupation of Poland in World War II, chiefly Polish, French, British and American.
Akiba's Trip: Undead & Undressed
Akiba's Trip: Undead & Undressed, released as Akiba's Trip 2 in Japan, is a 2013 action-adventure open-world video game for the PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Microsoft Windows by Acquire. It is the sequel to Akiba's Trip on the PlayStation Portable. A third game in the series, Akiba's Trip Festa, was released in November 2016.

A "Director's Cut" of the game was released in Japan in April 2023 for Windows, Nintendo Switch, and PS4.

Acquire (company)
Acquire Corp. (Japanese: 株式会社アクワイア, Hepburn: Kabushikigaisha Akuwaia) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher, mainly known for the Mario & Luigi series game, Mario & Luigi: Brothership, and their Tenchu and Way of the Samurai series.
Meelis Kompus
Meelis Kompus (born December 27, 1980, in Tallinn) is an Estonian civil servant and former Estonian TV and radio host, employed by the Estonian Public Broadcasting.

He has graduated from the Tallinn University in 2003 in radio production (B.A.) and continued in Tartu University, where he received the M.A. in cultural management in 2012.

At the age of 27, he became a news anchor of Aktuaalne kaamera, the evening news programme of Estonian Television, thus being among the youngest ever in that job. He resigned in 2013 to start working in government affairs.

Since 2014, Kompus is serving as the head of communications and spokesperson of the Ministry of Culture of Estonia. He was involved with the 2017 Estonian Youth Song and Dance Festival as a script writer.

Since 2025, he has been serving as the Communications Director of the publicly listed company AS Tallink Grupp.

Tallink
Tallink (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑlʲˑiŋk]) is an Estonian shipping company operating Baltic Sea cruiseferries and ropax ships from Estonia to Finland, Estonia to Sweden and Finland to Sweden. It is the largest passenger and cargo shipping company in the Baltic Sea region. It owns Silja Line and a part of SeaRail. Tallink Hotels runs four hotels in Tallinn and Riga.

It is a publicly traded company, that is listed in Tallinn Stock Exchange. A major shareholder is an investment company AS Infortar, that also has ownership in several Tallink subsidiaries and a natural gas company Elenger.