hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
M1819 Hall rifle
The M1819 Hall rifle was a single-shot breech-loading rifle (also considered something of a hybrid breech and muzzle-loading design) designed by John Hancock Hall, patented on May 21, 1811, and adopted by the U.S. Army in 1819. It was preceded by the Harpers Ferry M1803. It used a pivoting chamber breech design and was made with either flintlock or percussion cap ignition systems. The years of production were from the 1820s to the 1840s at the Harpers Ferry Arsenal. This was the first breech-loading rifle to be adopted in large numbers by any nation's army, but not the first breech-loading military rifle – the Ferguson rifle was used briefly by the British Army in the American Revolutionary War. The Hall rifle remained overshadowed by common muskets and muzzleloading rifles which were still prevalent until the Civil War. The early flintlocks were mostly converted to percussion ignition.

Musket
A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually disappeared as the use of heavy armour declined, but musketeers continued as the generic term for smoothbore long sticks until the mid-19th century. In turn, this style of musket was retired in the 19th century when rifled muskets (simply called rifles in modern terminology) using the Minié ball (invented by Claude-Étienne Minié in 1849) became common. The development of breech-loading firearms using self-contained cartridges, introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835, began to make muskets obsolete. The first reliable repeating rifles, the 1860 Henry rifle and its 1866 descendant the Winchester rifle, superseded muskets entirely. Repeating rifles quickly established themselves as the standard for rifle design, ending the era of the musket.
Miracle's Are Real
"Miracle's Are Real" is the second episode of the American animated television series Sit Down, Shut Up. It was originally broadcast on April 26, 2009, in the United States on the Fox network. In the episode, Miracle Grohe loses her faith in spirituality because of Larry's pragmatism. Meanwhile, Acting Principal Sue Sezno holds a school fair to raise money for the staff's insurance.

The episode was co-written by the series creator Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely and directed by Raymie Muzquiz. It received generally mixed reviews from critics. According to the Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 4.20 million households in its original broadcast.

Weblogs, Inc.
Weblogs, Inc. was a blog network that published content on a variety of subjects, including tech news, video games, automobiles, and pop culture. At one point, the network had as many as 90 blogs, although the vast majority of its traffic could be attributed to a smaller number of breakout titles, as was typical of most large-scale successful blog networks of the mid-2000s. Popular blogs included Engadget, Autoblog, TUAW, Joystiq, Luxist, Slashfood, Cinematical, TV Squad, Download Squad, Blogging Baby, Gadling, AdJab, and Blogging Stocks.

Today, Engadget and Autoblog are the only remaining brands from the company.
M. S. Factory, Valley
The M.S. (Ministry of Supply) Factory, Valley was a Second World War site in Rhydymwyn, Flintshire, Wales, that was used for the storage and production of mustard gas. It was later also used in the development of the UK's atomic bomb project. More recently, it became a bulk storage depot for emergency supplies.

HM Treasury
His Majesty's Treasury (often shortened to HM Treasury, the Treasury or HMT) is the Government of the United Kingdom’s economic and finance ministry, maintaining control over the United Kingdom's public spending and setting its economic policy. It is one of the smallest government departments by staff count, but is widely considered the most powerful.
Rogue River (South Yamhill River tributary)
The Rogue River is a tributary of the South Yamhill River in Polk County, Oregon, United States. It enters the South Yamhill about 1,000 feet (300 m) north of Grand Ronde.  It is sometimes referred to as Rogue Creek.

It was named for the Rogue River Indians who lived along its banks after they were forced to move from Southern Oregon to the nearby Grand Ronde Indian Reservation.

Its headwaters are on the northeast face of Saddleback Mountain, elevation 3,004 feet (916 m).

Grand Ronde, Oregon
Grand Ronde is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Polk and Yamhill counties, Oregon, United States. Historically noted as a village in Polk County, the sphere of influence and community is in both Polk and Yamhill counties. The name of the community is a variation of the French Grande Ronde or "Grand Round" which could be about the large round-up of Native American peoples in the area who were settled on what was known as the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, or possibly referencing the shape of the valley in which the community is located. As of the 2020 census, Grand Ronde had a population of 2,010. It is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado
Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (abbreviated EFE, lit. State Railway Company) is the national railway and the oldest state-run enterprise in Chile. It manages the infrastructure and operating rail services in the country.

Santiago Metropolitan Region
Santiago Metropolitan Region (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region, including Chile's main international airport, Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport.

With an area of 15,403.2 km2 (5,947 sq mi) and population over seven million, it is Chile's most populated and most densely populated region. It is also the most developed subdivision in all of South America with a very high HDI of 0.908.
Tonin Çobani
Tonin Çobani (born 5 November 1947) is an Albanian writer, folklorist and scholar from the city of Shkodër in Northern Albania. He is known for his works revolving Albanian mythology and Illyrian mythology, as well as works on Albanian historical figures such as Lekë Dukagjini, Frang Bardhi and Naim Frashëri. Çobani also worked as an academic in multiple universities around Albania, most notably the University of Shkodra.

Tonin Çobani also studies the life of Gjergj Fishta as well as Fishta's book The Highland Lute, which he uses as the main source in his books and works on Albanian (Arbëresh) folklore. He has also made several works on the "mythological parts" of the book. Tonin is a descendant of the Çobani tribe, a notable tribe of Shkodër.

Lekë Dukagjini
Lekë III Dukagjini (died after 1481), commonly known as Lekë Dukagjini, was a 15th-century Albanian nobleman who ruled the Principality of Dukagjini from 1446 until the Ottoman conquest in 1479. A member of the Dukagjini family, he was a contemporary of Skanderbeg and participated in the Albanian resistance against the Ottoman Empire. Dukagjini is best known for the Code of Lekë Dukagjini, a code of customary law that bears his name and governed the tribes of northern Albania for centuries.
Dalbo, Minnesota
Dalbo is an unincorporated community in Dalbo Township, Isanti County, Minnesota, United States.

Isanti County Roads 3, 13 and 57; and State Highway 47 (MN 47) are three of the main routes in the community.  Nearby places include Cambridge, Pine Brook, Wyanett, Lewis Lake, Ogilvie, and Dalbo Wildlife Management Area.  Stanchfield Creek flows through the community.

Dalbo is thought to be named in honor of immigrants from Dalarna, Sweden, it is more likely that Dalbo is named for the place of the same name in Dalsland, Sweden.  Dalbo has definite immigrant ties to both Venjan and Älvdalen, in Dalarna.

Älvdalen Municipality
Älvdalen Municipality (Swedish: Älvdalens kommun) is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Älvdalen.

The two parishes Särna and Idre were ceded to Sweden from Norway under the treaty of Brömsebro on 13 August 1645. In 1971 the three municipalities Särna, Idre (which itself had been split off from Särna in 1916) and Älvdalen were amalgamated to form the present municipality.

Älvdalen literally means River Valley, a name stemming from the area around the town Älvdalen, situated along the Österdal River, in the municipality's southern part.

The middle part of the coat of arms is meant to depict the landscape: streams and hills.
Mehmet Ali Ülgen
Mehmet Ali Ülgen (1887 – 1952) was a Turkish admiral who served as commander-in-chief of the Turkish Naval Forces from 1 July 1949 to 6 June 1950. He joined the Navy in 1905 after graduating from the Turkish Naval Academy an ensign.

Born and raised in Istanbul, Ülgen was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in 1925, rear admiral in 1936, vice admiral in 1945, and admiral in 1948 before retiring voluntarily in 1949. He commanded Kocaeli Fortified Area, Marmara Naval Base, and Turkish Fleet Forces Command. He also served as commander of War Fleet, and undersecretary to the Ministry of National Defense after 1948.

Undersecretary
Undersecretary (or under secretary) is a title for a person who works for and has a lower rank than a secretary (person in charge). It is used in the executive branch of government, with different meanings in different political systems, and is also used in other organizational settings.

In government, the position may be a junior government minister (e.g. a parliamentary secretary) who assists a secretary of state. In other cases, the position may be a senior government official, frequently a career public servant, who typically acts as a senior administrator. The senior administrator may be considered a second-in-command to a politically appointed cabinet minister or other government official (e.g. in the United States), or they may be considered a head or chief executive of a government department (e.g. a permanent secretary). Some systems of government have both types of position, as in the United Kingdom where the title has been in use since the 17th century.
Stancombe Quarry
Stancombe Quarry is a quarry at Flax Bourton near Backwell in the North Somerset district of Somerset, England.

The quarry which is operated by Tarmac produces Carboniferous Limestone, which is mainly for use on the roads, after crushing on site. The site has an expected output of 28 million tonnes over a 25-year period.

In 1999 the car park at the quarry was used as a test site for a porous asphalt pavement.

In June 2010, an explosion involving a lorry injured two people in Stancombe Quarry. The A370 road was closed but opened the following day.

Tarmac (company)
Tarmac is a British building materials company headquartered in Solihull, England. The company was formed as Lafarge Tarmac in March 2013, by the merger of Anglo American's Tarmac UK and Lafarge's operations in the United Kingdom. In July 2014, Anglo American agreed to sell its stake to Lafarge, to assist Lafarge in its merger with Holcim and allay competition concerns.

Prior to 1999, Tarmac Plc was an aggregates to construction company dating from 1903. It was demerged in July 1999, with the Construction and Professional services arms forming Carillion plc. The aggregates and building materials side of the business retained the Tarmac name and was bought by Anglo American shortly afterwards.

In February 2015, Lafarge announced that the business would be sold to CRH plc, once Anglo American had sold its stake. Anglo American completed the sale in July 2015, and the acquisition by CRH completed the following month. Following the purchase, Lafarge Tarmac was rebranded as Tarmac.
Carl Otte
Carl Otte (June 24, 1923 – January 13, 2011) was an American Democratic politician and legislator from Wisconsin.

Born in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, Otte served in the United States Army during World War II. Otte worked in a leather company and served on the Sheboygan County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly 1967–1983 and then the Wisconsin State Senate 1983–1987.

Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Sheboygan (/ʃɪˈbɔɪɡən/) is a city in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. The population was 49,929 at the 2020 census, while the Sheboygan metropolitan area had 118,034 residents. The city is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Sheboygan River, about 50 miles (80 kilometers) north of Milwaukee and 64 miles (103 kilometers) south of Green Bay.
Biltoy-Yurt
43°17′07″N 46°19′05″E﻿ / ﻿43.28528°N 46.31806°E﻿ / 43.28528; 46.31806
Biltoy-Yurt (Russian: Бильтой-Юрт, Chechen: Керла-Билта, Kerla-Bilta) is a rural locality (a selo) in Gudermessky District, Chechnya.

Gudermessky District
Gudermessky District (Russian: Гудерме́сский райо́н; Chechen: Гуьмсен кӏошт, Gümsen khoşt) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Chechen Republic, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic. Its administrative center is the town of Gudermes (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 78,108 (2010 census); 71,082 (2002 Census); 45,136 (1989 Soviet census).
Dave Brandon
David Allen Brandon (born May 15, 1952) is an American businessman. He is executive chairman of Domino's Pizza and former CEO of Toys "R" Us.

From 1999 to 2009, he served as the president and chief executive officer of Domino's, and from 2010 to 2014, he was the athletic director at the University of Michigan. Brandon took over Domino's in March 1999 when founder Tom Monaghan sold it to the investment group Bain Capital. Prior to Domino's, he was the CEO of Valassis Communications. He is also a former regent of the University of Michigan and former football player.

Albion College
Albion College is a private liberal arts college in Albion, Michigan, United States. The college was founded in 1835, and its undergraduate population was approximately 1,500 students as of fall 2021. The college competes in NCAA Division III and the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA).
Metatrichoniscoides celticus
Metatrichoniscoides celticus is a species of woodlouse in the family Trichoniscidae. It is found only on maritime cliffs in the Vale of Glamorgan from Ogmore-by-Sea to St. Donat's, and is considered near threatened because of its small population.

Ogmore-by-Sea
Ogmore-by-Sea (Welsh: Aberogwr, meaning "Mouth of the River Ogmore") is a seaside village in St Brides Major community in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.   It lies on the western limit of the Glamorgan Heritage Coast of south Wales. The population in 2011 was 878.
2D Z-transform
The 2D Z-transform, similar to the Z-transform, is used in multidimensional signal processing to relate a two-dimensional discrete-time signal to the complex frequency domain in which the 2D surface in 4D space that the Fourier transform lies on is known as the unit surface or unit bicircle. The 2D Z-transform is defined by

where  are integers and  are represented by the complex numbers:

The 2D Z-transform is a generalized version of the 2D Fourier transform. It converges for a much wider class of sequences, and is a helpful tool in allowing one to draw conclusions on system characteristics such as BIBO stability. It is also used to determine the connection between the input and output of a linear shift-invariant system, such as manipulating a difference equation to determine the system's transfer function.

Shift-invariant system
In signal processing, a shift invariant system is the discrete equivalent of a time-invariant system, defined such that if  is the response of the system to , then  is the response of the system to . That is, in a shift-invariant system, the contemporaneous  response of the output variable to a given value of the input variable does not depend on when the input occurs; time shifts are irrelevant in this regard.
1979 Tel Aviv Open
The 1979 Tel Aviv Open was a men's tennis tournament played on hard courts that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was played at the Israel Tennis Centers in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat HaSharon, Israel from October 8 through October 13, 1979. Second-seeded Tom Okker won the singles title.

Tel Aviv District
The Tel Aviv District (Hebrew: מחוז תל אביב; Arabic: منطقة تل أبيب) is one of the six administrative districts of Israel, with a population of 1.35 million residents. Despite being geographically smallest, it is the most densely populated district of Israel. It is 98.9% Jewish and 1.10% Arab (0.7% Muslim, 0.4% Christian).

The district's capital is Tel Aviv, one of the two largest cities in Israel and the country's economic, business and technological capital. The metropolitan area created by the Tel Aviv district and its neighboring cities is locally named Gush Dan.

It is the only one of the six districts not adjacent to either the West Bank or an international border, being surrounded on the north, east, and south by the Central District and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea. The population density of the Tel Aviv district is 7,259/km2.
Mladeč Caves
The Mladečské Caves (Czech: Mladečské jeskyně) are a cave complex in the municipality of Mladeč in the Czech Republic. It is located in the Třesín National Nature Monument within the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area.

The complex labyrinth of fissure corridors and caves can be found inside the calcite hill of Třesín. The underground spaces are  decorated with stalactites, stalagmites and sinters. Its highlights include "Nature's Temple" and the "Virgin Cave".

Fracture (geology)
A fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more pieces.  A fracture will sometimes form a deep fissure or crevice in the rock.  Fractures are commonly caused by stress exceeding the rock strength, causing the rock to lose cohesion along its weakest plane. Fractures can provide permeability for fluid movement, such as water or hydrocarbons. Highly fractured rocks can make good aquifers or hydrocarbon reservoirs, since they may possess both significant permeability and fracture porosity.
Hermit Formation
The Permian Hermit Formation, also known as the Hermit Shale, is a nonresistant unit that is composed of slope-forming reddish brown siltstone, mudstone, and very fine-grained sandstone. Within the Grand Canyon region, the upper part of the Hermit Formation contains red and white, massive, calcareous sandstone and siltstone beds that exhibit low-angle cross-bedding. Beds of dark red crumbly siltstone fill shallow paleochannels that are quite common in this formation. The siltstone beds often contain poorly preserved plant fossils. It outcrops across northwestern Arizona from the Sedona area, and it outcrops in the Grand Canyon and the western Mogollon Rim, into the Aubrey Cliffs. It forms steep slopes that are typically mostly covered by debris and colluvium derived from the overlying sedimentary strata.

Slope-former
A slope-former is a unit of bedrock which is less resistant to erosion than overlying or underlying units and consequently results in outcrops with low relative slope angles.  It may be contrasted with cliff-former.  Typical slope forming lithologies include shales, and limestones in humid environments.
Songe, Kilindi
Songe is an administrative ward in Kilindi District of Tanga Region in Tanzania. 
The ward covers an area of 90 km2 (35 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,272 m (4,173 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 14,801.

Tanga Region
Tanga Region (Swahili: Mkoa wa Tanga) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 26,667 km2 (10,296 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Burundi. The regional capital is the municipality of Tanga city. Located in northeast Tanzania, the region is bordered by Kenya and Kilimanjaro Region to the north; Manyara Region to the west; and Morogoro and Pwani Regions to the south. It has a coastline to the east with the Indian Ocean. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,615,597.
Escape from China
Escape From China: The Long Journey from Tiananmen to Freedom is a book by Zhang Boli.

Zhang Boli was present in 1989 when pro-democratic students and rights-activists staged a massive protest in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. This is his story of how he was able to escape authorities who were seeking to imprison him.

It was published originally in the Chinese Mandarin language in 1998 by Zhang Boli. 
The English translation was done by Kwee Kian Low and published in 2002 by Washington Square Press.

Mr. Zhang is currently a Christian pastor at the Harvest Chinese Christian Church near Washington, D.C.

Atria Publishing Group
Atria Publishing Group is a general interest publisher and a division of Simon & Schuster. The publishing group launched as Atria Books in 2002. The Atria Publishing Group was later created internally at Simon & Schuster to house a number of imprints including Atria Books, Atria Trade Paperbacks, Atria Books Espanol, Atria Unbound, Washington Square Press, Emily Bestler Books, Atria/Beyond Words, Cash Money Content, Howard Books, Marble Arch Press, Strebor Books, 37 Ink, Keywords Press and Enliven Books. Atria is also known for creating innovative imprints and co-publishing deals with African-American writers as well as known for experimenting with digital or non-traditional print formats and authors.

As of 2021, Libby McGuire is the Publisher and Senior Vice President of the Atria Publishing Group.
Gamma-muurolene synthase
γ-Muurolene synthase (EC 4.2.3.126, Cop3) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lase (cyclizing, γ-muurolene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate  γ-muurolene + diphosphate

The enzyme has been characterized from the fungus Coprinus cinereus.

Coprinopsis cinerea
Coprinopsis cinerea is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. Commonly known as the gray shag, it is edible, but must be used promptly after collecting.

Coprinopsis cinerea is an important model organism for studying fungal sex and mating types, mushroom development, and the evolution of multicellularity of fungi. The genome sequence was published in 2010. It is considered to be particularly suited organism to study meiosis, due to its synchronous meiotic development and prolonged prophase.
Scott baronets of Abbotsford (1820)
The Scott baronetcy, of Abbotsford in the County of Roxburgh, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 April 1820 for the author Sir Walter Scott. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1847.

Abbotsford, Scottish Borders
Abbotsford is a historic country house in the Scottish Borders, near Galashiels, on the south bank of the River Tweed. Now open to the public, it was built as the residence of historical novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott between 1817 and 1825. It is a Category A Listed Building and the estate is listed in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.