hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to treat ores or concentrates containing copper, zinc, lead,  arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt.

Bioleaching falls into two broad categories.  The first, is the use of microorganisms to oxidize refractory minerals to release valuable metals such and gold and silver.  Most commonly the minerals that are the target of oxidization are pyrite and arsenopyrite.

The second category is leaching of sulphide minerals to release the associated metal, for example, leaching of pentlandite to release nickel, or the leaching of chalcocite, covellite or chalcopyrite to release copper.

Relative to pyrometallurgy it is a slow but low cost method.

The method was inadvertly used in Río Tinto in the 18th century.

Pentlandite
Pentlandite is an iron–nickel sulfide with the chemical formula (Fe,Ni)9S8. Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in nickel to iron ratios (Ni:Fe), but it is usually described as 1:1. In some cases, this ratio is skewed by the presence of pyrrhotite inclusions. It also contains minor cobalt, usually at low levels as a fraction of weight.

Pentlandite forms isometric crystals, but it is normally found in massive granular aggregates. It is brittle with a hardness of 3.5–4 and specific gravity of 4.6–5.0 and is non-magnetic. It has a yellowish bronze color and a metallic luster.

Pentlandite is found in abundance within ultramafic rocks, making it one of the most important sources of mined nickel. It also occasionally occurs within mantle xenoliths and "black smoker" hydrothermal vents.
Crash Nomada
Crash Nomada is a folk punk band based in Stockholm, Sweden. They are known for their mix of punk rock and different kinds of folk music from around the world.

The band started out under the name Dorlene Love, originally as a punk band. However after having played a lot on the streets, the folk music influences increased.

Their debut album was released in April 2008 on the Swedish punk label Birdnest Records. In March 2011 the band was renamed to Crash Nomada.

The band is multilingual, and has mostly released songs in English and Swedish. In 2016 two singles that were produced by Jari Haapalainen, "Mälaren" and "Ljuset som du sökte," were released.

In 2017 Crash Nomada collaborated with the Egyptian singer Maryam Saleh and released the song "Leih Ya Hamam" which is a duet in Arabic and Swedish.

Cümbüş
The cümbüş (/dʒuːmˈbuːʃ/; Turkish pronunciation: [dʒymˈbyʃ]) is a Turkish stringed instrument of relatively modern origin. It was developed in 1930 by Zeynel Abidin Cümbüş as an oud-like instrument that could be heard as part of a larger ensemble.

The cümbüş is shaped like an American banjo, with a spun-aluminum resonator bowl and skin soundboard. Although originally configured as an oud, the instrument has been converted to other instruments by attaching a different set of neck and strings. The standard cümbüş is fretless, but guitar, mandolin and ukulele versions have fretboards. The neck is adjustable, allowing the musician to change the angle of the neck to its strings by turning a screw. One model is made with a wooden resonator bowl, with the effect of a less tinny, softer sound.
Lorraine Chase
Lorraine Chase (born 16 July 1951) is an English actress and former model. She became well known for her strong south east London accent and frequent use of cockney slang, and found fame through a series of television adverts for Campari before embarking on an acting career. She is best known for playing the role of Steph Stokes in ITV soap opera Emmerdale from 2002 to 2006, with a brief return in 2013. Her partner, John Knight, died from cancer in 1996.

Rhyming slang
Rhyming slang is a form of slang word construction in the English language. It is especially prevalent among Cockneys in England, and was first used in the early 19th century in the East End of London; hence its alternative name, Cockney rhyming slang. In the United States, especially in the criminal underworld of the West Coast between 1880 and 1920, rhyming slang has sometimes been known as Australian slang.

The construction of rhyming slang involves replacing a common word with a phrase of two or more words, the last of which rhymes with the original word; then, in almost all cases, omitting, from the end of the phrase, the secondary rhyming word (which is thereafter implied), making the origin and meaning of the phrase elusive to listeners not in the know.
Berzin
Berzin (Russian: Берзин), feminine: Berzina, is a Russified form of the Latvian language surname Bērziņš. Notable persons with the surname include:

Aleksandr Berzin (born 1946), Russian naval officer

Alexander Berzin (born 1944), Buddhist Scholar, translator and teacher focusing on the Tibetan tradition

Eduard Berzin (1894–1938), Latvian soldier and Chekist, remembered for setting up Dalstroy

Evgeni Berzin (born 1970), Russian cyclist who won the Giro d'Italia and Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 1994

Isaac Berzin (born 1967), chemical engineer who in 2001 founded GreenFuel Technologies Corporation

Maia Berzina (1910–2002) Soviet ethnographer, geographer and cartographer

Reingold Berzin (1888–1938), Russian and Soviet military leader

Svetlana Berzina, Russian Egyptologist

Jan Antonovich Berzin (1881–1938), Latvian village teacher, Soviet revolutionary, journalist and diplomat

Yan Karlovich Berzin (1889–1938), Soviet military commander and politician

Aleksandr Berzin
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Berzin (Russian: Александр Александрович Берзин; born 18 March 1946) is a retired officer of the Soviet and Russian navies. He reached the rank of rear admiral and received the title of Hero of the Russian Federation during his career.
Lunar Magic
Lunar Magic is a level editor created by FuSoYa for Super Mario World that allows the user to edit and create custom graphics, blocks, sprites, levels, backgrounds, music, overworld maps, and full title screen and credits. The program is distributed as freeware and runs on Microsoft Windows.

Lunar Magic has been used to create various custom levels, particularly kaizo levels. It inspired various creators, such as PangaeaPanga, who later used his mapping skills to create levels in Super Mario Maker and its sequel.

Overworld
An overworld or a hub world is, in a broad sense, an area within a video game that interconnects all its levels or locations. They are mostly common in role-playing games, though this does not exclude other video game genres, such as some platformers and strategy games.
Indifference (album)
Indifference is the second studio album by American punk rock band the Proletariat.

The record was named after its opening song, which was inspired by the photography of David Henry of the homeless in Boston, Massachusetts. One of Henry's photos serves as the album's front cover.

In late 1984, before Indifference was completed, lead vocalist Richard Brown and drummer Tom McKnight left the band. They were replaced by Laurel Ann Bowman, and Steve Welch, both of whom performed on the new album's songs "Homeland" and "The Guns Are Winning".

Roger Miller of Mission of Burma makes a guest appearance playing the piano in the track "An Uneasy Peace", which is an updated version from that contributed to the hardcore punk compilation P.E.A.C.E., released a year earlier on R Radical Records.

Indifference was preceded by its lead single "Marketplace".

Album cover
An album cover (also referred to as album art) is the front packaging art of a commercially released studio album or other audio recordings. The term can refer to:

the printed paperboard covers typically used to package:
sets of 10 in (25 cm) and 12 in (30 cm) 78 rpm records
singles and sets of 12 in (30 cm) long-play records
sets of 45 rpm records (either in several connected sleeves or a box)

the front-facing panel of:
a cassette J-card
a CD package

the primary image accompanying a digital download of the album (or of its individual tracks).

For all tangible records, the album art also serves as a part of the protective sleeve.
Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
The Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya (Arabic: مَشْهَد ٱلسَّيِّدَة رُقَيَّة, romanized: Mashhad As-Sayyida Ruqayya), sometimes referred to as the Mausoleum or Tomb of Sayyida Ruqayya, is a 12th-century Islamic religious shrine and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It was erected in 1133 CE as a memorial to Ruqayya bint Ali (also known as Sayyida Ruqayya), a member of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's family. It is also notable as one of the few and most important Fatimid-era mausoleums preserved in Cairo today.

Although the shrine is designed like a tomb, Ruqqaya bint Ali herself is most likely not buried here, as other historical sources report that she was buried in Damascus. In Pakistan, it is believed that her mausoleum is Bibi Pak Daman, located in Lahore.

Mihrab
Mihrab (Arabic: محراب, miḥrāb, pl. محاريب maḥārīb) is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca towards which Muslims should face when praying. The wall in which a mihrab appears is thus the "qibla wall".

The minbar, which is the raised platform from which an imam (leader of prayer) addresses the congregation, is located to the right of the mihrab.
Fabiano Peçanha
Fabiano Peçanha (born June 5, 1982 in Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul) is a Brazilian middle distance runner. He is a quadruple South American champion in 800 metres and 1500 metres. Peçanha studied at the Lutheran University of Brazil and represented his country at four consecutive Summer Universiades, winning six medals.  He has also represented Brazil at two Olympics (2008 and 2012), reaching the semi-final on both occasions.

FISU World University Games
The FISU World University Games, formerly the Universiade, is an international multi-sport event, organized for university athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU). The former name is a portmanteau of the words "University" and "Olympiad".

The Universiade is referred to in English as the World University Games or World Student Games; however, this latter term can also refer to competitions for sub-University grades students. In July 2020 as part of a new branding system by the FISU, it was stated that the Universiade was to be officially branded as the FISU World University Games.

The most recent summer event was the 2025 Summer World University Games held in Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany held from 16-27 July 2025, while the most recent winter event was the 2025 Winter World University Games held in Turin, Italy from 13 to 23 January 2025.
Umran Malik
Umran Malik (born 22 November 1999) is an Indian international cricketer who plays for the Indian cricket team in limited-overs cricket as a right-arm fast bowler. He debuted for India in June 2022 against Ireland. He plays for Jammu and Kashmir in domestic cricket.

Limited overs cricket
Limited overs cricket, also known as white ball cricket, is a version of the sport of cricket in which a match is generally completed within one day. There are a number of formats, including List A cricket (8-hour games), Twenty20 cricket (3-hour games), , 100-ball cricket (2.5 hours) and T10 cricket (1.5 hour games). The name reflects the rule that in the match each team bowls a set maximum number of overs (sets of 6 legal balls), usually between 20 and 50, although shorter and longer forms of limited overs cricket have been played.

The concept contrasts with Test and first-class matches, which can take up to five days to complete. One-day cricket is popular with spectators as it can encourage aggressive, risky, entertaining batting, often results in cliffhanger endings, and ensures that a spectator can watch an entire match without committing to five days of continuous attendance.
Zuralmy Rivas
Zuralmy Coromoto Rivas Molina (born 26 November 1993) is a Venezuelan track and road cyclist. In 2013, she won bronze at the Bolivarian Games in the team sprint. In 2014, she won the Clasico FVCiclismo Corre Por la VIDA.

Cycling at the 2013 Bolivarian Games
Cycling (Spanish: Ciclismo), for the 2013 Bolivarian Games, took place from 17 November to 26 November 2013.

Within this sport, there are four different cycling disciplines: BMX racing (Spanish: Ciclismo BMX), Mountain biking (Spanish: Ciclismo de Montaña), Road racing (Spanish: Ciclismo de Ruta), and Track cycling (Spanish: Ciclismo Pista).
6.8mm Remington SPC
The 6.8mm Remington Special Purpose Cartridge (6.8 SPC, 6.8 SPC II or 6.8×43mm) is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge that was developed by Remington Arms in collaboration with members of the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit and United States Special Operations Command to possibly replace the 5.56 NATO cartridge in short barreled rifles (SBR) and carbines. Based on the .30 Remington cartridge, it is midway between the 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO in bore diameter. It uses the same diameter bullet (usually not the same mass) as the .270 Winchester hunting cartridge.

United States Army Marksmanship Unit
The United States Army Marksmanship Unit (USAMU or AMU) is a part of U.S. Army providing small arms marksmanship training for soldiers and enhancing Army recruiting. The unit was originally established in 1956 at the direction of president Dwight D. Eisenhower to the mission of winning international competitions, which at the time was dominated by the Soviet Union. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, the United States won seven medals in shooting, of which six were won by Army Marksmanship Unit members; unit members have continued to win medals at subsequent competitions. A 2008 New York Times article notes that the unit has "a reputation as the country's premier training school for competitive shooters." The unit has also trained army snipers and assisted in the development of weaponry.
Mini Racing Online
MiniRacingOnline is a freeware game designed by Vicente Mas Morant, a.k.a. "Kotai", in 2003, mainly as a Formula One racing game. The game was inspired by a speed test at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Cheste, Valencia.

Cheste
Cheste is a municipality in the comarca of Hoya de Buñol in the Valencian Community, Spain, located 26 km from the capital Valencia. The Valencian name is Xest, but the local language is Spanish rather than Valencian.
Deaths in December 1994
The following is a list of notable deaths in December 1994.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics
At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, 33 athletics events were contested, 24 for men and 9 for women. Three events made their Olympic debut at these Games: women's 200 metres, women's long jump and women's shot put. There were a total number of 745 participating athletes from 53 countries.
Andrey Kuzmenko (general)
Andrey Vladimirovich Kuzmenko (Russian: Андрей Владимирович Кузьменко; born 10 November 1972) is a Russian Colonel general (as of 2023) who was the commander of the Eastern Military District from 20 April 2023, until he was replaced in May 2024.

Colonel general
Colonel general is a military rank used in some armies. It is particularly associated with Germany, where historically general officer ranks were one grade lower than in the Commonwealth and the United States, and Generaloberst was a rank above full General, but below Generalfeldmarschall. The rank of colonel general is also used in the armed forces organized along the lines of the Soviet model, where it is comparable to that of a lieutenant general.
Torre del Bierzo
Torre del Bierzo (Leonese: Torre de Santa Marina) is a village and municipality in the region of El Bierzo (province of León, Castile and León, Spain). According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 2,736 inhabitants.

In 1944 it was the site of a train disaster in which it is believed between 200 and 800 people died when three trains collided in a tunnel.

The main historical landmark of the village is a Roman bridge over Tremor river built in the first century. It was part of the Via Nova or Via XVII, one of the main routes connecting the actual cities of Braga (Portugal) and Astorga (Spain)

El Bierzo
El Bierzo (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈβjeɾ.θo]; Leonese: El Bierciu or El Bierzu; Galician: O Bierzo) is a comarca in the province of León, Spain. Its capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo, the historical capital.

The territory of El Bierzo includes most of the upper basin of the Sil river. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides, which makes this area remarkably isolated from all neighbouring lands.
My Mind Right
"My Mind Right" is a song by American rapper Memphis Bleek, released by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings on March 5, 2000, as the lead single from his second studio album, The Understanding (2000). It also served as the lead single for Roc-A-Fella Records' soundtrack album, Backstage: A Hard Knock Life.

The music video, directed by Nzingha Stewart, features cameos from the song's co-writer Jay-Z and its producer Damon Dash, as well as fellow East Coast rappers Caddillac Tah, Ja Rule and Fabolous. Initially, the song was not a major hit and did not receive much airplay; however, following its remix with Roc-A-Fella label boss Jay-Z and labelmate Beanie Sigel, the song received wider radio airplay throughout the summer of 2000.

Roc-A-Fella Records
Roc-A-Fella Records was an American record label and music management company founded in 1994 by record executives and entrepreneurs Damon Dash, Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter, and Kareem "Biggs" Burke. Carter issued his debut album, Reasonable Doubt (1996), as the label's first release, in a joint venture with Priority Records. The label signed and released albums for acts including Kanye West, Memphis Bleek, Jadakiss, DJ Clue?, State Property, and The Diplomats before its dissolution in 2013.
Johnny Mostil
John Anthony Mostil (June 1, 1896 – December 10, 1970) was an American professional baseball center fielder. He played for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB) during the 1920s, and afterwards he worked as a minor league manager and a scout.

Center fielder
A center fielder, abbreviated CF, is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in center field – the baseball and softball fielding position between left field and right field. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is assigned the number 8.
Abdón Calderón Muñoz
Abdón Calderón Muñoz (20 January 1924 – 9 December 1978) was an Ecuadorian politician and economist. He was the founder of the Alfarista Radical Front. He was a candidate for president of Ecuador in the 1978 general election shortly before his assassination.

Alfarista Radical Front
The Alfarista Radical Front (Spanish: Frente Radical Alfarista, FRA) was a centrist liberal party in Ecuador, founded in 1972. One of its best known figures was former acting president Fabián Alarcón.

The party was named after the most prominent liberal politician in Ecuadorian history, Eloy Alfaro, who founded the country's first institutionalized Liberal Party in 1884.

In the 2002 Ecuadorian general election, the party supported the candidacy of Xavier Neira Menéndez.
2023 World Athletics Championships
The 2023 World Athletics Championships (Hungarian: 2023-as atlétikai világbajnokság), the nineteenth edition of the World Athletics Championships, were held from 19 to 27 August 2023 at the National Athletics Centre, in Budapest, Hungary. The tournament returned to its usual two-year cycle after the previous event in Eugene, Oregon, United States was postponed to 2022, held 13 months earlier due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

These are the first World Athletics Championships in Hungary. The city of Budapest had previously stated an interest in hosting the 2007 World Championships, but withdrew and it was eventually held in Osaka.

2022 Diamond League
The 2022 Diamond League was the thirteenth season of the Diamond League, an annual series of outdoor track and field meetings, organised by World Athletics. The competition was a revision to the top level athletics series since the Diamond League was founded in 2010. The number of Diamond Discipline events was 32, and the dual-meet final format was again replaced by a single final, for a total of 12 meetings. A meeting in China was originally added to the calendar, but was later postponed to 2023. The reduction of events was aimed at allowing a standardized 120-minute television format for the series. Each meeting hosted a selected number of Diamond Discipline events, most of which were broadcast in the meeting's two hour TV window. Events losing Diamond Discipline status would feature on the World Athletics Continental Tour, which will replace the IAAF World Challenge as the second tier of track and field meetings.
GAZ-AAA
The GAZ-AAA was a Soviet truck produced by GAZ. From 1936 to 1943, 37,373 units were built. Like the GAZ-AA and GAZ-MM, it was largely based on the Ford Model AA truck.: 48

The Red Army commonly used these trucks as anti-aircraft units, mounting either 4 7.62mm Maxim guns (as seen on the 4M variant), one 12.7mm DShK heavy machine gun, or a single 25mm 72-K autocannon.

The GAZ-AAA, being a development of the GAZ-AA, involved several modifications, the most noticeable, of which, was a 6-wheeled base rather than the 4-wheeled original.

GAZ
GAZ (Gorkovsky avtomobilny zavod, Russian: ГАЗ, Го́рьковский автомоби́льный заво́д, lit. 'Gorky Automobile Plant') is a Russian automotive manufacturer located in Nizhny Novgorod, formerly known as Gorky (Горький) (1932–1990). It is the core subsidiary of GAZ Group Holding, which is itself part of Basic Element industrial group. JSC Russian Machines is the controlling shareholder in OAO GAZ.
97th Scripps National Spelling Bee
The 97th Scripps National Spelling Bee was a spelling bee competition held at the Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center in National Harbor, Maryland. The bee marked a special milestone with its commemoration of 100 years of the Bee since the first one ran in 1925. It ran from May 25 to May 30, 2025.

The 2025 bee welcomed 243 spellers from the United States, its territories, Canada, Ghana, Nigeria, Kuwait, and the Bahamas. Preliminary rounds were held on May 27, quarterfinals and  semi-final rounds on May 28, and finals on May 29.

The Scripps Bee honored the Akron Beacon Journal as its Regional Partner of the Year, noteworthy given that the paper has sponsored a speller at every bee since its inception in 1925.

In 2026, the bee will be held at the DAR Constitution Hall, with contestants staying at the JW Marriott Washington D.C. 2025 was the last year it will be held in National Harbor.

13-year-old Faizan Zaki won the competition.

National Harbor, Maryland
National Harbor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, located along the Potomac River near the Woodrow Wilson Bridge and just south of Washington, D.C. It originated as a 300-acre (1.2 km2) multi-use waterfront development. The population was 5,509 at the 2020 census.

The developer, Peterson Companies, says National Harbor draws 12 million visitors annually, as of 2025.