hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of Kionga
The Kionga Triangle was a tiny territory on the border between German East Africa (present-day United Republic of Tanzania) and the Portuguese colony of Mozambique (present day Republic of Mozambique), originally Portuguese, but occupied by German forces in 1894, and recaptured by the Portuguese forces in 1916. The triangle was the only German territory that the post-war Treaty of Versailles awarded to Portugal.

On May 29, 1916, 100-reis postage stamps from Lourenço Marques were overprinted with "KIONGA" and one of the denominations ½c, 1c, 2½c, and 5c. These were the only stamps issued for Kionga.  Most of the stock of the Marques stamps lacked gum, and in 2013, the Scott Catalogue listed the average purchase price of a high-quality set without gum at US$ 97.50. Examples with original gum will command a premium.

Scott catalogue
The Scott catalogue of postage stamps, published by Scott Stamp LLC, is updated annually and lists all the stamps of the world that its editors recognize as issued for postal purposes. It is published in fourteen large volumes (as of 2021) that include twelve volumes containing all the countries of the world that have ever issued postage stamps, the United States Specialized Catalog, and the 1840–1940 Classic Specialized Catalogue (covering the world for the first 100 years that stamps were issued).  The numbering system used by Scott to identify stamps is dominant among stamp collectors in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Paramenthane hydroperoxide
Paramenthane hydroperoxide (PMHP) is an organic peroxide with a distinctive odor. It is used on an industrial scale as a polymerization initiator for emulsion polymerizations. It is usually sold in a light yellow liquid solutions of about 50% strength.

Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of the mole fractions of solutes is small compared with unity, the solution is called a dilute solution." One parameter of a solution is the concentration, which is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. The term "aqueous solution" is used when one of the solvents is water.
1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene
1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene is an organofluorine compound with the formula C6H4(CF3)2.  It is the most intensively studied of three isomers of the same formula. Like benzotrifluoride, bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen fluoride with the corresponding trichloromethylbenzene compound:

C6H4(CCl3)2  +  6 HF   →   C6H4(CF3)2  +  6 HCl

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene undergoes bromination to give bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene (BrC6H3(CF3)2), which is used to prepare other reagents, such as the sodium salt of tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, NaBArF4.

Organofluorine chemistry
A: fluoromethane

B: isoflurane

C: a CFC

D: an HFC

E: triflic acid

F: Teflon

G: PFOS

H: fluorouracil

I: fluoxetine

Organofluorine chemistry describes the chemistry of organofluorine compounds, organic compounds that contain a carbon–fluorine bond. Organofluorine compounds find diverse applications ranging from oil and water repellents to pharmaceuticals, refrigerants, and reagents in catalysis. In fact, "about 40% of new pharmaceuticals ... and 25% of all those on the market...  contain fluorine".

In addition to these applications, some organofluorine compounds are pollutants because of their contributions to ozone depletion, global warming, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The area of organofluorine chemistry often requires special techniques associated with the handling of fluorinating agents.
Nicoya Peninsula
The Nicoya Peninsula (Spanish: Península de Nicoya) is a peninsula on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. It is divided into two provinces: Guanacaste Province in the north, and the Puntarenas Province in the south. It is located at . It varies from 30–60 km (19–37 mi) in width and is about 120 km (75 mi) long, forming the largest peninsula in the country. It is known for its beaches and is a popular tourist destination.

The main transport and commercial centre in the region is Nicoya, one of the oldest settlements in Costa Rica. Ferries run between the town of Puntarenas on the mainland and the Nicoya Peninsula. There is an international airport in nearby Liberia and small domestic airstrips in Nosara, Carrillo, Tamarindo and Tambor.

Liberia, Costa Rica
Liberia (Spanish pronunciation: [li.ˈβe.ɾja]) is a district and the largest city in the Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica, 215 kilometres (134 mi) northwest of the national capital, San José. Part of the Liberia canton, it is a major center of the country's tourism industry.

Liberia has been nicknamed la ciudad blanca (the white city) due to the white gravel that was once used to make the city's roads and the whitewashed colonial houses that used to make up a large part of the city. It had a population of 56,899 in 2013.
Cikava, Grosuplje
Cikava (pronounced [tsiˈkaːʋa]) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. It lies halfway between Grosuplje and Šmarje–Sap on the old regional road leading towards Ljubljana. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Municipality of Grosuplje
The Municipality of Grosuplje (pronounced [ɡɾɔˈsùːpljɛ] ⓘ; Slovene: Občina Grosuplje) is a municipality in central Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Grosuplje. It lies just south of the capital Ljubljana in the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)
Al-Mustakfi I (Abū-r-Rabīʿ Sulaymān al-Mustakfī bi-Llāh, Arabic: أبو الربيع سليمان المستكفي بالله; 23 March 1285 – February 1340) was the third Abbasid caliph seated in Cairo under the Mamluk Sultanate between 1302 and 1340.

Abbasid dynasty
The Abbasid dynasty, or Abbasids, (Arabic: بنو العباس, romanized: Banu al-ʿAbbās) was an Arab dynasty that ruled the third Islamic caliphate between 750 and 1258. They were from the Qurayshi Hashimid clan of Banu Abbas, descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. The Abbasid Caliphate is divided into three main periods: Early Abbasid era (750–861), Middle Abbasid era (861–936) and Later Abbasid era (936–1258). A cadet branch of the dynasty also ruled as ceremonial rulers for the Mamluk Sultanate (1261–1517) until their conquest by the Ottoman Empire.
Meridian (film)
Meridian is a 2016 film noir thriller film directed by Curtis Clark and written by Clark and James Harmon Brown. The film stars Kevin Kilner, Reid Scott, and Elyse Levesque, and focuses on detectives investigating the disappearances of three men in 1940s Los Angeles. It was released on Netflix and Xiph.org in September 2016.

While Meridian was given an official release, the film serves primarily as testing material for video codecs and 4K streaming quality. The film incorporates material that is difficult to stream, such as smoke, rain and harsh lighting. It was released under a Creative Commons license so that other streaming services and technology reviewers may use it for their own tests.

James Harmon Brown and Barbara Esensten
James Harmon Brown and Barbara Esensten are American television writers, primarily working on soap operas. The duo worked together for over 20 years, starting on the prime-time serial Dynasty. Together, they created the soap opera The City, a spinoff of Loving. On November 14, 2012, Esensten died at the age of 75.
Phoxocephalopsidae
Phoxocephalopsidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Amphipoda.

Genera:

Eophoxocephalopsis Thurston, 1989

Phoxocephalopsis Schellenberg, 1931

Pseudurothoe Ledoyer, 1986

Puelche Barnard & Clark, 1982

Urothopsis Ledoyer, 1967

Amphipoda
Amphipoda (/æmˈfɪpədə/) is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods (/ˈæmfɪpɒdz/) range in size from 1 to 340 millimetres (0.039 to 13 in) and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. More than 10,700 amphipod species are currently recognized. They are mostly marine animals but are found in almost all aquatic environments. Some 2,250 species live in fresh water, and the order also includes the terrestrial sandhoppers, such as Talitrus saltator and Arcitalitrus sylvaticus.
Comedy Albums
Comedy Albums is a Billboard chart that lists the "top-selling spoken word and musical comedy albums" each week, as ranked by sales data compiled by Nielsen SoundScan. The chart debuted as Top Comedy Albums in October 2004 when it was published for the first time exclusively in Billboard's websites. The first number-one album on the Top Comedy Albums chart was Lord, I Apologize by Larry the Cable Guy. As of November 2023, the longest leading number-one album on the chart is Inside (The Songs) by Bo Burnham.

Its Billboard Year-End chart has been archived for public viewing back to 2006, with 15 entries for each year.

On May 16, 2014, Billboard published "Top 20 Best Selling Comedy Albums", featuring albums from as far back as 1991, the start of the Nielsen SoundScan era.

Inside (The Songs)
Inside (The Songs) (shortened and stylized to INSIDE on streaming platforms) is a soundtrack album by American musical comedian Bo Burnham. Accompanying the film of the same name, each song was written, produced and edited by Burnham alone during the COVID-19 pandemic. Themes include mental health, the pandemic, and the internet.

Inside (The Songs) reached the top ten in the United States, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom. It was the best-selling American comedy album of the year and was certified Gold in the United States. Additionally, a number of individual songs from the special charted. "All Eyes on Me" became the first comedy song to enter the Billboard Global 200 charts.

A deluxe edition featuring outtakes and instrumentals was released on June 3, 2022. It followed The Inside Outtakes, an hour-long compilation of unused material from Inside, including new songs and alternate versions of existing songs.
Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)
The First Battle of Grozny was the Russian Army's invasion and subsequent conquest of the Chechen capital, Grozny, during the early months of the First Chechen War. The attack would last from December 1994 to March 1995, which resulted in the military occupation of the city by the Russian Army and rallied most of the Chechen nation around the government of Dzhokhar Dudayev.

The initial assault resulted in considerable Russian casualties and demoralization in the Russian forces. It took another two months of heavy fighting, and a change in tactics, before the Russian Army was able to capture Grozny. The battle caused enormous destruction and casualties amongst the civilian population and saw the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since the end of World War II.

Lev Rokhlin
Lev Yakovlevich Rokhlin (Russian: Лев Яковлевич Рохлин; 6 June 1947 – 3 July 1998) was a Kazakh-born Russian lieutenant general and politician who served as a member of the State Duma from 1995 until his 1998 murder. Rokhlin reached the top of the Russian military, quickly rising through the ranks during and after the Soviet–Afghan War. After the Soviet Union dissolved, he served as a commander of Russian forces during the First Chechen War. Later, he started a political career and became a member of the Russian State Duma and chairman of the State Duma's Defense Committee.
Billy's Balloon
Billy's Balloon is a 16 mm animated short by Don Hertzfeldt. It was his fourth and final student film at UC Santa Barbara. Similar to his other cartoons, he uses a minimalist stick-figure technique.

The film was invited into Official Competition at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival (where Hertzfeldt was the youngest director involved), and it won the Grand Jury Award at the 1999 Slamdance Film Festival.

On top of its film festival runs (and subsequent popularity online), the short has also appeared on Adult Swim and MTV in the US and on a number of international TV broadcasts around the world. Hertzfeldt has noted that the short's international popularity is likely because it has no dialogue and plays like a silent film.

16 mm film
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical gauge of film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about 2⁄3 inch); other common film gauges include 8 mm and 35 mm. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational, television) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film and later Super 8 film. Eastman Kodak released the first 16 mm "outfit" in 1923, consisting of a Ciné-Kodak camera, Kodascope projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$6,330 in 2025).: 334  RCA-Victor introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical sound-on-film 16 mm camera, released in 1935.: 231
Brame House
The Brame House, also known as the Brame-Cody-Neal House, was a historic Classical Revival-style house in  Montgomery, Alabama.  The two-story frame house was built in 1897 by W.W. Brame.  It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on January 29, 1980, and to the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1980.  The house was demolished in 1990, after some attempts were made to save it.

Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage
The Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage (ARLH), commonly referred to as the Alabama Register, is an official listing of buildings, sites, structures, objects, and districts deemed worthy of preservation in the U.S. state of Alabama. These properties, which may be of national, state, and local significance, are designated by the Alabama Historical Commission. The designation is honorary and carries no direct restrictions or incentives.  The register includes properties such as cemeteries, churches, moved properties, reconstructed properties, and properties at least 40 years old which may not normally qualify for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.  There are approximately 1,711 properties and districts listed on the Alabama Register.  Of these, approximately 243 are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places and 6 are designated as National Historic Landmarks.
Tarang (film)
Tarang (Hindi: तरंग "wave") English title Wages and Profits, is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language drama film written and directed by Kumar Shahani. The film is Shahani's second feature film after his most famous work, Maya Darpan, and took him more than 12 years to raise funding for. The movie is considered, along with Shahani's other features, to be a seminal work of India's Parallel Cinema movement. The movie stars several big actors who were prominent in the Indian art cinema scene of the early '80s, including Amol Palekar, Smita Patil, Girish Karnad, Om Puri, and Shreeram Lagoo.

Shreeram Lagoo
Shreeram Lagoo (16 November 1927 – 17 December 2019) was an Indian film and theatre actor, in Hindi and Marathi. He was known for his character roles in films. He acted in over 250 films including Hindi and Marathi films as well as Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati plays, and directed over 20 Marathi plays. He won the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for the Hindi film Gharaonda. His autobiography is titled Lamaan (लमाण; transl. a carrier of goods). He is a recipient of two Filmfare Marathi awards and a recipient of the Maharashtra State Film Award.

He was a very vocal and active figure in furthering progressive and rational social causes. In 1999, he and social activist G. P. Pradhan undertook a fast in support of anti-corruption crusader Anna Hazare. Lagoo was also qualified as an ENT Surgeon.
Natalie Sue
Natalie Sue is a Canadian writer from Calgary, Alberta, whose debut novel I Hope This Finds You Well was published in 2024.

In 2025, the book was shortlisted for the Amazon.ca First Novel Award, and won the Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour.

Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour
The Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour, also known as the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour or just the Leacock Medal, is an annual Canadian literary award presented for the best book of humour written in English by a Canadian writer, published or self-published in the previous year. The silver medal, designed by sculptor Emanuel Hahn, is a tribute to well-known Canadian humorist Stephen Leacock (1869–1944) and is accompanied by a cash prize of CA$25,000. It is presented in the late spring or early summer each year, during a banquet ceremony in or near Leacock’s hometown of Orillia, Ontario.

The medal is one of the oldest literary prizes in Canada and is the only one awarded to a work of humour. It has been awarded every year since 1947 with the exception of 1959 when it was reported that no worthy entries had been submitted.
Thai fried rice
Thai fried rice (Thai: ข้าวผัด, RTGS: khao phat, pronounced [kʰâ(ː)w pʰàt]) is a variety of fried rice typical of central Thai cuisine. In Thai, khao means "rice" and phat means "of or relating to being stir-fried."

This dish normally contains meat (chicken, shrimp, and crab are all common), egg, onions, garlic and sometimes tomatoes. The seasonings, which may include soy sauce, sugar, salt, possibly some chili sauce, and the ubiquitous nam pla (Thai fish sauce), are stir-fried together with the other ingredients. The dish is then plated and served with accompaniments like cucumber slices, tomato slices, lime and sprigs of green onion and coriander, and phrik nampla, a spicy sauce made of sliced Thai chilies, chopped garlic cloves, fish sauce, lime juice and sugar. It differs from Chinese fried rice in that it is prepared with Thai jasmine rice instead of regular long-grain rice.

Bird's eye chili
Bird's eye chili or Thai chili (Thai: พริกขี้หนู, romanized: prik ki nu, lit. ''mouse-dropping chili'' owing to its shape) is a chili pepper variety from the species Capsicum annuum that is native to Mexico. Cultivated across Southeast Asia, it is used extensively in many Asian cuisines. It may be mistaken for a similar-looking chili derived from the species Capsicum frutescens, the cultivar siling labuyo. Capsicum frutescens fruits are generally smaller and characteristically point upwards. In the Marianas and Guam, these are often called boonie peppers or Doni Sali, which can be a term for regional wild (technically feral) varieties. The variation between different varieties can be significant for regional dishes or visuals, such as the Thai ornamental varieties.
Fishing industry in Pakistan
The fishing industry plays a significant part in the national economy of Pakistan. With a coastline of about 650 miles (1,046 km), Pakistan has enough fishery resources that remain to be developed. Most of the population of the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan depends on fisheries for livelihood. It is also a major source of export earning.

Fishing industry is managed by the Fisheries Development Commissioner (FDC) under the Ministry Food, Agriculture Livestock (MFAL) of Government of Pakistan. The office of the FDC is responsible for policy, planning and coordination with provincial fisheries departments and other national and international agencies such as Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission. The marine subsector is overlooked by Marine Fisheries Department (MFD).

The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is engaged in the research of the industry. Some universities in the country are also involved in basic fisheries research.

Thatta
Thatta is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Thatta was the medieval capital of Sindh, and served as the seat of power for three successive dynasties. Its construction was ordered by Jam Nizamuddin II in 1495. Thatta's historic significance has yielded several monuments in and around the city. Thatta's Makli Necropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is site of one of the world's largest cemeteries and has numerous monumental tombs built between the 14th and 18th centuries designed in a syncretic funerary style characteristic of lower Sindh. The city's 17th century Shah Jahan Mosque is richly embellished with decorative tiles, and is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in the South Asia.
Sebastian Krys
Sebastian Krys (born November 11, 1970) is an Argentine-born American audio engineer, record producer and radio personality. A six-time Grammy and 13-time Latin Grammy winner, Krys has worked with many Spanish language pop and rock artists such as Percance, Sergio Dalma, Eros Ramazzotti, Sandy & Junior, Gloria Estefan, Carlos Vives, Shakira, Alejandro Sanz, Luis Fonsi, Vega, Kinky, Los Rabanes, Obie Bermúdez, Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Lori Meyers, Fangoria, La Santa Cecilia and Will Smith.

Sergio Dalma
Josep Sergi Capdevila Querol (born 28 September 1964), professionally known as Sergio Dalma, is a Spanish singer. He is one of Spain's best-selling recording artists, having topped Spain's official Productores de Música de España national album chart nine times, including an unbroken string of five number one albums between 2008 and 2013.
Popping (EP)
Popping is the first popup album by South Korean–Japanese boy group ONF, released on August 9, 2021, by WM Entertainment and distributed by Stone Music Entertainment. The album contains five tracks, including the funky disco title track "Popping."

ONF (band)
ONF (Korean: 온앤오프; RR: Onaenopeu; pronounced as On and Off) is a South Korean-Japanese boy band formed by WM Entertainment. Originally debuting as a seven-piece group on August 3, 2017, with their EP, the group currently consists of six members: Hyojin, E-Tion, Seungjun (formerly known as J-Us), Wyatt, Minkyun (formerly known as MK) and U. The group's youngest member, Laun, left the group on August 23, 2019, for personal circumstances shortly before the group's fourth extended play Go Live.
Decimus Govett
Decimus Storry Govett (1827 – 30 August 1912) was an Anglican priest in the last decades of the 19th century and the first two of the 20th.

Govett was born in 1827 in Staines, Middlesex, the sixth son of 11 children born to Rev. Robert Govett, the Vicar of Staines, and Sarah Romaine.  Civil servant William Govett Romaine was his eldest brother, while four of his brothers were ordained into the Church of England, including theologian Robert Govett.

He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford. After ordination he held curacies at Ashford, Staines and Frampton Cotterell and was then a chaplain at Antibes, Nice and Marseille; after which he became archdeacon, then Dean of Gibraltar. He died on 30 August 1912.

Frampton Cotterell
Frampton Cotterell is a village and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England, on the River Frome. The village is contiguous with Winterbourne to the south-west and Coalpit Heath to the east. The parish borders Iron Acton to the north and Westerleigh to the south-east, the large town of Yate is 2 miles (3.2 kilometres) away. The village is 8 miles (13 kilometres) north-east of Bristol. The population of the village together with the adjoining village of Winterbourne was 14,694 in 2011. The population of the parish alone was 6,520 at the 2011 census.