hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leading tone
In music theory, a leading tone (also called subsemitone or leading note in the UK) is a note or pitch which resolves or "leads" to a note one semitone higher or lower, being a lower and upper leading tone, respectively. Typically, the leading tone refers to the seventh scale degree of a major scale (), a major seventh above the tonic. In the movable do solfège system, the leading tone is sung as si.

A leading-tone triad is a triad built on the seventh scale degree in a major key (viio in Roman numeral analysis), while a leading-tone seventh chord is a seventh chord built on the seventh scale degree (viiø7). Walter Piston considers and notates viio as V07, an incomplete dominant seventh chord. (For the Roman numeral notation of these chords, see Roman numeral analysis.)

Seventh chord
A seventh chord is a chord consisting of a triad plus a note forming an interval of a seventh above the chord's root. When not otherwise specified, a "seventh chord" usually means a dominant seventh chord: a major triad together with a minor seventh. However, a variety of sevenths may be added to a variety of triads, resulting in many different types of seventh chords.

In its earliest usage, the seventh was introduced solely as an embellishing or nonchord tone. The seventh destabilized the triad, and allowed the composer to emphasize movement in a given direction. As  time passed and the collective ear of the western world became more accustomed to dissonance, the seventh was allowed to become a part of the chord itself, and in some modern music, jazz in particular, nearly every chord is a seventh chord. Additionally, the general acceptance of equal temperament during the 19th century reduced the dissonance of some earlier forms of sevenths.
Kiên Giang province
Kiên Giang was a former province of Vietnam, located in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. It is known for fishing and rice farming. The provincial capital is Rạch Giá, 155 mi (249 km) from Ho Chi Minh City. Kiên Giang's area is 6,352.02 km2 (2,452.53 mi2) and its population is about 1,723,067 (2019), of which 22 percent live in urban areas.

Kiên Giang is bordered with An Giang province in the northeast, Cần Thơ and Hậu Giang provinces in the east, Bạc Liêu province in the southeast and Cà Mau province in the south, and Kampot province of Cambodia (with the 33 mi (53 km) border) in the west, and the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest (with the 124 mi (200 km) coast).

According to survey results on April 1, 2019, Kiên Giang province's population is 1,723,067 people.

On June 12, 2025, Kiên Giang was merged into An Giang province.

Provinces of Vietnam
Vietnam is divided into 34 first-level subdivisions, comprising 28 provinces (tỉnh) and six municipalities under the command of the central government (Vietnamese: thành phố trực thuộc trung ương).

Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in Vietnam. Municipalities are centrally-controlled cities and have special status equal to that of the provinces.

The provinces and municipalities are divided into communes (xã), wards (phường) and special administrative regions (đặc khu) as the second-tier units.
New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team
The New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team, nicknamed the Baby Blacks, is the representative rugby union team from New Zealand. It replaced the two former age grade teams, the under-19s and the under-21s. Their first tournament was the 2008 IRB Junior World Championship, which they won after defeating England (38–3) in the final. They have gone on to also win the World Rugby Under 20 Championship in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015 and 2017. The New Zealand under-20s have been nicknamed the "Baby Blacks" after the youthful All Blacks side which played in 1986.

2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship
The 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship was the eighth annual international rugby union competition for Under 20 national teams. The event was organised for the second time in Italy by rugby's governing body, World Rugby. Twelve nations played in the tournament, with matches hosted by Parma, Viadana, Calvisano and Cremona, host city of the final match. England went into the tournament as the two-time defending champions after they successfully defended their title in the 2014 IRB Junior World Championship (as the tournament was known through 2014). This was the first U20 Championship held after the sport's governing body changed its name from the International Rugby Board to the current World Rugby.

New Zealand won the title after a 21–16 win against England in the final.
2016 Billings Wolves season
The 2016 Billings Wolves season was the second season for the professional indoor football franchise and second in the Indoor Football League (IFL). One of ten teams that compete in the IFL for the 2016 season, the Wolves are members of the Intense Conference.

Led by head coach Chris Dixon, the Wolves play their home games at the Rimrock Auto Arena at MetraPark in Billings, Montana.

2016 Indoor Football League season
The 2016 Indoor Football League season was the eighth season of the Indoor Football League (IFL). Playing with ten teams in two conferences located primarily in mid-level cities in the central United States, the league's regular season kicked off on February 20, 2016 and ended on June 24, 2016. The playoffs were held in three rounds, with the top seed in each conference receiving a first-round bye as the second and third seeds facing each other in the conference semifinal (both division winners had automatic bids, and the third seed was a wild card), with the winner of that game facing the top seed in a conference championship game followed by the winners of those games meeting in the United Bowl.
Woodham Fen
Woodham Fen is an 8.1-hectare (20-acre) nature reserve in South Woodham Ferrers in Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. It is part of the Crouch and Roach Estuaries Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The site lies between two tidal creeks which run into the River Crouch. It has saltmarsh and rough grassland with an unusual transition zone between them. Birds include reed buntings, yellow wagtails and meadow pipits, and there are common lizards and slowworms.

There is access at the Shaw Farm roundabout, at the junction of Burnham Road and Ferrers Road.

South Woodham Ferrers
South Woodham Ferrers is a town and civil parish in the City of Chelmsford district of Essex, England. It is approximately 35 miles (56 km) east of London and 8 miles (13 km) south-east of Chelmsford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 16,026.

The town is situated east of Fenn Creek, near to where it meets the River Crouch. South Woodham Ferrers is part of the Maldon constituency represented by Sir John Whittingdale MP.
Cathy Bennett (Irish politician)
Cathy Bennett (born 1973/1974) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cavan–Monaghan constituency since the 2024 general election.

Bennett has a degree in bio-pharmaceutical science. She previously worked in a laboratory in Castleblaney and is now a theatre manager in Monaghan town.

She was a member of Monaghan County Council from 2014 to 2024 for the Monaghan area.

Monaghan County Council
Monaghan County Council (Irish: Comhairle Contae Mhuineacháin) is the local authority of County Monaghan, Ireland. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, and environment. The council has 18 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Cathaoirleach (chairperson). The county administration is headed by a chief executive, Robert Burns. The county town is Monaghan.
Ebikro-N'Dakro
Ebikro-N'Dakro is a village in south-eastern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Yaou, Aboisso Department, Sud-Comoé Region, Comoé District.

Ebikro-N'Dakro was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Sud-Comoé
Sud-Comoé Region is one of the 31 regions of Ivory Coast. Since 2011, it has been one of two regions in Comoé District. The region's seat is Aboisso. The region's area is 7,240 km2, and its population in the 2021 census was 784,893.
WCEZ
WCEZ (93.9 FM, "Z93") is a Classic Rock formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Carthage, Illinois, serving the Keokuk Area.  WCEZ is owned and operated by Michael Greenwald and Leah Jones, Keokuk Broadcasting Inc. The station highlights local music Sunday evenings, is an affiliate of the Iowa Hawkeyes, syndicated Nights With Alice Cooper and, syndicated Pink Floyd show "Floydian Slip."  The station plays Rock music from the 70's through today.

Carthage, Illinois
Carthage is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Illinois, United States. Its population was 2,490 as of the 2020 census. Carthage is best known for being the site of the 1844 killing of Joseph Smith, who founded the Latter Day Saint movement.
Richard Corliss
Richard Nelson Corliss (March 6, 1944 – April 23, 2015) was an American film critic and magazine editor for Time. He focused on movies, with occasional articles on other subjects.

He was the former editor-in-chief of Film Comment and authored several books including Talking Pictures, which, along with other publications, drew early attention to the screenwriter, as opposed to the director.

Saint Joseph's University
Saint Joseph's University (SJU or St. Joe's) is a private Jesuit university in Philadelphia, Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The university was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1851 as Saint Joseph's College. Saint Joseph's is the seventh oldest Jesuit university in the United States and the sixth largest university in Philadelphia. It is named after Saint Joseph.

Saint Joseph's University has nearly 9,000 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students in over 162 undergraduate programs, 84 graduate programs, and 9 degree-completion and post-baccalaureate programs. It has 14 centers and institutes, including the Kinney Center for Autism Education and Support and the Pedro Arrupe, S.J., Center for Business Ethics. Saint Joseph's University is classified as an R2: Doctoral University with High Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.
Wallace Ingalls
Wallace Ingalls (November 22, 1859 – February 3, 1936) was an American lawyer and politician.

Ingalls was born in the town of Linn,  Walworth County, Wisconsin, on November 22, 1859. Ingalls received his law degree from Albany Law School. He was the district attorney of Walworth County, Wisconsin from 1892 to 1896 and was a Republican. Ingalls practiced law in Sharon, Wisconsin, then in Elkhorn, Wisconsin and later moved to Racine, Wisconsin and practiced law there. He was also a farmer. Ingalls served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1909, 1921, and from 1925 to 1929. Ingalls died of a heart attack in 1936 at his home in the Town of Linn, in Walworth County, Wisconsin.

Albany Law School
Albany Law School is a private law school in Albany, New York. It was founded in 1851 and is the oldest independent law school in the nation. It is accredited by the American Bar Association as well as the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and has an affiliation agreement with University at Albany that includes shared programs. The school is located near New York's highest court, federal courts, the executive branch, and the state legislature.
Joplin, West Virginia
Joplin is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. It is likely named after an early white settler in Kanawha County, James Jopling. In the early 19th century, Jopling purchased land alongside the creek later called Joplin Branch, a tributary of the Kanawha River. Many of Jopling's children and grandchildren lived along the creek near the family patriarch, and gave the community its name. James Jopling was described as "a man of powerful frame, and loved adventure. He was a noted trapper, hunter, and Indian fighter, and delighted in relating his narrow escapes and wonderful feats in woods life." Jopling also reportedly killed the last elk in the region, nearby on the Elk River.

Elk River (West Virginia)
The Elk River is a tributary of the Kanawha River, 172 miles (277 km) long, in central West Virginia in the United States.  Via the Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
Fritz Greder
Fritz Greder was a Swiss footballer who played as defender in the 1940s.

Greder first played for lower tier FC Allschwil. He then joined Basel's first team before their 1942–43 season. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 13 September 1942 as Basel against Lausanne-Sport.

During the season with Basel Greder played a total of 20 games for Basel without scoring a goal. 16 of these games were in the Swiss Serie A, three in the Swiss Cup and one was a friendly game.

Swiss Cup
The Swiss Cup (German: Schweizer Cup; French: Coupe de Suisse; Italian: Coppa Svizzera; Romansh: Cuppa Svizra)  is a football cup competition that has been organised annually since 1925–26 season by the Swiss Football Association.

The Swiss Cup final is usually the most important game of the year with a high attendance. The competition is also shaped by games in the first rounds when villages celebrate the tie of their club with a professional team leading to infrastructure improvements and often thousands of spectators at the local football pitch. Since 1999 the cup winners earns the chance to qualify for the UEFA Europa League or the UEFA Conference League in accordance with the rankings of Switzerland in the UEFA coefficient.
The Moslem Bharat
The Muslim Bharat (Bengali: মোসলেম ভারত) was a historic literary journal that published from Kolkata in the early 20th century. It published works by notable Bengali authors and poets; such as Abanindranath Tagore, Kalidas Roy, Kaikobad, Qazi Imdadul Haq, Kazi Abdul Wadud, Kumud Ranjan Mullick, Mohitlal Majumdar, Mohammad Barkatullah, Satyendranath Dutta, Sheikh Fazlul Karim, and Syed Emdad Ali.

Kaykobad
Mohammad Kazem Al-Qureshi (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ কাজেম আল কোরেশী; c. 1857 – 21 July 1951), known by his pen-name Kaykobad (Bengali: কায়কোবাদ), was a Bengali poet. Nikhil Bharat Sahitya Sangha titled him "Kavyabhusan", "Vidyabhusan" and "Sahityaratna".
Christian manliness
Christian manliness is a concept and movement that arose in Victorian Protestant England, characterised by the importance of the male body and physical health, family and romantic love, the notions of morality, theology and the love for nature and, the idea of healthy patriotism, with Jesus Christ as leader and example of truest manhood. The concept was first brought up in novels by the British Victorian writers Charles Kingsley and Thomas Hughes. Schoolmaster of the Rugby School, Thomas Arnold, was responsible for reforming the British public schooling system according to notions of biblical manhood. The Christian masculinity movement can still be observed in the Anglosphere today, and although it shares a great deal with the notions and ideals originating from the Victorian era, it is distinct and shaped by the constraints and conditions of the modern post-industrial era. The American evangelical community places emphasis upon Christian masculinity.

Anglosphere
The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world, is a sphere of influence among Anglophone countries. The core group of this sphere of influence comprises five developed countries that maintain close social, cultural, political, economic, and military ties with each other: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Anglosphere countries are generally aligned with each other on global issues and collaborate extensively in matters of security, as exemplified by alliances like Five Eyes. The core countries of the Anglosphere are either NATO members or designated by the United States as major non-NATO allies.
Smilin' at Trouble
Smilin' at Trouble is a 1925 American silent Western film directed by Harry Garson and starring Maurice 'Lefty' Flynn, Helen Lynch and Kathleen Myers. Location shooting took place around San Pedro and at a dam construction site, likely the Pit 3 Dam in Northern California.

Harry Garson
Harry Garson (1882 – September 21, 1938) was an American film director. He directed 30 films between 1920 and 1934, and produced 11 films before that. He was born in Rochester, New York, and died in Los Angeles, California.
Kakadeo
26°28′44″N 80°17′28″E﻿ / ﻿26.478928°N 80.291111°E﻿ / 26.478928; 80.291111
Kakadeo is a locality in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The area has historical significance and was once under the rule of the Chandela dynasty. In earlier times, Kakadeo was often referred to as a "village of temples" (Mandiron ka Gaav). Among the notable temples is the shrine of Kakadev Baba, after whom the locality is believed to be named.

In contemporary times, Kakadeo emerged as a major hub for coaching institutes preparing students for various competitive examinations. After Kota, Kakadeo is regarded as one of the largest centers for entrance exam coaching in India, particularly for engineering and medical streams. The area hosts numerous institutes offering preparation for exams such as IIT-JEE, NEET, UPSE, AIIMS, SSC, Banking exams, and others, including branches of prominent institutions like the Aakash Institute.

All India Institutes of Medical Sciences
The All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is a group of autonomous government public medical universities of higher education under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. These institutes have been declared by an Act of Parliament as Institutes of National Importance. AIIMS New Delhi, the forerunner institute, was established in 1956. Since then, 24 more institutes were announced.

As of January 2023, twenty institutes are operating and four more are expected to become operational until 2025. Proposals were made for six more AIIMS under the leadership of Narendra Modi. It is considered as pioneer health institution of  Asia.
Dudley's entropy integral
Dudley's entropy integral is a mathematical concept in the field of probability theory that describes a relationship involving the entropy of certain metric spaces and the concentration of measure phenomenon. It is named after the mathematician R. M. Dudley, who introduced the integral as part of his work on the uniform central limit theorem.

Covering number
In mathematics, a covering number is the number of balls of a given size needed to completely cover a given space, with possible overlaps between the balls. The covering number quantifies the size of a set and can be applied to general metric spaces. Two related concepts are the packing number, the number of disjoint balls that fit in a space, and the metric entropy, the number of points that fit in a space when constrained to lie at some fixed minimum distance apart.
Cross-multiplication
In mathematics, specifically in elementary arithmetic and elementary algebra, given an equation between two fractions or rational expressions, one can cross-multiply to simplify the equation or determine the value of a variable.

The method is also occasionally known as the "cross your heart" method because lines resembling a heart outline can be drawn to remember which things to multiply together.

Given an equation like

where b and d are not zero, one can cross-multiply to get

In Euclidean geometry the same calculation can be achieved by considering the ratios as those of similar triangles.

Elementary arithmetic
Elementary arithmetic is a branch of mathematics involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Due to its low level of abstraction, broad range of application, and position as the foundation of all mathematics, elementary arithmetic is generally the first branch of mathematics taught in schools.
Jableh District
Jableh District (Arabic: منطقة جبلة, romanized: manṭiqat Jablah) is a district of the Latakia Governorate in northwestern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Jableh. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 196,171.

Agriculture has remained the most important economic sector in the province, with citrus fruits, apples, and olives being the main cash crops. Tourism mostly from the Persian Gulf States is also a major source of income for the inhabitants during the summer season.

Mintaqah
Minṭaqah (Arabic: مِنْطَقَة [ˈmintˤaqah]; plural مَنَاطِق manāṭiq [maˈnaːtˤiq]) is a term used for a first-level administrative division in Saudi Arabia and Chad and for a second-level administrative division in several other Arab countries. It is often translated as region or district, but the literal meaning is "region", "area", or even simply "place".
Francis Mason (priest)
Francis Mason (c.1566–1621) was an English churchman, archdeacon of Norfolk and author of Of the Consecration of the Bishops in the Church of England (1613), a defence of the Church of England and the first serious rebuttal of the Nag's Head Fable put about as denigration of Matthew Parker and Anglican orders.

Matthew Parker
Matthew Parker (6 August 1504 – 17 May 1575) was an English bishop. He was the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England from 1559 to his death. He was also an influential theologian and arguably the co-founder (with Thomas Cranmer, a previous Archbishop of Canterbury, and the theologian Richard Hooker) of a distinctive tradition of Anglican theological thought.

Parker was one of the primary architects of the Thirty-nine Articles, the defining statements of Anglican doctrine. The Parker collection of early English manuscripts, including the book of St Augustine Gospels and "Version A" of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was created as part of his efforts to demonstrate that the English Church was historically independent of Rome and was one of the world's most important collections of ancient manuscripts. Along with the pioneering scholar Lawrence Nowell, Parker's work concerning Old English literature laid the foundation for Anglo-Saxon studies.
ACADL
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACADL gene.

ACADL is a gene that encodes LCAD - acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, long chain - which is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family is primarily responsible for beta-oxidation of fatty acids within the mitochondria. LCAD dysfunction is associated with lowered fatty acid oxidation capacity and decreased heat generation. As a result, LCAD deficiency has been correlated with increased cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary disease, and overall insulin resistance.

Ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricular hypertrophy (VH) is thickening of the walls of a ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart. Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is more common, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), as well as concurrent hypertrophy of both ventricles can also occur.

Ventricular hypertrophy can result from a variety of conditions, both adaptive and maladaptive. For example, it occurs in what is regarded as a physiologic, adaptive process in pregnancy in response to increased blood volume; but can also occur as a consequence of ventricular remodeling following a heart attack. Importantly, pathologic and physiologic remodeling engage different cellular pathways in the heart and result in different gross cardiac phenotypes.