hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heuristic (computer science)
In mathematical optimization and computer science, heuristic (from Greek εὑρίσκω eurísko "I find, discover") is a technique designed for problem solving more quickly when classic methods are too slow for finding an exact or approximate solution, or when classic methods fail to find any exact solution in a search space.  This is achieved by trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed.  In a way, it can be considered a shortcut.

A heuristic function, also simply called a heuristic, is a function that ranks alternatives in search algorithms at each branching step based on available information to decide which branch to follow. For example, it may approximate the exact solution.

Space complexity
The space complexity of an algorithm or a data structure is the amount of memory space required to solve an instance of the computational problem as a function of characteristics of the input. It is the memory required by an algorithm until it executes completely. This includes the memory space used by its inputs, called input space, and any other (auxiliary) memory it uses during execution, which is called auxiliary space.

Similar to time complexity, space complexity is often expressed asymptotically in big O notation, such as 
   etc., where n is a characteristic of the input influencing space complexity.
Danish Constituent Assembly
The Danish Constituent Assembly (Danish: Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling) is the name given to the 1848 Constitutional assembly at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen that approved the Danish Constitution and formalized the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional democracy. It consisted of members of which 114 were elected by the people, 38 were appointed by the king and the rest were government ministers.

The Danish Constituent Assembly first met on 23 October 1848.

Christiansborg Palace (2nd)
The second Christiansborg Palace was a new main residence for the Danish Monarch built from 1803 to 1828 in Copenhagen as a replacement for the first Christiansborg Palace which had been destroyed by fire in 1794. The new palace was constructed on Slotsholmen, on the ruins of its predecessor, and designed by royal master builder Christian Frederik Hansen. By the time the palace was completed, King Frederick VI had found himself comfortable at his temporary residence at Amalienborg Palace and decided he did not want to live in the new palace after all. He only used the royal premises for entertainment. The palace also housed the Parliament and administrative services. Frederik VII was the only monarch to live in the palace. This was between 1852 and 1863.
Paweł Zaremba
Paweł Zaremba (12 October 1915 in Petrograd, Russian Empire – 23 April 1979 in Munich, Germany) was a Polish historian, publicist, lawyer, radio journalist and publisher. His area of study was primarily history of Poland, history of the United States and history of the interwar period.

Zaremba was an editor of Orzeł Biały ("The White Eagle") and Pokrzywy ("Nettles"), managing director of publishing house Gryf in London, collaborator with the Parisian Kultura ("The Culture"). In 1967 he became a collaborator with Polish section of the Radio Free Europe.

He was an observer during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and participant of the Invasion of Poland (1939). Until the end of World War II Zaremba stayed in the Oflag VII-A Murnau POW camp in Murnau am Staffelsee. After liberation, Zaremba joined to II Corps in Italy. In 1946 he settled in England.

Murnau am Staffelsee
Murnau am Staffelsee (often shortened to Murnau) is a market town in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region of Bavaria, Germany.

The market originated in the 12th century around Murnau Castle. Murnau is on the edge of the Bavarian Alps, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) south of Munich. Directly to its west is the Staffelsee lake and to the south are the peaks and ridges of the Ammergau Alps beginning with the Hörnle and extending up to the Ettaler Manndl, southwest of the Wetterstein. This mountain range is formed by the Zugspitze and the Alpspitze in the south as well as the Estergebirge with their striking Kistenkar and the Walchensee mountains including Heimgarten and Herzogstand in the southeast.

To the south, the  is the largest continuous wetland of its kind in Central Europe.
Indoxacarb
Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine pesticide developed by DuPont that acts against lepidopteran larvae. It is marketed under the names Indoxacarb Technical Insecticide, Steward Insecticide and Avaunt Insecticide.  It is also used as the active ingredient in the Syngenta line of commercial pesticides: Advion and Arilon.

Its main mode of action is via blocking of neuronal sodium channels, belonging to IRAC group 22A.  It is fairly lipophilic with a Kow of 4.65. This pesticide should be used with caution since some insects such as the oriental tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta) become resistant when exposed.

In 2021, the European Union chose not to renew Indoxacarb  for use as a plant-protection insecticide. The United Kingdom still allows use of the compound until 2025.

Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry association CropLife to be able to provide a coordinated industry response to prevent or delay the development of insecticide resistance in insect, mite and nematode pests. IRAC strives to facilitate communication and education on insecticide and traits resistance as well as to promote the development and facilitate the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies.

IRAC is recognised by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations as an advisory body on matters pertaining to insecticide resistance.

Pesticideresistance.org is a database financed by IRAC, US Department of Agriculture, and others.
Shanghai Noon
Shanghai Noon is a 2000 martial arts western action comedy film directed by Tom Dey in his feature film debut, written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, and starring Jackie Chan, Owen Wilson and Lucy Liu. It is the first entry in the Shanghai film series.

The film, set in Nevada and other parts of the American West in the 19th century, is a juxtaposition of a Western with a kung fu action film with extended martial arts sequences, as reflected by its title, which is a wordplay on the notable western High Noon. It also has elements of slapstick comedy and the "buddy film" genre, featuring two vastly different heroes (a Chinese Imperial Guard and an American Western outlaw) who team up to stop a crime.

The film premiered in Malaysia in May 19, 2000 and was released in the United States on May 26, 2000. It received generally positive reviews from critics. A sequel, Shanghai Knights, was released in 2003, with Chan and Wilson reprising their roles.

Chinese martial arts
Chinese martial arts, commonly referred to with umbrella terms kung fu (/ˈkʌŋ ˈfuː/; Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu; Jyutping: gung1 fu1; Cantonese Yale: gūng fū), kuoshu (Chinese: 國術; pinyin: guóshù; Jyutping: gwok3 seot6) or wushu (Chinese: 武術; pinyin: wǔshù; Jyutping: mou5 seot6), are multiple fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in Greater China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" of martial arts. Examples of such traits include Shaolinquan  (少林拳) physical exercises involving Five Animals (五形) mimicry or training methods inspired by Old Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳; nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called external (外家拳; wàijiāquán). Geographical associations, as in northern (北拳; běiquán) and southern (南拳; nánquán), is another popular classification method.
71 Ophiuchi
71 Ophiuchi is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Ophiuchus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.64. The star is located approximately 273 light years away from the Sun based on parallax, and is moving closer with a radial velocity of −3 km/s.

At the estimated age of 400 million years, this is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and expanded to around 13 times the Sun's radius. It is a red clump giant, which means it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 2.9 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 89 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,001 K.

Stellar core
A stellar core is the extremely hot, dense region at the center of a star. For an ordinary main sequence star, the core region is the volume where the temperature and pressure conditions allow for energy production through thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. This energy in turn counterbalances the mass of the star pressing inward; a process that self-maintains the conditions in thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium. The minimum temperature required for stellar hydrogen fusion exceeds 107 K (10 MK), while the density at the core of the Sun is over 100 g/cm3. The core is surrounded by the stellar envelope, which transports energy from the core to the stellar atmosphere where it is radiated away into space.
Kanal X
Kanal X (Channel X) was the first independent television station in Eastern Europe, operating out of Leipzig (at the time in East Germany and was owned by Ingo Günther. It was the only pirate television station in the country throughout its existence.

Pirate television
A pirate television station is a broadcast television station that operates without a broadcast license.  Like its counterpart pirate radio, the term pirate TV lacks a specific universal interpretation. It implies a form of broadcasting that is unwelcome by the licensing authorities within the territory where its signals are received, especially when the country of transmission is the same as the country of reception. When the area of transmission is not a country, or when it is a country and the transmissions are not illegal, those same broadcast signals may be deemed illegal in the country of reception. Pirate television stations may also be known as "bootleg TV", or confused with licensed low-power broadcasting (LPTV) or amateur television (ATV) services.
Baranovsky
Baranovsky, feminine: Baranovskaya is a Russian and Ukrainian variant of the Polish surname Baranowski. Belarusian variant: Baranouski, Ukrainian: Baranovskyi/Baranovska.

Anatoliy Baranovsky

Aleksey Baranovsky

Gavriil Baranovsky, Russian architect

Irina Baranovskaya

Khrystofor Baranovsky

Mikhail Baranovsky

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky

Natalya Baranovskaya

Pyotr Baranovsky

Sergey Baranovsky

Tatiana Baranovskaya (born 1987), Russian acrobatic gymnast

Vera Baranovskaya

Yuliya Baranovskaya (born 1980), Russian TV and radio presenter

Khrystofor Baranovsky
Khrystofor Antonovych Baranovsky (Ukrainian: Христофо́р Антоно́вич Барано́вський; Russian: Христофо́р Антоно́вич Барано́вский, romanized: Khristofor Antonovich Baranovskiy; December 31 [O.S. December 19] 1874 — 1941) was a financial expert and a leader of cooperative movement in the Russian Empire, Ukraine, and Brazil.
Matterson
Matterson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Donald Matterson (1953/1954 – 1972), American bank robber

Frank Matterson (1904–1980), Australian rugby player

Garth John Matterson, for whom Matterson Inlet was named

Neil Matterson (rower) (d. 1933), Australian professional sculler

Ryan Matterson (b. 1994), Australian rugby player

Terry Matterson (born 1967 in Auburn, New South Wales), Australian rugby league football coach and player

Salvatore Naturile
Salvatore Antonio "Sal" Naturile, also known as Donald Matterson (June 26, 1953 – August 23, 1972) was an American bank robber whose attempted robbery of a Chase Manhattan bank branch in Brooklyn, along with John Wojtowicz, in August 1972, inspired the 1975 film Dog Day Afternoon. In the film he is portrayed by actor John Cazale.

Naturile sported a faint blond mustache, and crude tattoos on his arms and thighs.
Thijs Niemantsverdriet
Thijs Niemantsverdriet (born 1978) is a Dutch journalist, and since 2004, editor of the weekly Vrij Nederland. In 2008 he won the De Tegel award for journalism for his portraits of MEP Joost Lagendijk and Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Frans Timmermans.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Dutch: Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken; BZ) is the Netherlands' ministry responsible for foreign relations, foreign policy, international development, international trade, diaspora and matters dealing with the European Union, NATO and the Benelux Union. The ministry was created in 1798, as the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Batavian Republic. In 1876, it became the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Minister of Foreign Affairs is the head of the ministry and a member of the cabinet of the Netherlands, the incumbent minister is Sjoerd Sjoerdsma. The minister without portfolio on the ministry is Sjoerd Sjoerdsma, who is responsible for foreign trade and development aid.
Derek Wallace
Derek Robert Wallace (born September 1, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Wallace pitched two seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He attended college at Pepperdine. In 1996, he played for the New York Mets and in 1999 he played for the Kansas City Royals. Wallace compiled a career record of 2-4 in 27 games and an ERA of 3.82. Wallace batted and threw right-handed.

A native of Van Nuys, California, Wallace attended Chatsworth High School and Pepperdine University. In 1991, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and was named the league's outstanding pro prospect. He was selected by the Chicago Cubs in the first round of the 1992 MLB draft. He holds the distinction of having tied an MLB record by striking out four batters in one inning.

Van Nuys
Van Nuys (/væn ˈnaɪz/ ⓘ van NYZE) is a neighborhood in the central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, United States. Home to Van Nuys Airport and the Valley Municipal Building, it is the most populous neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley.
Andrew Roberts (Northamptonshire cricketer)
Andrew Richard Roberts (born 16 April 1971) is a former English cricketer. Roberts was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break. He was born in Kettering, Northamptonshire and is the brother of cricketer Timothy Roberts.

Kettering
Kettering is a market and industrial town in the North Northamptonshire district of Northamptonshire, England. It lies 45 miles (72 km) west of Cambridge, 31 miles (50 km) south-west of Peterborough, 28 miles (45 km) south-east of Leicester and 15 miles (24 km) north-east of Northampton; it is west of the River Ise, a tributary of the River Nene. The name means "the place (or territory) of Ketter's people (or kinsfolk)".

At the 2021 census, Kettering had a population of 63,150. It is part of the East Midlands, along with the rest of Northamptonshire.
The Passenger (McCarthy novel)
The Passenger is a 2022 novel by the American writer Cormac McCarthy. It was released six weeks before its companion novel Stella Maris. The plot of both The Passenger and Stella Maris follows Bobby and Alicia Western, two siblings whose father helped develop the atomic bomb.

The Passenger was McCarthy's first novel since The Road, sixteen years prior. McCarthy had been writing The Passenger intermittently since 1980. It was generally well received by critics.

John Jeremiah Sullivan
John Jeremiah Sullivan (born 1974) is an American writer, editor and teacher based in Wilmington, North Carolina. He is a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine, a contributing editor of Harper's Magazine, and the southern editor of The Paris Review. In 2014, he edited that year's The Best American Essays, a collection in which his work has been featured in previous years. He has also served on the faculty of Columbia University, Sewanee: The University of the South, and other institutions. He is the co-founder of the non-profit research initiative Third Person Project.
Ayimkhan Shamuratova
Ayimkhan Turymbetovna Shamuratova (Karakalpak: Айымхан Турымбет қызы Шамуратова, 1917–1993) was a Karakalpak theater actress, singer (mezzo-soprano) and public figure. She was the only Karakalpak woman to be awarded the title People's Artist of the USSR (1968).

Karakalpak language
Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq tili) is a Turkic language spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan. It is divided into two dialects, Northeastern Karakalpak and Southwestern Karakalpak. It developed alongside Nogai and neighbouring Kazakh languages, being markedly influenced by both. Typologically, Karakalpak belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic languages, thus being closely related to and highly mutually intelligible with Kazakh and Nogai.
Anthony Barill
Anthony Peter Barill (November 20, 1933 – September 27, 2024) was an American politician from the state of West Virginia. A member of the Democratic Party, Barill was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from 2010 to 2014, representing the 51st district.

Barill was born and raised in Star City, West Virginia. He served as the Magistrate of Monongalia County, West Virginia, from 1980 through 1997. From 1997 through 2001, Barill was the County Sheriff. He was first elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 2010.

In January 2014, Barill was struck by a bullet in his ankle when his son, Brad, committed suicide by firearm.

Barill died in September 2024, his cause of death not reported.

West Virginia House of Delegates
The West Virginia House of Delegates is the lower house of the West Virginia Legislature in West Virginia. Only three states—Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia—refer to their lower house as the House of Delegates.
Long Shadows (Baldacci novel)
Long Shadows is a 2022 American crime thriller written by David Baldacci and published by Grand Central Publishing. It is the author's 51st crime book and 7th in the Memory Man/Amos Decker series, which features an eponymous detective as the central character. The novel was ranked as the New York Times Best Seller in October 2022.

Detective
A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court. A detective may work for the police or privately.
Colette Bonzo
Colette Bonzo (19 August 1916, Saron-sur-Aube — 14 January 1967, Paris) was a self-taught French painter. After marrying the Greek physician Élie Bontsolakis in 1939, she lived in Paris. She turned to painting after the Second World War, exhibiting frequently in Paris. In 1957, together with her husband she bought the Château du Pin in Ardèche where her brightly illuminated Impressionistic works were inspired by the sun and the surrounding countryside. Hundreds of her works including portraits, still lifes, large rose garden scenes and sketches are now exhibited there. Others can be seen in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux and in the Château de Tournon.

Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ] ⓘ; Occitan: Ardecha, pronounced [aɾˈdet͡ʃɔ]; Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. It is named after the river Ardèche and had a population of 328,278 as of 2019. Its prefecture is in Privas, but its largest city is Annonay.
Orocrambus mylites
Orocrambus mylites is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1888. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it has been recorded in Nelson and Marlborough. It is found in the alpine zone.

The wingspan is 19–25 mm. The forewings are bluish-brown with greyish fascia. Adults are on wing from December to February.

The larvae feed on Chionochloa australis.

Marlborough District
41°53′S 173°40′E﻿ / ﻿41.883°S 173.667°E﻿ / -41.883; 173.667

Marlborough District or the Marlborough Region (Māori: Te Tauihu-o-te-waka, or Tauihu), commonly known simply as Marlborough, is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand, located on the northeast of the South Island. It is administered by Marlborough District Council, a unitary authority, performing the functions of both a territorial authority and a regional council. The council is based at Blenheim, the largest town. The unitary region has a population of 50,800 (June 2025). It borders the Nelson Region and Tasman District to the west, and the Canterbury Region to the south.

Marlborough is known for its dry climate, the Marlborough Sounds, and Sauvignon blanc wine. It takes its name from the earlier Marlborough Province, which was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, an English general and statesman.
Music of the Balearic Islands
Xeremiers, or colla de xeremiers, is a traditional ensemble consisting of the flabiol (a five-hole tabor pipe) and xeremies (bagpipes). Mallorca has produced popular singer-songwriters like Maria del Mar Bonet. British DJs like Paul Oakenfold made the vacationing island of Ibiza a capital of house music, leading to the creation of Balearic beat. Francesc Guerau and Antoni Literes are among the best known classical composers of the islands.

Xeremia
The xeremia (Catalan pronunciation: [ʃəɾəˈmi.ə], plural xeremies) is a type of bagpipe native to the island of Majorca (Mallorca). It consists of a bag made of skin (or modern synthetic materials), known as a sac or sarró which retains the air, a blowpipe (bufador), a melody pipe or chanter (grall), and several, generally three, drones (bordons). The primary drone (roncó) sounds a tonic note, but the other drones are sometimes simply false drones for ornamentation.

The xeremia has a distinctively bright and piercing sound, which has traditionally accompanied festivals and other activities in the islands throughout history.
AAXICO Airlines
AAXICO Airlines was an airline based in the United States.  AAXICO is an acronym for American Air Export and Import Company. Initially founded as a non-scheduled airline or irregular air carrier, AAXICO was awarded certification as a scheduled air cargo airline in 1955 by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the now-defunct Federal agency that, at the time, tightly regulated almost all US commercial air transportation. However, in 1962 AAXICO reverted to a supplemental air carrier. In 1965, it was nominally bought by Saturn Airways, another supplemental airline, but AAXICO was the surviving management and ownership. In its later years, AAXICO was noted for its consistent profitability, financial strength and its near total focus on flying for the military, in particular for the Air Force Logair domestic air freight program.

A related company of the same name, owned by the family that controlled AAXICO Airlines, remained in the aircraft parts business until it was sold in 2012.

Douglas DC-6
The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, Douglas reworked it after the war to compete with the Lockheed Constellation in the long-range commercial transport market. Douglas built over 700, and many still fly in cargo, military, and wildfire control roles.

The DC-6 was known as the C-118 Liftmaster in United States Air Force service and as the R6D in United States Navy service before 1962, after which all U.S. Navy variants were also designated as the C-118.