hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Centralism (Peru)
Centralism (Spanish: centralismo) is the common act of the social elite in Peru accumulating, or centralizing, wealth and development along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, particularly in the capital city of Lima. This practice has occurred throughout Peru's history and has resulted with large levels of economic inequality, political alienation and other disparities in rural regions, with Lima acquiring the majority of socioeconomic benefits in the nation.

Political apathy
In political science, political apathy is a lack of interest or apathy towards politics. This includes voter apathy, information apathy and lack of interest in elections, political events, public meetings, and voting.

Voter apathy is a lack of interest among voters in the elections of representative democracies. Political apathy or lack of interest is often cited as a cause of low turnout among eligible voters in jurisdictions where voting is optional, and the donkey vote where voting is compulsory. This phenomenon occurs to some extent across all countries or entities where citizens are able to vote. Political apathy has led to increased concerns regarding representative democracies because election results do not encompass the entire population who are eligible to vote.
África (given name)
África is a Spanish feminine given name which refers to the continent of Africa. In Catalan it is spelled Àfrica with a grave accent.

The name is a shortening of María de África, which is derived from the Virgin Mary's epithet as Nuestra Señora de África ("Our Lady of Africa"), referring to her status as patron saint of the Spanish enclave of Ceuta on the North African coast.

Notable people with the name include:

África Blesa (born 1956), Spanish gymnast

África de las Heras (1909–1988), Spanish-Soviet intelligence agent

África Lorente Castillo (1954–2020), Spanish politician

Deyanira África Melo, Mexican sculptor

Africa Peñalver (born 2000), Spanish model

África Pratt (born 1946), Spanish actress and vedette

África de la Rosa (born 1906), Filipino actress

África Sempere (born 1992), Spanish handballer

África Zamorano (born 1998), Spanish swimmer

África Zavala (born 1985), Mexican actress

África Blesa
África Blesa (born 14 December 1958) is a Spanish former rhythmic gymnast. She was part of the first national rhythmic gymnastics team in Spain and participated in the World Championship in Madrid in 1975.
Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture
Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi published, in 2006, a conjecture within holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated anti-de Sitter spacetime. The formula characterizes "holographic screens" in the bulk; that is, it specifies which regions of the bulk geometry are "responsible to particular information in the dual CFT".  The authors were awarded the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for "fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity", and awarded the 2024 Dirac Medal of the ICTP for "their insights on quantum entropy in quantum gravity and quantum field theories". The formula was generalized to a covariant form in 2007.

General covariance
In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordinate transformations. The essential idea is that coordinates do not exist a priori in nature, but are only artifices used in describing nature, and hence should play no role in the formulation of fundamental physical laws. While this concept is exhibited by general relativity, which describes the dynamics of spacetime, one should not expect it to hold in less fundamental theories. For matter fields taken to exist independently of the background, it is almost never the case that their equations of motion will take the same form in curved space that they do in flat space.
Dziga Vertov
Denis Arkadyevich Vertov (born David Abelevich Kaufman; 2 January 1896 [O.S. 21 December 1895] – 12 February 1954), better known as Dziga Vertov, was a Soviet pioneer documentary film and newsreel director, as well as a cinema theorist. His filming practices and theories influenced the cinéma vérité style of documentary movie-making and the Dziga Vertov Group, a radical film-making cooperative which was active from 1968 to 1972. He was a member of the Kinoks collective, with Elizaveta Svilova and Mikhail Kaufman.

In the 2012 Sight & Sound poll, critics voted Vertov's Man with a Movie Camera (1929) the eighth-greatest film ever made.

Vertov's younger brothers Boris Kaufman and Mikhail Kaufman were also noted filmmakers, as was his wife, Yelizaveta Svilova. He worked with Boris Kaufman and cinematographer Mikhail Kaufman on his most famous film Man with a Movie Camera.

Newsreel
A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a cinema, newsreels were a source of current affairs, information, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers. Newsreels were typically exhibited preceding a feature film, but there were also dedicated newsreel theaters in many major cities in the 1930s and ’40s, and some large city cinemas also included a smaller theaterette where newsreels were screened continuously throughout the day.

By the end of the 1960s television news broadcasts had supplanted the format. Newsreels are considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of certain cultural events.
Alexander Hall and Sons
57°08′37″N 2°04′27″W﻿ / ﻿57.1436°N 2.0743°W﻿ / 57.1436; -2.0743

Alexander Hall and Sons was a shipbuilder that operated in Aberdeen from 1797 to 1957. They designed the pointed and sharply raked Aberdeen bow" first used on the Scottish Maid and which became a characteristic of the "extreme clippers". They primarily produced schooner and later clipper ships until the 1870s. They were the largest firm of shipbuilders during the final stages of the age of sail.

Extreme clipper
An extreme clipper was a clipper designed to sacrifice cargo capacity for speed. They had a bow lengthened above the water, a drawing out and sharpening of the forward body, and the greatest breadth further aft. In the United States, extreme clippers were built in the period 1845 to 1855. British-built extreme clippers include vessels built over the period 1854 to 1870 (Annandale to e.g. Norman Court).: 173–4, 253
Makowiska, Łódź Voivodeship
Makowiska [makɔˈviska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pajęczno, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-east of Pajęczno and 80 km (50 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Pajęczno
Pajęczno [paˈjɛnt͡ʂnɔ] is a town in Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Pajęczno County. It lies approximately 40 kilometres (25 miles) north of Częstochowa. Its population is 6,651 (2020). It is located in the Sieradz Land.
George Brown (gridiron football)
George William Brown Jr. (September 23, 1923 – January 21, 2013) was an American professional football player who played in the AAFC, NFL and CFL, with the New York Yankees, New York Yanks, BC Lions and Edmonton Eskimos. He previously played football at Texas Christian University and at North Side High School in Fort Worth, Texas.

North Side High School (Fort Worth, Texas)
North Side High School is a public secondary school located in Fort Worth, Texas. The school serves about 1,600 students in the Fort Worth Independent School District. Its current building at 2211 McKinley Avenue was designed by Wiley G. Clarkson and built in 1937. The school's original park-like campus has been greatly changed with additions in 1953, 1987, 2002, 2014 and 2019.
North–South railway
The North–South railway (German: Nord-Süd-Strecke) is an amalgamation of several railway lines in Germany that came to significant importance in West Germany and are therefore commonly regarded as a single entity. During the division of Germany, it was the most important and the most densely used long-distance line of the Deutsche Bundesbahn. Since 1991, after the opening of the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway, the line mainly sees local passenger trains, freight trains and night services, as the long-distance services almost exclusively use the new line.

Kinzig (Main)
The Kinzig (German pronunciation: [ˈkɪntsɪç] ⓘ) is a river, 87 kilometres long, in southern Hesse, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Main. Its source is in the Spessart hills at Sterbfritz, near Schlüchtern. The Kinzig flows into the Main in Hanau. The Main-Kinzig-Kreis (district) was named after the river. The towns along the Kinzig are Schlüchtern, Steinau an der Straße, Bad Soden-Salmünster, Gelnhausen, and Hanau. The Kinzig is first recorded in 815 A.D. as Chinzicha.

This river played a part in the Battle of Hanau in October 1813, as Napoleon retreated back to the Rhine, after his defeat at the Battle of Leipzig.

There are several German rivers called Kinzig. Another Kinzig flows into the Rhine in Kehl-Auenheim
Dracaena caboverdeana
Dracaena caboverdeana is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae. It is a tree endemic to the Cape Verde Islands, where it is native to the islands of Santo Antão, São Nicolau, and Fogo.

The species was formerly considered a population of Dracaena draco (dragon's blood tree), which is also native to the Canary Islands. In 2017 Rivas-Martínez et al. identified the Cape Verde population as a distinct species.

São Nicolau, Cape Verde
São Nicolau (Portuguese for Saint Nicholas) is one of the Barlavento (Windward) islands of Cape Verde. It is located between the islands of Santa Luzia and Sal. Its population is 12,424 (2015),: 36  with an area of 343 km2 (132 sq mi).: 25  The main towns are Ribeira Brava and Tarrafal de São Nicolau.
Galapagos (video game)
Galapagos: Mendel's Escape is a computer action game developed by Anark Game Studios and published by Electronic Arts in 1997. It is perhaps best known for its use of "artificial life technology" to control the main character, only giving the player indirect control of the creature by manipulating the environment. Because of this, Galapagos has been called the first commercial video game to use artificial life methodology, though it was beaten to the market by Creatures, whose development cycle overlapped with that of Galapagos.

Artificial life
Artificial Life, also referred to as ALife or A-Life, is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. The discipline was named by Christopher Langton, an American computer scientist, in 1986. In 1987, Langton organized the first conference on the field, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. There are three main kinds of artificial life, named for their approaches: soft, from software; hard, from hardware; and wet, from biochemistry. Artificial life researchers study traditional biology by trying to replicate aspects of biological phenomena.
Agarose
Agarose is a polysaccharide, generally extracted from certain red algae. It is a linear polymer made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Agarose is one of the two principal components of agar, and is purified from agar by removing agar's other component, agaropectin.

Agarose is frequently used in molecular biology for the separation of large molecules, especially DNA, by electrophoresis. Slabs of agarose gels (usually 0.7 - 2%) for electrophoresis are readily prepared by pouring the warm, liquid solution into a mold. A variety of different agaroses of varying molecular weights and properties are commercially available for this purpose. Agarose may be formed into beads and used in a number of chromatographic methods for protein purification. It can also be used instead of agar as a solid medium for culturing cells and organisms.

Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42−. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many are prepared from that acid.
Nimbus Hills
Nimbus Hills (79°35′S 82°50′W﻿ / ﻿79.583°S 82.833°W﻿ / -79.583; -82.833) is a rugged line of hills and peaks about 14 nautical miles (26 km) long, forming the southeast part of Pioneer Heights in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after the National Aeronautics and Space Administration weather satellite, Nimbus, which took photographs of Antarctica (including the Ellsworth Mountains) from approximately 500 nautical miles (900 km) above earth on September 13, 1964.

Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km (217 mi) long and 48 km (30 mi) wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 meters (16,050 ft)) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
Quan Shuren
Quan Shuren (Chinese: 全树仁; 26 August 1930 – 1 December 2008) was a Chinese politician who served as governor of Liaoning from 1983 to 1986, party secretary of Liaoning from 1986 to 1993, and chairman of Liaoning People's Congress from 1993 to 1998.

He was an alternate member of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 13th and 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a representative of the 13th, 14th, and 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 6th, 7th, and 8th National People's Congress. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 9th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
The 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from September 1982 to November 1987. It held seven plenary sessions. It was succeeded by the 13th Central Committee. It elected the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1982.
Kabletown, West Virginia
Kabletown is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. The town lies along a spring-fed stream called Bullskin Run near the Shenandoah River on Kabletown Road (County Route 25), very close to the border with Virginia. Kabletown's population was 10,073 in 2000.

The community derives its name from the local Kable family.

During the Civil War, the Battle of Kabletown took place on November 18, 1864, between Mosby's Rangers and Blazer's Scouts.

Shenandoah River
The Shenandoah River /ˌʃɛnənˈdoʊə/ is the principal tributary of the Potomac River, 55.6 miles (89.5 km) long with two forks approximately 100 miles (160 km) long each, in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah Valley and the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northwestern Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia. There is a hydroelectric plant along the Shenandoah River constructed in 2014 by Dominion.
M.C. Caceres
Manuel Magistrado "M.C." Caceres (born July 31, 1981) is a former Filipino professional basketball player. He was the fourteenth pick overall by the Coca-Cola Tigers in the 2006 PBA draft. He is currently one of the assistant coaches for the Lyceum Pirates (LPU) for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) (NCAA).

National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines)
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA; /ˌɛnsiː.eɪˈeɪ/ EN-see-AY-AY) is an athletic association of ten  private colleges and universities in Metro Manila, Philippines. Established in 1924, it is the oldest collegiate athletic association in the country. It is not affiliated with the NCAA of the United States, as such it is also referred to as NCAA Philippines to differentiate the two associations.
Esfenvalerate
Esfenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide marketed under the brand Asana.  It is the (S)-enantiomer of fenvalerate.

In the United States, a limit of .05 ppm of the chemical's residue is permissible in food.

Pyrethroid
A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). Pyrethroids are used as commercial and household insecticides.

In household concentrations pyrethroids are generally harmless to humans.  However, pyrethroids are toxic to insects such as bees, dragonflies, mayflies, gadflies, and some other invertebrates, including those that constitute the base of aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Pyrethroids are toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish. They have been shown to be an effective control measure for malaria outbreaks, through indoor applications.
Oakland (Parkersburg, West Virginia)
"Oakland," also known as the James M. Stephenson House, is a home located in Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia. Although a slaveholder and sympathizing with the Confederacy, Stephenson was also married to the sister of Unionist Arthur Boreman, and allowed then Union Army Col. (later Gen.) James B. Steedman to use his grove nearby during the American Civil War. However, Union cavalry units occupied this his mansion for a time nonetheless, and damaged furnishings as well as the home and garden.

It was built in 1840, and is a two-story, L-shaped, red brick house in the Greek Revival style. It features a low hipped roof with cupola and a single bay, one-story portico with paired, fluted wooden Doric order columns.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It was donated to the WVU Parkersburg Foundation in 2015.

Wood County, West Virginia
Wood County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 84,296, making it West Virginia's fifth-most populous county. Its county seat is Parkersburg. The county was formed in 1798 from the western part of Harrison County and named for James Wood, governor of Virginia from 1796 to 1799.

Wood County is part of the Parkersburg-Vienna, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Television in Ukraine
Television has a long history in Ukraine, where regular television broadcasting started during the Soviet years in 1951. However the first ever TV broadcast took place on 1 February 1939 in Kyiv. Since then TV broadcasting has expanded, particularly after the fall of Communism in 1989, and now there are many different channels and groups in the Ukrainian TV market.

State Committee for Television and Radio-broadcasting (Ukraine)
The State Committee for Television and Radio-Broadcasting of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України, romanized: Derzhavnyi komitet telebachennia i radiomovlennia Ukrainy), also known as Derzhkomteleradio (Ukrainian: Держкомтелерадіо), is a central body of executive power with a special status, activities of which are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Derzhkomteleradio is the main in the system of central bodies of the executive power in formation and realization of the state policy in the sphere of television, radio-broadcasting, informational and publishing spheres.
Johnny Sebastian
John T. Sebastian Jr. (November 20, 1921 – April 26, 2003) was an American professional basketball player. He played in numerous leagues, including the National Basketball League. In the NBL, Sebastian played for the Syracuse Nationals, Hammond Calumet Buccaneers, and Detroit Vagabond Kings and averaged 8.0 points per game. At one time he held the Guinness Record for consecutive made free throws made while blindfolded (63).

Free throw
In basketball, free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line (informally known as the foul line or the charity stripe), a line situated at the end of the restricted area. Free throws are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team, analogous to penalty shots in other team sports. Free throws are also awarded in other situations, including technical fouls, and when the fouling team has entered the bonus/penalty situation (after a team commits a requisite number of fouls, each subsequent foul results in free throws regardless of the type of foul committed). Also, depending on the situation, a player may be awarded between one and three free throws. Each successful free throw is worth one point.
Sai Paranjpye
Sai Paranjpye (born 19 March 1938) is an Indian film director and screenwriter. She is the director of the award-winning movies Sparsh, Katha, Chasme Buddoor and Disha. She has written and directed many Marathi plays such as Jaswandi, Sakkhe Shejari, and Albel.

She has won four National Film Awards and two Filmfare awards. The Government of India awarded Paranjpye the Padma Bhushan in 2006 in recognition of her artistic talents.

All India Radio
All India Radio (AIR), also known as Akashvani (lit. 'Voice from the sky'  or 'Oracle'), is India's state-owned public radio broadcaster. Founded in 1936, it operates under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and is one of the two divisions of Prasar Bharati. Headquartered at the Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi, it houses the Drama Section, FM Section, and National Service. It also serves as the home of the Indian television station Doordarshan Kendra.

All India Radio is one the largest radio network in the world in terms of the number of languages broadcast, the socioeconomic diversity it serves, and the scale of its broadcasting organisation. AIR's domestic service includes 420 stations nationwide, covering nearly 92% of India's geographic area and 99.19% of its population, with programming available in 23 languages and 179 dialects.
Pittsburgh Pirates Radio Network
The Pittsburgh Pirates, the Major League Baseball franchise in Pittsburgh are carried on radio stations throughout four states including Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland. In 2012, KDKA-FM in Pittsburgh became the flagship station, replacing WPGB-FM., KDKA (AM) also simulcasts all weekday afternoon games as well as select other broadcasts, and serves as the backup station when 93.7 airs Pittsburgh Panthers football.

Greg Brown and Joe Block do play by play. They are joined by a rotating cast of color commentators: John Wehner, Bob Walk, Neil Walker, Kevin Young, and Matt Capps.

Kevin Young (baseball)
Kevin Stacey Young (born June 16, 1969) is an American former professional baseball player. He played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1992–95, 1997–2003) and Kansas City Royals (1996), primarily as a first baseman. He batted and threw right-handed.

Young was also the recipient of the Roberto Clemente Award in Pittsburgh. This award is given annually to the MLB player who best exemplifies sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team.