hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yu Yue
Yu Yue (Chinese: 俞樾; December 1821 – 5 February 1907), courtesy name Yinfu, hao Quyuan, was a prominent scholar and official of Qing dynasty China. An expert in philology and textual studies, he taught and wrote prolifically on the classics and histories. Yu Pingbo was his great-grandson; one of his most important disciples was Zhang Taiyan.

Textual scholarship
Textual scholarship (or textual studies) is an umbrella term for disciplines that deal with describing, transcribing, editing, or annotating texts and physical documents. It examines how texts are produced, transmitted, and transformed over time, considering both their material and linguistic forms. From the recovery and collation of manuscript witnesses to the creation of critical or digital editions that reflect textual variation and editorial decision-making, textual scholarship encompasses a wide range of practices. The field integrates traditional philological methods with contemporary digital approaches, bridging historical textual criticism and modern data-driven humanities research.
Franz Kalckhoff
Dr. Franz Kalckhoff (30 November 1860 – 13 February 1955) was a German philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1934. He is noted as philatelic author, editor and expert on postal stationery.

Philately
Philately (/fɪˈlætəli/; fih-LAT-ə-lee) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums.
The Scarlet Letter (album)
The Scarlet Letter (stylized The SCARlet Letter) is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Lil' Mo. It was first released on October 27, 2014 by Penalty Entertainment. Its first and only single, "Should've Never Let You Go" preceded its release on September 23, 2014.

Penalty Recordings
Penalty is an American record label and entertainment company, founded and run by CEO Neil Levine. The company was founded in 1995 as a record label specializing in hip-hop music.

The original Penalty label was acquired by its distributor, Tommy Boy, in 1999. A second version, Penalty Associated Labels, was operated by Levine in association with Rykodisc from 2002 to 2006. The third and current incarnation was established in 2014.

Artists on Penalty have included Capone-N-Noreaga (as well as both Capone and Noreaga/N.O.R.E. as solo artists), Lord Finesse, Ali Shaheed Muhammed of A Tribe Called Quest, and The Beatnuts, among others.
Ophichthus erabo
Ophichthus erabo, the blotched snake-eel, is a species of eel in the family Ophichthidae. It is a marine, subtropical eel which is known from the Indo-Pacific, including South Africa, Japan and Taiwan. It dwells at a maximum depth of 155 metres, inhabits reefs and leads a benthic life, forming burrows in sand. Males can reach a maximum total length of 72 centimetres.

Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.
National Theater Company of Korea
The National Theater Company of Korea (NTCK, Korean: 국립극단) is a South Korean theatre company founded in 1950 as an affiliate of the National Theater of Korea. In 2010, in its 60th anniversary year, NTCK separated from the National Theater of Korea and began to operate independently with two studio theater spaces in Seogye-dong, Seoul. NTCK resumed the use of Myeongdong Theater in 2015 which was its previous home venue for performances from 1957 to 1975.

Seogye-dong
Seogye-dong (Korean: 서계동) is a dong (neighbourhood) of Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea. It is a legal dong (법정동 法定洞) administered under its administrative dong, Cheongpa 1-dong.

The historic grocery store Gaemi Supermarket is located in the dong.
Sukhbir
Sukhbir is an Indian masculine given name. Notable people with the given name include:

Sukhbir (musician) (born 1969), Bhangra singer

Sukhbir (writer) (1925–2012), Punjabi novelist, short-story writer, poet and essayist

Sukhbir Kataria (born 1964), Indian politician

Sukhbir Singh Badal (born 1962), Punjabi politician

Sukhbir Singh Gill (1975–2024), Indian field hockey player

Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria (born 1957), Indian politician and businessman

Sukhbir Singh Kapoor (born 1935), Indian writer and educator

Sukhbir Sinha (1868–1928), politician, zamindar and Hindu Mahasabha leader

Sukhbir Singh Gill
Sukhbir Singh Gill (14 December 1975 – 26 January 2024) was an Indian field hockey midfielder, who made his international debut for the men's national team in 1995 during the Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Gill represented India at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where the country finished in seventh place.
Anna Hill Johnstone
Anna Hill Johnstone (April 7, 1913 – October 16, 1992) was an American costume designer. Known for her collaborations with directors Elia Kazan, Sidney Lumet and Frank Perry, she received two Academy Award nominations for her work on The Godfather (1972) and Ragtime (1981).

Johnstone's credits include East of Eden (1955), Baby Doll (1956), David and Lisa (1962), The Group (1966), The Godfather (1972), The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974), The Stepford Wives (1975), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), and Running on Empty (1988).

The Group (film)
The Group is a 1966 American ensemble drama film  directed by Sidney Lumet based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Mary McCarthy about the lives of a group of eight female graduates from Vassar from 1933 to 1940.

The cast of this social satire includes Candice Bergen, Joan Hackett, Elizabeth Hartman, Shirley Knight, Jessica Walter, Kathleen Widdoes, and Joanna Pettet. The film also features small roles for Hal Holbrook, Carrie Nye, James Broderick, Larry Hagman and Richard Mulligan. The film touched on controversial topics for its time: free love, contraception, abortion, lesbianism, and mental illness.
Charles Beauclerk (author)
Charles Francis Topham de Vere Beauclerk (born 22 February 1965), also styled Earl of Burford by courtesy, is a British aristocrat and heir to the peerage title of Duke of St Albans.

Beauclerk first came to public attention when he attempted to interfere with a debate in the House of Lords, declaring a Bill which would exclude hereditary peers from the House to be treasonable.

A writer and exponent of the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, after the House of Lords Act 1999, he is not known by his courtesy title.

Woolsack
The Woolsack is the seat of the Lord Speaker in the House of Lords, the Upper House of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Before 2006, it was the seat of the Lord Chancellor, who presided as the presiding officer of the House. The Woolsack’s status in the House was enshrined in the first standing orders in 1621.
Michelucci
Michelucci is an Italian surname, derived from the given name Michele. Notable people with the surname include:

Giovanni Michelucci (1891–1990), Italian architect, urban planner, and designer

Roberto Michelucci (1922–2010), Italian classical violinist

Giovanni Michelucci
Giovanni Michelucci (2 January 1891 – 31 December 1990) was an Italian architect, urban planner, and designer. He had the good fortune to live a long life almost entirely within the span of the twentieth century, giving us a valuable witness through his work with innovative architectural vernaculars and proposals, from his understanding of the complexity of events, transformations, and ideas that animated the twentieth century. He was one of the major Italian architects of that century, known for famous projects such as the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station and the San Giovanni Battista church on the Autostrada del Sole.
Modane station
Modane is a railway station located in Modane, Savoie, France. The station was opened on 17 September 1871 and is located on the Culoz–Modane railway. The train services are operated by SNCF.

On 10 September 2017, Turin metropolitan railway service extended Line SFM3 to Modane. This service is only offered on Sundays and public holidays.

Turin Metropolitan Railway Service
The Turin Metropolitan Railway Service (Italian: Servizio Ferroviario Metropolitano), simply known as SFM, is a commuter rail system serving the metropolitan area of Turin, Italy. The system comprises 6 lines operated by Trenitalia, serving 93 stations.

The core of the system is the passante ferroviario, a tunnel running 8 km through the city from north to south at a maximum depth of 18 meters. The tunnel allows passengers to travel from Torino Stura station to Torino Lingotto station in 15 minutes.
Ernest Frederick Watermeyer
Ernest Frederick Watermeyer (12 October 1880 – 18 January 1958) was the Chief Justice of South Africa from 1943 to 1950.

Watermeyer was born in Graaff-Reinet in 1880. He was educated at Stellenbosch Gymnasium, Bath College and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read Mathematics, then Law.

He was called to the bar in England by the Inner Temple in 1904, and admitted to the Cape bar in 1905. He became a King's Counsel in 1921. From 1922 to 1937, he was a judge of the Cape Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa. In 1937, he was promoted to the Supreme Court's Appellate Division.

In 1943, he was appointed Chief Justice of South Africa and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year, the last Chief Justice of South Africa to be made a Privy Counsellor. He served as Officer Administering the Government of the Union of South Africa in 1950, and retired the same year.

Supreme Court of South Africa
The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was the highest appellate court in the country.

The Supreme Court of South Africa was dissolved in 1997 when the current Constitution of South Africa came into force. The provincial and local divisions, as well as the supreme courts of the former TBVC states ("Bantustans"), became separate High Courts, while the Appellate Division became the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA). The High Courts were subsequently restructured by the Superior Courts Act, 2013 into nine provincial divisions of a single High Court of South Africa. The SCA is no longer the highest court because it is subordinate to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.
Television in Bermuda
Television in Bermuda was introduced in 1958. All broadcast television stations serving the islands of Bermuda operate from the city of Hamilton, Bermuda. The current television stations in Bermuda include:

ZFB-TV, an ABC affiliate owned by Bermuda Broadcasting

ZBM-TV, a CBS affiliate owned by Bermuda Broadcasting

The other television station formerly serving across this country was:

VSB-TV, an NBC affiliate (defunct in 2014)

ZFB-TV
ZFB-TV (channel 7) is a television station in Hamilton, Bermuda, serving the British territory as an affiliate of ABC. It is owned by the Bermuda Broadcasting Company alongside CBS affiliate ZBM-TV (channel 9). The two stations share studios on Fort Hill Road in Devonshire Parish.
Dava (Dacian)
Dava (Latinate plural davae) was a Geto-Dacian name for a city, town or fortress. Generally, the name indicated a tribal center or an important settlement, usually fortified. Some of the Dacian settlements and the fortresses employed the Murus Dacicus traditional construction technique.

Most of these towns are attested by Ptolemy, and therefore date from at least the 1st century CE.

The dava towns can be found as south as the cities of Sandanski and Plovdiv in present-day Bulgaria. Strabo specified that the Dacians ("Daci") are the Getae. The Dacians, Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder), and were both said to speak the same Thracian language.

Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus
Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus (fl. 1st century BC), also anglicized as Pompey Trogue, was a Gallo-Roman historian from the Celtic Vocontii tribe in Narbonese Gaul who lived during the reign of the emperor Augustus. He was nearly contemporary with Livy.
Jenna Westaway
Jenna Rae Eilee Westaway (born 19 June 1994) is a Canadian middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships and 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics was the fifteenth edition of the international indoor track and field competition, organised by the IAAF. The event was held between 7–9 March 2014 at the Ergo Arena in Sopot, Poland.
Maximum common subgraph
In graph theory and theoretical computer science, a maximum common subgraph may mean either:

Maximum common induced subgraph, a graph that is an induced subgraph of two given graphs and has as many vertices as possible

Maximum common edge subgraph, a graph that is a subgraph of two given graphs and has as many edges as possible

Theoretical computer science
Theoretical computer science is a subfield of computer science and mathematics that focuses on the abstract and mathematical foundations of computation.

It is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM's Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) provides the following description:

TCS covers a wide variety of topics including algorithms, data structures, computational complexity, parallel and distributed computation, probabilistic computation, quantum computation, automata theory, information theory, cryptography, program semantics and verification, algorithmic game theory, machine learning, computational biology, computational economics, computational geometry, and computational number theory and algebra. Work in this field is often distinguished by its emphasis on mathematical technique and rigor.
Andrew Meldrum
Andrew Meldrum (born 1951) is an American journalist who has concentrated on Africa and human rights. He worked in Zimbabwe for 23 years. Currently Meldrum is Global Weekend Editor for The Associated Press, working in New York. Previously he was AP's Africa News Editor, based in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was a correspondent for The Economist and The Guardian in Zimbabwe from 1980 to May 18, 2003 before being expelled by the Zimbabwean government because the government objected to his reports exposing state torture.

Politics of Zimbabwe
The politics of Zimbabwe occurs in a society deeply divided along lines of race, ethnicity, gender and geography. The ZANU–PF party has historically been dominant in Zimbabwe politics. The party, which was led by Robert Mugabe from 1980 to 2017, has used the powers of the state to intimidate, imprison and otherwise hobble political opposition in Zimbabwe, as well as use state funds and state media to advance the interests of the party.

Per the 2013 Constitution, Zimbabwe is a full presidential republic, whereby the President is the head of state and government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The status of Zimbabwean politics has been thrown into question by a 2017 coup.

Zimbabwe has been undergoing an economic crisis since the late 1990s.
2008 LKL Finals
The 2008 LKL Finals was the championship series of the Lithuanian Basketball League's 2007–08 LKL season, and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. Žalgiris defeated Lietuvos Rytas in a five games, series 4–1. It was the club's 12th Lithuanian League title. Žalgiris had won the most Lithuanian championships of all-time at that point. Lietuvos Rytas had three Lithuanian championships at that time.  The games were broadcast on LTV with Linas Kunigėlis as the announcer.

Lithuanian National Radio and Television
Lithuanian National Radio and Television (Lithuanian: Lietuvos nacionalinis radijas ir televizija) is a Lithuanian public service broadcaster that has been providing regular radio services since 1926 and television broadcasts since 1957. LRT joined the European Broadcasting Union in 1993. It operates three national television channels, radio stations and an internet website.

LRT is the largest media group in Lithuania and is publicly owned. Its main purpose is to serve the public interest and the public's right to trustworthy and objective information. LRT's radio and television services operate from its headquarters in Vilnius. LRT radijas, the main LRT radio station, has the biggest share in the Lithuanian radio market and pays most of attention to the operative news and educative on-air production.
Jeremiah 50
Jeremiah 50 is the fiftieth chapter of the Book of Jeremiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter is part of a series of "oracles against foreign nations", consisting of chapters 46 to 51. Chapters 50 and 51 focus on Babylon. The New American Bible (Revised Edition) denotes chapter 50 as "the first oracle against Babylon" and chapter 51 as "the second oracle". An unnamed "enemy from the North" is predicted to reduce imperial Babylon "to a wasteland".

New American Bible Revised Edition
The New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE) is an English-language Catholic translation of the Bible, the first major update in 20 years to the New American Bible (NAB), which was translated by members of the Catholic Biblical Association and originally published in 1970. Released on March 9, 2011, the NABRE consists of the 1986 revision of the NAB New Testament with a fully revised Old Testament approved by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2010.

The NABRE is approved for Catholic personal use. Although the revised Lectionary based on the original New American Bible is still the sole translation approved for use at Mass in the dioceses of the United States, the NABRE New Testament is currently being revised so that American Catholics can read the same Bible translation in personal study and devotion that they hear in Mass.
Religion in Thailand
Buddhism is the predominant religion in Thailand. It is practised by more than 90% of the total population and is deeply influenced by Hinduism, with most Siamese Thai people revering major Hindu deities in their day to day religious practices. The Thai Constitution does not indicate any state religion, but promotes Buddhism, while guaranteeing religious freedom for all Thai citizens. Ramakien (the Thai version of Ramayana) is recognised as the country's national epic.

Many other people, especially among the Isan ethnic group, practise Tai folk religions. A significant minority Muslim population, mostly constituted by Thai Malays, is present especially in the southern regions. According to an Ipsos survey, Christians might be a similarly significant religious minority population (4%). It's also reported that 1% prefer not to say and another 1% has no religion. Thai law officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.

Irreligion
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices. It encompasses a wide range of viewpoints drawn from various philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, religious skepticism, rationalism, secularism, and non-religious spirituality. These perspectives can vary, with individuals who identify as irreligious holding diverse beliefs about religion and its role in their lives.

Relatively little scholarly research was published on irreligion until around the year 2010.
John Daly (gambler)
John Daly (c. 1838 – April 26, 1906) was an American sportsman, professional gambler and underworld figure in New York during the late 19th century. A protégé of John Morrissey, he was involved in illegal gambling on Broadway and in Midtown Manhattan for over thirty years. He was also among the principal rivals of "Honest" John Kelly up until the turn of the 20th century and was considered one of the most successful and wealthiest gamblers in New York at the time of his death.

John Kelly (New York politician)
John Kelly (April 20, 1822 – June 1, 1886) of New York City, known as "Honest John", was a boss of Tammany Hall and a U.S. Representative from New York from 1855 to 1858. The title "Honest" was given to him during his years as New York City Sheriff, and was more ironic than truthful.

Kelly was able to amass a vast fortune estimated at $800,000 ($18,000,000 in current dollar terms) by 1867 by both ethical and questionable means. In addition, after having his methods questioned and his title insulted by New York City Mayor William Havemeyer, Kelly responded with a lawsuit for libel. On the day of the trial, Havemeyer dropped dead of apoplexy. He had a questionable reputation and was the subject of a gubernatorial investigation at the time of his death.
Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a 1,835-acre (743 ha) National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S. state of North Dakota. Though wildlife viewing is allowed, hunting and fishing are prohibited.  The refuge is managed by the Lostwood Wetland Management District.

National Wildlife Refuge
The National Wildlife Refuge System is a system of protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency within the Department of the Interior. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants.
Nimrod Ross House
The Nimrod Ross House is a historic cottage in Lincoln, Nebraska. Probably built by carpenter Henry Brueckner in 1903, it belonged to Nimrod and Ellen Ross from 1904 to 1917. Nimrod Ross was a freedman, who was born a slave in Tennessee in 1863 and became one of the first African-American police officers in Lincoln, Nebraska in the early 1900s. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 25, 1999.

Freedman
A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves freed themselves (runaways or maroons) through escape, self-purchase, or rebellion; or were freed through manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or abolition (the outlawing of slavery in general).