hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alhaji Barhath
Alhaji Barhath (14-15th century), or Alhaji Rohadia, was a Rajasthani poet,  warrior & horse trader known for providing shelter to Rao Chunda of Mandore during his childhood, who is credited with laying the foundation of the Rathore rule in Marwar.

Horse trading
Horse trading, in its literal sense, is the buying and selling of horses, also called "horse dealing". Due to the difficulties in evaluating the merits of a horse offered for sale, the sale of horses offered great opportunities for dishonesty, leading to use of the term horse trading (or horsetrading) as a widespread metaphor for complex bargaining or other transactions, such as political vote trading. It was expected that horse sellers would capitalize on these opportunities and so those who dealt in horses gained a reputation for underhanded business practices.
Durban Stamford Hill (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Durban Stamford Hill was a constituency in the Natal Province of South Africa, which existed from 1920 to 1943. It covered portions of Durban's northern suburbs, centred on the Stamford Hill area. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Arterburn
Arterburn is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David K. Arterburn (born 1957), American judge

Elmer Arterburn (1929–2019), American football player

Jordan Arterburn and Tarlton Arterburn, 19th-century American slave traders

Norman Arterburn (1902–1979), Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court

Steve Arterburn (born 1953), American Christian author

Jordan Arterburn and Tarlton Arterburn
Jordan Arterburn (1808–1875) and Tarlton Arterburn (1810–1883) were brothers and interstate slave traders of the 19th-century United States. They typically bought enslaved people in their home state of Kentucky in the upper south, and then moved them to Mississippi in the lower south, where there was a constant demand for enslaved laborers on the plantations of King Cotton. Their "negroes wanted" advertisements ran in Louisville newspapers almost continuously from 1843 to 1859. In 1876, Tarlton Arterburn claimed they had taken profits of "30 to 40 percent a head" during their slave-trading days, and that Northern abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe had visited the Arterburn slave pen in Louisville while researching Uncle Tom's Cabin and A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. There is now a historical marker in Louisville at former site of the Arterburn slave jail, acknowledging the myriad abuses and human-rights violations that took place there.
Ullmann condensation
The Ullmann condensation or Ullmann-type reaction is the copper-promoted conversion of aryl halides to aryl ethers, aryl thioethers, aryl nitriles, and aryl amines. These reactions are examples of cross-coupling reactions.

Ullmann-type reactions are comparable to Buchwald–Hartwig reactions but usually require higher temperatures. Traditionally, these reactions require high-boiling, polar solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone, nitrobenzene, or dimethylformamide and high temperatures (often in excess of 210 °C) with stoichiometric amounts of copper. Aryl halides are required to be activated by electron-withdrawing groups. Traditional Ullmann style reactions used "activated" copper powder, e.g. prepared in situ by the reduction of copper sulfate by zinc metal in hot water. The methodology improved with the introduction of soluble copper catalysts supported by diamines and acetylacetonate ligands.

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam.  It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples can appear yellow. It is miscible with water and with most common organic solvents. It also belongs to the class of dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. It is used in the petrochemical, polymer and battery industries as a solvent, exploiting its nonvolatility and ability to dissolve diverse materials (including polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF). It has a strong dipole moment and hydrogen bonding due to its cis-amide conformation.: Fig. 5(b)
Palazzo Pisani Gritti
The Palazzo Pisani Gritti is a Venetian Gothic palazzo. It is located on the north side of the Grand Canal, opposite the Church of the Salute, between the Campo del Traghetto and the Rio de l'Alboro, in the Sestieri of San Marco, Venice, Italy. It was the residence of Doge Andrea Gritti in the 16th century.  It is now the Gritti Palace Hotel.

45°25′54″N 12°20′00″E﻿ / ﻿45.431679°N 12.3333°E﻿ / 45.431679; 12.3333

Grand Canal (Venice)
The Grand Canal (Italian: Canal Grande [kaˌnal ˈɡrande], locally and informally Canalazzo; Venetian: Canal Grando, locally usually Canałaso [kanaˈɰaso]) is the largest channel in Venice, Italy, forming one of the major water-traffic corridors in the city.

One end of the canal leads into the lagoon near the Santa Lucia railway station and the other end leads into the basin at San Marco; in between, it makes a large reverse-S shape through the central districts (sestieri) of Venice. It is 3.8 kilometres (2.4 miles) long, and 30 to 90 metres (98 to 295 ft) wide, with an average depth of 5 metres (16 feet).
Charles E. Courtney
Charles Edward Courtney (November 13, 1849 – July 17, 1920) was an American rower and rowing coach from Union Springs, New York. A carpenter by trade, Courtney was a nationally known amateur rower. Courtney never lost a race as an amateur and finished a total of 88 victories.

In 1877, he moved from an amateur to a professional rower, a decision that Courtney would later regret. His professional career was marred by controversy and accusations including cowardice and race fixing. His professional career was best remembered for his controversial losses to Ned Hanlan.

As his rowing career wound down, Courtney became involved in coaching at Cornell University. He coached Cornell's rowing team from 1883 to 1920. His crews won 14 of 24 varsity eight-oar titles at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta. He kept his position until he died in the summer of 1920.

Cayuga Lake
Cayuga Lake (/kəˈjuːɡə/ kə-YOO-ghə, /keɪˈjuːɡə/ kay-YOO-ghə, or /kaɪˈjuːɡə/ kye-YOO-ghə)  is a Finger Lake in central New York state.  Spanning three counties - Cayuga, Seneca, and Tompkins - it is the longest, second largest (in surface area, marginally smaller than Seneca), and second largest in volume. It is just under 39 miles (63 km) long, with an average width of 1.7 miles (2.8 km), and is 3.5 mi wide (5.6 km) at its widest point, near Aurora.  It is approximately 435 ft deep (133 m) at its deepest point, and has over 95 miles (153 km) of shoreline.
Sabo (street artist)
Sabo (born 1968) is the pseudonym of a street artist formerly active in Los Angeles, California. His name derives from sabot, a weapon most commonly used in firearm or cannon ammunition. According to a 2015 interview with Adland, Sabo had been involved in street art since 1999, though he began to take his activity in the scene more seriously around 2008. Sabo's works have been critical of left-wing politics (and its prominence in the entertainment industry) and America's Democratic Party, claiming that "leftism is a mental disorder."

Street art
Street art is visual art created in public locations for public visibility. It has been associated with the terms "independent art", "post-graffiti", "neo-graffiti" and guerrilla art.

Street art has evolved from the early forms of defiant graffiti into a more commercial form of art, as one of the main differences now lies with the messaging. Street art is often meant to provoke thought rather than rejection among the general audience through making its purpose more evident than that of graffiti. The issue of permission has also come at the heart of street art, as graffiti is usually done illegally, whereas street art can nowadays be the product of an agreement or even sometimes a commission. However, it remains different from traditional art exposed in public spaces by its explicit use of said space in the conception phase.
Isle of Wight Rural District
50°39′43″N 1°18′47″W﻿ / ﻿50.662°N 1.313°W﻿ / 50.662; -1.313
The Isle of Wight Rural District was a rural district on the Isle of Wight from 1894 to 1974 covering most of the island, apart from urban areas. In 1933, the area of the district was reduced by the transfer of parts of the civil parishes of Brading, Bonchurch and Yaverland to the newly created Sandown-Shanklin Urban District.

In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, it was merged with the Sandown-Shanklin Urban District and the Ventnor Urban District to form the new non-metropolitan South Wight district.

Yaverland
Yaverland is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sandown, on the Isle of Wight, England. It is just north of Sandown on Sandown Bay. It has about 200 houses. About 1⁄3 of a mile away from the village is the Yaverland Manor and Church. Holotype fossils have been discovered here of Yaverlandia and a pterosaur, Caulkicephalus. The White Air extreme sports festival was held annually at Yaverland pay and display car park between 1997 and 2008, but moved to Brighton for 2009.
Ready Eddie Go!
Ready Eddie Go! is a British children's television series produced by Hocus Pocus Studio that premiered on Sky Kids on 15 September 2023 (and broadcast on the linear Sky Kids channel, from 18 September 2023). It was created by James Murphy and Nikki Saunders, based on her book series My Awesome Autism. The series follows the adventures of Eddie, a six year old autistic boy. The series is narrated by Jodie Whittaker.

The programme was renewed for a second series, which aired in June 2025.

Ready Eddie Go! was nominated for BAFTA in 2025 in the Children's Scripted category.

Sky Kids (TV channel)
Sky Kids is a British and Irish children's subscription service owned and operated by the Sky Group, a subsidiary of Comcast and launched on 13 February 2023 as the first in-house Sky-branded children's network.
Competition climbing in India
Sport climbing was introduced in India in 1991. It is governed by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (IMF).[1] A founder member of International Federation of Sport Climbing(now, World Climbing). Col.Vijay Singh, VSM is the president and Shri. Keerthi Pais is the secretary of IMF.

Pune, Kolkata, Delhi, Jamshedpur, Jammu and Bangalore are prominent with athletes participating in competition climbing in India.[2] The Indian Mountaineering Foundation, The Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering, National institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports and General Thimayya National Academy of Adventure conducts short term courses in Sport Climbing.[3]

Nehru Institute of Mountaineering
The Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM India) in Uttarkashi in Uttarakhand is an institute that was established on November 14, 1965. The institute was formed to honor the great desire of Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.
André Conrardy
André Conrardy (February 13, 1928 – June 10, 1990) was a Luxembourgish sprint canoer, born in Redange, who competed in the early 1960s. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he was eliminated in the repechage round of the K-1 1000 m event.

Redange-sur-Attert
Redange or Redange-sur-Attert (French: [ʁedɑ̃ʒ]; Luxembourgish: Réiden [ˈʀɜɪ̯dən]; German: Redingen [ˈʁeːdɪŋən]) is a commune and town in northwestern Luxembourg, near the border with Belgium. It is situated in the eponymous canton of Redange. Redange is situated on the river Attert, a tributary of the Alzette.

As of 2025, the town of Redange, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,643.  Other towns within the commune include Lannen, Nagem, Niederpallen, Ospern, and Reichlange.
Małszyce, Łódź Voivodeship
Małszyce [mau̯ˈʂɨt͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łowicz, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north of Łowicz and 50 km (31 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Łowicz County
Łowicz County (Polish: powiat łowicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łowicz, which lies 48 kilometres (30 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 987.13 square kilometres (381.1 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 82,338, out of which the population of Łowicz was 30,204, and the rural population was 52,134.
Te land, ter zee en in de lucht
Te land, ter zee en in de lucht (On land, at sea and in the air) was the longest-running general amusement television show and game show of the Netherlands, originally broadcast by TROS.

The birdman rally-themed show was initially branded as Vlieg er eens uit - a pun on the two sayings "ga er eens uit" ("go on holiday") and "uitvliegen" ("leave the nest") - between 1973 and 1977. From 1978 onwards, the show started to expand, adding new competition elements and rotating between cities. Until its end in 2011, it was one of the most popular television productions on the public broadcaster.

Pun
A pun, also known as a paronomasia in the context of linguistics, is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or figurative language.

A pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expression, while a pun involves expressions with multiple (correct or fairly reasonable) interpretations. Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its culture.

Puns have a long history in writing. For example, the Roman playwright Plautus was famous for his puns and word games.
What a Way to Go (Ray Kennedy album)
What a Way to Go is the debut studio album by American country music artist Ray Kennedy. It was released on July 17, 1990 via Atlantic Records. The album includes the singles "What a Way to Go", "Scars" and "I Like the Way It Feels".

Ray Kennedy (country singer)
Ray Kennedy (born May 13, 1954) is an American country music artist and record producer. He has recorded two albums for Atlantic Records. Four singles from the albums appeared on the Hot Country Songs charts; 1990's "What a Way to Go" was a top 40 country hit and peaked at No. 10.

Born in Buffalo, New York, Kennedy won a Grammy Award in 2005 in the Best Contemporary Folk Album category for producing Steve Earle's album The Revolution Starts Now. Kennedy has produced many recordings with Earle which are collectively known as The Twangtrust.

Ray Kennedy Jr.'s father, Ray Kennedy, Sr., was a credit manager for Sears, and then a creator of the Discover Card, which launched in 1985. Ray Jr. is married to Siobhan Maher Kennedy.
Carlos Contreras Aponte
Carlos M. Contreras Aponte is a Puerto Rican civil engineer. He is the Secretary of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico as well as the executive director of the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority. Contreras Aponte is the first blind person to lead the Department of Transportation.

Contreras Aponte was born in San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico. He obtained his Bachelor's and master's degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. He also holds various engineering certifications such as Professional Traffic Operations Engineer. In 2012, he was recognized as Distinguished Engineer by the Institute of Transportation Engineers. He was Chief of the Highway Authority's Office of Traffic Engineering.  He is a member of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity.

University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
The University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus (UPRM) or Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez (RUM) in Spanish (also referred to as Colegio and CAAM in allusion to its former name), is a public land-grant university in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The UPRM is the second-largest university campus of the University of Puerto Rico system, a member of the sea-grant, and the space-grant research consortia.

In 2009, the campus population was composed of 12,108 students, 1,924 regular staff members, and 1,037 members of the education staff. In 2013, the student population remained relatively steady at 11,838, but the instructional faculty dropped to 684. In the second semester of 2019 around 12,166 students were enrolled. By the end of the academic year 2022-2023 there were 10,071 students enrolled. UPRM has been accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) since 1946.
Kilbrin
Kilbrin (Irish: Cill Bhrain) is a civil parish in the barony of Duhallow, County Cork, Ireland. Once an independent parish, Kilbrin is now joined to the parish of Ballyclough. Kilbrin derives its name from an early church site or monastery namely Cill Bhrain, i.e. the church of Saint Bran.

Kilbrin is within the Dáil constituency of Cork North-West.

Archbishop Thomas Croke, whom Croke Park stadium was named after, was born in Castlecor (parish of Kilbrin).

Cork North-West
Cork North-West is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects three deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Atelian regression
The Atelian regression was a prolonged regression of the Caspian Sea in the middle of the Late Pleistocene. It occurred between the Khazarian transgression and the Khvalynian transgression. It is named after continental Atelian sediments identified by Pavel Pravoslavlev (1918) during his 1903-1932 work on Pleistocene geology  of Sub-Caspian and Lower Volga regions in cross-sections of Northern Caspian Depression, who grouped them into the Atelian formation The basin of the regression is called Atelian basin. The term is derived from the historical name of Volga River (known in various local languages as Itil, Atil, Idel, Atel, etc.)

Some researchers postulate that it was a deep regression (over -100 to -150m), but researchers differ considerably with respect to its depth, age, and duration, e.g., claiming it was at about -20m relative to the Khazarian maximum.

Volga region
The Volga region, known as the Povolzhye (UK: /pəˈvɔːlʒeɪ/ pə-VAWL-zhay, US: /pəˈvoʊlʒeɪ/ pə-VOHL-zhay; Russian: Поволжье [pɐˈvoɫʐje] lit. 'Along the Volga'), is a historical region in Russia that encompasses the drainage basin of the Volga River, the longest river in Europe, in central and southern European Russia.
The Volga region is culturally separated into three sections:

■ Upper Volga Region – from the Volga River's source in Tver Oblast to the mouth of the Oka River in Nizhny Novgorod;

■ Middle Volga Region – from the mouth of the Oka River to the mouth of the Kama River south of Kazan;

■ Lower Volga Region – from the mouth of the Kama River to the Volga Delta in the Caspian Sea, in Astrakhan Oblast.

The geographic boundaries of the region are vague, and the term Volga region is used to refer primarily to the Middle and Lower sections, which are included in the Volga Federal District and Volga economic region.
Nura Abba Rimi
Nura Abba Rimi (born 23 November 1968) is a Nigerian diplomat who currently serves as the Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. He was Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to the Arab Republic of Egypt, with concurrent accreditation to the State of Palestine and the State of Eritrea.

Prior to his appointment as Ambassador, Rimi was a Senior Protocol Officer and Presidential Liaison Officer at the Presidential Villa in Abuja. He served as the Presidential Liaison Officer between President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan and President-Elect, Muhammadu Buhari, during the transition of power in 2015.

On 24 October 2023, Rimi was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Federal Civil Service by President Bola Tinubu, "having emerged at the top of qualified candidates after a diligent assessment process."

Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (Nigeria)
The Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (FMITI) is a branch of the federal government of Nigeria responsible for creating wealth and employment, reducing poverty, and stimulating and diversifying the economy. Jumoke Oduwole is the current Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment, appointed by President Bola Tinubu in 2024, while Senator John Owan Enoh serves as the Minister of State for Industry, Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment.

The ministry was restructured and renamed in 2011, combining the portfolios of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Ministry of Trade and Investment.
Generationals
Generationals is an American indie pop duo formed in New Orleans. The duo, consisting of Ted Joyner and Grant Widmer, released their debut album, Con Law, in July 2009. An EP, Trust, came out in November 2010. Their second full-length album, Actor-Caster, was released on March 29, 2011. The band's third album, Heza, was released April 2, 2013 (their debut for Polyvinyl Records).

Polyvinyl Record Co.
Polyvinyl Record Co. is an American independent record label headquartered in Champaign, Illinois. The label has satellite offices in New York, Austin, and the Bay Area. Polyvinyl has put out over 400 releases to date.

The Polyvinyl roster consists of 30+ active artists including Alvvays, Xiu Xiu, Jeff Rosenstock, Kero Kero Bonito, and Julia Jacklin as well as longtime label signees like of Montreal, American Football, STRFKR, and Rainer Maria. Recent additions to the Polyvinyl family include Jeff Rosenstock, Laura Jane Grace, Anamanaguchi, IAN SWEET, Oceanator, Chris Farren, Squirrel Flower, and Yumi Zouma.
Principle of least astonishment
In user interface design and software design, 
the principle of least astonishment (POLA), also known as principle of least surprise (POLS), proposes that a component of a system should behave in a way that most users will expect it to behave, and therefore not astonish or surprise users. The following is a corollary of the principle: "If a necessary feature has a high astonishment factor, it may be necessary to redesign the feature."

The principle has been in use in relation to computer interaction since at least the 1970s. Although first formalized in the field of computer technology, the principle can be applied broadly in other fields. For example, in writing, a cross-reference to another part of the work or a hyperlink should be phrased in a way that accurately tells the reader what to expect.

Keyboard shortcut
In computing, a keyboard shortcut (also hotkey/hot key or key binding) is a software-based assignment of an action to one or more keys on a computer keyboard. Most operating systems and applications come with a default set of keyboard shortcuts, some of which may be modified by the user in the settings.

Keyboard configuration software allows users to create and assign macros to key combinations which can perform more complex sequences of actions. Some older keyboards had a physical macro key specifically for this purpose.