hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 42nd Parliament of Canada
The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet in Canada is composed of Members of Parliament of the main Opposition party responsible for holding the Government to account and for developing and disseminating the party's policy positions. Members of the Official Opposition are generally referred to as Opposition Critics, but the term Shadow Minister (which is generally used in other Westminster systems) is also used. The Conservative Party of Canada served as the Official Opposition in the 42nd Parliament.

Cabinet of Canada
The Canadian Ministry (French: Conseil des ministres), colloquially referred to as the Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada), is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. Chaired by the prime minister, the Cabinet is part of and acts on behalf of the King's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry, the membership of the Cabinet and Ministry often being co-terminal; as of March 2025 there were no members of the latter who were not also members of the former.

For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current Cabinet is the Cabinet of Mark Carney, which is part of the 30th Ministry. The interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and  ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion.
Edward Wallace Muir Jr.
Edward Wallace Muir Jr. (born 1946) is a professor of history and Italian at Northwestern University. He is also Clarence L. Ver Steeg Professor in the Arts and Sciences and Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence. Known for his use of anthropological methods in historical research, he was a pioneer in the historical study of ritual and feuding. He has been especially influential in using and interpreting microhistorical methods, which were first devised by historians in Italy. His work has focused on Renaissance Italy, especially the Republic of Venice and its territories. He served as president of the American Historical Association in 2023.

American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."
Turnpike Roads Act 1773
The Turnpike Roads Act 1773 (13 Geo. 3. c. 84), also known as the General Turnpike Act 1773, was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain that consolidated all acts relating to turnpike roads in England and Wales.

Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and created the parliament of Great Britain located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801.
1928 Fairfield murders
On August 22, 1928, a mass murder took place at the Bryan ranch near Fairfield, California, United States. A former worker, Leung Ying, killed eleven people, including the farm's foreman and six of his family members, in a mixed shooting and ax attack.

Leung was caught a day later during a manhunt and following his confession, Leung's actions were attributed to mental instability caused by long-term narcotic addiction. He was sentenced to death the same month in a one-day trial. About three weeks before his scheduled execution date, Leung committed suicide by hanging while on death row.

The Bryan ranch killings were the worst case of mass murder in California history at that time, surpassing the killing of six persons each by James Dunham on a farm in Santa Clara County in 1896, and by John Goins in Stockton and Galt in 1926.

James Dunham
James C. Dunham was a mass murderer who, on the night of May 26, 1896, killed his wife, her family, and two of that family's servants in Campbell, California. He disappeared during the intense, ensuing manhunt and never has been positively identified since then.
Young People's Teen Musical Theatre Company
The Young People's Teen Musical Theatre Company is a performing arts company located in San Francisco, California.  Its mission is to provide exposure to and training in musical theatre and other forms of live performance.  Founded in 1984, the group is sponsored by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department and supported by a 501(c)(3) non-profit, Friends of the Company.

Once Upon a Mattress
Once Upon a Mattress is a musical comedy with music by Mary Rodgers, lyrics by Marshall Barer, and book by Jay Thompson, Dean Fuller, and Marshall Barer. It opened off-Broadway in May 1959, and then moved to Broadway. The play was written as a humorous adaptation of the 1835 Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale "The Princess and the Pea".

Once Upon a Mattress was written as a shorter play at the Tamiment adult summer camp resort. The play was later expanded for the Broadway stage. Initial reviews of the play were mixed, but critics and actors alike were surprised by the show's enduring popularity, as Once Upon a Mattress became a popular choice for high school and university music and drama programs.
Lower Morava Valley
The Lower Morava Valley (Czech: Dolnomoravský úval, Jihomoravská pánev; Slovak: Dolnomoravský úval; German: Nieder March Talsenke) is a geomorphological formation (special type of valley) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

It is formed by the depression in the Western Carpathians (Ždánice Forest, Kyjov Hills and Mikulov Hills) in the west and Bílé Karpaty and Chvojnice Hills in the east. The drainage to the Morava River of the Danube basin runs finally to the Black Sea.

It includes the low watershed of the Dyje-Morava in Lanžhot.

Pálava Protected Landscape Area
The Pálava Protected Landscape Area (abbreviated Pálava PLA; Czech: Chráněná krajinná oblast Pálava, abbreviated CHKO Pálava) is a protected landscape area and a UNESCO biosphere reserve located in the South Moravian Region in the Czech Republic, on the border with Austria. The highest point is Děvín with its 550 metres (1,800 ft) a.s.l.
Artem Manko
Artem Manko (born 6 November 1998) is a Ukrainian wheelchair fencer who competes in épée, foil and sabre. He won the silver medal in the men's sabre A event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

Wheelchair fencing
Wheelchair fencing (also called Parafencing) is a version of fencing for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair fencing is governed by the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation, which is a federation of the International Paralympic Committee, and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games take place every four years in different countries.
WBIF
WBIF (channel 51) is a religious television station licensed to Marianna, Florida, United States, serving the Panama City area as an owned-and-operated station of the Daystar Television Network. The station's transmitter is located on SR 20 in unincorporated Youngstown, Florida.

Youngstown, Florida
Youngstown is an unincorporated community in Bay County, Florida, United States. It was the site of an unsolved deadly train derailment in 1978. It is part of the Panama City–Lynn Haven–Panama City Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ben Cohen (rugby union)
Ben Christopher Cohen, MBE (born 14 September 1978) is an English activist and former rugby player. He began his professional career with Northampton Saints in 1996; in 2007 he moved to France to represent Brive before returning to England two years later to join Sale Sharks.

Cohen was a member of the England team that won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. His main position was winger. In May 2011, Cohen retired from professional rugby. He founded The Ben Cohen StandUp Foundation to combat homophobia and bullying.

London Broncos
The London Broncos are a professional rugby league club based in Wimbledon, England. They play their home games at Plough Lane and compete in the Betfred Championship.

Whilst the club has never won a major trophy, they have finished second in the League Championship once and have been Challenge Cup runners-up once. They have also won the Championship Grand Final, to gain promotion to the Super League, on two occasions.

Originally formed as Fulham Rugby League Club in 1980, they have also previously been known as London Crusaders and Harlequins Rugby League. London's home colours are black, red and white.
Anatoly Zayats
Anatoly V. Zayats MAE FInstP FRSC is a British experimental physicist of Ukrainian origin known for his work in nanophotonics, plasmonics, metamaterials and applied nanotechnology.  He is currently a Chair in Experimental Physics and the head of the Photonics & Nanotechnology Group at King's College London. He is a co-director of the London Centre for Nanotechnology and the London Institute for Advanced Light Technologies

London Centre for Nanotechnology
The London Centre for Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary research centre in physical and biomedical nanotechnology in London, United Kingdom. It brings together three institutions that are referents in nanotechnology, University College London, Imperial College London and King's College London. It was conceived from the outset with a management structure allowing for a clear focus on exploitation and commercialisation. Although based at UCL's campus in Bloomsbury, the LCN includes research in departments of Imperial's South Kensington campus and in King's Strand campus.

The LCN's work requires it to draw on the combined skills of multiple departments, including medicine, chemistry, physics, electrical and electronic engineering, biochemical engineering, materials and earth sciences, and two leading business centres.
Nikolai Köstner
Nikolai Köstner (1889–1959) was an Estonian politician, economist, diplomat and academic. He was a member of the Provisional Assembly of the Autonomous Estonian Governorate (1917–19) and the Constituent Assembly of the newly established Republic of Estonia (1919–20); he also served as a minister in Jaan Raamot's Provincial Government (Estonian: Eesti Maavalitsus) in 1917, in the Second and Third Provisional Governments (1918–19), and in Otto Strandman's first Cabinet and Jaan Tõnisson's first Cabinet. He was also part of the Estonian delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. In later life, he worked as an academic at the University of Tartu and as an adviser to a number of national banks.

Estonian Provincial Government
The Estonian Provincial Government (Estonian: Eesti Ajutine Maavalitsus) was the provincial government of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, still under the formal sovereignty of the post-tsarist Russia. It was the executive body of the Estonian Provincial Assembly. The provincial government was in office from 2 August 1917 to 24 February 1918, when it was succeeded by the Provisional Government of the newly proclaimed Republic of Estonia. The provincial government was headed by Jaan Raamot (2 August to 25 October 1917) and Konstantin Päts (25 October 1917 – 24 February 1918).
Scene generator
A scene generator is a computer model that creates a world representation using phenomenology, physics, and behavioral models, to achieve a useful rendition of the domain of interest. Usually found associated with the synthetic modeling of electro-magnetic spectral domains like Optical (Visible, IR, UV) or Radio Frequency.  A hyperspectral scene generator is when multiple electro-magnetic spectra can be handled simultaneously.

Behavioral modeling
The behavioral approach to systems theory and control theory was initiated in the late-1970s by J. C. Willems as a result of resolving inconsistencies present in classical approaches based on state-space, transfer function, and convolution representations. This approach is also motivated by the aim of obtaining a general framework for system analysis and control that respects the underlying physics.

The main object in the behavioral setting is the behavior – the set of all signals compatible with the system. An important feature of the behavioral approach is that it does not distinguish a priority between input and output variables. Apart from putting system theory and control on a rigorous basis, the behavioral approach unified the existing approaches and brought new results on controllability for nD systems, control via interconnection, and system identification.
Dirty Water
"Dirty Water" is a song by the American rock band The Standells, written by their producer Ed Cobb. Recorded and released in 1965, the song is a mock paean to the city of Boston, Massachusetts, and its then-famously polluted Boston Harbor and Charles River.

Paean
A paean (/ˈpiːən/ ⓘ) is a song or lyric poem expressing triumph or thanksgiving. In classical antiquity, it is usually performed by a chorus, but some examples seem intended for an individual voice (monody). It comes from the Greek παιάν/paian (also παιήων/paeion or παιών/paion), "song of triumph, any solemn song or chant". "Paeon"
(paian), which originally referred to a distinct deity of healing.
Historical evidence from Linear B tablets (notably the name Pa-ja-wo-ne found at Knossos) suggests that Paean was an independent, pre-Olympian god of healing in the Mycenaean period. In the Homeric epics, Paean remains a separate figure from Apollo, serving as the personal physician to the gods who heals the wounds of Ares and Hades.
Over time, the cult of Apollo absorbed Paean’s identity and healing attributes. By the Archaic period, "Paean" became a major epithet for Apollo (Apollo Paean),
Chrysoritis brooksi
Chrysoritis brooksi, the Brook's opal, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae found only in South Africa.

The wingspan is 26–30 mm for males and 28–32 mm for females. Its flight period is from September to April, occasionally as late as June.

Larvae feed on Thesium and Zygophyllum species. They are associated with Crematogaster peringueyi ants.

Zygophyllum
Zygophyllum is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek ζυγόν (zygón), meaning "double", and φύλλον (phyllon), meaning "leaf". It refers to the leaves, each of which have two leaflets.

The genus is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, central Asia, Australia, and North and South America.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that as previously circumscribed, Zygophyllum was not monophyletic, and the genus was split among a number of other genera, including Augea, Fagonia, Roepera and Tetraena. As of February 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted only Roepera of these genera, regarding Augea, Fagonia and Tetraena as synonyms of Zygophyllum.
Abdul Halim Abdul Samad
Datuk Seri Haji Abdul Halim bin Abdul Samad (Jawi: عبد الحليم بن عبد الصمد) is a Malaysian politician. He is formerly the 13th Deputy President of the Dewan Negara from April 2016 to 2 November 2020 when his second senatorship term expired. He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He has been Chairman of various companies.

President of the Dewan Negara
The president of the Senate (Malay: Yang di-Pertua Dewan Negara; Jawi: يڠ دڤرتوا ديوان نڬارا‎) is the presiding officer or speaker of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia.

The president of the Senate is created under Article 56 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The office is similar to the  speaker of the Dewan Rakyat:  the president is elected by the members of the Senate and is expected to be politically impartial.  If a member of the Dewan Negara is elected as the president and is a member of a state legislative assembly, he must resign from the assembly before exercising the functions of the office. As the president may hold different titles while in office, it also changes the style. The position has been held by Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah of the Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) since July 2024.
Comparison of e-readers
An e-reader, also known as an e-book reader, is a portable electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading e-books and periodicals. E-readers have a similar form factor to a tablet; usually use electronic paper resulting in better screen readability, especially in bright sunlight; and have longer battery life when compared to a tablet. An e-reader's battery will typically last for multiple weeks. In contrast to an e-reader, a tablet has a screen capable of higher refresh rates which make them more suitable for interaction such as playing a video game or watching a video clip.

Mobile device
A mobile device or handheld device is a computer small enough to hold and operate in hand. Mobile devices are typically battery-powered and possess a flat-panel display and one or more built-in input devices, such as a touchscreen or keypad. Modern mobile devices often emphasize wireless networking, to both the Internet and to other devices in their vicinity, such as headsets or in-car entertainment systems, via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, or near-field communication.
Anthropology Today
Anthropology Today is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Royal Anthropological Institute. The journal was established in 1985 and publishes papers that apply anthropological analyses to areas such as education, medicine, and development and link anthropology to other academic disciplines.

Development theory
Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social science disciplines and approaches. In this article, multiple theories are discussed, as are recent developments with regard to these theories. Depending on which theory that is being looked at, there are different explanations to the process of development and their inequalities.
1927 in Argentine football
1927 in Argentine football saw both leagues reunified under the name "Asociación Amateurs Argentina de Football". The championship was won by San Lorenzo obtaining its 3rd. title.

Sportivo Barracas returned to Primera División, while Sportivo Almagro changed its name to "Almagro".

Sportivo Barracas
Club Sportivo Barracas is an Argentine sports club from Buenos Aires. The institution was born as a rowing club, nevertheless it is mostly known for its football activities nowadays. The team currently plays in Primera C Metropolitana, the fourth division of the Argentine football league system. The club has also a women's football section.

Apart from football, Sportivo Barracas also hosts the practice of futsal, artistic roller skating, and other disciplines.
Pateshwar
Pateshwar is a village in Satara district of Maharashtra, known for rock-cut caves with shrines of Shiva.

Pateshwar is located about 11.26 km South East of Satara on the Satara-Kolhapur state highway in Maharashtra. While there are two ways of approaching Pateshwar, the most popular route is through Degaon village by State Transport buses, autorickshaws apart from private cars. The other route is from the South through a village called Borgaon. This road is preferred  by the locals, however tourists prefer the Degaon route.

Pateshwar has 8 ancient caves and many ancient stone carved deities of Shiva and other deities. The place is known for having more than 1000 Shiva-lings (Also known as Pinds). Most important amongst these is the Maha Shiva Lingam which has intricate carvings. Many of the deities find references in the ancient Hindu Vedas and Puranas. Some of the identified deities are as below

Satara (city)
Satara (pronunciationⓘ) (ISO: Sātārā) is a city located in the Satara District of Maharashtra state of India, near the confluence of the river Krishna and its tributary, the Venna. The city was established in the 16th century and was the seat of the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire, Shahu I.

It is the headquarters of Satara Tehsil, as well as the Satara District. The city gets its name from the seven forts (Sat-Tara) which are around the city. The city is known as a Soldier's city as well as Pensioner's city. The city had a population of 179,147 in 2011.
Paul Kellner
Paul Kellner (June 6, 1890 – April 3, 1972) was a German backstroke swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Spandau and died in West Berlin. Kellner participated in only one event and won the bronze medal in the 100 metre backstroke competition.

Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre backstroke
The men's 100 metre backstroke was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second appearance of the event, which had been introduced in 1908. In 1904 a 100-yard event was held. The competition was held from Tuesday July 9, 1912 to Saturday July 13, 1912.

Eighteen swimmers from seven nations competed.
Daihatsu Move Latte
The Daihatsu Move Latte (Japanese: ダイハツ・ムーヴラテ, Hepburn: Daihatsu Mūvu Rate) is a kei car with retro styling built by the Japanese carmaker Daihatsu from 2004 to 2009. It is a cosmetic variation of the L150 series Move targeted to women in their late twenties and early thirties who frequent cafes, and is related to the L650 series Mira Gino, another kei car with distinctive retro styling which is based on the L250 series Mira.

It was launched on 23 August 2004, followed by the Cool version on 2 June 2005. The Cool is fitted with various aerodynamic parts, a more traditional grille with chrome trim, and clear taillights. On 4 June 2007, the facelifted model was launched.

The car was discontinued in March 2009 and replaced by both the Move Conte and Mira Cocoa.

The name "Latte" means "milk" in Italian and also refers to the latte coffee.

Latte
Latte (/ˈlɑːteɪ/) or caffè latte (Italian: [kaffe(l)ˈlatte]), also known as caffellatte, caffelatte, or rarely caffè e latte, is a coffee drink of Italian origin made with espresso coffee and steamed milk, traditionally served in a glass. In Italian latte, an everyday word, is 'milk'; a "latte" ordered in Italy is a glass of milk.

The English term latte comes from the Italian caffè e latte, lit. 'coffee and milk' or caffè latte, or, less correctly, caffellatte.
Samastipur railway division
Samastipur railway division is one of the five railway divisions under the East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. The division was established in 1969 and is headquartered at Samastipur, Bihar. The current Divisional Railway Manager (DRM) is Shri Jyoti Prakash Mishra.

Other divisions under the East Central Railway Zone include Danapur railway division, Mughalsarai railway division, Dhanbad railway division, and Sonpur railway division, all headquartered at Hajipur.

Samastipur
Samastipur is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Bihar, India. It is the headquarters of the Samastipur district and comes under Darbhanga division. The Burhi Gandak River flows through the city. It is one of the five railway divisions of ECR, Hajipur. The Samastipur Junction railway station is one of the busiest stations in North Bihar after Patna and Katihar.