hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
City of republic significance
City of republic significance (or importance) is a type of an administrative division in some countries of the former Soviet Union.

in Kazakhstan; see city of republican significance

in Russia; see city of federal subject significance

in Ukraine; see city with special status

In Latvia, State cities were called Republican cities from 1990 to 2021.

City of republican significance (Kazakhstan)
A city of republican significance (Kazakh: республикалық маңызы бар қала, romanized: respublikalyq mañyzy bar qala; Russian: город республиканского значения, romanized: gorod respublikanskogo znacheniya) is a special category of administrative-territorial unit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Such a city is granted first-level administrative division, equal to that of an region (oblys) and is directly subordinate to the central government rather than to a regional authority.

As of 2025, Kazakhstan has three cities of republican significance: Almaty, Astana, and Shymkent.
Belleville washer
A Belleville washer, also known as a coned-disc spring, conical spring washer, disc spring, Belleville spring or cupped spring washer, is a conical shell which can be loaded along its axis either statically or dynamically. A Belleville washer is a type of spring shaped like a washer. It is the shape, a cone frustum, that gives the washer its characteristic spring.

The "Belleville" name comes from the inventor Julien Belleville who in Dunkerque, France, in 1867 patented a spring design which already contained the principle of the disc spring.  The real inventor of Belleville washers is unknown.

Through the years, many profiles for disc springs have been developed. Today the most used are the profiles with or without
contact flats, while some other profiles, like disc springs with trapezoidal cross-section, have lost importance.

Frustum
In geometry, a frustum (Latin for 'morsel'; pl. frusta or frustums) is the portion of a solid (normally a pyramid or a cone) that lies between two parallel planes cutting the solid. In the case of a pyramid, the base faces are polygonal and the side faces are trapezoidal. A right frustum is a right pyramid or a right cone truncated perpendicularly to its axis; otherwise, it is an oblique frustum.

In a truncated cone or truncated pyramid, the truncation plane is not necessarily parallel to the cone's base, as in a frustum.

If all its edges are the same length, then a frustum becomes a prism (possibly oblique or/and with irregular bases).
Bertram Schefold
Bertram Schefold (born 28 December 1943 in Basel) is a Swiss economist and an Economics professor at the Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main specializing in economic theory with a particular focus on capital theory and the history of economic thought.

History of economic thought
The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day.

This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition, and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands. In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price.

In the Western world, economics was not a separate discipline, but part of philosophy until the 18th–19th century Industrial Revolution and the 19th century Great Divergence, which accelerated economic growth.
Where the Buffalo Roam
Where the Buffalo Roam is a 1980 American semi-biographical comedy film which loosely depicts author Hunter S. Thompson's rise to fame in the 1970s and his relationship with Chicano attorney and activist Oscar "Zeta" Acosta. The film was produced and directed by Art Linson. Bill Murray portrayed Thompson and Peter Boyle portrayed Acosta, who is referred to in the film as Carl Lazlo, Esq. A number of other names, places, and details of Thompson's life are also changed.

Thompson's eulogy for Acosta ("The Banshee Screams for Buffalo Meat", published in the December 1977 issue of Rolling Stone) served as the nominal basis of the film, although screenwriter John Kaye drew from several other works, including Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 and various pieces included in The Great Shark Hunt and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. Thompson was credited as an executive consultant on the film.

The Great Shark Hunt
The Great Shark Hunt is a book by Hunter S. Thompson, originally published in 1979. It is also known as Gonzo Papers, Vol. 1: The Great Shark Hunt: Strange Tales from a Strange Time. The book is a roughly 600-page collection of Thompson's essays from 1956 to the end of the 1970s, including the rise of the author's own gonzo journalism style as he moved from Air Force and sports beat writing to straight-ahead political commentary. It is the first of what would become four volumes in The Gonzo Papers series.
Anjunabeats Volume 11
Anjunabeats Volume 11 is the eleventh installment in the Anjunabeats Volume compilation series mixed and compiled by British trance group Above & Beyond. It was released on 9 June 2014 by Anjunabeats.

Compared to previous compilations, Disc 1 features music more commonly associated with Above & Beyond's side label Anjunadeep. Overall, the album comprised trance, progressive house, deep house, and big room house songs from staple Anjunabeats artists including Maor Levi, Ilan Bluestone, and 16 Bit Lolitas.

Above & Beyond (band)
Above & Beyond are an electronic music group consisting of English musicians/DJs Jono Grant, Tony McGuinness and Finnish musician/DJ Paavo Siljamäki. Formed in 2000, they are the owners of London-based electronic dance music labels Anjunabeats, Anjunadeep and Anjunachill, and also host a weekly radio show titled Group Therapy Radio.

The trio has been consistently ranked among DJ Magazine's Top 100 DJs Poll; coming at their highest position of No. 4 in 2008, with their most recent position of No. 53 in 2024.
Novosaratovka
Novosaratovka (also, Novaya Saratovka) is a village, municipality and minor transport hub in the Gadabay Rayon of Azerbaijan.  It has a population of 2,328. Though it's probably older, the current settlement was originally founded in the 1830s by Russians of the Doukhobor sect, one of several Old Believer villages in the area including nearby Novoivanovka and Gorelsk (now Daşbulaq).

Gadabay District
Gadabay District (Azerbaijani: Gədəbəy rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Dashkasan, Shamkir, Tovuz, and the Gegharkunik and Tavush provinces of Armenia. The Artsvashen exclave of Armenia is surrounded by the Gadabay District and is de facto controlled by Azerbaijan, administrated as part of Goranboy District. Its capital and largest city is Gadabay. As of 2020, the district had a population of 109,900.
Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir
Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir (長沙灣屠場; Cantonese Yale: chèuhng shā wàahn tòuh chèuhng) is a former slaughterhouse in Cheung Sha Wan, in the Sham Shui Po District of Hong Kong.

It was closed in 1999.

Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir, together with the slaughterhouses in Kennedy Town‌‌ and Yuen Long were closed for economic reasons as well as their proximity to urban areas. They were replaced by Sheung Shui Slaughterhouse.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.
WUTF-TV
WUTF-TV (channel 27) is a television station licensed to Worcester, Massachusetts, United States, broadcasting the Spanish-language UniMás network to the Boston area. It is owned by Entravision Communications, which provides certain services to Univision-owned station WUNI (channel 66) under a joint sales agreement (JSA) with TelevisaUnivision. WUTF-TV's studios are located on 4th Avenue, and its transmitter is located on Cedar Street, both in Needham.

Gino Cappelletti
Gino Raymond Michael Cappelletti (March 26, 1934 – May 12, 2022) was an American professional football player. He played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers and was an All-Star in the American Football League (AFL) for the Boston Patriots, winning the 1964 AFL Most Valuable Player Award. Cappelletti is a member of the Patriots Hall of Fame, and the Patriots' All-1960s team. He served as the Patriots' radio color commentator until July 2012. His nicknames included "the Duke" and "Mr. Patriot".
Ottawa Charge
The Ottawa Charge (French: Charge d'Ottawa) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa that competes in the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). They are one of the league's six charter franchises. The Charge play home games at TD Place Arena.

Savannah Harmon
Savannah Ashley Harmon (born October 27, 1995) is an American professional ice hockey defenceman for the Toronto Sceptres of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) and member of the United States women's national ice hockey team. She previously played for the Minnesota chapter of the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA).
Fort Vermilion
Fort Vermilion is a hamlet on the Peace River in northern Alberta, Canada, within Mackenzie County.

Established in 1788, Fort Vermilion shares the title of oldest European settlement in Alberta with Fort Chipewyan. Fort Vermilion contains many modern amenities to serve its inhabitants as well as the surrounding rural community. The municipal office of Mackenzie County, Alberta's largest municipality by land area, is located in Fort Vermilion.

The hamlet is located in Census Division No. 17.

Northern Alberta
Northern Alberta is a geographic region located in the Canadian province of Alberta.

An informally defined cultural region, the boundaries of Northern Alberta are not fixed. Under some schemes, the region encompasses everything north of the centre of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor, including most of the province's landmass as well as its capital, Edmonton. Other schemes place Edmonton and its surrounding farmland in Central Alberta, limiting Northern Alberta to the northern half of the province, where forestry, oil, and gas are the dominant industries.

Its primary industry is oil and gas, with large heavy oil reserves being exploited at the Athabasca oil sands and Wabasca area in the east of the region. Natural gas is extracted in Peace region and Chinchaga-Rainbow areas in the west, and forestry and logging are also developed in the boreal forests of this region. As of 2023, the region had a population of approximately 374,572.
Smith number
In number theory, a Smith number is a composite number for which, in a given number base, the sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the digits in its prime factorization in the same base.  In the case of numbers that are not square-free, the factorization is written without exponents, writing the repeated factor as many times as needed.

Smith numbers were named by Albert Wilansky of Lehigh University, as he noticed the property in the phone number (493-7775) of his brother-in-law Harold Smith:

4937775 = 3 · 5 · 5 · 65837

while

4 + 9 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 5 = 3 + 5 + 5 + (6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 7)

in base 10.

Square-free integer
In mathematics, a square-free integer (or squarefree integer) is an integer that is divisible by no square number other than 1. That is, its prime factorization has exactly one factor for each prime that appears in it. For example, 10 = 2 ⋅ 5 is square-free, but 18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 is not, because 18 is divisible by 9 = 32. The smallest positive square-free numbers are
National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska
70°N 157°W﻿ / ﻿70°N 157°W﻿ / 70; -157

The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) is an area of land on the Alaska North Slope owned by the United States federal government and managed by the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management (BLM). It lies to the west of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, which, as a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service managed National Wildlife Refuge, is also federal land.

At a size of 23,599,999 acres (95,506 square kilometres; 36,875 square miles), the NPRA is the largest tract of undisturbed public land in the United States. Iñupiat live in several villages around its perimeter, the largest of which is Utqiaġvik, the seat of the North Slope Borough. Due to the proximity of Inuit communities and the ecological importance of the NPRA for arctic wildlife, drilling on the NPRA has sparked controversy revolving around the economic, ecological, and cultural importance of the land.

National Wildlife Refuge
The National Wildlife Refuge System is a system of protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency within the Department of the Interior. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants.
David Rosenthal (psychiatrist)
David Rosenthal (c. 1916 – 1996) was an American psychologist known for his research on the relative genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia and other psychopathologies. He is particularly recognized for his research on the Genain quadruplets, and he led the team who studied the quadruplets intensively from 1955 to 1958. In 1976, then-NIMH director Bertram S. Brown described Rosenthal as "one of the top scientists in the area of the nature and etiology of schizophrenia." In the 1960s, he collaborated with Seymour Kety and other researchers on multiple adoption studies of schizophrenia that were conducted in Denmark.

Adoption study
Adoption studies typically compare pairs of persons, e.g., adopted child and adoptive mother or adopted child and biological mother, to assess genetic and environmental influences on behavior. These studies are one of the classic research methods of behavioral genetics. The method is used alongside twin studies to identify the roles of genetics and environmental variables that impact intelligence, and behavioral disorders.

Adoption studies differ from twin studies in that adoption studies do not necessarily need to use twins; instead, they compare the traits of children to their parents, whether those are the adoptive parents or biological parents.
Anna Metcalfe
Anna Metcalfe is a British writer. She was born in Germany and studied literature at the University of York. She continued her postgraduate studies at the University of East Anglia, receiving a PhD in creative and critical writing. She now teaches creative writing at Birmingham University.

Metcalfe writes fiction. Her short stories have been widely anthologized. Her debut collection Blind Water Pass (2016) included the story "Number Three", shortlisted for the Sunday Times Short Story Award. Her debut novel Chrysalis was published in 2023.

In 2023, Metcalfe was named by Granta magazine as one of the best young writers in Britain.

Creative writing
Creative writing is any writing that goes beyond the boundaries of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature, typically identified by an emphasis on craft and technique, such as narrative structure, character development, literary tropes, genre, and poetics. Both fictional and non-fictional works fall into this category, including such forms as novels, biographies, short stories, poems, and even some forms of journalism. In academic settings, creative writing is typically separated into fiction and poetry classes, with a focus on writing in an original style, as opposed to imitating pre-existing genres such as crime or horror. Writing for the screen and stage—screenwriting and playwriting—are often taught separately, but fit under the creative writing category as well.
Huaröd
Huaröd is a locality situated in Kristianstad Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 242 inhabitants in 2010.

The village itself is located on Linderödsåsen about 30 kilometres south of Kristianstad and about 15 km from the coast.

Katja Geiger (Katja of Sweden), Carl-Adam Nycop, Mats Rondin and Geoff Bunn are some public figures who have chosen to live in Huaröd. It is also home to a chamber orchestra.

Urban areas in Sweden
An urban area or tätort (lit. 'dense locality') in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city, town or larger village. It is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Larger urban areas synonymous with cities or towns (Swedish: stad for both terms) for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The same statistical definition is also used for urban areas in the other Nordic countries.

In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population.

Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, "locality" (Swedish: ort). It could be compared with "census-designated places" in the United States.
Club Cruise
Club Cruise was a Netherlands-based cruise ship company, that chartered vessels to other operators, including Transocean Tours and Phoenix Reisen. The company had also operated ships under its own brands, first in 1999 on short cruises from the Netherlands and during 2008 in the United Kingdom cruise market under the banner of Van Gogh Cruises.

Club Cruise was reportedly seeking to list itself in the London Stock Exchange.

Joseph Rosendo
Joseph Ramon Rosendo (born September 20, 1946, Miami, Florida) is an American travel journalist, broadcaster, television personality and public speaker.  Since 2007 he has been the executive producer, host, director and writer of the American Public Television series Joseph Rosendo’s Travelscope which has aired on PBS and Public Television Stations in the United States and Canada with 117 episodes in distribution.  Season 10 was released in the spring of 2018, and Season 11 followed in August 2019.

Joseph Rosendo’s Travelscope has won 42 Telly awards, been nominated for 18 National Daytime Emmy Awards and won six, including 2 personal Emmys for Outstanding Directing in a Lifestyle/Culinary/Travel Program category and 2 Emmys for his role as host.
Cioni
Cioni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dario Cioni (born 1974), Italian cyclist

Gilles Cioni (born 1984), French football player

Oreste Cioni (1913 – after 1966), Italian football player and manager

Renato Cioni (1929–2014), Italian opera singer

Vittorio Cioni (1900–1981), Italian rower

Vittorio Cioni
Vittorio Cioni (12 October 1900 in Pisa – 29 September 1981) was an Italian rower who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.

In 1932 he won the silver medal as member of the Italian boat in the men's eight competition.
Francesco Portinaro
Francesco Portinaro (c. 1520 – ?1578) was an Italian composer and humanist of the Renaissance, active both in northern Italy and in Rome.  He was closely associated with the Ferrarese Este family, worked for several humanistic Renaissance academies, and was well known as a composer of madrigals and dialogues.

Alfred Einstein
Alfred Einstein (December 30, 1880 – February 13, 1952) was a German-American musicologist and music editor. He was born in Munich, and fled Nazi Germany after Hitler's Machtergreifung, arriving in the United States by 1939. He is best known for being the editor of the first major revision of the Köchel catalogue, which was published in 1936. The Köchel catalogue is the extensive catalogue of the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Geography of Togo
Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of  1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with 644 km (400 mi) of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with 126 km (78 mi) of border; and Ghana, with 877 km (545 mi) of border. To the south Togo has 56 km (35 mi) of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches 579 km (360 mi) north from the Gulf and is only 160 km (99 mi) wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an area of 56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi), of which 54,385 km2 (20,998 sq mi) is land and 2,400 km2 (927 sq mi) is water.

Togo is commonly divided into six geographic regions. In the south are low-lying sandy beaches. The coastal region is narrow and followed by tidal flats and shallow lagoons. There are also over 200 lakes, the largest of which is Lake Togo.

Togo Mountains
The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region of the West African country of Togo and across the eastern and western borders of that country into Ghana and Benin. In Ghana, the range is also known as the Akwapim Hills, and in Benin it is also known as the Atakora Mountains /ˌætəˈkɔːrə/. Part of the range is associated with the country of Niger, where the W National Park is found. The African wild dog, Lycaon pictus, was historically found in this region  but may now be extirpated from this locale.
Manuel Colón
Manuel Colón (born 18 February 1977) is a Spanish retired handball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

He was a part of the clubs including Ademar Leon (1995 - 2006), BM Altea (2006 - 2007) and BM Alcobendas (2007 - 2009). In 2015 he made a short comeback for BM Alcobendas. With Ademar Leon, he won the Spanish championship in 2001, the Spanish cup in 2002 and the Copa ASOBAL in 1999.

Liga ASOBAL
Liga Asobal is the premier professional handball league in Spain. It was founded in 1958 with the name of División de Honor, changing its name to the current name in 1990.
The Liga ASOBAL, which is played under EHF rules, currently consists of 16 teams, including famous ones like FC Barcelona, Ademar León, Bidasoa and Granollers.

Famous handball players who have played in the league include Jackson Richardson, Talant Dujshebaev, Staffan Olsson, Mikhail Yakimovich, Ólafur Stefánsson, Oleg Kisselev, Alberto Urdiales, Mateo Garralda, Enric Masip, Iñaki Urdangarin, David Barrufet, Kristian Kjelling, Mikkel Hansen, Petar Metličić, Ivano Balić, Juanín García, Mats Olsson, David Davis, László Nagy, Raúl Entrerríos, Alberto Entrerríos, and many others.