hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Buttstädt (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)
Buttstädt is a former Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the district of Sömmerda, in Thuringia, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Buttstädt. The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was founded on 1 January 1991. On 4 February 1995, it was expanded to include the municipalities of Großbrembach and Kleinbrembach. It was disbanded at the start of 2019.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Buttstädt consisted of the following municipalities:

Buttstädt (Municipality)

Ellersleben

Eßleben-Teutleben

Großbrembach

Guthmannshausen

Hardisleben

Kleinbrembach

Mannstedt

Olbersleben

Rudersdorf

Kleinbrembach
Kleinbrembach (German pronunciation: [klaɪnˈbʁɛmbax], lit. 'Little Brembach', in contrast to "Big Brembach") is a village and a former municipality in the Sömmerda district of Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Buttstädt.
Mechanized Brigade "Sassari"
The Sassari Mechanized Brigade is a mechanized infantry brigade of the Italian Army, based on the island of Sardinia. Its core are three infantry regiments which distinguished themselves in combat during World War I. Carrying the name of the Sardinian city of Sassari the brigade's coat of arms is modeled after the city's coat of arms. The brigade is part of the Division "Acqui".

Armoured personnel carrier
An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I, APCs have become a very common piece of military equipment around the world.

According to the definition in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, an APC is "an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimetres calibre." Compared to infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are also used to carry infantry into battle, APCs have less armament and are not designed to provide direct fire support in battle. Infantry units that travel in APCs are known as mechanized infantry. Some militaries also make a distinction between infantry units that use APCs and infantry units that use IFVs, with the latter being known as armoured infantry.
Digital biquad filter
In signal processing, a digital biquad filter is a second order recursive linear filter, containing two poles and two zeros, which implements the analog biquad filter topology in the digital domain.  Biquad is an abbreviation of biquadratic, which refers to the fact that in the Z domain, its transfer function is the ratio of two quadratic functions:

The coefficients are often normalized such that a0 = 1:

High-order infinite impulse response filters can be highly sensitive to quantization of their coefficients, and can easily become unstable.  This is much less of a problem with first and second-order filters; therefore, higher-order filters are typically implemented as serially-cascaded biquad sections (and a first-order filter if necessary). The two poles of the biquad filter must be inside the unit circle for it to be stable. In general, this is true for all discrete filters i.e. all poles must be inside the unit circle in the Z-domain for the filter to be stable.

Signal processing
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital storage efficiency, correcting distorted signals, improve subjective video quality, and to detect or pinpoint components of interest in a measured signal.
Avion (car)
The Avion is a prototype sports car that achieves over 119 miles per US gallon (1.98 L/100 km) driving on interstate highways in real world conditions.

The Avion is based on the concept that fuel economy is largely determined by minimizing drag, rolling resistance and weight and matching gear ratio to the required horsepower. The Avion uses existing automotive components, an existing high-efficiency automotive diesel engine and marries them to a lightweight aluminum frame and highly aerodynamic composite body.

The Avion was an official contender in the Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize.

Automotive aerodynamics
Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles.  Its main goals are reducing drag and wind noise, minimizing noise emission, and preventing undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability at high speeds.  Air is also considered a fluid in this case.  For some classes of racing vehicles, it may also be important to produce downforce to improve traction and thus cornering abilities.
Alsophila apiculata
Alsophila apiculata, synonym Cyathea apiculata, is a species of tree fern native to Sumatra, where it grows in montane rain forest at an altitude of about 1800 m. The trunk is erect and usually 5 m tall or more. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 2–3 m long. The stipe is pale, becoming darker towards the base. It is covered with dark scales with pale, fragile edges. Sori occur near the midvein of fertile pinnules and are covered by thin, very fragile indusia.

Scale (zoology)
In zoology, a scale (Ancient Greek: λεπίς, romanized: lepís; Latin: squāma) is a small rigid plate made out of keratin that grows out of vertebrate animals' skin to provide protection. In lepidopterans (butterflies and moths), scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, made out of chitin instead of keratin, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times through convergent evolution, with varying structure and function.

Scales are generally classified as part of an organism's integumentary system. There are various types of scales according to the shape and class of an animal.
Ares Cliff
Ares Cliff (71°49′S 68°15′W﻿ / ﻿71.817°S 68.250°W﻿ / -71.817; -68.250) is a cliff in Antarctica. It is formed of pale-colored sandstone and rises to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) east of Mars Glacier and 1 nautical mile (2 km) north of Two Step Cliffs on the east side of Alexander Island. It was mapped from trimetrogon air photography taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–48, and from survey by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1948–50, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in association with Mars Glacier after the Greek god of war, Ares.

Alexander Island
Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north–south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second-largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.
Thomas Embling
Thomas Embling (26 August 1814 – 17 January 1893) was a medical doctor from the United Kingdom who took an interest in the humane treatment of inmates in asylums before emigrating to Melbourne, Australia where he set about reforming the Yarra Bend Asylum.  Later on Thomas Embling took up the cause of the gold miners in Eureka and had a successful career in the early parliament of Victoria.

Lunatic asylum
The lunatic asylum, insane asylum or mental asylum was an institution where people with mental illness were confined. It was an early precursor of the modern psychiatric hospital.

Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylum. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal and focused on containment and restraint. The discovery of anti-psychotic drugs and mood-stabilizing drugs resulted in a shift in focus from containment in lunatic asylums to treatment in psychiatric hospitals. Later, there was further and more thorough critique in the form of the deinstitutionalization movement which focuses on treatment at home or in less isolated institutions.

Whilst it was used in the past, modern and more humane areas have been developed as opposed to the unorthodox methods of isolation and questionable therapies used in Lunatic (insane) asylum(s).
Ma Sizhong
Ma Sizhong (Chinese: 马思忠; February 1931 – 2 January 2010) was a Chinese politician of Hui ethnicity who served as chairman of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional People's Congress from 1988 to 1998 and chairman of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1998 to 2001.

Ma was a representative of the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th, and 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was an alternate member of the th, 12th and 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 3rd, 7th and 8th National People's Congress. He was a member of the 9th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
The 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, between August 12–18, 1977, about five years before the 12th National Congress, and four years after the 10th National Congress. 1,510 delegates represented the party's estimated 35 million members.

The Congress formally declared the Cultural Revolution officially over after 11 years, ending a long chapter of Chinese history. The Gang of Four were fully criticized for their role in the revolution. However, it also affirmed the "success" of the revolution and declared that class struggle would remain the hallmark of Chinese socialism. Hua Guofeng was formally elected as Chairman of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was elected to the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission. The Political Bureau was also renewed with new memberships when the 11th Politburo was elected as a result of the congress.
Dictyonema lawreyi
Dictyonema lawreyi is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in the United States, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by Manuela Dal Forno, Laurel Kaminsky, and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in Ocala National Forest (Marion County, Florida), where it was growing as an epiphyte on a trunk of Magnolia. It is only known to occur here and in two other locations in Florida, all in hardwood forests. The lichen has a crustose and filamentous growth form on a white hypothallus, and thallus surface made of a mat of turquoise, loosely interwoven fibrils forming more or less continuous patches up to 5 cm (2 in) long. The type was collected by lichenologist James D. Lawrey, for whom the species is named, and whose work, according to the authors, "helped to redefine the circumscription of the genus Dictyonema s.str."

Marion County, Florida
Marion County is a county located in the North Central region of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 375,908. Its county seat is Ocala. Marion County comprises the Ocala, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. It includes part of Ocala National Forest, which also extends into three other counties.
Capitol Offense (band)
Capitol Offense is an American rock band. It is most notable for its bassist, Mike Huckabee, who is the former Governor of Arkansas and former 2008 Republican candidate for President of the United States.

Governor of Arkansas
The governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

The current governor of Arkansas is Republican Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who was sworn in on January 10, 2023.
Lillebil Kjellén
Britta Lillebil Sofia Kjellén, a.k.a. Lillebil Nordrum (December 3, 1921 – March 7, 1994) was a Swedish actress born Drammen, Norway to Swedish parents. She grew up in Stockholm, Sweden, where she attended the Royal Dramatic Training Academy. She made her screen debut in the 1938 film Karriär, and she played several roles in Swedish films in the 1940s and 1950s. Kjellén was married to the Swedish chef Tore Wretman from 1945 to 1953, and then to the Norwegian actor Lars Nordrum.

Royal Dramatic Training Academy
The Royal Dramatic Training Academy (Swedish: Kungliga Dramatiska Teaterns Elevskola, also known as Dramatens elevskola), was the acting school of Sweden's national stage, the Royal Dramatic Theatre, and for many years (1787–1964) seen as the foremost theatre school and drama education for Swedish stage actors. It was established in 1787 by the theatre and art loving King Gustav III and was for many years under the protection of the Swedish royal family.
Gorla (surname)
Gorla is a surname. People with the surname include:

Giorgio Gorla (born 1944), Italian sailor

Giuseppe Gorla (1895–1970), Italian engineer and politician

Marquise-Thérèse de Gorla (1633–1668), French actress and ballerina

Marquise-Thérèse de Gorla
Marquise-Thérèse de Gorla, also known under her stage name Mademoiselle Du Parc (1633 – Paris, 11 December 1668), was a French actress and ballet dancer. She was one of the stars of Molière's company. She was also known for her love affairs and as an object of affection for many famous people.
Suga Bhawani
Suga Bhawani  is a village development committee in Mahottari District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4527 people living in 726 individual households.

Janakpur Zone
Janakpur Zone (Nepali: जनकपुर अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.

The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. Close to the Indian border, it is a historic city of Hinduism. The city is believed to have been the capital city of King Janaka, the father-in-law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The city was then called 'Mithila Nagari'. The name of Janakpur zone is related to the historic King Janaka and his capital Janakpur.

Other cities within Janakpur Zone are Kamalamai (in Inner Terai), Manthali (in Hill), Bhimeshwor (in Himalaya) and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Hariwan, Lalbandi, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai).
USS Baltimore (1777)
USS Baltimore was a 12-gun brigantine of the Continental Navy in active service from 1777 to 1780.

Baltimore was built in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1777. She was fitted out by the orders of the Marine Committee of the Continental Congress as a packet or despatch vessel and commissioned in the Continental Navy under the command of Captain Thomas Read.

Few details of Baltimore's service are available. In addition to performing despatch service, she is said to have participated in the defense of the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay in 1778 and 1779.

Baltimore was reported lost off Cape Henry, Virginia, on 29 January 1780.

Cape Henry
Cape Henry is a cape on the Atlantic shore of Virginia located in the northeast corner of Virginia Beach. It is the southern boundary of the entrance to the long estuary of the Chesapeake Bay.

Across the mouth of the bay to the north is Cape Charles the opposite point of the Bay's gateway. Named for two sons of King James I of England in 1607, together Cape Henry and Cape Charles form the Virginia Capes.
Bieczyno
Bieczyno [bjɛˈt͡ʂɨnɔ] (German: Hagenow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzebiatów, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Trzebiatów, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Gryfice, and 92 km (57 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The village has a population of 179.

Gryfice County
Gryfice County (Polish: powiat gryficki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gryfice, which lies 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Trzebiatów, lying 17 km (11 mi) north of Gryfice, and Płoty, 13 km (8 mi) south of Gryfice.

The county covers an area of 1,018.19 square kilometres (393.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 60,773, out of which the population of Gryfice is 16,702, that of Trzebiatów is 10,113, that of Płoty is 4,142, and the rural population is 29,816.
Wizard of OS
For OpenBSD 3.7, released May 19, 2005, a theme song was made titled "The Wizard of OS". The song chronicled the OpenBSD developers' struggle to obtain open documentation for wireless cards and how manufacturers in Taiwan like Ralink and Realtek were the most cooperative of all the companies contacted. It was based on the work of Pink Floyd most notably in the style of their 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon showing some similarities to "The Great Gig in the Sky", "Breathe" and "Eclipse". It is a parody of The Wizard of Oz.

It was for this effort which Theo de Raadt, the project's Benevolent Dictator for Life, received the FSF's 2004 Award for the Advancement of Free Software.

Realtek
Realtek Semiconductor Corp. (Chinese: 瑞昱半導體股份有限公司; pinyin: Ruìyù Bàndǎotǐ Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī) is a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company situated in the Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Realtek was founded in October 1987 and subsequently listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange in 1998. Realtek has manufactured and sold a variety of microchips globally. Its product lines broadly fall into three categories: communications network ICs, computer peripheral ICs, and multimedia ICs. As of 2019, Realtek employs 5,000 people, of whom 78% work in research and development.
Lena O. Smith House
The Lena O. Smith House is a house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.  Its owner, Lena O. Smith, was a prominent civil rights attorney.  She was born in 1885 in Lawrence, Kansas and moved with her family to Minneapolis in 1906.  She enrolled at William Mitchell College of Law (then the Northwestern College of Law) and graduated in 1921.  Afterward, she opened her own law firm and became the first African-American attorney in Minneapolis.  In her practice, she fought for issues such as equal protection under the law, equal access to housing, and the right to join labor unions.  As an activist, she was a founder of the Minneapolis Urban League, and the first woman president of the Minneapolis chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People from 1935 through 1939.  Her house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a local landmark in recognition to the African-American community in Minneapolis.

National Urban League
The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation. Its current president is Marc Morial.
Devon Ditty
Devon Ditty (8 May 1976 – 1999) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In a racing career which lasted from April 1978 until August 1980, she won eleven of her twenty-four races, finished second three times and third on four occasions. As a two-year-old she won two minor races from her first four starts but then emerged as arguably the best British filly with five consecutive wins in the Cherry Hinton Stakes, Princess Margaret Stakes, Lowther Stakes, Flying Childers Stakes and Cheveley Park Stakes. At three she was mainly campaigned over sprint races: she won the Gus Demmy Stakes at Haydock Park and was placed in the Nell Gwyn Stakes, King George Stakes, Goldene Peitsche and Haydock Sprint Cup. In the following year she raced in California where she won three times from seven races. She later had some success as a broodmare, producing several minor winners.

Cheveley Park Stakes
The Cheveley Park Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres) and is scheduled to take place each year in late September.
Erika F. Augustine
Erika F. Augustine is an Associate Chief Science Officer and Director of the Clinical Trials Unit at Kennedy Krieger Institute. She was previously an Associate Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York. Augustine co-directed the University of Rochester Batten Center, and was the associate director of both the Center for Health and Technology and the Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research. Augustine's clinical research and medical practice specialize in pediatric movement disorders. She leads clinical trials for Batten diseases, a group of rare pediatric neurodegenerative disorders, and she has developed a novel telemedicine model to increase the efficacy of remote care for patients with rare diseases.

University of Rochester Medical Center
The University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), now known as UR Medicine, is located in Rochester, New York, is a medical complex on the main campus of the University of Rochester and comprises the university's primary medical education, research and patient care facilities.
Marshall High School (Marshall, North Carolina)
Marshall High School is a historic high school building located at Marshall, Madison County, North Carolina.  It was designed by noted Raleigh architect Frank B. Simpson and built in 1926.  It is two-story-plus-basement, U-shaped brick building with a low hip roof in the Colonial Revival style.  Marshall High School continued to serve the community until a new high school was built in 1973.  The building was damaged in a flood in 2004, and was subsequently renovated starting in February 2007.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

Madison County, North Carolina
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,193. Its county seat is Marshall. Madison County is part of the Asheville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride
Lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride is an ingredient in some types of soaps and personal care products. It is used as a substantive conditioning humectant. 
This chemical is a type of methyl glucoside derivative, which has been modified by ethoxylation and quaternization. A synthetic pathway for lauryl methyl gluceth-10
hydroxypropyldimonium chloride and other methyl glucoside humectants has been outlined in trade literature.

Lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyldimonium chloride is listed as a trade-named raw material, Glucquat 125, in cosmetic and toiletry products.

Menshutkin reaction
In organic chemistry, the Menshutkin reaction  converts a tertiary amine into a quaternary ammonium salt by reaction with an alkyl halide. Similar reactions occur when tertiary phosphines are treated with alkyl halides.

The reaction is the method of choice for the preparation of quaternary ammonium salts.  Some phase transfer catalysts (PTC) can be prepared according to the Menshutkin reaction, for instance the synthesis of triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBA) from triethylamine and benzyl chloride: