hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2019 in Michigan
This article reviews 2019 in Michigan, including the state's office holders, performance of its sports teams and athletes, a chronology of the state's top news and sports stories, and a list of notable Michigan-related deaths.

The top stories in Michigan during 2019 included the Larry Nassar sex abuse scandal and the deaths of William Milliken, John Conyers, John Dingell, and Lee Iacocca.

Ted Lindsay
Robert Blake Theodore Lindsay (July 29, 1925 – March 4, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played as a forward for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Lindsay scored over 800 points in his Hockey Hall of Fame career, won the Art Ross Trophy in 1950, and won the Stanley Cup four times. Often referred to as "Terrible Ted", Lindsay helped to organize the first attempt at a Players' Association in the late 1950s, an action which led to his trade to Chicago. In 2017, Lindsay was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. Lindsay played a pivotal role in improving the lives of NHL players. After his retirement, he worked a variety of jobs, serving as a sports broadcaster on NBC before becoming general manager of the Red Wings. He also served as head coach for the Hillsdale College Chargers from 1976 to 1977 and also coached the Red Wings for a time.
Kourkouas
The Kourkouas family or Curcuas (Medieval Greek: Κουρκούας, from Armenian: Գուրգեն, Gurgen) was, allegedly, one of the many nakharar families from Armenia that migrated to the Byzantine Empire during the period of Arab rule over Armenia (7th–9th centuries) although the latter is mostly speculative. They rose to prominence as part of the Anatolian military aristocracy in the 10th century, providing several high-ranking generals and an emperor. They intermarried extensively with the aristocratic families of Phokas and Skleros. In the 11th and 12th centuries, they shifted to the civilian bureaucracy.

Skleros
The Skleros (Greek: Σκληρός; plural: Σκληροί, Skleroi), latinized Sclerus, feminine form Skleraina (Σκλήραινα), Latinized Scleraena, was a noble Byzantine family active mostly in the 9th–11th centuries as members of the military aristocracy, and as civil functionaries thereafter.
Stare Dolno
Stare Dolno [ˈstarɛ ˈdɔlnɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Markusy, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Markusy, 11 km (7 mi) south of Elbląg, and 75 km (47 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is situated on the Dzierzgoń River.

In October–November 1831, various Polish infantry and artillery units, engineer corps and sappers of the November Uprising stopped in the village and its environs on the way to their internment places.

Elbląg County
Elbląg County (Polish: powiat elbląski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Elbląg, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Pasłęk, 18 km (11 mi) east of Elbląg, Tolkmicko, 27 km (17 mi) north of Elbląg, and Młynary, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Elbląg.

The county covers an area of 1,430.55 square kilometres (552.3 sq mi). In 2019, its total population was 57,395, of which the population of Pasłęk was 12,160, that of Tolkmicko was 2,689, that of Młynary was 1,772, and the rural population was 40,774.
Polyvinyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor)
In enzymology, a polyvinyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor) (EC 1.1.99.23) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

polyvinyl alcohol + acceptor  oxidized polyvinyl alcohol + reduced acceptor

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are polyvinyl alcohol and acceptor, whereas its two products are oxidized polyvinyl alcohol and reduced acceptor.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is polyvinyl-alcohol:acceptor oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include PVA dehydrogenase, and polyvinyl-alcohol:(acceptor) oxidoreductase.  It employs one cofactor, PQQ.

Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer. It has the idealized formula [CH2CH(OH)]n. It is used in papermaking, textile warp sizing, as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive formulations, in a variety of coatings, and 3D printing. It is colourless (white) and odorless. It is commonly supplied as beads or as solutions in water. Without an externally added crosslinking agent, PVA solution can be gelled through repeated freezing-thawing, yielding highly strong, ultrapure, biocompatible hydrogels which have been used for a variety of applications such as vascular stents, cartilages, contact lenses, etc.

Although polyvinyl alcohol is often referred to by the acronym PVA, more generally PVA refers to polyvinyl acetate, which is commonly used as a wood adhesive and sealer.
Kwongo Dak Padiet
Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet I (born January 1, 1945) is the reigning Reth (also known as King) of the Shilluk Kingdom, He is the 35th King of Shilluk. Shilluk Kingdom was located along the left and right bank of the White Nile in what is now South Sudan and southern Sudan.

In 2022 Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet was airlifted to Juba by the South Sudanese government under the orders of President Salva Kiir when conflict broke out in the Upper Nile state.

Upper Nile (state)
Upper Nile is a state in South Sudan. The White Nile flows through the state, giving it its name. The state also shares a similar name with the region of Greater Upper Nile, of which it was part along with the states of Unity and Jonglei. It had an area of 77,823 square kilometres (30,048 sq mi). Malakal was the capital of the state. The towns of Upper Nile State include Akoka, Melut, Renk, Kodok along with its numerous counties such as Ulang County, Maiwut County and Nasir County. The Greater Upper Nile is the location of the Fashoda Incident that ended the "Scramble for Africa", and is located in the historical state of Upper Nile. The Upper Nile State seceded from Sudan as part of the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.

In October 2015, the states of South Sudan were reorganized into 28 states by President Salva Kiir. This was reversed as the result of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020.

In South Sudan it is the lowest portion of the Nile.
Star of South Africa, Officer
The Star of South Africa, Officer (post-nominal letters OSSA) is the fourth-ranked decoration of five non-military classes of the Order of the Star of South Africa, a South African military order that was instituted by the Republic on 1 July 1975. The Order of the Star of South Africa was discontinued in 2002.

Azanian People's Liberation Army
The Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), formerly known as Poqo, was the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress, an African nationalist movement in South Africa. In the Xhosa language, the word 'Poqo' means 'pure'.

After the murder of several white families the APLA was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation by the South African National government and the United States.

APLA was disbanded and integrated into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in June 1994.
Isaiah 15
Isaiah 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter and the following chapter deal with the forthcoming history of Moab.

Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/) was an ancient Levantine kingdom whose territory is today located in southern Jordan. The land is mountainous and lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archaeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel, an episode also noted in 2 Kings 3. The Moabite capital was Dibon. According to the Hebrew Bible, Moab was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Roundel Dome
Roundel Dome (65°38′S 63°15′W﻿ / ﻿65.633°S 63.250°W﻿ / -65.633; -63.250) is a mainly snow-covered dome, with a small circular rock exposure at the summit, rising to 1,770 m on the east side of Bruce Plateau, between the heads of Crane and Flask Glaciers. The feature is a useful landmark along a proven east-west route from Larsen Ice Shelf across Bruce Plateau, Graham Land. The name, applied by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC), is descriptive of the circular area of dark colored rock surrounded by the smooth snow-covered lower slopes of the dome, resembling the type of aircraft marking known as a roundel.

Bruce Plateau
Bruce Plateau (66°S 64°W﻿ / ﻿66°S 64°W﻿ / -66; -64) is an ice-covered plateau, at least 90 nautical miles (170 km) long and about 1,830 metres (6,000 ft) high, extending northeast from the heads of Gould Glacier and Erskine Glacier to the vicinity of Flandres Bay, in Graham Land. It borders Avery Plateau on the south and Forbidden Plateau on the north. The first sighting of this plateau has not been ascertained, but it was presumably seen in January 1909 by members of the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot from their position in Pendleton Strait. The plateau was mapped from aerial photographs and from Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey surveys, 1946–62, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after William S. Bruce, a Scottish polar explorer and leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–04.
The Adventures of Roderick Random
The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) is a picaresque novel by Scottish author Tobias Smollett, notable for its episodic structure, satirical tone, and realistic portrayal of eighteenth-century British society. It is partially based on Smollett's experience as a naval-surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy, especially during the Battle of Cartagena de Indias in 1741. In the preface, Smollett acknowledges the connections of his novel to the two satirical picaresque works he translated into English: Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote (1605–15) and Alain-René Lesage's Gil Blas (1715–47)

Gil Blas
Gil Blas (French: L'Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane [listwaʁ də ʒil blɑ də sɑ̃tijan]) is a picaresque novel by Alain-René Lesage published between 1715 and 1735. It was highly popular, and was translated several times into English, most notably by Tobias Smollett in 1748 as The Adventures of Gil Blas of Santillane.
Sifre
Sifre (Hebrew: סִפְרֵי; siphrēy, Sifre, Sifrei, also, Sifre debe Rab or Sifre Rabbah) refers to either of two works of Midrash halakha, or classical Jewish legal biblical exegesis, based on the biblical books of Numbers and Deuteronomy.

Aggadah
Aggadah (Hebrew: אַגָּדָה, romanized: Aggāḏā, or הַגָּדָה Haggāḏā; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אֲגַדְתָּא, romanized: Aggāḏṯā; 'tales', 'legend', 'lore') is the non-legalistic exegesis which appears in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, particularly the Talmud and Midrash. In general, Aggadah is a compendium of rabbinic texts that incorporates folklore, historical anecdotes, moral exhortations, and practical advice in various spheres, from business to medicine. The predominant rabbinic holding is that Aggadah is meant to impart moral or theological truths through the form of allegory in order to be accessible, and it does not have to be taken literally.
534th Air Defense Group
The 534th Air Defense Group  is a disbanded United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the 4706th Air Defense Wing at Kinross Air Force Base, Michigan where it was inactivated in 1955.  The group was originally activated as the 534th Air Service Group, a support unit for a combat group at the end of World War II in Italy and then redeployed to the United States where it was inactivated in 1945.

The group was activated once again in 1953, when Air Defense Command (ADC) established it as the headquarters for a dispersed fighter-interceptor squadron and the medical, aircraft maintenance, and administrative squadrons supporting it.  It was replaced in 1955 when ADC transferred its mission, equipment, and personnel to the 507th Fighter Group in a project that replaced air defense groups commanding fighter squadrons with fighter groups with distinguished records during World War II.

Aircraft maintenance
Aircraft maintenance is the performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft or aircraft part, including overhaul, inspection, replacement, defect rectification, and the embodiment of modifications, compliance with airworthiness directives and repair.
Paul Stewart (racing driver)
Paul Evan Stewart (born 29 October 1965) is a Scottish former racing driver and team owner.

The eldest son of three-time Formula One World Drivers' Champion Jackie Stewart, he and Jackie were the co-founders of Ford works team Stewart Grand Prix in 1996, which competed in Formula One from 1997 until 1999 when Ford purchased the team, rebranding to Jaguar Racing the following season. Prior to his managerial career, Stewart spent five years in junior formulae with eponymous racing team Paul Stewart Racing, a team that he and Jackie also launched together in support of Paul's junior career. Stewart competed in Formula Fords from 1987 to 1988, the British Formula 3 Championship from 1989 to 1990, and in Formula 3000 from 1991 to 1993.

1993 International Formula 3000 Championship
The 1993 FIA Formula 3000 International Championship was a motor racing series for Formula 3000 cars. Contested over nine races, it was the ninth FIA Formula 3000 International Championship.

French driver, Olivier Panis won the championship driving a Reynard 93D for the French DAMS team.
IgG4-related disease
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, various degrees of fibrosis (scarring) and a usually prompt response to oral steroids. In approximately 51–70% of people with this disease, serum IgG4 concentrations are elevated during an acute phase.

It is a relapsing-remitting disease associated with a tendency to mass forming, tissue-destructive lesions in multiple sites, with a characteristic histopathological appearance in whichever site is involved. Inflammation and the deposition of connective tissue in affected anatomical sites can lead to organ dysfunction, organ failure, or even death if not treated.

Early detection is important to avoid organ damage and potentially serious complications. Treatment is recommended in all symptomatic cases of IgG4-RD and also in asymptomatic IgG4-RD involving certain anatomical sites.

Acute (medicine)
In medicine, describing a disease as acute denotes that it is of recent onset; it occasionally denotes a short duration. The quantification of how much time constitutes "short" and "recent" varies by disease and by context, but the core denotation of "acute" is always qualitatively in contrast with "chronic", which denotes long-lasting disease (for example, in acute leukaemia and chronic leukaemia).

In the context of the mass noun "acute disease", it refers to the acute phase (that is, a short course) of any disease entity. For example, in an article on ulcerative enteritis in poultry, the author says, "in acute disease there may be increased mortality without any obvious signs", referring to the acute form or phase of ulcerative enteritis.
Ousmane Kone
Ousmane Kone (born 19 May 1952) is a Malian politician who was Minister of Health and Public Hygiene in the Council of Ministers of Mali from 2013 to 2015. He obtained a bachelor's degree at Lycée Askia Mohamed in 1972. He also studied at the École nationale d’administration (ÉNA) in Bamako, the University of Montpellier and the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Montpellier. From 2002 to 2013, he was the technical advisor to the Ministry of Health.

University of Montpellier
The University of Montpellier (French: Université de Montpellier; Occitan: Universitat de Montpelhièr) is a public research university located in Montpellier, in south-east of France. Established in 1220, the University of Montpellier is one of the oldest universities in the world.

The university was split into three universities (the University of Montpellier 1, the University of Montpellier 2 and the Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3) for 45 years from 1970 until 2015 when it was subsequently reunified by the merger of the two former, with the latter, now named Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III, remaining a separate entity.
Jeannette Jays
The Jeannette Jays was the predominant name of  a minor league baseball team located in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, between 1926 and 1937. The Jays first played in the Middle Atlantic League from 1926 until 1931. On May 23, 1931, The Jays with a 1-11 record, moved to Altoona, Pennsylvania, to become the short-lived Altoona Engineers. Then on July 18, 1931, the Engineers moved to nearby Beaver Falls to become the Beaver Falls Beavers.

After a three-year hiatus, the team played as the Jeannette Reds as an affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds in the Pennsylvania State Association. After a year off, they were known as the Jeannette Little Pirates, an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. The team was finally known as the Jeannette Bisons in 1937, before folding.

Jeannette, Pennsylvania
Jeannette is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 8,780 at the 2020 census. Jeannette was founded in 1888 and named after Jeannette Hartupee McKee, the wife of one of the city's founders, H. Sellers McKee. It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
Luke Daniels (musician)
Luke Daniels is an English multi-instrumentalist, singer, and composer who grew up in Sonning Common, South Oxfordshire. Daniels grew up playing the melodeon in the Irish tradition and gained early recognition after winning the BBC Radio 2 Young Folk Award in 1992.

Sonning Common
Sonning Common is a village and civil parish in a relatively flat, former common land part of the Chiltern Hills in South Oxfordshire, centred 3.5 miles (6 km) west south-west of Henley-on-Thames and 2.5 miles (4 km) north of Reading.
Victor Beigel
Victor Beigel (19 May 1870 – 7 November 1930) was an English pianist and singing teacher of Hungarian descent.

Beigel was an internationally renowned vocal pedagogue. Friendships connected him with the painter John Singer Sargent, the interior designer Sybil Colefax and the composers John Ireland and Percy Grainger, whose choir rehearsals he accompanied on the piano for years. He was also a friend of his student Gervase Elwes, after whose death in 1921 he founded the Gervase Elwes Memorial Fund (later the Musicians Benevolent Fund) to support young musicians. His students included Lauritz Melchior, Anita Patti Brown, John Goss and Monica Harrison. During the First World War, he gave and organised benefit concerts in support of the "Wounded Soldiers Concert Fund".

Beigel died in Elstead at the age of 60.

John Ireland (composer)
John Nicholson Ireland (13 August 1879 – 12 June 1962) was an English composer and teacher of music. The majority of his output consists of piano miniatures and of songs with piano. His best-known works include the short instrumental or orchestral work "The Holy Boy", a setting of the poem "Sea-Fever" by John Masefield, a formerly much-played Piano Concerto, the hymn tune Love Unknown and the choral motet "Greater Love Hath No Man".
The Road Virus Heads North
"The Road Virus Heads North" is a short story by Stephen King. The story first appeared in 999, an anthology published in 1999 and edited by Al Sarrantonio. In 2002, it was collected in King's Everything's Eventual.

King wove the story around a painting he has at his home, which is disliked by his family. King himself is a fan of "moving picture" stories, which inspired him to write this tale.

Al Sarrantonio
Al Sarrantonio (May 25, 1952 – January 27, 2025) was an American horror and science fiction writer, editor, and publisher who authored more than 50 books and 90 short stories. He also edited numerous anthologies.
Skryje (Havlíčkův Brod District)
Skryje is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Skryje lies approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Havlíčkův Brod, 51 km (32 mi) north of Jihlava, and 82 km (51 mi) east of Prague.

Vysočina Region
The Vysočina Region (IPA: [ˈvɪsotʃɪna]; Czech: Kraj Vysočina) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic. Its capital is Jihlava.

The region is located in the central part of the country. It is one of just three in the country (the others being Prague and the Central Bohemian Region) which does not have a border with a foreign country.

The Vysočina Region is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the most in any region in the Czech Republic.
2018–19 League 2 (Iran)
The 2018–19 Iran Football's 2nd Division season was the 18th under 2nd Division since its establishment (current format) in 2001. The season featured 21 teams from the 2nd Division 2017–18, three new teams relegated from the 2017–18 Azadegan League: Saba Qom, Rah Ahan Tehran and Iranjavan Boushehr, and four new teams promoted from the 3rd Division 2017–18: Chooka Talesh, Shahrdari Kamyaran, Esteghlal Ramshir, Jahad Nasr Sirjan.

Chooka Talesh F.C.
Chooka Talesh Football Club (Talysh: Čuká Táleš Futboli Klub, Persian: باشگاه فوتبال چوکای تالش, Bashgah-e Futbal-e Chuka-e Tālesh) is an Iranian football club based in Talesh, Iran. They currently compete in League 2.
Majid Akbari
Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female
The Zee Cine Award Best Playback Singer – Female is awarded to a female playback singer who works in the Hindi film industry. The winner is selected from a shortlist by a jury, and announced at the annual Zee Cine Awards ceremony.

Playback singer
A playback singer, as they are usually known in South Asian cinema, or ghost singer in Western cinema, is a vocalist whose performance is pre-recorded for use in film. Playback singers record songs for soundtracks, and the actors lip-sync the songs for camera; the actual playback singer does not get filmed or appear on screen. Generally, to synchronise with the emotional situation of the song or complete film, the playback singer is given an idea or emotional context of that part of the film so that they can interpret by taking the right moves in their vocals.
Swimming at the 1955 Pan American Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke
The men's 200 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 1955 Pan American Games took place on 20 March. The last Pan American Games champion was Héctor Domínguez of Argentina.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.

1955 Pan American Games
The 1955 Pan American Games, officially known as II Pan American Games (Spanish: II Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Mexico 1955 (Spanish: México 1955), opened on March 12, 1955, at University Stadium in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators.

A total of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review and formed ranks upon the infield. The nations paraded into the stadium in Spanish alphabetical order:  Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, United States, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. The hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U.S. team to collapse. Both quickly recovered.