hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sobolev inequality
In mathematics, there is in mathematical analysis a class of Sobolev inequalities, relating norms including those of Sobolev spaces. These are used to prove the Sobolev embedding theorem, giving inclusions between certain Sobolev spaces, and the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem showing that under slightly stronger conditions some Sobolev spaces are compactly embedded in others. They are named after Sergei Lvovich Sobolev.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
Old Man of the Lake
The Old Man of the Lake is a 30-foot (9 m) tall tree trunk, most likely a hemlock, that has been bobbing vertically in Crater Lake in Oregon, United States since at least 1896.

The trunk is about 2 feet (61 cm) in diameter at the waterline and stands approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the water. Its surface has been bleached white due to photodegradation. The exposed end of the floating tree is splintered and worn but wide and buoyant enough to support a person's weight.

Fontinalis, a moss present in the waters of Crater Lake at a depth of 394 feet (120 m), also grows on the Old Man of the Lake, the only place the moss is found near the surface.

Photodegradation
Photodegradation is the alteration of materials by light. Commonly, the term is used loosely to refer to the combined action of sunlight and air, which cause oxidation and hydrolysis. Often photodegradation is intentionally avoided, since it destroys paintings and other artifacts. It is, however, partly responsible for remineralization of biomass and is used intentionally in some disinfection technologies. Photodegradation does not apply to how materials may be aged or degraded via infrared light or heat, but does include degradation in all of the ultraviolet light wavebands.
Van der Woude syndrome
Van der Woude syndrome (VDWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of lower lip pits, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and cleft palate only (CPO). The frequency of orofacial clefts ranges from 1:1000 to 1:500 births worldwide, and there are more than 400 syndromes that involve CL/P.  VWS is distinct from other clefting syndromes due to the combination of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and CPO within the same family.  Other features frequently associated with VWS include hypodontia in 10-81% of cases, narrow arched palate, congenital heart disease, heart murmur and cerebral abnormalities, syndactyly of the hands, polythelia, ankyloglossia, and adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads.

The association between lower lip pits and cleft lip and/or palate was first described by Anne Van der Woude in 1954.  The worldwide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000.

Hypodontia
Hypodontia is defined as the developmental absence of one or more teeth excluding the third molars.  It is one of the most common dental anomalies, and can have a negative impact on function, and also appearance. It rarely occurs in primary teeth (also known as deciduous, milk, first and baby teeth) and the most commonly affected are the adult second premolars and the upper lateral incisors. It usually occurs as part of a syndrome that involves other abnormalities and requires multidisciplinary treatment.

The phenomenon can be subdivided into the following according to the number of teeth concerned:

Hypodontia: one to six missing teeth excluding the third molars

Oligodontia: six or more missing permanent teeth excluding the third molars

Anodontia: complete absence of teeth
4th Yeşilçam Awards
The 4th Yeşilçam Awards (Turkish: 4. Yeşilçam Ödülleri), presented by the Turkish Foundation of Cinema and Audiovisual Culture (TÜRSAK) and Beyoğlu Municipality, honored the best Turkish films of 2010 and took place at the conclusion of the 4th Yeşilçam Week festival on March 28, 2011 (2011-3-28), at the Lütfi Kırdar Congress and Exhibition Hall in Istanbul, Turkey.

The 4th Yeşilçam Week, which will run from March 21 to 28, 2011, will include cinema screenings of classic Turkish films at the Turabibaba Library in Beyoğlu, a concert of Turkish film songs by the band Türk Kahvesi at the Beyoğlu Municipality Youth Culture Center on March 24, an exhibition of portrait photographs by Reza Hemmatirad of filmmaker Osman Sınav at the Beyoğlu Municipal Art Gallery, an exhibition of winning photographs photography from the "Cinemascope Beyoğlu" competition at the Youth Culture Center, and concluded with the awards presentation.

Yahşi Batı
Yahşi Batı is a 2010 Turkish comedy film, directed by Ömer Faruk Sorak, which stars Cem Yılmaz as special agents tasked by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire to deliver a diamond gift to the American president. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on January 1, 2010 (2010-01-01), was one of highest-grossing Turkish films of 2010. The title Yahşi Batı ("Mild West") is a play on the term Vahşi Batı ("Wild West").
Nadowli Kaleo (Ghana parliament constituency)
Nadowli Kaleo is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Nadowli Kaleo is located in the Nadowli-Kaleo District of the Upper West Region of Ghana.

Upper West Region
The Upper West Region is a region of Ghana located in the northwestern corner of the country. It is bordered by the Upper East Region to the east, the Northern Region to the south, and the Centre-Ouest and Sud-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso to the west and north. The Upper West regional capital and largest settlement is Wa.
Kermit Murdock
Kermit Murdock (20 March 1908 – 11 February 1981) was an American film, television and radio actor known for his avuncular and professorial character portrayals.

His more prominent character roles in major motion pictures included Dean Pollard in Splendor in the Grass (1961), Henderson, the banker in In the Heat of The Night (1967), and Dr. Robertson in The Andromeda Strain (1971).

He is also remembered for his voice acting in many episodes of the 1950s science fiction radio series X Minus One. He was in The Mysterious Traveler episode "Survival of the Fittest" with Everett Sloane, and was featured in an episode of the series Adventure Ahead.

He appeared in character roles in television programs of the 1960s and 1970s including episodes of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Kung Fu, The Mod Squad, and The Defenders. He portrayed a prosecutor of witches in the penultimate Star Trek episode, "All Our Yesterdays" (1969).

Avunculate
The avunculate, sometimes called avunculism or avuncularism, is any social institution where a special relationship exists between an uncle and his sisters' children. This relationship can be formal or informal, depending on the society. Early anthropological research focused on the association between the avunculate and matrilineal descent, while later research has expanded to consider the avunculate in general society.
Nripendra Nath Roy
Nripendra Nath Roy(born  21 March 1959) is an Indian Politician belonging to the Forward Bloc. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Cooch Behar constituency of West Bengal in 2009.

Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency
Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India. The constituency centres on Cooch Behar in West Bengal. All the seven assembly segments of No. 1 Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency are in Cooch Behar district. The seat is reserved for scheduled castes.
Bahajri
Bahajri, or as they call in Hadramout Al Bahjeri, they are one of the families of the Wadi Dawan one of Hadhramaut's Governorate in the south of the Arabian Peninsula have known this family in ancient times (Al ibn Hajar), which is due origin to the Kingdom of Kindah  that used to be in Yemen before collapse of Marib Dam, and a move to find was scattered throughout the Arabian countries and non-Arabian countries, this family has one of the most famous and great Arabian poets, his name is Imru' al-Qais and many others poets. This family members are also well known since ancient times to the present day in science field, poetry, and trade, and they are one of the most successful groups, one of those examples is a woman, she is the Professor Dr. Suhad Bahajri and many others.

Wadi Doan
Wadi Doan (Arabic: وَادِي دَوْعَن, romanized: Wādī Daw‘an) is a wadi (desert valley) located in the Hadhramaut Governorate of central Yemen. It is a significant tributary of the larger Wadi Hadhramaut and features narrow canyons and clustered villages with towering mud-built houses. It is noted for its mudbrick tower house architecture and honey production.
Charles Ntakirutinka
Charles Ntakirutinka is a former Transportation Minister in the post-genocide Rwandan government,  who was later imprisoned on charges of creating civil disorder as well as planning assassinations. Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience and a 2011 "priority case".

Prisoner of conscience
A prisoner of conscience (POC) is anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. The term also refers to those who have been imprisoned or persecuted for the nonviolent expression of their conscientiously held beliefs.

Most often associated with the human rights organisation Amnesty International, the term was coined by that organisation's founder Peter Benenson in a 28 May 1961 article ("The Forgotten Prisoners") for London newspaper The Observer.
Sandy Hook
Sandy Hook is a barrier spit in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The barrier spit, approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) in length and varying from 0.1 to 1.0 mile (0.16 to 1.61 km) wide, is located at the north end of the Jersey Shore. It encloses the southern entrance of Lower New York Bay south of New York City, protecting it from the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean to the east.

The Dutch called the area "Sant Hoek", with the English "Hook" deriving from the Dutch "Hoek" (corner, angle), meaning "spit of land". For over three centuries mariners tasked with guiding ships across the Sandy Hook bar have been known as Sandy Hook pilots.

Most of Sandy Hook is owned and managed by the National Park Service as the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area.

Spit (landform)
A spit or sandspit is a deposition bar or beach landform off coasts or lake shores. It develops in places where re-entrance occurs, such as at a cove's headlands, by the process of longshore drift by longshore currents. The drift occurs because waves meet the beach at an oblique angle, moving sediment down the beach in a zigzag pattern. This is complemented by longshore currents, which further transport sediment through the water alongside the beach. These currents are caused by the same waves that cause the drift.
Daniel Blumenthal (politician)
Daniel Blumenthal (25 January 1860 in Thann, Haut-Rhin – 25 March 1930 in Paris) was the mayor of Colmar from 1905 to 1914 and an elected member of the Reichstag between 1903 and 1907. He worked as a lawyer, first at the Landgericht in Mülhausen, and then at Alsace-Lorraine's Supreme Court at Colmar.

Thann, Haut-Rhin
Thann (French pronunciation: [tan] ⓘ; Alsatian: Dànn, pronounced [tɔn], German: Thann) is a commune in the northeastern French department of Haut-Rhin, in Grand Est. It is the sous-préfecture of the arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller and part of the canton of Cernay. Its inhabitants are known as Thannois.
Azzedine Dkidak
Azzedine Dkidak (born 11 May 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger or left-back for Tweede Divisie club IJsselmeervogels. Born in the Netherlands, Dkidak represents Morocco internationally.

Serie C
The Serie C (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈtʃi]), officially known as Serie C Sky Wifi for sponsorship purposes, is the third-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie B and Serie A. The Lega Italiana Calcio Professionistico (Lega Pro) is the governing body that operates the Serie C.

The unification of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione and the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as Lega Pro Divisione Unica (often also abbreviated as Lega Pro) in 2014 reintroduced the format of the original Serie C that existed between 1935 and 1978 (before the split into Serie C1 and Serie C2). In May 2017, the Lega Pro assembly unanimously approved renaming the competition to its original name, Serie C.
Pinikir
Pinikir, also known as Pinigir, Pirengir, Pirinkir, and Parakaras, was an Ancient Near Eastern astral goddess who originates in Elamite religious beliefs. While she is only infrequently attested in Elamite documents, she achieved a degree of prominence in Hurrian religion. Due to her presence in pantheons of many parts of the Ancient Near East, from Anatolia to Iran, modern researchers refer to her as a "cosmopolitan deity."

Early scholarship incorrectly identified her as one and the same as Kiririsha, an unrelated goddess from a different part of Elam.

Urkesh
Urkesh, also transliterated Urkish (Akkadian: 𒌨𒆧𒆠 UR.KIŠKI, 𒌨𒋙𒀭𒄲𒆠 UR.KEŠ3KI; modern Tell Mozan; Arabic: تل موزان), is a tell, or settlement mound, located in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains (in the area of upper Khabur River basin) in Al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. Urkesh was one of the oldest city of the Ancient Near East, originating in the fourth millennium BC. Its importance is due to the fact that it is the only third millennium B.C. urban centre known so far which can be considered wholly Hurrian.
Ouddorp
Ouddorp is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee. It is often referred to as Ouddorp aan Zee (Outdorp on the Sea) to promote itself as a seaside resort, because the village has an 18 kilometres (11 mi) long beach which is the longest of the Netherlands.

South Holland
South Holland (Dutch: Zuid-Holland [ˌzœyt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ⓘ) is a province of the Netherlands with a population of over 3.8 million as of January 2023 and a population density of about 1,410/km2 (3,700/sq mi), making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,308 km2 (1,277 sq mi), of which 609 km2 (235 sq mi) is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is the Dutch seat of government The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam. The Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta drains through South Holland into the North Sea. Europe's busiest seaport, the Port of Rotterdam, is located in South Holland.
Follow the Sun (Kahil El'Zabar album)
Follow the Sun is an album by American jazz percussionist Kahil El'Zabar, recorded in 2013 and released on Delmark. He leads his Ritual Trio with saxophonist Ari Brown and bassist Junius Paul, augmented by special guests vocalist Dwight Trible and Duke Payne on second tenor sax and bagpipes.

Delmark Records
Delmark Records is an American jazz and blues independent record label. The label originated in 1953 in St. Louis, Missouri, as Delmar, when owner, and founder, Bob Koester released a recording of the Windy City Six, a traditional jazz group, under the Delmar imprint. Koester and the label moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1958, and the label's name became Delmark. Koester sold the label assets in 2018, and the label since operates as Delmark Records LLC.
Unforgettable (Star Trek: Voyager)
"Unforgettable" is the 90th episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, the 22nd episode of the fourth season.  It was directed by Star Trek: Deep Space Nine recurring guest actor Andrew J. Robinson who portrayed the Cardassian character Elim Garak.

The episode was broadcast on the United Paramount Network (UPN) on April 22, 1998. The USS Voyager is visited by a mysterious alien woman, Kellin (played by guest star Virginia Madsen).

The episode depicts a Bussard ramjet, a real-world proposed technology designed to scoop up fuel for a spacecraft's engines.  In this episode the engine is said to take in deuterium.

Bussard ramjet
Interstellar medium

Collect and compress hydrogen

Transport hydrogen beside the payload

Thermonuclear fusion

Engine nozzle

Flue gas jet

The Bussard ramjet is a theoretical method of spacecraft propulsion for interstellar travel. A fast moving spacecraft scoops up hydrogen from the interstellar medium using an enormous funnel-shaped magnetic field (ranging from kilometers to many thousands of kilometers in diameter); the hydrogen is compressed until thermonuclear fusion occurs, which provides thrust to counter the drag created by the funnel and energy to power the magnetic field. The Bussard ramjet can thus be seen as a ramjet variant of a fusion rocket.

The Bussard ramjet was proposed in 1960 by the physicist Robert W. Bussard.

The concept was popularized by Poul Anderson in his novel Tau Zero, Larry Niven in his Known Space series of books, Vernor Vinge in his Zones of Thought series, and Carl Sagan, as referenced in the television series and book Cosmos.
Farhan Halim
Farhan Halim (born 26 April 2001) is an Indonesian volleyball player. He is currently defending the Jakarta Bhayangkara Presisi club in 2023 Proliga. He has also been an Indonesia men's national volleyball team player since 2022.

Indonesia men's national volleyball team
The Indonesia men's national volleyball team represents Indonesia in international volleyball tournaments. The team is directed by the Indonesian Volleyball Federation (Persatuan Bola Voli Seluruh Indonesia, PBVSI), the governing body for volleyball in Indonesia, which represents the country in international competitions and friendly matches.

Indonesia has competed in several competitions such as Asian Championship, Asian Games, Asian Cup, Asian Nations Cup, SEA Games, and SEA V.League. With their best result being 4th place in 2017 Asian Championship and 1962 Asian Games.
Bobsleigh at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Four-man
The Four-man bobsleigh competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano was held on 22 and 23 February, at Spiral. Weather led to the cancellation of the second run on the opening day, meaning the competition had three total runs.

Nagano (city)
Nagano (長野市, Nagano-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜɡano, naɡanoꜜɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Nagano Prefecture, located in the Nagano Basin (Zenkoji Daira) in the central Chūbu region of Japan. Nagano is categorized as a core city of Japan. Nagano City is the highest prefectural capital in Japan, with an altitude of 371.4 meters (1,219 ft).

The city is surrounded by mountains, the highest of which is Mount Takatsuma (2,353 m), and it is near the confluence of the Chikuma River—the longest and widest river in Japan—and the Sai River. As of 1 July 2023, the city had an estimated population of 365,296 in 160,625 households, and a population density of 438 persons per km². The total area of the city is 834.81 square kilometres (322.32 sq mi).
Likoshan
Likoshan (Albanian definite form: Likoshani), or Likošane (Serbian Cyrillic: Ликошане), is a village in the Glogovac municipality of Kosovo, in the region of Drenica.

Likoshan, along with the village of Çirez, was the site of a battle between the KLA and Serbian forces and a massacre, in February 1998 during the Kosovo War.

Drenas
Drenas or Gllogovc/Gllogoc (Albanian definite form: Drenasi or Gllogovci/Gllogoci), or Glogovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Глоговац), is a town and municipality in the district of Pristina, Kosovo. The municipality has an area of 276.63 km2 (106.81 sq mi). According to the last census of 2024, the municipality has a population of 48,079.
I Can See Your Voice Thailand
I Can See Your Voice Thailand is a Thai television mystery music game show based on the South Korean programme of the same title. It is also the first country to air its own local adaptation, debuting on Workpoint TV on 13 January 2016.

I Can See Your Voice (South Korean game show)
I Can See Your Voice (abbreviated as ICSYV; Korean: 너의 목소리가 보여) is a South Korean television mystery music game show created by Lee Seon-young and produced by CJ ENM. It first aired on Mnet and tvN on February 26, 2015.
Eunice (software)
Eunice was a Unix-like working environment for VAX computers running DEC's VAX/VMS, based on the BSD version of Unix. It was originally developed ca. 1981 by David Kashtan at SRI, and later maintained and marketed by The Wollongong Group.

Eunice was one of several Unix compatibility packages developed during the 1980s. It provided VMS binary versions of Unix tools, a VMS object library emulating the Unix API (including the system call interface) and an assembler that produced VMS binaries. Eunice was criticized for its performance problems and not quite complete Unix compatibility. Eunice's reputation for poor compatibility inspired the "Congratulations. You aren't running Eunice." message included in the Perl configure script.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Capon and North Branch Turnpike
The Capon and North Branch Turnpike (also known as the Cacapon and North Branch Turnpike) was a 19th-century turnpike in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of Virginia (now West Virginia).  The turnpike facilitated increased communication and transportation between Cumberland, Maryland and Winchester, Virginia via the Northwestern Turnpike in Capon Bridge, West Virginia. As of July 2010, the Capon and North Branch Turnpike's original route is made up of segments of West Virginia Route 28, Springfield Pike (County Route 3), Slanesville Pike (County Route 3), and Cold Stream Road (County Routes 45/20 and 15).

Hampshire County, West Virginia
Hampshire County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,093. Its county seat is Romney, West Virginia's oldest town (1762). The county was created by the Virginia General Assembly in 1754, from parts of Frederick and Augusta Counties (Virginia) and is the state's oldest county. The county lies in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands region.

Hampshire County is part of the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.