hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Porous medium equation
The porous medium equation, also called the nonlinear heat equation, is a nonlinear partial differential equation taking the form:

where  is the Laplace operator. It may also be put into its equivalent divergence form:where  may be interpreted as a diffusion coefficient and  is the divergence operator.

Divergence
In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that operates on a vector field, producing a scalar field giving the rate that the vector field alters the volume in an infinitesimal neighborhood of each point. (In 2D this "volume" refers to area.) More precisely, the divergence at a point is the rate that the flow of the vector field modifies a volume about the point in the limit, as a small volume shrinks down to the point.

As an example, consider air as it is heated or cooled. The velocity of the air at each point defines a vector field. While air is heated in a region, it expands in all directions, and thus the velocity field points outward from that region. The divergence of the velocity field in that region would thus have a positive value. While the air is cooled and thus contracting, the divergence of the velocity has a negative value.
Milić Kedić
Milić Kedić (Serbian: Милић Кедић; 1775–1809) was a Serbian commander in the area of Valjevo and Podrinje in the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13). He was usually part of the Valjevo army of the Nenadović family. He was killed in action.

Podrinje
Podrinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Подриње) is the Slavic name of the Drina river basin, known in English as the Drina Valley. The Drina basin is shared between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, with majority of its territory being located in Eastern Bosnia, entire Upper Drina course and majority of the Middle course, while the Lower Drina course is shared between two countries, with the river representing border. The part of the Drina basin located in Bosnia and Herzegovina is also called Eastern Bosnia.
Former High Point Bending and Chair Company
The former High Point Bending and Chair Company, also known as Boling Chair Company and Boling Company, is a historic factory complex located at Siler City, Chatham County, North Carolina.  The complex includes the original 1908 factory building, along with brick factory buildings built about 1920 and 1948. The original factory is a three-story, brick building with several additions.  Also on the property is a contributing section of Cape Fear and Yadkin Railroad tracks (c. 1884). Any furniture left from the disaster can be worth thousands of dollars given rarity and condition.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Chatham County, North Carolina
Chatham County (locally /ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm) is a county located in the Piedmont area of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is also the location of the geographic center of North Carolina, northwest of Sanford. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,285. Its county seat is Pittsboro.

Chatham County is part of the Durham-Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh-Durham-Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023.
Hans von Arnim
Hans von Arnim (14 September 1859, Groß Fredenwalde – 26 May 1931, Vienna) was a German-Austrian classical philologist, who specialized in studies of Plato and Aristotle.

He studied classical philology at the University of Greifswald as a pupil of Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf. From 1881 to 1888 he worked as a schoolteacher in Elberfeld and Bonn, then obtained his habilitation in 1888 from the University of Halle. In 1893 he became a full professor at Rostock, then in 1900 was appointed chair of Greek philology at the University of Vienna as a successor to Theodor Gomperz. In 1914 he relocated as a professor to the newly founded University of Frankfurt, and in 1921 returned to the University of Vienna.

He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1919.

University of Rostock
The University of Rostock (German: Universität Rostock) is a public university located in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Founded in 1419, it is the third-oldest university in Germany. It is the oldest university in continental northern Europe and the Baltic Sea area, and 8th oldest in Central Europe. It was the 5th university established in the Holy Roman Empire.

The university has been associated with three Nobel laureates: Albrecht Kossel, Karl von Frisch and Otto Stern. It is a member of the European University Association. According to a ranking published by Times Higher Education in 2018, it is the most beautiful university in Germany and the fourth most beautiful university in all of Europe. The language of instruction is usually German, and English for some postgraduate studies.
1916 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1916 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School, now California Polytechnic State University, in the 1916 college football season. Led by second-year head coach D. W. Schlosser, Cal Poly compiled a record of 1–2 and were outscored by their opponents 56 to 25.

Cal Poly was a two-year school until 1941.

1916 college football season
The 1916 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Army and Pittsburgh as national champions. Both Army and Pittsburgh claim a national championship for the 1916 season. Georgetown led the nation in scoring with 464 points.
Novoilyinsky (inhabited locality)
Novoilyinsky (Russian: Новоильи́нский; masculine), Novoilyinskaya (Новоильи́нская; feminine), or Novoilyinskoye (Новоильи́нское; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Novoilyinsky, Perm Krai, a work settlement in Nytvensky District of Perm Krai

Rural localities

Novoilyinsky, Kemerovo Oblast, a settlement in Gornyatskaya Rural Territory of Leninsk-Kuznetsky District of Kemerovo Oblast

Novoilyinskoye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Chashchikhinsky Selsoviet of Krasnobakovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Novoilyinskoye, Perm Krai, a selo in Permsky District of Perm Krai

Novoilyinskaya, a village in Syrtinsky Selsoviet of Kizilsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast

Kizilsky District
Kizilsky District (Russian: Кизильский райо́н; Kazakh: Қызыл ауданы, Qyzyl aýdany) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,413 square kilometers (1,704 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kizilskoye. Population: 25,876 (2010 Census); 27,679 (2002 Census); 30,220 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kizilskoye accounts for 25.7% of the district's total population.
James Minahan
James Mark Minahan (1872 – 11 October 1941) was an Irish-born Australian politician.

Born in County Clare to bootmaker Patrick Minahan and Mary Murphy, Minahan migrated to New South Wales around 1883 and partnered with his brother Patrick as a boot manufacturer. Around 1900 he married Mary Eileen Killeen, with whom he had four children. From 1925 to 1934 he served as a Labor Party  member of the New South Wales Legislative Council; he opposed Jack Lang in the 1930s and sat as a  Federal Labor representative. Minahan died at  Waverley in 1941.

Federal Labor Party (NSW)
The Federal Labor Party were the members of the Australian Labor Party in the state of New South Wales who supported the federal party leadership in the split with the state Labor party which broke away in 1931. Federal Labor retained some seats in the Parliament of Australia but was a minor party in state elections. The dispute was healed in 1936.
Château du Fayel
The Château du Fayel is located near Le Fayel, in the French Oise department.

Built between 1650 and 1655 for Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Marshall of France and Viceroy of Catalonia, it was designed by Jacques Sparrow, an elder half-brother of Libéral Bruant, designer of Les Invalides.

The Château was inhabited by members of the de la Mothe Houdancourt family, like Charles (between 1693 and 1728) and Louis Claude (between 1728 and 1755), 
until it passed by marriage to the Rouault-Gamaches, Héricy, and Cossé-Brissac families. The Château was never sold and is today still inhabited by Édouard de Cossé-Brissac.

The interior was renovated in the 18th century, and the park no longer exists, but the exterior remains largely unchanged. It was first registered as an historic monument on 13 January 1947.

Les Invalides
The Hôtel des Invalides (French: [o.tɛl dez ɛ̃valid]; French for 'House of Invalids'), commonly called les Invalides ([lez ɛ̃valid]; lit. 'the Invalids'), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an old soldiers' retirement home, the building's original purpose. The buildings house the Musée de l'Armée, the museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine. The complex also includes the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, the national cathedral of the French military. It is adjacent to the Royal Chapel known as the Dôme des Invalides, the tallest church building in Paris at a height of 107 metres (351 ft). The latter has been converted into a shrine to some of France's leading military figures, most notably the tomb of Napoleon.
Belle Case La Follette
Isabelle Case La Follette (April 21, 1859 – August 18, 1931) was a women's suffrage, peace, and civil rights activist in Wisconsin, United States. She worked with the Woman's Peace Party during World War I.  At the time of her death in 1931, The New York Times called her "probably the least known yet most influential of all American women who have had to do with public affairs in this country." She was the wife and helpmate of Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette—a prominent Progressive Republican politician both in Wisconsin and on the national scene—and as co-editor with her husband of La Follette's Weekly Magazine.

University of Wisconsin Law School
The University of Wisconsin Law School is the law school of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a public research university in Madison, Wisconsin. Founded in 1868, the school is guided by a "law in action" legal philosophy which emphasizes the role of the law in practice and society. It offers the Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees; Juris Doctor graduates of the law school receive admission to the Wisconsin bar without taking a traditional bar examination via diploma privilege.
Microtubule nucleation
In cell biology, microtubule nucleation is the process that initiates the formation of microtubules. These filaments of the cytoskeleton typically form through polymerization of α- and β-tubulin dimers, the basic building blocks of the microtubule, which initially interact to nucleate a seed from which the filament elongates.

Microtubule nucleation occurs spontaneously in vitro, with solutions of purified tubulin giving rise to full-length polymers. The tubulin dimers that make up the polymers have an intrinsic capacity to self-aggregate and assemble into cylindrical tubes, provided there is an adequate supply of guanosine triphosphate 
(GTP). The kinetics barriers of such a process, however, mean that the rate at which microtubules spontaneously nucleate is relatively low.

Protein filament
In biology, a protein filament is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella.  Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell. When the filaments are packed up together, they are able to form three different cellular parts. The three major classes of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton include: actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
John Williams (dean of Llandaff)
John Frederick  Williams (9 March 1907 – 1 September 1983) was a Welsh Anglican priest in the last third of the twentieth century. Williams was educated at Friars School, Bangor, and the University of Wales; and ordained in 1930. After curacies in Portmadoc and Aberdare he served incumbencies at Miskin, Skewen and Neath. He was Archdeacon of Llandaff from  1969 to 1971; and Dean of Llandaff from 1971 to 1977.

Neath
Neath (/niːθ/; Welsh: Castell-nedd) is a market town and community situated in the Neath Port Talbot County Borough, Wales. The town had a population of 50,658 in 2011. The community of the parish of Neath had a population of 19,258 in 2011. Historically in Glamorgan, the town is located on the River Neath, seven miles (eleven kilometres) east-northeast of Swansea.
1976 Norwegian Second Division
The 1976 2. divisjon was a Norway's second-tier football league season.

The league was contested by 28 teams, divided into a total of three groups; A and B (non-Northern Norwegian teams) and one district group which contained teams from Northern Norway: district IX–XI. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1977 1. divisjon. The second placed teams in group A and B met the winner of the district IX–XI in a qualification round where the winner was promoted to 1. divisjon. The bottom two teams inn group A and B were relegated to the 3. divisjon. The 8th placed teams in group A and B met each other in a qualification round to avoid relegation.

Moss won group A with 27 points. Vålerengen won group B with 32 points. Both teams promoted to the 1977 1. divisjon. Bodø/Glimt won the district IX–XI and won the qualification play-offs and was also promoted.

Aalesunds FK
Aalesunds Fotballklubb, commonly known as Aalesund or AaFK, is a Norwegian professional football club from the town of Ålesund, that competes in the Eliteserien, the top tier of the Norwegian football league system. The club was founded on 25 June 1914. As of 2004, the football club had 835 members and several teams on both professional and amateur levels. These teams are the 1st and 2nd teams, junior team, and also several age-specific teams.
Federico Capasso
Federico Capasso (born 1949) is an Italian-American applied physicist and is one of the inventors of the quantum cascade laser during his work at Bell Laboratories. He is currently on the faculty of Harvard University.

Applied physics
Applied physics is the application of physics to solve scientific or engineering problems. It is usually considered a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.
"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors, such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work. Applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of scientific principles in practical devices and systems and with the application of physics in other areas of science and high technology.
Laurie Shaffi
Laurie Shaffi OBE (15 August 1912 – 6 February 2005) was a British–Indian barrister, diplomat and tennis player.

Shaffi, born in London and half-Indian, was an old boy of Emanuel School.

Active on the tennis tour in the 1930s, Shaffi's career titles included the East of England Championships and Essex Championships. In 1939, he earned a call-up to the Great Britain Davis Cup team, on the back of recent wins over Donald MacPhail and Ronald Shayes, both rivals for a berth in the lineup. Unranked in Britain at the time, he was considered a surprise selection and featured in ties against both France and Germany.

During World War II, Shaffi fought with the Royal Air Force. He became Adjutant to Field Marshall Claude Auchinleck.

A law graduate, Shaffi served as Pakistan's Consul General in New York and San Francisco. He married an American and was a long-time resident of Monterey, California.

Donald MacPhail (tennis)
Donald MacPhail (1910–1997) was a Scottish tennis player in the years before and after World War 2.

MacPhail won the Scottish Championships men's singles four times (1933, 1936, 1939 and 1946) on grass. and he won the Scottish Hard Court Championships singles title two times (1937–38) on clay. He was a quarter finalist at Wimbledon in 1938, where he beat third seed Roderich Menzel when Menzel retired at the end of the second set.
Although the match was marred by Menzel's retirement, according to The Glasgow Herald, "there is little doubt that the Scot would have won it anyway after securing the vital second set".  MacPhail was a Flight Lieutenant. MacPhail competed in the Wimbledon men's singles from 1933 to 1946. In later life MacPhail moved to England and died in Essex in 1997 aged 86.
WTRC-FM
WTRC-FM (95.3 MHz; "News Talk 95.3 MNC") is a commercial radio station licensed to Niles, Michigan and serving the South Bend metropolitan area of Michigan and Indiana.  It is owned by Federated Media and it airs a news-talk radio format patterned after Federated's station in Fort Wayne, WOWO.  The studios and company headquarters are on Edison Road in Mishawaka, Indiana.

WTRC-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 5,500 watts.  The transmitter is on Brick Road near Indiana State Road 933 in South Bend.  The station is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD Radio digital hybrid format.

Federated Media (broadcasting)
Federated Media is a privately held American company that owns and operates 10 radio stations based in northern Indiana and southern Michigan. Its corporate structure is complicated, involving various shell companies such as Pathfinder Communications, Jam Communications and Talking Stick Communications, which hold the licenses of its various radio stations.

The company is headquartered in Mishawaka, Indiana.

Federated Media sold the Elkhart Truth newspaper based in Elkhart, Indiana to Paxton Media Group in 2016. Federated had run the newspaper since 1952. In February 2018, Federated Media entered into an agreement to sell ESPN Radio affiliate WFGA to Swick Broadcasting.

In August 2012, Federated Media stations affiliated with iHeartRadio.
Bhand
Bhānds (Devanagari: भांड; Urdu: بھانڈ, Gurmukhi: ਭੰਡ, Bengali: ভাঁড়) are the traditional folk entertainers of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. In India and Nepal, the Bahand are now an endogamous Hindu and Muslim community, which is no longer involved in their traditional occupation of folk entertainment. They include actors, dancers, minstrels, storytellers and impressionists.

Payment for performances is usually voluntary: often, one performer goes around the audience collecting money on a "pay-what-you-can" basis while the others continue to perform.

Gurmukhi
Gurmukhī (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ [ˈɡʊɾᵊmʊkʰiː], Shahmukhi: گُرمُکھی) is an abugida developed from the Laṇḍā scripts, standardized and used by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad (1504–1552). Commonly regarded as a Sikh script, Gurmukhi is used in Punjab, India as the official script of the Punjabi language.

The primary scripture of Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic title Sant Bhasha or "saint language", in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages.

Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative term paintī or "the thirty-five", plus six additional consonants, nine vowel diacritics, two diacritics for nasal sounds, one diacritic that geminates consonants and three subscript characters.
Breakdown (1997 film)
Breakdown is a 1997 American action thriller film directed by Jonathan Mostow from the screenplay he wrote with Sam Montgomery. It stars Kurt Russell as a man whose wife is kidnapped by a truck driver after their car mysteriously breaks down during a cross-country drive, leading him on a desperate search to track her down and confront her captors. The film also stars J. T. Walsh and Kathleen Quinlan. The original music score was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. The film was produced by Dino De Laurentiis and Martha De Laurentiis.

Breakdown was released on May 2, 1997, by Paramount Pictures, and is the final film featuring Walsh to be released in his lifetime.

Hollywood Studio Symphony
The Hollywood Studio Symphony (sometimes the Hollywood Freelance Studio Symphony) is the credited name of the symphony orchestra behind many major soundtracks, including  The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Sucker Punch, Jurassic Park III, Last Samurai, Pirates of the Caribbean, We Are Marshall, Spider-Man 2,  Lost and The Bourne Supremacy.  Contrary to what its name might suggest, the orchestra is not a conventional symphony orchestra, in that all of its members are freelance musicians who are contracted individually, and differ across individual soundtracks.
Made in Paris
Made in Paris is a 1966 American romantic-comedy film starring Ann-Margret, Louis Jourdan, Richard Crenna, Edie Adams, and Chad Everett. The film was written by Stanley Roberts and directed by Boris Sagal.

Stanley Roberts
Stanley Corvet Roberts (born February 7, 1970) is an American former professional basketball player who played center.  He was said to have the potential to be the best center of all time. He played college basketball for Louisiana State University (LSU) before being drafted 23rd overall by the Orlando Magic in the 1991 NBA draft.
Lord Charles Cavendish (politician, born 1704)
Lord Charles Cavendish FRS (17 March 1704 – 28 April 1783) was a British nobleman, Whig politician, and scientist.

Cavendish was the youngest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire, and Rachel Russell.

On 9 January 1727, Lord Charles Cavendish married Lady Anne de Grey (died 20 September 1733), daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, and Jemima, his first wife. They had two children: Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), considered one of the most accomplished physicists and chemists of his era, and Frederick Cavendish (1733–1812).

Cavendish entered the House of Commons for Heytesbury in 1725 and would remain a member in various seats until 1741, when he turned the "family seat" of Derbyshire over to his nephew William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington.

Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Derbyshire is a former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Knights of the Shire.