hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Calgary Fire of 1886
The Calgary Fire of 1886, also known as the Great Calgary Fire of 1886, was a conflagration that burned in the Canadian city of Calgary on Sunday, November 7, 1886. The fire began at the rear wall of the local flour and feed store, and spread through the community's wooden structures leading to the destruction of 18 buildings.

The fire resulted in changes in local construction practices to stop the likelihood and rapid spread of future fires including an increased reliance on sandstone for new structures, which resulted in the town's early nickname "Sandstone City".

Conflagration
A conflagration is a particularly large and destructive fire. In the built environment, this may describe a fire that spreads via structure to structure, ignition due to radiant or convective heat, or ember transmission. Conflagrations often damage human life, animal life, health, and/or property. A conflagration can begin accidentally or be intentionally created (arson). A very large fire can produce a firestorm, in which the central column of rising heated air induces strong inward winds, which supply oxygen to the fire. Conflagrations can cause casualties including deaths or injuries from burns, collapse of structures and attempts to escape, and smoke inhalation.

Firefighting is the practice of extinguishing a conflagration, protecting life and property and minimizing damage and injury. One of the goals of fire prevention is to avoid conflagrations. When a conflagration is extinguished, there is often a fire investigation to determine the cause of the fire.
Albert Hall, Brisbane
Albert Hall was a church hall and theatre from 1901 to 1969 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was on the north side of Albert Street between Ann Street and Turbot Street, to the left of Albert Street Methodist (now Uniting) Church (who owned the hall). Albert Hall was replaced by the SGIO / Suncorp Building. Although a church hall, its central city location led to a wider range of uses than a typical church hall.

State Library of Queensland
State Library of Queensland (State Library) is the state public reference and research library of Queensland, Australia, operated by the state government. The Library is governed by the Library Board of Queensland, which  draws its powers from the Libraries Act 1988. State Library is responsible for collecting and preserving a comprehensive collection of Queensland's cultural and documentary heritage, providing free access to information for all Queenslanders and for the advancement of public libraries across the state. The Library is at Kurilpa Point, within the Queensland Cultural Centre on the Brisbane River at South Bank.
2004 SEAT Open
The 2004 SEAT Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg which was part of Tier III of the 2004 WTA Tour. It was the 9th edition of the tournament and was held from 25 October until 31 October 2004. Second-seeded Alicia Molik won the singles title and earned $35,000 first-prize money.

Kockelscheuer
Kockelscheuer (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔkl̩ˌʃɔʏɐ]; Luxembourgish: Kockelscheier) is a small town in the commune of Roeser, in southern Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the town has a population of 273.  The Fortis Championships Luxembourg are held at the Kockelscheuer Sport Centre, just to the north of the town. The 2014 IIHF World Championship Division III were held at the Kockelscheuer Ice Rink in April 2014.
Each year Kockelscheuer held sponsored by BGL a tennis tournament, part of WTA.
Jyrki Katainen
Jyrki Tapani Katainen (born 14 October 1971) is a Finnish politician who served as the European Commission's Vice-President for Jobs, Growth, Investment and Competitiveness from 2014 until 2019. Katainen was previously prime minister of Finland from 2011 to 2014 and chairman of the National Coalition Party from 2004 to 2014. He was succeeded by Alexander Stubb as chairman of Finland's National Coalition Party. After stepping down as prime minister, Katainen was elected as European Commission Vice-President in July 2014.

Vice-President of the European Commission
A Vice-President of the European Commission is a member of the European Commission who leads the commission's work in particular focus areas in which multiple European Commissioners participate.

Currently, the European Commission has a total of six Vice-Presidents: five Executive-Vice Presidents, and the High Representative who is ex officio one of the Vice-Presidents as well.
Orlando Baker
Orlando M. Baker (born 15 September 1979) is a Jamaican-born American cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, he made his debut for the United States national cricket team in 2008, having previously played first-class cricket for his native Jamaica. He retired from cricket in June 2015.

Jamaica national cricket team
The Jamaica national cricket team is the representative cricket team of Jamaica. The team competes under the franchise name, Jamaica Scorpions in the Cricket West Indies' Professional Cricket League which comprises both the Regional Four Day Competition and the Regional Super50.  Jamaica has won a sum of 12 regional first class and 9 regional one day titles. Hence the Scorpions have won the second most first class and 50 over championships in the history of West Indies cricket.

The most prominent Jamaican cricketers include George Headley, Allan Rae, Alf Valentine, Collie Smith, Lawrence Rowe, Michael Holding, Jeff Dujon, Courtney Walsh, Patrick Patterson, Jimmy Adams, Chris Gayle, Marlon Samuels, Jerome Taylor, Nikita Miller and Gareth Breese.
NHS COVID-19
NHS COVID-19 was a voluntary contact tracing app for monitoring the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales, in use from 24 September 2020 until 27 April 2023. It was available for Android and iOS smartphones, and could be used by anyone aged 16 or over.

Two versions of the app were created. The first was commissioned by NHSX and developed by the Pivotal division of American software company VMware. A pilot deployment began in May 2020, but on 18 June development of the app was abandoned in favour of a second design using the Apple/Google Exposure Notification system. Scotland and Northern Ireland had separate contact tracing apps.

A 2023 study estimated that in its first year of use, the app's contact tracing function prevented an estimated 1 million cases, and 9,600 deaths.

Alan Turing Institute
The Alan Turing Institute is the United Kingdom's national institute for data science and artificial intelligence, founded in 2015 and largely funded by the UK Government. It is named after Alan Turing, the British mathematician and computing pioneer.
Woahink Lake
Woahink Lake (hō' hingk) extends further below sea level than any other lake dammed by sand dunes along the coast of the U.S. state of Oregon. The lake fills a depression in the Siltcoos River watershed about 3 miles (5 km) from the Pacific Ocean south of Florence along U.S. Route 101. The lowest point of the lake, which is up to 74 feet (23 m) deep, is about 36 feet (11 m) below sea level.  The lake drains south to Siltcoos Lake via Woahink Creek. The lake's name may derive from the Siuslaw language.

Siuslaw language
Siuslaw /saɪˈjuːslɔː/ was the language of the Siuslaw people and Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh) people of Oregon. It is also known as Lower Umpqua. The Siuslaw language had two dialects: Siuslaw proper (Šaayušƛa) and Lower Umpqua (Quuiič).
Kvitskarvhalsen Saddle
Kvitskarvhalsen Saddle (72°30′S 0°51′E﻿ / ﻿72.500°S 0.850°E﻿ / -72.500; 0.850) is an ice saddle between Mount Krüger and the Robin Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). The feature was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Kvitskarvhalsen (the white mountain neck).

Sverdrup Mountains
The Sverdrup Mountains (Norwegian: Sverdrupfjella) are a group of mountains about 80 km (50 mi) long, standing just west of the Gjelsvik Mountains in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. With its summit at 2,855 metres (9,367 ft), Hamartind Peak forms the highest point in the Sverdrup Mountains.
Animal trial
In legal history, an animal trial is a trial of a non-human animal. These trials were conducted in both secular and ecclesiastic courts. Records of such trials show that they took place in Europe from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century. In modern times, it is considered in most criminal justice systems that non-human animals lack moral agency and so cannot be held culpable for an act.

The archives on animal cases are spotty. France has preserved significant documentation, but, more generally, extant records do not permit a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence and distribution of these cases at different points in time and place.

Moral agency
Moral agency is an individual's ability to make moral choices based on some notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these actions. A moral agent is "a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong."
Brett Mather
Brett Mather (born 3 January 1984) is a New Zealand rugby union player who played as a kicker for the Dallas Cowboys before he was fired by the team after missing 4 out of 5 goals against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He then played provincial rugby for Otago, and was in the Super Rugby team the Highlanders. Today, Mather is an interior designer.

Otago Rugby Football Union
The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand. The union is based in the city of Dunedin, and its home ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium. The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup, New Zealand's top provincial competition. The union was to have been liquidated in March 2012. However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating. Otago have won the Ranfurly Shield on eight occasions (1935, 1938, 1947, 1957, 2013, 2018, 2020 and 2025). They were the National provincial championship winners in 1991 and 1998. They have a proud record playing international teams, having defeated South Africa and the British and Irish Lions.
St Salvator's Hall
St Salvator's Hall (affectionately known as Sallies) is a student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews. It lies close to the quadrangle of the United College, St Andrews and St Salvator's Chapel, a foundation which was endowed by King James II of Scotland. The Hall is in an area between North Street and The Scores.  Architecturally, it has been described as a "rambling Gothic dormitory".

The stained glass windows of the hall and the paintings in its oak-panelled dining room feature associates and benefactors of the University of St Andrews, such as David Beaton, James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose and Edward Harkness. The hall has had a history of health disasters. These include an incident of mass poisoning with arsenic trioxide in January 1945  and the contamination of the hall's water supply with Legionella bacteria in November 2020.

James II of Scotland
James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460) was King of Scots from 1437 until his death in 1460. The eldest surviving son of James I of Scotland, he succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of six, following the assassination of his father. The first Scottish monarch not to be crowned at Scone, James II's coronation took place at Holyrood Abbey in March 1437. After a reign characterised by struggles to maintain control of his kingdom, he was killed by an exploding cannon at Roxburgh Castle in 1460.
Matich
The Matich name was applied to a series of sports racing cars and open wheel racing cars produced in Australia between 1967 and 1974 under the direction of Sydney-based racing driver and engineer Frank Matich.

Surfers Paradise International Raceway
Surfers Paradise International Raceway was a motor racing complex at Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The 3.219 km (2.000 mi) long circuit was designed and built by Keith Williams, a motor racing enthusiast who also designed and built the Adelaide International Raceway (AIR) in South Australia in 1972. It was located opposite the Surfers Paradise Ski Gardens at Carrara.
Hollywood Hong Kong
Hollywood Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港有個荷里活; Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2 jau5 go3 ho4 lei5 wut6) is a 2001 Hong Kong film directed by Fruit Chan, with screenplay written by Kei To Lam. The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 58th Venice International Film Festival. It is the second instalment of his "Prostitute trilogy" which Chan directed from 2000–02. The other two movies in the trilogy are Durian Durian (2000) and Three Husbands (2018).

Chan is known for his disassociation with the mainstream Chinese cinema and this film continues that legacy with the use of little-known actors (except for Zhou Xun) and dark humour.

Golden Lion
The Golden Lion (Italian: Leone d'oro) is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the organizing committee and is widely regarded as one of the film industry's most prestigious and distinguished prizes. In 1970, the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement was introduced, an honorary prize for people who have made an important contribution to cinema.

The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, which was one of the best known symbols of the ancient Republic of Venice. In 1954, the prize was permanently named the Golden Lion.
Tadres Reserve
The Tadrès Total Reserve (T'adéras/Tadress) (Réserve totale de Faune du Tadrès) is a nature reserve in the central north of Niger, southwest the city of Agadez. It is a Total Faunal Reserve IUCN category IV, covering some 788,928 hectares within the Agadez Region. The reserve follows the northeast - southwest flow of the Tadrès valley, a wadi (Hausa: kori) or seasonal wash and ancient river bed south of the Aïr Mountains. It was originally dedicated to the protection of oryx populations which have largely disappeared from the region. In the 1940s, the valley was an important migration route for the animals from the Tenere desert to the Adar in the south of the country. It remains a transhumance route for domesticated cattle and camels, as well as wild dorcas and dama (Hausa: ménas) gazelles.

IUCN protected area categories
IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world's natural environment and biodiversity. The IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define, record and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorising protected areas and their objectives. Further supplementary guidelines have been developed specific to marine protected areas (MPAs).

This categorisation method is recognised on a global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Sebastián Villa (diver)
Sebastián Villa Castañeda (born 21 February 1992) is a Colombian diver. He competed for Colombia at the 2012, 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics.

He won a bronze medal in the men's synchronised 10 m synchronised platform diving with Alejandro Solarte at the 2023 Pan American Games.

He also competed at the 2019 World Championships (in the 3 m mixed synchronised and the 3 and 10 m mixed events, both with Diana Pineda).

2019 World Aquatics Championships
The 2019 World Aquatics Championships were the 18th FINA World Aquatics Championships, held in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July 2019. The city had previously hosted the 2015 Summer Universiade aquatics events in the same venues.
Stamler
Stamler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jeremiah Stamler (1919-2022), American cardiologist

John H. Stamler (1938–1990), American prosecutor

Jonathan Stamler (born 1959), American physician-scientist

Joseph Stamler (1911–1998), American judge

Lorne Stamler (born 1951), Canadian ice hockey player

Nelson Stamler (1909–1972), American politician, prosecutor and judge

Jonathan Stamler
Jonathan Solomon Stamler (born June 23, 1959) is an English-born American physician and scientist. He is known for his discovery of protein S-nitrosylation, the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to cysteine residues in proteins, as a ubiquitous cellular signal to regulate enzymatic activity and other key protein functions in bacteria, plants and animals, and particularly in transporting NO on cysteines in hemoglobin as the third gas in the respiratory cycle.
M14 road (Malawi)
The M14 road is a road in Malawi that serves as an east-west corridor in Malawi's central region, bridging the capital city of Lilongwe with Senga, and providing the main thoroughfare between the capital and the shores of Lake Malawi. Spanning 110 kilometers, this route plays a crucial role in connecting the heart of the country to the lake's stunning natural beauty and economic opportunities.

Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, (Swahili: Ziwa Nyasa) is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake in the world, including at least 700 species of cichlids. The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011, while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.

Lake Malawi is a meromictic lake, meaning that its water layers do not mix. The permanent stratification of Lake Malawi's water and the oxic-anoxic boundary are maintained by moderately small chemical and thermal gradients.
Superwoman (Paulini album)
Superwoman is the second studio album by Australian recording artist Paulini, released through Sony BMG Australia on 5 August 2006. It is the follow-up to her 2004 debut album, One Determined Heart. Paulini recorded Superwoman in Sydney, London, Los Angeles and Barcelona, and worked with several songwriters and producers, including Matthew Gerrard, Fingaz, Ray Hedges, Colin Emmanuel, Steve Kipner and Jarrad Rogers, among others. The album failed to achieve the commercial success of its predecessor, debuting at number 72 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Its first two singles, "Rough Day" and "So Over You" both performed moderately on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Steve Kipner
Stephen Alan Kipner (born 1950) is an Australian songwriter and record producer. He has produced a number of international hit songs such as Olivia Newton-John's "Physical", Natasha Bedingfield's "These Words", and Christina Aguilera's "Genie in a Bottle", for which he won an Ivor Novello Award for International Hit of the Year. Other hits he has writing credits on include Chicago's "Hard Habit to Break", 98 Degrees' "The Hardest Thing", Dream's "He Loves U Not", Kelly Rowland's "Stole", The Script's "Breakeven" and "The Man Who Can't Be Moved", American Idol Kris Allen's top 5 debut "Live Like We're Dying", Cheryl Cole's "Fight for This Love", Camila Cabello's "Crying in the Club" and James Arthur's "Say You Won't Let Go".
Taylors College
Taylors College is a provider of university preparation programs in Australia and New Zealand. Established in Melbourne, Australia, in 1920, Taylors College is a private school that provides secondary school education (Year 10 to Year 12) and specialised University Foundation programs in partnership with universities in Australia and New Zealand. The college has campuses in Sydney and Auckland. It is a part of Study Group, a provider of private Higher Education, language and Careers Education.

Study Group
Study Group is a for-profit education provider that prepares international students for university degree programmes and offers English language courses.

Study Group operates International Study Centres with its partner universities across the United Kingdom and Ireland. These Study Centres provide pathway and foundation courses developed with universities focused on preparation for study at undergraduate and postgraduate degree level. Study Group also supports international students pursuing a global education in North America and Asia, with partner universities in the United States and China. The company also works with over 3000 agents worldwide.

Study Group is led by CEO Ian Crichton.
2015 Fed Cup Americas Zone Group II – Pool C
Pool C of the 2015 Fed Cup Americas Group II was one of four pools in the Americas Group II of the 2015 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with each team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the Group I.

2015 Fed Cup
The 2015 Fed Cup (also known as the 2015 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) was the 53rd edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The final took place on 14–15 November and was won by the Czech Republic for the second year in a row, and for the fourth time in five years.
Soldiers of Salamina (film)
Soldiers of Salamina (Spanish: Soldados de Salamina) is a 2003 Spanish drama film written, directed and edited by David Trueba, based on the novel Soldiers of Salamis by Javier Cercas. It stars Ariadna Gil and Ramón Fontserè alongside Joan Dalmau, María Botto and Diego Luna. The film was nominated for eight Goya Awards in 2004, and won the award for Best Cinematography. It was selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Goya Awards
The Goya Awards (Spanish: Premios Goya) are Spain's main national annual film awards. They are presented by the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain.

The first ceremony was held in 1987, a year after the founding of the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences, at the Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid. They have since been also held in other Spanish cities (Barcelona, Seville, Málaga, Valencia, Valladolid, and Granada).
Egan conjecture
In geometry, the Egan conjecture gives a sufficient and necessary condition for the radii of two spheres and the distance of their centers, so that a simplex exists, which is completely contained inside the larger sphere and completely encloses the smaller sphere. The conjecture generalizes an equality discovered by William Chapple (and later independently by Leonhard Euler), which is a special case of Poncelet's closure theorem, as well as the Grace–Danielsson inequality in one dimension higher.

The conjecture was proposed in 2014 by the Australian mathematician and science-fiction author Greg Egan. The "sufficient" part was proved in 2018, and the "necessary" part was proved in 2023.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.