hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giovanni Pighizzini
Giovanni Pighizzini is an Italian theoretical computer scientist known for his work in formal language theory and particularly in state complexity of two-way finite automata. He earned his PhD in 1993 from the University of Milan, where he is a full professor since 2001. Pighizzini serves as the Steering Committee Chair of the annual Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems academic conference since 2006.

Academic conference
An academic conference or scientific conference (also congress, symposium, workshop, or meeting) is an event for researchers (not necessarily academics) to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic habitus", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines.

The first international academic conferences and congresses appeared in 19th century.
Michael Ashby
Michael George Corbett Ashby, MRCP, FRCP (1 November 1914 – 10 December 2004) was a consultant neurologist at the Whittington Hospital, London and an expert witness for the prosecution in the failed trial of suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams.

Expert witness
An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about evidence or about facts before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts.
Arneth
Arneth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Joseph Calasanza, Ritter von Arneth (1791–1863), Austrian numismatist and archæologist

Alfred Ritter von Arneth (1819–1897), Austrian historian, son of Joseph

Josef Arneth (1873–1955), German physician and haematologist known for naming the Arneth count

Alfred von Arneth
Alfred Ritter von Arneth (10 July 1819 – 30 July 1897) was an Austrian historian. His principal scholarly work is a ten-volume biography of the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa, first published in installments from 1863 to 1879 and still regarded as the standard work on the subject. Born at Vienna, he was the son of Joseph Calasanza von Arneth (1791–1863), a well-known historian and archaeologist, who wrote a history of the Austrian Empire (Vienna, 1827) and several works on numismatics and brother of Doctor Franz Hektor von Arneth (1818–1907).
Morges (river)
The Morges is a river in Switzerland, located in the canton of Vaud. It flows into the Rhône at Lake Geneva and passes through the town of Morges, which takes its name from the river. Its main tributaries are the Combagnou on the left bank, which joins it south of Pampigny, and the Grand Curbit on the right bank near Bussy and Vaux-sur-Morges.

Pampigny
Pampigny is a former municipality in the district of Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2021 the former municipalities of Apples, Cottens, Pampigny, Sévery, Bussy-Chardonney and Reverolle merged into the new municipality of Hautemorges.
Saint Monica's Players
Saint Monica's Players (SMP) is an amateur dramatic society based in Enfield.

It was formed in 1958 out of the Saint Monica's church of Palmers Green. The group has performed over 200 different plays and musicals at local theatres and drama festivals and competitions. They produce three shows per year; a summer show at the Millfield Theatre in June, a pantomime at the Intimate Theatre in January and a night of one act plays.

Millfield Theatre
Millfield Theatre forms part of Millfield Arts Centre, which encompasses Millfield Theatre and Millfield House in Edmonton, and The Dugdale Centre in Enfield Town. The theatre is owned, managed and funded entirely by London Borough of Enfield. It has 17 full-time staff working on site at the theatre, and employs many more casual staff. Ushers at the theatre are all volunteers. The 18th Century Millfield House houses the theatre's administration and contains rooms which are available for hire, and also plays host to a number of educational classes and workshops for children and adults.
Tirnaihat Union
Tirnaihat Union (Bengali: তিরনইহাট ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad situated at Tetulia Upazila,  in Panchagarh District, Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 20.82 square kilometres (8.04 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 25,532. There are 24 villages and 8 mouzas in the union.

Rangpur Division
Rangpur Division (/rʌŋˈpʊər/; Bengali: রংপুর বিভাগ, romanized: Rongpur Bivag;
pronounced [rɔŋpuɾ bibʱag] ⓘ) is a first-level administrative division of Bangladesh. It covers the northernmost part of the country with a population of about 18 million inhabitants within an area of 16,184.99 km2 (6,249.06 sq mi). Rangpur Division shares borders with the Rajshahi and Mymensingh divisions. It is also bordered by the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya and separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim. Rangpur City is the administrative headquarter and the largest city. Rangpur Division includes the Teesta and Jamuna rivers.

The Rangpur division consists of eight districts. There are 58 upazilas or subdistricts under these eight districts. The major cities of Rangpur Division are Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Saidpur.
Iowa's 3rd congressional district
Iowa's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Iowa that covers its southwestern quadrant, which roughly consists of an area stretching from Des Moines to the borders with Missouri.

From 2013 to 2023, the district covered the southwestern corner of the state, from the Des Moines metropolitan area on the northeastern end to the greater Council Bluffs area on the southwestern end.

The district has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by Republican Zach Nunn since 2023. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+2, it is the least Republican leaning district of Iowa’s four congressional districts, a state currently represented in Congress only by Republicans. It is also the wealthiest congressional district in the state of Iowa.

Cook Partisan Voting Index
The Cook Partisan Voting Index, abbreviated PVI or CPVI, is a measurement of the partisanship of a U.S. congressional district or U.S. state. This partisanship is indicated as lean towards either the Republican Party or the Democratic Party, compared to the nation as a whole, based on how that district or state voted in the previous two presidential elections.
Kot Waris
Kot Waris is a small village in Wazirabad Tehsil of Gujranwala District, in Punjab, Pakistan. It is located about 8 kilometers from Gakhar Mandi. The village has a primary school for girls and another one for boys.

Wazirabad Tehsil
Wazirabad Tehsil  (Urdu: تحصِيل وزِيرآباد), is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Wazirabad District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is headquartered at the city of Wazirabad and is administratively subdivided into 36 Union Councils.
Dalibor Talajić
Dalibor Talajić is a Croatian comic book artist. He is most famous for his work for the Marvel Comics publishing house. He gained international acclaim and commercial success working on the Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe series in 2012. In 2016, in collaboration with ABC News, Talajić created Madaya Mom, where he illustrated the siege of Madaya based on messages ABC reporters received from within the city.

Madaya, Syria
Madaya (Arabic: مضايا, romanized: Maḍāyā) is a small mountainous town in Syria, located at an altitude of around 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). It is located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Damascus in the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Madaya had a population of 9,371 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims. Madaya is an important summer resort in Syria, along with the nearby cities of Zabadani and Bloudan. The town's population is estimated at 15,000 in 2015.

The town's farms are famous for growing apples, cherries, and peaches, and the Barada River passes through it. It also has a number of springs and eyes that supply the town's needs, such as the Kawthar Spring and Ain Mayseh, which has made it a destination for many tourists coming from Damascus or from outside the country.
Daniel Huza
Daniel Petru Huza (born 24 June 1970) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a midfielder mainly for Jiul Petroșani, but also for teams such as Minerul Lupeni, Bihor Oradea or Pandurii Târgu Jiu, among others. According to other sources, Huza played in 95 Liga I matches and scored 15 goals, but also in 200 Liga II matches and scored 56 goals.

After retirement, Huza continued to work for his favourite club, Jiul Petroșani, at the beginning as a coach in the youth center, subsequently being promoted as an assistant coach in the Liga II. In 2011 Huza was promoted as the manager of Jiul, in a tough moment for the club, after it was relegated in the Liga IV due to financial problems. Huza promoted Jiul and next season continued as the manager of the second squad, remaining in the 4th tier. After a short spell at Universitatea Cluj, Huza moved in 2014 in the United Arab Emirates where he continued as a youth coach and technical director for Al Dhafra, Sharjah FC and Al Ain.

FC Bihor Oradea (1958)
Fotbal Club Bihor Oradea (Romanian pronunciation: [biˈhor oˈrade̯a]), commonly known as Bihor Oradea or simply as FC Bihor, was a Romanian professional football club based in Oradea, Bihor County.

It was founded under the name of Crișul Oradea in April 1958 and from 1963 it continued the football tradition of the city, following the dissolution of Club Atletic Oradea. In the 57 seasons spent in the Romanian football league system, FC Bihor played 18 seasons in the first division, 39 seasons in the second league and only 5 seasons in the lower leagues, respectively 4 in the Liga III and only one season, its first, in the fourth tier. This ranks the club on the 24th place out of 98 in the Liga I all-time table. In January 2016, FC Bihor was dissolved after having faced significant financial issues.

The home ground of "the Red and Blues" was Stadionul Iuliu Bodola, which has a seating capacity of 11,155.
2001 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo
The 2001 Internazionali Femminili di Palermo was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the Tier V category of the 2001 WTA Tour. It was the 14th edition of the Internazionali Femminili di Palermo and took place from 9 July until 15 July 2001. Ninth-seeded Anabel Medina Garrigues won the singles title and earned $16,000 first-prize money.

WTA Tier V tournaments
The WTA Tier V tournaments were the fifth, and lowest, level of women's tennis tournaments on the WTA Tour between 1990 and 1992 and from 2001 to 2005. The line-up of events varied over the years, with tournaments being promoted, demoted or cancelled. Most of the Tier V tournaments became Tier IV events between 1993 and 2000 and from 2006 to 2008.

In 2009, WTA changed the tournament categories, so that most of the Tier III, Tier IV and Tier V tournaments from 2008 were placed in a single, WTA International tournaments, category.
16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase
16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.178, RNA m5C methyltransferase YebU, RsmF, YebU) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:16S rRNA (cytosine1407-C5)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytosine1407 in 16S rRNA  S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-methylcytosine1407 in 16S rRNA

The enzyme specifically methylates cytosine1407 at C5 in 16S rRNA.

Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine.  In Watson–Crick base pairing, it forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine.
Richard Gipps
Sir Richard Gipps (1659 – 21 December 1708) of Great Whelnetham, Suffolk, was Master of the Revels at Gray's Inn and a historian of the county of Suffolk. His portrait painted by John Closterman, was engraved in mezzotint by John Smith. Care should be taken to distinguish him from Sir Richard Gipps of Horningsheth, a contemporary, neighbour, and distant relative, who was knighted by Charles II at Saxham, Suffolk, on 20 October 1676.

Horringer
Horringer, formerly also called Horningsheath, is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. It lies on the A143 about two miles south-west of Bury St Edmunds. The population in 2011 was 1,055.
The Ground of Arts
Robert Recorde's Arithmetic: or, The Ground of Arts was one of the first printed English textbooks on arithmetic and the most popular of its time. The Ground of

Arts appeared in London in 1543, and it was reprinted around 45 more editions until 1700. Editors and contributors of new sections included John Dee, John Mellis, Robert Hartwell, Thomas Willsford, and finally Edward Hatton.

The text is in the format of a dialogue between master and student to facilitate learning arithmetic without a teacher.

Textbook
A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study serving to explain the subject. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions, as well as learners (who could be independent learners outside of formal education). Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. Today, many textbooks are published in both print and digital formats.
Kirby Hill, Richmondshire
Kirby Hill, historically also known as Kirby-on-the-Hill, is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The village is about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Ravensworth and about 4 miles (6 km) north-west of the town of Richmond.

The parish population is about 60. At the 2011 census, it was less than 100. Population data about Kirby Hill is now included in population data about the parish of Gayles.

Kirby Hill was a township in the parish of Kirkby Ravensworth until 1866, when it was made a separate civil parish. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Richmondshire, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

As early as 1859, the centre of the village green featured "a beautiful spring". It continued to be used by residents until at least 1932. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described Kirby Hill as "a perfect village, but ... also ... exceptional".

Richmondshire
Richmondshire was a local government district of North Yorkshire, England, from 1974 to 2023. It covered a large northern area of the Yorkshire Dales including Swaledale and Arkengarthdale, Wensleydale and Coverdale, with the prominent Scot's Dyke and Scotch Corner along the centre. Teesdale lay to the north. With a total area of 1,319 km2, it was larger than seven of the English ceremonial counties (namely, in decreasing order of size, the West Midlands, Merseyside, Tyne & Wear, Rutland, the Isle of Wight, Bristol, and the City of London).
María Teresa Monasterio
María Teresa Monasterio (born October 15, 1969 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra) is a Bolivian weightlifter. At age forty-three, Monasterio made her official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed in the women's middleweight category (63 kg). Monasterio placed seventeenth in this event, as she successfully lifted 63 kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 78 kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 141 kg.

Snatch (weightlifting)
The snatch is the first of two lifts contested in the sport of weightlifting (also known as Olympic weightlifting) followed by the clean and jerk. The objective of the snatch is to lift the barbell from the ground to overhead in one continuous motion. There are four main styles of snatch used: snatch (full snatch or squat snatch), split snatch, power snatch, and muscle snatch.  The full lift is the most common style used in competition, while power snatches and muscle snatches are mostly used for training purposes, and split snatches are now rarely used. Any of these lifts can be performed from the floor, from the hang position, or from blocks. In competition, only lifts from the floor are allowed.
Tnuva
Tnuva, or Tenuvah, (Hebrew: תנובה, fruit or produce) is an Israeli food creation and marketing company. The company holds in Israel a significant market share in the field of drinking milk production, dairy products and its marketing. It was for its first seventy years an Israeli food processing cooperative (co-op) owned by the kibbutzim (collective farms) and moshavim (agricultural communities), and historically specializing in milk and dairy products; it was subsequently sold by its members as a limited company and, since 2014, has been controlled by a Chinese state company, Bright Food. Tnuva is the largest food manufacturer in Israel; its sales account for 70% of the country's dairy market as well as sales of meat, eggs and packaged food.

Dairy product
Dairy products or milk products are food products made from (or containing) milk. The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, goat, and sheep. Dairy products consumed around the world include yogurt, cheese, milk, and butter. A facility that produces dairy products is a dairy. Dairy products are consumed worldwide to varying degrees. Some people avoid some or all dairy products because of lactose intolerance, veganism, environmental concerns, or other reasons or beliefs.
Karim H. Karim
Karim H. Karim is a professor of journalism and Islamic studies at Carleton University, as well as an author. He has a B.A. from Columbia University and a M.A. and Ph.D. from McGill University. Before joining academia he worked as a reporter and then for the Department of Canadian Heritage. Karim won the inaugural Robinson Book Prize in 2001 from the Canadian Communication Association for his book Islamic Peril: Media and Global Violence.

Canadian Communication Association
The Canadian Communication Association (CCA; or Association canadienne de communication ACC in French) is a national, bilingual association of communications researchers, educators, and private and public sector professionals in Canada. Established in 1979, the CCA/ACC "seeks to advance communication research and studies in the belief that a better understanding of communication is crucial to building a vibrant society."
Jean Roux
Jean Roux (March 1876, Geneva – 1 December 1939) was a Swiss herpetologist.

He studied at the University of Geneva, completing his doctoral thesis in 1899. His early research involved studies of protozoa, and following post-doctoral work in Berlin, he became a curator at the natural history museum in Basel. Here, he performed analysis of herpetological specimens collected by Fritz Müller, his predecessor at Basel.

In 1907–08, with Hugo Merton, he performed scientific research in the Aru and Kei Islands, and in 1911–12, with Fritz Sarasin, he visited New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands. As a result of the latter expedition, he published with Sarasin a major work titled, Nova Caledonia. Forschungen in Neu-Caledonien und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. Recherches scientifiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie et aux iles Loyalty. During his career, he was the author of 35 papers on herpetological subjects.

Aru Islands Regency
The Aru Islands Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru) is a group of about 95 low-lying islands in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia. It also forms a regency of Maluku Province, with a land area of 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). At the 2011 Census the Regency had a population of 84,138; the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237, and the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 112,531 (comprising 57,767 males and 54,764 females). Some sources regard the archipelago as part of Asia, while others regard it as part of Melanesia.
Spencer Dam
Spencer Dam was a run of the river hydroelectric dam on the Niobrara River in Boyd County and Holt County, Nebraska, about 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Spencer. The dam was operated by the Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD). Heavy precipitation during the March 2019 North American blizzard led to a failure of the dam in the early morning of 14 March, causing heavy flooding downstream.

Boyd County, Nebraska
Boyd County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,810. Its county seat is Butte. The county was formed in 1891 and named after James E. Boyd, the governor of Nebraska at the time.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Boyd County is represented by the prefix 63, as it had the 63rd-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922.

In the 2010 United States census, three incorporated villages had populations of fewer than 10 people: Anoka, population 6, Gross, population 2, and Monowi, population 1. Monowi was the only incorporated city in the United States with only one resident at the 2010 census.

All land north of the Keya Paha River (which includes most of Boyd County and a smaller portion of neighboring Keya Paha County) was not originally part of Nebraska at the time of statehood, but was transferred from Dakota Territory in 1882.
Bindows
Bindows is a JavaScript based Software Development Kit (SDK) for writing rich web applications. Bindows applications are defined by XML documents called ADF's (Application Description File). The framework implementation is entirely client-side, but a JSF server side implementation is marketed by the same vendor.

Jakarta Faces
Jakarta Faces, formerly Jakarta Server Faces and JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java specification for building component-based user interfaces for web applications. It was formalized as a standard through the Java Community Process as part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition. It is an MVC web framework that simplifies the construction of user interfaces (UI) for server-based applications by using reusable UI components in a page.

JSF 2.x uses Facelets as its default templating system. Users of the software may also use XUL or Java. JSF 1.x uses JavaServer Pages (JSP) as its default templating system.
Valentina Colombo
Valentina Colombo (born 1964) is an Italian author, translator and professor of history of contemporary Islam at the European University of Rome, and Senior Fellow at the European Foundation for Democracy in Brussels.

European University of Rome
The European University of Rome (UER) is a university in Rome, Italy, located at Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190. It began its activities in 2005. It is oriented towards teaching the humanities, in particular: psychology, medicine, economics, management, law, education and tourism.