hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Shirts House
William Shirts House, also known as Camperdown Farm, is a historic home in Scottsville in Monroe County, New York. The vernacular Federal-style house was built about 1825. It is composed of a 2-story, four-by-two-bay, main block with a 2-story rear wing.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Monroe County, New York
Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of New York, located along Lake Ontario's southern shore. As of 2022, the population was 752,035, according to Census Bureau estimates. Its county seat and largest city is Rochester. The county is named after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States. Monroe County is part of the upstate Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.
Known (software)
Known is an open source publishing tool designed to provide a way of more easily publishing status updates, blog posts, and photos to a wide range of social media services. It also allows you to keep a copy of the content you publish and post on your own site.

Known is available as installable open source software, similar to WordPress. It is a part of the IndieWeb movement, and is used as a teaching tool in higher education. It also supports multi-user use, and is sometimes considered as an intranet platform.

Known supports the W3C Recommendations Micropub and Webmention among others.

Known is supported since 2019 by Open Collective that serves as fiscal sponsor since for many FLOSS projects.

Webmention
Webmention is a W3C recommendation that describes a simple protocol to notify any URL when a website links to it, and for web pages to request notifications when somebody links to them. Webmention was originally developed in the IndieWebCamp community and published as a W3C working draft on January 12, 2016. As of January 12, 2017 it is a W3C recommendation. Webmention enables authors to keep track of who is linking to, referring to, or commenting on their articles. By incorporating such comments from other sites, sites themselves provide federated commenting functionality.

Similar to pingback, Webmention is one of four types of linkbacks, but was designed to be simpler than the XML-RPC protocol that pingback relies upon, by instead only using HTTP and x-www-urlencoded content. Beyond previous linkback protocols, Webmention also specifies protocol details for when a page that is the source of a link is deleted, or updated with new links or removal of existing links.
S48 and S98 buses
The S48 and S98 constitutes two bus routes in Staten Island, New York, running primarily on Victory Boulevard and Forest Avenue, between St. George Ferry Terminal and Arlington. It is operated by the New York City Transit Authority.

The S48 was originally the R107 bus route, and was renumbered to S107, then the S48 in 1989. The S98 was created in 1995 as a limited stop variant of the S48.

New York City Transit Authority
The New York City Transit Authority (also known as NYCTA, the TA, or simply Transit, and branded as MTA New York City Transit) is a public-benefit corporation in the U.S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America, the NYCTA has a daily ridership of 8 million trips (over 2.5 billion annually).

The NYCTA operates the following systems:

New York City Subway, a rapid transit system serving Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens

Staten Island Railway, a rapid transit line on Staten Island (operated by the subsidiary Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority)

New York City Bus, an extensive bus network serving all five boroughs (operated by the subsidiary MTA Regional Bus Operations)
Ickham and Well
Ickham and Well is a mostly rural civil parish east of Canterbury in Kent, South East England.

The parish covers the villages of Ickham and Bramling just off the A257 Sandwich Road. It has several listed buildings in architecture of old, well-preserved houses, with the 13th-century parish church of St John the Evangelist in the midst. A recent archaeological excavation at Ickham has revealed evidence of Roman metalwork and copper brooches.

John the Evangelist
John the Evangelist (c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD) is the name traditionally given to the author of the Gospel of John. Christians have traditionally identified him with John the Apostle, John of Patmos, and John the Presbyter, although there is no consensus on how many of these may actually be the same individual.
Beth Johnson (Canadian politician)
Beth Johnson is a Canadian consultant, politician and teacher.  She was the first female mayor of Delta, British Columbia, Canada.

Johnson previously lived in Los Angeles. From 1974 to 1989, she was a teacher in the School District #38 in Richmond, B.C.  She was an alderwoman from 1981 to 1987.  1990 to 1999 saw her as mayor.

She was on Federation of Canadian Municipalities as a member of the Board of Directors (1992–1999),  member of the Canadian delegation to the Kyoto and Buenos Aires conferences on Global Climate Change, representing the interests of Canadian municipalities, B.C. Transit Board of Directors (1992–1996), and Director of the Vancouver International Airport Board.

Federation of Canadian Municipalities
The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM, (in French) Fédération canadienne des municipalités) is an advocacy group representing over 2000 Canadian municipalities.  It is an organization with no formal power but significant ability to influence debate and policy, as it is a main national lobby group of mayors, councillors and other elected municipal officials.  It negotiates with the Government of Canada's departments and agencies on behalf of municipalities, and provides fund administration services for the Government of Canada's departments and agencies.
Women and Girls Foundation
The Women and Girls Foundation (WGF) is an independent, community-based non-profit organization serving 11 counties in the southwestern part of Pennsylvania. It was founded in 2002. The stated goal of the foundation is to achieve equality for women and girls in Southwestern Pennsylvania. It works toward this goal through a combined use of advocacy, coalition building, and grantmaking that specifically engages women in their own political representation and empowerment. In WGF's understanding of women's empowerment, economic upliftment is just as imperative as political empowerment. Through ensuring women have access to better working conditions and wages, it hopes to enable women to care for themselves as well as their families. Additionally, WGF does not only campaign for women-conscious policies, it facilitates the training of women and girls into leaders through initiatives and programming, such as GirlGov and Crossroads.

Advocacy
Advocacy is the set of activities by individuals or groups intended to influence decisions within political, economic, and social institutions. It encompasses tactics ranging from grassroots organizing and media campaigns to lobbying, strategic litigation, and coalition-building, and aims to change laws, budgets, institutional practices, and public opinion. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes, including media campaigns, public speaking, commissioning and publishing research. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on a specific issue or specific piece of legislation. Research has started to address how advocacy groups in the United States and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action.
Kim Byong-cheol
Kim Byong-Cheol, also known as Kim Byung Chul, is a South Korean Taekwondo practitioner. He won a gold medal for South Korea at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the Taekwondo featherweight division. Taekwondo was still considered a demonstration sport at that time.

Previous to his win at the Olympics, Kim won four other international taekwondo competitions: the World Championships in 1993 in New York,  the World University Games in 1990 in Santander, the World Games in 1989 in Karlsruhe, and the Taekwondo World Cup in 1989 in Cairo.

As of 2009, Kim had achieved the rank of 7th degree black belt, and he was managing  World Champion Taekwondo with locations in Portland, Beaverton and Scappoose, Oregon. Kim is the head instructor at the Portland location.

Scappoose, Oregon
Scappoose /skæˈpuːs/ is a city in Columbia County, Oregon,  United States. It was named for a nearby stream, which drains the southern part of the county. The name "Scappoose" is of Native American origin, and is said to mean "gravelly plain."  The population was 8,010 at the 2020 census.
Sakitama Kofun Cluster
The Saikitama Kofun Cluster (埼玉古墳群, Sakitama kofun-gun) is a group of burial mounds located in the city of Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture, in the Kantō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1938, and was upgraded in status to a Special National Historic Site of Japan  in 2020. The site consists of nine large kofun, which were built in the 5th to 7th centuries AD, i.e. from the late Kofun period into the Asuka period, when the construction of burial mounds was already out of fashion in western Japan.

Saitama Prefecture
Saitama Prefecture (埼玉県, Saitama-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜi.ta.ma, sai.ta.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 (January 1, 2020) and has a geographic area of 3,797 km2 (1,466 sq mi). Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the west, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southwest, Tokyo to the south, Chiba Prefecture to the southeast, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the northeast.

Saitama is the capital and largest city of Saitama Prefecture, with other major cities including Kawaguchi, Kawagoe, and Tokorozawa.
Greg Willott
Greg Richard Willott (born 13 June 1980) is an English cricketer.  Willott is a left-handed batsman who bowls left-arm fast-medium.  He was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

Willott made his debut for Staffordshire in the 1999 Minor Counties Championship against Cumberland.  Willott has played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire from 1999 to present, which has included 29 Minor Counties Championship matches and 26 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 2001, he made his List A debut against the Worcestershire Cricket Board in the Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy.  He played a further List A match against Surrey in the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In his 2 List A matches, he took 3 wickets at an average of 22.66, with best figures of 2/47.

Worcestershire Cricket Board
The Worcestershire Cricket Board is the governing body for all recreational cricket in the historic county of Worcestershire.

From 1999 to 2003, the Board fielded a team in the English domestic one-day tournament, matches which had List-A status.
Raul Hilberg
Raul Hilberg (June 2, 1926 – August 4, 2007) was a Jewish Austrian-born American political scientist, historian, and Holocaust researcher. He was widely considered to be the preeminent scholar on the Holocaust.

Christopher R. Browning has called him the founding father of Holocaust studies and his three-volume, 1,273-page magnum opus, The Destruction of the European Jews, is regarded as seminal for research into the Nazi Final Solution.

Masterpiece
A masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin for 'great work'), or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: [ʃɛ.d‿œvʁ]) is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.

Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced by an apprentice to obtain full membership, as a "master", of a craft guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.
On the Loose (1931 film)
On the Loose is a 1931 American pre-Code comedy short released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, produced and directed by Hal Roach, and starring ZaSu Pitts and Thelma Todd. Laurel and Hardy make a guest appearance. It is the fifth film in the Pitts and Todd series.

Hal Roach
Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach Sr. (January 14, 1892 – November 2, 1992) was an American film and television producer, director and screenwriter, who was the founder of the namesake Hal Roach Studios.

Roach was active in the industry from the 1910s to the 1990s. He is known for producing a number of early media franchise successes, including the Laurel and Hardy franchise, Harold Lloyd's early films, the films of entertainer Charley Chase, and the Our Gang short film comedy series.
Yan Long'an
Yan Long'an (born September 16, 1937) is a Chinese agronomist best known for developing the hybrid rice "Shan-You 2". He has been hailed as "Mother of Hybrid Rice". He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is a member of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th National People's Congress.

Hybrid rice
Hybrid rice is a type of Asian rice that has been crossbred from two very different parent varieties. As with other types of hybrids, hybrid rice typically displays heterosis or "hybrid vigor", so when grown under the same conditions as comparable purebred rice varieties, it can produce up to 30% more yield. To produce hybrid seeds in large quantity, a purebred sterile rice variety is fertilized with fertile pollen from a different variety.  High-yield crops, including hybrid rice, are one of the most important tools for combatting worldwide food crises.
George Lindsay Johnson
George Lindsay Johnson (10 July 1853 – 1 August 1943) was a British ophthalmologist.

Johnson was born in Manchester. He studied at Victoria University of Manchester (Owens College), Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and St Bartholomew's Hospital. He obtained his M.D. in 1890 and F.R.C.S. in 1884. He worked at Royal Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital and Manchester Royal Eye Hospital. He published papers on mammalian, reptilian and amphibian eyes. He was also interested in photography.

He moved to South Africa in 1911. In his later life he became interested in psychical research and spiritualism.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Gonville and Caius College, commonly known as Caius (/kiːz/ KEEZ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and one of the wealthiest. In 1557, it was refounded by John Caius, an alumnus and English physician.

The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fifteen Nobel Prize winners, the second-largest number of any Oxbridge college.

Several streets in the city, including Harvey Road, Glisson Road, and Gresham Road, are named after Gonville and Caius alumni. The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university, including in the founding of other colleges, including Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on Sidgwick Site on which the Faculty of Law was built.
Krishnankutty Nair
Krishnankutty Nair was an Indian  actor who worked in Malayalam cinema.
He was from Pippinmoodu, near Sasthamangalam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Nair worked with various theatre groups before becoming a film actor.

Known for his natural acting and timing, Nair worked with directors such as G. Aravindan, and Adoor Gopalakrishnan. He also acted in several movies by award-winning Malayalam filmmakers such as M. P. Sukumaran Nair, Lenin Rajendran, Padmarajan, Kamal, and Sathyan Anthikkad. He became popular among the public through his comic roles, primarily that of Kaalan Mathai in Kamal's Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal, Thattan Gopalan in Anthikkad's Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu, and Kali Muthu in Anthikad's Mazhavilkavadi.

M. P. Sukumaran Nair
M. P. Sukumaran Nair is an Indian film director and producer, working in Malayalam film industry. He is an alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India.

He has won both national and Kerala state film awards, multiple times, and is considered one of the prominent Malayalam filmmakers. He produced and directed Aparahnam (1991), Kazhakam (1995), Shayanam (2000), Drishtantham (2006), Raamanam (2009), and Jalamsham (2014).

His films won two National Awards for the best film in Malayalam: Shayanam in 2000, and Drishtantham in 2006.

Kazhakam and Drishtantham also won the Best Film award at the Kerala State Film Awards. Aparahnam and Raamanam won the award for second best film. Nair won the best screenplay award for Shayanam in 2000.

Urvashi got the award for the best actress at the Kerala State Film Awards for Kazhakam in 1995.
Expectation propagation
Expectation propagation (EP) is a technique in Bayesian machine learning.

EP finds approximations to a probability distribution. It uses an iterative approach that uses the factorization structure of the target distribution.  It differs from other Bayesian approximation approaches such as variational Bayesian methods.

More specifically, suppose we wish to approximate an intractable probability distribution  with a tractable distribution . Expectation propagation achieves this approximation by minimizing the Kullback–Leibler divergence . Variational Bayesian methods minimize  instead.

If  is a Gaussian , then  is minimized with  and  being equal to the mean of  and the covariance of , respectively; this is called moment matching.

Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference (/ˈbeɪziən/ BAY-zee-ən or /ˈbeɪʒən/ BAY-zhən) is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to calculate a probability of a hypothesis, given prior evidence, and update it as more information becomes available. Fundamentally, Bayesian inference uses a prior distribution to estimate posterior probabilities. Bayesian inference is an important technique in statistics, and especially in mathematical statistics. Bayesian updating is particularly important in the dynamic analysis of a sequence of data. Bayesian inference has found application in a wide range of activities, including science, engineering, philosophy, medicine, sport, and law. In the philosophy of decision theory, Bayesian inference is closely related to subjective probability, often called "Bayesian probability".
Dasyam Pranay Bhasker
Dasyam Pranay Bhasker (born 6 July 1956) was an Indian politician, Minister and Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Hanamkonda (Assembly constituency), representing the Telugu Desam Party.

Telugu Desam Party
The Telugu Desam Party (abbr. TDP; transl. Party of the Telugu Land) is an Indian regional political party primarily active in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It was founded by Telugu matinée idol N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) on 29 March 1982 and has focused on supporting Telugu people. The party has won a five-time majority in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly and has emerged as the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the ruling party in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

From 1 September 1995, the TDP was led by N. T. Rama Rao's son-in-law, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu as the national president of the party. The headquarters of the party is called N. T. R. Bhavan, which is located at Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh.
Vanessa Rial
Ana Vanessa Rial (born 1 March 1982) is a former Spanish rugby sevens player.

In 2013, she was selected for Spain's Sevens World Cup squad.

Rial competed for Spain's sevens team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She was a member of their squad who were victorious and secured the last spot at the Rio Olympics.

2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens
The 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens was the sixth edition of the Rugby World Cup Sevens. The tournament was held at Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia. 
New Zealand  won the tournament, defeating England 33–0 in the final. Attendance for the tournament was poor, with matches played in mostly empty stadiums.

World Rugby, then known as the International Rugby Board (IRB), initially stated that the Rugby World Cup Sevens would be scrapped if rugby sevens were to be included in the Olympic programme for the 2016 Summer Olympics. As the International Olympic Committee voted for the sport's inclusion, this was thought likely to be the last edition of the tournament. However, the IRB clarified that in June 2013, the tournament would be retained and held quadrennially from 2018.
Colbún Lake
Colbún Lake (Spanish: Lago Colbún) is a reservoir in the Maule Region in Chile, straddling the provinces of Talca (comuna of San Clemente) and Linares (comuna de Colbún). Located 48 km southeast of the city of Talca, the regional capital and 35 km northeast of the city of Linares and with an area of 5,700 hectares and a capacity of 1,490,000 m³, it is the largest artificial reservoir in Chile. The lake lies at an altitude of 440 metres above sea level.

It was built between the years 1980 and 1985, in order to dam the waters of the Maule River for use in agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric power.

Colbún
Colbún (Mapudungun: "Cleaning of the land") is a Chilean town and commune in Linares Province, Maule Region. The commune has a population of over 17,000 inhabitants and covers an area of 2,900 km2 (1,120 sq mi), making it the province's largest. Its capital, the town of Colbún, has 3,679 inhabitants (2002 census). It is 7 km (4 mi) west of the center of continental Chile.
Anjanamba Cave
Anjanamba is the name of a cave in South-Western Madagascar, Atsimo-Andrefana region, in the Mikea Forest. 
It is a fully submerged cave system that has been explored to more than 10km (in 2019) using cave diving techniques. It is the longest underwater cave of Africa.

The cave was first described by Jean-Noël Salomon in 1987 in his PHD Thesis, as a vertical shaft giving access to the water table. He reports the name Ampanonga.

In 2016, Ryan Dart (Madagascar Cave Diving Association) and Phillip Lehman (Dominican Republic Speleological Society) rediscovered the entrance and started the underwater explorations. Gathering a team of cave divers, 4 expeditions have been conducted in the cave and more than 10km of flooded passages have been explored and mapped.

Three short films have been produced on the explorations, titled Spirits of the Cave.

The cave hosts cavefish of the genus Typhleotris

Phillip Lehman
Phillip Lehman (born Philip, alternatively spelled Philipp, born 1965) is a Franco-American artist, music producer, and cave diver best known as Bando, the graffiti pioneer of France who helped popularize the medium in Europe throughout the 1980s. Following this period, Lehman co-founded a string of funk labels in Paris and New York including Desco Records, the precursor to Daptone Records and his Truth & Soul Records. Since the 2000s, he has worked as a cave diver and speleologist in the Dominican Republic.