hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jowaki Expedition
The Jowaki Expedition was a British punitive expedition in India, occurring between 1877 and 1878. It started when the British government in India proposed to reduce the payment of the Jowaki Afridi tribe in the Northwest Frontier. The Jowaki were paid to guard in the Kohat Pass and in retaliation for a reduction in payment they raided British territory. The expedition ended in January 1878 when tensions died down.

Punitive expedition
A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong behavior by miscreants, as revenge or corrective action, or to apply strong diplomatic pressure without a formal declaration of war (e.g. surgical strike). In the 19th century, punitive expeditions were used more commonly as pretexts for colonial adventures that resulted in annexations, regime changes or changes in policies of the affected state to favour one or more colonial powers.

Stowell (1921) provides the following definition:

When the territorial sovereign is too weak or is unwilling to enforce respect for international law, a state which is wronged may find it necessary to invade the territory and to chastise the individuals who violate its rights and threaten its security.
Afaʻahiti
Afaʻahiti is a village and associated commune in Tahiti.  It is located on Tahiti Iti (little Tahiti) close to the Taravao isthmus, which connects Tahiti Nui (big Tahiti) to Tahiti Iti.  The area is rural with many small villages.  The official languages are French and Tahitian.  The currency is the Pacific franc (XPF).  Population as of 2022 was 6,829. Tahiti's west coast freeway runs nearby the commune. The Faaa International Airport is another way to transport in Afaʻahiti.

Faaʼa International Airport
Faaʼa International Airport (French: Aéroport international de Tahiti-Faaa), also known as Tahiti International Airport (IATA: PPT, ICAO: NTAA), is the international airport of French Polynesia, located in the commune of Faʼaʼā, on the island of Tahiti. It is situated 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Papeete, the capital city of the overseas collectivity. It opened in 1960. Regional air carrier Air Tahiti and international air carrier Air Tahiti Nui are both based at the airport.
Ohura Dam
Ohura Dam is an earthen dam located in Saga Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 1.8 km2. The dam impounds about 7  ha of land when full and can store 730 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1970 and completed in 1987.

Saga Prefecture
Saga Prefecture (佐賀県, Saga-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜ.ɡa, -ŋa, sa.ɡaꜜ.keɴ, -ŋaꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu. Saga Prefecture has a population of roughly 780,000 and has a geographic area of 2,439 square kilometres (942 sq mi). Saga Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northeast and Nagasaki Prefecture to the southwest.

Saga is the capital and largest city of Saga Prefecture, with other major cities including Karatsu, Tosu, and Imari. Saga Prefecture is located in the northwest of Kyūshū covering an isthmus-like area extending between the Sea of Japan and the Ariake Sea. Saga Prefecture's western region is known for the production of ceramics and porcelain, particularly in the towns of Karatsu, Imari, and Arita.
Dynamic trimming
Dynamic trimming or dynamic trim optimization is an automated process used to control the trim of a large ship. The trim of a ship is the height difference between the draft of its hull. It represents the angle at which the ship is floating, relative to a designated water line. This angle is optimized using ballast to achieve minimum water resistance and reduce fuel consumption.

A dynamic trimming system operates continually on seagoing vessels, and uses multidimensional analysis of real-time data on vessel attitude collected automatically from sensor networks. The system continuously calculates the key forces affecting the vessel attitude. The key metrics are graphically displayed in specialized software to facilitate decision-making. The system helps officers ensure that their vessels are operated efficiently.

Multidimensional analysis
In statistics, econometrics and related fields, multidimensional analysis (MDA) is a data analysis process that groups data into two categories: data dimensions and measurements. For example, a data set consisting of the number of wins for a single football team at each of several years is a single-dimensional (in this case, longitudinal) data set. A data set consisting of the number of wins for several football teams in a single year is also a single-dimensional (in this case, cross-sectional) data set. A data set consisting of the number of wins for several football teams over several years is a two-dimensional data set.
Darren Sanchez
Darren Sanchez is a comic book creator. He is the production director at Starlight Runner Entertainment. He is also the publisher of After Hours Press, with partner Buddy Scalera. Sanchez has created and written such titles as Impossible Tales, Foxwood Falcons, J.A.A.T., and Genie the Genius, which was co-created with former NFL quarterback Boomer Esiason. Sanchez has optioned several of his titles (Celestial Alliance & Foxwood Falcons) for films and currently develops new stories and intellectual properties for clients at After Hours Press, and at Marvel Comics.

Glossary of comics terminology
Comics has developed specialized terminology. Several attempts have been made to formalize and define the terminology of comics by authors such as Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, R. C. Harvey and Dylan Horrocks. Much of the terminology in English is under dispute, so this page will list and describe the most common terms used in comics.
Jada Kyle
Jada Kyle is an Australian beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Cosmo Australia 2025. She represented Australia at Miss Cosmo 2025 in Vietnam.

Kyle also participated in the eighth season of Australian Idol.

Miss Cosmo 2025
Miss Cosmo 2025 was the second edition of the Miss Cosmo pageant held at the Creative Park in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on 20 December 2025. Ketut Permata Juliastrid of Indonesia crowned Yolina Lindquist of the United States as her successor at the end of the event.
Ajdabiya Revolutionaries Shura Council
The Ajdabiya Revolutionaries Shura Council was a Libyan armed coalition active in the city of Ajdabiya. It was declared on 25 March 2015. The group opposed the Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar, during the Second Libyan Civil War.

On 15 December 2015, the LNA launched a military offensive in Ajdabiya despite objections from the city's mayor, initiating clashes with the Shura Council and its allies. The fighting ended with the defeat of the Council on 21 February 2016.

The Council denied any ties to the Islamic State, despite using a black flag with inverted colors resembling the flag of ISIS.

Jihadist flag
The jihadist flag is a flag commonly used by various Islamist and Islamic fundamentalist movements as a symbol of jihad. It usually consists of the Black Standard with a white text of the Shahada (Islamic declaration of faith) emblazoned across it in Arabic calligraphy. Its usage is asserted to be adopted by Islamist groups and jihadists during the 1990s and early 2000s. Organizations who use jihadist flags include al-Qaeda, al-Shabaab, the Taliban, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the al-Qassam Brigades and Jemaah Islamiyah.
Tulbaghia maritima
Tulbaghia maritima is a geophyte belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family. The species is endemic to the Eastern Cape and occurs from Nature's Valley to the Gamtoos River Estuary. It has a range of 1046 km² and there are fewer than ten subpopulations remaining. The plant continues to lose habitat to coastal development.

Nature's Valley
Nature's Valley is a holiday resort and small village on the Garden Route along the southern Cape coast of South Africa. Nature's Valley lies between the Salt River, the foothills of the Tsitsikamma Mountains, the Indian Ocean and the Groot River lagoon. Nature's Valley has a balmy climate and is surrounded by the de Vasselot Nature Reserve which is part of the Tsitsikamma Park, and in turn part of the Garden Route National Park.
Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
Frigate Captain Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (22 May 1743 – 26 March 1794) was a Spanish Navy officer. Assigned to the Pacific coast Spanish Naval Department base at San Blas, in Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico), he explored the Northwest Coast of North America as far north as present day Alaska. Bodega Bay in California is named for him. Bodega joined the Spanish Naval Academy in Cádiz at 19, and four years later, in 1767 was commissioned as an officer of the rank of frigate ensign (alférez de fragata). In 1773 he was promoted to ship-of-the-line ensign (alférez de navío), and in 1774 to ship-of-the-line lieutenant (teniente de navío).

Careening
Careening (also known as "heaving down") is a method of gaining access to the hull of a sailing vessel without the use of a dry dock. It is used for cleaning or repairing the hull. Before ship's hulls were protected from marine growth by fastening copper sheets over the surface of the hull, fouling by this growth would seriously affect the sailing qualities of a ship, causing a large amount of drag.: 164   As this growth was underwater, removing it was difficult.  Beaching the vessel at high tide allowed the lower hull to be exposed for cleaning or repairs.
Piperolactam A
Piperolactam A is a tetracyclic alkaloid found in many plants but  first isolated from the roots of Piper longum (long pepper). As a group, such compounds are called aristolactams, and are related to the aristolochic acid found in European birthwort.

Aristolochia clematitis
Aristolochia clematitis, or European  birthwort, is a twining herbaceous plant in the family Aristolochiaceae, which is native to most of central and southern Europe and parts of western Asia, and naturalised further north in Europe.
Prince Andrew Is a Sweaty Nonce
"Prince Andrew Is a Sweaty Nonce" is a 2022 punk rock single by The Kunts, a band created by the dark comedy singer Kunt and the Gang. The song is directed at Prince Andrew, Duke of York (later Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor), and references his relationship with convicted child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein; the word "nonce" is British prison slang referring to child sexual abusers or, more generally, paedophiles. The song reached No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart, and No. 1 in the UK Independent Singles Chart and UK Singles Sales Chart. The song is a follow-up to the band's previous tracks "Boris Johnson Is a Fucking Cunt" from 2020, and "Boris Johnson Is Still a Fucking Cunt" from 2021.

Glossary of British terms not widely used in the United States
This is a list of British words not widely used in the United States. In Commonwealth of Nations, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, India, South Africa, and Australia, some of the British terms listed are used, although another usage is often preferred.

Words with specific British English meanings that have different meanings in American and/or additional meanings common to both dialects (e.g. pants, cot) are to be found at List of words having different meanings in American and British English. When such words are herein used or referenced, they are marked with the flag [DM] (different meaning).

Asterisks (*) denote words and meanings having appreciable (that is, not occasional) currency in American English, but are nonetheless notable for their relatively greater frequency in British speech and writing.

British English spelling is consistently used throughout the article, except when explicitly referencing American terms.
Jhillu Singh Yadav
Jhillu Singh Yadav (born 4 August 1950) is an Indian organic chemist and the co-founder of the Indo-French Joint Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry at Interfaces (JLSCI), jointly established by the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology and the University of Rennes 1. He is a former director of Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) and is known for his studies on organic syntheses of allylic and acetylenic alcohols and spiroacetals. He is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences, India, Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers and The World Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1991, for his contributions to chemical sciences.

Indian Academy of Sciences
The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was founded by Indian Physicist and Nobel Laureate C. V. Raman, and was registered as a society on 27 April 1934. Inaugurated on 31 July 1934, it began with 65 founding fellows. The first general meeting of Fellows, held on the same day, elected Raman as president, and adopted the constitution of the Academy.
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine
3,4-Dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA, 3,4-DHMA), or 3,4-dihydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, also known as α-methylepinine or α,N-dimethyldopamine, is the major metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA). It is formed from MDMA by O-demethylation via cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP2D6 as well as CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Like MDMA, HHMA is a monoamine releasing agent.

Along with 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine), HHMA may be involved in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. However, findings in this regard are conflicting, and the neurotoxicity of MDMA and related agents may instead be based on their mechanism of action without involvement of metabolites.

CYP1A2
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body. In humans, the CYP1A2 enzyme is encoded by the CYP1A2 gene.
Summit Sport and Recreation Park
Summit Sport and Recreation Park is a multi-purpose community sports facility located in Mount Barker, South Australia. The $23 million complex officially opened in April 2021, and features a turf Australian rules football and cricket oval alongside two synthetic soccer pitches. It is best known for hosting Australian Football League (AFL) matches as part of Gather Round; the AFL refers to the venue as Adelaide Hills (for the nearby region) in its promotional material. The capacity of the main oval is nominally 5,000, which includes a 270-seat undercover grandstand. However, this capacity can be increased to 7,500 during Gather Round via additional temporary seating. The venue is also utilised by State League 2 South Australia club Mount Barker United SC, with annual visits from the Adelaide United youth team.

Adelaide United FC Youth
Adelaide United Football Club Youth is the youth system of Adelaide United Football Club based in Adelaide, South Australia. The team plays in the National Premier Leagues, the second level of Australia's soccer pyramid in Australia. The club also competes in the under-21s A-League Youth competition.
Lan Shizhang
Lan Shizhang (Chinese: 兰世章; born 9 February 1974) is a Chinese weightlifter. He competed in the 1990s, winning several medals at World Championships and Asian Games. He lifted at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, finishing fourth in his class.

Lan is one of the few men in history to clean and jerk three times his own bodyweight with a lift of 162.5kg at 54kg, done at the 1997 National Games.

He's an uncle of weightlifter and 2008 Olympic champion Lu Yong.

National Games of China
The National Games of the People's Republic of China is the highest-level comprehensive multi-sport event of China. It is hosted by the General Administration of Sport of China. The games is held every four years, usually in the summer or autumn of the year after the Summer Olympics.

The National Games was first held in 1959 in Beijing at the Workers' Stadium, when 10,658 athletes competed across 384 events in 42 sports.
Long Night's Journey into Day
Long Night's Journey Into Day is a 2000 American documentary film about the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in post-Apartheid South Africa. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film
The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Special Awards to Kukan and Target for Tonight. They have since been bestowed competitively each year, with the exception of 1946. Copies of every winning film (along with copies of most nominees) are held by the Academy Film Archive.
Sinoatrial block
A sinoatrial block (also spelled sinuatrial block) is a disorder in the normal rhythm of the heart, known as a heart block, that is initiated in the sinoatrial node. The initial action impulse in a heart is usually formed in the sinoatrial node (SA node) and carried through the atria, down the internodal atrial pathways to the atrioventricular node (AV) node.
In normal conduction, the impulse would travel across the bundle of His (AV bundle), down the bundle branches, and into the Purkinje fibers. This would depolarize the ventricles and cause them to contract.

In an SA block, the electrical impulse is delayed or blocked on the way to the atria, thus delaying the atrial beat. (An AV block, occurs in the AV node and delays ventricular depolarisation). SA blocks are categorized into three classes based on the length of the delay.

Bundle of His
The bundle of His (BH): 58  or His bundle (HB): 232  (/hɪs/ "hiss") is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction. As part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, it transmits the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches via the bundle branches. The fascicular branches then lead to the Purkinje fibers, which provide electrical conduction to the ventricles, causing the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a paced interval.
Osu caste system
The Osu caste system Listenⓘ was a traditional practice in Igboland, characterized by social segregation and restrictions on interaction and marriage with a group of individuals known as Osu (Igbo: outcast). The Osu individuals historically were marginalized by the Igbo deities (Alusi), and as a result, they are often perceived as inferior and segregated from the Nwadiala or diala (Igbo: real born) class.

Igboland
Igbo land (Standard Igbo: Àlà Ị̀gbò) is a cultural and common linguistic region in southeastern Nigeria which is the indigenous homeland of the Igbo people. Geographically, it is divided into two sections, eastern (the larger of the two) and western. Its population is characterized by the diverse Igbo culture.: 307 : 315

Politically, Igboland is divided into several southern Nigerian states; culturally, it has included several subgroupings, including the Awka-Enugu-Nsukka, Anioma-Enuani, the Umueri-Aguleri-Anam groups, the Ngwa, the Orlu-Okigwe-Owerri communities, the Mbaise, the Ezza, Bende, the Ikwuano-Umuahia (these include Ohuhu, Ubakala, Oboro, Ibeku, etc.),  the Omuma, the Abam-Aro-Ohafia (Abiriba and Nkporo), the Waawa, the Ndoki, the Etche, the Ekpeye, and the Ogba.
Srully Blotnick
Srully Blotnick ((1941-05-22)May 22, 1941 – (2004-12-18)December 18, 2004) was an American author and journalist.  Notable books include Getting Rich Your Own Way, Computers Made Ridiculously Easy, The Corporate Steeplechase: Predictable Crises in a Business Career, Otherwise Engaged: The Private Lives of Successful Career Women, and Ambitious Men: Their Drives, Dreams and Delusions.

As of 1987, his best-known books — The Corporate Steeplechase: Predictable Crises in a Business Career, Otherwise Engaged: The Private Lives of Successful Career Women, and Ambitious Men: Their Drives, Dreams and Delusions — had sold more than 100,000 copies, according to the publishers.

Dan Collins (journalist)
Daniel Joseph Collins (November 11, 1943 – July 9, 2024) was an American journalist and author. He was senior producer for CBS News.com. Collins was also a New York correspondent for U.S. News & World Report and a reporter for the New York Daily News.
Kotli Lehal
Kotli Lehal is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from sub-district headquarter, 75 kilometres (47 mi) from district headquarter, and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by a sarpanch, an elected representative of the village.

Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the Majha region of the state of Punjab, India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It internationally borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, and the districts of Amritsar, Pathankot, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district. The district is at the foothills of the Himalayas.

As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Punjab (out of 22), after Ludhiana and Amritsar. Batala, with 31% of the district's population, is its largest city.
Chequilla
Chequilla is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 19 inhabitants.

In 2019, a law intending to replace the representative form of government underpinned by the plenary and the elected municipal councillors by the participatory model of concejo abierto, in which all the electors are part of the deliberative assembly, was passed.

Concejo abierto
The concejo abierto (literally: "open council") is a system of government and administration of some very small Spanish municipalities and sub-municipal territorial units. An example of direct democracy, the system allows for the existence of a mayor and a consejo (English: council) or asamblea vecinal (English: neighbourhood assembly) formed by all the electors of the municipality. In contrast, the conventional system used by most municipalities is the ayuntamiento, often translated as city, town or municipal council in English, comprised (in its most basic form) of the local councillors who form the plenary (elected in a party-list proportional representation voting), and the Mayor, elected in turn by the councillors among themselves.
Artist and the Author
Artist and the Author is a pamphlet written by George Cruikshank in 1872. During the late 1860s, Cruikshank claimed to be the author of works attributed to other writers, including Charles Dickens and William Harrison Ainsworth. After John Forster contradicted Cruikshank's claims to having "originated" Oliver Twist, Cruikshank began a dispute in The Times as being the creator of novels attributed to Ainsworth. After the newspaper stopped carrying the dispute, Cruikshank produced all of his claims in Artist and the Author, where he disputed his relationship to 8 of Ainsworth's novels.

John Forster (biographer)
John Forster (2 April 1812 – 2 February 1876) was an English writer and biographer. He was best known for publishing The Life of Charles Dickens (1872), which was the first biography published of Charles Dickens after his death in 1870. He was a personal friend of Dickens and part of Dickens's social circle, which included William Makepeace Thackeray, Wilkie Collins and Hans Christian Andersen.