hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bill Rooney
William Rooney (July 16, 1896 – March 17, 1966) was a professional American football player who played running back for six seasons for the Duluth Kelleys/Eskimos, New York Giants, Brooklyn Lions, and Chicago Cardinals.

Duluth Eskimos
The Duluth Eskimos were a professional football team from Duluth, Minnesota, in the National Football League (NFL). After spending most of their time as a traveling team, they withdrew from the league after the 1927 season.

A distinction of the Eskimos is they were one of the first NFL teams to use a logo.
Upper Cheung Sha Beach
Upper Cheung Sha Beach is a gazetted beach in Cheung Sha in southern Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The beach has barbecue pits and is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong Government. The beach is rated as good to fair by the Environmental Protection Department for its water quality in the past twenty years. It is the longest beach in Hong Kong.

Leisure and Cultural Services Department
The Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD), is a department in the Government of Hong Kong. It reports to the Culture, Sports & Tourism Bureau, headed by the Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism. It provides leisure and cultural activities for the people of Hong Kong, which was also one of the tasks of the former Urban Council, and Regional Council and Home Affairs Bureau. It manages various public facilities around Hong Kong including public libraries, swimming pools, sports centres, parks, beaches and waterfront areas. The well-known Hong Kong Cultural Centre and Hong Kong Space Museum are among several museums also managed by the department. It was established in 2000 and its headquarters is in Shatin, New Territories.

Until July 2022, the department was headed by the Secretary for Home Affairs.
Unsharp masking
Unsharp masking (USM) is an image sharpening technique, first implemented in darkroom photography, but now commonly used in digital image processing software. Its name derives from the fact that the technique uses a blurred, or "unsharp", negative image to create a mask of the original image. The unsharp mask is then combined with the original positive image, creating an image that is less blurry than the original. The resulting image, although clearer, may be a less accurate representation of the image's subject.

In the context of signal processing, an unsharp mask is generally a linear or nonlinear filter that amplifies the high-frequency components of a signal.

Mask (computing)
In computer science, a mask or bitmask is data that is used for bitwise operations, particularly in a bit field. Using a mask, multiple bits in a byte, nibble, word, etc. can be set either on or off, or inverted from on to off (or vice versa) in a single bitwise operation.  An additional use of masking involves predication in vector processing, where the bitmask is used to select which element operations in the vector are to be executed (mask bit is enabled) and which are not (mask bit is clear).
DXGT
DXGT (92.1 FM), broadcasting as Radyo Abante 92.1, is a radio station owned and operated by Iddes Broadcast Group. Its studios and transmitter are located beside the Maramag Integrated Bus Terminal, Brgy. North Poblacion, Maramag. The station is managed by former Bukidnon 3rd District board member Gordon Torres.

Maramag
Maramag, officially the Municipality of Maramag (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Maramag; Tagalog: Bayan ng Maramag), is a  municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 108,293 people.
Speiser v. Randall
Speiser v. Randall, 357 U.S. 513 (1958), is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which, along with its companion cases Prince v. City and County of San Francisco and First Unitarian Church v. Los Angeles (separately decided), held that a loyalty oath requirement for seeking a property tax exemption violated the procedural due process rights of applicants who refused to sign the oath under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution because it placed the burden of proof to show that their speech was not criminal on the applicants, rather than the state.

Due Process Clause
A Due Process Clause is found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, which prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments, respectively, without due process of law.

The U.S. Supreme Court interprets these clauses to guarantee a variety of protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings); substantive due process (a guarantee of some fundamental rights); a prohibition against vague laws; incorporation of the Bill of Rights to state governments; and equal protection under the laws of the federal government.
Andy Vernon
Andrew James Vernon (born 7 January 1986) is a British former 5000 metres, 10,000 metres and cross country athlete. After the 2018 Commonwealth Games, he focused on road racing, winning the Manchester Half Marathon with the aim of doing a full marathon in 2019. Vernon competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 10,000 metres. He has also competed in two Commonwealth Games, a World Indoor Championship and six World Cross Country Championships. Vernon is a two-time European Athletics Championship medallist and a Summer Universiade gold medallist. He currently competes for Aldershot, Farnham & District AC.

World Athletics Indoor Championships
The World Athletics Indoor Championships are a biennial indoor track and field competition served as the global championship for that version of the sport. Organised by the World Athletics, the competition was inaugurated as the World Indoor Games in 1985 in Paris, France and were subsequently renamed to IAAF World Indoor Championships in 1987. The current name was adapted with the name change of the sports governing body in 2019.

They have been held every two years except for when they were held in consecutive years 2003 and 2004 to facilitate the need for them to be held in alternate years to the outdoor World Athletics Championships in the future, and in 2024, 2025, and 2026. The Championships due to be held in China in 2020 were postponed because of the COVID pandemic, as were the attempted running of the China edition in then 2021 and 2023, eventually being scheduled for 2025. Two standard editions of the Championships were held in 2022 and 2024.
McFaulds Lake
McFaulds Lake is a lake located in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the James Bay drainage basin and is in the Hudson Bay Lowlands area. There are two unnamed inflows, at the south and north. The primary outflow is an unnamed stream at the northeast leading to the Attawapiskat River, which itself flows to James Bay.

James Bay
James Bay (French: Baie James, pronounced [bɛ dʒɛmz]; Cree: ᐐᓂᐯᒄ, romanized: Wînipekw, lit. 'dirty water') is a body of water located on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is politically part of Nunavut. Its largest island is Akimiski Island.

Numerous waterways of the James Bay watershed have been modified with dams or diversion for several major hydroelectric projects. These waterways are also destinations for river-based recreation. Several communities are located near or alongside James Bay, including a number of Aboriginal Canadian communities, such as the Kashechewan First Nation and nine communities affiliated with the Cree of northern Quebec.

As with the rest of Hudson Bay, the waters of James Bay routinely freeze over in winter. It is the last part of Hudson Bay to freeze over in winter, and the first to thaw in summer.
Nussdorf, Vienna
Nussdorf (until 1999 spelled Nußdorf; German pronunciation: [ˈnʊsdɔʁf] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Nussduaf) was a separate municipality until 1892 and is today a suburb of Vienna in the 19th district of Döbling.

Central Bavarian
Central or Middle Bavarian form a subgroup of Bavarian dialects in large parts of Austria and the Free State of Bavaria along the Danube river, on the northern side of the Eastern Alps. They are spoken in the 'Old Bavarian' regions of Upper Bavaria (with Munich), Lower Bavaria and in the adjacent parts of the Upper Palatinate region around Regensburg, in Upper and Lower Austria, in Vienna (see Viennese German), in the state of Salzburg, as well as in the northern and eastern parts of Styria and Burgenland. Before 1945 and the expulsions of the Germans, it was also spoken in Hungary and southern Bohemia and Moravia.
It also influenced Austrian German.
Canton of Millau-1
The canton of Millau-1 is an administrative division of the Aveyron department, southern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Millau.

It consists of the following communes:

Comprégnac

Creissels

Millau (partly)

Saint-Georges-de-Luzençon

Aveyron
Aveyron (French: [avɛʁɔ̃] ⓘ; Occitan: Avairon [aβajˈɾu]) is a department in the region of Occitania, Southern France. It was named after the river Aveyron. Its inhabitants are known as Aveyronnais (masculine) or Aveyronnaises (feminine) in French. The inhabitants of Aveyron's prefecture, Rodez, are called Ruthénois, based upon the first settlers in the area, the Ruteni. With an area of 8,735 square kilometres (3,373 sq mi) and a population of 279,595, Aveyron is a largely rural department with a population density of 32 people/km2 (83 people/mi2).
Alpioniscus sideralis
Alpioniscus sideralis is a species of freshwater, cave-dwelling woodlice. It was first collected in a karstic Su Bantu cave in Supramonte, Sardinia by a group of astronauts during a subterranean training course CAVES organized by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2012. The species was formally described in a ZooKeys publication in 2018.

ZooKeys
ZooKeys is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering zoological taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography. It was established in 2008 and the founding editor-in-chief was Terry Erwin (Smithsonian Institution) until his death in 2020. In December 2023, Torsten Dikow was appointed the new editor-in-chief. It is published by Pensoft Publishers.

ZooKeys provides all new taxa to the Encyclopedia of Life on the day of publication.
Akabira
Akabira (赤平市, Akabira-shi) is a city located in central Sorachi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. The name comes from the Ainu language but the meaning is uncertain; possibly it means "mountain ridge" or "cliff".

As of January 2024, the city has a population of 8,709 people living in 5,333 households. The total area is 129.88 km2. The city was once a prosperous coal-mining city, its population reaching 59,430 in 1960. The population has been gradually declining. There have been efforts to create tourism around the city's coal mining heritage and other sights in order to strengthen the local economy. Other than that, there are also hot springs and campsites.

Cities of Japan
A city (市, shi) is a local administrative unit in Japan. Cities are ranked on the same level as towns (町, machi) and villages (村, mura), with the difference that they are not a component of districts (郡, gun). Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
George Taylor Porritt
George Taylor Porritt (1848–1927) was an English wool merchant, naturalist and lepidopterist from Huddersfield, Yorkshire. He is best known for his work on the effects of industrial pollution on the changes in frequency of melanin in populations of the peppered moth, which has since become a prominent case study in understanding the effects of pollution on animal populations.

He attended Huddersfield College alongside future prime minister H. H. Asquith. He became a prominent authority on entomology in Great Britain and was involved in a substantial number of publications and societies. He was the re-founder and co-editor of The Naturalist, a Fellow of the Linnean Society and President of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union in 1900. His collection of insects was donated to the Tolson Museum after his death.

Lepidopterology
Lepidopterology (from Ancient Greek  λεπίδος (lepídos) 'scale'  πτερόν (pterón) 'wing' and  -λογία (-logia)) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the two superfamilies of butterflies. Someone who studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian.
Swimming at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre backstroke
The Women's 200 Backstroke at the 11th FINA World Aquatics Championships was swum 29 – 30 July 2005 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was the longest of the 3 backstroke events for women at the 2005 Worlds. Preliminary and Semifinals heats were swum 29 July, with the Final heat on 30 July. The top 16 finishers from Prelims advanced to swim again in Semifinals; the top 8 swimmers in Semifinals advanced to swim a third time in the Final.

At the start of the event, the existing World (WR) and Championships (CR) records were:

WR: 2:06.62, Krisztina Egerszegi (Hungary), swum 25 August 1991 in Athens, Greece

CR: 2:07.40, Cihong He (China), swum 11 September 1994 in Rome, Italy

Krisztina Egerszegi
Krisztina Egerszegi (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkristinɒ ˈɛɡɛrsɛɡi]; born 16 August 1974) is a Hungarian former world record holding swimmer and one of the greatest Hungarian Olympic champions of the modern era. She is a three-time Olympian (1988, 1992 and 1996) and five-time Olympic champion; and one of four individuals (Dawn Fraser, Michael Phelps and Katie Ledecky being the other three) to have ever won the same swimming event at three consecutive Summer Olympics. She is the first female swimmer to win five individual Olympic gold medals.

Egerszegi held the world record in the long-course 200 m backstroke for almost 17 years. In 2013, she was awarded the Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen.
Caerleon Tramroad
Caerleon Tramroad was an early horse-drawn tramway built in 1794 or 1795 by Nicholas Blannin to link the forge he rented in Caerleon with the Monmouthshire Canal at Clomendy, which is now part of Cwmbran.

Forge
A forge is a type of hearth used for heating metals, or the workplace (smithy) where such a hearth is located. The forge is used by the smith to heat a piece of metal to a temperature at which it becomes easier to shape by forging, or to the point at which work hardening no longer occurs. The metal (known as the "workpiece") is transported to and from the forge using tongs, which are also used to hold the workpiece on the smithy's anvil while the smith works it with a hammer. Sometimes, such as when hardening steel or cooling the work so that it may be handled with bare hands, the workpiece is transported to the slack tub, which rapidly cools the workpiece in a large body of water. However, depending on the metal type, it may require an oil quench or a salt brine instead; many metals require more than plain water hardening. The slack tub also provides water to control the fire in the forge.
Androcalva beeronensis
Androcalva beeronensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to Queensland. It is a shrub that forms suckers from rhizomes and has branchlets and leaves covered with soft, golden hairs, the leaves egg-shaped to lance-shaped with toothed edges, and clusters of 9 to 24 cream-coloured to white flowers.

Basal shoot
Basal shoots, root sprouts, adventitious shoots, and suckers are words for various kinds of shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the base of a tree or shrub, or from adventitious buds on its roots. Shoots that grow from buds on the base of a tree or shrub are called basal shoots; these are distinguished from shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the roots of a tree or shrub, which may be called root sprouts or suckers. A plant that produces root sprouts or runners is described as surculose. Water sprouts produced by adventitious buds may occur on the above-ground stem, branches or both of trees and shrubs. Suckers are shoots arising underground from the roots some distance from the base of a tree or shrub.
Moyon language
Moyon is a Kuki-Chin language, belonging to the Northwestern or "Old Kuki" subfamily,
spoken by the Moyon people in Manipur, India and in Burma.
The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.

A Quadrilingual Moyon-Manipuri-English-Nagamese book titled "A Guide Book to Moyon Language", was published by the Moyon Literature Society in 2023.

Moyon people
The Moyon people, also known as Bujuur people or the Moyon Naga, are a Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group predominantly resides in the Northeast Indian state of Manipur and, some in Sagaing Region in Myanmar. Moyons share similar ancestry with Monsang Nagas, Moyon origins can be traced back to ancient times of Moirang Kingdom, as they were contemporary, the Moyon King "Kuurkam" also known as "Shamshangba Ningthou" (Long hair king) by Meiteis is well recorded in Meitei Chronicles. Kungjuur is an important Historical place for the Moyons. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe (STs) by India.
They use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.
Gibson Pass Ski Area
Gibson Pass Ski Area, more commonly known as Manning Park Ski Area or simply Manning Park, is a small ski area located within E. C. Manning Provincial Park. The hill itself is not owned or operated by BC Parks, instead by the current park facility operator, Manning Park Resort. The land is used through a lease with the provincial government.

The hill has one tandem, single speed chairlift, one quad chairlift, a handle tow, a T-Bar, and a tube cable lift. Facilities at the hill itself include a day lodge and restaurant, guest services building, ski patrol cabin, and a daycare. The hill was originally owned and operated by Province of British Columbia.

Canadian Ski Patrol
The Canadian Ski Patrol (French: Patrouille canadienne de ski) is a national, non-profit, registered charitable organization that is volunteer-based and provides advanced first aid and emergency response services at more than 230 ski resorts and Nordic centres, as well as hundreds of recreational and sporting events across Canada. The Canadian Ski Patrol (CSP) has more than 4,500 registered members consisting of alpine and Nordic skiers, snowboarders, and non-skiers/boarders, making it the largest volunteer-based certified first responder organization in Canada. Members of the CSP are involved in accident prevention and intervention, managerial activities, and patroller and public education.
René Massigli
René Massigli GCVO KBE CH (French: [ʁəne masiɡli]; 22 March 1888 – 3 February 1988) was a French diplomat who played a leading role as a senior official at the Quai d'Orsay and was regarded as one of the leading French experts on Germany, which he greatly distrusted.

Quai d'Orsay
The Quai d'Orsay (/ˌkeɪ dɔːrˈseɪ/ KAY dor-SAY, French: [ke dɔʁsɛ] ⓘ) is a quay in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is part of the left bank of the Seine opposite the Place de la Concorde. It becomes the Quai Anatole-France east of the Palais Bourbon, and the Quai Branly west of the Pont de l'Alma.

The seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (the Hôtel du ministre des Affaires étrangères) is located on the Quai d'Orsay, between the Esplanade des Invalides and the National Assembly at the Palais Bourbon; thus the ministry is often called the "Quai d'Orsay" in the press by metonymy. The building housing the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was built between 1844 and 1855 by Jacques Lacornée. The statues of the facade were created by the sculptor Henri de Triqueti (1870). The 1919 Treaty of Versailles was negotiated and written at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Hutt (surname)
Hutt is a surname. Notable people with it include:

Herman Hutt (1872–1952), American politician

John Hutt (1795–1880), Governor of Western Australia from 1839 to 1846

Joan Hutt (1913–1985), English painter

Mark Hutt, known for the murder of Donna Jones

Michael Hutt (disambiguation), multiple people

William Hutt (disambiguation), multiple people

Murder of Donna Jones
Donna Ellen Jones (December 25, 1975 – December 5, 2009) was a Canadian woman who was murdered by her husband, Mark Peter Hutt, in Ottawa, Canada, in 2009. The 33-year-old's body was found in the basement of her home at Barwell Avenue, badly scalded, beaten, with broken bones, and having been shot with air gun pellets. She died of septic shock from infection due to untreated burns. Hutt was convicted of murder in 2013.
Pracuúba
Pracuúba (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [pɾakuˈubɐ]) is a municipality located in the mideast of the state of Amapá in Brazil. It became an independent municipality in 1992. The town can be accessed from the BR-156 highway.

BR-156 (Brazil highway)
BR-156 is a federal highway of Brazil.

The road consists of 552 km between Oiapoque and Macapá, and 271 km between Macapá and Laranjal do Jari (except via Santana city), totalling 823 km of road through forest and savannah. Only the road between Macapá and Calçoene is paved with asphalt. The rest of the road has a dirt surface.

Because of the road conditions, it takes around 10-12 hours to drive between Oiapoque and Macapá.

With the Oyapock River Bridge (linking the cities of Oiapoque in Brazil and Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock in French Guiana) open to traffic starting from 20 March 2017, it is now possible to drive from Macapá to Cayenne, the capital city of French Guiana.
Samuel Łaszcz
Samuel Łaszcz (1588–1649), of the Prawdzic Coat of Arms, was a famous nobleman in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with a family estate in Łaszczów. He held the positions of Starosta of Owrucz, Crown Grand Standard-bearer, and Crown Great Guard (praefectus excubiarum seu vigiliarum). He served as a military commander and was given the nom de guerre "zagończyk" (brave raider), but later became infamous as an outlaw. He was known for his smile and quick wit, and allegedly introduced a traditional Polish haircut which bears his name.

Ovruch
Ovruch (Ukrainian: Овруч, IPA: [ˈɔu̯rʊtʃ] ⓘ) is a city in Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine.

It was first mentioned as Vruchiy in 977. It was the capital city of the Drevlians in the 10th century, later conquered by the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, then later part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 16th century it became part of Poland, as a royal city. After the second partition of Poland in 1793 it became part of the Russian Empire, and then part of Ukraine. Until 2020, it was the administrative center of the former Ovruch Raion, until it was merged into Korosten Raion. It has a population of approximately 15,250 (2022 estimate), and is home to the Ovruch air base.
Akabea
The Bea language, Aka-Bea, also called Bojigyab, is an extinct Great Andamanese language of the Southern group. It was spoken around the western Andaman Strait and around the northern and western coast of South Andaman. It was well documented in the late 19th century, but died out in the 1920s. The term Aka-Bea was used both to name the language and the people who spoke it, derived from the prefix aka-, used to name objects related to the tongue, and bea, meaning 'spring-water'.

Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the word to which it is affixed.

Prefixes, like other affixes, can be either inflectional, creating a new form of a word with the same basic meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes, like all affixes, are usually bound morphemes.

English has no inflectional prefixes, using only suffixes for that purpose. Adding a prefix to the beginning of an English word changes it to a different word. For example, when the prefix un- is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy.

The word prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning "attach", in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from Latin roots.