hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Buddhist literature
Buddhist literature is the body of written texts produced within Buddhists communities that convey Buddhist teachings, philosophy, moral guidance, and culture. It includes canonical scriptures, philosophical treatises, commentaries, devotional poetry, narrative works, meditation manuals, historical chronicles, biographies of monks and nuns, and modern spiritual literature. Buddhist literature has evolved over more than 2,500 years and has been composed in multiple languages including Pāli, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese, Burmese, Thai, Sinhala, Mongolian, and modern vernaculars.

Aśvaghoṣa
Aśvaghoṣa, also transliterated Ashvaghosha (Sanskrit: [ˌɐɕʋɐˈɡʱoːʂɐ], अश्वघोष; lit. "Horse-Cry"; Tibetan: སློབ་དཔོན་དཔའ་བོ།, Wylie: slob dpon dpa' bo; Chinese: 馬鳴菩薩; pinyin: Mǎmíng púsà; lit. 'Horse-Cry Bodhisattva') (c. 80 – c. 150 CE), was a Buddhist philosopher, dramatist, poet, musician, and orator from India. He was born in Saketa, today known as Ayodhya.

He is believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist, and is considered the greatest Indian poet prior to Kālidāsa. It seems probable that he was the contemporary and spiritual adviser of Kanishka in the first century of our era. He was the most famous in a group of Buddhist court writers, whose epics rivaled the contemporary Ramayana. Whereas much of Buddhist literature prior to the time of Aśvaghoṣa had been composed in Pāli and Prakrit, Aśvaghoṣa wrote in Classical Sanskrit. He may have been associated with the Sarvāstivāda or the Mahasanghika schools.
Darnell Collins
Mwanza Atiba Kamau (April 5, 1962 – June 21, 1995), better known as Darnell Collins, was an American recidivist and spree killer who shot and killed seven people and wounded three others in New Jersey and New York over four days in June 1995. The spree came to an end once Collins was surrounded by law enforcement in Nutley, New Jersey, who promptly killed him.

Spree killer
A spree killer is someone who commits a criminal act that involves two or more murders in a short time, often in multiple locations. There are differing opinions about what durations of time a killing spree may take place in. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics has spoken of "almost no time break between murders", but some academics consider that a killing spree may last weeks or months, e.g. the case of Andrew Cunanan, who murdered five people over three months, including fashion designer Gianni Versace.
Manx Line
Manx Line was a ferry operator which operated roll-on/roll-off ferry services between Great Britain and the Isle of Man between 1978 and 1985.  An earlier, unrelated, company had used the "Manx Line" name in the late 19th century.

Roll-on/roll-off
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.

RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for large seagoing vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the stern, bow, or sides, or any combination thereof.
1965 Nigerien parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Niger on 21 October 1965. The country was a one-party state at the time, and voters were presented with a single list from the Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally. According to official figures, 98.2% of eligible voters cast votes, and the PPN list won all 50 seats in the National Assembly.

Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally
The Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally (French: Parti Progressiste Nigérien-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, PPN–RDA) was a political party in Niger. It was the nation's leading political party of the pre-independence era, becoming the sole legal party of the First Republic (1960–1974). It was led by Niger's first President, Hamani Diori. After the end of military rule, the party reappeared as a minor parliamentary party led by Diori's son, Abdoulaye Hamani Diori.
Emma Russell (ice hockey)
Emma Elizabeth Russell (born 18 August 1995) is a Danish ice hockey player and member of the Danish national ice hockey team, currently playing with the Rødovre Mighty Bulls Q of the KvindeLigaen (DM i ishockey for kvinder).

Russell has represented Denmark at seven IIHF Women's World Championships: the Top Division tournament in 2021, the Division I Group A tournaments in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, and the Group B tournament in 2012.

KvindeLigaen (ice hockey)
KvindeLigaen (lit. 'The Women's League') is the premier women's ice hockey league in Denmark. It was founded as the DM i ishockey for kvinder (lit. 'Danish Championship in ice hockey for women') in 1989 by the Danish Ice Hockey Union.
Fairview Fire Protection District
The Fairview Fire Protection District (FFPD) is an independent special district that provides fire protection, emergency medical, and related services to the unincorporated communities of Fairview and Castro Valley's Five Canyons neighborhood, north and east of Hayward in Alameda County, California, United States. FFPD was established in 1938 and delivers services under a long-standing contract with the City of Hayward Fire Department (HFD).

Alameda County, California
Alameda County (/ˌæləˈmiːdə/ ⓘ AL-ə-MEE-də) is located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,682,353, making it the 7th-most populous county in the state and 21st most populous nationally. The county seat is Oakland. Alameda County is in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region.

The Spanish word alameda means either "a grove of poplars...or a tree lined street".  The name was originally used to describe the Arroyo de la Alameda; the willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early Spanish explorers of a road lined with trees.

Alameda County is part of the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area.
Taxa (TV series)
Taxa is a Danish television drama in 56 episodes, written by Stig Thorsboe and produced by Rumle Hammerich for the Danish Broadcasting Corporation.

The series started on 14 September 1997 on DR1. It was broadcast during the period 1997-1999 for a total of five seasons. Taxa was also screened in Sweden on SVT1.

DR (broadcaster)
DR (pronounced [ˈte̝ˀˌɛɐ̯]), officially the Danish Broadcasting Corporation in English, is a Danish public-service radio and television broadcasting company. Founded in 1925 as a public-service organization, it is Denmark's oldest and largest electronic media enterprise. DR shares many of its organisational characteristics with its British counterpart, the BBC, on which it was largely modelled. DR is a founding member of the European Broadcasting Union.

DR was originally funded by a media licence, however since 2022, the media license has been replaced by an addition to the Danish income tax.

Today, DR operates three television channels, all of which are distributed free-to-air via a nationwide DVB-T2 network. DR also operates seven radio channels. All are available nationally on DAB+ radio and online, with the four original stations also available on FM radio. Bjarne Corydon serves as the current Director-General of DR since August 2025.
Lincoln Township, Atchison County, Missouri
Lincoln Township is a township in Atchison County, Missouri, United States. At the 2020 census, its population was 359.

Lincoln Township was established in 1871, and named after Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States.

Atchison County, Missouri
Atchison County is the northwesternmost county in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 5,305. Its county seat is Rock Port. It was originally known as Allen County when it was detached from Holt County in 1843. The county was officially organized on February 14, 1845, and named for U.S. Senator David Rice Atchison from Missouri.
Interstate 69W
Interstate 69W (I-69W) is a relatively short north–south Interstate Highway running through South Texas in the United States. The freeway begins northeast of the middle of the World Trade International Bridge in Laredo and ends just east of I-35. In the future, I-69W will head northeast for 180 miles (290 km) before terminating near Victoria as both I-69E and I-69W merge to form I-69. For its entire length, I-69W runs concurrently with U.S. Highway 59 (US 59).

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA, /aɪsˈti/) is a United States federal law that posed a major change to transportation planning and policy, as the first U.S. federal legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era.

The act was signed into law on December 18, 1991, by President George H. W. Bush and codified as Pub. L. 102–240 and 105 Stat. 1914. The bill was preceded by the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act in 1987 and followed by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) in 1998, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) in 2005, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) in 2012, the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST) in 2015, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act in 2021.
Remte Manor
Remte Manor (Latvian: Remtes muižas pils) is a manor house in the historical region of Courland, in Remte, Latvia. Originally built in 1800, it was modernized in 1880. The building currently houses the Remte primary school.

Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".
2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico
The 2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico took place on November 6, 2018, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the state of New Mexico, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections.

Incumbent Democratic Senator Martin Heinrich won re-election to a second term. His opponents were Republican nominee and businessman Mick Rich and Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson, a two-term Republican governor of New Mexico and two-time candidate for president of the United States.

The candidate filing deadline was March 13, 2018. The Republican and Democratic primary elections were held June 5, 2018. Johnson's results were the highest results for a Libertarian candidate in New Mexico history.

Steve Pearce (politician)
Stevan Edward Pearce (born August 24, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who served as the U.S. representative for New Mexico's 2nd congressional district from 2003 to 2009 and from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party and was his party's unsuccessful nominee in the 2008 U.S Senate election and the 2018 gubernatorial election.

On December 8, 2018, Pearce was elected Chair of the New Mexico Republican Party, replacing Ryan Cangiolosi. He was re-elected in  2020 and again in 2022.  He opted against running for a fourth term as the Chair of the New Mexico Republican Party in 2024.  In 2025, President Donald Trump nominated Pearce to be the director of the Bureau of Land Management. His nomination was criticized by many environmentalists because Pearce founded an oilfield services company and has supported oil and gas drilling.
Micro Aviation B22 Bantam
The Micro Aviation B22 Bantam is a New Zealand ultralight aircraft, designed and produced by Micro Aviation NZ of Hamilton, New Zealand and later of Mandeville, New Zealand. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Mandeville, New Zealand
Mandeville is a settlement in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand.

Mandeville is 17 km north west of Gore.  Dunedin and Invercargill are the nearest cities.

Mandeville is part of the wider Waikaka statistical area.
Madison County Sheriff's House and Jail
The Madison County Sheriff's House and Jail was a historic house and jail building located at 210 N. Main St. in Edwardsville, Illinois. Built in 1869 and opened in 1871, the building was the oldest Madison County government building in Edwardsville, the county seat. The building consisted of a three-story sheriff's house and an adjacent cell block; the cell block was expanded in 1904 to provide space for female prisoners. The sheriff's house was designed in the Second Empire style; it was one of two examples of the style in Edwardsville and the only one which had maintained its historical appearance. The building's design featured a mansard roof, two dormers on both the front and rear sides, and a bracketed wooden cornice.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1980, and was delisted in 2020.

Second Empire style
Second Empire style, also known as the Napoleon III style or Haussmann style, is a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts originating in the Second French Empire. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and North America. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier, the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art, the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871), and the Philadelphia City Hall (1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
27th Manitoba Legislature
The members of the 27th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in December 1962. The legislature sat from February 28, 1963, to May 18, 1966.

The Progressive Conservative Party led by Duff Roblin formed the government.

Gildas Molgat of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition.

James Bilton served as speaker for the assembly.

There were five sessions of the 27th Legislature:

Errick Willis was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until November 1, 1965, when Richard Spink Bowles became lieutenant governor.

Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba
The lieutenant governor of Manitoba (/lɛfˈtɛnənt/, French: lieutenant-gouverneur (if male) or lieutenante-gouverneure (if female) du Manitoba) is the representative in Manitoba of the monarch, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada. The lieutenant governor of Manitoba is appointed in the same manner as the other provincial viceroys in Canada and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties. The present, and 26th, lieutenant governor of Manitoba is Anita Neville, who has served in the role since 24 October 2022.
DOT-111 tank car
In rail transport, the U.S. DOT-111 tank car, also known as the TC-111 in Canada, is a type of unpressurized general service tank car in common use in North America. Tank cars built to this specification must be circular in cross section, with elliptical, formed heads set convex outward. They have a minimum plate thickness of 7⁄16 inch (11.1 mm) and a maximum capacity of 34,500 US gallons (131,000 L; 28,700 imp gal). Tanks may be constructed from carbon steel, aluminum alloy, high alloy steel, or nickel plate steel by fusion welding.

Forming (metalworking)
In metalworking, forming is the fashioning of metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming operates on the materials science principle of plastic deformation, where the physical shape of a material is permanently deformed.
Anthomyiopsis nigra
Anthomyiopsis nigra is a species of fly first described by Baranov in 1938. It is part of the genus Anthomyiopsis and the family Tachinidae. It is distributed in Uttar Pradesh, India. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.

Tachinidae
The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true flies within the insect order Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1,300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in this family commonly are called tachinid flies or simply tachinids. As far as is known, they all are protelean parasitoids, or occasionally parasites, of arthropods, usually other insects.  The family is known from many habitats in all zoogeographical regions and is especially diverse in South America.
Jamaican snoring frog
The Jamaican snoring frog (Osteopilus crucialis), or Harlan's Antilles frog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to central Jamaica.
Its natural habitats are mesic broadleaf woods and forests with large dead trees. It can be found on tree trunks and in bromeliads; males call from hollows in branches and bromeliads. Eggs are laid in bromeliads. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Hylidae
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Kawai Kanjirō
Kawai Kanjirō (河井 寬次郎, 24 August 1890, in Yasugi, Shimane – 18 November 1966) was a Japanese potter and a key figure in mingei (Japanese folk art) and studio pottery movements, which included Bernard Leach, Shōji Hamada, Kenkichi Tomimoto,  Shikō Munakata, Keisuke Serizawa, and Tatsuzō Shimaoka, among others.

Yasugi, Shimane
Yasugi (安来市, Yasugi-shi) is a city located in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 35,965 in 14257 households and a population density of 85 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 420.93 square kilometres (162.52 sq mi).
1st Florida Cavalry Regiment (Confederate)
The 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment was a Confederate army unit during the U.S. Civil War, originally organized in July 1861 at Tallahassee.  Members of the regiment came primarily from Alachua, Clay, Columbia, Duval, Leon, Levy, Nassau and Suwannee counties.  It left for the western theater in 1862.

Leon County, Florida
Leon County is a county in the Panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. It was named after the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. As of the 2020 census, the population was 292,198. The county seat is Tallahassee, which is also the state capital and home to many politicians, lobbyists, jurists, and attorneys. Leon County is included in the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Tallahassee is home to two of Florida's major public universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University, as well as Tallahassee State College. Together these institutions have a combined enrollment of more than 70,000 students. It was an area of cotton cultivation. About 30 percent of Leon County is African American. The area includes red rolling hills.
Kirtiraj Gaikwad
Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad is an Indian packaging scientist and professor, currently serving as the head and associate professor of the Paper and Packaging Technology Department at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Gaikwad obtained his M.S. in Packaging Technology from Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States (2013), and his Ph.D. in Packaging Technology from Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (2018). He also served for several years as a postdoctoral scientist at École Polytechnique Montreal, Canada, in 2018.

Among his research topics are ⁣⁣active⁣⁣ and ⁣⁣intelligent⁣⁣ ⁣⁣packaging⁣⁣, ⁣⁣sustainable⁣⁣ ⁣⁣packaging materials⁣⁣, ⁣⁣biopolymer⁣⁣ films, and ⁣⁣food safety⁣⁣⁣ in ⁣⁣packaging⁣⁣. He has authored more than one hundred articles.

IIT Roorkee
The Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee or IITR) is a technical university located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. It is the oldest engineering institution in India. It was founded as the College of Civil Engineering in 1847 during East India Company rule in India by James Thomason,  the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces in which Roorkee was located; its purpose was to train officers and surveyors employed in the construction of the Ganges Canal. In 1854, after the completion of the canal and Thomason's death, it was renamed the Thomason College of Civil Engineering by Proby Cautley, the designer and projector of the canal.  It was renamed University of Roorkee in 1949, and again renamed IIT Roorkee in 2001.  The institution has 22 academic departments covering Engineering, Applied Sciences, Humanities & Social Sciences and Management programs with an emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.
Kuda-gitsune
The kuda-gitsune or kuda-kitsune (管狐, クダ狐), also pronounced kanko,  is a type of spirit possession in legends around various parts of Japan. It may be known otherwise as osaki especially in the Kantō region, and also considered equivalent to the izuna.

It was believed to assume the guise of a small mammal and able to fit inside a pipe or bamboo tube, but normally only its keeper or user (kitsune-tsukai) was able to see it. The user, through the power of the kuda, was believed capable of divulging a person's past or foretelling his future; this soothsayer was also capable of performing curses, bringing calamity upon targets. In regions where the superstition was held, a prospering household could be accused of achieving its prosperity because it was a house possessed by the spirit (kuda-tsuki). The fox (and its analogues by other names) was said to multiply in number each time a marriage took place, following the bride to her place of marriage, thus disseminating into more households.

Kunio Yanagita
Kunio Yanagita (Japanese: 柳田 國男, Hepburn: Yanagita Kunio; July 31, 1875 – August 8, 1962) was a Japanese author, scholar, ethnographer, and folklorist. He began his career as a bureaucrat, but developed an interest in rural Japan and its folk traditions. This led to a change in his career. His pursuit of this led to his eventual establishment of Japanese native folkloristics, or minzokugaku, as an academic field in Japan. As a result, he is often considered to be the father of modern Japanese folklore studies.
Zhenhengia yiwuensis
Zhenhengia yiwuensis is a species of strictly anaerobic, non-motile, Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that represents the sole validly published species of the genus Zhenhengia.  
It was first isolated from a healthy human fecal sample during a large-scale culturomics study of the Chinese gut microbiota and effectively published in 2021

Obligate anaerobe
Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (20.95% O2). Oxygen tolerance varies between species, with some species capable of surviving in up to 8% oxygen, while others lose viability in environments with an oxygen concentration greater than 0.5%.

Obligate anaerobes, which die when normal amounts of oxygen are present, are contrasted with obligate aerobes, which die without oxygen. Bacteria that fall in between these two extremes may be classified as either facultative anaerobes, which can use oxygen but also survive without it, or microaerophiles, which need lower levels of oxygen. Aerotolerant organisms are indifferent to the presence or absence of oxygen.