hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1877 Oldham by-election
The 1877 Oldham by-election was fought on 1 March 1877.  The by-election was fought due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Morgan Cobbett.  It was won by the Liberal candidate J. T. Hibbert.

Oldham (UK Parliament constituency)
Oldham was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Oldham, England. It returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created by the Reform Act 1832 and was abolished for the 1950 general election when it was split into the Oldham East and Oldham West constituencies.

The Oldham constituency was where Winston Churchill began his political career. Although taking two attempts to succeed, in the 1900 general election Churchill was elected as the member of Parliament for Oldham. He held the constituency for the Conservative Party until he defected from them in defence of free trade in 1904. He then represented the Liberal Party as MP for the seat until the 1906 general election.
Francis C. Florini
Francis Constant Florini  (September 7, 1919 – October 17, 2008) was an American politician who served as the twenty-sixth Mayor   of North Adams, Massachusetts.

Florini died at the age of 89 on October 17, 2008.

North Adams, Massachusetts
North Adams is a city in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its population was 12,961 as of the 2020 census. Best known as the home of the largest contemporary art museum in the United States, the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams has in recent years become a center for tourism, culture and recreation.
Penang Transport Master Plan
The Penang Transport Master Plan (abbrev. PTMP) is a strategic initiative developed by the Penang state government between 2012 and 2015, aimed at creating an integrated transportation system across the state. The multimodal plan, with an original estimated cost of RM27 billion, includes the introduction of urban rail lines and the construction of additional expressways to address the growing population density in Penang. As of 2025, some elements of the master plan are being implemented, including the Mutiara LRT and the Ayer Itam–Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway Bypass.

Malaysian ringgit
The Malaysian ringgit ((/ˈrɪŋɡɪt/, Malaysian: [ˈriŋget]); plural: ringgit; symbol: RM; currency code: MYR; Malay name: Ringgit Malaysia; formerly the Malaysian dollar) is the currency of Malaysia. Issued by the Central Bank of Malaysia, it is divided into 100 cents (Malay: sen).
Matt Jones (American politician)
Matt Jones is an American politician from Colorado. A Democrat, he served in both the Colorado Senate and the Colorado House of Representatives at two different times, and as a Boulder County Commissioner.

Jones represented the 17th Senate district, which includes Louisville, Lafayette, and portions of Longmont and Erie. Jones previously served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993 in the 34th House District which included unincorporated Adams County and Federal Heights, and from 2011 to 2013 in the 12th House District which included Louisville, Lafayette and part of Longmont.

Jones graduated from Colorado State University with a B.A. in political science, as well as an M.A. in political science - natural resource policy. Jones has also worked as an open space and trails planner and part-time wildland firefighter. Jones competed in the Pro Mogul Tour in his 20’s.

Longmont, Colorado
Longmont is a home rule city located in Boulder and Weld counties, Colorado, United States. Its population was 98,885 as of the 2020 U.S. census.  Longmont is located northeast of the county seat of Boulder. It is named after Longs Peak, a prominent mountain that is clearly visible from the city (mont means "mountain" in French).
San Martino di Castrozza
San Martino di Castrozza is a mountain resort in the Primiero valley in the Trentino province in Italy. The western part, with 428 inhabitants, is in the comune of Siror, with the eastern, housing 135 inhabitants, in Tonadico.

Mountain resort
A mountain resort is a place to holiday or vacation located in an elevated and typically at least relatively isolated area. The term resort implies integral hotel or inn accommodations, restaurants, and either or both sports facilities or scenic attractions like birdwatching. These can be part of a "destination resort" that provides accommodations and activities or a "resort town" that offers amenities near outdoor areas.

They include winter sports like skiing, snowboarding, and ice skating and summer activities such as hiking, golf, and tennis. Sightseeing and related activities, such as leaf peeping to appreciate fall colors, are also common where foliage turns.

In hot climates, hill and mountain resorts are visited for the cooler temperatures at higher elevations.
Lanmaoa pseudosensibilis
Lanmaoa pseudosensibilis is a fungus of the family Boletaceae. First described officially in 1971 by mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers, it was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus Lanmaoa in 2015.

The yellowish to peachy cap is 4–15 centimetres (1+1⁄2–6 in) wide. The stem is 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall and 1–2.5 cm (1⁄2–1 in). The flesh is yellow and can stain blue.

From July to September, it can be found in eastern North America under hardwood trees, mostly oak.

While edible, it is not recommended as it could be confused with toxic species.

Alexander H. Smith
Alexander Hanchett Smith (December 12, 1904 – December 12, 1986) was an American mycologist known for his extensive contributions to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the higher fungi, especially the agarics.
N-STAR a
N-STAR a, was a geostationary communications satellite originally ordered by a consortium including NTT DoCoMo and JSAT Corporation, and later fully acquired by JSAT, which was merged into SKY Perfect JSAT Group. It was designed and manufactured by Space Systems/Loral on the SSL 1300 platform. It had a launch weight of 3,400 kg (7,500 lb), and a 10-year design life. Its payload is composed of 6 C-band, 11 Ka-band, 8 Ku-band and 1 S-band transponders.

NTT Docomo Business
NTT Docomo Business, Inc. (NTTドコモビジネス株式会社, Enutiti Dokomo Bijinesu Kabushiki-gaisha), previously known as NTT Communications Corporation (エヌ・ティ・ティ・コミュニケーションズ株式会社, Enutiti Komyunikēshonzu Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese telecommunications company owned by NTT. It operates an international network across over 190 countries and regions, with locations in more than 70 countries and regions. The company has approximately 5,500 employees (NTT Communications Group: 11,500 employees) as of March 2020. Its headquarters are located in the Otemachi Place West tower, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo.

NTT Communications Corporation was founded in July 1999 as a subsidiary of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. NTT Communications provides network management, telecommunication services such as VPN, and communications technology (ICT) services including cloud, consulting, and managing services for companies and government agencies.
Caryl Mack Parker
Caryl Mack Parker (born in Abilene, Texas) is an Americana singer-songwriter. Between 1996 and 1997, Parker charted two singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly, wrote that Parker "this West Texas native conjures inventive images and dispenses sage advice."

As a staff-writer for Warner/Chappell Music, Hamstein and Scream Music, her songs were recorded by artists such as Patty Loveless and for television shows such as The West Wing. Parker has worked as a session vocalist, songwriter and accompanist with such artists as Vince Gill, Trisha Yearwood, Amy Grant, James Otto, Kevin Welch, Jimmy Hall, Ashley Cleveland, Kim Hill, Jude Cole and Will Hoge. She has also appeared at numerous songwriter festivals and venues in Nashville, including the Ryman Auditorium and Bluebird Cafe.

Caryl is married to producer/publisher/songwriter, Scott Parker. The couple currently lives in Nashville, Tennessee.

Ryman Auditorium
Ryman Auditorium (originally Union Gospel Tabernacle and renamed Grand Ole Opry House for a period) is a historic 2,362-seat live-performance venue and museum located at 116 Rep. John Lewis Way North, in the downtown core of Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It is best known as the home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974. It is owned and operated by Ryman Hospitality Properties, Inc. Ryman Auditorium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was later designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 25, 2001, for its pivotal role in the popularization of country music. A storied stage for Rock & Roll artists for decades, the Ryman was named a Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Landmark in 2022.
Folkestone War Memorial
Folkestone War Memorial is a First World War memorial situated in The Leas area of Folkestone, Kent. Designed by Ferdinand Victor Blundstone and unveiled in 1922, it commemorates the 578 men of Folkestone who served in the war, and those who passed through Folkestone Harbour when Folkestone Harbour railway station nearby was an important point of departure and return for passage to the Western Front via Boulogne. The road from the station to the harbour was renamed the "Road of Remembrance" after the war.

Folkestone Harbour
51°04′46″N 1°11′23″E﻿ / ﻿51.079475°N 1.189632°E﻿ / 51.079475; 1.189632
Folkestone Harbour is the main harbour of the town of Folkestone in Kent, England.

The harbour was developed during the 19th century, and became prominent after the South Eastern Railway (SER) began running boat trains to France. It was an important embarkation point for soldiers during both World Wars, and continued to be a popular traffic route for holidaymakers and goods traffic.

The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, along with a reduction in the local fishing industry, caused the harbour to decline in importance. In the 21st century, it has been redeveloped into a centre for leisure and tourism.
Ngāti Korokī Kahukura
Ngāti Korokī Kahukura is a Māori iwi of the Maungatautari area in the North Island of New Zealand. It was formed by the coming together of two related hapū, Ngāti Korokī and Ngāti Kahukura. It has historic affiliations with Ngāti Raukawa (Ngati Korokī) and Ngāti Hauā (Ngāti Kahukura) – some members identify as Ngāti Raukawa. It is associated with the Tainui canoe.

Its primary marae is Maungatautari, on the north side of the Mount Maungatautari. Its secondary marae, Pōhara, on the south side of the mountain, is the host of a poukai, one of the annual hui of the Kīngitanga.

Ngāti Hauā
Ngāti Hauā is a Māori iwi of the eastern Waikato of New Zealand. It is part of the Tainui confederation. Its traditional area includes Matamata, Cambridge, Maungakawa, the Horotiu district along the Waikato River and the Maungatautari district, and its eastern boundary is the Kaimai Range. Leaders of the tribe have included Te Waharoa (1820s and 1830s), his son Wiremu Tamihana (1840s to 1860s) and Tamihana's son Tupu Taingakawa. The tribe has played a prominent role in the Māori King Movement, with Tamihana and descendants being known as the "Kingmakers".
Edward Wilmot Blyden III
Edward Wilmot Blyden III (19 May 1918 – 10 October 2010) was a diplomat, political scientist and educator born in Freetown Sierra Leone Protectorate. He distinguished himself as an educator and contributor to post-colonial discourse on African self-government, and Third World non-alignment. He was the grandson of Edward Wilmot Blyden.

Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate
The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone (informally British Sierra Leone) was the British colonial administration in Sierra Leone from 1808 to 1961, part of the British Empire from the abolitionism era until the decolonisation era. The Crown colony, which included the area surrounding Freetown, was established in 1808. The protectorate was established in 1896 and included the interior of what is today known as Sierra Leone.

The motto of the colony and protectorate was Auspice Britannia liber (Latin for "Free under the protection of Britain"). This motto was included on Sierra Leone's later flag and coat of arms.
Geogepa stenochorda
Geogepa stenochorda is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Japan on the islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and in China in the province of Anhui.

The length of the forewings is 5.5–7.5 mm in males and 7–8.5 mm in females. There is one generation per year.

Shikoku
Shikoku (四国, Shikoku; pronounced [ɕi̥ꜜ.ko.kɯ, ɕi̥.koꜜ.kɯ] ⓘ, lit. 'four provinces') is the smallest of the four main islands of Japan. It is 225 kilometres (140 miles) long and between 50 and 150 kilometres (30 and 95 miles) wide. It has a population of 3.8 million, the least populated of Japan's four main islands. It is south of Honshu and northeast of Kyushu. Shikoku's ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima (伊予之二名島), Iyo-shima (伊予島), and Futana-shima (二名島), and its current name refers to the four former provinces that make up the island: Awa, Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo.
Bromophenol
A bromophenol is an organic compound consisting of hydroxyl groups and bromine atoms bonded to a benzene ring. They may be viewed as hydroxyl derivatives of bromobenzene, or as brominated derivatives of phenol. There are five basic types of bromophenols (mono- to pentabromophenol) and 19 different bromophenols in total when positional isomerism is taken into account. Bromophenols are produced by electrophilic halogenation of phenol with bromine.

Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion HO−, called hydroxide, and the neutral radical HO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.

According to IUPAC definitions, the term hydroxyl refers to the hydroxyl radical (·OH) only, while the functional group −OH is called a hydroxy group.
2012 in Japan
Events in the year 2012 in Japan.

The year 2012 corresponded to the year Heisei 24 (平成24年) in the Japanese calendar. It means the Year of dragon when the 12th day is done it beings the Year of the rat.

Katsuya Okada
Katsuya Okada (岡田 克也, Okada Katsuya; born 14 July 1953) is a Japanese politician who was Deputy Prime Minister of Japan from January to December 2012. A member of the House of Representatives of Japan, he was the President of the Democratic Party, and previously of the Democratic Party of Japan. He also served as Secretary-General of the DPJ three times. During the DPJ's period in government he was Foreign Minister of Japan.

In 2016, he remained as leader when the Democratic Party of Japan merged with the Japan Innovation Party to become the Democratic Party.
Foster, Virginia
Foster is an unincorporated community in Mathews County, Virginia, United States. Foster is located on Virginia Route 14, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west-northwest of Mathews. Foster has a post office with ZIP code 23056.

Mathews County, Virginia
Mathews County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,533. Its county seat is Mathews.

Located on the Middle Peninsula, Mathews County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
1st Dental Battalion
The 1st Dental Battalion is a Fleet Marine Force unit of the United States Navy.  The battalion includes fifteen dental clinics spread throughout California and Arizona.  The unit is based out of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and falls under the command of the 1st Marine Logistics Group and the I Marine Expeditionary Force.

Fleet Marine Force
The United States Fleet Marine Forces (FMF) are combined general and special forces within the United States Department of the Navy that perform offensive amphibious or expeditionary warfare and defensive maritime employment. The Fleet Marine Forces provide the National Command Authority (NCA) with a responsive force that can conduct operations in any spectrum of conflict around the globe.

The organization originated as the Advanced Base Force in 1913, which became the East Coast Expeditionary Force in 1921, and then the Fleet Marine Force in 1933. Since World War II there have been two Fleet Marine Forces, the Pacific and Atlantic.
Alho Alhoniemi
Alho Alhoniemi (born 1933 in Suomussalmi) is a Finnish linguist specializing in the Finno-Ugric languages.

Alhoniemi graduated from high school in 1952 in Kannus. He obtained his PhD in 1967 with a thesis about the lative case in Mari and served as professor of Finno-Ugric linguistics at the University of Turku from 1971 to 1996. He was appointed member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters in 1981 and received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in 1994. He served as chairman of the Society for the Finnish Language (Suomen Kielen Seura) from 1971 to 1979.

His research interests include the syntax of the Mari and Mordvinic languages. In 1985, he published an extensive grammar of Mari in Finnish, which was translated into German in 1993.

Finno-Ugric languages
Finno-Ugric (/ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːɡrɪk, -ˈuː-/) is a traditional linguistic grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except for the Samoyedic languages. Its once commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio. The three most spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric.

The term Finno-Ugric, which originally referred to the entire family, is occasionally used as a synonym for the term Uralic, which includes the Samoyedic languages, as commonly happens when a language family is expanded with further discoveries. Before the 20th century, the language family might be referred to as Finnish, Ugric, Finno-Hungarian or with a variety of other names. The name Finno-Ugric came into general use in the late 19th or early 20th century.
Science & Diplomacy
Science & Diplomacy is a quarterly magazine published by the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).  The publication includes articles, short comments (perspectives), and letters on issues in the field of science diplomacy, diplomacy about scientific issues.

The magazine is published in print and online; the online edition is open access and available without charge on the internet. The articles are reviewed by the magazine's editorial staff and external reviewers, but not formally peer-reviewed.

The magazine's articles have been mentioned and cited in Scientific American, CNN, Pakistan Defence, the American Security Project blog, SciDevNet, and Al-Monitor. The Embassy of France, Washington, D.C., the Chinese Ministry of Science, The Austrian Embassy in Washington, DC, and the American Physical Society have also posted information about the journal.

American Security Project
The American Security Project (ASP) is a Washington D.C.–based think tank focusing on issues concerning U.S. national security, including maritime security, climate security, energy security, US–Russia relations, US–China relations, and public diplomacy, among others. It was founded in 2006 by John Kerry and Chuck Hagel.
Yonabaru Ryōtō
Yonabaru Ueekata Ryōtō (与那原 親方 良頭; 4 April 1737 – 20 November 1803) also known by Yasumura Ueekata Ryōtō (安村 親方 良頭) and his Chinese style name Ba Bunzui (馬 文瑞), was a bureaucrat of Ryukyu Kingdom. He was born to an aristocrat family called Ba-uji Yonabaru Dunchi (馬氏与那原殿内).

King Shō On dispatched a gratitude envoy for his accession to Edo, Japan in 1796. Prince Ōgimi Chōki (大宜見 朝規, also known by Misatō Chōki 美里 朝規 and Shō Kaku 尚 恪) and he was appointed as Envoy (正使, seishi) and Deputy Envoy (副使, fukushi) respectively. They sailed back in the next year.

He served as a member of Sanshikan from 1798 to 1803.

Ryukyu Kingdom
The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 until 1872, when it was reorganized as the Ryukyu Domain, before being fully abolished in 1879. It was ruled as a tributary state of the Ming dynasty by the Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island to end the Sanzan period, and subsequently extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands and Sakishima Islands. The Ryukyu Kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East Asia and Southeast Asia despite its small size. The Ryukyu Kingdom became a vassal state of the Satsuma Domain of Japan after the invasion of Ryukyu in 1609 but retained de jure independence until it was transformed into the Ryukyu Domain by the Empire of Japan in 1872. The Ryukyu Domain was abolished by the Meiji government in 1879 and reorganized as Okinawa Prefecture, and the Ryukyuan monarchy was integrated into the new Japanese nobility.
Jeffrey Wigand
Jeffrey Stephen Wigand (/ˈwaɪɡænd/; born December 17, 1942) is an American biochemist and tobacco industry whistleblower.

He is a former vice president of research and development at Brown & Williamson in Louisville, Kentucky, who worked on the development of reduced-harm cigarettes and in 1996 exposed tobacco tampering at the company. This was adapted for 1999 film The Insider, with Russell Crowe portraying Wigand.

He currently lectures around the world and serves as a consultant for various tobacco issues.

Tobacco harm reduction
Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a public health strategy to lower the health risks to individuals and wider society associated with using tobacco products. It is an example of the concept of harm reduction, a strategy for dealing with the use of drugs. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as a leading cause of illness and death, and reducing smoking is vital to public health.

Tobacco use if not stopped can be the cause of death in 50% of its users, according to the 2021 WHO Report. Tobacco smoking carries serious health risks, including increased risk of developing various types and subtypes of cancers, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, periodontal diseases, teeth decay and loss, and malignant diseases.
United States men's national minifootball team
The United States national minifootball team represents United States in men's international minifootball competitions and it is controlled by the United States Minifootball Association, which governs minifootball in United States. The team is one of the most successful in the world, having won the 2015 WMF World Cup.

Minifootball
Minifootball (sometimes spelled mini-football and called minifoot) is a small-sided variation of association football. Minifootball is played in 5-a-side format, with additional variants of 6-a-side, 7-a-side, 8-a-side, 9-a-side and indoor football. All games are played on artificial turf, in contrast to futsal which is played on a hard court indoors. 
Minifootball is open to both professional and amateur players and has grown in popularity globally.

The highest global authority for the 5-a-side format is the World Minifootball Federation (WMF). The 6-a-side format is governed by the International Football Federation, while the 7-a-side format is governed by several sub-continental bodies, including the IFA7 and FIF7. The WMF organizes its own World Cup every 2 years, as well as continental championships through established national federations.
2011 President's Cup (tennis)
The 2011 President's Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour and the third edition for the 2011 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Astana, Kazakhstan between 25 and 31 July 2011.

Vitalia Diatchenko
Vitalia Anatolyevna Diatchenko (Russian: Виталия Анатольевна Дьяченко, IPA: [vʲɪˈtalʲɪjə dʲjɪˈtɕenkə] ⓘ; born 2 August 1990) is a Russian tennis player. Her career-high singles ranking is world No. 71, achieved on 17 November 2014. On 21 February 2011, she peaked at No. 60 in the WTA doubles rankings.