hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gozd–Martuljek
Gozd–Martuljek (pronounced [ˈɡɔst maɾˈtuːljɛk], Slovene: Gozd - Martuljek, German: Wald) is a settlement in the Municipality of Kranjska Gora in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It is a popular base for hiking and mountaineering excursions into the surrounding Julian Alps and Karawanks, and is particularly noted for its views of Mount Špik. The settlement's economy is based on dairy farming and tourism.

Julian Alps
The Julian Alps (Slovene: Julijske Alpe, Italian: Alpi Giulie, Venetian: Alpe Jułie, Friulian: Alps Juliis, German: Julische Alpen) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretches from northeastern Italy to Slovenia, where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav, the highest peak in Slovenia. A large part of the Julian Alps is included in Triglav National Park. The second highest peak of the range, the 2,755 m high Jôf di Montasio, lies in Italy.

The Julian Alps cover an estimated 4,400 km2 (of which 1,542 km2 lies in Italy). They are located between the Sava Valley and Canale Valley. They are divided into the Eastern and Western Julian Alps.
Haman Adama
Haman Adama, formerly known as Halimatou Mahonde from Garoua (1950 – 29 April 2024), was a Cameroonian politician who served as Minister of Education from 2004 to 2009.

Born in 1950, Adama originally hailed from the Bénoué department. She received her training at the National School of Administration and Magistracy (ENAM). She joined the government on 18 March 2000, as the Secretary of State for National Education. Later, she held the position of Minister of Basic Education from 8 August 2004 to 30 June 2009.

Adama died on 29 April 2024.

Moral and National Education controversy
Moral and national education (MNE), initially known as  Moral and civic education (MCE), was a school curriculum proposed by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong in 2012.

The subject was controversial for its stance on the Chinese Communist Party and criticism of the United States' two-party system.
Glennie
Glennie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alick Glennie (1925—2003), British computer scientist

Alison Glennie, British actress

Angus Glennie, Lord Glennie (born 1950), Scottish judge

Bill Glennie (1924—2005), Canadian ice hockey player

Bobby Glennie (born 1957), Scottish footballer

Brian Glennie (1946–2020), Canadian ice hockey player

Charlotte Glennie (born c.1972), New Zealand journalist

Ernest Glennie (c.1871—1908), New Zealand rugby union player

Evelyn Glennie (born 1965), Scottish musician

George Glennie (1902–1998), American football player

Irvine Glennie (1892—1980), Royal Navy officer

Jim Glennie (born 1963), British musician

John Stuart Stuart-Glennie (1841—1910), British folklorist

Scott Glennie (born 1991), Canadian ice hockey player

William Glennie (1761—1828), British teacher

Bobby Glennie
Robert "Bobby" Glennie (born 2 October 1957) is a Scottish former footballer, who played for Aberdeen, Dundee, Raith Rovers, Forfar Athletic, Arbroath and Elgin City. He made over 300 league appearances for Dundee and played in the 1980 Scottish League Cup Final defeat by Dundee derby rivals Dundee United.

Glennie was appointed as player-manager of Forfar in 1989. Despite successfully avoiding relegation, he was dismissed by the club in July 1990 as they had decided to bring in Paul Hegarty as their first ever full-time manager.
2024 Hamburg Open
The 2024 Hamburg Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament to be played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 118th edition of the event for the men and the 22nd edition for the women. The tournament was classified as an ATP Tour 500 series on the 2024 ATP Tour and as a 2024 WTA 125 tournament for a one-time only due to the ongoing 2024 Summer Olympics. The tournament took place at Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, Germany between 15 and 21 July 2024 for the men, and between 4 and 10 August 2024 for the women.

Am Rothenbaum
Am Rothenbaum is the site of the main tennis court of the German Open Tennis Championships, played in the Harvestehude quarter of Hamburg, Germany. Though the site is called "Tennisstadion am Rothenbaum" (lit. Tennis Stadium at the Rothenbaum), it is today officially located in the Harvestehude quarter of Hamburg.
Oldenburg S 5
The Oldenburg Class S 5 steam engine was a German locomotive built for the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (Großherzoglich Oldenburgische Staatseisenbahnen) between 1909 and 1913. It was based on the Prussian S 5.2 and, like its predecessor, the Class S 3, it was procured for the route between Wilhelmshaven, Oldenburg and Bremen.

Eleven engines were manufactured by Hanomag between 1909 and 1913. They differed in several technical points from their Prussian cousins, for example they had a Lentz valve gear. Even the running plate was higher than the Prussian S 5.2 so that wheel arches could be omitted. They had Ranafier starting equipment.

The locomotives were given the names of German divinities. The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over all eleven engines, classifying them as DRG Class 13.18 and allocating them numbers 13 1851 to 13 1861. They were retired by 1927.

Oldenburg (city)
Oldenburg (German pronunciation: [ˈɔldn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ; Northern Low Saxon: Ollnborg) is an independent city in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany.  The city is officially named Oldenburg (Oldb) (Oldenburg in Oldenburg) to distinguish from Oldenburg in Holstein.

During the French annexation (1811–1813) in the wake of the Napoleonic war against Britain, it was also known as Le Vieux-Bourg in French. The city is at the rivers Hunte and Haaren, in the northwestern region between the cities of Bremen in the east and Groningen (Netherlands) in the west. According to Germany's 2022 census, the city's population is 176.068 in 2024. Oldenburg is part of the Northwest Metropolitan Region, which is home to approximately 2.8 million people.

The city is the place of origin of the House of Oldenburg. Before the end of the German Empire (1918), it was the administrative centre and residence of the monarchs of Oldenburg.
Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 30 U.S.C. § 181 et seq. is a United States federal law that authorizes and governs leasing of public lands for developing deposits of coal, petroleum, natural gas and other hydrocarbons, in addition to phosphates, sodium, sulfur, and potassium in the United States.  Previous to the act, these materials were subject to mining claims under the General Mining Act of 1872.

Public land
In all modern states, a portion of land is held by central or local governments. This is called public land, state land, or Crown land (Commonwealth realms). The system of tenure of public land, and the terminology used, varies between countries.  The following examples illustrate some of the range.
Very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase
Very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.93, TSC13 (gene name), CER10 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name very-long-chain acyl-CoA:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

a very-long-chain acyl-CoA + NADP+  a very-long-chain trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+

This is the fourth component of the elongase, a microsomal protein complex responsible for extending palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA.

Elongase
Elongase is a generic term for an enzyme that extends the length of fatty acid.  The nomenclature is not applied rigorously.  Often, elongase refers to enzymes that produce very long chain fatty acids.  Sometimes, elongase also includes unsaturases, which introduce C=C double bonds in the backbone. Because fatty acids and their derivatives are biochemically influential, elongases are of considerable interest.
Raymond W. Yeung
Raymond W. Yeung (Chinese: 楊偉豪; pinyin: Yáng Wěiháo; born June, 1962) is an information theorist and the Choh-Ming Li Professor of Information Engineering at The Chinese University of Hong Kong, where he serves as Co-Director of Institute of Network Coding.

Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is a public university in Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong.

Established in 1963 as a federation of three colleges – Chung Chi College, New Asia College, and United College, it is Hong Kong's second-oldest university, with the first being the University of Hong Kong. Predecessors of the university included St. John's University, Lingnan University and Yenching University, alongside 10 other Christian universities in China.

The university is organised into nine constituent colleges and eight academic faculties, and remains the only collegiate university in Hong Kong. The university operates in both English and Chinese.

Four Nobel laureates are associated with the university, and it is the only tertiary institution in Hong Kong with recipients of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal, and Veblen Prize sitting as faculty in residence.
Felice Casorati (mathematician)
Felice Casorati (17 December 1835 – 11 September 1890) was an Italian mathematician who studied at the University of Pavia. He was born in Pavia and died in Casteggio.

He is best known for the Casorati–Weierstrass theorem in complex analysis. The theorem, named for Casorati and Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass, describes the remarkable behaviour of holomorphic functions near essential singularities, which is that every holomorphic function gets values from any complex neighbourhood, in any neighbourhood of the singularity.

The Casorati matrix is useful in the study of linear difference equations, just as the Wronskian is useful with linear differential equations. It is calculated based on n functions of the single input variable.

Karl Weierstrass
Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (/ˈvaɪərˌstrɑːs, -ˌʃtrɑːs/; German: Weierstraß [ˈvaɪɐʃtʁaːs]; 31 October 1815 – 19 February 1897) was a German mathematician often cited as the "father of modern analysis". Despite leaving university without a degree, he studied mathematics and trained as a school teacher, eventually teaching mathematics, physics, botany and gymnastics. He later received an honorary doctorate and became professor of mathematics in Berlin.

Among many other contributions, Weierstrass  formalized the definition of the continuity of a function and complex analysis, proved the intermediate value theorem and the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, and used the latter to study the properties of continuous functions on closed bounded intervals.
Eugenio Zanetti
Eugenio Zanetti (born October 19, 1949) is an Argentine dramatist, painter, film set designer, and theater and opera director. He won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction in 1995, for the film Restoration.

Flatliners
Flatliners is a 1990 American science fiction psychological horror film directed by Joel Schumacher, produced by Michael Douglas and Rick Bieber, and written by Peter Filardi. It stars Kiefer Sutherland, Julia Roberts, William Baldwin, Oliver Platt, and Kevin Bacon. The film is about five medical students who attempt to find out what lies beyond death by conducting clandestine experiments that produce near-death experiences. The film was shot on the campus of Loyola University Chicago between October 1989 and January 1990, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing in 1990 (Charles L. Campbell and Richard C. Franklin). The film was theatrically released on August 10, 1990, by Columbia Pictures. It grossed $61 million at the box office.

A follow-up film directed by Danish filmmaker Niels Arden Oplev was released in September 2017, also featuring Sutherland in a starring role.
Harley Flanders
Harley M. Flanders (September 13, 1925 – July 26, 2013) was an American mathematician, known for several textbooks and contributions to his fields: algebra and algebraic number theory, linear algebra, electrical networks, scientific computing.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Gerhard Noodt
Gerhard Noodt (4 September 1647 – 15 August 1725) was a Dutch jurist, born in Nijmegen. Educated at Leiden, Utrecht, and Franeker, he became a professor of law at the Nijmegen and the Franeker. As a writer on jurisprudence he acquired a wide reputation. His Latin style was modelled after the best writers, and his numerous works soon rose to the rank of standard authorities. Two of his political treatises were translated into French by Jean Barbeyrac, and appeared at Amsterdam in 1707 and 1714, under the respective titles of Pouvoir des souverains and Liberté de conscience.

The first edition of his collected works was published at Leiden in 1724 and the last in 1767. That of 1735 and those subsequent contain a life of the author by Barbeyrac.

Nijmegen
Nijmegen (/ˈnaɪmeɪɡən/ NY-may-gən, Dutch: [ˈnɛimeːɣə(n)] ⓘ; Nijmeegs: Nimwèège [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːçə]) is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the ninth largest of the Netherlands as a whole. Located on the Waal River close to the German border, Nijmegen is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands and the first to be recognized as such in Roman times. In 2005, it celebrated 2,000 years of existence.

Nijmegen became a free imperial city in 1230 and a Hanseatic city in 1402. Since 1923 it has been a university city with the opening of a Catholic institution now known as the Radboud University Nijmegen. The city is well known for the annual Vierdaagse — the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen event.

Its population as of 2024 was 187,011.
Karin Danner
Karin Danner  (born 22 January 1959) is a German former footballer and former football manager.

She was the head of the women's football department of Bayern Munich from 1995 until the end of the 2022–23 season.

On club level, Danner played for TuS Wörrstadt and Bayern Munich. She was twice a German championship runners-up (1979 and 1982) with the Bayern team.

In May 1984, Danner appeared once in the Germany women's national football team in a friendly match against Norway.

Norwegian Football Federation
The Norwegian Football Federation (Bokmål: Norges Fotballforbund, Nynorsk: Noregs Fotballforbund; NFF) is the governing body of football in Norway. It was formed in 1902 and organises the men's and women's national teams, as well as the league systems for men and women (whose top levels are respectively the Eliteserien and Toppserien). The current president of NFF is Lise Klaveness. By 1 January 2004, there were 1,814 clubs organized in Norway and 373,532 registered players. It is the largest sports federation in Norway.

The NFF joined FIFA in 1908, and UEFA in 1954.

The NFF was part of an unsuccessful joint bid with the SvFF, the DBU and the SPL to host the UEFA Euro 2008 championship. The SvFF invited the NFF to join them in bidding for the UEFA Euro 2016 championship. The NFF and Norwegian politicians expressed support for such a proposal, but Euro 2016 was eventually awarded to France.
Tabocão
Tabocão is a municipality in the state of Tocantins in the Northern region of Brazil.

It was known as Fortaleza do Tabocão until 2019, when a plebiscite approved the change of the name and consequently, the state's governor made a law approving the name change of the municipality.

North Region, Brazil
The North Region of Brazil (Portuguese: Região Norte do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔʁtʃi du bɾaˈziw]) is the largest region of Brazil, accounting for 45.27% of the national territory. It has the second-lowest population of any region in the country, and accounts for a minor percentage of the national GDP. The region is slightly larger than India and slightly smaller than the whole European Union. It comprises the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins.

It has the lowest population density out of all the regions of Brazil, with only 4.5 inhabitants per km2. Most of the population is centered in urban areas.

Belém International Airport and Manaus International Airport connect the North Region with many Brazilian cities and also operate some international flights. The region is home to the Federal University of Amazonas and the Federal University of Pará, among others.
Wye and Usk Foundation
The Wye and Usk Foundation is an environmental charity based in Talgarth, Powys in Wales which seeks to secure and improve the natural environment of the River Wye and River Usk for the benefit of local communities, anglers and others. Founded in 1995 in response to a decline in Atlantic salmon, it is a member of The Rivers Trust and operates both in the Welsh and English parts of the catchments. The foundation maintains webcams on the two rivers and on the Wye's  major tributaries, the River Lugg and the River Monnow. The Trust carries out habitat conservation work such as managing riparian vegetation and fencing out grazing animals to decrease trampling, not just on the main rivers but also on numerous tributaries. Other work includes construction of fish passes around weirs, litter clearance, re-gravelling of sections of river depleted of their natural supply and dealing with invasive non-native species such as giant hogweed and American signal crayfish.

Heracleum mantegazzianum
Heracleum mantegazzianum, commonly known as giant hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. H. mantegazzianum is also known as cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsley, giant cow parsnip, or hogsbane. In New Zealand, it is also sometimes called wild parsnip (not to be confused with Pastinaca sativa) or wild rhubarb.

Giant hogweed is native to the western Caucasus region of Eurasia. Introduced to Britain as an ornamental plant in the 19th century, it has also spread to other areas of Western Europe, as well as the United States, and Canada. Its close relatives, Sosnowsky's hogweed and Persian hogweed, have similarly spread to other parts of Europe.

The sap of giant hogweed is phototoxic and causes phytophotodermatitis in humans, resulting in blisters and scarring. These reactions are caused by furanocoumarin derivatives found in the leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds of the plant. Consequently, many regions consider it a noxious weed.
Lady Agatha Russell
Lady Mary Agatha Russell (28 March 1853 – 23 April 1933) was an English editor.

She was born at Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, the daughter of the 1st Earl Russell and Frances, Countess Russell, and the aunt of Bertrand Russell. She was the co-editor of her mother's posthumously published memoirs, Lady John Russell: A Memoir with Selections from Her Diaries and Correspondence.

In 1912, Russell published a compilation of quotations and selections from authors, philosophers, poets, etc. entitled Golden Grain: Thoughts of Many Minds. The entries in Golden Grain are organized by date through a single year. It was prefaced by Frederic Harrison and published by James Nisbet and Company of London in 1912.

She died at Rozeldene, Hindhead, after a short illness.

Frederic Harrison
Frederic Harrison (18 October 1831 – 14 January 1923) was a British jurist and historian. A leading figure in the English Positivist movement and a disciple of Auguste Comte, he was known for his wide-ranging contributions to political philosophy, legal theory, and public discourse. Harrison was a prolific writer and lecturer whose works spanned history, law, religion, literature, and international affairs. He played a prominent role in Victorian intellectual life, contributing regularly to influential periodicals such as The Fortnightly Review, and was noted for his radical political stance in support of trade union rights, universal education, and democratic reform.
Cygnus NG-18
NG-18 was the eighteenth flight of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its seventeenth flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-2) contract with NASA. The mission successfully launched on 7 November 2022 at 10:32:42 UTC. This was the seventh launch of Cygnus under the CRS-2 contract.

Orbital ATK (now Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems) and NASA jointly developed a new space transportation system to provide commercial cargo resupply services to the International Space Station (ISS). Under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, Orbital ATK designed, acquired, built, and assembled these components: Antares, a medium-class launch vehicle; Cygnus, an advanced spacecraft using a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM) provided by industrial partner Thales Alenia Space and a Service Module based on the Orbital GEOStar satellite bus.

GEOStar
The GEOStar is a family of satellite buses designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. The family initially focused on small geostationary communications satellites. The first iterations addressed the sub-5 kW commercial segment that was underserved following the retirement of the HS-376 satellite bus. It started with the STARBus on CTA Space Systems, which was later bought successively by Orbital Sciences, Orbital ATK, and most recently Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems.
Dynamic capabilities
In organizational theory, dynamic capability is the capability of an organization to purposefully adapt an organization's resource base. The concept was defined by David Teece, Gary Pisano and Amy Shuen, in their 1997 paper Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, as the firm’s ability to engage in adapting, integrating, and reconfiguring internal and external organizational skills, resources,  and  functional  competences  to  match the  requirements  of  a  changing  environment.

The term is often used in the plural form, dynamic capabilities, emphasizing that the ability to react adequately and timely to external changes requires a combination of multiple capabilities.

Resource-based view
The resource-based view (RBV), often referred to as the "resource-based view of the firm", is a managerial framework used to determine the strategic resources a firm can exploit to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.

Jay Barney's 1991 article "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage" is widely cited as a pivotal work in the emergence of the resource-based view, although some scholars (see below) argue that there was evidence for a fragmentary resource-based theory from the 1930s. RBV proposes that firms are heterogeneous because they possess heterogeneous resources, meaning that firms can adopt differing strategies because they have different resource mixes.

The RBV focuses managerial attention on the firm's internal resources in an effort to identify those assets, capabilities and competencies with the potential to deliver superior competitive advantages.