hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Patient safety
Patient safety is a specialized field focused on enhancing healthcare quality through the systematic prevention, reduction, reporting, and analysis of medical errors and preventable harm that can lead to negative patient outcomes. Although healthcare risks have long existed, patient safety only gained formal recognition in the 1990s following reports of alarming rates of medical error-related injuries in many countries. The urgency of the issue was underscored when the World Health Organization (WHO) identified that 1 in 10 patients globally experience harm due to healthcare errors, declaring patient safety an "endemic concern" in modern medicine.

Today, patient safety is a distinct healthcare discipline, supported by an ever evolving scientific framework. It is underpinned by a robust transdisciplinary body of theoretical and empirical research, with emerging technologies, such as mobile health applications, playing a pivotal role in its advancement.

Transdisciplinarity
Transdisciplinarity is an approach that iteratively interweaves knowledge systems, skills, methodologies, values and fields of expertise within inclusive and innovative collaborations that bridge academic disciplines and community perspectives, to develop transformative outcomes that respond to complex societal challenges.

While Multidisciplinarity involves studying a subject from multiple disciplines that maintain their separate identities, and Interdisciplinarity integrates these perspectives to create something greater than the sum of its parts, Transdisciplinarity extends beyond academia by involving societal partners in co-creating knowledge that combines scientific and practical expertise to develop solutions with direct impact on society.
Matt Cook (sledge hockey)
Matthew Cook (November 10, 1987 – April 4, 2010) was a Canadian ice sledge hockey player.

Before the age of 18, Cook played Junior A for the Bonnyville Pontiacs of the Alberta Junior Hockey League. He had his leg amputated below the knee in 2006, at the age of 18, after unsuccessful chemotherapy when doctors discovered cancer in his left leg. Cook began playing ice sledge hockey in 2007, at a Team Alberta Summer development camp.

Cook was a member of the Canada men's national ice sledge hockey team, first making the team in September 2008. He won bronze with them in the 2009 World Championships.

He was expected to participate in the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver, but the cancer returned in the summer of 2009, and after surgery, and recovery, the bone cancer returned, and he died on April 4, 2010.

Alberta Junior Hockey League
The Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL) is an Alberta-based Junior A ice hockey league that belongs to the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL).  It was formed as a five-team league in 1964. The 2023–24 season began with 16 teams, however 5 teams did not finish the season after it was announced that 
they planned to join the BCHL in the 2024–25 season. The regular season league champions receive the Dave Duchak Trophy.  The playoff champions receive the Inter Pipeline Cup (previously known as the Carling O'Keefe trophy and Gas Drive Cup). The winner of the AJHL playoffs continues on to play in the Centennial Cup tournament, which determines Canadian Junior A champion.
Mount Fox (Canadian Rockies)
Mount Fox is a 2,973-metre (9,754-foot) mountain on the shared border between Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. It is situated  on the Continental Divide south of the Kananaskis Lakes area of the Canadian Rockies. It was named in 1859 by John Palliser after Sir Charles Fox (1810-1874), a member of the Royal Geographical Society.

Continental Divide of the Americas
The Continental Divide of the Americas (also known as the Great Divide, the Western Divide or simply the Continental Divide; Spanish: Divisoria continental de América, Gran Divisoria) is the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas. The Continental Divide extends from the Bering Strait to the Strait of Magellan, and separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean, including those that drain into the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and Hudson Bay.

Although there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Continental Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.
Dan Frawley (ice hockey)
William Daniel Frawley (born June 2, 1962) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. During his junior hockey years, Frawley played for the Sudbury Wolves of the OHA and the Cornwall Royals of the QMJHL, before being drafted by the Chicago Black Hawks, 204th overall in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. Frawley spent most of the next two years playing in the AHL. While playing with the Cornwall Royals, the team won the 1981 Memorial Cup against the Kitchener Rangers.

Ontario Hockey Association
The Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) is the governing body for the majority of junior and senior level ice hockey teams in the province of Ontario. Founded in 1890, the OHA is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation along with the Northern Ontario Hockey Association. Other Ontario sanctioning bodies along with the OHF include the Hockey Eastern Ontario and Hockey Northwestern Ontario. The OHA controls three tiers of junior hockey; the "Tier 2 Junior "A", Junior "B" , Junior "C", and one senior hockey league, Allan Cup Hockey.

In 1980, the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League vacated what was known as Tier I Junior "A" hockey.  The league is now known as the Ontario Hockey League.  Although it is not a charter member of the OHA, the OHL is affiliated with the OHA and Ontario Hockey Federation.
English cricket teams in Australia and New Zealand in 1887–88
Two English cricket teams toured Australia in 1887–88. They are generally known as A. Shrewsbury's XI and G. F. Vernon's XI. Shrewsbury's XI also visited New Zealand in March.

In previous Australian seasons, no more than one English team had toured. The formation of two teams in 1887-88 was described by Wisden as "a piece of folly (that) will never be perpetrated again".  The situation was perhaps inevitable given that English cricket still lacked a formal system to regulate the organisation of overseas tours. As a result, any promoter was free to form a team.

Wisden pointed out that "it was clear from the first that two combinations would not be able to pay their way, and, though we do not know the exact result of Shaw, Shrewsbury, and Lillywhite's venture, the Melbourne Club frankly admitted a heavy loss over Mr Vernon's team".

Walter Read
Walter William Read (23 November 1855 - 6 January 1907) was an English cricketer. A fluent right hand bat, he was also an occasional bowler of lobs who sometimes switched to quick overarm deliveries. He captained England in two Test matches, winning them both. Read was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1893.
Buick Century Cruiser
The Buick Century Cruiser was a dream car (concept car) created by Buick in 1969. It was conceived as being designed for automated highways, where steering wheels would be unnecessary. The vehicle offered swivel contour seats, a refrigerator, and a TV set. The computerized car would be programmed by punch cards with predetermined routes programmed by information provided by electric highway centers. The vehicle would be monitored by a radar like device. The vehicle would also have a device to steer the vehicle manually as well as controlling speed. The canopy would slide open for easy cockpit access. It was related to the Firebird IV concept car and shares an appearance with the GM-X Stiletto.

Buick
Buick (/ˈbjuːɪk/; BYOO-ik) is a division of the American automobile manufacturer, General Motors (GM). Started by automotive pioneer David Dunbar Buick in 1899, it was among the first American automobile brands and was the company that established General Motors in 1908. Before the establishment of General Motors, GM founder William C. Durant had served as Buick's general manager and major investor. With the demise of Oldsmobile in 2004, Buick became the oldest surviving American carmaker. Buick is positioned as a premium automobile brand, selling vehicles positioned below the flagship luxury Cadillac division.
Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus
Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) constitutes the species Gamamaarterivirus lacdeh which is part of the family Arteriviridae and order Nidovirales. The order Nidovirales also includes the family of coronaviruses. Arteriviruses infect macrophages in animals and cause a variety of diseases. LDV specifically causes lifelong persistent viremia in mice, but does not harm the host and only slightly harms the immune system. The main clinical sign is an increased level of the plasma enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LDV has a remarkably narrow cell type specificity, meaning nothing homologous with LDV in mice has been found in another species.

Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NAD+ to  NADH and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.

LDH exists in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is specifically about the NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs  act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) and L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome).

LDH is expressed extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.
Anne Herbert, Countess of Pembroke
Anne Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, Baroness Herbert of Cardiff (née Parr; 15 June 1515 – 20 February 1552) was lady-in-waiting to each of Henry VIII of England's six wives. She was the younger sister of his sixth wife, Katherine Parr.

Wives of Henry VIII
King Henry VIII of England had six wives between 1509 and his death in 1547. In legal terms (de jure), Henry had only three wives and no divorces during his life, instead three of his marriages were annulled by the Church of England. Annulments declare that a true marriage never took place, unlike a divorce, in which a married couple end their union. Henry VIII was granted an annulment by the church in England, instead of one by the Pope, as he desired, for his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, his first wife, substantially leading to the English Reformation. This legal action was later revoked during the reign of their daughter Mary I. Along with his six wives, Henry took several mistresses.
Security Onion
Security Onion is a free and open Linux distribution for threat hunting, enterprise security monitoring, and log management. It was developed by Doug Burks in 2008. Its first release was in 2009. It was originally based on Xubuntu 10.04.

Version 2.4.140 was released on March 24, 2025.

Security Onion combines various tools and technologies to provide a robust IDS solution, including:

Snort

Suricata and Zeek (formerly Bro): These are network-based IDS tools that monitor network traffic for suspicious activities.

OSSEC: A host-based IDS that monitors system logs and file integrity.

Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana (ELK stack): These tools are used for log management and analysis, allowing for effective visualization and querying of security events.

Zeek
Free and open-source software portal

Zeek is a free and open-source software network analysis framework. Vern Paxson began development work on Zeek in 1995 at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Zeek is a network security monitor (NSM) but can also be used as a network intrusion detection system (NIDS). The Zeek project releases the software under the BSD license.
Strawberry cervix
A strawberry cervix is a finding upon physical examination where the cervix has an erythematous, punctate, and papilliform appearance. It is named because of the superficial similar appearance to a strawberry.

As opposed to a more general inflammation of the cervix found in cervicitis, the strawberry cervix appearance is considered to be selectively associated with Trichomonas infections. A clinician discovering this finding would have a high suspicion for Trichomonas infection.

Trichomonas
Trichomonas is a genus of anaerobic excavate parasites of vertebrates. It was first discovered by Alfred François Donné in 1836 when he found these parasites in the vagina of a patient suffering from vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina. Donné named the genus from its morphological characteristics. The prefix tricho- originates from the Ancient Greek word θρίξ (thrix) meaning hair, describing Trichomonas's flagella. The suffix -monas (μονάς – single unit), describes its similarity to unicellular organisms from the genus Monas.
.wien
.wien is a top-level domain in the Internet for Vienna, Austria. It was approved by ICANN on October 28, 2013, and became available for public registration of second-level domains on February 11, 2014.

The intent of the domain is to create a unique, individual identity for citizens, companies, and institutions. It is designed to serve the needs of the community of the City of Vienna and to improve awareness of Vienna's historical heritage, and help economic growth. Among the first registrants was the Viennese Volksoper.

Top-level domain
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.
Golden shiner virus
The golden shiner virus is an aquatic virus that infects a bait fish known as the golden shiner and to a lesser extent, aquatic animals like crustaceans and molluscs. It causes death through a hemorrhagic shock. Symptoms include bleeding from the back eyes and the head. The virus is 70 nm in diameter and replicates best at 20-30 degrees Celsius. The virus has properties similar to those of the pancreatic necrosis virus. This could mean that golden shiners are more susceptible in the summer.

Bleeding
Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina, or anus, or through a puncture in the skin.
Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination. Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties (by comparison, blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume). The stopping or controlling of bleeding is called hemostasis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery.
Cefn Mawr Rangers F.C.
Cefn Mawr Rangers Football Club is a Welsh football team based in Cefn Mawr, in the community of Cefn within the County Borough of Wrexham, Wales.  The team last played in the North East Wales Football League Premier Division, which is at the fourth tier of the Welsh football league system. They currently run junior level teams.

Welsh National League (Wrexham Area)
The Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) was a football league in Wales and operated at level 3 and 4 of the Welsh football league system in Flintshire and Wrexham County Borough, but with some teams from Denbighshire (Corwen and Llangollen Town) and Gwynedd (Llanuwchllyn).  For sponsorship purposes it was last known as the Guy Walmsley & Co Welsh National League.
Type 38 rifle
The Type 38 rifle (三八式歩兵銃, sanhachi-shiki hoheijū) is a bolt-action service rifle that was used by the Empire of Japan predominantly during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War. The design was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1905 (the 38th year of the Meiji period, hence "Type 38"). Due to a perceived lack of power in its 6.5×50mmSR Arisaka cartridge, it was partially replaced during the war with the 7.7 Type 99 rifle, but both rifles saw usage until the end of the war.

Service rifle
A service rifle (or standard-issue rifle) is any rifle a military issues to its regular soldiers or infantry. In modern militaries, this is generally a versatile, rugged, and reliable assault rifle or battle rifle, suitable for use in nearly all environments and is effective in most combat situations. Service rifles are solely designated and used as the primary weapon in almost all instances of warfare and training. Almost all modern militaries are also issued service pistols as sidearms to accompany their service rifles. The term can also be used to describe weapons issued by non-military forces, such as law enforcement or paramilitaries.

If the issued weapon is not a rifle or carbine, but instead a different type of firearm intended to serve in a specialized role such as a combat shotgun, submachine gun, or light machine gun, it is called a service firearm or service weapon.
Lon Johnson
Lonnie Barton Johnson is an American politician. He is the former chairperson of the Michigan Democratic Party, having served in that position from 2013 through 2015. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2012 election for the 103rd district in the Michigan House of Representatives. He was the Democratic nominee for Michigan's 1st congressional district in the 2016 election, losing to Republican Jack Bergman in the general election by over 50,000 votes.

Michigan's 103rd House of Representatives district
Michigan's 103rd House of Representatives district (also referred to as Michigan's 103rd House district) is a legislative district within the Michigan House of Representatives located in parts of Benzie and Grand Traverse counties, as well as all of Leelanau County. The district was created in 1965, when the Michigan House of Representatives district naming scheme changed from a county-based system to a numerical one.
Tyler Geving
Tyler Geving (born June 22, 1973) is an American college basketball coach and a former head coach of Portland State University's Vikings men's basketball program. Before accepting the job as head coach, Geving served for four years as the assistant head coach of Portland State under Ken Bone. He was promoted to head coach following Bone's departure to Washington State in April 2009. 
Geving, currently, is the head boys basketball coach at Edmonds-Woodway High School, in Edmonds, Washington.

Portland State Vikings men's basketball
The Portland State Vikings men's basketball team represents Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. The team was also once referred to as "The Park Block Bombers" in reference to the school's proximity to Portland's string of park blocks.  The school's team competes in the Big Sky Conference. The Vikings have appeared in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament two times, most recently in 2009. The head coach of the Vikings is Jase Coburn.
Tim McIntosh (cricketer)
Timothy Gavin McIntosh (born 4 December 1979) is a New Zealand former international cricketer who played for the Auckland cricket team. He had one unsuccessful season for the Canterbury cricket team averaging only 4.90.

He was born in Auckland. He has also played for Scottish side, Greenock for season 2007–2008 performing admirably with five centuries.

Glenpark Cricket Ground
Glenpark Cricket Ground is a cricket ground in Greenock, Scotland.  The first recorded match held on the ground came in 1869 when Greenock played the Players of Scotland. Scotland played their first first-class match there in 1926 against Ireland.  The ground held five further first-class matches, the last of which saw Scotland play Ireland in 1972.  Five of the first-class matches played there were between Scotland and Ireland, while another was between Scotland and the Marylebone Cricket Club.

The ground is still in use today by Greenock Cricket Club.
Brook Waimārama Sanctuary
The Brook Waimārama Sanctuary is a 690 hectare mainland "ecological island" sanctuary located 6 km south of Nelson, New Zealand. The sanctuary is the largest fenced sanctuary in New Zealand's South Island and the second largest in the country; it is the only sanctuary to primarily feature mature New Zealand beech forest.

The Brook Waimārama Sanctuary Trust was established in 2004 with the intent of restoring the flora and fauna of the Brook Valley, a former water supply for Nelson with intact beech forest. A predator-proof fence was completed in 2016 at a cost of NZD $4.2 million, and introduced mammalian pests were eradicated from within the sanctuary in 2017. The sanctuary reopened to the public in 2018, and an entrance fee regime was introduced in 2020.

New Zealand fantail
The New Zealand fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) is a small insectivorous bird, the only species of fantail in New Zealand. It has four subspecies: R. f. fuliginosa in the South Island, R. f. placabilis in the North Island, R. f. penita in the Chatham Islands, and the now-extinct R. f. cervina formerly on Lord Howe Island. It is also known by its Māori names, pīwakawaka, tīwakawaka or piwaiwaka, and the Chatham Island subspecies by the Moriori name tchitake; the common pied morph is also known as pied fantail (not to be confused with the Malaysian or Philippine pied fantails), and the uncommon dark morph is also known as black fantail (not to be confused with the black fantail of New Guinea). The species has been considered by many to be conspecific (the same) as the grey fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa) of Australia and New Caledonia; however, due to significant differences in its calls, many authorities now treat it as a separate species.
Ernst Rutschmann
Ernst Rutschmann (born 9 November 1948) is a former Swiss football player. During his career he played for FC Winterthur, FC Zürich, FC Gossau and  FC Wettingen.

He made 8 appearances for the Switzerland national team between 1970 and 1975.

FC Winterthur
FC Winterthur is a Swiss football club based in Winterthur, Canton of Zürich. They play in the Swiss Super League, the first tier of Swiss football, and appeared regularly in the Nationalliga A during the 20th century. Their home is the Stadion Schützenwiese.
Evaline Hilda Burkitt
Evaline Hilda Burkitt (19 July 1876 – 7 March 1955) was a British suffragette and member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). A militant activist for women's rights, she went on hunger strike in prison and was the first suffragette to be forcibly-fed. Between 1909 and 1914 she was force-fed 292 times and was the last woman to be so treated in Holloway Prison. She was a recipient of the WSPU's Hunger Strike Medal.

Felixstowe
Felixstowe (/ˈfiːlɪkstoʊ/ FEE-lic-stoh) is a port town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The estimated population in 2017 was 24,521. The Port of Felixstowe is the largest container port in the United Kingdom. Felixstowe is approximately 72 miles (116 km) northeast of London.