hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 4340
NGC 4340 is a double-barred lenticular galaxy located about 55 million light-years away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. NGC 4340 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 21, 1784. NGC 4340 is a member of the Virgo Cluster. NGC 4340 is generally thought to be in a pair with the galaxy NGC 4350.

Lenticular galaxy
A lenticular galaxy (denoted S0) is a type of galaxy intermediate between an elliptical (denoted E) and a spiral galaxy in galaxy morphological classification schemes. It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms.  Lenticular galaxies are disc galaxies that have used up or lost most of their interstellar matter and therefore have very little ongoing star formation. They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies).  Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe.  Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.
Vashti (painting)
Vashti is a 1879 oil on canvas painting by the English painter Edwin Long depicting a character in the book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. Long was greatly influenced by the paintings of Velasquez and other Spanish masters, and his earlier pictures. It was housed in the Museum and Gallery at Bob Jones University.

Edwin Long
Edwin Longsden Long RA (12 July 1829 – 15 May 1891) was a successful English genre, history, biblical and portrait painter. He is best known for his Orientalist paintings, many very large, which fetched high prices. His The Babylonian Marriage Market (1875, over three metres wide) is perhaps his best known work in this line.

By 1883, he was able to establish his own selling gallery in Old Bond Street.
Battle of Kheli Hama
The Battle of Kheli Hama was an ambush on the PUK by Ansar al-Islam in the village of Kheli Hama in the Halabja Governorate. It took place 13 days after the September 11 attacks, although there was no connection between them.

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK; Kurdish: یەکێتیی نیشتمانیی کوردستان, romanized: Yekêtîy Nîştimanîy Kurdistan) is a centre-left regionalist political party active in Kurdistan Region and the disputed territories in Iraq.The PUK describes its goals as self-determination, human rights, democracy and peace for the Kurdish people of Kurdistan and Iraq. The PUK is currently under the leadership of Bafel Talabani. The PUK was founded in 1975 by Adel Murad, Jalal Talabani, Nawshirwan Mustafa, Fuad Masum, Ali Askari and Abdul Razaq Feyli Dawood Mohammed Ali. All presidents of Iraq under the 2005 constitution have been from this party.
Contardo Calligaris
Contardo Luigi Calligaris (2 June 1948 – 30 March 2021) was an Italian-Brazilian writer, psychoanalyst and dramaturg. He was a weekly columnist at Folha de S. Paulo, a daily publication regarded as a newspaper of record in Brazil.

Dramaturge
A dramaturge or dramaturg (from Ancient Greek δραματουργός – dramatourgós) is a literary adviser or editor in a theatre, opera, or film company who researches, selects, adapts, edits, and interprets scripts, libretti, texts, and printed programmes (or helps others with these tasks), consults authors, and does public relations work. Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theatre theorist.
HisB
The hisB gene, found in the enterobacteria (such as E. coli), in Campylobacter jejuni and in Xylella/Xanthomonas encodes a protein involved in catalysis of two step in histidine biosynthesis (the sixth and eight step), namely the bifunctional Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase/histidinol-phosphatase.

The former function (EC 4.2.1.19), found at the N-terminal, dehydrated d-erythroimidazoleglycerolphosphate to imidazoleacetolphosphate, the latter function (EC 3.1.3.15), found at the C-terminal, dephosphorylates l-histidinolphosphate producing histidinol.

The firth step is catalysed instead by histadinolphosphate aminotransferase (encoded by hisC)

The peptide is 40.5kDa and associates to form a hexamer (unless truncated)

In E. coli hisB is found on the hisGDCBHAFI operon

The phosphatase activity possess a substrate ambiguity and overexpression of hisB can rescue phosphoserine phosphatase (serB) knockouts.

Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+ form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO− form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a positively charged amino acid at physiological pH. Initially thought essential only for infants, it has now been shown in longer-term studies to be essential for adults also. It is encoded by the codons CAU and CAC.

Histidine was first isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896. The name stems from its discovery in tissue, from ἱστός histós "tissue". It is also a precursor to histamine, a vital inflammatory agent in immune responses. The acyl radical is histidyl.
Weightlifting at the 2025 Islamic Solidarity Games
The weightlifting tournament at the 2025 Islamic Solidarity Games in Riyadh was held between 8—12 November 2025. The weightlifting competition took place at Boulevard City 1 in Saudi Arabia. Each country could only have one athlete in each weight category. Except host country, Saudi Arabia, all other countries could only have a maximum of 10 athletes (5 man + 5 woman).

Boulevard City
The Boulevard City (also spelled Blvd City; Arabic: بوليفارد سيتي, romanized: Būlīfārd Sītī), formerly Boulevard Riyadh City (Arabic: جادّة مدينة الرياض) and simply known as the Boulevard, is a 220-acre (89 ha) mixed-use development at the Prince Turki al-Awwal Road in the Hittin neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, containing high-end retail and entertainment outlets. Opened in 2019, it operates primarily during the annual Riyadh Season entertainment festival. It has lent its name to the adjacent Boulevard World complex, which was inaugurated in 2022.
Tomb of Countess Matilda of Tuscany
The Tomb of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, also called the Monument to Matilda of Canossa, is a large sculptural memorial in St. Peter's Basilica designed by the Italian artist Gianlorenzo Bernini and executed by Bernini and various other sculptors. It commemorates the Italian noblewoman Matilda of Tuscany, who ruled over the March of Tuscany from 1055 to 1115.

March of Tuscany
The March of Tuscany was a march of the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages. Located in northwestern central Italy, it bordered the Papal States to the south, the Ligurian Sea to the west and Lombardy to the north. It comprised a collection of counties, largely in the valley of the River Arno, originally centered on Lucca.
The Fatal Dowry
The Fatal Dowry is a late Jacobean era stage play, a tragedy written by Philip Massinger and Nathan Field, and first published in 1632. It represents a significant aspect of Field's very limited dramatic output.

Though hard evidence is lacking, the play is thought to have been composed c. 1619; it may have been the last writing for the theatre done by Field before his death in 1620. The play was acted by the King's Men at the Blackfriars Theatre. The 1632 quarto was printed by John Norton for the bookseller Francis Constable. The quarto's text is corrupt and badly printed.

King's Men (playing company)
The King's Men was an acting company in England active in the 17th century. Formerly known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, they became the King's Men in 1603 when King James I ascended the throne and became the company's patron. It was the company to which William Shakespeare (1564–1616) belonged for most of his career.

The royal patent of 19 May 1603 which authorised the King's Men company named the following players, in this order: Lawrence Fletcher, William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Augustine Phillips, John Heminges, Henry Condell, William Sly, Robert Armin, Richard Cowley, "and the rest of their associates...." The nine cited by name became Grooms of the Chamber. On 15 March 1604, each of the nine men named in the patent was supplied with four and a half yards of red cloth for the coronation procession.
Royal Highland Centre
The Royal Highland Centre (RHC), also called the Royal Highland Agricultural Exhibition Hall, originally the Royal Highland Showground or the Ingliston Showground, is an exhibition centre and showground located at Ingliston in the western outskirts of Edinburgh, Scotland, adjacent to Edinburgh Airport and the A8. The RHC now welcomes over 1 million visitors annually to a wide range of events. The largest event is the Royal Highland Show, which attracts over 200,000 visitors each year.

Convention center
A convention center (American English; or conference centre in British English) is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to accommodate several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for major trade shows, are sometimes known as exhibition halls. Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms, and conference rooms. Some large resort area hotels include a convention center.

In Francophone countries, the term is palais des congrès (such as the Palais des Congrès de Paris) or centre des congrès (such as the Centre des congrès de Quebec).
Eleazer Foster
Eleazer Kingsbury Foster, Jr. (October 31, 1841 – December 8, 1899) was an American lawyer, state attorney, Superintendent of Florida Schools from 1881 until 1884, and judge.

He was born in Connecticut, one of the sons of Eleazer Kingsbury Foster. He studied at the Collegiate and Commercial Institute of New Haven and graduated from Yale University in 1863. After being admitted to the Connecticut Bar in 1865 he moved to Florida for health reasons in 1866. In 1867 Eleazer K. Foster Jr. registered to vote in Saint Johns County.

He was appointed as State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1881 by Florida governor William D. Bloxham. He served until 1884.

He represented Henry Sanford, including in land purchases, and worked as a lawyer in Sanford, Florida. A tribute was paid to him in the Alachua County court system upon news of his death.

William D. Bloxham
William Dunnington Bloxham (July 9, 1835 – March 15, 1911) was the 13th and 17th Governor of Florida in two non-consecutive terms. Prior to his first term as governor, he served in the Florida House of Representatives. He was a Democrat.

His family had a plantation and he attended boarding schools in Virginia. He served in the Confederate army and opposed Reconstruction policies. As governor he sold off land for development.

In between his terms as governor, he served as state Comptroller when Francis P. Fleming was Governor. Bloxham was only the second governor of Florida to be born in the state.
Port of Caraquet
The port of Caraquet (also called Caraquet wharf or Young's wharf) is a neighborhood in the city of Caraquet, in New Brunswick, Canada. Used for over two centuries, the port is at the center of the region's economy and history. It is one of the province's main fishing ports. Nowadays, the port is also one of the region's main tourist attractions and a cultural center.

Acadian Peninsula
The Acadian Peninsula (French: Péninsule acadienne) is situated in the northeastern corner of New Brunswick, Canada, encompassing portions of Gloucester and Northumberland Counties. It derives its name from the large Acadian population located there. Two major islands off the northeast tip of the peninsula, Lamèque Island and Miscou Island, are culturally considered part of the Acadian Peninsula.

Most settlement in the peninsula occurred as a result of the Expulsion of the Acadians during the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758), where British personnel forcibly removed them from their homes, mostly in southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Fishing is the dominant industry on the peninsula, with a large agricultural sector as well. The disappearance of the Lady Audette and Lady Dorianne vessels in 1970/71 shocked the peninsula. Peat bogs are found in the Shippagan and Lameque areas.
Faroe Islands national under-19 football team
The Faroe Islands U19 National Team represents the Faroe Islands at under-19 age level and is controlled by the Faroe Islands Football Association.

The team is most recently took part in the 2012 UEFA Under-19 qualifiers in the first qualification round, in November 2011.

2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification
2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship (qualifying round) was the first round of qualifications for the Final Tournament of 2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship.

The 48 teams were divided into 12 groups of four teams, with each group being contested as a mini-tournament, hosted by one of the group's teams. After all matches have been played, the 12 group winners and 12 group runners-up and the best third-placed team advanced to the Elite round. Estonia qualified as hosts while England, France and Spain received byes to the elite round. Liechtenstein did not enter.
Juris Štāls
Juris Štāls (born April 8, 1982) is a Latvian former ice hockey player. He last as a right wing for HK Kurbads of Latvian Hockey Higher League. He was drafted in the ninth round (269th overall) of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers. He has also played for the Latvian national ice hockey team at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Latvia men's national ice hockey team
The Latvian men's national ice hockey team represents Latvia in international ice hockey. The team is ranked 10th in the world by IIHF as of 2023 and is controlled by the Latvian Ice Hockey Federation. Their best ever finish at the World Championships was in 2023, when they won the bronze medal. They reached the quarterfinals at the 2014 Winter Olympics, losing 2–1 to Canada. Latvia has hosted the World Championships three times, in 2006, 2021 and 2023.

There are 7,898 registered hockey players in Latvia, which is 0.43% of its population.
First Council of the Lateran
The First Council of the Lateran was the 9th ecumenical council recognised by the Catholic Church. The first ecumenical council to be held in Western Europe and the first since the Great Schism of 1054, it was convoked by Pope Callixtus II in December 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms. The council sought to bring an end to the practice of the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by people who were laymen, free the election of bishops and abbots from secular influence, clarify the separation of spiritual and temporal affairs, re-establish the principle that spiritual authority resides solely in the Church and abolish the claim of the Holy Roman Emperor to influence papal elections.

The council was significant in size: 300 bishops and more than 600 abbots assembled at Rome's Lateran Palace in March 1123, and Callixtus II presided in person. During the council, the decisions of the Concordat of Worms were read and ratified. Various other decisions were promulgated.

Appointment of Catholic bishops
The appointment of bishops in the Catholic Church is a complicated process. Outgoing bishops, neighbouring bishops, the faithful, the apostolic nuncio, various members of the Roman Curia, and the pope all have a role in the selection. The exact process varies based upon a number of factors, including whether the bishop is from the Latin Church or one of the Eastern Catholic Churches, the geographic location of the diocese, what office the candidate is being chosen to fill, and whether the candidate has previously been ordained to the episcopate.
Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais
Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ kʁistɔf syʁ lə nɛ]) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. It is situated on the border of the department of Sarthe, 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Tours.

Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃.dʁ‿e.lwaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2019, it had a population of 610,079. Sometimes referred to as Touraine, the name of the historic region, it is nowadays part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its prefecture is Tours and subprefectures are Chinon and Loches. Indre-et-Loire is a touristic destination for its numerous monuments that are part of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley.
Nat Hentoff
Nathan Irving Hentoff (June 10, 1925 – January 7, 2017) was an American historian, novelist, jazz and country music critic, and syndicated columnist for United Media. Hentoff was a columnist for The Village Voice from 1958 to 2009. Following his departure from The Voice, Hentoff became a senior fellow at the Cato Institute and continued writing his music column for The Wall Street Journal, which published his works until his death. He often wrote on First Amendment issues, vigorously defending the freedom of the press.

Hentoff was formerly a columnist for: Down Beat, JazzTimes, Legal Times, The Washington Post, The Washington Times, The Progressive, Editor & Publisher and Free Inquiry. He was a staff writer for The New Yorker, and his writings were also published in The New York Times, Jewish World Review, The Atlantic, The New Republic, Commonweal, and Enciclopedia dello Spettacolo.

Staff writer
In journalism, a staff writer byline indicates that the author of the article is an employee of the periodical, as opposed to being an independent freelance writer. In Britain, staff writers may work in the office instead of traveling to cover a beat.

In an advertising agency, copywriting is the main responsibility of staff writers.

In television, a staff writer is the probationary, entry-level position in the "writers room"; that is, the team that creates a television series.
1810–1811 Massachusetts legislature
The 31st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1810 and 1811 during the governorship of Elbridge Gerry. Harrison Gray Otis served as president of the Senate and Perez Morton served as speaker of the House.

Massachusetts Senate
The Massachusetts Senate is the upper house of the Massachusetts General Court, the bicameral state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Senate comprises 40 elected members from 40 single-member senatorial districts in the state. All but one of the districts are named for the counties in which they are located (the "Cape and Islands" district covers Dukes, Nantucket, and parts of Barnstable counties). Senators serve two-year terms, without term limits. The Senate convenes in the Massachusetts State House in Boston, the state capital.
Houison
Houison is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Houison (1850–1912), Australian medical practitioner, amateur historian, and philatelist

Rod Houison, English musician, producer, and sound engineer

Andrew Houison
Andrew Houison  (1 January 1850 – 22 August 1912) was a Sydney medical practitioner, amateur historian and philatelist. He was one of the "Fathers of Philately" and entered the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921.
Keg River, Alberta
Keg River is an unincorporated community in northern Alberta, Canada. It is west of Highway 35 (also known as the Mackenzie Highway) approximately midway between Manning to the south and High Level to the north.  It has an elevation of 420 metres (1,380 ft).

The community is located in census division No. 17 and in the federal riding of Peace River. It is administered by the County of Northern Lights.

Division No. 17, Alberta
Division No. 17 is a census division in Alberta, Canada. It spans the central and northwest portions of northern Alberta and its largest urban community is the Town of Slave Lake. Division No. 17 is the largest census division in Alberta according to area and also has the lowest population density.
Lewisite 3
Lewisite 3 (L-3) is an organoarsenic chemical weapon, similar to lewisite 1 and lewisite 2. First synthesized in 1904 by Julius Arthur Nieuwland, it is usually found as a mixture of 2-chlorovinylarsonous dichloride (lewisite 1) as well as bis(2-chloroethenyl) arsinous chloride (lewisite 2) and tris(2-chlorovinyl)arsine (lewisite 3). Pure lewisite 1 is an oily liquid with an odor distinct to geraniums. When pure, it is colourless, but impure mixtures can appear amber, brown, or black.

Julius Nieuwland
Julius Aloysius Arthur Nieuwland, CSC, (14 February 1878 – 11 June 1936) was a Belgian-born Holy Cross priest and professor of chemistry and botany at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. He is known for his contributions to acetylene research and its use as the basis for one type of synthetic rubber, which eventually led to the invention of neoprene by DuPont.
Michael Fisher
Michael Ellis Fisher (3 September 1931 – 26 November 2021) was an English physicist, as well as chemist and mathematician, known for his many seminal contributions
to statistical physics, including but not restricted to the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena.  He was the Horace White Professor of Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics at Cornell University.  Later he moved to the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, where he was University System of Maryland Regents Professor, a Distinguished University Professor and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher.

Wolf Prize
The Wolf Prize is an international award granted in Israel, that has been presented most years since 1978 to living scientists and artists for "achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people ... irrespective of nationality, race, colour, religion, sex or political views".
Méchant (song)
"Méchant" is a 2019 song by French rapper Niska featuring Ninho. The song peaked atop the French SNEP singles chart, making it Niska's second chart-topping song of the year following "Médicament". The accompanying music video for the song was released on 23 December 2019. It is Niska's third collaboration with Ninho.

SNEP
SNEP (French: Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique, in English National Syndicate of Phonographic Publishing) is the inter-professional organisation that protects the interests of the French record industry. Originally known under the acronym SNICOP, the organisation was established in 1922 and has 48 member companies.

SNEP's responsibilities include collecting and distributing royalty payments for broadcast and performance, preventing copyright infringement of its members' works (including music piracy), and sales certification of silver, gold, platinum and diamond records and videos. SNEP also compiles weekly official charts of France's top-selling music, including singles and albums.
Archdiocese of Arad
The Archdiocese or Archbishopric of Arad (Romanian: Arhiepiscopia Aradului), formerly the Bishopric of Arad (Romanian: Episcopia Aradului, Serbian: Арадска епархија) is an episcopal see of the Romanian Orthodox Church, under the administration of the Metropolis of Banat, with jurisdiction over Arad County in Romania. The current head is bishop Timotei Seviciu.

Arad County
Arad County (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈrad] ⓘ) is an administrative division (județ) of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary, mostly in the region of Crișana and few villages in Banat. The administrative center of the county lies in the city of Arad. The Arad County is part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.