hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Benjamin Nelson
Benjamin Nelson (1911 – September 17, 1977) was a sociologist who explored the historical development and nature of civilizations. He held positions at University of Chicago, University of Minnesota, Stony Brook University and after 1966, New School for Social Research.

Nelson was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1945–1946. He was a founder member and vice president (1976–1977) of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion and the first America President (1971–1977) of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations.

The New School for Social Research
The New School for Social Research (NSSR), previously known as The University in Exile and The New School University, is a graduate-level educational division of The New School in New York City, United States. NSSR enrolls more than 1,000 students from the United States, as well as students from other countries.
2024 RFL League One
The 2024 RFL League One was a professional rugby league football competition played in the United Kingdom and the third tier of the sport for Rugby Football League (RFL) affiliated clubs. The sponsors for the league were the bookmakers, Betfred and the league continued to be known as the Betfred League One.

Nine teams competed in the league playing 20 matches each over 23 rounds in the regular season with the team finishing first being declared the champions and the teams finishing second to fifth taking part in the play-offs.

Oldham won the title and automatic promotion to the 2025 Championship with two matches to spare.  The play-off final was won by Hunslet earning the club a chance to travel to Swinton Lions in the Championship play-off match, where the Yorkshire club also won promotion.

Betfred
Betfred Group Holdings Limited is a bookmaker based in the United Kingdom, founded by Fred Done. It was first established as a single betting shop in Ordsall, Salford, in 1967. Its turnover in 2004 was reported to be more than £3.5 billion, having risen from £550 million in 2003 and has continued to grow to over £10 billion in 2018–2019. Following a drop in 2020 and 2021 as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, published turnover for the year to September 2022 was £8.8 billion.

It has its head office is in Birchwood, Warrington, and also has offices in Media City, Salford Quays, Salford.

Betfred.com, the company's online gambling site, is based in Gibraltar and registered as Petfre (Gibraltar) Limited.
Startup Candy Factory
The Startup Candy Factory is a historic building in Provo, Utah. The building retains its name from its original business, the Startup Candy Company, named after the family that ran the business and built the factory and warehouse. The family sold the old factory in the 21st century and today, it is used as a reception venue while the offices are let out to various businesses.

The two story building is a late Victorian style mix between a warehouse and a light commercial style. Since it was built, a number of additions and changes have been which significantly altered the building's appearance. It has been a nationally recognized historic place since 1983.

Provo, Utah
Provo (/ˈproʊ.voʊ/ PROH-voh) is a city in and the county seat of Utah County, Utah, United States. It is 43 miles (69 km) south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front, and lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population at the 2020 census of 115,162, Provo is the fourth-largest city in Utah and the principal city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, which had a population of 526,810 at the 2010 census. It is Utah's second-largest metropolitan area after Salt Lake City.

Provo is the home to Brigham Young University (BYU), a private higher education institution operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Provo also has the LDS Church's largest Missionary Training Center (MTC). The city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion-dollar startups. The city's Peaks Ice Arena was a venue for the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics in 2002.
Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd.
Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd. [1934] 2 KB 1 is an English contract law case decided in 1934 relating to restraint of trade and forward-looking agreements to agree. The initial judgment delivered in the High Court held that there was no "undue" restraint of trade, and this was upheld in the Court of Appeal.

Restraint of trade
Restraints of trade is a common law doctrine relating to the enforceability of contractual restrictions on freedom to conduct business. It is a precursor of modern competition law. In an old leading case of Mitchel v Reynolds  (1711) Lord Smith LC said,

it is the privilege of a trader in a free country, in all matters not contrary to law, to regulate his own mode of carrying it on according to his own discretion and choice. If the law has regulated or restrained his mode of doing this, the law must be obeyed. But no power short of the general law ought to restrain his free discretion.

A contractual undertaking not to trade is void and unenforceable against the promisor as contrary to the public policy of promoting trade, unless the restraint of trade is reasonable to protect the interest of the purchaser of a business.  Restraints of trade can also appear in post-termination restrictive covenants in employment contracts.
Nikolai Kann
Nikolai Kann (26 April 1873, Rinsi, Kreis Ösel, Governorate of Livonia – 17 February 1948 Göttingen, British occupation zone in Germany) was an Estonian educator and politician. He was a member of the Estonian Constituent Assembly, representing the Christian People's Party.

1920 he was Minister of Education. After the first Estonian Scout Conference held in Tartu in March 1921, was elected Estonian Chief Scout in December 1921. He occupied that post until his death in exile, in Germany, 1948.

Governorate of Livonia
The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a province (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, Baltic Governorate-General until 1876. Governorate of Livonia bordered Governorate of Estonia to the north, Saint Petersburg and Pskov Governorates to the east, Courland Governorate to the south, and the Gulf of Riga to the west. In 1897, the population of the governorate was 1,299,365, and it had an area of 47,030.87 square kilometres (18,158.72 mi2). The administrative centre of the governorate was the Baltic Sea port of Riga. It roughly corresponded to most of the modern Vidzeme Region of Latvia and southern Estonia.
Ignaz Günther
Ignaz Günther (22 November 1725 – 27 June 1775) was a German sculptor and woodcarver working in the Bavarian Rococo tradition.

He was born in Altmannstein, where he received his earliest training from his father, then studied in Munich under the court sculptor Johann Baptist Straub from 1743 to 1750. His Wanderjahre took him to Salzburg, Olmütz, Vienna, and Mannheim, where he studied with Paul Egell from 1751 to 1752. Between May and October 1753, he was enrolled in the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and won the annual students' competition. In 1754, he started his own workshop in Munich, where he remained until his death in 1775.

He is best remembered for his work in churches, especially his altars.

A wooden crucifix styled by Günther was given by the official Bavarian civil and ecclesiastical delegation as an 85th birthday gift to Pope Benedict XVI, a native of Bavaria, on Monday 16 April 2012.

Pietà
The Pietà (Italian pronunciation: [pjeˈta]; meaning "pity", "compassion") is a subject in Christian art depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary cradling the mortal body of Jesus Christ after his Descent from the Cross. It is most often found in sculpture. The Pietà is a specific form of the Lamentation of Christ in which Jesus is mourned by the Virgin Mary alone. However, in practice works called a Pietà may include angels, the other figures usual in Lamentations, and even donor portraits.

An image consisting only of a dead Christ with angels is also called a Pietà, at least in German, where Engelpietà (literally "Angel Pietà") is the term for what is usually called Dead Christ supported by angels in English.

Several namesake images have merited a Pontifical decree of coronation, including the Pieta of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, in the Marienthal Basilica in France, the Franciscan church in Leuven, Belgium, at the Kamp-Bornhofen, Germany, and Our Lady of Charity in Cartagena, Spain.
Carl Crawford
Carl Demonte Crawford (born August 5, 1981), nicknamed "the Perfect Storm", is an American former professional baseball left fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, Boston Red Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers. He batted and threw left-handed.

Crawford is best known for his nine years with the Rays, during which he was considered one of the best baserunners in baseball. He led the American League in stolen bases and triples four times each while with Tampa Bay. After retiring from baseball in 2016, he founded the record label 1501 Certified Entertainment in 2016.

Fielding Bible Award
A Fielding Bible Award recognizes the best defensive player for each fielding position in Major League Baseball (MLB) based on "statistical analysis, the eye test, and any other factors that [panelists] wish to utilize." John Dewan and SIS (formerly Sports Info Solutions, and earlier, Baseball Info Solutions) conduct the annual selection process, which commenced in 2006. The awards are voted on by a panel of 10 to 15 sabermetrically inclined journalists and bloggers. The awards have historically been announced before the Gold Glove Awards, the traditional measurement of fielding excellence. Dewan wrote that this award cannot equal the prestige of the Gold Glove, which started 50 years earlier, but it provides an alternative.
Abdul Fatah Zakaria
Abdul Fatah bin Zakaria is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Bagan Pinang since August 2023. He is a member of Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), a component party of Perikatan Nasional (PN).

Abdul Fatah is a retired military man who has lived for over 26 years in Army City, Port Dickson.

Bagan Pinang (state constituency)
Bagan Pinang is a state constituency in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly.

The state constituency was first contested in 2004 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.
Florida State Road A19A
State Road A19A (SR A19A) was a highway loop in the southern portion of Pinellas County, Florida.  The southern terminus was at an intersection with 54th Avenue South, 34th Street South (US 19 / SR 55) and Interstate 275/SR 93 in St. Petersburg, just north of the Sunshine Skyway. The northern terminus was an intersection with US 19 in Largo.

Interstate 275 (Florida)
Interstate 275 (I-275), located in Florida, is a 60-mile-long (97 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway serving the Tampa Bay area. Its southern terminus is at I-75 near Palmetto, where I-275 heads west towards the Sunshine Skyway Bridge crossing over Tampa Bay. From that point, I-275 passes through St. Petersburg before crossing Tampa Bay again on the Howard Frankland Bridge, then continues through the city of Tampa, where it connects to an interchange with I-4 in Downtown Tampa. After the interchange, I-275 passes north through the Tampa suburbs to its northern terminus at I-75 in Wesley Chapel.
Patía, Cauca
Patía is a Municipality located in Cauca Department, Colombia. The administrative centre of Patía is El Bordo.

Within the main touristic attractions of the region we can find Piedra Sentada: The Parador Patía, The Lerma Hill and Patía river that irrigates the valley of the same name. This river is the largest and abundant of the basin of the Sudamerican Pacific.

The Patía is located on Panamerican Road, about 82 kilometres or 51 miles south of Popayán, the department capital.

Municipalities of Colombia
The municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia.   Municipalities make up most of the departments of Colombia, with 1,104 municipalities (municipios). Each one of them is led by a mayor (alcalde) elected by popular vote and represents the maximum executive government official at a municipality level under the mandate of the governor of their department which is a representative of all municipalities in the department; municipalities are grouped to form departments.

The municipalities of Colombia are also grouped in an association called the Federación Colombiana de Municipios (Colombian Federation of Municipalities), which functions as a union under the private law and under the constitutional right to free association to defend their common interests.
Ejvind Hansen
Ejvind Hansen (July 28, 1924 in Fodslette, Langeland, Denmark – December 19, 1996) was a Danish sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1940s and the early 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics, he won a silver medal in the K-2 1000 m event at London in 1948 together with Jakob Bernhard Christian Jensen. In the final they did have the lead for the final, but ultimately lost to the Swedish Kajak.

Hansen also won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (K-1 4 x 500 m: 1950) and two bronzes (K-1 4 x 500 m and K-2 500 m: both 1948).

Langeland
Langeland (Danish: [ˈlɑŋəˌlænˀ] ⓘ, lit. 'Long land') is a Danish island located between the Great Belt and Bay of Kiel. The island measures 285 km2 (c. 110 square miles) and, as of 1 January 2018, has a population of 12,446. The island produces grain and is known as a recreational and wellness tourism area. A bridge connects it to Tåsinge via Siø – a small island with a population of approximately 20 – and the main island of Funen (to the northwest). There are connections by car ferry to the islands of Lolland, Ærø, and Strynø.

Rudkøbing, the island's largest town, is the birthplace of famous physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted, his brother, Anders Sandøe Ørsted, a former Danish prime minister, and their nephew, botanist Anders Sandøe Ørsted.

Administratively, Langeland and several smaller islands around it form the Municipality of Langeland, the most populous of them being Strynø.
Human rights in Mozambique
The concept of human rights in Mozambique is an ongoing issue for the African country, officially named the Republic of Mozambique. For more than four centuries, Mozambique was ruled by the Portuguese. Following Mozambique's independence from Portugal came 17 years of civil war, between RENAMO and FRELIMO, until 1992, when peace was finally reached. Armando Guebuza was then elected president in 2004 and re-elected in 2009, despite criticisms that he lacked honesty, transparency, and impartiality. This sparked a series of human rights incidents including unlawful killing, arbitrary arrests, inhumane prison conditions, and unfair trials. There were also many issues regarding freedom in relation to speech and media, internet freedom, freedom of peaceful assembly, and discrimination and abuse of women, children and people with disabilities. Many of these issues are ongoing and have become current human rights violation is for Mozambique.

Arbitrary arrest and detention
Arbitrary arrest and detention is the arrest and detention of an individual in a case in which there is no likelihood or evidence that they committed a crime against legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of law or order. Arbitrary arrest and detention is similar to but legally distinct from wrongful detention, which is broader in scope and does not involve arrest.
Vouch by Reference
Vouch by Reference (VBR) is a protocol used in Internet mail systems for implementing sender certification by third-party entities. Independent certification providers vouch for the reputation of senders by verifying the domain name that is associated with transmitted electronic mail. VBR information can be used by a message transfer agent, a mail delivery agent or by an email client.

The protocol is intended to become a standard for email sender certification, and is described in RFC 5518.

Message delivery agent
A message delivery agent (MDA) or mail delivery agent is a computer software component that is responsible for the delivery of email messages to a local recipient's mailbox. It is also called a local delivery agent (LDA).

Within the Internet mail architecture, local message delivery is achieved through a process of handling messages from the message transfer agent, and storing mail into the recipient's environment (typically a mailbox).

Spam filtering usually occurs at the MDA under modern email architectures.
Percy Morris (cricketer)
William Percy Morris (19 June 1881 – 30 July 1975) was a Welsh cricketer active from 1906 to 1925 who played for Glamorgan. He was born and died in Swansea. He appeared in nine first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm medium pace. He scored 159 runs with a highest score of 30 and took two wickets with a best performance of one for 11.

Wicket
In the sport of cricket, the term wicket has several meanings:

It is either of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at each end of the pitch. The fielding team's players can hit the wicket with the ball in a number of ways to get a batter out. 
The wicket is guarded by a batter who, with their bat (and sometimes with their pads, but see the laws on LBW, leg before wicket), attempts to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket (if it does, they may be bowled) and to score runs where possible.

Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batter is known as the taking of a wicket.

The cricket pitch itself is sometimes referred to as the wicket.
Sipho Ndlovu
Sipho Owen Ndlovu (born 7 October 1994) is a Zimbabwean footballer who plays as a midfielder for Chicken Inn FC and the Zimbabwe national football team. He played for Bulawayo City F.C. between 2016 and 2018.

Zimbabwe national football team
The Zimbabwe national football team (nicknamed The Warriors) represents Zimbabwe in men's international football and is controlled by the Zimbabwe Football Association (ZIFA), formerly known as the Football Association of Rhodesia. The team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals, but has qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations six times. Zimbabwe has also won the COSAFA Cup six times. The team represents both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF).
National Network for Safe Communities
The National Network for Safe Communities (NNSC) is a research center at City University of New York John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The NNSC works with communities to reduce violence, minimize arrest and incarceration, and increase trust between law enforcement and the public. Working in partnership with cities around the country the NNSC provides advising on implementing evidence-based violence reduction strategies. Additionally, the NNSC provides guidance on how to build trust between law enforcement and the communities it serves, facilitates connections between practitioners within and across jurisdictions, and serves as a resource for knowledge about violence prevention and reduction strategies.

John Jay College of Criminal Justice
The John Jay College of Criminal Justice (John Jay) is a public college focused on criminal justice and located in New York City. It is a senior college of the City University of New York (CUNY). John Jay was founded as the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice and forensic focus in the United States.
KNNZ
KNNZ ("89.1 Ken's FM") is a radio station owned by Pioneer Public Broadcasting, licensed to Hawley, Minnesota and serving the Fargo–Moorhead area. The station's offices are located in Fargo, North Dakota, while its transmitter is located at Barnesville, Minnesota.

Fargo, North Dakota
Fargo is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The population was 125,990 at the 2020 census and estimated at 136,285 in 2024. Fargo and its twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota, form the core of the Fargo–Moorhead metropolitan area, which had a population of 248,591 in 2020. It is the county seat of Cass County.

Fargo was founded in 1871 on the Red River of the North floodplain. It is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, and industrial center for southeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. North Dakota State University is in the city.
Mississippi World War II Army Airfields
During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) established numerous airfields in Mississippi for antisubmarine defense in the Gulf of Mexico and for training pilots and aircrews of USAAF fighters and bombers.

Most of these airfields were under the command of Third Air Force or the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC) (A predecessor of the current-day United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command).  However the other USAAF support commands (Air Technical Service Command (ATSC); Air Transport Command (ATC) or Troop Carrier Command operated a significant number of airfields in support roles.

It is still possible to find remnants of these wartime airfields. Many were converted into municipal airports, some were returned to agriculture and several were retained as United States Air Force installations and were front-line bases during the Cold War. Hundreds of the temporary buildings that were used survive today, and are being used for other purposes.

Air Education and Training Command
The Air Education and Training Command (AETC) is one of the nine Major Commands (MAJCOM) of the United States Air Force (USAF), reporting to Headquarters, United States Air Force. It was established 1 July 1993, with the realignment of Air Training Command and Air University.

AETC is headquartered at Randolph Air Force Base, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. AETC is the primary training and professional education command in the Air Force.

More than 48,000 active duty and Air Reserve Component members and 14,000 civilian personnel make up AETC. The command has responsibility for approximately 1,600 aircraft.

AETC's mission is to "recruit, train and educate Airmen to deliver air power for America."
Deaths in February 2013
The following is a list of notable deaths in February 2013.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference.

The Staple Singers
The Staple Singers were an American gospel, soul, and R&B singing group. Roebuck "Pops" Staples (December 28, 1914 – December 19, 2000), the patriarch of the family, formed the group with his children Cleotha (April 11, 1934 – February 21, 2013), Pervis (November 18, 1935 – May 6, 2021), and Mavis (b. July 10, 1939). Yvonne (October 23, 1937 – April 10, 2018) replaced her brother when he was drafted into the U.S. Army, and again in 1970. They are best known for their 1970s hits "Respect Yourself", "I'll Take You There", "If You're Ready (Come Go with Me)", and "Let's Do It Again". While the family name is Staples, the group used "Staple" commercially.
W. C. Raugust
Wilhelm (William) Christian Raugust (March 13, 1895 – December 17, 1970) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1943 to 1949 and in the Senate from 1949 to 1967.

Washington House of Representatives
The Washington House of Representatives is the lower house of the Washington State Legislature, and along with the Washington State Senate makes up the legislature of the U.S. state of Washington. It is composed of 98 Representatives from 49 districts, each of which elects one Senator and two members of the House. They are elected to separate positions with the top-two primary system. All members of the House are elected to a two-year term without term limits. The House meets at the State Capitol in Olympia.