hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills
The Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and California. In the rain shadow of the Cascade Range, the eastern side of the mountains experiences greater temperature extremes and receives less precipitation than the west side. Open forests of ponderosa pine and some lodgepole pine distinguish this region from the Cascades ecoregion, where hemlock and fir forests are more common, and from the lower, drier ecoregions to the east, where shrubs and grasslands are predominant. The vegetation is adapted to the prevailing dry, continental climate and frequent wildfire. Volcanic cones and buttes are common in much of the region.

The ecoregion has been subdivided into ten Level IV ecoregions.

Prunus subcordata
Prunus subcordata, known by the common names Klamath plum, Oregon plum, Pacific plum and Sierra plum, is a member of the genus Prunus, native to the western United States, especially California and Oregon.
Hristo Botev Comprehensive School, Targovishte
Hristo Botev School (Bulgarian: Училище Христо Ботев) is a comprehensive school in the town of Targovishte in the Targovishte Province, Bulgaria.

Named after the Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev, the school is among the oldest ones in the town and province. It has 8 grades, separated in two educational levels. The first 3 grades are in the Primary level for children 7/8/9 years old. The next 5 grades are in the Secondary level for children aged 10–14. After graduating the school, pupils may continue their education at some High school or Vocational school.

Targovishte Province
43°15′N 26°30′E﻿ / ﻿43.250°N 26.500°E﻿ / 43.250; 26.500

Targovishte Province (Bulgarian: Област Търговище, transliterated Oblast Tǎrgovište, former name Targovishte okrug) is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Targovishte. As of December 2009, it had a population of 129,675.
Yakumo (train)
The Yakumo (やくも) is a limited express train service in Japan operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West), which runs from Okayama to Yonago, Matsue and Izumo in Shimane Prefecture.

This limited express train connects Okayama with Yonago in 2 hours, Okayama with Matsue in 2 hours and 30 minutes, and Okayama with Izumoshi in 3 hours. It stops at Okayama, Kurashiki, Sōja (3 trains a day in each direction), Bitchū-Takahashi, Niimi, Shōyama (every other train), Neu (every other train, alternating with Shōyama), Hōki-Daisen (mornings northbound, evenings southbound), Yonago, Yasugi, Matsue, Tamatsukuri-Onsen, Shinji, and Izumoshi.

Limited express
In public transport, a limited express is a special express train or bus service that makes fewer stops (hence “limited”) than local, limited-stop, and regular express services along the same corridor. Limited expresses are typically the most direct service on a line, serving only major destinations such as central and interchange stations, making them the fastest option for inter-city travelers.
Panambur Beach
Panambur Beach is a beach on the shores of the Arabian Sea in the city of Mangaluru in the Indian state of Karnataka.

It is the most popular, well connected and the most visited beach of Karnataka.

Panambur beach is about 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Mangalore city center and comes under the administration of Mangaluru City Corporation. It is maintained by a private enterprise under the banner of Panambur Beach Tourism Development Project.

Attractions include jet ski rides, boating, dolphin viewing, food stalls and beach festivals. Trained lifeguards patrol the beach to ensure visitor safety.

This beach is popular for its sunsets, the port area and picnic spot. The ships anchored out in the sea waiting for berth in the harbor can be seen from the beach.

Lifeguard
A lifeguard is a rescuer who supervises the safety and rescue of swimmers, surfers, and other water sports participants such as in a swimming pool, water park, beach, spa, river and lake. Lifeguards are trained in swimming and CPR/AED first aid, certified in water rescue using a variety of aids and equipment depending on requirements of their particular venue. In some areas, lifeguards are part of the emergency services system to incidents and in some communities, lifeguards may function as the primary EMS provider.
Glan Conwy railway station
Glan Conwy railway station is on the east bank of the River Conwy on the A470 road in the centre of the village of Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Wales and is located on the Llandudno Junction to Blaenau Ffestiniog Conwy Valley Line. There are through services to Blaenau Ffestiniog and Llandudno.

Llandudno
Llandudno (/lænˈdɪdnoʊ/, Welsh: [ɬanˈdɨdnɔ] ⓘ) is a seaside resort, town and community in Conwy County Borough, Wales, located on the Creuddyn peninsula, which protrudes into the Irish Sea. In the 2021 UK census, the community – which includes Gogarth, Penrhyn Bay, Craigside, Glanwydden, Penrhynside, and Bryn Pydew – had a population of 19,700 (rounded to the nearest 100). The town's name means "Church of Saint Tudno".

Llandudno is a major seaside resort in Wales, and as early as 1861 was being called 'the Queen of the Welsh Watering Places' (a phrase later also used in connection with Tenby and Aberystwyth; the word 'resort' came a little later). Historically a part of Caernarfonshire, Llandudno was formerly in the district of Aberconwy within Gwynedd until 1996.
Pyrometer
A pyrometer, or radiation thermometer, is a type of remote sensing thermometer used to measure the temperature of distant objects. Various forms of pyrometers have historically existed. In the modern usage, it is a device that from a distance determines the temperature of a surface from the amount of the thermal radiation it emits, a process known as pyrometry, a type of radiometry.

The word pyrometer comes from the Greek word for fire, "πῦρ" (pyr), and meter, meaning to measure. The word pyrometer was originally coined to denote a device capable of measuring the temperature of an object by its incandescence, visible light emitted by a body which is at least red-hot. Infrared thermometers, can  also measure the temperature of cooler objects, down to room temperature, by detecting their infrared radiation flux. Modern pyrometers are available for a wide range of wavelengths and are generally called radiation thermometers.

Stefan–Boltzmann law
The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature.  It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship, and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically.

For an ideal absorber/emitter or black body, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area per unit time (also known as the radiant exitance) is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's temperature, T:

The constant of proportionality, , is called the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. It has the value

In the general case, the Stefan–Boltzmann law for radiant exitance takes the form:

where  is the emissivity of the surface emitting the radiation.  The emissivity is generally between zero and one.  An emissivity of one corresponds to a black body.
Max Pollikoff
Max Pollikoff (1904 - 1984) was an American classical music violinist who created the Music in Our Time Series at the 92nd Street Y in New York City. The Series commissioned and premiered hundreds of new works. In 1923, when Pollikoff was 19, he made his first appearance in New York, playing at the Aeolian Hall. He won critical praise as "a violinist of considerable interest and promise." He played works by Bach, Bruch, Sarasate, Chopin and his own Legende. In 1972 the American Music Center awarded his a Letter of Distinction.

Pollikoff was born in Newark, New Jersey. From 15 to 19, the McDowell Club had sponsored his studies in Europe and New York.

Pablo de Sarasate
Pablo Martín Melitón de Sarasate y Navascués (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβlo saɾaˈsate]; 10 March 1844 – 20 September 1908), commonly known as Pablo de Sarasate, was a Spanish virtuoso violinist, composer and conductor of the Romantic period. His best known works include Zigeunerweisen (Gypsy Airs), the Spanish Dances, and the Carmen Fantasy.
Eriosoma (aphid)
Eriosoma is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Aphididae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe, Australia and Northern America.

Species:

Eriosoma alabastrum

Eriosoma americanum (C.V.Riley, 1879) — woolly elm aphid

Eriosoma anncharlotteae Danielsson, 1979

Eriosoma flavum Jancke, 1930

Eriosoma grossulariae (Schüle, 1887)

Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausemann, 1802) — woolly apple aphid

Eriosoma lanuginosum (Hartig, 1839)

Eriosoma patchiae (Börner & Blunck, 1916)

Eriosoma pyricola (A.C.Baker & Davidson, 1916) — pear root aphid

Eriosoma sorbiradicis Danielsson, 1979

Eriosoma ulmi (L., 1879) — elm-currant aphid

Aphididae
The Aphididae are a very large insect family in the aphid superfamily (Aphidoidea), of the order Hemiptera. These insects suck the sap from plant leaves. Several thousand species are placed in this family, many of which are considered plant/crop pests. They are the family of insects containing most plant virus vectors (around 200 known) with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) being one of the most prevalent and indiscriminate carriers.
Hermon (name)
Hermon is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:

Derek Hermon, American BMX and mountain-biker

John Hermon, Royal Ulster Constabulary

Sylvia Hermon, Northern Ireland politician

Given name:

Hermon Henry Cook, Ontario lumber merchant and politician

Hermon di Giovanno, Greek painter

Hermon Atkins MacNeil, American sculptor

Hermon Hosmer Scott, American inventor

Hermon Williams, American college football coach

Hermon Henry Cook
Hermon (Herman) Henry Cook (April 26, 1837 – April 12, 1914) was an Ontario lumber merchant and political figure. He represented Simcoe North in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1878 and Simcoe East from 1882 to 1891. He also represented Simcoe East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1879 to 1882.
Embassy of New Zealand, Warsaw
The Embassy of New Zealand in Warsaw is the diplomatic mission of New Zealand in Poland. The embassy is located in the city of Warsaw, Poland, at 51 Ujazdów Avenue. The current ambassador of New Zealand to Poland is Chargé d'affaires Tom Fitzsimons. From 2021 to 2024 the Embassy was headed by Alana Hudson.

The ambassadors of New Zealand to Poland also holds a non-resident accreditation to Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine.

The embassy is aided by the New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, which has its headquarters in Hamburg, Germany.

New Zealand Trade and Enterprise
New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (Māori: Te Taurapa Tūhono; abbreviated NZTE) is New Zealand's international business development agency that focuses on helping New Zealand businesses improve their international engagement. It is considered a Crown agent under the Crown Entities Act 2004.
Sveti Danijel
Sveti Danijel (pronounced [ˈsʋeːti ˈdaːnijɛl]) is a dispersed settlement in the hills east of Dravograd in the Carinthia region in northern Slovenia.

The local church, from which the settlement gets its name, is dedicated to the Prophet Daniel. It was built in 1625 on the site of an earlier Gothic church. It was also extensively rebuilt after fires in 1644 and in 1780. It belongs to the Parish of Trbonje.

Dispersed settlement
A dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world.  Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. A dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village.

The French term bocage is sometimes used to describe the type of landscape found where dispersed settlements are common.

In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlement are found in parts of Papua New Guinea, as among the Gainj, Ankave, and Baining tribes. It is also frequently met with in nomadic pastoral societies.
In Ghana, Kumbyili in the northern region is also an example of a dispersed settlement
Pragmatic theory of information
The pragmatic theory of information is derived from Charles Sanders Peirce's general theory of signs and inquiry.  Peirce explored a number of ideas about information throughout his career.  One set of ideas is about the "laws of information" having to do with the logical properties of information.  Another set of ideas about "time and thought" have to do with the dynamic properties of inquiry.  All of these ideas contribute to the pragmatic theory of inquiry. Peirce set forth many of these ideas very early in his career, periodically returning to them on scattered occasions until the end, and they appear to be implicit in much of his later work on the logic of science and the theory of signs, but he never developed their implications to the fullest extent. The 20th century thinker Ernst Ulrich and his wife Christine von Weizsäcker reviewed the pragmatics of information; their work is reviewed by Gennert.

Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker
Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (born 25 June 1939) is a German scientist and politician (SPD). He was a member of the German Bundestag and served as co-president of the Club of Rome jointly with Anders Wijkman from 2011 – 2019.
Descent along torsors
In mathematics, given a G-torsor X → Y and a stack F, the descent along torsors says there is a canonical equivalence between F(Y), the category of Y-points and F(X)G, the category of G-equivariant X-points. It is a basic example of descent, since it says the "equivariant data" (which is an additional data) allows one to "descend" from X to Y.

When G is the Galois group of a finite Galois extension L/K, for the G-torsor , this generalizes classical Galois descent (cf. field of definition).

For example, one can take F to be the stack of quasi-coherent sheaves (in an appropriate topology). Then F(X)G consists of equivariant sheaves on X; thus, the descent in this case says that to give an equivariant sheaf on X is to give a sheaf on the quotient X/G.

Principal homogeneous space
In mathematics, a principal homogeneous space, or torsor, for a group G is a homogeneous space X for G in which the stabilizer subgroup of every point is trivial. Equivalently, a principal homogeneous space for a group G is a non-empty set X on which G acts freely and transitively (meaning that, for any x, y in X, there exists a unique g in G such that x·g = y, where · denotes the (right) action of G on X).
An analogous definition holds in other categories, where, for example,

G is a topological group, X is a topological space and the action is continuous,

G is a Lie group, X is a smooth manifold and the action is smooth,

G is an algebraic group, X is an algebraic variety and the action is regular.
TT7
The Theban Tomb TT7 is located in  Deir el-Medina, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian artisan (his exact title was Scribe in the Place of Truth) named Ramose, who lived during the 19th Dynasty, during the reign of Ramesses II.

Ramose was the son of Amenemhab and Kakaia. His wife is named Mutemwia.

The tomb consists of a court and a chapel. The chapel is decorated with scenes showing Amenhotep I, Ahmose Nefertari, Horemheb and Tuthmosis IV. Another scene shows King Ramesses II followed by the vizier Paser (TT106) offering before the Theban Triad: Amun, Mut and Khonsu.

Ramose also created a total of three tombs for himself in the necropolis, the others being TT212 and TT250.

Decorated west wall of the burial chapel chamber of TT7, the tomb of Ramose, 1905-1914. Archivio fotografico Museo Egizio, Turin.

Museo Egizio
The Museo Egizio (Italian pronunciation: [muˈzɛːo eˈdʒittsjo]) or Egyptian Museum is an archaeological museum in Turin, Italy, specializing in Egyptian archaeology and anthropology. It houses one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities, with more than 40,000 artifacts, which is considered the second most important Egyptological collection in the world after the one at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. Founded in 1824 by King Charles Felix, it is the world's oldest museum dedicated entirely to ancient Egyptian culture. In 2024, it received 1,036,689 visitors, making it one of the most visited museums in Italy.
ISO 6346
ISO 6346 is an international standard covering the coding, identification and marking of intermodal (shipping) containers used within containerized intermodal freight transport by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The standard establishes a visual identification system for every container that includes a unique serial number (with check digit), the owner, a country code, a size, type and equipment category as well as any operational marks. The register of container owners is managed by the International Container Bureau (BIC).

Check digit
A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection on identification numbers, such as bank account numbers, which are used in an application where they will at least sometimes be input manually. It is analogous to a binary parity bit used to check for errors in computer-generated data. It consists of one or more digits (or letters) computed by an algorithm from the other digits (or letters) in the sequence input.

With a check digit, one can detect simple errors in the input of a series of characters (usually digits) such as a single mistyped digit or some permutations of two successive digits.
Animal (María Becerra album)
Animal is the debut studio album by Argentine singer María Becerra. It was released on 26 August 2021 by 300 Entertainment. Animal consists of two parts, with the first half being released as a separate extended play (EP), Animal, Pt. 1 (released in February 2021), consisting of four tracks. The second release coincided with the album, featuring an additional seven songs. The album features collaborations with Cazzu, Tiago PZK, Becky G, and Danny Ocean. Animal was nominated for Best Urban Music Album at the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards.

Tiago PZK
Tiago Uriel Pacheco Lezcano (born 3 August 2001), better known by his stage name Tiago PZK, is an Argentine rapper and singer, mostly related with R&B, reggaeton and rap. His hit-singles are "Sola", "Además de Mí", "Entre Nosotros", "Salimo de Noche", and "Cerca de Ti".
Valle dei Templi
The Valle dei Templi (Italian: [ˈvalle dei ˈtɛmpli]; Sicilian: Vaddi di li Tempri), or Valley of the Temples, is an archaeological site in Agrigento (ancient Greek: Ακράγας, Akragas), Sicily. It is one of the most outstanding examples of ancient Greek art and architecture of Magna Graecia, and is one of the main attractions of Sicily. The term "valley" is a misnomer, the site being located on a ridge outside the town of Agrigento.

Since 1997, the entire area has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The archaeological and landscape park of the Valle dei Templi, with its 1300 hectares, is the largest archaeological park in Europe and the Mediterranean basin.

Sicilian language
Sicilian (sicilianu, pronounced [sɪʃɪˈljaːnʊ, sɪdʒɪˈljaːnʊ]; Italian: siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (Italian: italiano meridionale estremo).

Ethnologue (see below for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language", and it is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region. It has the oldest literary tradition of the Italo-Romance languages. A version of the UNESCO Courier is also available in Sicilian.
Frank Beck (baseball)
Frank J. Beck [born Frank J. Hengstebeck] (April 29, 1860 – February 8, 1941) was an American right-handed starting pitcher and right fielder in Major League Baseball who played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (American Association) and Baltimore Monumentals (Union Association) during the 1884 season.

In his one-season career, Beck posted a 0–5 record with a 6.62 ERA in five pitching appearances (four complete games), giving up 42 runs (17 unearned) on 50 hits and 10 walks while striking out 18 in 34.0 innings of work. He also played four games at right field. As a hitter, he went 6-for-32 for a .188 average, including two doubles and two runs scored.

American Association (1882–1891)
The American Association of Base Ball Clubs (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from 1882 to 1891. Together with the National League (NL), founded in 1876, the AA participated in an early version of the World Series seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the Temple Cup (1894–1897).

During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League". It was also sometimes called the "Beer and Whiskey League".
Neville Holt (sport shooter)
Neville Holt (9 March 1912 – 6 February 2008) was an Australian sports shooter. His father introduced him to the sport, and before World War II he joined the Australian Militia, from which he borrowed guns to practise; he never served in the war. He competed in the 50 m rifle event at the 1948 Summer Olympics, where he came 47th; despite primarily being a full-bore shooter, he competed in a small-bore event.

He worked as an electrician in Sydney, where he died on 6 February 2008. He was recognised as Australia's oldest Olympian and, upon his death, this mantle was taken by Australian equestrian gold medallist Bill Roycroft. His brother John, a noted veterinarian, represented Australia in shooting at the 1960 Rome Olympics, and he and Neville participated together in the 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay.

Australian Army Reserve
The Australian Army Reserve is a collective name given to the reserve units of the Australian Army. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, the reserve military force has been known by many names, including the Citizens Forces, the Citizen Military Forces, the Militia and, unofficially, the Australian Military Forces. In 1980, however, the current name—Australian Army Reserve—was officially adopted, and it now consists of a number of components based around the level of commitment and training obligation that its members are required to meet.
Ivana Jakupčević
Ivana Jakupčević Marinković (born 10 April 1977) is a Croatian former competitive figure skater. She competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano and finished 25th. Jakupčević qualified for the free skate at the 1998 European Championships in Milan and at the 2000 World Championships in Nice. After retiring from competition, she began coaching in Zagreb.

Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics
The figure skating events in 1998 Winter Olympics were held at the White Ring in Nagano. There were no changes in the format or scoring systems from 1994. Professionals were again allowed to compete, although they had to declare that intention and compete in ISU-approved events to do so. Previously, the ISU had been accused of rejecting Western professionals, while allowing Eastern Bloc state-sponsored "amateurs" to compete. Most of the top competitors by 1998 were now openly professional.

The competitions took place on the following days:

Pairs: 8–10 February 1998

Men's singles: 12–14 February 1998

Ice dance: 13–16 February 1998

Ladies' singles: 18–20 February 1998

Exhibition gala: 21 February 1998