hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Causal decision theory
Causal decision theory (CDT) is a school of thought within decision theory which states that, when a rational agent is confronted with a set of possible actions, one should select the action which causes the best outcome in expectation. CDT contrasts with evidential decision theory (EDT), which recommends the action which would be indicative of the best outcome if one received the "news" that it had been taken.: 7

Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration.

The expected value of a random variable X is often denoted by , , or , with E also often stylized as ,  or E.
Cool Like You
Cool Like You is the second studio album by English indie pop band Blossoms. It was released in the United Kingdom on 27 April 2018, by Virgin EMI Records. The album was produced by James Skelly and Rich Turvey. It peaked at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart, and at number 1 on the Official Vinyl Albums Chart and it received a silver certification in the United Kingdom in 2019 and a gold certification in 2022.

James Skelly
James Alexander Skelly (born 16 August 1980) is an English musician who is the frontman of The Coral. He embarked on a solo career when the band went on indefinite hiatus in 2012. The band regrouped in 2015. Skelly is the cousin of fellow musician Miles Kane.

Skelly released his debut solo album, Love Undercover, in June 2013 on Skeleton Key Records, a label he co-founded with Neville Skelly and brother Ian. Skelly was backed by The Intenders, made up of Ian Skelly, Paul Duffy, Nick Power, and former members of Tramp Attack and The Sundowners. Skelly has also gone into record production, working with artists including Blossoms, She Drew The Gun, Cut Glass Kings (previously The Circles), and The Sundowners.
Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood
Stewart Ross Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood (25 February 1941 – 29 January 2018) was a Scottish academic, public servant, and one of Britain's most distinguished philosophers of religion. He sat as a crossbencher in the House of Lords.

Gresham College
Gresham College is an institution of higher learning located at Barnard's Inn Hall off Holborn in Central London, England that does not accept students or award degrees. It was founded in 1597 under the will of Sir Thomas Gresham, and hosts over 140 free public lectures every year. Since 2001, all lectures have been made available online. As of 2025, the Acting Provost is Professor Sarah Hart.
Annelies Bredael
Annelies Bredael (born 15 June 1965 in Willebroek, Antwerp) is a Belgian rower. She participated in 3 consecutive Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta In 1992, she won the silver medal in rowing, single scull at the Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

Willebroek
Willebroek (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪləbruk], old spelling: Willebroeck, also French: Willebrouck) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality comprises the towns of Blaasveld, Heindonk, Tisselt, Klein Willebroek, and Willebroek proper. In 2021, Willebroek had a total population of 27,081. The total area is 27.41 km2.

Willebroek is linked to Brussels by the Willebroek Canal.

Willebroek is also home to the Kanaalfeesten, a yearly festival that takes place throughout the town which includes live concerts (mostly of local bands) and general festival attractions, like a mini roller coaster, a duck shoot, etc. At Klein-Willebroek the Harmonium Art museuM on pump organs is established in the former Church of the Immaculate Conception.

Its iconic bridge over the Willebroek Canal was infamous for the traffic jams it caused, even making it the subject of a song: De Brug van Willebroek by Wannes Van de Velde.
2020 Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2020 Sentinel Storage Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's curling championship for Alberta, was held January 22–26 at The Murray Arena in Okotoks, Alberta. The winning Laura Walker rink represented Alberta at the 2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan and finished with a 3–4 record.

Laura Walker won her first Alberta Scotties Tournament of Hearts and capped of an undefeated tournament by defeating Kelsey Rocque's rink 7–4 in the final. Rocque made the final in 2019 as well, falling to eventual Canadian champion Chelsea Carey.

Moose Jaw
Moose Jaw is the fourth largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. Lying on the Moose Jaw River in the south-central part of the province, it is situated on the Trans-Canada Highway, 177 km (110 mi) east of Swift Current and 77 km (48 mi) west of Regina. Residents of Moose Jaw are known as Moose Javians. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Moose Jaw No. 161.

Moose Jaw is an industrial centre and a critical railway junction for the area's agricultural produce. CFB Moose Jaw, located a few kilometres south of the city, is a NATO flight training school and is home to the Snowbirds, Canada's military aerobatic air show flight demonstration team. Moose Jaw also has a casino and geothermal spa.
Sixxxxxx
Sixxxxxx is the sixth extended play by Japanese recording artist and songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki. The EP was released on August 5, 2015, by Avex Trax and was produced by long-time collaborator Max Matsuura. With all the tracks written by Hamasaki herself, the EP features five original tracks and one hidden track to commemorate the "six" tracks. It was released as a stand-alone CD, a CD and DVD bundle, a CD and Blu-ray bundle, and a gatefold vinyl.

Avex Trax
Avex Trax (Japanese: エイベックス トラックス, Hepburn: Eibekkusu Torakkusu) is a record label owned by Japanese entertainment conglomerate Avex Inc. The label was launched in September 1988, and was the first label by the Group.
Raczkowski
Raczkowski (feminine: Raczkowska; plural: Raczkowscy) is a Polish noble surname associated with the Raczkowski coat of arms, a variation of the Nałęcz coat of arms and several other coats of arms. It corresponds to the Lithuanian surname Račkauskas, Ukrainian, and  Russian surname Rachkovsky.

Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Raczkowski (born 1968), American politician

Bogdan Raczkowski (1888– 1939), Polish engineer

Damian Raczkowski (born 1975), Polish politician

Krzysztof Raczkowski (1970–2005), Polish drummer

Paweł Raczkowski (born 1983), Polish football referee

Władysław Raczkowski (1893–1959), Polish conductor and composer

Krzysztof Raczkowski
Krzysztof Raczkowski (29 October 1970 – 18 August 2005), also known as Docent or Doc, was a Polish drummer, best known as a member of Polish death metal bands Vader (1988–2005) and Dies Irae. He also appeared as a guest or temporary musician in Sweet Noise, Hunter, Slashing Death, Unborn, Moon, and Overdub Trio.
Eastland Center (California)
Eastland Center (formerly Westfield Shoppingtown Eastland, Westfield Eastland and Eastland Shopping Center) is a shopping center in West Covina, California, managed by Pine Tree, LLC.

Westfield America, Inc., a precursor to Westfield Group, acquired the shopping center in 1998 and renamed it "Westfield Shoppingtown Eastland", dropping the "Shoppingtown" name in June 2005.

The department store-anchored regional shopping mall was converted to a power center as the nearby Plaza West Covina became the dominant area center. It was once anchored by a five-story May Company department store, where the Target now stands. The power center is two levels, with parking for the lower level on the south side of the center and parking for the upper level on the north side. Corridors connect both the upper and lower levels.

Westfield Group
Westfield Group was an Australian shopping centre company that existed from 1960 to 2014, when it split into two independent companies: Scentre Group, which owns and operates the Australian and New Zealand Westfield shopping centre portfolio; and Westfield Corporation, which continued to own and operate the American and European centre portfolio until it merged to form Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield.

Westfield Group undertook ownership, development, design, construction, funds/asset management, property management, leasing, and marketing activities. The multinational company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and had interests in and operated one of the world's largest shopping centre portfolios with investment interests in 103 shopping centres across Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy and Brazil, encompassing around 23,000 retail outlets and total assets under management in excess of A$63 billion.
Ephraim Nwuzi
Ephraim Nwuzi is a Rivers State politician who once served as the Commissioner of Employment Generation and Empowerment. During the 2019 general election, he contested under the platform of The Peoples' Democratic Party and won a seat at The Federal House of Representatives He is a member of the Rivers State People's Democratic Party. He is a former chairman of Etche Local Government Council.

In 2011, he was conferred the title of Ekwueme 1 of Etche by the Etche Supreme Council of Traditional Rulers.

Rivers State Ministry of Employment Generation and Empowerment
The Rivers State Ministry of Employment Generation and Empowerment is a government ministry of Rivers State, Nigeria formed in July 2003, with a goal to "provide individual citizens with gainful employment and to empower them with skills to become self-reliant." The current Commissioner in charge of the ministry is Dr. Ipalibo Harry.
Local class field theory
In mathematics, local class field theory (LCFT), introduced by Helmut Hasse, is the study of abelian extensions of local fields; here, "local field" means a field which is complete with respect to an absolute value or a discrete valuation with a finite residue field: hence every local field is isomorphic (as a topological field) to the real numbers R, the complex numbers C, a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Qp (where p is any prime number), or the field of formal Laurent series Fq((T)) over a finite field Fq.

Discrete valuation
In mathematics, a discrete valuation is an integer valuation on a field K; that is, a function:

satisfying the conditions:

for all .

Note that often the trivial valuation which takes on only the values  is explicitly excluded.

A field with a non-trivial discrete valuation is called a discrete valuation field.
Tralcán Formation
Tralcán Formation (Spanish: Formación Tralcán) is a sedimentary formation of Triassic age in Los Ríos Region in south–central Chile. It overlies unconformably the Trafún Metamorphic Complex. Tralcán Formation and nearby Panguipulli Formation form possibly the remnants of an ancient lake and river system. The formation is named after Mount Tralcán on the western edge of Riñihue Lake.

Los Ríos Region
The Los Ríos Region  (Spanish: Región de Los Ríos, pronounced [los ˈri.os], lit. Region of the Rivers) is one of Chile's 16 regions, the country's first-order administrative divisions. Its capital is Valdivia. It began to operate as a region on October 2, 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province, which was formerly part of Valdivia Province.
Moebelotinus
Moebelotinus is a monotypic genus of Asian dwarf spiders containing the single species, Moebelotinus transbaikalicus. It was first described by J. Wunderlich in 1995, and has only been found in Mongolia and Russia.

Jörg Wunderlich
Jörg Wunderlich (born 19 December 1939) is a German arachnologist and palaeontologist. He is best known for his study of spiders in amber, describing over 1000 species, 300 genera, 50 tribes/subfamilies and 18 families in over 180 publications. Unlike most other arachnologists Jörg has never held any academic position and has worked as a private individual with no financial support for travel or equipment.
1962 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1962 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1962. Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party candidate Sandy Keith defeated Republican Party of Minnesota challenger C. Donald Peterson.

C. Donald Peterson
Carl Donald Peterson (February 2, 1918 – December 19, 1987) was an American jurist and politician.

Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Peterson received his bachelor's degree from the University of Minnesota and his law degree from the University of Illinois. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and as a judge advocate in the United States Air Force stationed in Japan during the Korea War. Peterson served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1959 to 1963 and was a Republican. Peterson served on the Minnesota Supreme Court for 19 years, from 1967 until 1987. Peterson died of cancer in Edina, Minnesota on December 19, 1987. His brother P. Kenneth Peterson also served in the Minnesota Legislature and as mayor of Minneapolis, while his daughter Barbara Peterson was crowned Miss USA 1976.
Amarube Viaduct
35°38′58.74″N 134°33′36.36″E﻿ / ﻿35.6496500°N 134.5601000°E﻿ / 35.6496500; 134.5601000

The Amarube Viaduct (余部橋梁, Amarube Kyōryō) is a railway bridge in the town of Kami, Mikata District, Hyōgo Prefecture, on JR West's Sanin Main Line between the stations of Yoroi and Amarube.

The original steel trestle bridge opened in 1912, and was replaced with the current reinforced concrete bridge on 12 August 2010.

Mikata District, Hyōgo
Mikata (美方郡, Mikata-gun) is a district located in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

As of the April 1, 2005 merger (but using 2003 population statistics), the district has an estimated population of 40,084 and a density of 66 persons per km2. The total area is 610.02 km2.
Spancill Hill, County Clare
Spancill Hill or Spancilhill (Ordnance Survey spelling Spancel Hill for the hill and settlement, Spancelhill for the electoral division; Irish: Cnoc Uarchoille) is a hill and adjacent dispersed settlement in County Clare, Ireland. The historic hamlet of Spancilhill was by the fair green, which is still the site of the Spancill Hill Fair, which occurs annually on 23 June. Houses are concentrated slightly south at Cross of Spancilhill, where the R352 road between Ennis to the west and Tulla to the east crosses a local road between Barefield to the north and Quin to the south.

Electoral division (Ireland)
An electoral division (ED, Irish: toghroinn) is a legally defined administrative area in the Republic of Ireland, generally comprising multiple townlands, and formerly a subdivision of urban and rural districts. Until 1996, EDs were known as district electoral divisions (DEDs, toghroinn ceantair) in the 29 county council areas and wards in the five county boroughs. Until 1972, DEDs also existed in Northern Ireland. The predecessor poor law electoral divisions were introduced throughout the island of Ireland in the 1830s. The divisions were used as local-government electoral areas until 1919 in what is now the Republic and until 1972 in Northern Ireland.
Robert Hogg (biologist)
Robert Hogg (20 April 1818 – 14 March 1897) was a Scottish nurseryman, pomologist and botanist. He published his book British Pomology in 1851, and co-edited The Florist and Pomologist: A Pictorial Monthly Magazine of Flowers, Fruits and General Horticulture.

Pomology
Pomology (from Latin pomum, "fruit", + -logy, "study") is a branch of botany that studies fruits and their cultivation. Someone who researches and practices the science of pomology is called a pomologist.

Pomological research is mainly focused on the development, enhancement, cultivation, and physiological studies of fruit trees. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production costs.

The term fruticulture (from Latin fructus, "fruit", + cultura, "care") is also used to describe the agricultural practice of growing fruits in orchards. It is applied horticulture of growing, managing, and producing fruit crops.

It focuses on:

Orchard establishment and layout

Pruning, training, and canopy management

Irrigation and fertilization

Pest and disease control

Harvesting and orchard management practices
Hari Anand Barari
Hari Anand Barari (1 April 1929 – 10 January 2016) was an Indian Intelligence Bureau officer who served as its director between November 1984 and March 1987. Upon his retirement from the service, he was appointed as the Governor of Haryana on 22 February 1988 and remained in office till 6 February 1990. He was born in Bikrampur in 1929. Barari died on 10 January 2016, at the age of 86.

Director of the Intelligence Bureau
The director of the Intelligence Bureau (DIB) is the head of the Intelligence Bureau, India's premier domestic-intelligence agency. The current director of the Intelligence Bureau is Tapan Deka, the longest-serving director in the Bureau's history, incumbent since 1 July 2022.

Since the bureau's inception, the office has always been held by an Indian Police Service officer. It is the highest rank attainable by any member of the service; the director of the Intelligence Bureau is therefore at any given time, the senior-most police officer in India.
Schur polynomial
In mathematics, Schur polynomials, named after Issai Schur, are certain symmetric polynomials in n variables, indexed by partitions, that generalize the elementary symmetric polynomials and the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials.  In representation theory  they are the characters of polynomial irreducible representations of the general linear groups. The Schur polynomials form a linear basis for the space of all symmetric polynomials.  Any product of Schur polynomials can be written as a linear combination of Schur polynomials with non-negative integral coefficients; the values of these coefficients is given combinatorially by the Littlewood–Richardson rule. More generally, skew Schur polynomials  are associated with pairs of partitions and have similar properties to Schur polynomials.

Irreducible representation
In mathematics, specifically in the representation theory of groups and algebras, an irreducible representation  or irrep of an algebraic structure  is a nonzero representation that has no proper nontrivial subrepresentation , with  closed under the action of .

Every finite-dimensional unitary representation on a Hilbert space  is the direct sum of irreducible representations. Irreducible representations are always indecomposable (i.e. cannot be decomposed further into a direct sum of representations), but the converse may not hold, e.g. the two-dimensional representation of the real numbers acting by upper triangular unipotent matrices is indecomposable but reducible.
Altibase
Altibase is a hybrid database, relational database management system manufactured by the Altibase Corporation. The software's hybrid architecture allows it to access both memory-resident and disk-resident tables using single interface. It supports both synchronous and asynchronous replication and offers real-time ACID compliance. Support is also offered for a variety of SQL standards and programming languages. Other important capabilities include data import and export, data encryption for security, multiple data access command sets, materialized view and temporary tables, and others.

G-Market
Gmarket is an e-commerce website based in South Korea. The company was founded in 2000 as a subsidiary of Interpark, and was acquired by eBay in 2009, who subsequently sold it to Shinsegae at 3.4 trillion Korean Won.
Grit Jurack
Grit Jurack (born 22 October 1977) is a German former handball player, who played on the German women's national team. She was Top Scorer in the 2007 World Women's Handball Championship and included on the All-Star Team. and also obtained bronze medal in the championship. She won the Champions League with Viborg HK in 2009 and was the top scorer of the tournament with 113 goals. She ended her handball career on 7 October 2012 due to a shoulder injury.

She holds both the record for most matches and most goals for the German National Team, as well as the second most international goals overall.

In 2008-09 she was the topscorer in the Danish league while playing for FCK Håndbold.

She was included in the European Handball Federation Hall of Fame in 2023.

FCK Håndbold
F.C. Copenhagen Handball (or simply FCK Handball) was a Danish handball team, playing in Copenhagen. They had both a male and a female team, both playing in the best Danish leagues, the Danish Handball League (men) and Danish Women's Handball League (women). FCK Handball was owned by Parken Sport & Entertainment - the same company behind the football team, F.C. Copenhagen.

The official fan club was called FCKHFC (FC København Håndbold Fan Club).
Ed Loucks
Edwin Earl Loucks  (September 15, 1896 – September 12, 1959) was a professional football player who spent one season in the National Football League with the Cleveland Bulldogs. He attended Washington & Jefferson College.

Washington & Jefferson College
Washington & Jefferson College (W&J College or W&J) is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. It traces its origin to three Presbyterian missionaries of the 1780s, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith, whose early schools evolved into two rival institutions: Washington College in Washington, and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College.

The 60-acre (24 ha) Washington & Jefferson College campus has more than 40 buildings, with the oldest dating to 1793. The college enrolled over 1,100 students as of fall 2022. It has a longstanding tradition of literary societies, dating back before the union of the two colleges. Nearly all of the college's students live on campus, and roughly one-third are members of fraternities or sororities. The W&J athletic program competes in NCAA Division III.
2010–11 TFF Third League
The 2010–11 TFF Third League (also known as Spor-Toto Third League due to sponsorship reasons) is the 10th season of the league since its establishment in 2001 as the fourth level division; and the 40th season of the third league in Turkish football since its establishment in 1967–68 (before 2001 league was played as third level division).

League was started with 54 teams in three groups: Groups 1, 2 and 3, each consisting 18. Winner of each group promoted to 2011–12 TFF Second League. A playoff series were played among the best four teams in each group to determine the three more teams to promote. Bottom three teams in each groups were relegated to 2011–12 Regional Amateur League.

The start date of the league was 5 September 2010. Normal season was completed on 15 May 2011. Play-off round was played between 23–27 May 2011.

TFF 3. Lig
The TFF 3. Lig (lit. 'TFF 3rd League'), currently referred to as Nesine 3. Lig for sponsorship reasons, is the fourth level in the Turkish football league system. It was founded in the 2001–02 season as a continuation of then third level division Turkish Third Football League.