hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wlpan
Wlpan [ˈʊlpan] is the name of an intensive Welsh course for beginners used by some Welsh for Adults courses in Wales. It began in the mid 1970s. Courses continue to be taught, in person and through the internet. The course teaches basic patterns in as short a time as possible.

The first Wlpan course was run by the Extramural Department of the University of Aberystwyth over 6 weeks in the early summer of 1973, having been organised by Chris Rees.

The Wlpan course emphasises the spoken language, and different versions of the course are used in different parts of Wales in order to reflect regional differences in dialect, etc. Further courses are then available to take the learner to a level of fluency in Welsh.

The word Wlpan is derived from the word Ulpan, a Hebrew word meaning "studio" (אולפן‎ ulpan in Hebrew), and used to describe an intensive way of learning that language.

Fluency
Fluency (also called volubility and eloquency) refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production. 
It is also used to characterize language production, language ability or language proficiency.

In speech language pathology fluency means the flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly, where fluency disorder has been used as a collective term for cluttering and stuttering.
Pine Ridge School Building
The Pine Ridge School Building is a historic school building in rural Izard County, Arkansas.  It is a single-story fieldstone structure, located on the south side of Pine Ridge Road (County Road 32) about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west of Brockwell.  It was built c. 1920, fashioned out of uncoursed native sandstone with grapevine mortar joints. A central gable-roofed entrance portico extends from the center of the building's north facade.  It is a fine local example of an early 20th-century one-room school building.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, at which time it was being used as a church by a local Seventh-day Adventist congregation.

Izard County, Arkansas
Izard County (/ˈɪzɜːrd/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,577. The county seat is Melbourne. Izard County is Arkansas's 13th county, formed on October 27, 1825, and named for War of 1812 General and Arkansas Territorial Governor George Izard. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county.
Human sensing
Human sensing (also called human detection or human presence detection) encompasses a range of technologies for detecting the presence of a human body in an area of space, typically without the intentional participation of the detected person. Common applications include search and rescue, surveillance, and customer analytics (for example, people counters).

Modern technologies proposed or deployed for human sensing include:

Acoustic sensors

Image recognition of human shapes

Infrared detectors

Pressure-sensitive floor tiles

Radar

Chemical sensors

Detection of the mobile phone, computer, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi signals of a device assumed to be in the possession of a person.

WiFi Sensing

Audio signal processing
Audio signal processing is a subfield of signal processing that is concerned with the electronic manipulation of audio signals. Audio signals are electronic representations of sound waves—longitudinal waves which travel through air, consisting of compressions and rarefactions. The energy contained in audio signals or sound power level is typically measured in decibels.  As audio signals may be represented in either digital or analog format, processing may occur in either domain.  Analog processors operate directly on the electrical signal, while digital processors operate mathematically on its digital representation.
Brazil at the 2025 Junior Pan American Games
Brazil competed in the 2025 Junior Pan American Games in Asunción, Paraguay from 9 to 23 August 2025.

The flag bearers at the opening ceremony were skateboarder Filipe Mota and badminton player Juliana Viana. Meanwhile, weightlifter Matheus Pessanha and canoeist Lorrane Santos were the country's flagbearers during the closing ceremony.

With a record number of medals at the end of the Junior Pan American Games, Brazil led the overall table with 175 medals, surpassing the Cali-Valle 2021 record with 70 gold medals, 50 silver medals and 55 bronze medals, also surpassing the record for gold medals, the number of direct spots per athlete and spots per sport for the 2027 Pan American Games.

Juliana Viana Vieira
Juliana Viana Vieira (born 23 September 2004) is a Brazilian badminton player. She made her Olympic debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics, competing in the women's singles event. Vieira is the first Brazilian woman to win the women's singles title at the Pan Am Championships, an achievement she secured in 2025. Her career also includes three gold medals at the 2022 South American Games (in women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed team events), and a bronze medal in women's doubles at the 2023 Pan American Games.
Dax station
Dax station is a railway station serving the town Dax, Landes department, southwestern France. It is situated on the Bordeaux–Irun railway and the Puyoô–Dax railway. The station is served by high speed trains to Paris, Hendaye and Tarbes, and regional trains towards Bordeaux, Bayonne and Pau.

Landes (department)
Landes (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃d] ⓘ; Gascon and Occitan: Lanas [ˈlanəs]; Basque: Landak) is a department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, Southwestern France, with a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It also borders Gers to the east, Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the south, Lot-et-Garonne to the north-east, and Gironde to the north. Located on the Atlantic coast, it had a population of 413,690 as of 2019. Its prefecture is Mont-de-Marsan.

The department is the second-largest department in France and it covers the Forest of Landes. The southwestern part of the department is part of the wider conurbation of Biarritz and Bayonne across the Pyrénées-Atlantique border.
April in Paris (song)
"April in Paris" is a popular song with music by Vernon Duke and lyrics by Yip Harburg in 1932 for the Broadway musical Walk a Little Faster. The original 1933 hit was performed by Freddy Martin, and the 1952 remake (inspired by the movie of the same name) was by the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra, whose version made the Cashbox Top 50. Songwriter Alec Wilder writes: "There are no two ways about it: this is a perfect theater song. If that sounds too reverent, then I'll reduce the praise to 'perfectly wonderful', or else say that if it's not perfect, show me why it isn't."

Alec Wilder
Alexander Lafayette Chew Wilder  (February 16, 1907 – December 24, 1980) was an American composer, author, and radio host. Considered one of the most inventive and lyrical American composers, he wrote thousands of pieces of music across various genres, including American popular song and classical music. Though his musical compositions were not always widely known during his lifetime, he became a notable figure in musical history for his 1972 book, American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900–1950, which is widely regarded as a definitive work on the subject. He also hosted a Peabody Award-winning radio series, American Popular Song with Alec Wilder and Friends, on National Public Radio (NPR) in the mid-1970s.
Château Cramirat
Château Cramirat (or de Cramirat) is a 12th-century Templar castle in the village of Sergeac, Dordogne (Nouvelle-Aquitaine), southwest France. A French national historic monument, the château is situated in the heart of the Vézère river valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Valley of Mankind.

Vézère
The Vézère (French pronunciation: [vezɛʁ]; Occitan: Vesera) is a 211-km-long river in southwestern France. It is an important tributary to the Dordogne. Its source is in the northwestern part of the elevated plateau known as the Massif Central. It flows into the Dordogne from the right near Le Bugue. The river Corrèze is a tributary of the Vézère.

The Vézère Valley is famed for its prehistoric cave systems, containing numerous cave paintings and hominid remains. UNESCO collectively designated these a World Heritage Site in 1979. Among the sites with remarkable caves is Lascaux.
Hans Müller (lawyer)
Hans Müller (born 18 September 1906 in Giessen; died after 1947) was a German lawyer. Müller was the personal assistant to the head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, Martin Bormann, and a judge at the People's Court.

Giessen
Giessen, spelled Gießen in German (German pronunciation: [ˈɡiːsn̩] ⓘ), is a town in the German state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen. The population is approximately 90,000, with roughly 37,000 university students.

The name comes from Giezzen, as it was first referred to in 1197, which refers to the position of the town between several rivers, lakes and streams. The largest river in Giessen is the Lahn, which divides the town in two parts (west and east), roughly 50 kilometres (31 miles) north of Frankfurt am Main. Giessen is also home to the University of Giessen.

In 1969, the town hosted the ninth Hessentag state festival.
Charlotte Heth
Charlotte Anne Wilson Heth (born 1937) is a North American ethno-musicologist, a citizen of the Cherokee Nation. She is notable for her scholarship in and teaching of the traditional music, dance, and ceremonies of indigenous North Americans and for her publications and recordings in this field. She has worked to strengthen Native American studies for K–12 and has also curated exhibitions in museums such as the Smithsonian Institution and the Musical Instrument Museum of Phoenix. She was the director of UCLA's American Indian Studies Center. She set up the first American Indian Studies Master’s degree program and was the assistant director for public programs at the National Museum of the American Indian.

Ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicology is the multidisciplinary study of music in its cultural context. The discipline investigates social, cognitive, biological, comparative, and other dimensions. Ethnomusicologists study music as a reflection of culture and investigate the act of music-making through various immersive, observational, and analytical approaches. This discipline emerged from comparative musicology, initially focusing on non-Western music, but later expanded to embrace the study of all different music.

The practice of ethnomusicology relies on direct engagement and performance, as well as academic work. Fieldwork takes place among those who make the music, engaging local languages and culture as well as music. Ethnomusicologists can become participant observers, learning to perform the music they are studying. Fieldworkers also collect recordings and contextual data.
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Mostar
The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos (Serbian Cyrillic: Храм рођења пресвете Богородице), known colloquially as the Old Orthodox Church, in Mostar is Serbian Orthodox church in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The church was built in 15th century. The building was heavily damaged during the Bosnian War in June 1992 when it was mined and set on fire. During the war, two valuable icons were saved by a local Bosniak family Jašarević. These icons, of the Virgin Mary and Saint George, were returned to the Serbian Orthodox Church in Mostar in 2022. The building is listed as a national monuments in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

On August 12, 2022, the church was subjected to a vandalism and theft incident. Unknown perpetrators broke into the church desecrated the altar, scattered church items, and stole money from donation boxes. Serbian Orthodox Church in Mostar noted that this was not the first attack on church property in the city.

Mostar
Mostar (pronounced [mǒstaːr] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative centre of Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the historical capital of Herzegovina.

Mostar is situated on the Neretva River and is the fifth-largest city in the country. Mostar was named after the bridge keepers (mostari) who guarded the Stari Most (Old Bridge) over the Neretva during the Ottoman era. The Old Bridge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, is one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's most visited landmarks, and is considered an exemplary piece of Islamic architecture in the Balkans.
Parmacellidae
Parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin.

Terrestrial mollusc
Terrestrial molluscs or land molluscs (mollusks) are an ecological group that includes all molluscs that live on land in contrast to freshwater and marine molluscs. They probably first occurred in the Carboniferous, arising from freshwater ones.
Gabriel Mbega Obiang Lima
Gabriel Mbega Obiang Lima (born 2 November 1972) is an Equatorial Guinean politician who has served as Minister of Finance, Economy and Planning since February 2023. He previously served as Minister of Mines and Hydrocarbons of Equatorial Guinea.

Ministry of Mines and Hydrocarbons
The Ministry of Mines and Hydrocarbons of Equatorial Guinea is the public administration body in charge of the mining industry and fossil fuels. It is based in Malabo. The current minister is Don Antonio Oburu Ondo, appointed in 2023.
Todmorden bus station
Todmorden bus station serves the town of Todmorden, West Yorkshire, England. The bus station is owned and managed by West Yorkshire Metro and was opened during 1997. The bus situated in the town centre, next to the Todmorden Market. The bus station can be accessed from Burnley Road below the rail viaduct.

The station consists of five stands, and is used by First West Yorkshire, TLC Travel and Rosso who operate services to areas around Todmorden and to the towns of Bacup, Burnley, Halifax, Hebden Bridge, Littleborough, Rawtenstall, Rochdale and Walsden. TLC Travel operate the local minibuses as of 26 January 2014.

The former Borough of Todmorden was only the second municipality in the British Isles to run motor buses, the service having commenced on 1 January 1907.

West Yorkshire Metro
Metro is the passenger information brand used by the West Yorkshire Combined Authority in England. It was formed on 1 April 1974 as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (WYPTE), at the same time as the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire. The Metro brand has been used from the outset and, since the formal abolition of the WYPTE on 1 April 2014, it has remained the brand name of public transport in the region, overseen by the combined authority which is also responsible for the delivery of transport policies.

On 7 May 2025, it was announced that the Metro brand would be phased out as the system moves to a franchising model. On 12 May 2025, the new branding was unveiled under the name Weaver Network. The name was chosen for the region's shared industrial heritage surrounding the production of textiles and is hoped to emulate the success of the Bee Network, the equivalent transport authority within Greater Manchester.
Crimson-crowned fruit dove
The crimson-crowned fruit dove, also the Tongan fruit dove or purple-capped fruit dove (Ptilinopus porphyraceus), is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in American Samoa, Fiji, the Marshall Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, and Wallis and Futuna. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest.

The diet of Ptilinopus porphyraceus is mostly fruit, including figs, Meliaceae, Muntingia, Solanum torvum, Metroxylon amicarum, and ylang ylang.

It is typically solitary, and sometimes seen in pairs; it is believed to be territorial. However, on rare occasions, it has been seen in groups of up to 10.

Solanum torvum
Solanum torvum, also known as pendejera, turkey berry, devil's fig, pea eggplant, platebrush or susumber, is a bushy, erect and spiny  perennial plant used horticulturally as a rootstock for eggplant. Grafted plants are very vigorous and tolerate diseases affecting the root system, thus allowing the crop to continue for a second year.
16th Saskatchewan Legislature
The 16th Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan was elected in the Saskatchewan general election held in October 1967. The assembly sat from February 15, 1968, to May 25, 1971. The Liberal Party led by Ross Thatcher formed the government. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Woodrow Lloyd formed the official opposition. Allan Blakeney succeeded Lloyd as party leader in 1970.

James Snedker served as speaker for the assembly.

Ross Thatcher
Wilbert Ross Thatcher, PC (May 24, 1917 – July 22, 1971) was a Canadian politician who served as the ninth premier of Saskatchewan from 1964 to 1971. Thatcher began his career as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1942, elected first to Moose Jaw City Council and then in 1945 as a Member of Parliament representing Moose Jaw. In 1959, Thatcher made the switch both to Saskatchewan provincial politics and to the provincial Liberal Party, which he led through four provincial elections, winning majority governments in 1964 and 1967. Following his defeat in the 1971 provincial election, Thatcher retired from politics and died shortly afterwards.
Charlie Ragle
Charlie Ragle (born May 30, 1976) is an American football coach and former player. He is the assistant head coach and special teams coordinator at Arizona State University, a position he has held since 2023. Ragle served as the head football coach at Idaho State University in 2022. He was previously the special teams coordinator at University of California, Berkeley and the University of Arizona. Prior to joining the college coaching ranks, Ragle had a successful run as a High school football coach in Arizona.

Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds
The Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds are the athletic teams that represent Eastern New Mexico University, located in Portales, New Mexico, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Greyhounds compete as members of the Lone Star Conference for all 12 varsity sports. Until 2015, Eastern New Mexico had used Zias for the names of female sports teams, but the school announced that Eastern New Mexico will end the use of the Zias name for the female teams, choosing to have Greyhounds for both male and female teams.
Candidates of the 1931 Australian federal election
This article provides information on candidates who stood for the 1931 Australian federal election. The election was held on 19 December 1931.

In 1931, the Nationalist Party had become the United Australia Party, absorbing several Labor defectors. In New South Wales, the Labor Party split, with the Lang Labor group voting against the Labor government. Seats held by Labor defectors are here considered to be held by the Labor Party.

Division of Martin
The Division of Martin was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. It was located in the inner western suburbs of Sydney, and initially included the suburbs of Concord and Mortlake, although by the time it was abolished in 1955, it had moved to cover Abbotsford, Balmain and Drummoyne.

The Division was named after Hon Sir James Martin, a former Premier of New South Wales. It was proclaimed at the redistribution of 13 September 1922, and was first contested at the 1922 Federal election. It was abolished at the redistribution of 30 August 1955. The seat was at one stage held by William Holman, a former Premier of New South Wales.
St. Joseph Freinademetz German National Parish, Beijing
St. Joseph Freinademetz Parish is a Catholic national parish based in Beijing, China, which serves German-speakers who either reside in or are visiting China. It was established during the 1980s and is under the patronage of St. Joseph Freinademetz, S.V.D., a missionary to China in the 19th century.

Society of the Divine Word
The Society of the Divine Word (Latin: Societas Verbi Divini), abbreviated SVD and popularly called the Verbites or the Divine Word Missionaries, and sometimes the Steyler Missionaries, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men. As of 2020, it consisted of 5,965 members composed of priests and religious brothers working in more than 70 countries, now part of VIVAT international. It is one of the largest missionary congregations in the Catholic Church. Its members add the nominal letters SVD after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. The superior general is Anselmo Ricardo Ribeiro, who hails from Brazil.
Aeneas Gallant
Pius Aeneas Gallant (February 1, 1882 – November 10, 1971) was a farmer, merchant and political figure on Prince Edward Island. He represented 1st Prince in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1932 to 1943 as a Liberal.

He was born in Rustico, Prince Edward Island, the son of Dr. Isidore Gallant and Marguerite Campbell. He operated a store in Bloomfield Station for several years. In 1941, Gallant married Lillian-Mae MacAuland. He was accountant for the Falconwood Hospital in Charlottetown from 1943 to 1954. He died in Charlottetown at the age of 89.

Prince Edward Island Liberal Party
The Prince Edward Island Liberal Party, officially the Prince Edward Island Liberal Association, is a political party in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada.  It is one of the three parties currently represented in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, and along with its primary rival the Progressive Conservative Party of PEI, one of only two parties with continual presence in the provincial legislature since confederation.

The PEI Liberals has formed the government of Prince Edward Island for 90 of the approximately 160 years since PEI became a province of Canada.
2024 Special Honours
As part of the British honours system, Special Honours are issued at the Monarch's pleasure at any given time. The Special Honours refer to the awards made within royal prerogative, operational honours, political honours and other honours awarded outside the New Year Honours and Birthday Honours.

Royal Victorian Medal
The Royal Victorian Medal (RVM) is a decoration established by Queen Victoria in April 1896. A part of the Royal Victorian Order, it is a reward for personal service to the Sovereign or the royal family, and is the personal gift of the Sovereign. It differs from other grades of the order in appearance and in the way it is worn.

The medal has three levels – bronze, silver, and gold. Medal bars may be awarded to each level of medal to denote subsequent awards. Recipients may continue to wear their original medal if they are awarded a higher level for further service. The medal may also be worn in addition to the insignia of the Royal Victorian Order if the latter is subsequently awarded. Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters RVM.