hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Renal urea handling
Renal urea handling is the part of renal physiology that deals with the reabsorption and secretion of urea. Movement of large amounts of urea across cell membranes is made possible by urea transporter proteins.

Urea allows the kidneys to create hyperosmotic urine (urine that has more ions in it - is "more concentrated" - than that same person's blood plasma). Preventing the loss of water in this manner is important if the person's body must save water in order to maintain a suitable blood pressure or (more likely) in order to maintain a suitable concentration of sodium ions in the blood plasma.

About 40% of the urea filtered is normally found in the final urine, since there is more reabsorption than secretion along the nephron.

It is regulated by antidiuretic hormone, which controls the amount reabsorbed in the collecting duct system and secreted into the loop of Henle.

Loop of Henle
The loop of Henle (/ˈhɛnli/; also known as Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. Named after its discoverer, the German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, the loop of Henle's main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.

By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which uses electrolyte pumps, the loop of Henle creates an area of high urea concentration deep in the medulla, near the papillary duct in the collecting duct system. Water present in the filtrate in the papillary duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion.
Dactylispa albopilosa
Dactylispa albopilosa is a species of leaf beetle found in India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia and Myanmar.

It is a pest of Sorghum bicolor, but has also been recorded from Sorghum vulgare, Prunus and Guaiacum species, as well as Zea mays and Andropogon sorghum.

Guaiacum
Guaiacum (/ˈɡwaɪ.ə.kəm/), sometimes spelled Guajacum, is a genus of flowering plants in the caltrop family Zygophyllaceae. It contains five species of slow-growing shrubs and trees, reaching a height of approximately 20 m (66 ft) but usually less than half of that. All are native to subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas and are commonly known as lignum-vitae, guayacán (Spanish), or gaïac (French). The genus name originated in Taíno, the language spoken by the native Taínos of the Bahamas; it was adopted into English in 1533, the first word in that language of American origin.

Members of the genus have a variety of uses, including as lumber, for medicinal purposes, and as ornamentals. The trade of all species of Guaiacum is controlled under CITES Appendix II.

Guaiacum officinale is the national flower of Jamaica, while Guaiacum sanctum is the national tree of the Bahamas.
Mountain sport
Mountain sport or Alpine sport is one of several types of sport that take place in hilly or mountainous terrain.

Notable major classes of mountain sports (with sub-classes) include:

Climbing-based: Mountaineering (including alpine climbing and expedition climbing), ice climbing (including mixed climbing and dry-tooling), rock climbing (including aid climbing, big wall climbing, and multi-pitch climbing), and Via Ferrata climbing

Jumping-based: BASE jumping, hang gliding, and wingsuit flying

Skiing-based: Backcountry skiing, freeriding, ski-BASE jumping, ski touring, and ski mountaineering

Walking/orienteering/running-based: Adventure racing, fell running, hillwalking, mountain marathon, scrambling, skyrunning, and  trekking

Other specific classes of mountain-sport include:

Canyoning

Mountain biking

Mountain marathon
Mountain marathon is a variant of fell running, typically held over two days, and often incorporates a strong orienteering element. Competitors usually participate in teams of two and must carry their own food, tent, and other essential gear. Events feature various classes (e.g., for the Original Mountain Marathon: Elite, A, B, C, D, and Long, Medium, and Short Score).
2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification
The 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification was a men's under-19 national football team competition that determined the seven teams joining the automatically qualified hosts Northern Ireland in the 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship final tournament. Players born on or after 1 January 2005 are eligible to participate.

Russia was excluded from participating in the tournament due to the ongoing invasion of Ukraine. Therefore, excluding hosts Northern Ireland, 53 teams entered this qualification competition, which consists of a qualifying round played in October–November 2023, followed by an elite round played in March 2024.

Russia national under-19 football team
The Russia national under-19 football team represents the Russian Football Union at the European Under-19 Football Championship and international friendly match fixtures at the under-19 age level.

On 28 February 2022, in accordance with a "recommendation" by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), FIFA and UEFA suspended the participation of Russia, including in the Qatar 2022 World Cup. The Russian Football Union unsuccessfully appealed the FIFA and UEFA bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which upheld the bans.
Cotgrave
Cotgrave (/ˈkɒtɡreɪv/) is a town and civil parish in the borough of Rushcliffe in Nottinghamshire, England. It is 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Nottingham. It perches on the South Nottinghamshire Wolds about 131 feet (40 metres) above sea level. The population of the parish in the 2001 census was 7,373 which then decreased to 7,203 at the 2011 census, though Owthorpe was included. It was estimated at 8,113 in 2019. Statistics from the 2021 census show the population had risen to 8,206.

Grantham Canal
The Grantham Canal ran 33 miles (53 km) from Grantham through 18 locks to West Bridgford, where it joined the River Trent. It was built primarily for the transportation of coal to Grantham. It opened in 1797 and its profitability steadily increased until 1841. It was then sold to a railway company, declined, and was finally closed in 1936. It was used as a water supply for agriculture, and so most of it remained in water after closure, although bridges were lowered. Since the 1970s, the Grantham Canal Society have been working to restore parts of it. Two stretches are now navigable to small vessels. A new route will be required where the canal joins the Trent, as road building has severed the original one.
1992 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1992 in the United Kingdom. This year was the Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

This year is notable for a fourth-term general election victory for the Conservative Party; "Black Wednesday" (16 September), the suspension of the UK's membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism; and an annus horribilis for the Royal Family.

Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II
The Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 1992 marked the 40th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952. Contrary to her Silver Jubilee in 1977, it was not regarded as an "official" jubilee. However, the milestone was marked with a number of events and community projects.

The term "Ruby Jubilee" was not officially, nor indeed more generally, used in 1992; rather the occasion was referred to as the "40th Anniversary of the Queen's Accession".
The Zoo (Australian TV series)
The Zoo is the Australian version of a New Zealand documentary television series of the same name. Centred on the lives of a zoo team at Taronga Zoo, New South Wales. The program is narrated by Sunrise co-host Melissa Doyle.

The first series of 6 episodes aired on Sunday nights from 3 February to 9 March 2008. The second series moved to Tuesday nights at 7:30 pm from 21 October 2008 and finished on 18 November 2008. The 3rd series airing back on the same time slot as series 2 on 12 May 2009. A fourth season began with a special one-hour episode, Miracle At The Zoo on the birth of elephant Pathi Harn on 12 April 2010.

Sunrise (Australian TV program)
Sunrise is an Australian breakfast show program. It is broadcast on the Seven Network, and is hosted by Natalie Barr and Matt Shirvington. The program follows Sunrise Early News, and runs from 5:30 am to 9:00 am. It is followed by The Morning Show.
Tinea margaritis
Tinea margaritis is a species of moth in the family Tineidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. However the placement of this species within the genus Tinea is in doubt.  As a result, this species may be referred to as Tinea (s.l.) margaritis. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

Sensu
Sensu is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.
Finau Ohuafi
Finau Ohuafi (born 25 January 2001) is a Tongan swimmer. He represented Tonga at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. He competed in the men's 50 metre freestyle and men's 100 metre freestyle events. He also competed in two relay events.

In 2017, he competed in short course swimming at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games held in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.

In 2018, he represented Tonga at the 2018 Commonwealth Games held in Gold Coast, Australia. He competed in the men's 50 metre backstroke, men's 50 metre butterfly and men's 50 metre freestyle events. In the same year, he also competed in several events at the 2018 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) in Hangzhou, China.

He represented Tonga at the 2022 Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham, England.

Gwangju
Gwangju (Korean: 광주; Korean: [kwaŋ.dʑu] ⓘ), formerly romanized as Kwangju, is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until its promotion to a metropolitan city in 2005, upon which the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County.

Its name is composed of the words gwang (Korean: 광; Hanja: 光) meaning "light" and ju (주; 州) meaning "province". Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju (무주; 武州), in which "Silla merged all of the land to establish the provinces of Gwangju, Ungju, Jeonju, Muju and various counties, plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla" in the Samguk sagi. In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine.
Flaccid paralysis
Flaccid paralysis is a neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause (e.g., trauma). This abnormal condition may be caused by disease or by trauma affecting the nerves associated with the involved muscles.  For example, if the somatic nerves to a skeletal muscle are severed, then the muscle will exhibit flaccid paralysis.  When muscles enter this state, they become limp and cannot contract.  This condition can become fatal if it affects the respiratory muscles, posing the threat of suffocation. It also occurs in the spinal shock stage in complete transection of the spinal cord occurring in injuries such as gunshot wounds.

Weakness
Weakness is a symptom of many different medical conditions. The causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have true or perceived muscle weakness. True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy. It occurs in neuromuscular junction disorders, such as myasthenia gravis.
Do G's Get to Go to Heaven?
"Do G's Get to Go to Heaven" is the second single from Richie Rich's third studio album Seasoned Veteran. The single was released February 11, 1997 on Def Jam Recordings and features backing vocals by Bo-Roc and Ephriam Galloway. It peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Rap Songs, at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100, and at number 73 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song is dedicated to the memory of Tupac Shakur.

Along with the single, a music video was produced to promote the album.

Hot Rap Songs
Hot Rap Songs (formerly known as Hot Rap Tracks and Hot Rap Singles) is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States. It lists the 25 most popular hip-hop/rap songs, calculated weekly by airplay on rhythmic and urban radio stations and sales in hip hop-focused or exclusive markets. Streaming data, digital downloads and All-Format radio stations were added to the methodology of determining chart rankings in 2012. From 1989 through 2001, it was based on how much the single sold in that given week.
Transmural pressure
Transmural pressure is the difference in pressure between two sides of a wall or equivalent separator.
According to myogenic theory smooth muscle contract in response to increased transmural pressure and relax to decreased transmural pressure

For body vasculature or other hollow organs, see Smooth muscle#External substances

For lungs, see Transpulmonary pressure

Transpulmonary pressure
Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the pleural cavity. During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients.

Ptp = Palv – Pip

Where Ptp is transpulmonary pressure, Palv is alveolar pressure, and Pip is intrapleural pressure.
Umbilical folds
Related to the urinary bladder, anteriorly there are the following folds:

one median umbilical fold on the median umbilical ligament   (which in turn, contains the urachus)

two medial umbilical folds on the occluded umbilical artery

two lateral umbilical folds on the inferior epigastric vessels

Urachus
The urachus forms from the distal end of the allantois in the embryo, and develops into a closed cord between the base of the bladder, and the navel. It drains the bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord. The fibrous remnant lies in the space of Retzius, between the transverse fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. At birth, the urachus develops into the median umbilical ligament.
2014 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Mixed doubles
The Mixed Doubles tournament of the 2014 Asian Junior Badminton Championships was held from February 19–23 in Taipei, Taiwan. The defending champion of the last edition were the South Korean pair Choi Sol-kyu and Chae Yoo-jung. Last year bronze medalist, and standing in the top seeds Huang Kaixiang and Chen Qingchen of China emerge as the champion after beat the second seeded from South Korea Kim Jung-ho and Kong Hee-yong in the finals with the score 21–14, 21–13.

Huang Kaixiang
Huang Kaixiang (Chinese: 黄凯祥; born 15 January 1996) is a Chinese badminton player. He joined the China national badminton team in 2012, as his games at the China Badminton Super League attracted the attention of national-team coach Li Yongbo. At the BWF World Junior Championships, he won two gold medals in the mixed doubles event partnered with Chen Qingchen in 2013 and 2014 and one silver medal in the boys' doubles event partnered with Zheng Siwei in 2013. In the mixed team event he won gold in 2014 and bronze in 2013.
Paink
Paink is a former village development committee in Jajarkot District in the Karnali Province of Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3252 people living in 560 individual households.

Karnali Province
Karnali Province (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश, romanized: Karṇālī pradēśa) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution, which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 mi2), making it the largest province in Nepal with 18.97% of the country's area. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. The province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar with a population of 154,886 is both the province's capital and largest city.
SoundsXP
SoundsXP is a UK based music webzine. It was set up in 2001 by Paul Mawdesley, Ged McAlea and Kevin Odell and is entirely based on contributions from unpaid writers.  The site mostly publishes reviews and interviews covering primarily the indie, indiepop, shoegaze, folk, alt-country and electronica musical genres. It also covers alternative music news and free MP3 downloads. The front page includes a regularly updated music player which showcases current songs recommended by the writers. In addition, SoundsXP has forums to allow for discussion and comments on the articles, as well as live event notices which are free to use for bands and promoters for publicity.  The site has organised a number of live events over the years featuring artists such as the Broken Family Band, the Bishops, Younghusband, Pete and the Pirates and many more.

Download
In computer networks, download means to receive data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar systems. This contrasts with uploading, where data is sent to a remote system.

A download is a file offered for downloading or that has been downloaded, or the process of receiving such a file.
Maria Rowntree
Maria (5 August 1848 in Scarborough – 3 March 1941 in Scalby), the youngest daughter of Quaker John Rowntree, a grocer in Scarborough, and Jane Priestman.

In 1867, she married John Ellis in the Friends Meeting House in Scarborough.

Maria had 5 children:

John Rowntree Ellis, born 1868, died 1889 of rheumatic fever

Arthur Edward Ellis born 1870, committed suicide in 1891

Harold Thornton Ellis, born 1875

twin daughters, Marian Emily and Edith Ellis, born 1878.

Wrea Head Hall in Scalby was built during 1881-2 and the family moved there from Nottingham in April 1883.

Maria died on 3 March 1941 in Scalby.

Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Scarborough (/ˈskɑːbrə/) is a seaside town and civil parish in the district and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. With a population of 61,749, Scarborough is the largest town on the Yorkshire Coast and the fourth-largest settlement in the county.

located on the North Sea coast, and is on the Cleveland Way long distance footpath which follows the coast through the town. Historically in the North Riding of Yorkshire, the town lies between 10 and 230 feet (3–70 m) above sea level, from Scarborough Harbour rising steeply north and west towards limestone cliffs. The older part of the town lies around the harbour and is protected by a rocky headland that extends into the North Sea.

The town has fishing and service industries, including a growing digital and creative economy, and is a tourist destination. Residents of the town are known as Scarborians.
George Lyttelton
George Lyttelton may be:

George Lyttelton (MP), member of parliament for Droitwich in 1586

George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (1709–1773), English politician

George Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton (1763–1828), Anglo-Irish peer and politician

George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton (1817–1876), founder of Canterbury, New Zealand

George Lyttelton (teacher) (1883–1962), English teacher and littérateur

George William Spencer Lyttelton (1847–1913), English civil servant and cricketer

George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton
George William Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, 4th Baron Westcote, KCMG, PC, DL, FRS (31 March 1817 – 19 April 1876) was an English aristocrat and Conservative politician from the Lyttelton family. He was chairman of the Canterbury Association, which encouraged British settlers to move to New Zealand.
Basic airway management
Basic airway management is a concept and set of medical procedures performed to prevent and treat airway obstruction and allow for adequate ventilation to a patient's lungs. This is accomplished by clearing or preventing obstructions of airways. Airway obstructions can occur in both conscious and unconscious individuals. They can also be partial or complete. Airway obstruction is commonly caused by the tongue, the airways itself, foreign bodies or materials from the body itself, such as blood or vomit.  Contrary to advanced airway management, basic airway management technique do not rely on the use of invasive medical equipment and can be performed with less training. Medical equipment commonly used includes oropharyngeal airway, nasopharyngeal airway, bag valve mask, and pocket mask.  Airway management is a primary consideration in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, anaesthesia, emergency medicine, intensive care medicine and first aid.

Stridor
Stridor (from Latin  stridere 'to grate, screech') is an extra-thoracic high-pitched breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or elsewhere in the upper respiratory tract. It is different from stertor, which is a snoring noise originating in the pharynx, and wheezing, which originates in the bronchi.

Stridor is a physical sign which is caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway. It can be inspiratory, expiratory or biphasic, although it is usually heard during inspiration. Inspiratory stridor often occurs in children with croup. It may be indicative of serious airway obstruction from severe conditions such as epiglottitis, a foreign body lodged in the airway, or a laryngeal tumor. Stridor should always command attention to establish its cause. Visualization of the airway by medical experts equipped to control the airway may be needed.
Gianni Mammolotti
Giovanni "Gianni" Mammolotti (born 23 January 1950) is an Italian cinematographer. He teaches Cinematography at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome and is a member of A.I.C. Italian Association of Authors of Cinematographic Photography. Gianni Mammolotti has been working in film and television for over 30 years.

Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia
The Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia (Experimental Center of Cinematography; CSC), also referred to as the Scuola Nazionale di Cinema (National Film School), is an Italian national film school headquartered in Rome, with satellite educational hubs in five other Italian regions.

It was established in 1935 and aims to promote the art and technique of cinematography and film.
2017 Marburg Open
The 2017 Marburg Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the eighth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Marburg, Germany between 3 and 8 July 2017.

Marburg
Marburg (/ˈmɑːrbʊərk/; German: [ˈmaːɐ̯bʊʁk] or [ˈmaʁbʊʁk] ⓘ) is a university town in the German state (Land) of Hesse and the capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (Landkreis). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximately 76,000.

Having been awarded town privileges in 1222, Marburg served as capital of the landgraviate of Hessen-Marburg during periods of the 15th to 17th centuries. The University of Marburg was founded in 1527 and dominates the public life in the town to this day.

Marburg is a historic centre of the pharmaceutical industry in Germany, and there is a plant in the town (by BioNTech) to produce vaccines to tackle COVID-19.