hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Minias
Saint Minias (died 250 AD), also known as Minas (Armenian: Մինաս) or Miniatus (Italian: Miniato), is venerated as the first Christian martyr of Florence. The church of San Miniato al Monte is dedicated to him. According to legend, he was an Armenian king or prince serving in the Roman Army – or making a penitential pilgrimage to Rome – who had decided to become a hermit near Florence.

He was denounced as a Christian and in 250 AD brought before Emperor Decius, who was persecuting Christians. Miniato refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and was put through numerous torments – he was thrown into a furnace, was lapidated, and was thrown to a lion or a panther at an amphitheatre – from which he emerged unharmed. Finally, he was beheaded near the present Piazza della Signoria, but his legend states that he picked up his own head. Miniato then crossed the Arno and returned to his hermitage on the hill known as Mons Florentinus (Monte di Firenze).

Piazza della Signoria
Piazza della Signoria (Italian: [ˈpjattsa della siɲɲoˈriːa]) is a W-shaped square in front of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Central Italy. It was named after the Palazzo della Signoria, also called Palazzo Vecchio. It is the main point of the origin and history of the Florentine Republic and still maintains its reputation as the political focus of the city. It is the meeting place of Florentines as well as the numerous tourists, located near Palazzo Vecchio and Piazza del Duomo, and gateway to the Uffizi Gallery.

Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, Florence's Historic Centre is anchored by the iconic Piazza della Signoria, one of its most historically significant squares.
Imperativus pro infinitivo
Imperativus pro infinitivo is a syntactic feature in which a verbal form superficially resembling the imperative mood is realized, instead of the expected infinitive.

The imperativus pro infinitivo is a feature of, for example, the Frisian languages.

North Frisian (Mooring): Ik häi änjörsne niinj lust än mååg seelew wat tu ääsen klåår.

Sater Frisian: Ik hiede jêrsene neen lûst on moakje selwen wet to iten kloar.

West Frisian: Ik hie juster gjin nocht en meitsje sels wat te iten klear.

The sentences read in English: 'Yesterday I did not feel like making dinner myself'.

West Frisian language
West Frisian (Westerlauwersk Frysk; Dutch: Westerlauwers Fries), or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages.

In the study of the evolution of English, West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy, these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family.
Akshay Patel
Akshay Patel (born 1 June 1997) is a Zimbabwean cricketer. In December 2020, he was named in the Mountaineers' squad for the 2020–21 Logan Cup. He made his List A debut on 20 April 2021, for Mountaineers, in the 2020–21 Pro50 Championship.

Prior to his List A debut, he was named in Zimbabwe's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup, where he made his international debut, against England.

2020–21 Logan Cup
The 2020–21 Logan Cup was the 27th edition of the Logan Cup, a first-class cricket competition in Zimbabwe, which started on 9 December 2020. After originally scheduled to start on 3 December 2020, the tournament was moved back a week to allow time to set up a bio-secure bubble. Five teams took part in the competition, including the Southern Rocks, who last played in the 2013–14 tournament. There was no defending champion, after the previous tournament was voided due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Four matches were played during December 2020. However, on 3 January 2021, Zimbabwe Cricket halted all cricket in the country following a rise in COVID-19 cases. In mid-March 2021, it was reported that the tournament would resume later that month, with the next round of matches starting on 18 March 2021.

In March 2021, Rocks won their first ever Logan Cup title, with a match left to play.
Democracy Matters
For the Irish Campaign group Democracy Matters, see Democracy Matters (Ireland).

Democracy Matters is an American non-profit, non-partisan grassroots student political organization that is dedicated to deepening democracy. The organization's mission is to strengthen democracy by: (1) training young people how to be effective grassroots organizers and advocates; and (2) supporting public financing of election campaigns (“fair elections”) and other pro-democracy and campaign finance related reforms. Democracy Matters believes that it is imperative to reduce the overwhelming influence of big private and corporate money in elections and necessary to empower ordinary people—regardless of race, gender, and/or socio-economic status—to be able to participate meaningfully in the electoral and political process. Democracy Matters is also a part of the Declaration for American Democracy coalition.

Partisan (politics)
A partisan is a committed member or supporter of a political party or political movement. In multi-party systems, the term is used for persons who strongly support their party's policies and are reluctant to compromise with political opponents.
Polysorbate 20
Polysorbate 20 (common commercial brand names include Kolliphor PS 20, Scattics, Alkest TW 20, Tween 20, and Kotilen-20) is a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of sorbitan monolaurate. Its stability and relative nontoxicity allows it to be used as a detergent and emulsifier in a number of domestic, scientific, and pharmacological applications. As the name implies, the ethoxylation process leaves the molecule with 20 repeat units of polyethylene glycol; in practice these are distributed across 4 different chains, leading to a commercial product containing a range of chemical species.

Ethoxylation
In organic chemistry, ethoxylation is a chemical reaction in which ethylene oxide (C2H4O) adds to a substrate.  It is the most widely practiced alkoxylation, which involves the addition of epoxides to substrates.

In the usual application, alcohols and phenols are converted into R(OC2H4)nOH, where n ranges from 1 to 10. Such compounds are called alcohol ethoxylates.  Alcohol ethoxylates are often converted to related species called ethoxysulfates. Alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates are surfactants, used widely in cosmetic and other commercial products. The process is of great industrial significance, with more than 2,000,000 metric tons of various ethoxylates produced worldwide in 1994.
Gmina Rossosz
Gmina Rossosz is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Rossosz, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of Biała Podlaska and 78 km (48 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 76.12 square kilometres (29.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,404 (2,331 in 2014).

Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship (Polish: województwo lubelskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ] ⓘ) is a voivodeship (province) of Poland, located in the southeastern part of the country, with its capital being the city of Lublin.

The region is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands: the western and central part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs to Cherven Cities/Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie and Podlasie.
Lublin Voivodeship borders Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west, Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north, Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north, Belarus (Brest Region) and Ukraine (Lviv and Volyn Regions) to the east. The region's population as of 2024 was 1,996,440. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).
Stephen Endelman
Stephen Endelman is a British born classical composer and conductor. He is best known for his soundtracks including The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain (1995), Ed (1996), City of Industry (1997), Finding Graceland (1998), The Proposition (1998), Jawbreaker (1999), Evelyn (2002), Home of the Brave (2006) and Redbelt (2008). He wrote the Grammy nominated score for De-Lovely (2004)  and the incidental music for the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History.

Redbelt
Redbelt is a 2008 American martial arts film written and directed by David Mamet and starring Chiwetel Ejiofor, Tim Allen, Alice Braga, Randy Couture, Ricky Jay, Joe Mantegna, Emily Mortimer, David Paymer, Rebecca Pidgeon, and Rodrigo Santoro. The film also features a number of martial arts professionals. It opened in wide release in the United States and Canada on May 9, 2008. The film centers on a martial arts master who struggles to achieve financial stability without compromising on his strict set of morals and must determine if the latest opportunities in his career are too good to be true.

As of 2026, Redbelt remains Allen's only non-comedic role to date, not counting a cameo in Tropical Snow.
Pałəmin/Estero Basin Conservancy
The Pałəmin/Estero Basin Conservancy, is a conservancy in British Columbia, Canada. It preserves the area around the Estero Basin, north of Egerton Peak, at the head of the Frederick Arm of the Cordero Channel on the North Coast in the Strathcona Regional District.
Established in 2007, the conservancy covers 2978 hectares of land (2330 hectares of upland and 648 hectares of foreshore).
It is located approximately 55 kilometres north of the city of Campbell River.
There are no settlements within the conservancy. It is contained within the M̓ac̓inuxʷ Special Forest Management Area as the Phillips Estuary/ʔNacinuxʷ Conservancy.

Campbell River, British Columbia
Campbell River is a city in the Sayward Land District of British Columbia, Canada, on the east coast of Vancouver Island at the south end of Discovery Passage, which lies along the 50th parallel north along the important Inside Passage shipping route. Campbell River has a population (2021 census) of 35,138 and has long been touted as the "salmon capital of the world." Campbell River and Region are near the communities of Quadra and the Discovery Islands, Sayward, Oyster River, Gold River, Tahsis and Zeballos.

Campbell River is served by the coast-spanning Island Highway, the nearby but now defunct Island Rail Corridor, and Campbell River Airport.
Issa G. Shivji
Issa Gulamhussein Shivji (born 15 July 1946) is a Tanzanian author and academic, and an experts on law and development issues. He has taught and worked in universities all over the world. He is a writer and researcher, producing books, monographs and articles, as well as a weekly column printed in national newspapers.

University of East London
The University of East London (UEL) is a public university located in the London Borough of Newham, London, England, based at three campuses in Stratford and Docklands, following the opening of University Square Stratford in September 2013. The University of East London began as the West Ham Technical Institute and it was officially opened in October 1898 after approval was given for the construction of the site by the West Ham Technical Instruction Act Committee in 1892 following the Technical Instruction Act of 1889. It gained university status in 1992. It was formerly known as College of East London.

The community is made up of over 40,000 students from over 160 countries studying at the University of East London and collaborative partners.
1996 Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards
The 1996 Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards were held on 	September 9, 1996 at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. Produced by Don Cornelius Productions, the program was hosted by Queen Latifah, Peabo Bryson, and Veronica Webb. George Duke served as the show's music director.

Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards
The Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards were an American award show that was established in 1995 by the Soul Train Music Awards to honor the achievements of female recording artists. Produced by Don Cornelius Productions and presented annually, the annual presentation ceremony featured performances by artists; ost shows were presented in a televised ceremony.
Adoptee rights
Adoptee rights are the legal and social rights of adopted people relating to their adoption and identity. These rights frequently center on access to information which is kept sealed within closed adoptions, but also include issues relating to intercultural or international adoption, interracial adoption, and coercion of birthparents. Adoption reform efforts are often led by adoptee rights activists.

Record sealing
Record sealing is the process of making public records inaccessible to the public.

In many cases, a person with a sealed record gains the legal right to deny or not acknowledge anything to do with the arrest and the legal proceedings from the case itself.

Records are commonly sealed in a number of situations:

Sealed birth records (typically after adoption or determination of paternity)

Juvenile criminal records may be sealed

Other types of cases involving juveniles may be sealed, anonymized, or pseudonymized ("impounded"); e.g., child sex offense or custody cases

Cases using witness protection information may be partly sealed

Cases involving trade secrets

Cases involving state secrets
Open Robotics
37°27′08″N 122°09′58″W﻿ / ﻿37.45224167°N 122.16618889°W﻿ / 37.45224167; -122.16618889

Open Robotics is a nonprofit corporation headquartered in Mountain View, California. It is the primary maintainer of the Robot Operating System, and the Gazebo simulator. Its stated mission is to support "the development, distribution and adoption of open source software for use in robotics research, education, and product development".

Open Robotics funds its operations through the contributions of various public and private organizations, some of whom also engage its services for the development of various robotics applications, robotics R&D and consulting. Notable sources of past and current funding include DARPA, NASA, Amazon, Bosch, Nvidia and the Toyota Research Institute.

Mountain View, California
Mountain View is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States, part of the San Francisco Bay Area. Named for its views of the Santa Cruz Mountains, the population was 82,376 at the 2020 census.

Mountain View was integral to the early history and growth of Silicon Valley, and is the location of many high technology companies. In 1956, William Shockley established Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, the first company to develop silicon semiconductor devices in Silicon Valley. Mountain View houses the headquarters of many of the world's largest technology companies, including Google and Alphabet Inc., Intuit, NASA Ames Research Center, and former or existing headquarters for Symantec, 23andMe, LinkedIn, Samsung, Quora and Synopsys.
Aidin vilayet
The Vilayet of Aidin or Aydin (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت ايدين, romanized: Vilâyet-i Aidin, French: vilayet d'Aïdin) also known as Vilayet of Smyrna or İzmir after its administrative centre, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire in the south-west of Asia Minor, including the ancient regions of Lydia, Ionia, Caria and western Lycia. It was described by the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica as the "richest and most productive province of Asiatic Turkey".

At the beginning of the 20th century, Aidin Vilayet reportedly had an area of 17,370 square miles (45,000 km2), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 1,390,783. The stated accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered. As of 1920, the vilayet had an "exceptionally large" Christian population.

Tavas
Tavas is a municipality and district of Denizli Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,432 km2, and its population is 41,712 (2022). It is on a wide plain on the road to Muğla, near to the district of Kale (and often the two are linked in one breath Kale-Tavas).
Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead
Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead is a 2009  slasher film directed by Declan O'Brien, written by Connor James Delaney, and starring Tom Frederic, Janet Montgomery, and Tamer Hassan. An international co-production between Summit Entertainment from the United States and Constantin Film from Germany, it is a sequel to Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007) and the third installment in the Wrong Turn film series, it follows a group of convicts' transfer bus crashes in the West Virginia woods, as they and a corrections officer encounter a young woman fleeing cannibalistic hillbillies who murdered her friends.

Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead was released on October 20, 2009, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The film was panned by critics, and had grossed $5.9 million in home sales. It was followed by a prequel, Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings (2011).

20th Century Home Entertainment
20th Century Home Entertainment (previously known as Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, LLC and also known as 20th Century Studios Home Entertainment) is a home video distribution arm that distributes films produced by 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, Blue Sky Studios, 20th Century Animation and several third-party studios, as well as television series by 20th Television, Searchlight Television, 20th Television Animation and FX Productions in home entertainment formats.

For 38 years, 20th Century Home Entertainment was the distinct home video distribution arm of Fox Entertainment Group. It was formed in 1982 as 20th Century-Fox Video. On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox, and as a result, its operations were folded into Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, Disney's own home entertainment division, where it exists today solely as a brand label.
History of Île-de-France
The Île-de-France is a province of France encompassing the north-central departments of Val-d’Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ville-de-Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. It is bounded by the regions of Picardy (Picardie) to the north, Champagne-Ardenne to the east, Burgundy (Bourgogne) to the southeast, Centre to the south, and Haute-Normandie to the northwest. Its capital is Paris and it has an area of 4,637 square miles (12,011 square km), and a population of 11,491,000 (2006).

Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di] ⓘ; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Upper and Lower Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
Schenectady station
Schenectady station is an Amtrak intercity train station in Schenectady, New York. The station, constructed in 2018 is owned by the Capital District Transportation Authority which also owns Albany–Rensselaer station and Saratoga Springs station.

Schenectady is served by five Amtrak routes. The Lake Shore Limited operates one train in each direction daily between Chicago and Boston/New York City (via two sections east of Albany), while the Empire Service operates three trains in each direction between Niagara Falls and New York City, the Maple Leaf serves the station with one train in each direction between Toronto and New York City as does the Ethan Allen Express between New York City and Burlington, Vermont and the Adirondack between New York City and Montreal.

Maple Leaf (train)
The Maple Leaf is an international passenger train service operated by Amtrak and Via Rail between New York Penn Station in New York City and Union Station in Toronto via Amtrak's Empire Corridor, and the south western part of Via Rail's Quebec City–Windsor Corridor.  Daily service is offered in both directions; the 544-mile (875 km) trip takes approximately 12 hours, including two hours for U.S. or Canadian customs and immigration inspection at either Niagara Falls, New York, or Niagara Falls, Ontario. Although the train uses Amtrak rolling stock exclusively, the train is operated by Via Rail crews while in Canada and by Amtrak crews in the United States. Service began in 1981.
Proto-Eskimoan language
Proto-Eskimoan, Proto-Eskimo, or Proto-Inuit-Yupik, is the reconstructed ancestor of the Eskimo languages. It was spoken by the ancestors of the Yupik and Inuit peoples. It is linguistically related to the Aleut language, and both descend from the Proto-Eskaleut language.

Comparative studies of Eskimo and Aleut languages suggest that the Proto-Eskimoan and Proto-Aleut languages diverged between 4000 and 2000 BCE.

Yupik peoples
The Yupik (/ˈjuːpɪk/; Russian: Юпикские народы) are a group of Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples of western, southwestern, and southcentral Alaska and the Russian Far East. They are closely related to the Inuit and Iñupiat. Yupik peoples include the following:

Alutiiq, or Sugpiaq, of the Alaska Peninsula and coastal and island areas of southcentral Alaska.

Yupʼik or Central Alaskan Yupʼik of the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, the Kuskokwim River, and along the northern coast of Bristol Bay as far east as Nushagak Bay and the northern Alaska Peninsula at Naknek River and Egegik Bay in Alaska.

Siberian Yupik, including Naukan, Chaplino, and—in a linguistic capacity—the Sirenik of the Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island in western Alaska.
Operation United Shield
Operation United Shield was the codename of a military operation, conducted 9 January to 3 March 1995, bringing a conclusion to the United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II). Commanded by the United States, two ships of the Pakistan Navy, five ships of the Italian Navy and six ships of the United States Navy formed a Combined Task Force (CTF) ensuring the safe evacuation of all UN Peacekeeping Forces from Somalia.

Military operation
A military operation (op) is the coordinated military actions of a state, or a non-state actor, in response to a developing situation. These actions are designed as a military plan to resolve the situation in the state or actor's favor. Operations may be of a combat or non-combat nature and may be referred to by a code name for the purpose of national security. Military operations are often known for their more generally accepted common usage names than their actual operational objectives.
Joseph Downey (Newfoundland politician)
Joseph F. Downey (1852 – February 15, 1933) was a civil servant and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented St. George's in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1908 to 1919 as a member of the Newfoundland People's Party and in 1923 and from 1928 to 1932 as a Liberal.

He was born in St. John's and educated at Saint Bonaventure's College. Downey worked as a clerk in the Crown Lands Office and was also involved in the lumber trade. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1919 and in 1924. He served in the Executive Council as Minister of Agriculture and Mines. Downey retired from politics in 1932. He died the following year.

St. George's, Newfoundland and Labrador
St. George's is a Canadian community in the St. George's Bay on the southwest coast of Newfoundland of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The community, originally known as South Side or Little Bay has its origins in the French fishery of the seventeenth century when the good natural harbour would attract fishermen to spend the summer in the area and return to France for the winter months. Permanently settled in the eighteenth century, the community remained a fishing village for nearly 200 years until the advent of the railroad. As of 2024, a large salt deposit has been found in the region and development proposals are underway.