hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chance constrained programming
Chance Constrained Programming (CCP) is a mathematical optimization approach used to handle problems under uncertainty. It was first introduced by Charnes and Cooper in 1959 and further developed by Miller and Wagner in 1965. CCP is widely used in various fields, including finance, engineering, and operations research, to optimize decision-making processes where certain constraints need to be satisfied with a specified probability.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Maria Widebeck
Maria Cecilia Widebeck (1858–1929) was a Swedish textile artist and illustrator who assisted her friend Carin Wästberg to revive interest in fabrics inspired by local peasant techniques. While working as a pattern designer for the Friends of Handicraft association, together with Wästberg she established the textile firm Widebeck och Wästberg producing fabrics with the WW logo. Widebeck made most of the illustrations presented in Klingspor's book on coats of arms and family crests.

Textile arts
Textile arts are arts and crafts that use plant, animal, or synthetic fibers to construct practical or decorative objects.

Textiles have been a fundamental part of human life since the beginning of civilization. The methods and materials used to make them have expanded enormously, while the functions of textiles have remained the same, there are many functions for textiles. Whether it be clothing or something decorative for the house/shelter. The history of textile arts is also the history of international trade.  Tyrian purple dye was an important trade good in the ancient Mediterranean. The Silk Road brought Chinese silk to India, Africa, and Europe, and, conversely, Sogdian silk to China. Tastes for imported luxury fabrics led to sumptuary laws during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.  The Industrial Revolution was shaped largely by innovation in textiles technology: the cotton gin, the spinning jenny, and the power loom mechanized production and led to the Luddite rebellion.
Light On (Rebecca Ferguson song)
"Light On" is a song recorded by British singer Rebecca Ferguson. Written by Alexander Geringas and Nikki Leonti and produced by Geringas, it was released in German-speaking Europe on 28 December 2013 as the second single from Ferguson's second studio album Freedom (2013).

Freedom (Rebecca Ferguson album)
Freedom is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Rebecca Ferguson, and was released on 2 December 2013 in the United Kingdom, a day after the release of the album's lead single "I Hope". The album received positive reviews from critics, praising her vocals and movement away from her soul-influenced debut album, Heaven, into a more R&B, club-orientated sound. The album also attained moderate commercial success in the UK, where it became her second top ten album and achieved a silver certification from the BPI after just 3 weeks since its release date, followed by a Gold certification on 27 December 2013. The album was released through a joint deal between Syco Music and RCA Records.

Its lead single "I Hope" was released on 1 December 2013 and peaked at number 15, her third Top 40 single. In mainland Europe, "Light On" was released as the second single from the album after a television performance of the track which entered it in the German Top 40 singles.
Mount Castro
Mount Castro (69°20′S 66°4′W﻿ / ﻿69.333°S 66.067°W﻿ / -69.333; -66.067) is a mountain, 1,630 metres (5,350 ft) high, on the north side of Seller Glacier, 5 nautical miles (9 km) southeast of Mount Gilbert, in the central Antarctic Peninsula. It was photographed from the air by the British Graham Land Expedition in 1937, and by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947.  It was surveyed from the ground by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in December 1958, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for João de Castro, a Portuguese navigator who made pioneer experimental investigations of the variation of the magnetic compass.

João de Castro
D. João de Castro (27 February 1500 – 6 June 1548) was a Portuguese nobleman, scientist, writer and colonial administrator, being the fourth Portuguese Viceroy of India from 1545 to 1548. He was called Strong Castro (Portuguese: Castro Forte) by the poet Luís de Camões. De Castro was the second son of Álvaro de Castro, the civil governor of Lisbon. His wife was Leonor Coutinho.
Staring at the Sun (U2 song)
"Staring at the Sun" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the fifth track on their 1997 album, Pop, and was released by Island Records as the album's second single on 14 April 1997. The song peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, number one in Canada and Iceland and number 26 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In the US, it topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks and Triple-A charts. It also reached the top 10 in Finland, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and Norway.

Adult Alternative Airplay
Adult Alternative Airplay (also known as Triple A or Triple A Airplay, and formerly Adult Alternative Songs and Triple A Songs) is a record chart currently published by Billboard that ranks the most popular songs on adult album alternative radio stations. The 40-position chart is formulated based on each song's weekly radio spins, as measured by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. 
The current number-one song on the chart is "The Great Divide" by Noah Kahan.
Now (Jessica Andrews album)
Now is the third studio album by American country music singer Jessica Andrews.  It was released on April 15, 2003. The single "There's More to Me Than You"  served as its lead-off single, reaching Top 20 on the country charts. "Good Time" was also a single, peaking at number 49 on the country charts.

Billy Mann
William Hort-Mann (né Isaiah Erlichman; born December 20, 1968) is an American record producer and songwriter. He is known for producing "3 Is Family" by Dana Dawson in 1995 as well as Billboard Hot 100 top 40 hits such as "For You I Will (Confidence)" by Teddy Geiger, "Stupid Girls" and "Glitter in the Air" by P!nk, and "With You" by Jessica Simpson. He has co-produced or written albums for Backstreet Boys, Delta Goodrem, Kelly Rowland, Diana King, Ricki-Lee Coulter, Lauren Bennett, and Celine Dion, among others.

He founded the music publishing company Green & Bloom/Topline in 2011, and the management firm Manncom in 2012. In 2021, Mann co-founded Proof of Concept, a talent development and creative media services firm, and icons+giants, a record label in partnership with Alternative Distribution Alliance, both with Benton James.
USS Wright (AV-1)
USS Wright (AZ-1/AV-1) was a one-of-a-kind auxiliary ship in the United States Navy, named for aviation pioneer Orville Wright. Originally built as a kite balloon tender, she was converted into a seaplane tender after kite balloons were no longer used.

Seaplane tender
A seaplane tender is a boat or ship that supports the operation of seaplanes. Some of these vessels, known as seaplane carriers, could not only carry seaplanes but also provided all the facilities needed for their operation; these ships are regarded by some as the first aircraft carriers and appeared just before the First World War.
Regio IX Circus Flaminius
The Regio IX Circus Flaminius is the ninth regio of imperial Rome, under Augustus's administrative reform. Regio IX took its name from the racecourse located in the southern end of the Campus Martius, close to Tiber Island. It is where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

Piazza del Popolo
Piazza del Popolo is a large urban square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means "People's Square", but historically it derives from the poplars (populus in Latin, pioppo in Italian) after which the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in the northeast corner of the piazza, takes its name.

The piazza lies inside the northern gate in the Aurelian Walls, once the Porta Flaminia of ancient Rome, and now called the Porta del Popolo. This was the starting point of the Via Flaminia, the road to Ariminum (modern-day Rimini) and the most important route to the north. At the same time, before the age of railroads, it was the traveller's first view of Rome upon arrival. For centuries, the Piazza del Popolo was a place for public executions, the last of which took place in 1826.
Mark Kennedy (American football)
Mark Kennedy is an American football coach. He is the head football coach at North Dakota State College of Science (NDSCS), a position he had held since December 2025.

Kennedy has coached at the high school level and college level for 15 years. He served as the head football coach Surrey High School in Surrey, North Dakota from 2016 to 2021 and Williston High School in Williston, North Dakota from 2023 to 2024.

Surrey, North Dakota
Surrey is a town in Ward County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,357 at the 2020 census.  Official incorporation of Surrey occurred in 1951. The city is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Derek Bishton
Derek Bishton (born 1948) is an English journalist and photographer. After periods working as a journalist on the Newcastle Evening Chronicle and the Birmingham Post, and as a publicist for the Birmingham Arts Lab, he founded the photographic magazine Ten.8 in 1979, which was published in Handsworth until 1992. Between 1996 and 2002, Bishton was the editor of the Electronic Telegraph, Europe's first daily online newspaper.

Handsworth, West Midlands
Handsworth (grid reference SP035905) is an inner-city area of Birmingham in the county of the West Midlands, England. Historically in Staffordshire, Handsworth lies just outside Birmingham City Centre and near the town of Smethwick. In 2021 the ward had a population of 11,820.
Hexaphenylethane
Hexaphenylethane is a hypothetical organic compound consisting of an ethane core with six phenyl substituents. As of 2022, all attempts at its synthesis have been unsuccessful.  The trityl free radical, Ph3C · , was originally thought to dimerize to form hexaphenylethane.  However, an inspection of the NMR spectrum of this dimer reveals that it is in fact a non-symmetrical species, Gomberg's dimer instead.

A substituted derivative of hexaphenylethane, hexakis(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)ethane, has however been prepared. It features a very long central C–C bond at 167 pm (compared to the typical bond length of 154 pm).  Attractive London dispersion forces between the t-butyl substituents are believed to be responsible for the stability of this very hindered molecule.

Phenyl group
In organic chemistry, the phenyl group, or phenyl ring, is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5−, and is often represented by the pseudoelement symbol Ph (archaically φ) or Ø. The phenyl group is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, minus a hydrogen atom, which may be replaced by some other element or compound to serve as a functional group. A phenyl group has six carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal planar ring, five of which are bonded to individual hydrogen atoms, with the remaining carbon bonded to a substituent. Phenyl groups are commonplace in organic chemistry. Although often depicted with alternating double and single bonds, the phenyl group is chemically aromatic and has equal bond lengths between carbon atoms in the ring.
Hadaway
Hadaway is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Elizabeth Hadaway (born 1968), American poet

Henry Hadaway (born 1942), British record producer

Tom Hadaway (1923–2005), English playwright

William Snelling Hadaway (1872–1941), American artist

Henry Hadaway
Henry William Hadaway MBE (born 31 May 1942), born as Henry William Ellis, he was the chairman and founder of Henry Hadaway Organisation (HHO), is considered a pioneer of UK independent record labels, and most notably successful for his production of "The Birdie Song" which was a hit credited to The Tweets and peaked at number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. He is known as a record, film and television producer, show promoter and aspiring entrepreneur.
2020 Rio Open – Doubles
Máximo González and Nicolás Jarry were the defending champions, but Jarry could not compete due to a provisional suspension. González played alongside Fabrice Martin but lost in the quarterfinals to Marcel Granollers and Horacio Zeballos.

Granollers and Zeballos went on to win the title, defeating Salvatore Caruso and Federico Gaio in the final, 6–4, 5–7, [10–7].

Marcel Granollers
Marcel Granollers Pujol (Catalan pronunciation: [məɾˈsɛl ɣɾənuˈʎes puˈʒɔl]; Spanish: [maɾˈθel ɣɾanoˈʎeɾs puˈʝol]; born 12 April 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 1 on 6 May 2024, becoming the second Spanish man to achieve the feat (after Emilio Sánchez Vicario in 1989). He is a Grand Slam champion at the 2025 French Open and at the 2025 US Open with Horacio Zeballos. He also has a career-high singles ranking of No. 19 achieved on 23 July 2012.

Granollers has won 36 ATP titles, 4 in singles and 32 in doubles, including also the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals in doubles with compatriot Marc López. Additionally, Granollers also has 5 runner-up finishes at the 2014 French Open & 2014 US Open with López, at the 2019 US Open, at the 2021 & 2023 Wimbledon Championships with Zeballos.
Battle of Slupčane
The Battle of Slupčane (Macedonian: Битка за Слупчане, Albanian: Beteja e Sllupçanit) was a military confrontation between the Macedonian security forces and Albanian insurgents belonging to the National Liberation Army (NLA), which at the time, was launching a campaign of guerrilla attacks against facilities of the Macedonian Government, the Macedonian Police force, and the Macedonian Armed Forces. The NLA was victorious, in part due to the withdrawal of Macedonian forces and suspension of all military operations in Kumanovo–Lipkovo region so that international officials could inspect the water supply.

Army of North Macedonia
The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Армија на Република Северна Македонија, APCM, romanized: Armija na Republika Severna Makedonija, ARSM) is the military of North Macedonia. The army is organized, prepared and trained to conduct armed struggle and combat and other actions to achieve its constitutional function of defending the independence and territorial integrity of North Macedonia. The army consists of the ground forces and the air force, which are further divided into branches and services. The army has a permanent composition and reserve forces. Since 2005, it is a fully professional defense force compatible with NATO standards.
On 27 March 2020, North Macedonia joined NATO as the 30th member.
Spodnji Čačič
Spodnji Čačič (pronounced [ˈspoːdnji ˈtʃaːtʃitʃ]; German: Untertschatschitsch) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Osilnica in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

The local church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Nicholas and belongs to the Parish of Osilnica. It was first mentioned in documents dating to 1526. In 1823 it was extended and in 1942 it was burned down together with the whole settlement. After 1945 it was rebuilt.

Municipality of Osilnica
The Municipality of Osilnica (pronounced [ɔˈsiːu̯nitsa]; Slovene: Občina Osilnica) is a municipality in southern Slovenia. It gets its name from the largest settlement and seat of the municipality, Osilnica. It borders Croatia.
Idiopathic osteosclerosis
Idiopathic osteosclerosis, also known as enostosis or dense bone island, is a condition which may be found around the roots of a tooth, usually a premolar or molar.  It is usually painless and found during routine radiographs as an amorphous radiopaque (light) area around a tooth.  There is no sign of inflammation of the tooth, and if the island is associated with the root the periodontal ligament space is preserved.

Premolar
The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth.  They have at least two cusps.  Premolars can be considered transitional teeth during chewing, or mastication. They have properties of both the canines, that lie anterior and molars that lie posterior, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars.
Villa Pliniana
Villa Pliniana is a villa originally built in 1573, on the site of a more modest pre-existing building, in the territory of the municipality of Torno, in the province of Como, on the right bank of the western branch of Lake Como.

Villa
A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house that provided an escape from urban life. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became small farming compounds, which were increasingly fortified in Late Antiquity, sometimes transferred to the Church for reuse as a monastery. They gradually re-evolved through the Middle Ages into elegant upper-class country homes. In the early modern period, any comfortable detached house with a garden near a city or town was likely to be described as a villa; most surviving villas have now been engulfed by suburbia. In modern parlance, "villa" can refer to various types and sizes of residences, ranging from the suburban semi-detached double villa to, in some countries, especially around the Mediterranean, residences of above average size in the countryside.
Pangong Bridge
The Pangong Bridge (simplified Chinese: 潘公桥; traditional Chinese: 潘公橋; pinyin: Pāngōng Qiáo) is a historic stone arch bridge over the Free Life River in Longquan Subdistrict, Wuxing District of Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. The bridge measures 57.5 metres (189 ft) long, 6.6 metres (22 ft) wide, and approximately 9.5 metres (31 ft) high.

Arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.
Sloane (given name)
Sloane or Sloan is a given name, a transferred use of the Irish surname O Sluaghadhán, meaning "descendant of Sluaghadhán". Sluaghadhán is an Irish diminutive form of the Irish name Sluaghadh, which means expedition or raid. The name has associations with the Sloane Rangers, a British subculture referring to the tastes and preferences of the stereotypical British upper middle class woman who lived at Sloane Square in West London.

Exploration
Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some expectation of discovery. Organised exploration is largely a human activity, but exploratory activity is common to most organisms capable of directed locomotion and the ability to learn, and has been described in, amongst others, social insects foraging behaviour, where feedback from returning individuals affects the activity of other members of the group.
Claude Tousignant
Claude Tousignant OC RCA (born December 23, 1932, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian artist. Tousignant is considered to be an important contributor to the development of geometric abstraction in Canada. He masterly used alternating values of complementary colours in innovative ways in his circle/target paintings. He was a "creative force in Montreal for over seven decades".

Geometric abstraction
Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms sometimes, though not always, placed in non-illusionistic space and combined into non-objective (non-representational) compositions. Although the genre was popularized by avant-garde artists in the early twentieth century, similar motifs have been used in art since ancient times.
Joel González Díaz
Joel González Díaz (born 23 February 1965) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
In the 2009 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
to represent Jalisco's 12th district during the 61st session of Congress.

2009 Mexican legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 5 July 2009. Voters elected 500 new deputies (300 by their respective constituencies and 200 by proportional representation) to sit in the Chamber of Deputies for the 61st Congress.
Sint-Lambrechts-Herk
Sint-Lambrechts-Herk (Dutch: [sɪnt ˈlɑmbrɛxts ˈɦɛr(ə)k]; French: Herck-Saint-Lambert [ɛʁk sɛ̃ lɑ̃bɛʁ]) is a sub-municipality of the city of Hasselt located in the province of Limburg, Flemish Region, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Hasselt.

Deelgemeente
A deelgemeente (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɣəˌmeːntə] ⓘ, literally sub-municipality), or section (French pronunciation: [sɛksjɔ̃] ⓘ), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
CB Barcelona
Club Béisbol Barcelona, commonly known as CB Barcelona, is a División de Honor de Béisbol baseball club located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The club was formed in February 2012 after breaking from the FC Barcelona sports club.

The club currently play at the Camp Municipal de Beisbol Carlos Pérez de Rozas, located in the Anella Olímpica in Montjuïc, that hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Anella Olímpica
Anella Olímpica (pronounced [əˈneʎə uˈlimpikə]; Catalan for 'Olympic Ring') is an Olympic Park located on the hill of Montjuïc, Barcelona, that was the main site for the  1992 Summer Olympics. The Stadium is on the land that was formerly part of the Montjuïc Circuit.
Zephyra compacta
Zephyra compacta is a species of flowering plant in the family Tecophilaeaceae, being one of the two species in the genus Zephyra alongside Zephyra elegans. It is a perennial herb endemic to Chile and it is found in the northern regions of Atacama and Coquimbo.

Coquimbo Region
The Coquimbo Region (Spanish: Región de Coquimbo, pronounced [koˈkimbo]) is one of Chile's 16 administrative regions. It is located approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of the national capital, Santiago. The region is bordered by the Atacama Region to the north, the Valparaíso Region to the south, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

The capital and largest city is La Serena. Other significant cities include Coquimbo, a major seaport, and Ovalle, a center for agriculture.
Salina-Gunnison Airport
Salina-Gunnison Airport (IATA: SBO, FAA LID: 44U) is a public-use airport located five nautical miles (9 km) northeast of the central business district of Salina, a city in Sevier County, Utah, United States. It is owned by the cities of Salina and Gunnison.

Sevier County, Utah
Sevier County (/sɛˈvɪər/ sə-VEER) is a county in Utah, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 21,522. Its county seat and largest city is Richfield.

Pando, a clonal quaking aspen stand, that, according to some sources, is the oldest (80,000 years) and largest (106 acres, 13 million pounds) organism on Earth, is located in this county.