hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Osteospermum calendulaceum
Osteospermum calendulaceum  is a plant in the family Asteraceae. It was first described in 1782 by Carl Linnaeus the Younger. In 1832, Christian Friedrich Lessing assigned it to the genus Oligocarpus in his Synopsis Generum Compositarum.

In South Africa, it is native to the Cape Provinces, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, Northern Provinces and Eswatini. It has been introduced into Hawaii, South Australia and Western Australia. In Australia, it is an agricultural weed found mainly on arid lagoon shores and plains.

Northern Provinces
The Northern Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "TVL". It includes the South African provinces of Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo (Northern Province) and North West, together making up an area slightly larger than the former Transvaal Province.
Frank Snodgrass
Wallace Frankham "Frank" Snodgrass (24 April 1898 – 16 July 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing, Snodgrass represented Hawke's Bay and Nelson at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1923 and 1928. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not play any internationals.

Snodgrass was educated at Nelson College from 1912 to 1913. His father was William Snodgrass, who served as Mayor of Nelson from 1917 to 1921 and was a member of the Legislative Council.

Nelson College
Nelson College is the oldest state secondary school in New Zealand, a feat achieved in part thanks to its original inception as a private school. It is an all-boys school in the City of Nelson that teaches from years 9 to 13. In addition, it runs a private preparatory school for year 7 and 8 boys. The school also has places for boarders, who live in two boarding houses adjacent to the main school buildings on the same campus.

A Nelson College old boy, Charles Monro, was instrumental in introducing the game of rugby into New Zealand.
Silence of the Lamb (Veronica Mars)
"Silence of the Lamb" is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars. Written by Jed Seidel and Dayna Lynne North and directed by John Kretchmer, the episode premiered on UPN on January 4, 2005, as the series' first episode in the new year.

The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Veronica helps Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie (Tina Majorino) find and reconnect with her birth parents and siblings. Meanwhile, Keith (Enrico Colantoni) is temporarily reassigned to the sheriff's department in order to help with a case involving a serial killer.

Birthday (Beatles song)
"Birthday" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney,  mainly by McCartney, it is the opening track on the third side of the LP (or the second disc in CD versions of the record). Surviving Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr performed it for Starr's 70th birthday at Radio City Music Hall on 7 July 2010.
Kolbe Academy and Trinity Prep
Kolbe Academy & Trinity Prep is a private school in Napa, California.  It offers grades from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade and embraces a classically based Catholic educational model.  It is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Rosa, though it operates independently.

Pre-kindergarten
Pre-kindergarten (also called pre-K or PK) is a voluntary classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada, Turkey and Greece (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.
Receita Federal do Brasil
The Special Department of Federal Revenue of Brazil (Portuguese: Secretaria Especial da Receita Federal do Brasil), most commonly referred to as Receita Federal (RFB), is the Brazilian federal revenue service agency and a secretariat of the Ministry of the Economy. The bureau has the role of administering tax collection and the customs of Brazil. It also controls tax noncompliance, smuggling, piracy and drug trafficking.

Federal government of Brazil
The Federal Government of Brazil (Governo Federal) is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, a republic in South America divided into 26 states and a federal district. The Brazilian federal government is divided into three branches: the executive, which is headed by the President and the cabinet; the legislative, whose powers are vested by the Constitution in the National Congress; and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in nine organs, including the Supreme Federal Court and lower federal courts. The seat of the federal government is located in Brasília.
Mustafa Râkim
Mustafa Râkim (Ottoman Turkish: مصطفى رآقم; Modern Turkish: Mustafa Râkım) (1757–1826), was an Ottoman calligrapher. He extended and reformed Hâfiz Osman's style, placing greater emphasis on technical perfection, which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the Sülüs script as well as the Nesih script.

Naskh (script)
Naskh is a small, round script of Islamic calligraphy. Naskh is one of the first scripts of Islamic calligraphy to develop, commonly used in writing administrative documents and for transcribing books, including the Qur’an, because of its easy legibility.

In his 1617 Grammatica Arabica, Thomas van Erpe defined naskhī characters as the "noblest and true writing style".
Mōri Tokichika
Mōri Tokichika (毛利 時親; died August 26, 1341) was a samurai during the Kamakura period and a gokenin of the Kamakura shogunate. He was the fourth son of Mōri Tsunemitsu, and grandson of Mōri Suemitsu, the founder of the Mōri clan. Mōri Tokichika became the head of the Mōri family in 1270.

Gokenin
A gokenin (御家人) was initially a vassal of the shogunate of the Kamakura and the Muromachi periods. In exchange for protection and the right to become jitō (manor's lord), a gokenin had in times of peace the duty to protect the imperial court and Kamakura, the administrative capital of Japan at the time. In times of war, he had to fight with his forces under the shōgun’s flag. From the mid-13th century, the fact that gokenin were allowed to become de facto owners of the land they administered, coupled to the custom that all gokenin children could inherit, brought the parcelization of the land and a consequent weakening of the shogunate. The gokenin class ceased to be a significant force during the Muromachi period and was supplanted by the figure of the daimyō. During the successive Edo period, the term finally came to indicate a direct vassal of the shōgun, below an omemie (御目見), meaning that they did not have the right to an audience with the shōgun.
Ahmed Al-Swaileh
Ahmed Al Swaileh  (Arabic: أحمد الصويلح; born 14 May 1986) is a Saudi Arabian football player for Hajer Club. A quick and strong striker, he was the second striker of Al-Hilal behind the super star Yasser Al-Qahtani.

Al Swaileh has made several appearances for the Saudi Arabia national football team, including a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying match.

He also played for Saudi Arabia at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship in the United Arab Emirates.

Hajer FC
Hajer Football Club (Arabic: نادي هجر) is a professional association football club based in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia. The team play in the  Saudi First Division League, the 2nd tier of Saudi Football.

Established in 1950, the club is the oldest team in the Al-Hasa region. The club have been promoted to the top tier of Saudi Football on 4 different occasions. Hajer have a record equal 4 First Division titles and have won the Prince Faisal bin Fahd cup once.
Tainia (costume)
In ancient Greek costume, a tainia (Ancient Greek: ταινία; pl.: ταινίαι or Latin: taenia; pl.: taeniae) was a headband, ribbon, or fillet.

The tainia headband was worn with the traditional ancient Greek costume. The headbands were worn at Greek festivals. The gods also bound their heads with tainiai.

Cult images, trees, urns, monuments, animal sacrifices and the deceased had tainiai wound around them. They were later adopted by the Romans. A similar type of headband was the diadema, used as a symbol for kings.

Coy symposiast playing with his taenia, 450–440 BCE

Eros bearing tainia, red-figure skyphos, Lucania 420–400 BCE

Cyprian Aphrodite coiffed with diadem and tainia, 351-332 BCE

Tainia-bound double cornucopia, Ptolemaic Egypt, 283–246 BCE

Tetradrachm of Eumenes II, 2nd century BCE

Athenian festivals
The festival calendar of Classical Athens involved the staging of many festivals each year. This includes festivals held in honor of Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Demeter, Persephone, Hermes, and Heracles. Other Athenian festivals were based around family, citizenship, sacrifice, and women. There were at least 120 festival days each year.
Anna Caulfield McKnight
Anna Caulfield McKnight (born Cascade, Michigan, November 22, 1866; died Grand Rapids, Michigan, June 18, 1947) was an American traveler, lecturer on art and travel, club woman, woman suffragist, and businesswoman. Her oratory and magic lantern slides taken on her travels made her a well-known lecturer in her time.

Cascade Township, Michigan
Cascade Charter Township is a charter township of Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 19,667 at the 2020 census.

The township is part of the Grand Rapids metropolitan area and is located just east of the city of Grand Rapids.  The township is the location of Gerald R. Ford International Airport.
Offline learning
Offline learning is a machine learning training approach in which a model is trained on a fixed dataset that is not updated during the learning process. This dataset is collected beforehand, and the learning typically occurs in a batch mode (i.e., the model is updated using batches of data, rather than a single input-output pair at a time). Once the model is trained, it can make predictions on new, unseen data.

In online learning, only the set of possible elements is known, whereas in offline learning, the learner also knows the order in which they are presented.

Data set
A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as for example height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set.  Data sets can also consist of a collection of documents or files.

In the open data discipline, a data set is a unit used to measure the amount of information released in a public open data repository.  The European data.europa.eu portal aggregates more than a million data sets.
Second cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
The Second cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir in Iceland, nicknamed “The welfare government” (Icelandic: Velferðarstjórnin) or “The sixth left government” (Icelandic: Vinstristjórn VI), was formed 10 May 2009. The cabinet left office on 23 May 2013.

Ögmundur Jónasson
Ögmundur Jónasson (born 17 July 1948) is an Icelandic politician who served as a member of Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament, from 1995 to 2016. He is the former Minister of the Interior (2011-2013); Minister of Justice and human rights and minister of transport, communications and local government (2010); and Minister of Health and social security (2009).
Erobella
Erobella is a European website for erotic classified advertisements. The platform is primarily used by sex workers, massage studios, dominatrices, and brothels to advertise services, and it operates in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, Australia, and Italy. German newspapers such as Die Welt and Bild have described it as one of the main online portals for erotic advertising in Germany.

Bild
Bild (German: [bɪlt] ⓘ, lit. 'Picture') or Bild-Zeitung (German: [ˈbɪltˌtsaɪtʊŋ] ⓘ, lit. 'Picture Newspaper') is a German tabloid newspaper published by Axel Springer SE. The paper is published from Monday to Saturday; on Sundays, its sister paper Bild am Sonntag (lit. 'Bild on Sunday') is published instead, which has a different style and its own editors. Bild is tabloid in style but broadsheet in size. It is the best-selling European newspaper and has the sixteenth-largest circulation worldwide. Bild has been described as "notorious for its mix of gossip, inflammatory language, and sensationalism" and as having a huge influence on German politicians.

Its nearest English-language stylistic and journalistic equivalent is often considered to be the British national newspaper The Sun, the second-highest-selling European tabloid newspaper.

Like the rest of the Axel Springer properties, Bild follows an editorial line in favor of liberal democracy, Israel, NATO and capitalism.
Tour de Okinawa
The Tour de Okinawa (ツール・ド・おきなわ, Tsūru do Okinawa) is an annual professional road bicycle racing classic one-day race held in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It was first started in 1989 as an amateur race, but became professional in 1999. It became part of the UCI Asia Tour in 2005. Until 2007, it was a one-day race, billing itself as the longest single-day course in Japan, but was transformed into a two-day stage race in 2008, its UCI category changing from 1.2 to 2.2. In 2008, the first day was a criterium, but from 2009, it was changed to a time trial run on the streets of Nago. The 2010 edition extended the second stage to 210 kilometers. The 2012 edition again returned to a single-day event.

In addition to the main international champion race, there is also a women's and junior international race, as well as several amateur races.

Nago
Nago (名護市, Nago-shi; Okinawan: ナグ Nagu, Kunigami: ナグー Naguu) is a city located in the northern part of Okinawa Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. As of December 2012, the city has an estimated population of 61,659 and a population density of 293 persons per km2. Its total area is 210.30 km2.
Boston Photogravure Company
Boston Photogravure Company was an American fine-art publisher specializing in the photogravure process. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, and established in 1885 as the Lewis Company, it changed its name the following year as part of a reorganization. It was purchased in 1888 by Josiah Byram Millet.

The company was highly regarded among the leading publishers and printers for its work, some of the methods of which were of their own invention. The accuracy of their work had not previously been deemed possible.

Under the title of the Lewis Company, it was stated in 1983 that they were responsible for "some of the best books ever published up to the present day".

In February 1891, the company began publishing The Engraver and Printer, an illustrated monthly journal demonstrating the newer methods of illustration. The company merged with Art Publishing Company, of Gardener, Massachusetts, later that year.

Their offices were originally located at 27 Boylston Street; later at 56.

Gardner, Massachusetts
Gardner is a city in Worcester County in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The population was 21,287 in the 2020 census. Gardner is home of such sites as the Blue Moon Diner, Dunn State Park, Gardner Heritage State Park, and Mount Wachusett Community College.
Alismatidae
Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass.  Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Alismataceae. It is a relatively new name: earlier systems, such as the Engler and Wettstein systems, used the name Helobiae for a comparable unit.

Alismataceae
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the species are herbaceous aquatic plants growing in marshes and ponds.
1940 FEF President Cup
The 1940 FEF President Cup (Spanish: Copa Presidente FEF de 1940), also called Second Division Consolation Tournament or Subchampions Tournament, was a football competition held from 17 March to 5 May 1940. Organized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF), it was conceived to be played by the second-placed teams of each of the five groups that made up the 1939–40 Segunda División, while the champions of each group qualified for the final phase that awarded the title of champion and the right to direct promotion.

The competition was played in the form of a league with each team facing their opponents twice, with a total of 20 matches played, and the winner of the tournament was CD Malacitano (currently known as Málaga CF) with 14 points, one more than runner-up Atletico Osasuna.

Málaga CF
Málaga Club de Fútbol (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmalaɣa ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol], Málaga Football Club), or simply Málaga, is a club based in Málaga, Andalusia, Spain, who compete in Segunda División, the second tier of the Spanish league system, following their promotion from the Primera Federación in the 2023–24 season.

They won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup, reaching the quarter-final stages. They also qualified for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, where they were quarter-finalists. Since June 2010, the owner of the club has been Qatari investor Abdullah ben Nasser Al Thani.
Decahedron
In geometry, a decahedron is a polyhedron with ten faces. There are 32300 topologically distinct decahedra, and none are regular, so this name does not identify a specific type of polyhedron except for the number of faces.

Some decahedra have regular faces:

Octagonal prism (uniform 8-prism)

Square antiprism (uniform 4-antiprism)

Square cupola (Johnson solid 4)

Pentagonal bipyramid (Johnson solid 13, 5-bipyramid)

Augmented pentagonal prism (Johnson solid 52)

Decahedra with irregular faces include:

Pentagonal trapezohedron (5-trapezohedron, antiprism dual) –  often used as a die in role playing games, known as a d10

Truncated square trapezohedron

Enneagonal pyramid (9-pyramid)

Ten of diamonds decahedron - a space-filling polyhedron with D2d symmetry

Chamfered Tetrahedron

Square cupola
In geometry, the square cupola (sometimes called lesser dome) is a cupola with an octagonal base. In the case of all edges being equal in length, it is a Johnson solid, a convex polyhedron with regular faces.
It can be used to construct many other polyhedrons, particularly other Johnson solids.
Félicien Kabuga
Félicien Kabuga (born 1 March 1933) is a Rwandan businessman and genocide suspect who played a major role in the run-up to the Rwandan genocide. A multimillionaire, he was closely connected to dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's Hutu nationalist MRND party and the Akazu, an informal group of Hutu extremists who helped lead the Rwandan genocide.

Kabuga is noted for his role as the primary financier of Hutu extremist media outlets, such as the RTLM radio station and Kangura magazine, which advocated for the killing of the Tutsi minority.

In 2020, Kabuga was arrested by the French police in Greater Paris at the age of 87 after 26 years as a fugitive. He was transferred to the custody of the IRMCT branch in The Hague to stand trial for crimes against humanity, but was declared unfit to stand trial in 2023 due to dementia.

Kangura
Kangura was a Kinyarwanda and French-language magazine in Rwanda that served to stoke ethnic hatred in the run-up to the Rwandan genocide. The magazine was established in May 1990, a few months prior to the invasion of the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and continued publishing up to the genocide. Edited by Hassan Ngeze, the magazine was a response to the RPF-sponsored Kanguka, adopting a similar informal style.  "Kangura" was a Rwandan word meaning "wake others up", as opposed to "Kanguka", which meant "wake up".  The journal was based in Gisenyi.

The magazine was the print equivalent to the later-established Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), publishing articles harshly critical of the RPF and of Tutsis generally.  Its sensationalist news was passed by word-of-mouth through the largely illiterate population. Copies of Kangura were read in public meetings and, as the genocide approached, during Interahamwe militia rallies.
René Bezard
René Bezard (1920–2008) was a French film producer and mining engineer. From 1950 to 1963 he was managing director of Pathé having previously overseen the Franstudio group of film studios. He later returned to his career in mining and electronics.

Film studio
A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major entertainment company that makes films. Today, studios are mostly financing and distribution entities. In addition, they may have their own studio facility or facilities; however, most firms in the entertainment industry have never had their own studios, but have rented space from other companies instead. Day-to-day filming operations are generally handled by a production company subsidiary.

Another type of company is an independently owned studio facility, which does not produce motion pictures by itself; such facilities only sell studio space.
Priming (steam locomotive)
Priming is a condition in the boiler of a steam locomotive in which water is carried over into the steam delivery. It may be caused by impurities in the water, which foams up as it boils, or simply too high a water level. It is harmful to the valves and pistons, as lubrication is washed away, and can be dangerous as any water collecting in the cylinders is not compressible and if trapped may fracture the cylinder head or piston.

Lubrication
Lubrication is the process or technique of using a lubricant to reduce friction and wear and tear in a contact between two surfaces. The study of lubrication is a discipline in the field of tribology.

Lubrication mechanisms such as fluid-lubricated systems are designed so that the applied load is partially or completely carried by hydrodynamic or hydrostatic pressure, which reduces solid body interactions (and consequently friction and wear). Depending on the degree of surface separation, different lubrication regimes can be distinguished.

Adequate lubrication allows smooth, continuous operation of machine elements, reduces the rate of wear, and prevents excessive stresses or seizures at bearings. By repelling water and other substances, it also reduces corrosion. When lubrication breaks down, components can rub destructively against each other, causing heat, local welding, destructive damage and failure.