hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transformational grammar
In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) was the earliest model of grammar proposed within the research tradition of generative grammar. Like current generative theories, it treated grammar as a system of formal rules that generate all and only grammatical sentences of a given language. What was distinctive about transformational grammar was that it posited transformation rules that mapped a sentence's deep structure to its pronounced form. For example, in many variants of transformational grammar, the English active voice sentence "Emma saw Daisy" and its passive counterpart "Daisy was seen by Emma" share a common deep structure generated by phrase structure rules, differing only in that the latter's structure is modified by a passivization transformation rule.

Formation rule
In mathematical logic, formation rules are rules for describing well-formed words over the alphabet of a formal language. These rules only address the location and manipulation of the strings of the language. It does not describe anything else about a language, such as its semantics (i.e. what the strings mean). (See also formal grammar).
Gazda
Gazda is a surname. Notable people include:

Adam Gazda (born 1987), American soccer player

Daniel Gazda (born 1997), Czech ice hockey player

István Gazda (1927–2006), Hungarian philatelist

Stanisław Gazda (1938–2020), Polish cyclist

Daniel Gazda
Daniel Gazda (born 13 August 1997) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman for PSG Berani Zlín of the Czech Extraliga.

Gazda has been with hometown team since 2012 and made his debut for the senior team during the 2016–17 Czech Extraliga season. He has also had loan spells in Chance Liga for HC ZUBR Přerov and HC RT Torax Poruba and in the 2. Liga for SHK Hodonín.

Gazda signed a long-term extension with Zlín on 15 April 2020.
Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao
Ngô Thị Ngọc Dao (chữ Hán: 吳氏玉瑤, 1421 - 1496) posthumous name Quang-thục Trinh-huệ Khiêm-tiết Hòa-xung Nhơn-thánh Dowager Empress (光淑禎惠謙節和沖仁聖皇太后), was a queen consort of Later Lê dynasty and mother of the Vietnamese emperor Lê Thánh Tông.

Queen consort
A queen consort  is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.  In polygynous societies, a (male) monarch has a principal or senior wife.

In contrast, a queen regnant is a female monarch who rules suo jure (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.

A queen dowager is a widowed queen consort, and a queen mother is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.
Dietmar Saupe
Dietmar Saupe (born 1954) is a German fractal researcher and professor of computer science, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Germany.

Saupe's book, Chaos and Fractals, won the Association of American Publishers award for Best Mathematics Book of the Year in 1992. His current research interests include computer graphics, scientific visualization, and image processing.

Scientific visualization
Scientific visualization (also spelled scientific visualisation) is an interdisciplinary branch of science concerned with the visualization of scientific phenomena. It is also considered a subset of computer graphics, a branch of computer science. The purpose of scientific visualization is to graphically illustrate scientific data to enable scientists to understand, illustrate, and glean insight from their data. Research into how people read and misread various types of visualizations is helping to determine what types and features of visualizations are most understandable and effective in conveying information.
Le Bois
Le Bois (French pronunciation: [lə bwa]; Savoyard: Vel Boué) is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Grand-Aigueblanche. The traditionalist Catholic order, the Fraternity of the Transfiguration, is located in Le Bois.

Savoie
Savoie (French pronunciation: [savwa]; Arpitan: Savouè or Savouè-d'Avâl, lit. 'Lower Savoy'; Italian: Savoia; Occitan: Savòia; English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a department in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. Located in the French Alps, its prefecture is Chambéry. In 2019, Savoie had a population of 436,434.

Together with Haute-Savoie, it is one of the two departments of the historical region of Savoy; the Duchy of Savoy was annexed by France in 1860, following the signing of the Treaty of Turin. The area is known for its numerous ski resorts and contribution to French cuisine, with culinary specialities such as fondue savoyarde, tartiflette, génépi, as well as various sorts of saucisson.
Terrence Metcalf
Terrence Orlando Metcalf (born January 28, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a guard for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels, earning consensus All-American honors in 2001. The Chicago Bears chose him in the third round of the 2002 NFL draft. He played for the Bears from 2002 to 2008. Metcalf was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2025. His son DK Metcalf is an All-Pro wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

All-Pro
All-Pro is an honor bestowed upon professional American football players that designates the best player at each position during a given season. All-Pro players are typically selected by press organizations, who select an "All-Pro team," a list that consists of at least 22 players, one for each offensive and defensive position, plus various special teams players depending on the press organization that compiles the list. All-Pro lists are exclusively limited to the major leagues, usually only the National Football League; in the past, other leagues recognized as major, such as the American Football League of the 1960s or the All-America Football Conference of the 1940s, have been included in All-Pro lists.
Loch of Boardhouse
The Loch of Boardhouse is a freshwater loch in the parish of Birsay in the north west of the mainland of Orkney, Scotland. It acts as a reservoir for public water supply and is popular for trout fishing. Nearby are the Loch of Hundland and the Loch of Swannay.

The loch was surveyed in 1906 by Sir John Murray and later charted as part of the Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

On 2nd August 2016, brothers Andrew Crawford Livingstone (known as Andy) and Stanley Boyd Livingstone (known as Boyd) from the nearby village of Dounby went missing after going fishing on the loch. A search began on 3rd August 2016. Andy was found the same day. Boyd remained missing until 14th August 2016.  Both post mortems reported deaths as a result of drowning. Boyd's ashes were scattered at his favourite fishing spot, just off the coast of Hoy, Orkney.  Andy's son, Adam, prevented the family from claiming his remains.

Birsay
Birsay (/ˈbʌrsiː/) (Old Norse: Birgisherað) is a parish in the north west corner of The Mainland of Orkney, Scotland. Almost all the land in the parish is devoted to agriculture: chiefly grassland used to rear beef cattle. There are various ancient monuments in the parish.
Eps2.8 h1dden-pr0cess.axx
"eps2.8_h1dden-pr0cess.axx" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American drama thriller television series Mr. Robot. It is the 20th overall episode of the series and was written by Kor Adana and Randolph Leon, and directed by series creator Sam Esmail. It originally aired on USA Network on September 7, 2016.

The series follows Elliot Alderson, a cybersecurity engineer and hacker with social anxiety disorder, who is recruited by an insurrectionary anarchist known as "Mr. Robot" to join a group of hacktivists called "fsociety". In the episode, Joanna asks Elliot to trace Tyrell's location, while Darlene and Cisco avoid authorities.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.765 million household viewers and gained a 0.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received critical acclaim, with critics praising the performances, pacing and Esmail's directing.

Insurrectionary anarchism
Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory and tendency within the anarchist movement that emphasizes insurrection as a revolutionary practice. It is critical of formal organizations such as labor unions and federations that are based on a political program and periodic congresses. Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate informal organization and small affinity group based organization. Insurrectionary anarchists put value in attack, permanent class conflict and a refusal to negotiate or compromise with 'class enemies'.

Associated closely with the Italian anarchist movement, the theory of insurrectionary anarchism has historically been linked with a number of high-profile assassinations, as well as the bombing campaigns of the Galleanisti and Informal Anarchist Federation (FAI).
Teenage Sex and Death at Camp Miasma
Teenage Sex and Death at Camp Miasma is an upcoming American slasher film written and directed by Jane Schoenbrun. It stars Hannah Einbinder and Gillian Anderson. The film is a co-production between Mubi and Plan B Entertainment, with the former handling distribution in multiple territories.

Quintessa Swindell
Quintessa Swindell (born February 8, 1997) is an American actor who starred as Tabitha Foster in the Netflix teen drama Trinkets and as Maxine Hunkel / Cyclone in the 2022 superhero film Black Adam. They also had a brief appearance as Anna in the HBO series Euphoria.
Elachista glomerella
Elachista glomerella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is endemic to northern Queensland, Australia.

The wingspan is 6.6 millimetres (0.26 in) for males and 6.6–8.2 millimetres (0.26–0.32 in) for females.

The larvae have been reared on a Carex species.

Carex
Carex is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges; however, those of genus Carex may be called true sedges. Carex is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.
Mesopotamian Half Flight
The Mesopotamian Half-Flight (MHF), or Australian Half-Flight, was the first Australian Flying Corps (AFC) unit to see active service during World War I. Formed in April 1915 at the request of the Indian Government, the half-flight's personnel were sent to Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) where they were equipped with a small number of outdated and barely serviceable aircraft. They later operated in the Tigris Valley in support of British and Indian forces under the command of Major General Charles Townshend. The unit's operations came to an end in December 1915 and the following month the flight was subsumed into other units of the AFC which were being formed in Egypt. It was officially disbanded in October 1916.

Kut
Kūt (Arabic: ٱلْكُوت, romanized: al-Kūt), officially Al-Kut, also spelled Kutulamare, Kut al-Imara or Kut Al Amara, is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about 160 kilometres (99 miles) south east of Baghdad, and the capital of the Wasit Governorate. As of 2018 the estimated population is about 389,400 people. It is the capital of the province long known as Al Kut, but since the 1960s renamed Wasit.

The old town of Kut is within a sharp "U" bend of the river, opposite from the point where the Shatt al-Gharraf branches off from the Tigris. This U-shaped bend almost makes it an island but for a narrow connection to the shore. Kut was a regional center of the carpet trade for centuries. The area around Kut is a fertile cereal grain growing region. The Baghdad Nuclear Research Facility, looted following the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, is located near Kut.
Henry Banyenzaki
Henry Banyenzaki is a Ugandan politician who served as the elected Member of Parliament for Rubanda County West, Kabale District. From 2011 to 2016, he served as the State Minister for Economic Monitoring in the Office of the President in the Cabinet of Uganda.

Kabale District
Kabale District  is a district in the Western Region of Uganda. Kabale hosts the district headquarters. It was originally part of Kigezi District, before the districts of Rukungiri, Kanungu, Kisoro, Rubanda and Rukiga were excised to form separate districts. Kabale is sometimes nicknamed "Kastone" as in the local language Rukiga, a "kabale" is a small stone.
1989–90 Svenska Cupen
The 1989–90 Svenska Cupen was the 35th season of the main Swedish football Cup. The competition started in 1989 and concluded in 1990 with the final, held at Råsunda Stadium, Solna Municipality in Stockholm County. Djurgårdens IF won the final 3–0 against BK Häcken.

Svenska Cupen
Svenska cupen (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsvɛ̂nːska ˈkɵ̌pːɛn], lit. 'the Swedish cup'), also known as the Swedish Cup in English, is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 96 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan together with 64 teams from lower tiers of the league system. The winners qualify for the qualifying stages of the UEFA Europa League. The winner is awarded the Gustaf VI Adolf cup.

Svenska cupen was first held in 1941. The current holders of the cup are BK Häcken who beat Malmö FF in the 2025 final. Malmö FF are the most successful club of the competition having won 16 titles, the latest in 2024.
Warpak
Barpak is a village development committee in Gorkha District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. It is centered on the village of Barpak. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,556 and had 888 houses.

Being close to the epicenter and lodged on a steep hillside, Barpak was extremely hard hit by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Gorkha District
Gorkha District (Nepali: गोरखा pronounced [ɡoɾkʰaː] ⓘ), a part of Gandaki Province, is one of seventy-seven districts of Nepal, and the fourth largest district of the country in terms of area. It is historically linked with the creation of modern Nepal and the name of the legendary Gorkha soldiers. The district, with Gorkha Municipality (previously known as Prithvi Narayan Municipality) as its district headquarters, covers an area of 3,610 km2 (1,390 sq mi) and has a population of 252,201, according to the 2021 Nepal census. Gorkha district is the site of the Manakamana Temple, as well as Gorakhnath and Gorakh Kali temples. Several major rivers—including the Chepe, Daraudi, Marsyangdi, Budi Gandaki, and Trishuli—run through the district.
Callisia
Callisia is a genus of flowering plants in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. Members of the genus are commonly known as roselings. It is native to the Western Hemisphere from the southern United States to Argentina. The generic name is derived from the Greek word κάλλος (kallos), meaning "beauty."

Some members of Callisia may cause allergic reactions in pets (especially cats and dogs), characterised by red, itchy skin.  Notable culprits are C. fragrans (inch plant) and C. repens (turtle vine).

Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian and east of the 180th meridian. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere. In the United States, the term "Western Hemisphere" is often used as a metonym for the Americas, even though geographically, the hemisphere also includes parts of other continents.
Baron Strathalmond
Baron Strathalmond, of Pumpherston in the County of Midlothian, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 18 February 1955 for the businessman Sir William Fraser. He was chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (known as BP from 1954) from 1941 to 1956. His son, the second Baron, was managing director of the Kuwait Oil Company and a director of BP and later chairman of Govan Shipbuilders. As of 2017 the title is held by the latter's son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1976.

Kuwait Oil Company
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is an oil company headquartered in Al Ahmadi, Kuwait. It is a subsidiary of the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC), a government-owned holding company.

As of 2024, Kuwait's oil production is approximately 2.4 million barrels per day (bpd), largely in line with its OPEC+ quota, while its sustainable production capacity is estimated at 2.9 million bpd. The country has a long-term strategic goal to increase its production capacity to 4 million bpd by 2040.

Kuwait nationalized its oil industry in 1975. KOC holds the sole rights to explore, produce, and develop oil and gas resources within the state of Kuwait. Kuwait's oil reserves are estimated to be around 101.5 billion barrels.
Dale Carnegie
Dale Carnegie (/ˈkɑːrnɪɡi/ KAR-nig-ee; spelled Carnagey until c. 1922; November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer and teacher of courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born into poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936), a bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote How to Stop Worrying and Start Living (1948), Lincoln the Unknown (1932), and several other books.

One of the core ideas in his books is that it is possible to change other people's behavior by changing one's behavior towards them.

Training and development
Training and development involves improving the effectiveness of organizations and the individuals and teams within them. Training may be viewed as being related to immediate changes in effectiveness via organized instruction, while development is related to the progress of longer-term organizational and employee goals. While training and development technically have differing definitions, the terms are often used interchangeably. Training and development have historically been topics within adult education and applied psychology, but have within the last two decades become closely associated with human resources management, talent management, human resources development, instructional design, human factors, and knowledge management.

Skills training has taken on varying organizational forms across industrialized economies. Germany has an elaborate vocational training system, whereas the United States and the United Kingdom are considered to generally have weak ones.
Richard Wilson (footballer, born 1960)
Richard Wilson (born 8 May 1960) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a midfielder.

Wilson spent most of his professional career in Finland. He played four seasons in the Finnish top level Mestaruussarja. Wilson scored 23 goals in 84 matches for PPT, Haka and FF Jaro. He was the top scorer of PPT in 1984, finishing 9 goals in 19 matches.

In 1987, Wilson started as a player-coach for FF Jaro in third tier Kakkonen. In two seasons, he managed to promote the club to top division. A year later, Wilson was sacked from the manager post. However, he finished the season as a player. In 1990, he spent the season as player manager of Norwegian second tier club Mjølner. Wilson ended his Finnish career in second tier club KPV in 1991.

FC Jazz
Football Club Jazz, commonly known as just Jazz, is a Finnish football club based in Pori, which plays in the Finnish third tier, Ykkönen. The club was founded in 1934 as Porin Pallo-Toverit. PPT changed its name to FC Jazz in November 1991.

FC Jazz is tied with several other clubs as the 13th most successful Finnish club by Finnish Championship titles. FC Jazz won the Finnish Championship twice (1993, 1996). Other medals for the club include Finnish Championship bronze (1992), Finnish Cup silver (1994) and Finnish League Cup silver (1994).
Kristin Phillips-Hill
Kristin Lee Phillips-Hill is a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 28th Senate district. Prior to being elected to the Senate, she was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 93rd House district in York County, Pennsylvania from 2015 to 2019. Before entering state politics, she was a member of the Dallastown Area School Board from 2011 to 2014.

Born in Camden, New Jersey, she graduated in 1984 from Cinnaminson High School.

For the 2025-2026 Session, Phillips-Hill serves as the Majority Caucus Chair and sits on the following committees:

Communications & Technology (Vice Chair)

Appropriations

Banking & Insurance

Consumer Protection & Professional Licensure

State Government

Pennsylvania State Senate
The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. Senators are elected for four-year terms, staggered every two years, such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even- and odd-numbered district seats are contested in separate election years. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg, and has been meeting since 1791.

The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor, who has no vote except to break a tie. The president pro tempore becomes the lieutenant governor in the event of the sitting lieutenant governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the president pro tempore and lieutenant governor would be the same person.
Medical scribe
A medical scribe is an allied health paraprofessional who specializes in charting physician-patient encounters in real time, such as during medical examinations. They also locate information and patients for physicians and complete forms needed for patient care. Depending on which area of practice the scribe works in, the position may also be called clinical scribe, ER scribe or ED scribe (in the emergency department), or just scribe (when the context is implicit). A scribe is trained in health information management and the use of health information technology to support it. A scribe can work on-site (at a hospital or clinic) or remotely from a HIPAA-secure facility. Medical scribes who work at an off-site location are known as virtual medical scribes.

Clinic
A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.