hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)
The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland during 2021. There are significant differences in the legislation and the reporting between the countries of the UK: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales.

Public Health Scotland
Public Health Scotland (PHS; Scottish Gaelic: Slàinte Poblach na h-Alba) is the national public health body for Scotland. It is a Special NHS Health Board, and it is jointly accountable to the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) and the Scottish Government. Fully exercising its functions from 1 April 2020 as Scotland's leading national agency for improving and protecting the health and well-being of all of Scotland's people, it is jointly sponsored by COSLA and the Scottish Government, and collaborates with third sector organisations.

Its role is to increase healthy life expectancy and reduce premature mortality. Areas of focus are COVID-19, mental health and well-being, community and place, and poverty and children.

The board's first chief executive was Angela Leitch, formerly chief executive of East Lothian Council. Paul Johnston, formerly a Director General within the Scottish Government, took over the role in 2023.
SM U-112
SM U-112 was a Type U 93 submarine and one of the 329 submarines serving in the Imperial German Navy in World War I. 
U-112 was engaged in naval warfare and took part in the First Battle of the Atlantic.
 She was surrendered to the Allies at Harwich on 22 November 1918 and later transferred to Pembroke, earmarked for use in experiments. In the event, the boat was sold to M. Lynch and Son on 27 September 1920, and towed to Rochester, Kent, where the diesel engines were removed for use ashore. The hulk was re-sold to Upnor Shipbreaking on 25 October 1922 and broken up.

Naval warfare of World War I
Naval warfare in World War I was mainly characterised by blockade. The Allied powers, with their larger fleets and surrounding position, largely succeeded in their blockade of Germany and the other Central Powers, whilst the efforts of the Central Powers to break that blockade, or to establish an effective counter blockade with submarines and commerce raiders, were eventually unsuccessful. Major fleet actions were extremely rare and proved less decisive.
Neptune Stakes
The Neptune Stakes was an American Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-old horses at Brighton Beach Race Course in the Brighton Beach section of Brooklyn, New York. Inaugurated in 1900, the last edition of the race at the Brighton Beach track took place in 1907. It would be run only one more time when it was revived in 1910 at the Empire City Race Track in Yonkers, New York.

The 1900 inaugural running of the Neptune Stakes was won by the colt Tommy Atkins ridden by top jockey Henry Spencer for trainer James G. Rowe Sr., a future National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame inductee, and owner James R. Keene and his son, Foxhall P. Keene. Trainer Rowe and the owners would win the Neptune Stakes again in 1902 and 1906. Winner Tommy Atkins, again with Henry Spencer as his jockey, also won the 1900 Juvenile Stakes at New York’s Morris Park Racecourse.

Foxhall P. Keene
Foxhall Parker Keene (December 18, 1867 – September 25, 1941) was an American thoroughbred race horse owner and breeder, a world and Olympic gold medallist in polo, and an amateur tennis player. He was rated the best all-around polo player in the United States for eight consecutive years, a golfer who competed in the U.S. Open, and a pioneer racecar driver who vied for the Gordon Bennett Cup. In addition to his substantial involvement in flat racing, he was also a founding member of the National Steeplechase Association.
Yemenite silversmithing
Yemenite silversmithing refers to the work of Jewish silversmiths from Yemen. They were highly acclaimed craftsmen who dominated craft production in precious metals in the southern Arabian peninsula from at least the 18th through the mid-20th century, a period and region during which Muslims did not engage in this work. These Yemenite silversmiths were noted for their skilled use of fine granulation and filigree, producing ornaments such as women's bracelets, necklaces, finials, as well as elaborate scabbard sheaths for men's daggers (janbīya).

Walters Art Museum
The Walters Art Museum is a public art museum located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. Founded and opened in 1934, it holds collections from the mid-19th century that were  amassed substantially by major American art and sculpture collectors, including William Thompson Walters and his son Henry Walters. William Walters began collecting when he moved to Paris as a nominal Confederate loyalist at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, and Henry Walters refined the collection and made arrangements for the construction what ultimately was Walters Art Museum.

Admission to the museum is free.
Live from Toronto (The Who album)
Live from Toronto is a double live album by the Who recorded during the last concert of the It's Hard Tour at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, 17 December 1982. These performances were originally broadcast live on cable TV and FM radio across the U.S. and Canada.  It was later released in the early 1980s on VHS video tape.

Keyboard player Tim Gorman performed with the Who on the 1982 tour. Tim reunited with the group in 2006 to record overdubs for the re-release of this material.

This 2006 edition of the concert was also released as a DVD. Both the DVD and double CD are legal releases, but they are not considered to be "authorized" products by the band and/or its management.

Love Ain't for Keeping
"Love Ain't for Keeping" is a song written by Pete Townshend and originally released by the Who on their 1971 album Who's Next.  Its themes include the joy of physical love, the power of nature and the need to live for the moment.
Łęczyca Land
Łęczyca Land (Polish: ziemia łęczycka; Latin: Terra Lanciciensis) is a historical region in central Poland, a part of Łęczyca-Sieradz Land (Polish: ziemia łęczycko-sieradzka).

Its historical capital is Łęczyca, while the largest city is Łódź, while other bigger cities are Zgierz, and Tomaszów Mazowiecki (partly in Sieradz Land).

Łęczyca Land is bordered by Greater Poland in the west, Kuyavia in the north, Mazovia in the north-east, Lesser Poland in the south-east, and Sieradz Land in the south. It lies at the Bzura and on the north-east banks of Ner rivers.

The Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land combined roughly correspond with present-day Łódź Voivodeship.

Tomaszów Mazowiecki
Tomaszów Mazowiecki (pronounced [tɔˈmaʂuf mazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi] ⓘ, Yiddish: טאָמעשעוו or Tomashuv) is a town in central Poland with 60,529 inhabitants (2021). It is the fourth most populous city in the Łódź Voivodeship and the second with free public transport. It is the seat of Tomaszów County.

In Tomaszów Mazowiecki there is the first (and the only) all-year speed skating track in Poland - Ice Arena Tomaszów Mazowiecki, which has hosted the World Championships. In autumn, the city hosts the international Love Polish Jazz festival, organized by the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.
Moogana Sedu
Moogana Sedu (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1980 Indian Kannada-language film directed by B. Subba Rao and produced by A. L. Abbayi Naidu. The film stars Shankar Nag and Manjula. it showcased Shankar Nag's acting capabilities through his performance as a mute man. The film was remade in Telugu as Moogavani Paga.

B. A. Subba Rao
Bugata Venkata Subba Rao, better known as B. A. Subba Rao (died 1987), was an Indian film director and producer who predominantly worked in Telugu cinema. He is recipient of Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for his lifetime contribution to Telugu cinema.

He started his career in 1950 with Palletoori Pilla as writer, director and producer. He gave N. T. Rama Rao the first chance as a lead actor in this film. It was a minor commercial hit and both Subba Rao and Rama Rao gained a good reputation from it. He produced and directed Raju Peda in 1954 with Rama Rao in the lead role, based on the 1881 Mark Twain novel The Prince and the Pauper. He also produced some films like Chenchu Lakshmi (1958), and Bhishma (1962) under the banner of B. A. S. Productions.

When N. T. Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, he made Subba Rao the Chairman of the AP Film Development Corporation.
Ali Orumian
Sheikh Ali Orumian (Persian: شیخ علی ارومیان; 1932 – 23 January 2024) was an Iranian Ayatollah. He served in the Second and Third terms of the Assembly of Experts, as well as the second term for the Islamic Consultative Assembly representing East Azerbaijan Province.

Ayatollah
Ayatollah (UK: /ˌaɪəˈtɒlə/, also US: /ˌaɪəˈtoʊlə/; Arabic: آية الله, romanized: ʾāyatu llāh; Persian: آیت‌الله, romanized: âyatollâh [ɒːjjætˌolˈlɒːh]) is a title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy. It came into widespread usage in the 20th century.

Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most distinguished  marja' at-taqlid mujtahid, it suffered from "inflation"  following the 1979 Iranian Revolution when it came to be used for "any established mujtahid". By 2015, it was further expanded to include any student who had passed their Mujtahid final exam, leading to "thousands" of Ayatollahs.

The title is not used by the Sunni community of Iran, due to their belief that Muhammad did not appoint a successor.

In the Western world – especially after the Iranian Revolution – it was associated with Ruhollah Khomeini, who was so well known as to often be referred to as "The Ayatollah".
Donelson (surname)
Donelson is a surname of Scottish origin and it is a variant of the name Donaldson which is a patronymic for the name Donald. Donaldson is also an English rendering of the name MacDonald. The name MacDonald in some cases became Donaldson and due to pronunciation of the name it corrupted to Donelson. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew Jackson Donelson (1799–1871), American diplomat

Daniel Smith Donelson (1802–1863), American soldier and politician

Emily Donelson (1807–1836), American, niece of Rachel

John Donelson (1718–1785), American frontiersman and politician

Rachel Donelson (1767–1828), American wife of Andrew Jackson

Daniel Smith Donelson
Daniel Smith Donelson (June 23, 1801 – April 17, 1863) was a Tennessee planter, politician, and soldier. The historic Fort Donelson was named for him when he was serving as a Brigadier in the Tennessee militia, early in the American Civil War. He was commissioned as a regular Confederate general, serving notably at the battles of Perryville and Stones River.

After their father died when Donelson and his two brothers were young, the three boys were taken in and adopted by their paternal aunt Rachel Donelson Jackson and her husband Andrew Jackson, a future United States president.
Madenburg Castle
The ruin of Madenburg Castle is one of the biggest and oldest castle complexes in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The castle was built on a cliff on the outskirts of the Palatinate Forest looking towards the Rhine rift valley. The ruin, which is surrounded by forest, lies at an elevation of  458 metres overlooking Eschbach.

Despite its strong defences, the castle was destroyed during the War of the Grand Alliance by the troops of Joseph de Montclar. The castle was never rebuilt.

Upper Rhine Plain
The Upper Rhine Plain, Rhine Rift Valley or Upper Rhine Graben (German: Oberrheinische Tiefebene, Oberrheinisches Tiefland or Oberrheingraben, French: Vallée du Rhin) is a major rift, about 350-kilometre-long (220 mi) and on average 50-kilometre-wide (31 mi), between Basel in the south and the cities of Frankfurt/Wiesbaden in the north. Its southern section straddles the France–Germany border. It forms part of the European Cenozoic Rift System, which extends across Central Europe. The Upper Rhine Graben formed during the Oligocene, as a response to the evolution of the Alps to the south. It remains active to the present day. Today, the Rhine Rift Valley forms a downfaulted trough through which the river Rhine flows.
1981 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
John McEnroe defeated five-time defending champion Björn Borg in a rematch of the previous year's final, 4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1981 Wimbledon Championships. It was his first Wimbledon singles title and third major singles title overall. Borg was attempting to equal William Renshaw's record of six consecutive Wimbledon titles and Roy Emerson's all-time record of 12 Grand Slam tournament singles titles. It was Borg's last Wimbledon appearance.

During this tournament, McEnroe famously shouted "You cannot be serious!" to the chair umpire in response to a serve being called "out". The disagreement took place on 22 June, during his first-round match against Tom Gullikson.

William Renshaw
William Charles Renshaw (3 January 1861 – 12 August 1904) was a British tennis player active during the late 19th century, who was ranked world No. 1. He won twelve Wimbledon titles: seven in singles and five in doubles. A right-hander, Renshaw was known for his power and technical ability which put him ahead of competition at the time. His seven Wimbledon men's singles titles were a record that stood for 128 years, until surpassed in 2017. His six consecutive singles titles (1881–86) remain an all-time record. Additionally, Renshaw won the doubles title five times with his twin brother Ernest. William Renshaw was the first president of the British Lawn Tennis Association (LTA).
2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum
The electorate of Iraq went to the polls on 15 October 2005 to vote in a referendum on whether or not to ratify the proposed constitution of Iraq. After 10 days of counting votes, the country's electoral commission announced that the constitution had been approved by a wide margin nationwide. A number of mainly Sunni critics like future deputy prime minister Saleh al-Mutlaq alleged massive irregularities, saying that soldiers broke in to polling stations and changed votes to yes in the crucial province of Nineveh, which was expected by them to provide the third (and deciding) "no" vote.

Saleh al-Mutlaq
Saleh Muhammed al-Mutlaq (Arabic: صالح محمد المطلك; born 1 July 1947) is an Iraqi politician who is the head of the Iraqi Front for National Dialogue, the fifth largest political list in Iraq's parliament. From 21 December 2010 to 11 August 2015, he was one of the three deputy prime ministers of Iraq.
Thomas Henry Sparshott
Thomas Henry Sparshott (31 December 1841 – 10 January 1927) was an English Anglican priest, also known as Rev Tom. He served as a missionary in East Africa and in Mombasa, Kenya, as curate and vicar to various English congregations, as chaplain to George Cholmondeley, 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley, and as chaplain to a home for the daughters of female prisoners. For eighteen years he was organising secretary of the Church Association.

Sparshott was known as a "powerful evangelical" preacher. He was a vocal antagonist against the Oxford Movement, and gave lectures and wrote to newspapers on the subject. While serving as chaplain to the Marquess of Cholmondeley, he edited A Nika-English Dictionary, on the subject of a Mijikenda language, and a translation of the Gospel of Luke, in Swahili.

Swafield
Swafield is a village and civil parish in the North Norfolk district of the county of Norfolk, England. The village is 16 miles (26 km) north north east of Norwich, 10 miles (16 km) south south east of Cromer and 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the town of North Walsham. The village sits astride the B1145 Kings Lynn to Mundesley road that bisects North Norfolk west to east. The nearest railway station is at North Walsham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham and Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The parish had in 2001 census, a population of 273, including Bradfield and increasing to 315 at the 2011 Census.
Ibule-Soro
Ibule-Sorolistenⓘ is a town in Ifedore local government area of Ondo State, SouthWestern Nigeria. It is renowned for selling the best of palm wine in Ondo State which has led both the masses and top government office holders accustomed to the area.

Local government areas of Nigeria
Nigeria has 768 local government areas (LGAs) and 6 Area Councils, making 774 LGA each administered by a local government council consisting of a chairman, who is the chief executive, and other elected members, who are referred to as councillors. Each LGA is further subdivided into a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty wards. A ward is administered by a councillor, who reports directly to the LGA chairman. The councillors fall under the legislative arm of the Local Government, the third tier of government in Nigeria, below the state governments and the federal government.
New Delhi Municipal Council
New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC; ISO: Naī Dillī Nagarapālikā Pariṣad) is the municipal council of the city of New Delhi, Delhi, India. It covers an  area of 42.7 km2 under its administration, which is commonly referred as Lutyens' Delhi.

The only owner is the Government of India and about 80% of buildings in New Delhi are owned by the New Delhi Municipal Council area. It is governed by a council headed by a chairperson, who is usually a career civil servant and holds the rank of Joint Secretary to Government of India appointed by the Government of India. The council also includes the Chief Minister of Delhi as an Ex officio member.

It is one of three local bodies in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Delhi Cantonment Board.

Ex officio member
An ex officio member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic.

According to Robert's Rules of Order, the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting.

Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch.
Mt. Vernon Avenue Commercial Building
The Mt. Vernon Avenue Commercial Building is a historic building in the Near East Side area of Columbus, Ohio. The building sits on Mount Vernon Avenue, between the modern-day neighborhoods of Mount Vernon and King-Lincoln Bronzeville.

Near East Side, Columbus, Ohio
The Near East Side is a neighborhood located near downtown Columbus, Ohio, made up of several neighborhoods: Mount Vernon, King-Lincoln Bronzeville, Eastgate, Franklin Park, Nelson Park, Olde Towne East, and Woodland Park.
Sargon Gabriel
Sargon Gabriel (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܣܪܓܘܢ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ) is an Assyrian musician whose music style usually involves traditional Assyrian folk music with the instruments, zurna and dawoola. The singer currently resides in Chicago, Illinois. Some of his notable writers of his songs include Adwar Mousa.

Davul
The Tabl, dhol, tapan, atabal or davul is a large double-headed drum that is played with mallets. It has many names depending on the country and region. These drums are commonly used in the music of West Asia and the Balkans. These drums have both a deep bass sound and a thin treble sound due to their construction and playing style, where different heads and sticks are used to produce different sounds on the same drum.The drum traditionally known as ṭabl is closely associated with dabke, a pre-Arab Levantine folk dance, indicating the instrument’s deep roots in the cultural traditions of the Levant prior to later imperial and linguistic influences.
Stanisław Komornicki
Stanisław Komornicki (26 July 1924 – 10 April 2010) was a brigadier general in the Polish Army and the chancellor of the Order Virtuti Militari.
He was born in Warsaw. He was a Polish underground activist (pseudonym: Nałęcz), a member of underground Scouting (Szare Szeregi), a soldier of Armia Krajowa, a participant in the Warsaw Uprising, an officer of the Polish First Army, a participant in the Battle of Kolberg, a writer, and a military historian.

He was listed on the flight manifest of the Tupolev Tu-154 of the 36th Special Aviation Regiment carrying the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński which crashed near Smolensk-North airport near Pechersk near Smolensk, Russia, on 10 April 2010, killing all aboard.

First Polish Army (1944–1945)
The Polish First Army (Polish: Pierwsza Armia Wojska Polskiego, 1 AWP for short, also known as Berling's Army) was an army unit of the Polish Armed Forces in the East. It was formed in the Soviet Union in 1944, from the previously existing Polish I Corps in the Soviet Union, as part of the People's Army of Poland (LWP). The First Army fought westward, subordinated to the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front, during the offensive against Nazi Germany that led to the capture of Warsaw in January 1945 and the capture of Berlin in May 1945.
2014 Marburg Open
The 2014 Marburg Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Marburg, Germany between 23 and 29 June 2014.

Julian Lenz
Julian Lenz (born 17 February 1993 in Giessen) is a German tennis player. He has an ATP career high singles ranking of world No. 227 achieved in January 2020. In doubles, he reached his career-high ranking of No. 162 in June 2021.
Wyszonki
Wyszonki ([vɨˈʂɔŋki]) is an okolica szlachecka in Podlasie, at the Nurzec river. It is the nest of Wyszyński noble family. It is divided into several villages:

Wyszonki Kościelne (the central settlement, with the church)

Wyszonki-Błonie

Wyszonki-Klukówek

Wyszonki-Nagórki

Wyszonki-Włosty

Wyszonki-Wojciechy

Wyszonki-Wypychy

52°45′43″N 22°37′30″E﻿ / ﻿52.762°N 22.625°E﻿ / 52.762; 22.625

Podlachia
Podlachia, also known by its Polish name Podlasie (Polish: [pɔˈdlaɕɛ] ⓘ; Lithuanian: Palenkė; Belarusian: Падляшша, romanized: Padliashsha), is a historical region in north-eastern Poland. Its largest city is Białystok, whereas the historical capital is Drohiczyn.

Similarly to several other historical regions of Poland, e.g. Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Pomerania, Silesia, Warmia, Podlachia possesses its own folk costumes, unique traditional architecture and cuisine. Between 1513 and 1795 it was a voivodeship with the capital in Drohiczyn. Now the part north of the Bug River is included in the modern Podlaskie Voivodeship with the capital in Białystok, whereas southern parts are located in the Masovian and Lublin Voivodeships.
ECSC
ECSC may stand for:

European Coal and Steel Community, a forerunner of the European Union

Eastern Colleges Science Conference, an undergraduate research conference in the northeastern United States

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, a Caribbean court system established under the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States

East Coast Surfing Championships, one of the United States Surfing Federation's major amateur events

Expedia CruiseShipCenters

European Cybersecurity Challenge, a CTF competition at a European level

Eastern Colleges Science Conference
The Eastern Colleges Science Conference (ECSC) is an annual conference at which undergraduate students present the results of their research.  ECSC is an interdisciplinary conference covering the fields of biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics engineering, computer science and behavioral sciences and was first organized in 1947.  The conference is attended primarily by students enrolled in colleges located in the northeastern United States.