hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mohammed Saleh (politician)
Mohammed Sani Saleh (born 11 November 1955) is a retired Nigerian army major general and former Senator representing Kaduna Central senatorial district at the Nigerian National Assembly, elected 9 April 2011 during the national elections on the platform of  Congress for Progressive Change (CPC).

Congress for Progressive Change
The Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) was a political party founded in Nigeria in 2009.

In February 2013, the party merged with the Action Congress of Nigeria, the All Nigeria Peoples Party, and a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance to form the All Progressives Congress.
Hall Signal Company
The Hall Signal Company was an American manufacturer of railway signaling equipment in the 19th and 20th centuries. Hall's equipment was widely used by American railroad companies. The company's founder, William Phillips Hall, was an inventor who developed several important devices in the history of railway signalling. The company manufactured automatic block signaling systems, disc signals (also called "banjo" signals), a rotating semaphore signal, grade crossing signals, and the first searchlight-style signal.: 52

The company was established in 1871 with main offices in New York City and a factory in Meriden, Connecticut. In 1892 it built a new, larger factory in Garwood, New Jersey. The company reorganized in 1912 to raise capital and expand its Garwood factory. In 1925 Hall Signal Co. was purchased by Union Switch and Signal, principally for the value of its searchlight signal patents.: 36–37

Railway semaphore signal
Railway semaphore signals are an early form of fixed railway signals. The semaphore system involves signals that display their different indications to train drivers by changing the angle of inclination of a pivoted 'arm'. Semaphore signals were patented in the early 1840s by Joseph James Stevens, and soon became the most widely used form of mechanical signal. Designs have altered over the intervening years, and colour light signals have replaced semaphore signals in most countries, but in a few they remain in use.
Torsby Municipality
Torsby Municipality (Swedish: Torsby kommun) is a municipality in Värmland County in west central Sweden, bordering Norway. Its seat is located in the town of Torsby.

The name Torsby means Thor's village.

The present municipality consists of eight original local government entities (as of 1863): Dalby, Fryksände, Lekvattnet, Norra Finnskoga, Norra Ny, Nyskoga, Södra Finnskoga, Vitsand and Östmark. In 1952 they were grouped into four larger units and in 1974 they were all united.

There is much Finnish heritage in Torsby Municipality.

Municipalities of Sweden
The municipalities of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges kommuner) are its generally smaller but co-equal local government entities. There are 290 municipalities which are responsible for a large proportion of local services, including schools, emergency services and physical planning.
Neocleides
Neoclides (Ancient Greek: Νεοκλείδης, romanized: Neokleidēs, b. about 420 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician. He was a younger contemporary of Plato and Leodamas of Thasos and himself served at the Platonic Academy. He also taught Leon. Otherwise, not much is known about him.

Platonic Academy
37°59′33″N 23°42′29″E﻿ / ﻿37.99250°N 23.70806°E﻿ / 37.99250; 23.70806

The Academy (Ancient Greek: Ἀκαδημία, romanized: Akadēmia) was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years (367 BC – 347 BC) before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC. Although philosophers continued to teach Plato's philosophy in Athens during the Roman era, it was not until AD 410 that a revived Academy was re-established as a center for Neoplatonism, persisting until 529 AD when it was closed down by Justinian I.

The academy is regarded as the first institution of higher education in the west, where subjects as diverse as biology, geography, astronomy, mathematics, history, and many more were taught and investigated. It has been regarded as perhaps the earliest structured academy for political science in antiquity.
2019 Rolex Shanghai Masters
The 2019 Shanghai Rolex Masters was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 11th edition of the Shanghai ATP Masters 1000, classified as an ATP Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2019 ATP Tour. It took place at Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena in Shanghai, China from October 6 to 13, 2019.

Zhang Ze
Zhang Ze (Chinese: 张择; pinyin: Zhāng Zé; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂáŋ tsɤ̌]; born July 4, 1990), is a Chinese former professional tennis player.

Zhang's career highlights include reaching the quarterfinals of the 2012 China Open (defeating Richard Gasquet en route), playing the Australian Open main draw in two consecutive years (2014 and 2015), and teaming up with Roger Federer to play doubles at the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters.
Naftaly Frenkel
Naftaly Aronovich Frenkel (Russian: Нафталий Аронович Френкель; 1883–1960) was a Soviet security officer and member of the Soviet secret police. Frenkel is best known for his role in the organisation of work in the Gulag, starting from the forced labor camp of the Solovetsky Islands, which is recognised as one of the earliest sites of the Gulag.

Labor camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especially prison farms). Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators. Convention no. 105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO), adopted internationally on 27 June 1957, intended to abolish camps of forced labor.

In the 20th century, a new category of labor camps developed for the imprisonment of millions of people who were not criminals per se, but political opponents (real or imagined) and various so-called undesirables under communist and fascist regimes.
Gooloogongia
Gooloogongia (/ˌɡʊlʊˈɡɒŋɡiə/ GUU-luu-GONG-gee-ə) is a genus of prehistoric lobe-finned fish which belonged to the group of rhizodont fishes. Gooloogongia lived during the Late Devonian period (Famennian stage, about 360 million years ago). Fossils have been found in the Canowindra site, (Australia). It was named by Zerina Johanson and Per Ahlberg in 1998. In general size and shape Gooloogongia is similar to the modern saratoga which lives in the tropical rivers of northern Australia.

Gooloogongia loomesi ("Loomes' Gooloogong") named after Bruce Loomes, the foreman of the 1993 excavation of the Canowindra site, and the town of Gooloogong, NSW.

Famennian
The Famennian is the later of two faunal stages in the Late Devonian epoch. The most recent estimate for its duration is that it lasted from 372.15 million years ago to 358.86 million years ago. It was preceded by the Frasnian stage and followed by the Tournaisian stage.
Daroyah Alwi
Daroyah binti Alwi is a Malaysian politician who served as Deputy Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly from March 2019 to June 2020, Member of the Selangor State Executive Council (EXCO) from May 2013 to May 2018 and Member of the Assembly (MLA) for Sementa from May 2013 to August 2023. She is a member of the Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM). She was an independent and a member and Deputy Women Chief of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions.

Pakatan Rakyat
Pakatan Rakyat (PR; English: People's Alliance) was an informal Malaysian political coalition and successor to Barisan Alternatif (BA). The political coalition was formed by the People's Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party (DAP), and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) on 1 April 2008, after the 12th Malaysian general election, having previously formed the Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front) in the 10th general election. On 20 April 2010, the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) officially joined as a member of the Pakatan Rakyat after being expelled from Barisan Nasional, but quit the coalition on 6 May 2011. The DAP declared the coalition "dead" on 16 June 2015, citing the inability of the rest of the alliance to work with PAS, after PAS's congress passed the motion to sever ties with DAP without debate. It was succeeded by Pakatan Harapan and Gagasan Sejahtera.
1993 Tour of Slovenia
The 1993 Tour of Slovenia (Slovene: Dirka po Sloveniji) was the first edition of the Tour of Slovenia, an amateur International stage race held between 3 and 9 May 1993 with start and finish in Novo mesto.

The Tour consisted of opening prologue and 7 actual stages with 905.5 km (562.7 mi) in total.

Total prize money was 40,000 deutsche marks. Race winner was awarded with a Škoda Favorit car.

Best Slovenian classification with pink jersey was exceptionally competed only in the first edition.

Črnomelj
Črnomelj (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnòːməl] ⓘ; in older sources also Černomelj, German: Tschernembl) is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črnomelj. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Čardak, Kočevje, Kozji Plac, Loka, and Nova Loka.
La Roda CF
La Roda Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football club based in La Roda, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. Founded in 1996 it plays in Primera Autonómica Preferente – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio Municipal de Deportes, which has a capacity of 3,000 spectators.

Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Castilla-La Mancha
The Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in  Castilla-La Mancha, organized by the Castilla-La Mancha Football Federation:

Primera Autonómica Preferente, 2 Groups of 18 teams (Level 6 of the Spanish football pyramid)

Primera División Autonómica, 4 Groups of 18 teams (Level 7)

Segunda División Autonómica, 6 Groups of 18 teams (Level 8)
Music on Top
Music on Top (Korean: 뮤직온탑) was a South Korean music program broadcast on pay television network JTBC between 2011 and 2012. Hosted by Yoon Doo-joon of Beast and actor Lee Hyun-woo, it aired live every Wednesday from Hoam Art Hall in Jung District, Seoul.

Following the demise of similar music shows, such as Channel A's K-Pop Con and Maeil Broadcasting Network's Show! K Music, that belonged to other small networks, the show was placed on an indefinite hiatus after its March 14, 2012 broadcast. News media attributed this to the show's inability to distinguish itself from the multitude of popular music programs being broadcast by other cable and terrestrial networks at the time, and its failure to improve its consistently low viewership.

Maeil Broadcasting Network
37°33′38″N 126°59′34″E﻿ / ﻿37.560475°N 126.9928191°E﻿ / 37.560475; 126.9928191

Maeil Broadcasting Network, Inc. (MBN) (주식회사 매일방송) is a South Korean cable TV network operated by the Maeil Business Newspaper.
Whitescarver Hall
Whitescarver Hall is a historic dormitory building located on the campus of Alderson Broaddus University at Philippi, Barbour County, West Virginia, United States. It was built in 1911–1912, and is a three-story white brick building in the Neoclassical style. It measures 40 feet by 90 feet. It features a hipped roof covered in red tile and four classical pilaster topped with Ionic order capitals.

Philippi, West Virginia
Philippi ('FILL-uh-pea') is a city in and the county seat of Barbour County, West Virginia, United States, along the Tygart Valley River. The population was 2,929 at the 2020 census. In 1861, the city was the site of the Battle of Philippi, known as the "Philippi Races". Although a minor skirmish, this is considered the earliest notable land action of the American Civil War. The city has a weekly newspaper, The Barbour Democrat.
Triploid block
Triploid block is a phenomenon describing the formation of nonviable progeny after hybridization of flowering plants that differ in ploidy. The barrier is established in the endosperm, a nutritive tissue supporting embryo growth. This phenomenon usually happens when autopolyploidy occurs in diploid plants. Triploid blocks lead to reproductive isolation. The triploid block effects have been explained as possibly due to genomic imprinting in the endosperm. Triploid block can be partially overcome by chemical treatment with 5-Azacytidine.

Reproductive isolation
The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile. These barriers maintain the integrity of a species by reducing gene flow between related species.

The mechanisms of reproductive isolation have been classified in a number of ways. Zoologist Ernst Mayr classified the mechanisms of reproductive isolation in two broad categories: pre-zygotic for those that act before fertilization (or before mating in the case of animals) and post-zygotic for those that act after it. The mechanisms are genetically controlled and can appear in species whose geographic distributions overlap (sympatric speciation) or are separate (allopatric speciation).
Johannes Lauridsen
Johannes Lauridsen (25 December 1930, Frederikshavn – 25 October 2006) was a Danish long distance runner. Lauridsen took part in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, placing 41st in the marathon with a time of 2:32:32. He won the 8 km race at the 1956 Kongepokalen.

Frederikshavn
Frederikshavn (Danish: [fʁeðʁeksˈhɑwˀn, fʁæðʁæksˈhɑwˀn] ⓘ) is a Danish town in Frederikshavn municipality, Region Nordjylland, on the northeast coast on the North Jutlandic Island in northern Denmark. Its name translates to "Frederik's harbor". It was originally named Fladstrand.

The town has a population of 22,548 (1 January 2025), and is an important traffic portal with its ferry connections to Gothenburg in Sweden. The town is well known for fishing and its fishing and industrial harbours.

Frederikshavn's oldest district, Fiskerklyngen, is originally from the mid-16th century, but the houses now there are from 18th–19th centuries.
Journal of Contemporary China
The Journal of Contemporary China is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal on contemporary Chinese affairs. It is published five times per year by Routledge and covers issues such as Chinese politics, law, economy, culture, and foreign policy, among others. It was purported to be the only English-language journal edited in North America that provides exclusive information about contemporary Chinese affairs for scholars, business people and government policy-makers.

As of 2025, the journal's editor is Suisheng Zhao (Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver). Some scholars affiliated with the journal have also contributed to articles published by Brookings and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

EBSCO Information Services
EBSCO Information Services, headquartered in Ipswich, Massachusetts, is a division of EBSCO Industries Inc., a private company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. EBSCO provides products and services to libraries of many types around the world. Its products include EBSCONET, a complete e-resource management system, and EBSCOhost, which supplies a fee-based online research service with 375 full-text databases, a collection of 600,000-plus ebooks, subject indexes, point-of-care medical references, and an array of historical digital archives. In 2010, EBSCO introduced its EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) to institutions, which allows searches of a portfolio of journals and magazines.
John George II, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
Johann Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (24 July 1665 – 10 November 1698), ruled as duke of Saxe-Eisenach from 1686 to 1698.

Born in Friedewald, he was the second son of Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach and Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein.

The death of his older brother, Frederick August, who was killed in battle in 1684, made him the new heir of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach. Two years later (1686), Johann Georg succeeded his father when he died.

In Kirchheim unter Teck on 20 September 1688 Johann Georg married with Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg. This union was childless.

When his cousin, the young Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Jena died (1690) Johann Georg inherited a part of his duchy, because he was compelled to make a divisionary treaty with the Duke Wilhelm Ernst of Saxe-Weimar, his other cousin and brother-in-law of the late duke.

Johann Georg died suddenly of smallpox in Eisenach, and was succeeded by his brother, Johann Wilhelm.

Kirchheim unter Teck
Kirchheim unter Teck (German pronunciation: [ˈkɪʁçhaɪm ʔʊntɐ ˈtɛk], lit. 'Kirchheim under Teck'; Swabian: Kircha) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in the district of Esslingen. It is located on the small river Lauter, a tributary of the Neckar. It is 10 km (6 miles) near the Teck castle, approximately 35 kilometres (22 miles) southeast of Stuttgart. It is the fourth city in the Esslingen district, forming a district centre for the surrounding communities.

Since 1 April 1956, Kirchheim unter Teck has the status of Große Kreisstadt. The city forms a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (administrative community) with the neighbouring municipalities Dettingen and Notzingen.  Kirchheim unter Teck was also, for several centuries, seat of the Oberamt (Oa.) Kirchheim.
Arrondissements of the Seine-Maritime department
The 3 arrondissements of the Seine-Maritime department are:

Arrondissement of Dieppe, (subprefecture: Dieppe) with 343 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 232,559 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Le Havre, (subprefecture: Le Havre) with 149 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 383,996 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Rouen, (prefecture of the Seine-Maritime department: Rouen) with 216 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 639,363 in 2021.

Dieppe
Dieppe (French pronunciation: [djɛp]; Norman: Dgieppe; prob. from Old English  dēōp or Old Norse djúpr 'deep') is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department, Normandy, northern France.

Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England.

Famous for its scallops, Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach, a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi. The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer, directly to the west of Dieppe.

The inhabitants of the town of Dieppe are called Dieppois (m) and Dieppoise (f) in French.
WLCS
WLCS (98.3 FM, "Classic Hits 98.3 WLCS") is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to North Muskegon, Michigan, it first began broadcasting under the WFMM call sign. The station is owned by Cumulus Media.

Despite its relatively modest 1,600-watt ERP, WLCS provides at least secondary coverage as far north as New Era and as far south as Grand Haven and Allendale. It trades heavily on its Lakeshore-centric identity; for instance, it airs bumpers touting numerous cities in its coverage area.

The station is the Muskegon affiliate for Grand Valley State Lakers football and basketball. It also airs high school football in the fall and high school basketball during the winter.

New Era, Michigan
New Era is a village in Shelby Township, Oceana County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, New Era had a population of 446.

New Era is the birthplace of Caldecott Medal-winning children's author Verna Aardema. The village is near the halfway point on the Hart-Montague Trail, and local businesses woo visiting cyclists as they pass by along the trail. New Era is also home to dairy product manufacturer, Country Dairy.
Johanna Ray
Johanna Ray is an American casting director and film producer, sometimes credited as "Joanna Ray". She has been nominated for five Artios Awards, and won once in 1990. She has worked with Quentin Tarantino, David Lynch, Julia Roberts, and Nicolas Cage, among others.

Casting (performing arts)
In the performing arts industry such as theatre, film, or television, casting, or a casting call, is a pre-production process for selecting a certain type of actor, dancer, singer, or extra to land the role of a character in a script, screenplay, or teleplay. This process may be used for a motion picture, television program, documentary film, music video, play, or advertisement intended for an audience.
Ross Speck
Ross V. Speck, MD (1927-2015), was a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and family therapist. He had a strong interest in sociology and anthropology and did research in family therapy of schizophrenia, drugs, depression, and adolescents. He was one of the "first generation" of family therapists and a founder of the Family Institute of Philadelphia. In addition, he was the originator of NetWork Therapy.

Thomas Jefferson University
Thomas Jefferson University is a private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Established in its earliest form in 1824, the university officially combined with Philadelphia University in 2017. The university is named for U.S. Founding Father and president Thomas Jefferson. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

To signify its heritage, the university sometimes carries the nomenclature Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University) in its branding.
Laurens Devos
Laurens Devos (born 15 August 2000) is a Belgian table tennis player who was the Paralympic champion in men's singles class 9. He has also won four European titles and most recently, a world title for his country.

Laurens Devos lives in Oostmalle. The son of Mario Devos and Christel, he has 2 brothers and a twin sister, Isabel. His 6 years older brother Robin Devos is as of 14 September 2016 the second-highest ranked able-bodied Belgian table tennis player, ranked number 119 on the World Ranking.

Caused by a lack of oxygen at birth, Laurens has mild hemiplegia which results in a loss of mobility on the right side of his body. He plays left-handed. He studies at the Topsportschool in Leuven, where he is the only student with a disability.

Hemiparesis
Hemiparesis, also called unilateral paresis, is the weakness of one entire side of the body (hemi- meaning 'half'). Hemiplegia, in its most severe form, is the complete paralysis of one entire side of the body. Either hemiparesis or hemiplegia can result from a variety of medical causes, including congenital conditions, blunt trauma, tumors, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
Deweare
Franck Deweare (pronounced "de-vair"), also known by his stage name Deweare, and previously as Franck Marx, is a musician native to Verdun, France, who has been based out of Montreal, Quebec since 2004. Deweare's style, both lyrically and vocally, has been compared to that of Serge Gainsbourg, due to his rough yet seductive voice and dark lyrics.

Verdun
Verdun (/vɜːrˈdʌn/ vur-DUN, UK also /ˈvɛərdʌn/ VAIR-dun; US also /vɛərˈdʌn/ vair-DUN; French: [vɛʁdœ̃] ⓘ; official name before 1970: Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city in the Meuse department in Grand Est, northeastern France. It is an arrondissement of the department.

In 843, the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms—considered the foundation of Germany and France—was signed there. An episcopal principality of the Holy Roman Empire since the 10th century, Verdun was subjugated by France in 1552, during the "Voyage to Austrasia". Along with the other free cities of the Empire, Metz and Toul, it formed the province of the Three Bishoprics, which was attached to the Kingdom of France in 1648 by the Treaty of Münster.

Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse, although the capital of the department is Bar-le-Duc, which is slightly smaller than Verdun. It is well known for giving its name to the longest battle in modern history in the First World War.