hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 opinion polling on the Biden administration
This is a list of opinion polls taken on the presidency of Joe Biden in 2023. To navigate between years, see opinion polling on the Biden administration. For 2024–2025 opinion polling, see 2024–2025 opinion polling on the Biden administration.

According to analysis by Gallup, Biden's average approval rating in 2023 was 39.8%. Compared with presidents going back to Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Gallup Poll only recorded one president, Jimmy Carter, as having a lower average approval rating in their third year (37.4%). Notably, this is the first year in which Joe Biden's average approval rating was lower than his predecessor's at the same point in their terms (Donald Trump's average in 2019 was 42.0%). Biden's low approval ratings in 2023 were attributed to continued disapproval over the economy, immigration, and Biden's age as well as his response to the outbreak of the Gaza war in October.

Gallup, Inc.
Gallup, Inc. is an American multinational analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for conducting public opinion polls worldwide. Gallup provides analytics and management consulting to organizations globally. In addition, the company offers educational consulting, the CliftonStrengths assessment and associated products, and business and management books published by its Gallup Press unit.
MPSB
MPSB can stand for:

Morehouse Parish School Board, a school district in Louisiana

Metropolitan Police Special Branch (1883–2006), a former unit in the Metropolitan Police of London

Mecklenburg-Pommersche Schmalspurbahn (1882–1945), a former Narrow-gauge railways in Germany

Sambú Airport, ICAO code MPSB

Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)
Special Branch was a unit in the Metropolitan Police in London, formed as a counter-terrorism unit in 1883 and merged with another unit to form Counter Terrorism Command (SO15) in 2006. It maintained contact with the Security Service (MI5) and had responsibility for, among other things, personal protection of (non-royal) VIPs and performing the role of examining officer at designated ports and airports, as prescribed by the Terrorism Act 2000.
David Jones (tight end)
David Dennison Jones (born November 9, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Delaware State Hornets and was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 1991 NFL draft. He played for the Los Angeles Raiders in 1992.

Born in East Orange, New Jersey and raised in Hillside, New Jersey, Jones played prep football at Hillside High School.

Hillside, New Jersey
Hillside is a township in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 22,456, an increase of 1,052 (+4.9%) from the 2010 census count of 21,404, which in turn reflected a decline of 343 (−1.6%) from the 21,747 counted in the 2000 census.

Hillside was incorporated as a township on April 3, 1913, from portions of Union Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 29, 1913. The township was named for the surrounding hills.

The township is split between area codes 908 and 973.
Soviet Civilization
Soviet Civilization (Russian: Советская цивилизация) is a 2001 collection of writings by Russian author Sergei Kara-Murza. The book was a bestseller.

The book was included by Eksmo Publishing House in the book series “Classics of Russian Thought”.

Eksmo
Eksmo Publishing House is a Russian publishing house founded in 1991. At first, the company worked in the field of wholesale trade in books. Since 1993, it started independent publishing activities.

In 2012, the publishing house became part of the structure of the publishing group "Eksmo-AST".

In 2023, the publishing house released 8643 titles of books. The total circulation was 41.8 million copies.

Among the authors - Daria Dontsova, Olga Primachenko, Eduard Verkin, Dmitry Emets, Katya Kachur, Mikhail Labkovsky, Asya Lavrinovich, Anna and Sergei Litvinova, Alexandra Marinina, Diana Mashkova, Tatiana Muzhitskaya, Viktor Pelevin, Igor Prokopenko, Oleg Roy, Dina Rubina, Emma Scott, Tatiana Ustinova and others.
Jehan Buhan
Jehan Buhan (5 April 1912 – 14 September 1999) was a French fencer and Olympic champion in foil competition.

He received a gold medal in foil individual at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He received gold medals in foil team both in 1948 and in 1952.

Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a flexible weapon of total length 110 cm (43 in) or under, rectangular in cross section, weighing under 500 g (18 oz), with a blunt tip. As with the épée, points are only scored by making contact with the tip. The foil is the most commonly used weapon in fencing.
Caudiès-de-Fenouillèdes
Caudiès-de-Fenouillèdes (French pronunciation: [kodjɛs də fənujɛd] ⓘ, lit. 'Caudiès of Fenouillèdes'; Occitan: Caudièrs de Fenolhet) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France.

Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales (French: [piʁene ɔʁjɑ̃tal] ⓘ; Catalan: Pirineus Orientals [piɾiˈnɛwz uɾiənˈtals]; Occitan: Pirenèus Orientals [piɾeˈnɛwz uɾjenˈtals]; lit. 'Eastern Pyrenees'), also known as Northern Catalonia, is a department of the region of Occitania, Southern France, adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. It borders the departments of Ariège to the northwest and Aude to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east and the Spanish province of Girona in Catalonia to the south and the country of Andorra to the west. It also surrounds the tiny Spanish exclave of Llívia, and thus has two distinct borders with Spain. In 2019, it had a population of 479,979. Some parts of the Pyrénées-Orientales (like the Cerdagne) are part of the Iberian Peninsula. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range. Historically, most of the department corresponds with the northern part of the medieval and early modern Principality of Catalonia.
Sir Charles Kent, 1st Baronet
Sir Charles Kent, 1st Baronet (1743? – 14 March 1811) was a British landowner and MP.

He was born Charles Egleton, the only son of Sir Charles Egleton, a London merchant (Sheriff of London for 1743) and his wife Sarah, the daughter of Samuel Kent, MP.

In 1762 he succeeded his mother's brother to the Fornham estate at Fornham St Genevieve, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk and formally adopted the name of Kent. He employed architect James Wyatt to design and build a large new house (Fornham Hall) on the site in the 1770s.

He was selected High Sheriff of Suffolk for 1781–82 and created a baronet in August 1782. He was elected to serve in Parliament as the MP for Thetford from 1784 to 1790.

He died in 1811. He had married in 1771, Mary, the daughter and coheiress of Josias Wordsworth of Wadworth, Yorkshire and Sevenscore, Kent. They had a son, Sir Charles Egleton Kent, 2nd Baronet, who succeeded him, and 3 daughters.

Thetford (UK Parliament constituency)
Thetford was a constituency of the British House of Commons. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system of election. It was disenfranchised under the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868, which had resulted in a net increase of seven seats in Scotland, offset by the disenfranchisement of seven English Boroughs.

Below are those MPs who held the seat from just prior to the Restoration onwards.
Deepak Punia (cricketer)
Deepak Punia (born 27 September 1993) is an Indian former first-class cricketer who played for Delhi, Haryana, Saurashtra and Services. In 2016, he was bought by the Mumbai Indians for the 2016 Indian Premier League.

In October 2017, an arrest warrant was issued for Punia by the Indian Navy, after he was reported to be playing for Haryana in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy without having permission from the Navy to do so.

Saurashtra cricket team
Saurashtra cricket team is one of the three first-class cricket teams based in the Indian state of Gujarat (the other two being the Baroda cricket team and the Gujarat cricket team) that competes in India's first-class cricket tournament Ranji Trophy and limited-overs cricket tournaments Vijay Hazare Trophy and Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.
Yerndambool, New South Wales
Yerndamboo, New South Wales  in Central Darling Shire is a remote rural locality and civil parish of Yungnulgra County in far North West New South Wales.

The Parish has an arid landscape and the nearest town is Whitecliffs. The parish has extremely hot summers and mild winters. Summers would usually exceed 36 °C. Winters are usually around 17 °C. The annual average rainfall is about 249.7 millimetres (9.8 in) which would make it a semi-arid climate except that its high evapotranspiration, or its aridity, makes it a desert climate. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert),. is almost unpopulated, with less than two inhabitants per square kilometer.

White Cliffs, New South Wales
White Cliffs is a small town in outback New South Wales in Australia, in Central Darling Shire. White Cliffs is around 255 km northeast of Broken Hill, 93 km north of Wilcannia. At the 2021 census, White Cliffs had a population of 156.

The primary school opened in 1895, and has operated continuously since then. White Cliffs was one of the many places visited by Bill Bryson in research for the book Down Under.
Inga Fischer-Hjalmars
Inga Fischer-Hjalmars (née Fischer; 16 January 1918, Stockholm – 17 September 2008, Lidingö) was an internationally acclaimed Swedish physicist, chemist, pharmacist, humanist, and a pioneer in quantum chemistry. She was one of the pioneers in the application of quantum mechanics to solve problems in theoretical chemistry. Fischer-Hjalmars also served as chair of the International Council of Scientific Unions' Standing Committee on the Free Circulation of Scientists.

Theoretical chemistry
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule activation.
Electoral district of Manly
Manly is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, and covers a large portion of the Northern Beaches Council local government area. Created in 1927, although it has historically tended to be a Liberal-leaning seat, Manly has had a history of independent local members. It is represented by James Griffin for the Liberal Party, and was previously represented by the former Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird.

On 23 January 2017, Baird resigned as Premier and member for Manly, triggering a by-election in the district which was held on 8 April and won by Liberal candidate James Griffin.

Northern Beaches Council
The Northern Beaches Council is a local government area located in the Northern Beaches region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The council was formed on 12 May 2016 after the amalgamation of Manly, Pittwater, and Warringah councils.

The Council comprises an area of 254 square kilometres (98 sq mi) and as at the 2021 census had an estimated population of 263,554, making it the fourth-most populous local government area in New South Wales.

The Mayor of the Northern Beaches Council is Cr. Sue Heins, of the Your Northern Beaches Independent Team, since 16 May 2023.
194th Pontoon Bridge Brigade (Ukraine)
The 194th Separate Pontoon Bridge Brigade (MUN T0320) is a Brigade level military unit of the State Transport Special Service of Ukraine, subordinated to the Ministry of Defense. It is based in Samar and has seen action during both the War in Donbass and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Military Unit Number
A Military Unit Number (Russian: войсковая часть, в/ ч; Ukrainian: військова частина, в/ ч) is a unique numeric code assigned to military units of the Soviet Union and some Post-Soviet states. It is usually a four or five digit code for the purpose of identifying units of the armed forces and internal troops.

Military Unit Numbers for ground forces are assigned for a specific military unit (corps, division, brigade, etc.) while for the navy it is assigned to an individual ship. The number is also used for the unit's military mail and other logistics.
Control store
A control store is the part of a CPU's control unit that stores the CPU's microprogram. It is usually accessed by a microsequencer. A control store implementation whose contents are unalterable is known as a read-only memory (ROM) or Read Only Storage (ROS); one whose contents are alterable is known as a Writable Control Store (WCS).

Control unit
In computer architecture, the control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. A CU typically uses a binary decoder to convert coded instructions into timing and control signals that direct the operation of the other units (memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and output devices, etc.).

Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction.
Chrysomycena
Chrysomycena is an agaric fungal genus comprising one wood-decaying species found in Italy, Chrysomycena perplexa. It was first formally named in 2019.

The species has small golden yellow fruiting bodies resembling unrelated agarics in the Hygrophoraceae or Mycenaceae, with slightly slippery caps and a frosted yellowish stipe. The spores are slightly amyloid and the tissues of the fruitbodies have sarcodimitic construction.

Amyloid (mycology)
In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black staining. The term "amyloid" is derived from the Latin amyloideus ("starch-like"). It refers to the fact that starch gives a similar reaction, also called an amyloid reaction. The test can be on microscopic features, such as spore walls or hyphal walls, or the apical apparatus or entire ascus wall of an ascus, or be a macroscopic reaction on tissue where a drop of the reagent is applied. Negative reactions, called inamyloid or nonamyloid, are for structures that remain pale yellow-brown or clear. A reaction producing a deep reddish to reddish-brown staining is either termed a dextrinoid reaction (pseudoamyloid is a synonym) or a hemiamyloid reaction.
Plantation High School
Plantation High School (commonly referred to as PHS) is a public high school located in Plantation, Florida, United States, part of the Broward County Public Schools district. As of 2023, the school served 1,834 students in grades 9 through 12. It was originally located on the Fort Lauderdale Airport grounds, specifically on the Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale base. This was used as a temporary location until the new building was ready to open at its present location. Students at Plantation High are called "Colonels." The original school logo was a graphic of a traditional Southern colonel—the equivalent of Colonel Reb, mascot of the University of Mississippi. In the early 1990s, amidst concerns of racial insensitivity, the logo was changed to a large red letter C, similar to the Chicago Bears logo.

Plantation High has an FCAT school grade of "C" since 2014–2023 [2021 not assessed].

The school's attendance zone includes Plantation and a portion of Sunrise.

Colonel Reb
Colonel Reb  was the official mascot of Ole Miss Rebels, the collegiate athletic teams of the University of Mississippi ("Ole Miss") in Oxford, Mississippi. Designed in 1936, the Colonel served as the teams' official sideline mascot from 1979 until 2003. The university replaced him in 2010 with a new on-field mascot, the Black Bear, who was replaced with Tony the Landshark in 2018.
Maurice Roberts
Maurice Roberts can refer to:

Maurice Roberts (ice hockey) (1905–1975), American ice hockey player

Maurice Roberts (cricketer) (1916–1998), Australian cricketer

Maurice Roberts (footballer) (1922–1993), English footballer

Maurice Roberts (minister) (born 1938), English minister

Maurice Roberts (ice hockey)
Morris "Maurice, Moe" Roberts (December 13, 1905 – February 7, 1975) was an American ice hockey goaltender with the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, and Chicago Black Hawks for periods between 1925 and 1951, spending the rest of his career in different minor leagues. Roberts was the oldest man to play the position of goaltender in National Hockey League history, and in two different stretches of several decades was both the oldest player to play an NHL game and the youngest to play goal in the NHL. Roberts was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, but grew up in Somerville, Massachusetts.
Mikhail Kravets
Mikhail Grigorevich Kravets (Russian: Михаил Григорьевич Кравец; born November 12, 1963) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player who played in the Soviet Hockey League and 2 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is currently serving as the head coach of Kunlun Red Star of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

He played for the SKA St. Petersburg and San Jose Sharks, as well as a season on loan to the Manitoba Moose from the Detroit Vipers in 1995. In the years he was playing for the Sharks, he played in every game of the season, but in 2000 missed his third season's opening due to being denied a visa to the United States.

During the 2012-13 season, Kravets was named interim head coach from November until December for SKA St. Petersburg before returning to his assistant coaching duties.

Detroit Vipers
The Detroit Vipers were a professional ice hockey team that competed in the International Hockey League (IHL). Originally founded in 1969 as the Salt Lake Golden Eagles in Salt Lake City, the team was purchased by Palace Sports & Entertainment and relocated to Auburn Hills, Michigan in 1994. The rebranding to the Vipers was influenced by a sponsorship deal with the Chrysler Corporation, aligning the team's name with the company's popular Dodge Viper sports car, though the team's logo featured a venomous snake rather than the vehicle.

In their first five seasons, the Vipers were highly successful, achieving 100 points each year and making two appearances in the Turner Cup Finals, winning the championship in 1997.

In 1999, Palace Sports acquired the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Vipers became their top minor league affiliate. However, the team struggled over the next two seasons before both the Vipers and the IHL ceased operations in 2001.
Tell Sikkin
Tell Sikkin (Arabic: تل سكين, also known as Tell Sikkin Qa'dah) is a Syrian village located in the Mahardah Subdistrict of the Mahardah District in Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tell Sikkin had a population of 1,963 in the 2004 census.

Tell Sikkin was noted by Eli Smith in 1838.

Maharda District
Maharda District, also Mharda, Mahardah or Mhardeh (Arabic: محردة Maḥarda) is a district (mantiqah) administratively belonging to Hama Governorate, Syria. At the 2004 Census it had a population of 143,953. Its administrative centre is the city of Mahardah.
Hogwood: A Modern Horror Story
Hogwood: A Modern Horror Story is a 2020 documentary film focussing on an undercover investigation of a UK pig farm. The film was created by UK charity Viva!, directed by Tony Wardle and presented by Jerome Flynn.

The film explores issues with factory farming such as animal cruelty and disease outbreaks and suggests it is a leading cause of climate change.

Viva! (organisation)
Viva! is a British animal rights group, which focuses on promoting veganism. It was founded by Juliet Gellatley in 1994. Viva! carries out undercover investigations to expose the abuse of factory farmed animals and produces information on how to go vegan, including recipes and shopping guides. It is a registered charity.
2013 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship second qualifying round
2013 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship Second Qualifying Round was the first round of qualifications for the Final Tournament of 2013 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship, which will be held in Wales. The first matches were played on 4 April 2013.

England, France and Germany received byes to the second round as the sides with the highest coefficients.

France women's national under-19 football team
The France women's national under-19 football team represents France at UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship and FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. Their first achievement was winning the 2003 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship. They have then won four more UEFA Women's U-19 European Championships in 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019. France hosted the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in 2018.
Farinu-ye Bala
Farinu-ye Bala (Persian: فرينوبالا, also Romanized as Farīnū-ye Bālā) is a village in Kharturan Rural District, Beyarjomand District, Shahrud County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 89, in 23 families.

Semnan province
Semnan province (Persian: استان سمنان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country. Its capital is the city of Semnan.

The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range, bordering on Kavir desert in its southern parts. The province was made part of Region 1 on 22 June 2014, as the provinces were grouped into 5 regions for coordination and development purposes.
Agia Sotira
Agia Sotira (Greek: Αγία Σωτήρα, before 1927: Σβόλιανη – Svoliani), is a village in the municipal unit of Pentalofos, Kozani regional unit, Greece. From Agia Sotira has heritage the professional basketball player Zach Auguste.

Pre–war and post–war immigration from Agia Sotira led to the formation of a diaspora and most of the village population lives abroad in the northern suburbs of Melbourne in Australia.

Kozani (regional unit)
Kozani (Greek: Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Κοζάνης, romanized: Perifereiakí Enótita Kozánis) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Western Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Kozani.
Market share analysis
Market share analysis is a part of market analysis and indicates how well a firm is doing in the marketplace compared to its competitors.

Givon, Mahajan, and Muller have researched spreadsheet and word processing software firms to give a clearer image of how to determine market share in the software industry. They propose six factors to help estimate the value of market share (1997):

unit or dollar sales,

user base (since piracy and brand switching effect),

market definition (scope of definitions),

scope of denominator (which other brands included),

time frame length,

product definition (brand, product line, or strategic business unit).

Word processor
A word processor (WP) is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some additional features.

Early word processors were stand-alone devices dedicated to the function, but current word processors are primarily word processor programs running on general purpose computers, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and desktop computers, with dedicated hardware word processors being confined to a small niche market.

The functions of a word processor program are typically between those of a simple text editor and a desktop publishing program. Many word processing programs have gained advanced features over time providing similar functionality to desktop publishing programs.

Common word processor programs include LibreOffice Writer, Google Docs and Microsoft Word.