hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vaccine ingredients
A vaccine dose contains many ingredients (such as stabilizers, adjuvants, residual inactivating ingredients, residual cell culture materials, residual antibiotics and preservatives) very little of which is the active ingredient, the immunogen. A single dose may have merely nanograms of virus particles, or micrograms of bacterial polysaccharides. A vaccine injection, oral drops or nasal spray is mostly water. Other ingredients are added to boost the immune response, to ensure safety or help with storage, and a tiny amount of material is left-over from the manufacturing process. Very rarely, these materials can cause an allergic reaction in people who are very sensitive to them.

Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted mainly by Corynebacterium diphtheriae (but also by Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis),  the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. The toxin gene is encoded by a prophage called corynephage β.
The toxin causes the disease in humans by gaining entry into the cell cytoplasm and inhibiting protein synthesis.
Don Saltmarsh
Donald Neville Saltmarsh (6 April 1934 – 3 November 2006) was an Australian politician.

He was born at Rutherglen to schoolteacher Maxwell Ronald Saltmarsh and Winifred Jeanie Shore. He was educated at Warragul, and received a Diploma of Agriculture from Longerong Agricultural College in 1954 before studying at Melbourne University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1959. From 1959 he was a Methodist minister, first at Williamstown, then at Lindisfarne in Tasmania (1960–64), Fitzroy (1965–69) and the Wesley Central Mission in Melbourne (1970–71). On 14 March 1959 he married Ariel Alder Keen, with whom he had four children. He had joined the Labor Party in 1967, but in 1971 moved to the Liberal Party. In 1976 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Waverley. He resigned from the Council in 1982 to successfully contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Wantirna, but he was defeated in 1985. Saltmarsh died in 2006.

Williamstown, Victoria
Williamstown is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 11 km (6.8 mi) south-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Hobsons Bay local government area. Williamstown recorded a population of 14,407 at the 2021 census.
Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
The men's marathon event at the 1948 Summer Olympic Games took place on August 7. Forty-one athletes from 21 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The race was won by Delfo Cabrera of Argentina, the nation's second victory in three Games (though the victories were 16 years apart). Tom Richards's silver medal put Great Britain on the podium for the third time in a row, while Étienne Gailly earned Belgium's first marathon medal with his bronze.

Reminiscent of Dorando Pietri's final-lap ordeal when the Olympics were held in the same city 40 years earlier, Gailly entered the London stadium in first place, but was exhausted and running very slowly. He was passed first by Cabrera, then by Richards, but managed to hold on for the bronze medal. South African Johannes Coleman, who finished 4th in this race, had placed 6th in the last Olympic marathon in Berlin twelve years earlier.

Tom Richards (athlete)
Thomas John Henry Richards (15 March 1910 – 19 January 1985) was a Welsh athlete who specialised mainly in the marathon. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal. He was the first Welsh athlete to win an individual Olympic track and field medal.
Buckie High School
Buckie High School is a mixed secondary school in Buckie, Moray, Scotland which has a roll of around 900 pupils in years S1 to S6. The school serves the coastal communities of Portgordon, Buckie, Portessie, Findochty, Portknockie and Cullen.

Moray
Moray (/ˈmʌri/ listenⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Moireibh or Moireabh) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It lies in the north-east of the country, with a coastline on the Moray Firth, and borders the council areas of Aberdeenshire and Highland. Its council is based in Elgin, the area's largest town. The main towns are generally in the north of the area on the coastal plain. The south of the area is more sparsely populated and mountainous, including part of the Cairngorms National Park.

The council area is named after the historic county of Moray (called Elginshire prior to 1919), which was in turn named after the medieval Province of Moray, each of which covered different areas to the modern council area. The modern area of Moray was created in 1975 as a lower-tier district within the Grampian Region. The Moray district became a single-tier council area in 1996.
Bristol Aerospace
Bristol Aerospace is a Canadian aerospace firm located in Winnipeg, Manitoba and is an operating division of Magellan Aerospace. Once part of the Bristol Aeroplane Company, today it is known as Magellan Aerospace, Winnipeg.

Aerospace
Aerospace refers to the technology and industry involved with the atmosphere and outer space collectively. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair both aircraft and spacecraft.

The border between space and the atmosphere has been proposed as 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity. This border has been called the Kármán line.
Kroyachevo
Kroyachevo (Bulgarian: Кроячево) is a village in Ardino Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern-central Bulgaria.  It is located 193.336 kilometres (120.133 mi) southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 5.183 square kilometres and as of 2007 it had a population of 104 people.

Kardzhali Province
41°39′N 25°22′E﻿ / ﻿41.650°N 25.367°E﻿ / 41.650; 25.367

Kardzhali Province  (Bulgarian: Област Кърджали, romanized: Oblast Kărdžali) is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3,209.1 km2 in area. Its main city is Kardzhali. It is Bulgaria's southernmost province.
Oud bruin
Oud bruin (old brown), also known as Flanders brown, is a style of beer originating from the Flemish region of Belgium. The Dutch name refers to the long aging process, up to a year. It undergoes a secondary fermentation, which takes several weeks to a month, and is followed by bottle aging for several more months. The extended aging allows residual yeast and bacteria to develop a sour flavor characteristic for this style. Usually, cultured yeast and bacteria are used, as stainless steel equipment does not harbor wild organisms as wood does.

Sourness
Sourness, also known as sour, is a basic taste sensation perceived through hydrogen ions from acidic compounds interacting with taste bud receptors, and it can also refer to an unpleasant or acidic quality in taste, disposition, or tone. It is a warning sign for potentially spoiled food, though it is balanced in some food products by sweetness, and it is associated with a low pH.

The most common foods with natural sourness are fruits, such as lemon, lime, grape, orange, tamarind, and bitter melon. Fermented foods, such as wine, sour cream, vinegar or yogurt, may have sour taste. Children show a greater enjoyment of sour flavors than adults, and sour candy containing citric acid or malic acid is common.
Merton London Borough Council elections
Merton London Borough Council in London, England is elected every four years; it has administrative control over the London Borough of Merton.

Since the last boundary changes in 2022, 57 councillors have been elected from 20 wards.

A24 road (England)
The A24 is a major road in England that runs for 53.2 miles (85.6 km) from Clapham in south-west London to Worthing on the English Channel in West Sussex via the suburbs of south-west London, as well as through the counties of Surrey and West Sussex.
Belledonne
Belledonne (French: chaîne de Belledonne [ʃɛːn də bɛldɔn]) is a mountain range (French: massif) in the Dauphiné Alps (part of the French Alps) in southeast France. The southern end of the range forms the eastern wall of the mountains that surround the city of Grenoble.

The range is noted for the spectacular scenery it provides the inhabitants of Grenoble, numerous ski areas, interesting geology, and a diverse range of alpine land types and uses.

Romanche (river)
The Romanche (French pronunciation: [ʁɔmɑ̃ʃ] ⓘ) is a 78.3-kilometre (48.7 mi) mountain river in southeastern France. It is a right tributary of the Drac, itself a tributary of the Isère. Its drainage basin is 1,221 km2 (471 sq mi).

The Romanche begins in the northern part of the Massif des Écrins, Dauphiné Alps. It flows into the Drac in Champ-sur-Drac, south of Grenoble. The road from Grenoble to Briançon over the Col du Lautaret runs through its valley, which holds several mountain and ski resorts, including Alpe d'Huez, La Grave and Les Deux Alpes.

The Romanche flows through the Hautes-Alpes department in La Grave and the Isère in Mont-de-Lans, Le Bourg-d'Oisans, Livet-et-Gavet and Vizille.
Belen (given name)
Belén is a feminine given name. People with the name include:

Belén Arjona (born 1981), Spanish singer

Belén Asensio (born 1976), Spanish taekwondo practitioner

Belén Casetta (born 1994), Argentine runner

Belén Esteban (born 1973), Spanish television personality

Belén Estévez (born 1981), Argentine dancer and vedette

Belén Fabra (born 1977), Spanish actress

Belén Gache (born 1960), Argentine-born writer

Belén García (born 1999), Spanish racing driver

Belén Gopegui (born 1963), Spanish writer

Belén López (disambiguation)

Belén López Peiró (born 1992), Argentine writer

Belén Potassa (born 1988), Argentine footballer

Belén Rodríguez (born 1984), Argentine showgirl, model, and actress

Belén Rueda (born 1965), Spanish actress

Belén Sánchez (born 1972), Spanish sprint canoer

Belén Scalella (born 1982), Argentine actress and singer

Belén Succi (born 1985), Argentine field hockey player

Belén Tavella (born 1990), Argentine sailor

Belén Arjona
Bel Arjona, born on 10 May 1981 in Madrid, is a Spanish singer and Songwriter. Best known is Spain as Belén Arjona, the singer was nominated in 2006 the Latin Grammy Awards for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album.
Barisha High School
Barisha High School (BHS) is a school located at Diamond Harbour road, Behala, Kolkata, India. This is a boys' school and is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education for Madhyamik Pariksha (10th Board exams), and to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education for Higher Secondary Examination (12th Board exams).

Higher Secondary Certificate
Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC), Higher Secondary School Certificate, Higher Secondary Education Certificate (HSEC) or Intermediate Examination is a secondary education qualification in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It is equivalent to the final year of high school in the United States and A level in the United Kingdom.
Kyonoshin Maruyama
Kyonoshin Maruyama is a Japanese researcher of functional genomics who works at the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences and has published numerous of his peer-reviewed articles in such journals as Plant Physiology and various proceedings such as the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, among others. His most cited article has received 622 citations.

Plant Physiology (journal)
Plant Physiology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research on physiology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, genetics, biophysics, and environmental biology of plants. The journal has been published since 1926 by the American Society of Plant Biologists. The current editor-in-chief is Yunde Zhao (University of California San Diego. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 8.005.
Sarah Macky
Sarah Anne Macky (born 13 January 1980) is a New Zealand former sailor, who specialized in the Europe class. She scored top ten finishes on her signature boat in two editions of the Olympic Games (2000 and 2004), and also trained throughout most of her sailing career for Kohimarama Yacht Club, under the tutelage of her coach and former Olympian Leslie Egnot.

Macky made her first New Zealand team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, finishing ninth in the Europe class with a net grade of 79.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Macky was nominated to the New Zealand sailing squad for the second time to compete in the Europe class by placing sixth and obtaining a berth from the 2003 ISAF World Championships in Cadiz, Spain. There, she improved upon her ninth-place feat from the previous Games to climb slightly in eighth position at the end of eleven-race series, collecting a net total of 91 points.

Europe (dinghy)
The Europe is a one-person dinghy designed in Belgium in 1960 by Alois Roland as a class legal Moth dinghy. The design later changed into its own one-design class.

The dinghy is ideal for sailors weighing 50–85 kilos. The hull is made of fibre glass and weighs 45 kg, fully rigged 60 kg. The dinghy is tapering in the stem and round in the bottom. The sail is made of dacron. The mast is made of carbon fibre and specially designed to the sailor. A soft mast is best for light sailors, while heavier sailors use stiffer masts. Sails are also specially designed according to mast stiffness and crew weight.

The Europe was introduced as an Olympic class in the 1992 Summer Olympics as the women's single-handed dinghy. It was replaced by the Laser Radial in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Since 2008 the Europe is one of the Vintage Yachting Classes at the Vintage Yachting Games.
Tomblin Rock
Tomblin Rock (57°4′38.8″S 26°41′23.7″W﻿ / ﻿57.077444°S 26.689917°W﻿ / -57.077444; -26.689917) is an isolated rock 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km) east-southeast of Demon Point, Candlemas Island, in the South Sandwich Islands. It is 24 meters high. It is more than 50 meters long north–south, and about 23 meters wide. It has an area of less than 0.1 hectares.

It was charted and named Black Rock by personnel on RRS Discovery II in 1930, but that name was changed to avoid duplication. Renamed by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1971 for John F. Tomblin, British Antarctic Survey (BAS) geologist who made a detailed study of rocks at Candlemas Island in 1964.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Tomblin Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

RRS Discovery II
RRS Discovery II was a British Royal Research Ship which, during her operational lifetime of about 30 years, carried out considerable hydrographical and marine biological survey work in Antarctic waters and the Southern Ocean in the course of the Discovery Investigations research program.  Built in Port Glasgow, launched in 1928 and completed in 1929, she was the first purpose-built oceanographic research vessel and was named after Robert Falcon Scott's 1901 ship, RRS Discovery.
WIVR
WIVR (101.7 FM) "River Country" is a radio station licensed to Kentland, Indiana, and serving Newton County, Benton County, and Jasper County in Indiana, and Iroquois County, and Kankakee County in Illinois. WIVR has a country music format and is owned by Milner Media Partners, LLC.

Iroquois County, Illinois
Iroquois County is a county located in the northeast part of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 United States Census, it has a population of 27,077.
It is the only county in the United States named Iroquois. The county seat is Watseka. The county is located along the border with Indiana.
Magyar Etüdök
Magyar Etüdök (Hungarian: Hungarian Études) is a collection of three studies by György Ligeti. It is scored for 16 voices and was finished in 1983. It was Ligeti's first vocal composition based on Hungarian poems after a 30-year break.

Étude
An étude (/ˈeɪtjuːd/; French: [e.tyd]) or study is an instrumental musical composition designed to provide practice material for perfecting a particular musical skill. The tradition of writing études emerged in the early 19th century with the rapidly growing popularity of the piano. Of the vast number of études from that era, some are still used as teaching material (particularly pieces by Carl Czerny and Muzio Clementi), and a few, by major composers such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and Claude Debussy, achieved a place in today's concert repertory. Études written in the 20th century include those related to traditional ones (György Ligeti) and those that require wholly unorthodox technique (John Cage).
Wincenty Kasprzycki
Wincenty Kasprzycki (1802 – May 27, 1849, in Warsaw) was a Polish painter, and lithographer.

Wincenty Kasprzycki studied in Warsaw and Vilnius. He specialised in landscape paintings and vedute inter alia of Warsaw, Wilanów, Natolin, Morysin, Gucin, and the Powązki Cemetery. Many of his notable works such as the Portraits of the Puchałów (Portrety małżeństwa Puchałów) are characterised with staffages. He has also painted the interiors of buildings, such as the Fine Arts Exhibition in Warsaw in 1828 (Widok Wystawy Sztuk Pięknych w Warszawie w 1828 roku). His paintings are located at the Museum of King John III's Palace in Warsaw, Poznań, and Lwów. He mainly lithographed portraits. His great grandson Wincenty Kasprzycki (1906-1965) was a sculptor.

Windmill in Strawberry by the River Thames

View of Wilanów Palace from the gateway  (1833)

Kasprzycki Fine Arts Exhibition in Warsaw in 1828  (1828)

Palace in Natolin  (1833)

Powązki Cemetery
Powązki Cemetery (Polish pronunciation: [pɔˈvɔ̃skʲi]; Polish: Cmentarz Powązkowski), also known as Stare Powązki (English: Old Powązki), is a historic necropolis located in Wola district, in the western part of Warsaw, Poland. It is the most famous cemetery in the city and one of the oldest, having been established in 1790. It is the burial place of many illustrious individuals from Polish history. Some are interred along the "Avenue of the Distinguished" – Aleja Zasłużonych, created in 1925. It is estimated that over one million people are buried at Powązki.

The cemetery is often confused with the newer Powązki Military Cemetery, which is located to the north-west of Powązki Cemetery.
Lakei Heimuli
Lakei Heimuli (born June 24, 1965) is a Tongan-born former professional football running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played one season with the Chicago Bears, who selected him in the ninth round of the 1987 NFL draft.

Heimuli played college football as a running back at Brigham Young University (BYU) and lettered from 1984 to 1986. He rushed for 966 yards in 1986 as a senior and is second in all-time rushing yards with 2,710 yards. Heimuli is third all time in total touchdowns with 32 (30 rushing and 2 receiving. He attended Kahuku High School in Hawaii.

Two of his five children have also played college football. Helam Heimuli played at Weber State University and Houston Heimuli is currently a fullback at Brigham Young University after completing his bachelor's degree at  Stanford University.

BYU Cougars football
The BYU Cougars football team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922, and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984.

The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history, from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2022, they competed as an FBS Independent.  On September 10, 2021, the Big 12 Conference unanimously accepted BYU's application to the conference. BYU officially joined the Big 12 on July 1, 2023.

The team plays home games at the 62,073 seat LaVell Edwards Stadium, named after head coach LaVell Edwards who won 19 conference championships, seven bowl games, and one national championship (1984) while coaching at BYU.
Information inequality
Information inequality may mean

in statistics, the Cramér–Rao bound, an inequality for the variance of an estimator based on the information in a sample

in information theory, inequalities in information theory describes various inequalities specific to that context.

in sociology, the digital divide

Digital divide
The digital divide is unequal access to and effective use of digital technology, encompassing four interrelated dimensions: motivational, material, skills, and usage access.

The digital divide worsens inequality in access to information and resources. In the Information Age, people without access to the Internet and other technology are at a disadvantage, for they are less able to connect with others, find and apply for jobs, shop, and learn.

People living in poverty, in insecure housing or who are homeless, elderly people, and those living in rural communities may have limited access to the Internet; in contrast, urban middle class people have easy access to the Internet. Another divide is between producers and consumers of Internet content, which could be a result of educational disparities. While social media use varies across age groups, a US 2010 study reported no racial divide.
1925 Australasian Championships – Men's doubles
The first seeds Pat O'Hara Wood and Gerald Patterson defeated second-seeded James Anderson and Fred Kalms 6–4, 9–7, 7–5 in the final, to win the men's doubles tennis title at the 1925 Australasian Championships.

Frederick Kalms
Frederick Kalms (1897–1977) was an Australian tennis player. His good all-round game was marred by a weak forehand. Kalms was New South Wales state champion in 1926 and 1928.  He reached the semi-finals of the 1924 Australian Championships (beating Clarence Treloar and Rupert Wertheim before losing to Richard Schlesinger). At the 1924 U.S. Championships, Kalms lost in five sets in the second round to Dean Mathey. Kalms reached the quarter-finals of the Australian in 1925 (losing to Pat O'Hara Wood) and 1928 (beating Edgar Moon before losing to Jack Cummings).
Pastra, Bulgaria
Pastra (Bulgarian: Пастра) is a small mountain village in the Rila Municipality of Kyustendil Province in south-western Bulgaria. As of 2013, it had 151 inhabitants. It lies at the western foothills of the Rila Mountains on the banks of the Rilska River just outside the borders of the Rila Monastery Nature Park. It is situated at 8 km east of the municipal centre Rila, 12 km west of the Rila Monastery and some 63 km south of the national capital Sofia.

In the Middle Ages the village was part of the Bulgarian Empire. Pastra was first mentioned in written records in the 14th century Rila Charter of Emperor Ivan Shishman (r. 1371–1395), where it was listed as a possession of the Rila Monastery.

It gives its name to the Pastra Glacier in the central part of Trinity Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.

Rila, Bulgaria
Rila (Bulgarian: Рила, pronounced [ˈriɫɐ]) is a town in southwestern Bulgaria, the administrative centre of Rila Municipality, in the southeastern part of Kyustendil Province.

The town lies in a mountainous region at the foot of the southwestern Rila Mountains, 20 km (12 mi) from the Rila Monastery, 34 km (21 mi) from Dupnitsa, and 65 km (40 mi) from Kyustendil. It is situated on the banks of the Rilska River at the entrance of the Rila Monastery Nature Park. In antiquity, the area was inhabited by the Thracians and Romans; it was known as Sportela and then as Roligera. In the Middle Ages it was part of the Bulgarian Empire. In the 14th century, the village was a feudal possession of the Rila Monastery and may have been mentioned in Tsar Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria's Rila Charter as Driska. Later on, it was mentioned as İrlie in Ottoman tax registers of 1576.