hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Privilege tax
A privilege tax is a tax levied in exchange for a privilege or license granted to the taxpayer. The fee for registering a motor vehicle is one example of a privilege tax.

Many taxes on businesses are characterized as privilege taxes. For example, Arizona's transaction privilege tax is a gross receipts tax on business. In the 1911 case of Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a corporate income tax, determining that it was an indirect tax on the privilege of doing business as a corporation.

Constitutionality
Constitutionality is the quality of being acceptable under a supreme law with regard to the status of a norm, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the constitution set forth by an applicable jurisdiction. Laws, procedures, or acts that directly violate the constitution are considered unconstitutional. All others are considered constitutional unless deemed otherwise by a legitimate authority and through a legitimate mechanism.
Cerstin Schmidt
Cerstin Schmidt (born 5 March 1963 in Zwickau, Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt) is an East German luger who competed during the mid to late 1980s. She won the bronze medal in the women's singles event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.

Schmidt also won three medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with one gold (1987) and two silvers (1981, 1985) as well as four medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with one gold (Women's singles: 1986), one silver (Mixed team: 1988) and two bronzes (Women's singles: 1984, 1988).

Schmidt won the overall Luge World Cup title in the women's singles twice (1984/5, 1986/7).

FIL World Luge Championships
The FIL World Luge Championships, part of the International Luge Federation (FIL) have taken place on an almost annual basis in non-Winter Olympics years since 1955. These championships are shown for artificial tracks. See FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships for all natural track events that have taken place since 1979.
Bonds-Wilson High School
Bonds-Wilson High School was a high school open from 1950 to 1985 in the predominantly African-American community of Liberty Hill in North Charleston, South Carolina, United States. The school's campus became part of a 1950s project to build mostly African-American schools in South Carolina.

The school was integrated in 1971 and included students from surrounding neighborhoods, as well as mostly white students bused from the nearby Charleston Air Force Base.

The school closed in 1985, and students who would have attended it were sent to North Charleston High School instead. It has since been demolished. The site has now been renamed Bonds-Wilson Campus which houses the Charleston County School of the Arts and Academic Magnet High School.

Musician Alphonse Mouzon and NFL player/head coach Art Shell attended Bonds-Wilson. Lonnie Hamilton III was the school's band leader.

Charleston Air Force Base
Charleston Air Force Base (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS, FAA LID: CHS) is a United States military facility located in the City of North Charleston, South Carolina. The facility is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force's 628th Air Base Wing (628 ABW), a subordinate element of the Air Mobility Command (AMC). It is part of Joint Base Charleston, which combined Charleston Air Force Base with Naval Support Activity Charleston.
2003 Wokingham District Council election
The 2003 Wokingham District Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Wokingham Unitary Council in Berkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Conservative 33

Liberal Democrat 20

Labour 1

Unitary authority
A unitary authority is a type of local authority in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Unitary authorities are responsible for all local government functions within their areas, or perform additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by multiple tiers of local government.

Typically, unitary authorities cover towns or cities that are large enough to function independently of a council or other authority. An authority can be a unit of a county or combined authority.
Denaro, Virginia
Denaro is a rural unincorporated community in south-central Amelia County in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is located 0.4 mi (0.6 km) north of the Amelia–Nottoway county line at the split & curve junctions of SR 614 (Dennisville Road) and SR 613 (Namozine Road).

Denaro was a post village in the early 1900s. The community is now served by the post office eight miles north at the county seat, Amelia Court House, ZIP code 23002. The nearest volunteer fire departments are Amelia County Station 3, at Jetersville, eight miles northwest, and Amelia County Station 1, at Amelia Court House.

St. Johns United Methodist Church, established in 1894, is located approximately one mile west, on SR 615 (Namozine Road).

Virginia State Route 614
State Route 614 (SR 614) in the U.S. state of Virginia is a secondary route designation applied to multiple discontinuous road segments among the many counties. The list below describes the sections in each county that are designated SR 614.
Boxing at the 2011 Pan American Games – Welterweight
The men's welterweight competition of the boxing events at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, was held between October 21 and 28 at the Expo Guadalajara Arena.  The defending champion was Karl Dargan from the United States. Welterweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than or equal to 69 kilograms.

Like all Pan American boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.

Welterweight
Welterweight is a weight class in combat sports. Originally the term welterweight was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like muay Thai, taekwondo, and mixed martial arts also use it for their own weight division system to classify the opponents. If used, welterweight is typically between lightweight and middleweight.
Technoavia
LLC SCF Technoavia, or Scientific Commercial Firm Technoavia, is a Russian aircraft manufacturer. It was established in 1991 by Vyacheslav Kondratiev. The main production facility is located at the Smolensk Aviation Plant.

Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, or spacecraft. Aerospace is a high technology industry.

The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance.  This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation. Most production is done pursuant to type certificates and Defense Standards issued by a government body. This term has been largely subsumed by the more encompassing term: "aerospace industry".
Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park
Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas) is a natural park in the eastern and northeastern part of the province of Jaén, Spain, established in 1986. With an area of 2,099.2 square kilometres (810.5 sq mi), it is the largest protected area in Spain and the second largest in Europe. It was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1983 and also a Special Protection Area for migratory birds in 1988.

Man and the Biosphere Programme
The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1970 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments.

MAB engages with the international development agenda, especially the Sustainable Development Goals and the Post 2015 Development Agenda. The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. As of July 2024, 759 sites across 136 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.  The reserves cover more than 5% of the world’s surface and are home to over 260 million people.
Cerro del Topo Chico
25°46′24″N 100°20′59″W﻿ / ﻿25.77333°N 100.34972°W﻿ / 25.77333; -100.34972

The Cerro del Topo Chico (Spanish, 'Small Mole Hill', from the Latin talpa 'mole') is a mountain and a protected area in the Escobedo, San Nicolás and Monterrey municipalities; state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The summit reaches 1,178 meters above sea level, and it has 618 meters of prominence (Parent: Cerro de las Mitras). The mountain is about 7.5 km long, is a symbol of Escobedo and San Nicolás, and is completely surrounded by Monterrey metropolitan area. It is known for being the source of the Topo Chico mineral water.

San Nicolás de los Garza
San Nicolás de los Garza, sometimes known only as San Nicolás, is a city and coextensive municipality in the Mexican state of Nuevo León that is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area. It has become primarily a city for residences and family houses, although it still has several factories that tend to relocate to the periphery of the metropolitan area. It is the fifth-largest city in the state, behind Monterrey, Guadalupe, Ciudad Apodaca and General Escobedo.

It houses the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Autonomous University of Nuevo León), one of the most prestigious public schools in Mexico and Latin America.

San Nicolás, although less populated than Monterrey, has a higher population density.
Sparganothoides machimiana
Sparganothoides machimiana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae described by William Barnes and August Busck in 1920. It is found from the mountains and woodlands of Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico in the United States south to Durango in Mexico. The habitat consists of mixed forests and oak woodlands.

The length of the forewings is 8.1–10.4 mm for males and 9.2–10.8 mm for females. Adults are on wing from late June to mid-September.

The larvae feed on Quercus (including Quercus hypoleucoides and Quercus emoryi) and Arctostaphylos species.

August Busck
Augustus Busck (February 18, 1870 in Randers, Denmark – March 7, 1944) was a Danish-American entomologist with the United States Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Entomology, stationed in the U.S. National Museum. He is best known for his work with microlepidoptera, of which he described over 600 species. His collections of Lepidoptera from North America and the Panama Canal Zone are held by the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
Paulo Santana
Paulo Wandelson Afonso Santana, (born October 28, 1984, in Bengo), is an Angolan professional basketball player.

A 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) in height, point guard, Santana was named MVP at the 2006-2007 Canadian College Basketball Western Conference season. He also played for his country's national team in the 2004 Summer Olympics, 2006 FIBA World Championship, FIBA Africa Championship 2007.

AfroBasket 2007
AfroBasket 2007 was the 24th FIBA Africa Championship, played under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball, the basketball sport governing body of the African zone. The tournament was hosted by Angola, in the cities of Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo and Lubango.

Angola won its fifth consecutive African championship and ninth overall by beating Cameroon 86-72 in the championship game. Cape Verde won the bronze medal game over Egypt. Angola qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, whereas Cameroon and Cape Verde qualified for the 2008 Olympic qualifying tournament. Angola's Joaquim Gomes was awarded as the tournament's Most Valuable Player.
Terry Walsh (actor)
Terry Walsh was a British actor, stuntman, stunt arranger and fight arranger who contributed much to British television and film, especially during the 1970s. He stunt-doubled for Jon Pertwee, Michael Caine, Tom Baker and David Warner amongst others.

Walsh is known for his work on the science fiction television programme Doctor Who. He worked on the show from 1966 to 1979.

He was also the stunt co-ordinator for Robin of Sherwood, devising three sword fighting sequences, which subsequently became standard movements on television and film. The moves were known as Robin Hood 1, 2 and 3.

His other credits include The Sandbaggers, Tales of the Unexpected, Z-Cars, Space: 1999, Dixon of Dock Green and Softly, Softly.

When he wasn't stunting, he drove a black-cab from Edgware station taxi-rank.

Dixon of Dock Green
Dixon of Dock Green is a BBC police procedural television series about daily life at a fictional London police station, with the emphasis on petty crime, successfully controlled through common sense and human understanding. It ran from 1955 to 1976. The central character, George Dixon, first appeared in the film The Blue Lamp (1950). Dixon is a mature and sympathetic police constable, who was played by Jack Warner in all of the 432 episodes.

Dixon is the supposed embodiment of a typical "bobby" who would be familiar with the area in which he patrolled and its residents and often lived there himself. The series contrasted with later programmes such as Z-Cars, which more realistically reflected a more aggressive policing culture. It retained a faithful following throughout its run and was voted second-most popular programme on British television in 1961.
Plicatic acid
Plicatic acid is a carboxylic acid from the resin acid group. It is naturally found in Thuja and cypress resin, and the main irritant and contact allergen present in thuja wood; in contrast to pine, where the primary irritant is abietic acid.

The highest concentrations of plicatic acid can be found in Thuja plicata (western red cedar), but Thuja occidentalis (eastern arborvitae) and Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) contain it in significant proportions as well.

Exposure to plicatic acid or Thuja wood dust can worsen asthma and provoke allergic reactions.

Thuja occidentalis
Thuja occidentalis, also known as northern white-cedar, eastern white-cedar, or arborvitae, is an evergreen coniferous tree, in the cypress family Cupressaceae, which is native to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is not to be confused with Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar).
Siege of Ahmednagar
The siege of Ahmednagar was the first battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the British East India Company. When he determined that a long defensive war would ruin his army, Wellesley decided to act boldly to defeat the numerically larger force of the Marathas.

With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) he gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803. Wellesley's first move was to take the  walled Pettah of Ahmednagar (town adjacent to the fort) by escalade, on the same day (the 8 August).

The Ahmednagar Fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the pettah and fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari.

Ahmednagar Fort
The Ahmednagar Fort (Ahmadnagar Qila) is located close to the Bhingar Nala near Ahmednagar in Maharashtra state western India. It was the headquarters of the Ahmednagar Sultanate. In 1803, it was taken by the British during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. It was used as a prison during the British Raj. Currently, the fort is under the administration of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.
Edna Campbell
Edna Campbell (born November 26, 1968) is a former women's basketball player who played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).  The 5 ft 8 in guard played with the Sacramento Monarchs as well as three other teams, but is well known for continuing to play despite suffering breast cancer. In 2004, she was designated a Women's History Month honoree by the National Women's History Project. Campbell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Women's History Month
Women's History Month is an annual observance to highlight the contributions of women to events in history and contemporary society. Celebrated during March in the United States,  Germany, and Australia, corresponding with International Women's Day on March 8, it is observed during October in Canada, corresponding with the celebration of Persons Day on October 18.

A weeklong observance in Sonoma County, California, in 1978 was subsequently championed by Gerda Lerner and the National Women's History Alliance to be recognized as a national week (1980) and then month (1987) in the United States, spreading internationally after that.
1901 Montana football team
The 1901 Montana football team represented the University of Montana in the 1901 college football season. They were led by second-year head coach Frank Bean, and finished the season with a record of two wins and three losses (2–3).

1901 college football season
The 1901 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with NCAA-designated "major selectors" retroactively selecting Michigan and Harvard as national champions. The NCAA records book erroneously lists Yale as Parke H. Davis's selection. Harvard beat Yale 22–0 the last game of the year.
Free Software Supports
There are lots of free software and many of them need donation and support to continue their works. There are some foundations to support these free software, and many organizations support these foundations. Knowing about these foundations and organizations might help in spending money in the right way and advancement of free software movement.

Foundation (nonprofit)
A foundation (also referred to as a charitable foundation) is a type of nonprofit organization or charitable trust that usually provides funding and support to other charitable organizations through grants, while also potentially participating directly in charitable activities. Foundations encompass public charitable foundations, like community foundations, and private foundations, which are often endowed by an individual or family. Nevertheless, the term "foundation" might also be adopted by organizations not primarily engaged in public grantmaking.
Yearbook
A yearbook, also known as an annual, is a type of a book published annually. One use is to record, highlight, and commemorate the past year of a school. The term also refers to a book of statistics or facts published annually. A yearbook often has an overarching theme that is present throughout the entire book.

Many high schools, colleges, elementary and middle schools publish yearbooks; however, many schools are dropping yearbooks or decreasing page counts given social media alternatives to a mass-produced physical photographically oriented record. From 1995 to 2013, the number of U.S. college yearbooks dropped from roughly 2,400 to 1,000.

Columbia Scholastic Press Association
The Columbia Scholastic Press Association (CSPA) is a student journalist program of the School of Professional Studies at Columbia University. It was founded in 1925, whose goal is to unite student journalists and faculty advisers at schools and colleges through educational conferences, idea exchanges, textbooks, critiques and award programs.
2025 Brisbane International – Men's singles
Jiří Lehečka won the men's singles tennis title at the 2025 Brisbane International, 4–1, after Reilly Opelka retired in the final. It was his second career ATP Tour title.

Grigor Dimitrov was the defending champion, but retired against Lehečka in the semifinals.

This tournament marked the return to professional tennis of former world No. 13 Nick Kyrgios after nearly two years out of competition due to a wrist injury. He lost to Giovanni Mpetshi Perricard in the first round.

Yannick Hanfmann
Yannick Hanfmann (born 13 November 1991) is a German professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 45 achieved on 3 July 2023 and a best doubles ranking of No. 81 achieved on 15 July 2024.

He is known for his powerful serves (up to 143 mph) and groundstrokes.

Hanfmann played college tennis at the University of Southern California.
Tonio Kröger
Tonio Kröger (German: [ˈtoːni̯o ˈkʁøːɡɐ] ⓘ) is a novella by Thomas Mann, written early in 1901, when he was 25. It was first published in 1903. A. A. Knopf in New York published the first American edition in 1936, translated by Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter.

Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter
Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter (née Porter; June 15, 1876 – April 26, 1963) was an American translator and writer, best known for translating almost all of the works of Thomas Mann for their first publication in English.
Osebo The Zaraman
Seth Appiah Richard Brown (Born 1 January), known as  Osebo The Zaraman, is a Ghanaian businessman, fashion influencer and philanthropist. He is the CEO of 24/7 Boutique, and is known for his dressing style in Ghana and abroad, and for his charity work.  He has styled most Ghanaian and Nigerian celebrities including Jim Iyke., Prince David Osei, Mr Drew, Joey B, Kumi Guitar, Prince Bright of Buk Bak, Andy Dosty.

Kumi Guitar
Nana Yaw Kumi (born May 16, 1985), known by the stage name Kumi Guitar, is a Ghanaian Highlife and Afro-fusion singer-songwriter. He is recognized for his lyrical content and usage of guitar, which earned him his stage name. He was the first artist signed to Zylofon Media in 2017; his songs include "Break Into Two", "Dream", and "Betweener".
2010 Tesoro Anacortes Refinery disaster
The 2010 Tesoro Anacortes Refinery disaster was an industrial accident that occurred at the Tesoro Anacortes Refinery in Anacortes, Washington on April 2, 2010. Seven workers received fatal burns in an explosion and ensuing fire when a heat exchanger violently ruptured after a maintenance restart.

Marathon Anacortes Refinery
The Anacortes Refinery is a petroleum refinery located about 70 miles north of Seattle on March Point (Puget Sound), just outside Anacortes, Washington, United States. The refinery has operated in Anacortes since 1955, and has 425 full-time employees. It has a 120,000 barrels per day (bpd) capacity and is operated by Marathon Petroleum.
1993–94 Elitserien (men's handball)
The 1993–94 Elitserien was the 60th season of the top division of Swedish handball. 12 teams competed in the league. The league was split into an autumn league and a spring league. The eight highest placed teams in the autumn league qualified for the spring league. HK Drott won the regular season and also won the playoffs to claim their 8th Swedish title.

IF Saab
Idrottsföreningen Saab was a Swedish sports club from Linköping, Östergötland County founded in 1941 by people working at Saab and most known for its association football and handball teams. They took part in the 1973 Allsvenskan. In 1981, IF Saab merged with BK Derby to form Linköpings FF.

Besides football, the club also had active sections for the sports badminton, bandy, table tennis, bowling, boxing, archery, bicycle racing, athletics, gymnastics, handball, company sports, skiing, orienteering, tennis, and varpa.

The handball team won the Swedish Championship three times; in 1967-68, 1972-73 and 1973-74. In 1965 they won the Swedish championship in Field handball.

On 17 August 1995 the club was refounded as HF Linköpings Lejon, which ultimately was dissolved on 27 June 2016.