hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bertelsmann Transformation Index
The Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) is a measure of the development status and governance of political and economic transformation processes in developing and transition countries around the world. The BTI has been published biennially by the Bertelsmann Stiftung since 2005, most recently in 2024 on 137 countries.

The index measures and compares the quality of government action in a ranking list based on self-recorded data and analyzes successes and setbacks on the path to constitutional democracy and a market economy accompanied by sociopolitical support. For this purpose, the "Status Index" is calculated on the general level of development with regard to democratic and market-economy characteristics and the "Management Index" on the political management of decision-makers.

Bertelsmann Stiftung
The Bertelsmann Stiftung is an independent foundation under private law, based in Gütersloh, Germany. It was founded in 1977 by Reinhard Mohn as the result of social, corporate and fiscal considerations. The foundation states that it promotes "reform processes" and "the principles of entrepreneurial activity" to build a "future-oriented society".

Since 1993, the Bertelsmann Stiftung has held the majority of capital shares in the Bertelsmann Group. It holds 80.9% together with the Reinhard Mohn Stiftung and the BVG Stiftung but has no voting rights.
2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley
The men's 200 metre individual medley competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 21 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center.  The last champion was Michael Phelps of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, one each in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle swimming.

Breaststroke
Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. In most swimming classes, beginners learn either the breaststroke or the freestyle (front crawl) first. However, at the competitive level, swimming breaststroke at speed requires endurance and strength comparable to other strokes. Some people refer to breaststroke as the "frog" stroke because the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming in the water. The stroke itself is the slowest of any competitive strokes and is thought to be the oldest of all swimming strokes.
Chester Hill High School
Chester Hill High School is a high school located in Chester Hill, New South Wales, Australia. It caters for students from years 7 to 12. Classes began on 4 February 1962 with 325 students. The school was officially opened on 1 March 1965 by Jack Renshaw, the Premier of New South Wales. The principal is Ms M O'Harae.

In 2003, Chester Hill was one of eight schools in New South Wales recognized with a Cohesive Community School Award special commendation by the New South Wales Department of Education, for "promoting a cohesive community and in making a significant difference to social harmony and unity".

Premier of New South Wales
The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the Governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.

Before Federation in 1901, the term "prime minister of New South Wales" was also used. "Premier" has been used more or less exclusively from 1901, to avoid confusion with the federal prime minister of Australia.

The current premier is Chris Minns, the leader of the New South Wales Labor Party, who assumed office on 28 March 2023. Minns defeated Dominic Perrottet at the election held on 25 March 2023, after twelve years of Liberal/National Coalition rule.
Devudu Narasimha Sastri
Devudu Narasimha Sastry (29 December 1886 – 27 October 1962), known popularly by his pen-name Devudu,  was a Kannada writer and novelist, Sanskrit scholar, actor and journalist. His guru was Mahamahopadhyaya Vaidhyanatha Shastri.

Mimansa Darpana, his commentary on the Indian philosophy of Mimāṃsā, is ranked highly among works on the subject. Antaranga, his novel published in 1932, was the first novel in Kannada to employ the method of monologue narrative. In 1947, he published his most notable novel, Maha Brahmana (The Great Brahmin), based on the life of the sage Vishwamitra. Mahākṣatriya (The Great Warrior), published in 1960, depicts the life and deeds of King Nahusha. This novel was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award, the most prestigious literary merit awarded by the Government of India. Devudu's last novel, Maha Darshana (The Great Vision), is based on the life of sage Yajnavalkya; it was published after his death in 1962.

Nahusha
Nahusha (Sanskrit: नहुष, IAST: Nahuṣa) is a king of the Chandravamsha (Lunar dynasty) in Hindu Puranas and Mahabharata. He is described to be the son of Āyus, the eldest son of Pururavas, and Prabha, the daughter of Svarbhānu.
Incident at Antioch
The incident at Antioch was an Apostolic Age dispute between the apostles Paul and Peter which occurred in the city of Antioch around the middle of the first century. The primary source for the incident is Paul's Epistle to the Galatians 2:11–14. Since the 19th century figure Ferdinand Christian Baur, biblical scholars have found evidence of conflict among the leaders of early Christianity; for example, James D. G. Dunn proposes that Peter was a "bridge-man" between the opposing views of Paul and James, brother of Jesus. The outcome of the incident remains uncertain, resulting in several Christian views on the Old Covenant.

Ferdinand Christian Baur
Ferdinand Christian Baur (German: [baʊɐ]; 21 June 1792 – 2 December 1860) was a German Protestant theologian and founder and leader of the (new) Tübingen School of theology (named for the University of Tübingen where Baur studied and taught). Following Hegel's theory of dialectic, Baur argued that second century Christianity represented the synthesis of two opposing theses: Jewish Christianity (Petrine Christianity) and Gentile Christianity (Pauline Christianity). This and the rest of Baur's work had a profound impact on higher criticism of biblical and related texts.

Adolf Hilgenfeld followed Baur's lead and edited the Tübingen School's journal, though he was less radical than Baur. A patristic scholar and philosopher at Tübingen, Albert Schwegler gave the School's theories their most vigorous expression. "The school was at the height of its influence in the 1840s, but it soon lost its prestige through the discrepancy between its axioms and historical fact."
Nicoletta Rosellini
Nicoletta Rosellini (born 27 April 1991 in Lucca, Italy) is an Italian metal singer, active in the symphonic, power and gothic metal genres. She is the founder and lead vocalist of the band Alterium, the singer of Walk in Darkness, and the former frontwoman of Kalidia. Rosellini has participated in various international metal projects and publishes  cover versions on her YouTube channel.

Lucca
Lucca (/ˈluːkə/ LOO-kə, Italian: [ˈlukka] ⓘ) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain.

The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower, a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century  and the Cathedral of San Martino.

The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.
Mouli Ganguly
Mouli Ganguly is an Indian actress, who has worked in both Hindi and Bengali cinema. She shot to fame as Shaina in Ekta Kapoor's thriller series Kaahin Kissii Roz that aired from 2001 to 2004 on Star Plus. She played the title role in Saaksshi (2004). She was also seen in Season 3 of Jamai Raja on Zee TV as Payal Walia. She was nominated in the Best Actor - Female category at the 2002 Indian Telly Awards. Currently, she is playing as Ira Sharma in Janani – AI Ki Kahani .

StarPlus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Its programming consists of family dramas, romantic comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films.
James Webb (Australian politician)
James Eli Webb (21 September 1887 – 14 February 1939) was an Australian politician.

Webb represented the seat of Hurstville in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1932 to 1939 for the United Australia Party. He attended Sydney Boys High School. He died at a private hospital in Bexley on 14 February 1939 following an abdominal operation.

Bexley, New South Wales
Bexley is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Bexley is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Bayside Council and is part of the St George area.
Patanuka
Patanuka is a village development committee in Dhanusa District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,601 living in 458 individual households.

Janakpur Zone
Janakpur Zone (Nepali: जनकपुर अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.

The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. Close to the Indian border, it is a historic city of Hinduism. The city is believed to have been the capital city of King Janaka, the father-in-law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The city was then called 'Mithila Nagari'. The name of Janakpur zone is related to the historic King Janaka and his capital Janakpur.

Other cities within Janakpur Zone are Kamalamai (in Inner Terai), Manthali (in Hill), Bhimeshwor (in Himalaya) and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Hariwan, Lalbandi, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai).
RNS formalism
In string theory, the Ramond–Neveu–Schwarz (RNS) formalism is an approach to formulating superstrings in which the worldsheet has explicit superconformal invariance but spacetime supersymmetry is hidden, in contrast to the Green–Schwarz formalism where the latter is explicit. It was originally developed by Pierre Ramond, André Neveu and John Schwarz in the RNS model in 1971, which gives rise to type II string theories and can also give type I string theory. Heterotic string theories can also be acquired through this formalism by using a different worldsheet action. There are various ways to quantize the string within this framework including light-cone quantization, old canonical quantization, and BRST quantization. A consistent string theory is only acquired if the spectrum of states is restricted through a procedure known as a GSO projection, with this projection being automatically present in the Green–Schwarz formalism.

John Henry Schwarz
John Henry Schwarz (/ʃwɔːrts/ SHWORTS; born November 22, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist. Along with Yoichiro Nambu, Holger Bech Nielsen, Joël Scherk, Gabriele Veneziano, Michael Green, and Leonard Susskind, he is regarded as one of the founders of string theory.
Scouting museums
Throughout the world there are many museums related to Scouting dedicated to preserving, communicating, and exhibiting the heritage of the Scouting movement for purposes of study, education, and enjoyment of society.  A downloadable world directory of Scouting museums is available from the US Scouting Service Project.

Samoset Council
Samoset Council is a Boy Scout council headquartered in Rhinelander, Wisconsin that serves north central Wisconsin. Founded in 1920, the council gets its name from an early Boy Scout camp in the Town of Harrison named Camp Sam-O-Set.  The council is served by Tom Kita Chara Lodge of the Order of the Arrow.
Campsicnemus
Campsicnemus is a genus of flies in family Dolichopodidae. There are more than 290 described species, made up of 34 Palearctic, 22 Nearctic, seven Afrotropic, 170 Australasian and Oceanian, and seven Indomalayan species. Some species endemic to the Hawaiian islands are characterized by their lack of wings. After the introduction of invasive ants and other alien species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa)  to the islands, some of these flightless species are believed extinct.

The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek καμψις ("curve") and κνημη ("tibia"). This refers to the modified mid tibia of the males, a male secondary sexual character that is very distinct in Campsicnemus.

Indomalayan realm
The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.

Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu Islands.

Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical forests of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families Dipterocarpaceae, Ficus, and Fabaceae.
Týr (band)
Týr (Faroese: [tʰʊɪːɹ]) is a folk metal band from the Faroe Islands. They have been characterised as one of "the islands' two most successful metal bands". Their subject matter revolves almost entirely around Viking lore, mythology, and history, taking their name from Týr, the god of war in Norse religion.

Napalm Records
Napalm Records is an Austrian independent record label focused on heavy metal, hard rock and folk/folk rock/folk metal. Originally, Napalm focused on black metal bands, such as Abigor and Summoning, and folk metal bands, such as Falkenbach and Vintersorg. The label later expanded its roster by adding gothic metal, symphonic metal, power metal, doom metal, metalcore and nu metal bands, as well as stoner rock acts Monster Magnet, Karma to Burn and Brant Bjork, thrash metal bands Exodus, Destruction and Flotsam and Jetsam, and even folk bands like Ye Banished Privateers. Napalm has its own publishing house named Iron Avantgarde Publishing.

In November 2020, Napalm acquired the German record label SPV GmbH.
Greigsville and Pearl Creek Railroad
The Greigsville and Pearl Creek Railroad was a railroad in the U.S. state of New York. Despite its name, it only existed in the immediate vicinity of Greigsville, a small community in the town of York, and did not reach Pearl Creek, a hamlet in Covington.

York, New York
York is a town in western Livingston County, New York, United States. Its population was 3,182 at the 2020 census.

The Abbey of the Genesee in the town's hamlet of Piffard is locally famous due to the production of Monks' Bread.
2006 Clásico RCN
The 46th edition of the annual Clásico RCN was held from October 15 to October 22, 2006, in Colombia. The stage race with an UCI rate of 2.3 started in Buenaventura and finished in Cali. RCN stands for "Radio Cadena Nacional" – one of the oldest and largest radio networks in the nation.

Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca
Buenaventura is a coastal seaport city located in the Pacific Region of the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia (South America). Buenaventura (Spanish for "good fortune") is the main port of Colombia in the Pacific Ocean.

As of the 2018 census, Buenaventura has a population of 235,064. Most of the urban development takes place on Cascajal Island, while the majority of the city's land is rural with scattered, small villages. It is served by the Gerardo Tobar López Airport.

The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network after it was named a "City of Gastronomy" in 2017.
Susa weddings
The Susa weddings were arranged by Alexander the Great in 324 BCE, shortly after he conquered the Achaemenid Empire. In an attempt to wed Greek culture with Persian culture, he and his officers held a large gathering at Susa and took Persian noblewomen as wives. The mass wedding involved 80 couples and blended various Greek and Persian traditions. Through these weddings and his own Persian wife, Alexander intended to legitimize his rule over Persia and solidify his claim as the successor of the Achaemenid dynasty. It was also expected that any children produced from these marriages would, as the product of both Greek and Persian blood, serve as a symbol of the two civilizations coming together under Alexander's Macedonian Empire.

Achaemenid dynasty
The Achaemenid dynasty (Old Persian: 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 Haxāmanišyaʰ; Persian: هخامنشی Haxâmaneši; Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιμενίδαι Achaimenidai; Latin: Achaemenides) was a royal house that ruled the Achaemenid Empire, which eventually stretched from Egypt and the Balkans in the west to Central Asia and the Indus Valley in the east.
Unix time
Unix time is a date and time representation widely used in computing. It measures time by the number of non-leap seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970, the Unix epoch. For example, at midnight on 1 January 2010, Unix time was 1262304000.

Unix time originated as the system time of Unix operating systems. It has come to be widely used in other computer operating systems, file systems, programming languages, and databases. In modern computing, values are sometimes stored with higher granularity, such as microseconds or nanoseconds.

Microsecond
A microsecond is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one millionth (0.000001 or 10−6 or 1⁄1,000,000) of a second. Its symbol is μs, sometimes simplified to us when Unicode is not available.

A microsecond is to one second, as one second is to approximately 11.57 days.

A microsecond is equal to 1000 nanoseconds or 1⁄1,000 of a millisecond. Because the next SI prefix is 1000 times larger, measurements of 10−5 and 10−4 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of microseconds.
Olympic Conference (Illinois)
The Olympic Conference was a high school conference in northwest Illinois in existence from 1976 to 2010. The conference participated in athletics and activities in the Illinois High School Association. The conference comprised high schools with enrollments between 300 and 600 students on the fringe of the Illinois Quad Cities, Peoria, Galesburg, and in and around the cities of Macomb and Monmouth.

Macomb, Illinois
Macomb (/məˈkoʊm/) is a city in and the county seat of McDonough County, Illinois, United States.  It is situated in western Illinois, about 75 miles (121 km) southwest of Peoria.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 15,051. Macomb is the home of Western Illinois University.
Schilcherland DAC
Schilcherland DAC is an official wine region in Austria. It is the tenth specific winegrowing region in the DAC, and was  formerly known as Weststeiermark. Blauer Wildbacher, a red wine variety,  is used to make a rosé wine called Schilcher. Schilcherland DAC Klassik must be vinified dry, and must have a minimum alcohol content of 11% and a maximum alcohol content of 12%. Schilcherland DAC Klassik may have a maximum of 3 g/L residual sugar;
Schilcherland DAC with indication of single vineyard/cru site is allowed up to  4 g/L residual sugar.

Wildbacher
Wildbacher is a dark-skinned grape variety and specialty of the Styria region of Austria.The name "Wildbacher" is derived from its supposed location of origin, Wildbach, which is part of the city of Deutschlandsberg.  It is a very old variety said to go back to the Celts, and manuscripts first record the name in the 16th century.  The variety is not particularly demanding in terms of soil though it does require warm sites with sufficient aeration as it is prone to rot.  The grapes tend to ripen late and yields can be inconsistent.  Wines made from Wildbacher typically exhibit red berry and herbal flavors with a refreshing acidity.
Photinos Panas
Photinos Panas (30 January 1832 – 5 January 1903) was an ophthalmologist born on the Greek island of Cefalonia, then part of the United States of the Ionian Islands.

In 1860 he obtained his medical degree at Paris, where he would later spend his entire medical career. He was the first professor of ophthalmology at the University of Paris, and in 1879 established the ophthalmology clinic at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris. In 1881 with Edmund Landolt (1846-1926) and Antonin Poncet (1849-1913), he founded the Archives d'ophtalmologie.

In 1894 he published Traité des maladies des yeux, which at the time was considered to be the best French textbook on eye diseases. Panas is credited with introducing an operation for entropion in trichiasis, as well as an operation for attachment of the upper eyelid to the occipitofrontalis muscle for treatment of blepharoptosis. Each of these techniques are sometimes referred to as "Panas' operation" in medical literature.

Trichiasis
Trichiasis (/trɪkiˈeɪsɪs/ trik-ee-AY-sis, /trɪˈkaɪəsɪs/ tri-KEYE-ə-sis) is a medical term for abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva. This can be caused by infection, inflammation, autoimmune conditions, congenital defects, eyelid agenesis and trauma such as burns or eyelid injury.

Standard treatment involves removal or destruction of the affected eyelashes with electrology, specialized laser, or surgery.  In many cases, removal of the affected eyelashes with forceps resolves the symptoms, although the problem often recurs in a few weeks when the eyelashes regrow.  Severe cases may cause scarring of the cornea and lead to vision loss if untreated.  Mild cases may not require treatment.

Repeated cases of trachoma infection may cause trichiasis.

Posterior misdirection of normal lashes most frequently affects the lower lid.
Small Cajal body-specific RNA
Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) are a class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) that specifically localise to the Cajal body, a nuclear organelle (cellular sub-organelle) involved in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs or snurps).  ScaRNAs guide the  modification (methylation and pseudouridylation) of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.

The first scaRNA identified was U85. It is unlike typical snoRNAs in that it is a composite C/D box and H/ACA box snoRNAs and can guide both pseudouridylation and 2′-O-methylation. Not all scaRNAs are composite C/D and H/ACA box snoRNA and most scaRNAs are structurally and functionally indistinguishable from snoRNAs, directing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modification in the nucleolus.

RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase. A wide range of transcription factors are required for it to bind to upstream gene promoters and begin transcription.