hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Cowan (Newfoundland politician)
John Cowan (November 12, 1847 – March 24, 1927) was a businessman and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Bonavista in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1897 to 1900 as a Conservative.

He was born in St. John's and was educated at the General Protestant Academy. He first worked as a draper, later working as a bookkeeper for several firms. He became manager at J. & W. Stewart's; when that company ceased to operate in Newfoundland, Cowan took over the business.

Cowan was a prominent member of the local freemason lodge. He married Eliza Julia Earle.

Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (French: Chambre d'assemblée de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador) is the unicameral deliberative assembly of the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It meets in the Confederation Building in St. John's. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, in the name of the Sovereign.

The governing party sits on the left side of the speaker of the House of Assembly as opposed to the traditional right side of the speaker. This tradition dates back to the 1850s as the heaters in the Colonial Building were located on the left side. Thus, the government chose to sit near the heat, and leave the opposition sitting in the cold.
Listikot
Listikot is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3664 and had 714 houses in the village. As of the 2011 census, Listikot had a population of 3490 people across 949 households.

Geography the village is situated in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal and is surrounded by Kavrepalanchok, Ramechhap, and Rasuwa districts, with China in its north.

Bagmati Zone
Bagmati Zone (Nepali: बागमती अञ्चलListenⓘ Bāgmatī Añcal) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restoration of zones to Provinces. Its headquarters are Kathmandu. It was named after the Bagmati River. It was in the Central Development Region of Nepal. The districts are now all part of Bagmati Province. The zone contains the Kathmandu Valley with its conurbation of 4.5 million inhabitants.
Willie Messino
Willie Messino (1916 or 1917–2002) was an American enforcer and adviser to top Mafia bosses in the Chicago Outfit. He was known as "Wee Willie" because of his small stature. Despite his diminutive frame, Messino had a reputation as a decidedly violent enforcer.

In the 1960s, he worked for Tony Accardo and Joseph Gagliano. In 1970, he was sent to prison after being convicted of kidnapping and beating contractors George and Jack Chiagouris, brothers who owed money to the mob. After his release in December 1976, he went to work as an adviser to Marco D'Amico and then to Outfit chief Jackie Cerone. Messino's name came up again in the late 1980s when a wiretap picked up mob associate Mario Rainone expressing his concerns to Lenny Patrick that Rudy Fratto and Messino were intending to kill him. He is thought to have proposed The Cassano Brothers, Dominick (deceased), Vito (deceased), Gino and Angelo (deceased) for induction into the Outfit in the late 1990's. He died in 2002.

Joseph N. Gagliano
Joseph N. Gagliano is an entrepreneur, former investment advisor, and author of the book No Grey Areas.

At age 24, he organized and financed the multi-million dollar Arizona State University men's basketball point shaving scandal in 1993–1994, which led to several prison sentences, including a 15-month sentence for Gagliano. According to the Bleacher Report, it remains as one of the most well-known scandals in sports history.
2007 Lebanon conflict
The 2007 Lebanon conflict began when fighting broke out between Fatah al-Islam, an Islamist militant organization, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) on May 20, 2007 in Nahr al-Bared, an UNRWA Palestinian refugee camp near Tripoli.

It was the most severe internal fighting since Lebanon's 1975–90 civil war. The conflict revolved mostly around the siege of Nahr el-Bared, in addition to clashes that occurred in the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp in southern Lebanon and other bombings that took place in and around the Lebanese capital, Beirut. Fighting ended in September 2007.

Shaker al-Absi
Abu Yusuf Shaker Yusuf Hasan al-Absi (1955–2008?; Arabic: شاكر العبسي, romanized: Šākir al-ʿAbsī) was a veteran Palestinian guerrilla and Fatah al-Islam's leader. On December 10, 2008, Fatah al-Islam announced that al-Absi was believed to have been killed by Syrian security forces.
The Three Kings (novel)
The Three Kings: A Christmas Dating Novel is a novel by Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez first published in 2010. The novel is set in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and frequently references the self-help books The Rules and Love in 90 Days.

The Rules
The Rules: Time-tested Secrets for Capturing the Heart of Mr. Right is a self-help book by Ellen Fein and Sherrie Schneider, originally published in 1995.

The book suggests gendered dating rules that a woman should follow in order to attract and marry the man of her dreams; these rules include that a woman should be "easy to be with but hard to get". The underlying philosophy of The Rules is that women should not aggressively pursue men, but rather, should encourage the men to pursue them. A woman who follows The Rules is called a Rules Girl.
Stabben
Stabben is a prominent mountain immediately north of Mayr Ridge in the north part of the Gjelsvik Mountains, Queen Maud Land, which constitutes the northernmost part of Jutulsessen. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–1952), led by John Schjelderup Giæver and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named "Stabben" (the stump).

Gjelsvik Mountains
The Gjelsvik Mountains are a group of mountains about 25 nautical miles (50 km) long, between the Sverdrup Mountains and the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. With its summit at 2,705 metres (8,875 ft), the massive Risemedet Mountain forms the highest point in these mountains, also marking their eastern end.
Korek (surname)
Korek is a Polish or Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bettina Korek (born 1978), American arts advocate

Dusty Korek (born 1995), Canadian ski jumper

Jeff Korek, American lawyer

Jeff Korek
Jeff S. Korek is a New York City-based trial lawyer and partner at Gersowitz Libo & Korek, a personal injury law firm. He is a past president of the New York State Trial Lawyers' Association and a former commentator on  Court TV.

Korek has been selected to SuperLawyers and to Best Lawyers in America for the years 2006-2023. He received Best Lawyers “Lawyer of the Year, Personal Injury Litigation – Plaintiffs, NYC" for 2016 and "Lawyer of the Year, Medical Malpractice Law - Plaintiffs, NYC" for 2020. He was also included in New York Magazine’s New York's Best Lawyers from 2006-2023. He was admitted to the New York and New Jersey state bars and the United States District Court for both Southern and Eastern Districts of New York in 1986. Korek was admitted to the bar for the United States Supreme Court in 2013.
Kurt Morath
Kurt Morath (born 13 November 1984) is a New Zealand-born Tongan rugby union player who plays at fly-half. He currently plays for the Austin Gilgronis in Major League Rugby (MLR).

He previously played for Doncaster Knights in RFU Championship Morath was part of the Tonga squad at the 2011, 2015 and 2019 Rugby World Cup.

Doncaster Knights
Doncaster Knights Rugby Football Club (formerly, Doncaster RFC) are a professional rugby union club representing the city of Doncaster, England. The club play in the 2nd division of English rugby, Champ Rugby. Being the most promoted side in English history has led to huge changes at the Castle Park ground and within the team structure.

Castle Park Conference and Function centre is a multimillion-pound development and is among the top conference venues in Doncaster, while remaining a supportive place for amateur rugby union in the city. The club motto "rugby for all" sees amateur side Doncaster Phoenix compete at the same ground, as well as the ladies side Doncaster Demons and every age group from under-7 to under-17s.
Finnveden
Finnveden or Finnheden is one of the ancient small lands of Småland. It corresponded to the hundreds of Sunnerbo, Östbo and Västbo. Finnveden had its own judicial system and laws, as did the other small lands. Finnveden is situated around lake Bolmen and the river Lagan. Most runestones in Finnveden describe men who died in England. Finnveden is today divided and is a part of the counties of Halland, Kronoberg and Jönköping.

It was first mentioned by Jordanes when he referred to its population as the Finnaithae (derived from an old form of Finnheden, Finn(h)aith-) when describing the nations of Scandza in Getica.

Getica
De origine actibusque Getarum (The Origin and Deeds of the Getae), commonly abbreviated Getica (/ˈɡɛtɪkə/), written in Late Latin by Jordanes in or shortly after 551 AD, claims to be a summary of a voluminous account by Cassiodorus of the origin and history of the Gothic people, which is now lost. However, the extent to which Jordanes actually used the work of Cassiodorus is unknown. It is significant as the only remaining contemporaneous resource that gives an extended account of the origin and history of the Goths, although to what extent it should be considered history or origin mythology is a matter of dispute.
5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase
The enzyme 5-dehydro-2-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.29) catalyzes the chemical reaction

5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate  glycerone phosphate + malonate semialdehyde

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate malonate-semialdehyde-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming). Other names in common use include phospho-5-keto-2-deoxygluconate aldolase, 5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate, and malonate-semialdehyde-lyase.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Pipe Aston
Pipe Aston is a small village and civil parish in the far north of Herefordshire, close to the border with Shropshire. It has a population of about 24.

It is situated on the Wigmore to Ludlow road. National Cycle Network route 44 passes through, en route between Ludlow and Leominster. The village is just north of Elton. Mortimer Forest is in the vicinity and the High Vinnalls hill is in the parish.

The village features the 12th century Grade I listed St Giles parish church.

National Cycle Route 44
National Cycle Network Route 44, part of the National Cycle Network, is a 31.1 mile cycle route, connecting Shrewsbury, Shropshire with Cinderford, Gloucestershire. The part of the route from Shrewsbury to Bromfield is signed - the remainder of the route is currently unsigned.

The section from Shrewsbury to Leominster is advertised as the Six Castles Cycleway. The six castles on or near the route are (in geographical order from north to south): Shrewsbury Castle, Bishop's Castle, Stokesay Castle, Ludlow Castle, Richard's Castle and Croft Castle.
Earl Gurley
Earl C. Gurley (August 6, 1898 – November 6, 1968) was an American Negro league outfielder between 1922 and 1932.

A native of Chattanooga, Tennessee, Gurley attended Howard High School. He made his Negro leagues debut in 1922 with the St. Louis Stars, and went on to play for several teams, including the Chicago American Giants and Birmingham Black Barons. Gurley finished his career in 1932 with the Montgomery Grey Sox. He died in Buffalo, New York in 1968 at age 70.

Howard School of Academics and Technology
Howard School of Academics and Technology is a co-educational public school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Dr. Leandrea Ware is currently the Executive Principal, while Dr. Renneisen, Dr. Mitchell, Mr. Carrillo, Mrs. Farr, and Ms. Fulton are the Assistant Principals.
Namibia–South Africa border
The border between Namibia and South Africa is 967 kilometres (601 mi) long. It runs along the Orange River from its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean to the 20th meridian east, and then northwards along that meridian to the tripoint with Botswana at the Nossob River.

Nossob River
The Nossob River (also Nosob or Nossop; ǂnuse ǃab, Khoikhoi for black river) is a dry river bed in eastern Namibia and the Kalahari region of South Africa and Botswana. It covers a distance of 740 km and last flooded in 1989. The river also lends its name to Nossob camp (25°25′18″S 20°35′47″E﻿ / ﻿25.42167°S 20.59639°E﻿ / -25.42167; 20.59639) in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.
Mike Lott
Mike Lott is a former state legislator in Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 2000 to 2007. A Republican, in 2004 he campaigned for the seat held by incumbent U.S. congressman Gene Taylor. He ran for Mississippi Secretary of State in 2007.

He is on the Board of Alderman in Petal.

Gene Taylor (Mississippi politician)
Gary Eugene Taylor (born September 17, 1953) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1989 to 2011 and previously a member of the Mississippi State Senate from 1983 to 1989. He was defeated for re-election in 2010 by State Representative Steven Palazzo. In 2014, he changed his long-time membership from the Democratic Party, becoming a Republican. The same year, he ran for election against Palazzo to return to the House of Representatives. Securing only 43 percent of the vote, Taylor lost in the primary.

Following his congressional career, Taylor served on the Hancock County Port and Harbor Commission until 2014. He consulted for the defense industry before becoming a director for Overseas Shipholding Group in 2018.
Preview (Apple)
Preview is the built-in image and PDF viewer of the iOS, iPadOS & macOS operating system. In addition to viewing, and printing digital images and Portable Document Format (PDF) files, it can also edit and annotate these media types. It employs the Quartz graphics layer, and the ImageIO and Core Image frameworks.

IPadOS
iPadOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple for its iPad line of tablet computers. It was given a name distinct from iOS, the operating system used by Apple's iPhones, to reflect the diverging features of the two product lines, such as multitasking. It was introduced as iPadOS 13, reflecting its status as the successor to iOS 12 for the iPad, and first released to the public on September 24, 2019. Major versions of iPadOS are released annually; the current stable version, iPadOS 26.2.1, was released to the public on January 26, 2026.
Independent People (TV program)
Independent People (Icelandic: Sjálfstætt fólk),  was an Icelandic television interview and talk show hosted by Jón Ársæll Þórðarson, journalist and psychologist. The program was aired on the TV channel Stöð 2 in Iceland from  2001 to 2015. It has been nominated eight times to the Edda Awards: in 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and it received the awards in 2003, 2004 and 2005.

Independent People was produced by Steingrímur Jón Þórðarson and Sky Productions and was aired weekly early Sunday nights on Stöð 2 / Channel 2, from September until May.

Jón Ársæll interviewed people of all ages. His youngest was 15-year-old singer Yohanna and the oldest interviewees were in their nineties. Normally, but not always, they were also well known in Iceland.

Yohanna
Jóhanna Guðrún Jónsdóttir (born 16 October 1990), known outside Iceland as Yohanna, is an Icelandic singer. Beginning her music career as a child singer, Yohanna received international recognition after representing Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Is It True?", placing as the runner-up. This tied for the best result Iceland had ever achieved in the contest. Following the success at Eurovision, she released the studio album Butterflies and Elvis (2009).

Following Eurovision 2009, Yohanna has since attempted to represent Iceland again on two occasions. In 2011, she reached the finals of Söngvakeppni Sjónvarpsins 2011 with the song "Nótt", and later won the OGAE Second Chance Contest 2011 as well, while she failed to reach the finals in Söngvakeppnin 2013 with the song "Þú".
Deaths in July 2016
The following is a list of notable deaths in July 2016.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, established cause of death, reference.

Mubarak Begum
Mubarak Begum (5 January 1936 – 18 July 2016) was an Indian vocalist who sang in the Hindi and Urdu languages. She was a playback singer in Bollywood films during the 1950s and 1960s. She had also recorded and given public performances in a number of other genres, including Ghazal and Na`at.
2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Singles
Roger Federer defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the final, 6–1, 7–6(7–3) to win the singles tennis title at the 2011 Paris Masters. He did not lose a single set in the entire tournament.

Robin Söderling was the defending champion, but did not participate due to mononucleosis.

Robin Söderling
Robin Bo Carl Söderling (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈrɔ̌bːɪn ˈsø̌ːdɛɭɪŋ]; born 14 August 1984) is a Swedish former professional tennis player. He was ranked world No. 4 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in November 2010. Söderling won ten singles titles on the ATP Tour, and career highlights include reaching two consecutive finals at the French Open in 2009 and 2010, and a Masters title at the 2010 Paris Masters. He was the first player to defeat Rafael Nadal at the French Open. Söderling played his last professional match at only age 26 after contracting a lingering bout of mononucleosis.
Isotopes of livermorium
Livermorium (116Lv) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 293Lv in 2000. There are six known radioisotopes, with mass numbers 288–293, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope 294Lv. The longest-lived known isotope is 293Lv with a half-life of 57 ms.

Stable nuclide
Stable nuclides are isotopes of a chemical element whose nucleons are in a configuration that does not permit them the surplus energy required to produce a radioactive emission. The nuclei of such isotopes are not radioactive and unlike radionuclides do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When these nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements they are usually called that element's stable isotopes.

The 80 elements with one or more stable isotopes comprise a total of 251 nuclides that have not been shown to decay using current equipment. Of these 80 elements, 26 have only one stable isotope and are called monoisotopic. The other 56 have more than one stable isotope. Tin has ten stable isotopes, the largest number of any element.
Calcot Manor
Calcot Manor is a historic building in Calcot, three and a half miles west of Tetbury on A 4135 in Gloucestershire, England, near the junction of roads A46 and A4135 (National Grid Reference ST 841180 94891). The original building was established in approximately 1300 AD by Henry of Kingswood as a tithe barn annex of Kingswood Abbey. The estate was expanded to include a 16th-century manor house and other buildings.  Structures added from the Late Middle Ages to the mid-17th century include a chapel, granary, stables and other buildings.  The buildings are all constructed from limestone; which are locally quarried stones that are typically flat and easily stacked for drystone wall purposes.

Granary
A granary, also known as a grain house and historically as a granarium in Latin, is a post-harvest storage building primarily for grains or seeds. Granaries are typically built above the ground to prevent spoilage and protect the stored grains or seeds from rodents, pests, floods, and adverse weather conditions. They also assist in drying the grains to prevent mold growth. Modern granaries may incorporate advanced ventilation and temperature control systems to preserve the quality of the stored grains.
Dorimcheon
The Dorimcheon (Korean: 도림천) is a river in Seoul, South Korea.  It has its source in the valley between Gwanaksan and Samseongsan in southern Seoul and flows north, past Seoul National University.  From Sillim Station to Daerim Station, it is covered by Line 2 of the Seoul Subway, which is elevated above the stream for this distance, so it is still possible to walk alongside the waterway.  The river empties into the Anyangcheon 250m beyond the western the end of Dorimcheon Station's platforms.

Seoul National University
Seoul National University (SNU; Korean: 서울대학교; lit. 'Seoul University') is a public research university in Seoul, South Korea. Founded in 1946 by the merger of ten institutions in the Seoul area, it is one of the SKY universities and a part of the Flagship Korean National Universities.

The university's main campus is located in Gwanak, and two additional campuses are located in Daehangno and Pyeongchang. The university comprises sixteen colleges, one graduate school and nine professional schools. The student body consists of nearly 16,000 undergraduate and 16,000 graduate students.
Zonalnoye Air Enterprise
Zonalnoye (Russian: Авиапредприятие Зональное, Aviapredprijatije Zonaljnoje) was founded on January 20, 1992 and is an airline based in Tymovskoye (Sakhalin Oblast) of Russia which specialises in the transportation and storage of petroleum and related equipment. Zonalnoye also engages in the wholesale of fuel

Tymovskoye
Tymovskoye (Russian: Ты́мовское) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Tymovsky District of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia, located in the central part of the Sakhalin Island on the right bank of the Tym River, about 450 kilometers (280 mi) north of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Population:  7,855 (2010 Census); 8,532 (2002 Census); 10,869 (1989 Soviet census).
Lyon Commune
The Lyon Commune (French: Commune de Lyon) was a short-lived revolutionary movement in Lyon, France, in 1870–1871. Republicans and activists from several components of the far-left of the time seized power in Lyon and established an autonomous government. The commune organized elections, but dissolved after the restoration of a republican "normality", which frustrated the most radical elements, who hoped for a different revolution. Radicals twice tried to regain power, without success.

The Lyon events happened in the context of a revolutionary wave of series of similar uprisings in most major French cities in the aftermath of the collapse of the Second French Empire, culminating in the 1871 Paris Commune.

Gustave Paul Cluseret
Gustave Paul Cluseret (13 June 1823 – 22 August 1900) was a French soldier and politician who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and Delegate for War during the Paris Commune.