hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Curve complex
In mathematics, the curve complex is a simplicial complex C(S) associated to a finite-type surface S, which encodes the combinatorics of simple closed curves on S. The curve complex turned out to be a fundamental tool in the study of the geometry of the Teichmüller space, of mapping class groups and of Kleinian groups.  It was introduced by W.J.Harvey in 1978.

Surface (topology)
In topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold. Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball. Other surfaces arise as graphs of functions of two variables; see the figure at right. However, surfaces can also be defined abstractly, without reference to any ambient space. For example, the Klein bottle is a surface that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space.

Topological surfaces are sometimes equipped with additional information, such as a Riemannian metric or a complex structure, that connects them to other disciplines within mathematics, such as differential geometry and complex analysis. The various mathematical notions of surface can be used to model surfaces in the physical world.
False Tillamook
False Tillamook is an archaic placename for a headland in Tillamook County in the U.S. state of Oregon. False Tillamook is now known as Cape Falcon, Oregon. False Tillamook is the next coastal promontory south from Arch Cape. Robert Greenhow, in his History of Oregon and California, confused False Tillamook Head with Clarks Point of View.

Tillamook County, Oregon
Tillamook County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,390. The county seat is Tillamook. The county is named for the Tillamook people or Killamook people, a Native American tribe who were living in the area in the early 19th century at the time of European American settlement. The county is located within Northwest Oregon.
Incomplete Nature
Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter is a 2011 book by biological anthropologist Terrence Deacon. The book covers topics in biosemiotics, philosophy of mind, and the origins of life. Broadly, the book seeks to naturalistically explain "aboutness", that is, concepts like intentionality, meaning, normativity, purpose, and function; which Deacon groups together and labels as ententional phenomena.

Biological anthropology
Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a natural science discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. This subfield of anthropology systematically studies human beings from a biological perspective.
Garrick Mattheus
Garrick Frederick Mattheus (born 23 March 1996) is a South African rugby union player for the Boland Cavaliers in the Currie Cup and the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is fly-half, but he can also play as a fullback. In 2020, he passed at Rugby Club Valpolicella.

Rugby Challenge (South Africa)
The Rugby Challenge – known as the SuperSport Rugby Challenge for sponsorship reasons – was the secondary domestic rugby union competition in South Africa from 2017 to 2019. The competition was organised by the South African Rugby Union and featured all fourteen South African provincial unions plus Namibian side the Welwitschias and the Zimbabwe Academy. The inaugural season of the competition was in 2017, and was intended as the long-term successor of the Vodacom Cup competition.

The competition was played at roughly the same time as Super Rugby each season, and featured a combination of Super Rugby players returning from injury, reserve players attempting to maintain their fitness levels and younger players trying to break through to the Super Rugby or Currie Cup sides. It therefore served as an important developmental competition for South African rugby.
Erachakulam
Erachakulam is a village near Nagercoil in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu state in India.

Erachakulam is located at an altitude of about 55 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of 8°13′45″N 77°25′50″E﻿ / ﻿8.229100°N 77.430600°E﻿ / 8.229100; 77.430600 (i.e., 8°13'44.8"N, 77°25'50.2"E). Nagercoil, Boothapandi, Vadasery, Putheri, Thiruppathisaram and Thovalai are some of the nearby towns of Erachakulam.

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham university established its campus in Erachakulam in 2024 by acquiring Amrita College of Engineering & Technology college campus. Government high school is located in Erachakulam.

Sandhana Mariamman Temple located in Erachakulam is under the control of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu. Udhaya Marthandeswarar Temple, Muppidathiamman Temple and Azhagiya Mannarsamy Temple are also famous temples situated in Erachakulam.

Erachakulam area falls under the Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency.

Thovalai
Thovalai is a small village located in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The area is well known in India for its production of flowers, especially jasmine. The taluk was among the four in Thiruvananthapuram district that with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 were transferred from Thiruvananthapuram district, Travancore-Cochin State to the newly created Kanyakumari district of Madras State (the latter later renamed as Tamil Nadu State).
Wechselmann
Wechselmann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Erhard Wechselmann (1895–1943), German opera singer

Ignaz Wechselmann (1828–1903), Hungarian architect and philanthropist

Maj Wechselmann (born 1942), Danish-Swedish documentary director and filmmaker

Erhard Wechselmann
Erhard Eduard Wechselmann (1895–1943) was a German baritone who was murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp. Wechselmann was born in Eastern-Europe but migrated to The Hague, the Netherlands, where he was chazan in the Synagoge. He was also vocal teacher of Dutch Jiddish singer Lin Jaldati, who wrote also about him in the autobiography she published together with her husband Eberhard Rebling in 1986 in the German Democratic Republic, Sag nie, du gehst den letzten Weg. Dutch translation: Lied van verzet (Song of resistance), 2024. Jaldati, Rebling and Wechselmann also gave a concert together. According to a Dutch source, Wechselmann was murdered in Sobibor.

According to Peter Hugh Reed writing in American Record Guide, 1949, he also sang with the Metropolitan Opera in 1890.
Under the Nazi regime, Wechselmann performed for Jewish audiences, on at least one occasion with the contralto Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann who was also to perish in Auschwitz.
Goldfields Titans
The Goldfields Titans was a semi professional rugby league club based in Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Western Australia, Australia. They competed in the Western Australia Rugby League's Harvey Norman Cup first grade competition and home games were played at the Goldfields Oasis Playing Fields.

Goldfields Titans had a major sponsorship deal with local mining company Paddington Gold Mine.

Paddington Gold Mine
The Paddington Gold Mine is a gold mine located 5 km south of Broad Arrow, and 30 km north of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.

It is operated by Norton Gold Fields Limited, having acquired the mine from Barrick Gold on 25 August 2007 for A$45 million.
Scatarie Bank
Scatarie Bank is a bank on the continental shelf off the northeast coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. It represents the remains of a volcanic centre that was constructed along a fracture zone during the Cretaceous period.

Fracture zone
A fracture zone is a linear feature on the ocean floor—often hundreds, even thousands of kilometers long—resulting from the action of offset mid-ocean ridge axis segments. They are a consequence of plate tectonics.  Lithospheric plates on either side of an active transform fault move in opposite directions; here, strike-slip activity occurs.  Fracture zones extend past the transform faults, away from the ridge axis; are usually seismically inactive (because both plate segments are moving in the same direction), although they can display evidence of transform fault activity, primarily in the different ages of the crust on opposite sides of the zone.

In actual usage, many transform faults aligned with fracture zones are often loosely referred to as "fracture zones" although technically, they are not. They can be associated with other tectonic features and may be subducted or distorted by later tectonic activity. They are usually defined with bathymetric, gravity and magnetic studies.
Bhandal Himmat
Bhandal Himmat is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10.7 km away from Nakodar, 26.7 km from Phillaur, 27 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 136 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar
Jalandhar (IPA: /d͡ʒəːləndə̀ɾᵊ/) is a city in the state of Punjab in India. With a considerable population, it ranks as the third most-populous city in the state and is the largest city in the Doaba region. Jalandhar lies alongside the historical Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected junction for both rail and road networks. The National Highway 1 (NH1), crosses Jalandhar, further enhancing its connectivity.
Columbia Baptist Church
Columbia Baptist Church is a historic church at 25514 Royalton Road in Columbia Station, Ohio. The church was built in 1900 for the local Baptist congregation, which formed in 1832 and had previously used a wood-frame building for its church. The congregation built their church from locally quarried sandstone and gave it a design which combined the Stick Style and Queen Anne style. The church features an intersecting gable roof, a gothic arched stained glass window next to the main entrance, and several smaller stained glass windows illustrating Bible scenes. Its 77 feet (23 m) bell tower has a bell-shaped roof and is the tallest structure in Columbia Center.

The church was added to the National Register on July 12, 1976.

Pointed arch
A pointed arch, ogival arch, or Gothic arch is an arch with a pointed crown, whose two curving sides meet at a relatively sharp angle at the top of the arch. Also known as a two-centred arch, its form is derived from the intersection of two circles. This architectural element was particularly important in Gothic architecture. The earliest use of a pointed arch dates back to bronze-age Nippur. As a structural feature, it was first used in eastern Christian architecture, Byzantine architecture and Sasanian architecture, but in the 12th century it came into use in France and England as an important structural element, in combination with other elements, such as the rib vault and later the flying buttress. These allowed the construction of cathedrals, palaces and other buildings with dramatically greater height and larger windows which filled them with light.
Anharibag, Bhojpur
Anharibag, also spelled Anharibagh, is a village in Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 1,287, in 213 households. It is located just north of the city of Jagdishpur.

Bhojpur district, India
Bhojpur district is one of the 38 districts of the Indian state of Bihar. Arrah city (also known as Ara) is the administrative headquarters of this district. Bhojpur district came into existence in 1972. Earlier it was the part of Shahabad district.

In the year 1972, Shahabad district was bifurcated in two parts namely Bhojpur and Rohtas. Buxar was a subdivision of old Bhojpur district then. In 1992, Buxar became a separate district and presently the rest of Bhojpur district has now three sub-divisions – Ara Sadar, Jagdishpur and Piro. It shares its border with Uttar Pradesh in the north west.
Josean Querejeta
José Antonio Querejeta Altuna (born 19 March 1957), known as Josean Querejeta, is a retired basketball player of Saski Baskonia, Real Madrid, Joventut Badalona and CAI Zaragoza, and the current president of Vitoria-Gasteiz-based Saski Baskonia since 1988, following the conversion of the club into a S.A.D.

From 2013 his Avtibask S.L. group also held a controlling stake in the city's football club Deportivo Alavés.

In October 2025, he was fined after he went outside the referee's locker room to confront them during halftime of the game against Panathinaikos B.C. and he was fined for committing acts representing a lack of respect against the officiating crew.

Sociedad Anónima Deportiva
Sociedad anónima deportiva ("Public limited sports company") is a special type of Spanish public limited company (known as sociedad anónima in Spain). The new legal status was introduced in 1990 to improve financial management and transparency in sports clubs. Many Spanish football and basketball clubs add the suffix S.A.D. to the end of their official name, for example Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D.

Every club which plays in La Liga, Segunda División or Liga ACB and remains in the league was obliged to convert to S.A.D. status. However, this obligation was eliminated in 2022.

For historical reasons, Athletic Club, FC Barcelona, Real Madrid and Osasuna were allowed to retain their status as non-commercial sports associations.
Chapslee Estate
Chapslee Estate is a small locality adjacent to the Lakkar Bazaar in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. The estate houses the erstwhile Secretary's Lodge which is now a heritage hotel run by the erstwhile Maharaja of Kapurthala.

Kapurthala State
Kapurthala State was a kingdom and later princely state of the Punjab Province of British India. Ruled by Ahluwalia Sikh rulers, spread across 510 square miles (1,300 km2). According to the 1901 census the state had a population of 314,341 and contained two towns and 167 villages. In 1930, Kapurthala became part of the Punjab States Agency and acceded to the Union of India in 1947.

In colonial India, Kapurthala State was known for its communal harmony, with its Sikh ruler Jagatjit Singh building the Moorish Mosque for his Muslim subjects. At the time of the Indian independence movement, the ruler of the Kapurthala State opposed the partition of India and advocated for a united, secular country.
Clyde Vermilyea
Clyde L. Vermilyea (born February 19, 1937) was a major general in the United States Marine Corps who served as commanding general of 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point.

Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point
Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point or MCAS Cherry Point (*34°54′03″N 76°52′51″W﻿ / ﻿34.9009°N 76.8807°W﻿ / 34.9009; -76.8807) (ICAO: KNKT, FAA LID: NKT) is a United States Marine Corps airfield located in Havelock, North Carolina, United States, in the eastern part of the state. It was built in 1941, and was commissioned in 1942 and is currently home to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing.
The Damoiselle
The Damoiselle, or the New Ordinary is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy by Richard Brome that was first published in the 1653 Brome collection Five New Plays, issued by Humphrey Moseley, Richard Marriot, and Thomas Dring.

Thomas Dring
Thomas Dring (died 1668) was a London publisher and bookseller of the middle seventeenth century. He was in business from 1649 on; his shop (as his title pages indicate) was located "at the sign of the George in Fleet Street, near St. Dunstan's Church."
You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To
"You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To" is a popular song written by Cole Porter for the 1943 film Something to Shout About, where it was introduced by Janet Blair and Don Ameche. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1943 but lost to "You'll Never Know". It featured in The Fortune Cookie, a 1966 Billy Wilder movie, sung by Judi West.

Don Ameche
Don Ameche (/əˈmiːtʃi/; born Dominic Felix Amici; May 31, 1908 – December 6, 1993) was an American actor, comedian and vaudevillian. After playing in college shows, repertory theatre, and vaudeville, he became a major radio star in the early 1930s, which led to the offer of a movie contract from 20th Century Fox in 1935.

In the 1950s, he worked on Broadway and in television and was the host of NBC's International Showtime from 1961 to 1965. Returning to film work in his later years, Ameche enjoyed a fruitful revival of his career, beginning with his role as a villain in Trading Places (1983). He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Cocoon (1985) and the Volpi Cup for Best Actor for his performance in Things Change (1988).
Torredembarra
Torredembarra (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌtorəðəmˈbarə]), normally called La Torre by its inhabitants, is a town in the comarca of the Tarragonès, in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. It is located on the Costa Daurada, it faces Altafulla to the west, La Pobla de Montornès to the north, Creixell to the east and Mediterranean Sea in the south. It is 13 km to Tarragona's northeast and about 100 km southwest Barcelona. It has a population of 17,984 (register office, 2024) .

The GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, has a staging point at Torredembarra. Stage 24 links northwards to Calafell, a distance of 15.0 kilometres (9.3 mi), whilst stage 25 links southwards to Tarragona, a distance of 20.0 kilometres (12.4 mi).

Province of Tarragona
Tarragona (Spanish: [taraˈɣona]; Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə]) is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. It is bordered by the provinces of Castellón, Teruel, Zaragoza, Lleida and Barcelona and by the Mediterranean Sea.

The province's population is 795,902 (2018), about one fifth of whom live in the capital, Tarragona. Some of the larger cities and towns in Tarragona province include Reus, Salou, El Vendrell, Tortosa, Valls, Amposta. This province has 183 municipalities. The province includes several World Heritage Sites and is a popular tourist destination. There are Roman Catholic cathedrals in Tarragona and Tortosa.
Yeşilçam Award
The Yeşilçam Award was the national film award of Turkey, which was presented annually by the Turkish Foundation of Cinema and Audiovisual Culture (TÜRSAK) and Beyoğlu Municipality from 2008 to 2011. The award, which had been named after Yeşilçam Street in the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul where many film studios were based during the 1950s-1970s, was discontinued following the announcement by the Alliance of Cinema Labor Unions' Yeşilçam Film Academy (YEFA) intention to start issuing their own Yeşilçam Academy Award in protest against TÜRSAK's disregard of their suggestions to give the awards a more professional structure.

Hunting Season (2010 film)
Hunting Season (Turkish: Av Mevsimi) is a 2010 Turkish drama film, written and directed by Yavuz Turgul, which stars Şener Şen and Cem Yılmaz as two policemen who team up with a rookie to investigate a murder case. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on 3 December 2010 (2010-12-03), was one of the highest grossing Turkish films of 2010 and was released in six European countries in addition to Turkey.
William P. Alford
William P. Alford (Chinese: 安守廉; pinyin: Ān Shǒulián; born November 26, 1948) is an American legal scholar. He is the Henry L. Stimson Professor of Law and Vice Dean for the Graduate Program and International Legal Studies at Harvard Law School. He is Director of East Asian Legal Studies at Harvard Law School, and is regarded as an expert in the field of Chinese law.

He is an honorary professor of Renmin University, Zhejiang University and the China National School of Administration, and an Honorary Fellow of the American Studies Institute of the Department of Law of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He directed the China Center for American Law Study, the first academic program in U.S. law in the PRC, was a founder in 1982 of the U.S. Committee on Legal Education Exchange with China, is the recipient of a number of awards and fellowships for his work on China, and is on a host of advisory and editorial boards.

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) is a Chinese state research institute and think tank. It is a ministry-level institution under the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The CASS is the highest academic institution and comprehensive research center for philosophy and social sciences research in China.

The CASS was founded in May 1977. Its predecessor was the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main research objects of the Academy of Social Sciences are the language, philosophy, law, economy, religion, ethnicity, archaeology, history and literature of China and other countries in the world. The Academy of Social Sciences is divided into 6 academic departments and 37 research institutes.
1950 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11
The 1950 Tour de France was the 37th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 13 July and Stage 11 occurred on 25 July with a mountainous stage to Saint-Gaudens. The race finished in Paris on 7 August.

Niort
Niort (French pronunciation: [njɔʁ] ⓘ; Poitevin: Niàu; Occitan: Niòrt; Latin: Novioritum) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department, western France. It is the prefecture of Deux-Sèvres.

The population of Niort is 58,707 (2017) and more than 177,000 people live in the urban area.
Jump Trading
Jump Trading LLC is a proprietary trading firm with a focus on algorithmic and high-frequency trading strategies. The firm has over 1600 employees in Chicago, New York, Austin, London, Singapore, Shanghai, Bristol, Mumbai, GIFT City, Sydney, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, and Paris. The firm is active in futures, options, cryptocurrency, and equities markets worldwide.

The company is a member of the Principal Traders Group, an advisory group formed by the Futures Industry Association (FIA) to represent principal traders (i.e. independent proprietary trading firms that trade only on their own accounts).

Jump has been privately funded throughout its existence.

Futures Industry Association
The Futures Industry Association (FIA) is a global trade organization that represents the interests of the futures, options, and derivatives markets, including futures commission merchants and principal traders. Founded in 1955, the FIA has played a crucial role in shaping the futures industry, advocating for market participants, and fostering the growth of these markets worldwide. With a diverse membership comprising exchanges, clearinghouses, trading firms, banks, and other industry stakeholders, the FIA acts as a unified voice for the futures industry.

Walt Lukken is the president and CEO of the FIA, having succeeded John Damgard in 2012.