hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Virtual finite-state machine
A virtual finite-state machine (VFSM) is a finite-state machine (FSM) defined in a virtual environment. The VFSM concept provides a software specification method to describe the behaviour of a control system using assigned names of input control properties and output actions.

The VFSM method introduces an execution model and facilitates the idea of an executable specification. This technology is mainly used in complex machine control, instrumentation, and telecommunication applications.

Instrumentation (computer programming)
In computer programming, instrumentation is the act of modifying software so that analysis can be performed on it.

Generally, instrumentation either modifies source code or binary code. Execution environments like the JVM provide separate interfaces to add instrumentation to program executions, such as the JVMTI, which enables instrumentation during program start.

Instrumentation enables profiling: 
measuring dynamic behavior during a test run. This is useful for properties of a program that cannot be analyzed statically with sufficient precision, such as performance and alias analysis.

Instrumentation can include:

Logging events such as failures and operation start and end

Measuring and logging the duration of operations
Olt Defile
The Olt Defile (Romanian: Defileul Oltului) is a defile that has been cut into the Transyvanian Alps in south-central Romania by the river Olt. In the Brezoi–Titești Depression portion of the defile there are located hot spring resorts. In the surrounding mountains grow walnut and oak trees, wild roses, and white ivy.  Transportation is provided by highways and railways between Râmnicu Vâlcea and Sibiu.

Titești
Titești is a commune located in Vâlcea County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Bratovești, Cucoiu, and Titești. These were part of Perișani Commune until 2002, when they were split off to form a separate commune.
2011 Grand Slam of Darts
The 2011 William Hill Grand Slam of Darts, was the fifth staging of the darts tournament organised by the Professional Darts Corporation. The event took place from 12–20 November 2011 at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall, Wolverhampton, England.

For the first time, Sky Sports was given the television coverage of the Grand Slam after taking over from ITV Sport as the event's broadcaster.

Scott Waites was the defending champion, but he was eliminated in the group stages. The title was won for the fourth time by Phil Taylor, who defeated Gary Anderson 16–4 in the final.

ITV Sport
ITV Sport is the sports department of ITV plc, which produces and presents sports programming for the ITV network and ITVX. The branding was originally introduced in 1985 as an umbrella title for networked sports programming produced by ITV's regional franchises. The division took its current form in 2004 amid the acquisition of Carlton Television by Granada Television to form ITV plc, after which the sports departments of Granada, Carlton, and London News Network were amalgamated to form ITV Sport.

The majority of ITV Sport programmes are broadcast on ITV4 although live football, major horse races and the Rugby World Cup are shown on the ITV network (ITV1, STV and UTV). ITV2 and ITV3 are only used when ITV are showing sport on both ITV1 and ITV4.
Fidelio Ponce de León
Fidelio Ponce de León (24 January 1895 - 19 February 1949) was the pseudonym of Alfredo Fuentes Pons, a Cuban painter. A native of Camagüey, he studied at the San Alejandro Academy in Havana from 1913 until 1918. Along with Antonio Gattorno, Victor Manuel, Amelia Peláez, and Wifredo Lam, he is considered part of the "Vanguardia" movement in Cuban art; however, unlike many of his contemporaries he never studied in Europe, and so had comparatively little contact with European modernism. Nevertheless, he listed among his influences Amedeo Modigliani, along with El Greco, Rembrandt, and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. His paintings are also reminiscent of those of Edvard Munch. Later in life Ponce de León contracted tuberculosis; he died in Havana on 19 February 1949. The Museum of Modern Art is among the museums containing examples of his work.

Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro
23°05′15″N 82°25′37″W﻿ / ﻿23.087472°N 82.426917°W﻿ / 23.087472; -82.426917

Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro, is the oldest and most prestigious fine arts school in Cuba. It is also known as Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro", Academia San Alejandro, or San Alejandro Academy. The school is located in Marianao, a suburb of Havana, and was founded in 1818 at the Convent of San Alejandro.

It is located today in a monumental building built in the early 1940s.
Saint-Aulaire
Saint-Aulaire (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿olɛʁ]; Occitan: Senta Aulària) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France. Saint-Aulaire station has rail connections to Brive-la-Gaillarde, Saint-Yrieix and Limoges.

Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔʁɛz] ⓘ; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in France, named after the river Corrèze which runs through it. Although its prefecture is Tulle, its most populated city is Brive-la-Gaillarde. Corrèze is located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, on the border with Occitania and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

In 2019, Corrèze had a population of 240,073, divided among 279 communes. Its inhabitants are called Corréziens (masculine) and Corréziennes (feminine). Its INSEE and postal code is 19.
Stop That Train (song)
"Stop That Train" is a 1965 ska song by Jamaican band The Spanishtonians (also known as the Spanish Town Skabeats), that has been covered and sampled by numerous artists. Its most famous cover was its first, a 1967 cover by Keith & Tex. That rendition was in turn sampled by various artists, including Scotty, the Beastie Boys and Vanilla Ice. The song has also been covered by Bim Sherman and Style Scott with Dub Syndicate, and there is a discomix version of the tune from  Clint Eastwood & General Saint and Don Campbell.

Bim Sherman
Jarret Lloyd Vincent (12 February 1950 – 17 November 2000), better known by one of his stage aliases Bim Sherman (others include Jarrett Tomlinson, Jarrett Vincent, Lloyd Vincent, J. L. Vincent, and Lloyd Tomlinson), was a Jamaican musician and singer-songwriter.
Brundall signal box
Brundall signal box is a Grade II listed former Great Eastern Railway signal box on Brundall railway station in Norfolk, England.

Located on the Wherry Lines linking Norwich with Lowestoft, it remains a junction point with the line to Great Yarmouth via Acle diverging via Reedham just to the east of the station. Served by Greater Anglia, the station is unstaffed.

In July 2013, it was one of 26 "highly distinctive" signal boxes listed by Ed Davey, Minister for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, in a joint initiative by English Heritage and Network Rail to preserve and provide a window into how railways were operated in the past.  Signalling control at the site was transferred to Colchester in February 2020, making the structure obsolete.  The signal box is scheduled to be preserved on the Mid-Norfolk Railway.

Norwich railway station
Norwich railway station (formerly Norwich Thorpe) is the northern terminus of the Great Eastern Main Line in the East of England, serving the cathedral city of Norwich, Norfolk. It is 114 miles 77 chains (185 km) down the main line from London Liverpool Street, the southern terminus.

It is also the terminus of numerous secondary lines: the Breckland Line to Cambridge; the Bittern Line to Sheringham; and the Wherry Lines to Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

The station is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates the majority of the trains that call. East Midlands Railway operates services to Liverpool Lime Street, via Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester Piccadilly.
Margarete Cranmer
Margarete Cranmer (d. c. 1571) was the second wife of the reformation Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. She was the niece of Katharina Preu, wife of Andreas Osiander, the principal reformer of Nuremberg and pastor of St. Lorenz, Nuremberg. Cranmer met her future husband during his six-month stay in Nuremberg in spring 1532 during his duties as an Ambassador of King Henry VIII to Emperor Charles V.

St. Lorenz, Nuremberg
St. Lorenz (St. Lawrence) is a  medieval church of the former free imperial city of Nuremberg in southern Germany. It is dedicated to Saint Lawrence. The church was badly damaged during the Second World War and later restored. It is one of the most prominent churches of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria.
Yani Pecanins
Yani Pecanins (1957–2019) was a Mexican artist. She is known for establishing the Cocina Ediciones publishing project as well as her artist's books and mixed media pieces.

Pecanins was born in 1957 in Mexico City, Mexico. She studied art in Barcelona, Spain, specifically linotype and bookbinding. In 1977 she helped established Cocina Ediciones (Kitchen Editions). Cocina Ediciones created hand-made artist and writer collaborative books, magazines and portfolios. The group used printing presses as well as mimeograph machines, photocopiers and rubber stamps. In 1993 she co-founded the book store El Archivero with Gabriel Macotela and Armando Sáenz Carrillo.

Pecanins died in 2019 at the age of 62 in Mexico City.

Her work is in the National Museum of Women in the Arts, and the Walker Art Center. An online exhibition is included at the Museo de Mujeres Artistas Mexicanas.

Mimeograph
A mimeograph machine (the term often being abbreviated to mimeo), sometimes called a stencil duplicator or stencil machine, is a low-cost duplicating machine that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. The process is called mimeography, and a copy made by the process is a mimeograph.

Mimeographs, along with spirit duplicators and hectographs, were common technologies for printing small quantities of a document, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins. For even smaller quantities, up to about five, a typist would use carbon paper. Early fanzines were printed by mimeograph because the machines and supplies were widely available and inexpensive. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing into the 1980s, photocopying gradually displaced mimeographs, spirit duplicators, and hectographs.
Nancy Fahey
Nancy Fahey (born November 3, 1958) is an American retired head women's basketball coach. She coached at the University of Illinois, and she also served as head coach at Washington University in St. Louis. She is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, where she played college basketball. Fahey was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012.

Women's basketball
Women's basketball is the team sport of basketball played by women. It was first played in 1892, one year after men's basketball, at Smith College in Massachusetts. It spread across the United States, in large parts via women's college competitions, and has since spread globally. As of 2020, basketball is one of the most popular and fastest growing sports in the world.

There are multiple professional leagues and tournaments for professional women basketball players. The main North American league is the WNBA. The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships. In the US, the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular. The strongest European women's basketball clubs participate in the EuroLeague Women.
Pholidogaster
Pholidogaster ('scaly stomach') is an extinct genus of stem-tetrapod that lived during the Middle Carboniferous period (late Viséan to early Serpukhovian). Pholidogaster is known from only two specimens found in Gilmerton, Scotland. Historically it was one of the first to show science the evolutionary link between fish and amphibians.

This animal had a very long and slender body, with small and feeble limbs. The shoulder structure is further back than is usual. Belly scales are present (hence its name), suggesting that in life it did not just swim, but scrawled over hard surfaces as well. The structure of the jaw is not clear, since the jaw bones on both specimens are not well preserved. However, there are large fangs in the front of the mouth, presumably used in hunting. It was a small to medium-sized animal around 1 m in length.

Viséan
The Visean, Viséan or Visian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the second stage of the Mississippian, the lower subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Visean lasted from 346.7 to 330.3 Ma. It follows the Tournaisian age/stage and is followed by the Serpukhovian age/stage.
Ars Nova (Japanese band)
Ars Nova is a Japanese progressive rock band. The band members are Keiko Kumagai (keyboards), Shinko "Panky" Shibata (bass guitar), Hazime (drums) and Satoshi Handa (guitar).

Ars Nova's music features a heavy use of keyboards — this was particularly true between 1998 and 2003 when the band had two keyboard players. Common sounds include the ubiquitous Hammond organ, as well as more recent digital sounds. Almost all of their music is instrumental.

The band's musical influences are ELP, Goblin, PFM, Rick Wakeman, Balletto di Bronzo and classical music. Kumagai, the keyboard player, writes all of the band's compositions. She has played on the Ayreon album Universal Migrator Part 2: Flight of the Migrator (2000). For much of its history (until Hazime and more recently Handa joined), the band was all female, unusual in the world of progressive rock.

Premiata Forneria Marconi
Premiata Forneria Marconi (PFM; transl. 'Award-winning Marconi Bakery') is an Italian progressive rock band founded in 1970 which continues to the present day. They were the first Italian rock band to have success internationally. The group recorded five albums with English lyrics between 1973 and 1977. During this period they entered both the British and American charts. They also had several successful European and American tours, playing at the popular Reading Festival in England and on The Midnight Special, a popular national television program in the United States.

PFM introduced new sounds, such as the synthesizer, to the Italian musical world.  They were also among the first to combine symphonic classical and traditional Italian musical influences in a rock music context. Such innovations and their longevity have earned PFM a place among the most important bands in the Progressive rock genre.
Hun subculture
Hun culture (also hon culture) is a British subculture that is popular with women and gay men. It often revolves around the "stanning" of usually British female celebrities who are often pop singers, reality television stars and soap opera actresses and characters who are considered gay icons. It often relies on "camp" and niche humour.

Fan (person)
A fan or fanatic, sometimes also termed an aficionado or enthusiast, is a person who exhibits strong interest or admiration for something or somebody, such as a celebrity, a sport, a sports team, a genre, a politician, a book, a television show, a movie, a video game or an entertainer. Collectively, the fans of a particular object or person constitute its fanbase or fandom. They may show their enthusiasm in a variety of ways, such as by promoting the object of their interest, being members of a related fan club, holding or participating in fan conventions or writing fan mail. They may also engage in creative activities ("fan labor") such as creating fanzines, writing fan fiction, making memes, drawing fan art, or developing fan games. Some excessively avid fans are called "stans" (a portmanteau of stalker and fan).
Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror
Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror is a 1942 American mystery thriller film based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes detective stories. The film combines elements of Doyle's short story "His Last Bow", to which it is credited as an adaptation, and the real-life activities of Lord Haw-Haw.

Directed by John Rawlins, Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror is the third of fourteen films starring Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Dr. John Watson. It is the first film in the series to be released by Universal Pictures and the first to be set in contemporaneous times.

Nigel Bruce
William Nigel Ernle Bruce (4 February 1895 – 8 October 1953) was a British character actor on stage and screen. He was best known for his portrayal of Dr. Watson in a series of films and in the radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring alongside Basil Rathbone as Sherlock Holmes in both. Bruce is also remembered for his roles in the Alfred Hitchcock films Rebecca and Suspicion, as well as Charlie Chaplin's Limelight and the original Lassie film Lassie Come Home.
Moscow City Duma District 20
Moscow City Duma District 20 is one of 45 constituencies in Moscow City Duma. Currently the district covers outer parts of South-Eastern Moscow.

The district has been represented since 2024 by Communist Leonid Zyuganov, a three-term member, who was redistricted from District 21.

Moscow City Duma
55°45′52″N 37°37′02″E﻿ / ﻿55.764503°N 37.61722°E﻿ / 55.764503; 37.61722

The Moscow City Duma (Russian: Московская городская дума, romanized: Moskovskaya gorodskaya duma, commonly abbreviated to Мосгордума, Mosgorduma) is the regional parliament (city duma) of Moscow, a federal subject and the capital city of Russia. As Moscow is one of three federal cities, the city duma's legislation can only be overridden by the mayor and the federal government.
Hawf
Hawf (Arabic: حوف), officially known as the Hawf District (Arabic: مديرية حوف), is a district of the Al Mahrah Governorate in south-eastern Yemen. As of the 2004 Yemeni census, the district had a population of 5,143 inhabitants. The Hawf Area was nominated as a natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in August 2002. Currently, it is listed as a tentative World Heritage Site. The town of Hawf itself is 12.7 kilometres (7.9 mi) southwest by road from Sarfait, and 163 kilometres (101 mi) southwest by road from Salalah, one of Oman's largest cities.

Terminalia dhofarica
Terminalia dhofarica is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is found in Oman and Yemen, where it is endemic to the South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune ecoregion. It is threatened by habitat loss.

T. dhofarica is a tall tree which can grow up to 12 meters in height. It is dry-season deciduous, losing its leaves in November or December at the start of the winter dry season, and re-leafing when the southwest monsoon brings summer rains.

It featured on the 50 Omani baisa stamp in 2004.
1st Combat Evaluation Group
The 1st Combat Evaluation Group (initially "1CEG", later "1CEVG") was a Strategic Air Command (SAC) unit. It was formed on 1 August 1961 to merge the 3908th Strategic Standardization Group for SAC aircrew evaluation with the 1st Radar Bomb Scoring Group that had originated from the 263rd Army Air Force Base Unit which transferred from 15th AF to directly under Strategic Air Command c. 1946.  The 1CEVG formed after SAC switched to low-level tactics to counter Soviet surface-to-air missiles ("Oil Burner" training routes in 1959) and SAC had "developed a Radar Bomb Scoring field kit for use in NIKE Systems" in early 1960 for scoring SAC training missions against US Hercules SAM sites. The 1CEVG headquarters included an Office of History and a "standardization and evaluation school" for command examiners.

Military organization
Military organization (AE) or military organisation (BE) is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. Formal military organization tends to use hierarchical forms (see Modern hierarchy for terminology and approximate troop strength per hierarchical unit).

In some countries, paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not a part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often emulate military organizations, or use these structures.
Khehek language
Khehek is an Oceanic language spoken by approximately 1600 people on west-central Manus Island, Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. It has two dialects, Drehet and Levei, which are sometimes considered separate languages.

Oceanic languages
The Oceanic languages are a branch of the Austronesian languages comprising some 450 languages spoken in Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. Though covering a vast area, Oceanic languages are estimated to have only two million native speakers. The largest individual Oceanic languages are Eastern Fijian with over 600,000 speakers, and Samoan with an estimated 400,000 speakers. The Gilbertese (Kiribati), Tongan, Tahitian, Māori and Tolai (Gazelle Peninsula) languages each have over 100,000 speakers. The common ancestor which is reconstructed for this group of languages is called Proto-Oceanic (abbr. "POc").
2004 Men's Hockey RaboTrophy
The 2004 Men's Hockey RaboTrophy was the second edition of the men's field hockey tournament. The RaboTrophy was held in Amsterdam from 26 June to 4 July 2004, and featured four of the top nations in men's field hockey.

Germany won the tournament for the first time, defeating the Netherlands 5–4 in the final.

The tournament was held in conjunction with the Women's RaboTrophy.

Netherlands men's national field hockey team
The Netherlands national men's field hockey team represents the Netherlands in international men's field hockey and is controlled by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Hockey Bond, the governing body for field hockey in the Netherlands.

The Netherlands are one of the most successful teams in the world, having won the Summer Olympics three times, the Hockey World Cup three times, the Champions Trophy eight times, the EuroHockey Nations Championship seven times, Pro League three times and the Hockey World League once.
John Hitchmough (cricketer, born 1962)
John Jeffrey Hitchmough (born 19 January 1962) is a former English cricketer.  Hitchmough was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.  He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire.

Hitchmough made his debut for Cheshire in the 1983 MCCA Knockout Trophy against Hertfordshire.  Hitchmough played Minor counties cricket for Cheshire from 1983 to 1992, including 66 Minor Counties Championship matches and 20 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 1985, he made his List A debut against Yorkshire in the NatWest Trophy.  He played six further List A matches for Cheshire, the last of which came against Gloucestershire in the 1992 NatWest Trophy. In his seven List A matches, he scored 66 runs at a batting average of 9.42, with a high score of 22.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.