hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vertical velocity
Vertical velocity can refer to:

The Flash: Vertical Velocity (Six Flags Great Adventure), a roller coaster set to open in 2025 at Six Flags Great Adventure

The Flash: Vertical Velocity (Six Flags Great America), a roller coaster located at Six Flags Great America

The Flash: Vertical Velocity (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom), a roller coaster located at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom

As a common noun, the term also refers to the movement of air masses upward as related in the omega equation.

Vertical speed

Rate of climb
In aeronautics, the rate of climb (RoC) is an aircraft's vertical speed, that is the positive or negative rate of altitude change with respect to time. In most ICAO member countries, even in otherwise metric countries, this is usually expressed in feet per minute (ft/min); elsewhere, it is commonly expressed in metres per second (m/s). The RoC in an aircraft is indicated with a vertical speed indicator (VSI) or instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI).

The temporal rate of decrease in altitude is referred to as the rate of descent (RoD) or sink rate. 
A negative rate of climb corresponds to a positive rate of descent: RoD = −RoC.
Dicționarul Limbii Române
Dicționarul Limbii Române ("The Romanian Language Dictionary"), abbreviated DLR, also called Thesaurus Dictionary of the Romanian Language, is the most important lexicographical work of the Romanian language, developed under the aegis of the Romanian Academy during more than a century. It was compiled and edited in two stages (known under the brand DA series during 1906–1944 and new series, DLR, from 1965 to 2010), in 37 volumes and contains about 175,000 words and variations, with more than 1,300,000 quotes. The development of electronic version was made in 2007–2010.

This dictionary by size and perspective lexicographical approach is similar to the major dictionaries of world lexicography: Oxford English Dictionary (OED), Trésor de la langue française, Deutsches Wörterbuch etc.

Trésor de la langue française
The Trésor de la langue française (French pronunciation: [tʁezɔʁ də la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; TLF; "Treasury of the French Language"; subtitled Dictionnaire de la langue du XIXe et du XXe siècle (1789–1960)) is a 16-volume dictionary of 19th- and 20th-century French published by the Centre de Recherche pour un Trésor de la Langue Française from 1971 to 1994. Its electronic edition, the Trésor de la langue française informatisé (TLFi), is available on CD-ROM and on the Web.
Tim Carter (musicologist)
Timothy Carter (born 1954) is an Australian musicologist with a special focus on late Renaissance music and Italian Baroque music. An active member of the field of musicology, Carter is a department chair at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he holds the position of David G. Frey Distinguished Professor. He has worked on the editorial boards or staffs of a number of prominent musical publications and has published extensively in the field.

Editorial board
The editorial board is a group of editors, writers, and other people who are charged with implementing a publication's approach to editorials and other opinion pieces.  The editorials published normally represent the views or goals of the publication's owner or publisher.
Elly Rono
Elly Rono (born May 5, 1970) is a former Kenyan long-distance runner. Rono attended the University of Southern Indiana where he was an NCAA Division II champion in cross country, the indoor 5,000 metres, and the outdoor 10,000 metres. He is a two-time winner of the California International Marathon.

California International Marathon
The California International Marathon (CIM) is an annual road marathon (42.195 km (26.219 mi)) held in Northern California since 1983.  The net downhill course starts at Folsom Dam and ends at the State Capitol in Sacramento.  The race is organized by the Sacramento Running Association.

With just under 10,000 finishers, it is one of the ten largest marathons in the United States.
2022 Indiana's 2nd congressional district special election
The 2022 Indiana's 2nd congressional district special election was a special election to choose a new member of the U.S. House of Representatives. The seat became vacant after incumbent Congresswoman Jackie Walorski died in a traffic collision on August 3, 2022.

In accordance with Title 3, Article 10, of the Indiana Code, a special election must be held for any U.S. House vacancy that occurs more than 74 days before the next general election. On August 9, Governor Eric Holcomb announced the special election was to be held concurrently with the general election on November 8. Parties held caucuses to nominate their candidates for the election; they had until August 26 to do so.

Since the congressional district boundaries set in the 2020 redistricting cycle went into effect on January 3, 2023, the special election was conducted under the old district lines whereas the regular election on the same date was conducted under the new district lines.

Eric Holcomb
Eric Holcomb (/ˈhoʊlkəm/ HOHL-kəm; born May 2, 1968) is an American politician who served as the 51st governor of Indiana, from 2017 to 2025. A member of the Republican Party, he served from 2016 to 2017 as the 51st lieutenant governor of Indiana under Governor Mike Pence, who left the governorship in 2017 to become the vice president of the United States. Holcomb was nominated to fill the remainder of Lieutenant Governor Sue Ellspermann's term after she resigned on March 2, 2016, to become president of Ivy Tech Community College. He won the 2016 election for governor of Indiana over Democratic nominee John R. Gregg, and was reelected in 2020 over Democratic nominee Woody Myers and Libertarian nominee Donald Rainwater.
Ghassan Nasr
Ghassan Nasr is an academic and translator. He obtained an MFA from the University of Arkansas. He also obtained an MA and a PhD from Indiana University. He is currently an assistant professor in the English department at DePauw University. Nasr is the translator of The Journals of Sarab Affan by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra. This translation was runner-up for the 2008 Banipal Prize for Arabic Literary Translation. He has also translated the poetry of Saudi poet Fowziyah Abu-Khalid.

DePauw University
DePauw University (/dəˈpɔː/ də-PAW) is a private liberal arts college in Greencastle, Indiana, United States. It was founded in 1837 as Indiana Asbury College and changed its name to DePauw University in 1884. The college has a Methodist heritage and was founded to be an ecumenical institution of national stature, "conducted on the most liberal principles, accessible to all religious denominations and designed for the benefit of our citizens in general".

In 2023, DePauw had an enrollment of about 1,800 students. Its residential campus is located 45 miles (72 km) west of Indianapolis and is spread across 175 acres (71 ha) and 36 buildings, with an additional 520-acre (210 ha) DePauw Nature Park.
Hun speech
The Hun speech was delivered by German emperor Wilhelm II on 27 July 1900 in Bremerhaven, on the occasion of the farewell of parts of the German East Asian Expeditionary Corps (Ostasiatisches Expeditionskorps). The expeditionary corps were sent to Imperial China to quell the Boxer Rebellion.

The speech gained worldwide attention due to its incendiary content. For a long time, it was considered to be the source of the epithet "Huns" for Germans, which was used by the British to much effect in World War I.

No quarter
No quarter, during military conflict or piracy, implies that combatants would not be taken prisoner, but executed. Since the Hague Convention of 1899, it is considered a war crime; it is also prohibited in customary international law and by the Rome Statute. Article 23 of the Hague Convention of 1907 states that "it is especially forbidden [...] to declare that no quarter will be given".
Morona-Santiago tree frog
The Morona-Santiago tree frog (Hyloscirtus pacha) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. Scientists have seen it between 2225 and 2350 meters above sea level. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The adult male frog measures 59.5–60.9 mm in snout-vent length and the adult female frog 65.3–68.4 mm.  The skin of the dorsum is dark brown in color with metallic orange spots. The fingers and toes and insides of the legs are brown with white lines.  The iris of the eye is olive brown in color.

Scientists have only seen this frog near stream environments and do not know if it can live in disturbed areas.  It is nocturnal.

This frog's scientific name is a reference to Patricia "Pacha" A. Burrowes, who worked with the research team in the forest in 1984.

Hylidae
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Bernardhus Van Leer
Bernardhus Van Leer (1687–January 26, 1790) was a German-American early settler of the Province of Pennsylvania. He worked as a physician and was father of American Revolutionary War Captain Samuel Van Leer.

He built the Barnardus Van Leer House in Marple Township, Pennsylvania, c. 1742 and owned the land in Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania, on which his son Isaac built the Van Leer Cabin c. 1800.

Province of Pennsylvania
The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as the Pennsylvania Colony, was a British North American colony founded by William Penn, who received the land through a grant from Charles II of England in 1681. The name Pennsylvania was derived from Latin, meaning "Penn's Woods", a reference to William Penn's father Admiral Sir William Penn.
Rasputin (song)
"Rasputin" is a song by German-based pop and Eurodisco group Boney M. It was released on 28 August 1978 as the second single from their third studio album Nightflight to Venus (1978). Written by the group's creator Frank Farian, along with George Reyam and Fred Jay, it is a song about Grigori Rasputin, a friend and advisor of Tsar Nicholas II and his family during the early 20th century. The song describes Rasputin as a playboy, mystical healer, and political manipulator. It is the band's signature song.

Eurodisco
Eurodisco (also spelled as Euro disco) is a genre of electronic dance music that evolved from disco in the middle 1970s. The term "Eurodisco" first appeared in magazines geared towards popular music and was used by the UK magazine Blues & Soul to describe the music of Boney M. Music producers such as Giorgio Moroder, Frank Farian and Michael Kunze (Silver Convention) are credited as pioneers of the genre.
Yellow Fingers
Yellow Fingers is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Emmett J. Flynn and written by Eve Unsell. The film stars Olive Borden, Ralph Ince, Claire Adams, Edward Peil, Sr., Otto Matieson, and Nigel De Brulier. The film was released on March 21, 1926, by Fox Film Corporation.

Claire Adams
Claire Adams (née Beryl Vere Nassau Adams; 24 September 1898 – 25 September 1978) was a silent film actress and benefactor. She was born in Canada, studied there and in England, and developed a movie career in Hollywood. She spent the second half of her life in Australia.
Laura Räty
Laura Kaarina Räty (born 14 September 1977) is a Finnish politician, former Minister of Social Affairs and Health and a business director at the Finnish private hospital corporate group Terveystalo.

She has been criticized for tax planning and for possible conflict of interest when transferring from public office to health business.

Minister of Social Affairs and Health (Finland)
The minister of social affairs and health (Finnish: sosiaali- ja terveysministeri, Swedish: social- och hälsovårdsminister) is one of the Finnish Government's ministerial positions. The minister is one of two portfolios associated with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; the other one is the minister of family affairs and social services.

The Orpo Cabinet's incumbent minister of social affairs and health is Kaisa Juuso of the Finns Party.

The longest serving ministers of social affairs and health have been Paula Risikko (2,624 days from 2007 to 2014), Liisa Hyssälä (2,595 days from 2003 to 2010), Sinikka Mönkäre (2,355 days from 1995 to 2005), Tyyne Leivo-Larsson (1,836 days from 1948 to 1958) and Eeva Kuuskoski (1,821 days from 1983 to 1992).
Kateřina Minařík Kudějová
Kateřina Minařík Kudějová (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkatɛr̝ɪna ˈkuɟɛjovaː]; née Kudějová, born 17 January 1990) is a Czech slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2005.

She won six medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with three golds (K1: 2015; K1 team: 2013, 2015) and three silvers (K1 team: 2011, 2019, 2021). She also won nine medals at the European Championships (5 golds and 4 bronzes).

Minařík Kudějová participated in two Olympic Games. She finished in 10th place in the K1 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and 15th in the K1 event at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo after being eliminated in the semifinal.

2019 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 2019 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were the 40th edition of the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships. The event took place from 24 to 29 September 2019 in La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain under the auspices of International Canoe Federation (ICF). The events took place at the Segre Olympic Park which also hosted the canoe slalom events at the 1992 Summer Olympics. La Seu d'Urgell hosted the championships for the third time after previously hosting the event in 1999 and 2009.

As is traditional in a pre-Olympic year, the Championships also doubled as the primary qualification event for the 2020 Summer Olympics. The top placed boats (subject to a limit of one per nation) earned their NOCs a qualification quota. 18 qualification spots were available in the K1 events, and eleven in the C1.

Seu also hosted the Wildwater Canoeing World Championships as part of the same event.
Lokomotyv stadium (Chernihiv)
Lokomotiv stadium (Ukrainian: стадіон Локомотив) is a football stadium in Chernihiv. The stadium is located close to the Chernihiv–Ovruch railway and the Monument to Soldiers Liberators in Victory Square. Nearby, there are also the Khimik Sports Complex and Tekstylschyk stadium. There is a "tribune" of a row of six or seven wooden benches, where the local youth hang out for beer and seeds in the evening.

Chernihiv–Ovruch railway
The Chernihiv–Ovruch railway is a partially electrified and partially operational single track railway line that stretches between the town of Ovruch and the city of Chernihiv, in northern Ukraine, passing through southern Belarus and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The line is owned by Ukrzaliznytsia alone, with railway stations located in Belarus being leased from the government of Belarus. A portion of the line between railway stations Vilcha and Semykhody has not been in service since the Chernobyl disaster, on 26 April 1986.
Epipterygoid
The epipterygoid is a paired cranial bone present in many tetrapods. It acts as a vertical strut connecting the pterygoid bone of the palate to the outer surface of the braincase or the underside of the skull roof. The epipterygoid is an endochondral bone (derived from cartilage), similar to the braincase but unlike most other bones in the skull. In squamates, the epipterygoid generally has a slender rod-like shape, and is also known as the columella cranii. The epipterygoid is considered to be homologous to the alisphenoid bone of mammals. Though present in many extinct archosaurs, it has been independently lost in modern crocodilians and birds.

Palate
The palate (/ˈpælɪt/) is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separated. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior, bony hard palate and the posterior, fleshy soft palate (or velum).
Russian Journal of Psychiatry
The Russian Journal of Psychiatry (Russian: Российский психиатрический журнал, romanized: Rossiyskiy psikhiatricheskiy zhurnal) is a Russian peer-reviewed medical journal covering the fields of clinical, social, and forensic psychiatry. It was established in 1997 by the Serbsky Center with Tatyana Dmitrieva as editor-in-chief. It was included by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the list of leading journals and publications and having an article published in this journal is considered to be very prestigious among Russian psychiatrists.

Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации or Minobrnauki of Russia) existed from March 2004 till May 2018. It oversaw scientific institutions, education and school accreditation in the Russian Federation. The agency had its headquarters in Tverskoy District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

The ministry managed Institutes of Higher Education of Russia, the State educational establishment ("training center of training leaders"), Center of the testing, National Information Center on Academic Recognition and Mobility.

The last Minister was Olga Vasilyeva.

In May 2018 it was decided to split this Ministry into the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
Marcia González Aguiluz
Marcia González Aguiluz (born 16 January 1969) is a Costa Rican politician and lawyer who served as the minister of justice and peace under President Carlos Alvarado Quesada between 2018 and 2020.

She resigned in February 2020. She may run in the 2022 Costa Rican general election.

President of Costa Rica
The president of the Republic of Costa Rica is the head of state and head of government of Costa Rica. The president is currently elected in direct elections for a period of four years, which is not immediately renewable. Two vice presidents are elected in the same ticket with the president. The president appoints the Council of Ministers. Due to the abolition of the military of Costa Rica in 1948, the president is not a commander-in-chief, unlike the norm in most other countries, although the Constitution does describe him as commander-in-chief of the civil defense public forces.

From 1969 to 2005, the president was barred from seeking reelection. After the amendment banning reelection was overturned by the Supreme Court in 2005, an incumbent president became eligible to run again after waiting for at least eight years after leaving office.
Kim Edberg Andersen
Kim Edberg Andersen-Kristoffersen (born 21 June 1973) is a Danish politician and a Member of the Folketing since 2022.

Edberg completed a degree in business studies at Aalborg University. He was a member of the Danish People's Party and had been a councilor for the party in Rebild Municipality and stood as a candidate for the DPP during the 2019 Danish general election before resigning in 2021. He joined New Right the same year and was elected to the Folketing in the 2022 Danish general election for the North Jutland constituency.

Two months after Pernille Vermund recommended the dissolution of Nye Borgerlige, Edberg joined the Denmark Democrats on 19 March 2024.

Denmark Democrats
The Denmark Democrats (Danish: Danmarksdemokraterne [ˈtænmɑɡ̊sde̝moˌkʰʁɑˀtɐnə], DD) is a conservative and right-wing populist political party in Denmark. The party was founded in June 2022 by Inger Støjberg, and is officially titled Denmark Democrats – Inger Støjberg (Danmarksdemokraterne – Inger Støjberg). The party is currently in opposition to the second Frederiksen government.
2005–06 Divizia D
The 2005–06 Divizia D was the 64th season of the Liga IV, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. The champions of each county association play against one from a neighboring county in a play-off match played on a neutral venue. The winners of the play-off matches promoted to 2006–07 Liga III.

Liga IV
Liga IV is the fourth level of the Romanian football league system and is run in all 41 counties and in the Municipality of Bucharest. It was known as the Regional Championship, County Championship, Divizia C – County Phase and Divizia D. Its name was changed into Liga IV before the start of the 2006–07 season.
Rouf railway station
Rouf railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Ρουφ, romanized: Sidirodromikos stathmos Rouf) is a station on the Piraeus–Platy railway line in Rouf, a neighbourhood of Athens, located on the borders of the municipalities of Athens and Tavros. Originally opened on 30 June 1884 it was rebuilt to serve Athens Suburban Railway lines when this section came into operation in June 2007. It owes its name to the area of Rouf, named after a Bavarian businessman who once owned the land in the 19th century.

Tavros
Tavros (Greek: Ταύρος, lit. 'bull') is a town and a suburb in the southwestern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Moschato-Tavros, of which it is a municipal unit.
Anwarul Iqbal
Anwarul Iqbal (1 October 1950 – 15 January 2015) was an adviser of 2007–2009 interim caretaker government of Bangladesh. He was appointed Local Government and Rural Development Minister & Labour Minister of the non-party interim caretaker government of Bangladesh on 17 January 2007 and remained in that post until elections were held two years later. Later, he was given the charge of the Jute & Textile Ministry. He had the responsibility to head three ministries of the government of Bangladesh. He served as the 25th Inspector General of Bangladesh police. He went into voluntary retirement from the IGP post after he had been made officer on special duty and within few days he took charge as the adviser of the caretaker government headed by Fakhruddin Ahmed during the state of emergency in Bangladesh which was declared on 11 January 2007.

Rapid Action Battalion
The Rapid Action Battalion (Bengali: র‍্যাপিড অ্যাকশন ব্যাটালিয়ন, romanised: Ryaepid Ækśon Byāṭāliẏan; abbreviated as RAB) is an elite law enforcement force in Bangladesh tasked with combating serious crimes, terrorism, and organised criminal activities. Operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs, RAB is a composite force comprising personnel from the Police, Army, Navy, Air Force, BGB, and Ansar. Since its establishment in 2004, RAB has played a key role in counter-terrorism, anti-drug operations, and high-profile criminal investigations.

The Rapid Action Battalion has faced criticism from human rights groups for their use of extrajudicial killings and alleged involvement in enforced disappearances. It is estimated that between 2004 and 2008, RAB had killed 1,062 people.
Dickinson Center, New York
Dickinson Center is a hamlet in Franklin County, New York, United States; located in Dickinson, New York. The community is 15.6 miles (25.1 km) southwest of Malone. Dickinson Center has a post office with ZIP code 12930, which opened on February 3, 1842.

Dickinson, Franklin County, New York
Dickinson is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. The population was 1,031 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Philemon Dickinson,  a brigadier general of the New Jersey militia during the American Revolutionary War.

Dickinson is on the western border of Franklin County, southwest of Malone and east of Potsdam.