hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MINLOG
MINLOG is a proof assistant developed at LMU Munich by the team of Helmut Schwichtenberg.

MINLOG is based on first order natural deduction calculus. It is intended to reason about computable functionals, using minimal rather than classical or intuitionistic logic. The primary motivation behind MINLOG is to exploit the proofs-as-programs paradigm for program development and program verification. Proofs are, in fact, treated as first-class objects, which can be normalized. If a formula is existential, then its proof can be used for reading off an instance of it or changed appropriately for program development by proof transformation. To this end, MINLOG is equipped with tools to extract functional programs directly from proof terms. This also applies to non-constructive proofs, using a refined A-translation. The system is supported by automatic proof search and normalization by evaluation as an efficient term rewriting device.

Rewriting
In mathematics, linguistics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms. Such methods may be achieved by rewriting systems (also known as rewrite systems, rewrite engines, or reduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plus relations on how to transform those objects.

Rewriting can be non-deterministic. One rule to rewrite a term could be applied in many different ways to that term, or more than one rule could be applicable. Rewriting systems then do not provide an algorithm for changing one term to another, but a set of possible rule applications. When combined with an appropriate algorithm, however, rewrite systems can be viewed as computer programs, and several theorem provers and declarative programming languages are based on term rewriting.
Paolo de Gratiis
Paolo de Gratiis (died 1652) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Ston (1635–1652).

On 9 July 1635, Paolo de Gratiis was appointed by Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Ston. He served as Bishop of Ston until his death in 1652.

Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII (Latin: Urbanus VIII; Italian: Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death, in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts, commissioning works from artists like Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and a reformer of Church missions. His papacy also covered 21 years of the Thirty Years' War.

The massive debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also an opponent of Copernicanism and was involved in the Galileo affair, which saw the astronomer tried for heresy. He is the last pope to date to take the papal name Urban.
George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland
George Manners, 7th Earl of Rutland (1580 – 29 March 1641) of Fulbeck Hall, Lincolnshire was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1604 and 1626. He inherited a peerage as Earl of Rutland in 1632.

Manners was the son of John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland and his wife Elizabeth Charlton, daughter of Francis Charlton of Apley Castle. He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Grantham in 1604. He was elected MP for Lincolnshire in 1614 for the Addled Parliament and in 1621. In 1624 he was elected MP for Stamford again for the Happy Parliament, and was re-elected in 1625 for the Useless Parliament.

He inherited the peerage as Earl of Rutland on the death of his brother Francis in 1632, which brought him Belvoir Castle, in favour of which he left Fulbeck Hall.

Manners died in 1641, and his titles were passed to his second cousin, John Manners.

Manners married Frances Cary, daughter of Sir Edward Cary and Katherine Knyvett, on 3 March 1605.

Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Lincolnshire was a county constituency of the Parliaments of England before 1707, Great Britain before 1800 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1290 until 1832.
Cervero
Cervero is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Diego Cervero (born 1983), Spanish footballer

Robert Cervero (born 1951), American academic

Nestor Cerveró (born 1951), Brazilian chemical engineer

Diego Cervero
Diego Cervero Otero (born 13 August 1983) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a centre-forward.

He spent most of his career with Oviedo, representing the club in Segunda División, Segunda División B and Tercera División. In the second competition, he played 363 games and scored 140 goals.
Stewkley
Stewkley is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England. The village is about 5 miles (8 km) east of Winslow and about 4 miles (6 km) west of Leighton Buzzard. The civil parish includes the hamlets of North End and Stewkley Dean.

The toponym Stewkley is derived from the Old English for woodland clearing with tree stumps. The Domesday Book of 1086 records it as Stiuclai.

Leighton Buzzard
Leighton Buzzard (/ˈleɪtən ˈbʌzərd/ ⓘ LAY-tən BUZ-ərd) is a market town in the civil parish of Leighton–Linslade, in the Central Bedfordshire district, in Bedfordshire, England, in the southwest of the county and close to the Buckinghamshire border. It lies between Aylesbury, Tring, Luton/Dunstable and Milton Keynes, near the Chiltern Hills.

It is 36 miles (58 km) northwest of Central London and linked to the capital by the Grand Union Canal and the West Coast Main Line. The built-up area extends on either side of the River Ouzel (here about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) wide) to include its historically separate neighbour Linslade, and is administered by Leighton-Linslade Town Council.
Hugh Allan Stevenson
Doctor Hugh Allan Stevenson (October 2, 1870 – May 28, 1942) was a physician and politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as mayor of London in 1915 and from 1916 to 1917. Stevenson represented London in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1919 to 1923 as a Labour member.

He was born in London and was educated there. Stevenson served two years on London city council. He also served two years on the public utilities commission and two years as a water commissioner. Stevenson also served as a major in the local militia.

Stevenson was elected to the Ontario assembly in 1919, defeating Adam Beck, who was running as an independent. He ran unsuccessfully for the London seat in the Canadian House of Commons in 1935. On May 28, 1942, Stevenson died at his home in London after a long illness, aged 71.

Stevenson Avenue in London was named in his honour.

London (provincial electoral district)
London was an electoral riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1867 at the time of confederation and was abolished in 1925 before the 1926 election. It was re-established in 1934 and existed until 1955 when it was abolished again.
Philip Champion
Philip Champion (born June 13, 1976 in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and raised in Jacksonville, Florida) also known as Hot Sauce, is an American former professional basketball player who has played on the Streetball AND1 Mixtape Tour from its creation in 2000.

In 2006, he made his film debut as a role as Jewelz in the movie Crossover alongside Anthony Mackie, Wesley Jonathan, & Wayne Brady. In 2018, the Atlanta Hawks offered a promotion in which fans had the opportunity to guard Champion 1 on 1 for 24 seconds to win prizes.

Fort Campbell
Fort Campbell is a United States Army installation located between the Kentucky–Tennessee border between Hopkinsville, Kentucky and Clarksville, Tennessee. Though the base's postal address is nominally listed as being in Kentucky (due to the location of the base's headquarters), the majority of the post itself is physically located across the state line in Tennessee. Fort Campbell is home to the 101st Airborne Division and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. The fort is named in honor of Union Army Brigadier General William Bowen Campbell, the last Whig Governor of Tennessee.
Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt
Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt (5 June 1764 – 23 March 1816) was a pharmacist, chemist, and anatomist. He was an early supporter of Lavoisier's theories in Germany. He investigated mercury compounds, and the chemical nature of quicklime, ammonium nitrate, and ammonia. He studied light emitted by electric discharges through air and investigated the use of nitric oxide to determine the oxygen content of air. He developed a method to separate silver from copper. He wrote textbooks on pharmacology and human anatomy, and treatises on smallpox, sleep, and the digestive system.

He obtained his MD in 1783 from the University of Göttingen under Johann Friedrich Gmelin.

Electric discharge
In electromagnetism, an  electric discharge is the release and transmission of electricity in an applied electric field through a medium such as a gas (i.e., an outgoing flow of electric current through a non-metal medium).
2009 Black Forest Open
The 2009 Black Forest Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the eleventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Freudenstadt, Germany between 31 August and 6 September 2009.

Jan Hájek (tennis)
Jan Hájek (born 7 August 1983) is a retired male professional tennis player from the Czech Republic. He reached the third round of the 2007 French Open and attained a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 71 in November 2006.
2020 Astana Open – Singles
This was the first edition of the tournament, primarily organised due to the cancellation of many tournaments during the 2020 season, because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Fourth seed John Millman won his first (and only) ATP Tour title, defeating third seed Adrian Mannarino in the final, 7–5, 6–1. He saved two match points against Tommy Paul in quarterfinals.

Tommy Paul (tennis)
Thomas John Paul (born May 17, 1997) is an American professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 8, achieved on 9 June 2025, and a doubles ranking of No. 97, achieved on 12 September 2022. He has won four ATP Tour titles, and reached a major semifinal at the 2023 Australian Open. He won a bronze medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics in men's doubles, partnering with Taylor Fritz. He is currently the No. 4 American singles player.
Eddie Polec murder case
The Eddie Polec murder case centers on the murder of a 16-year-old Edward William Polec that took place on the front steps of St. Cecilia's church in the Philadelphia Fox Chase neighborhood on the night of Friday, November 11, 1994. The case drew national media attention because it happened in a middle-class residential part of the city not customarily known for such a crime. Adding to its controversy was that it was carried out by a band of mixed-race youth from neighboring Montgomery County's upscale suburban Abington Township. The Philadelphia 911 emergency phone service and the Philadelphia police were reported to have been extraordinarily slow in responding that night.

Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Abington Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is adjacent to Philadelphia's northern fringe. The population was 58,502 as of the 2020 census, making it the second most populous township in Montgomery County after Lower Merion Township. The population density is 3603.3 per square mile (1,377/km2), making it the second most densely populated township in Montgomery County after Cheltenham Township.

Abington Township is one of Montgomery County's oldest communities, dating back before 1700 and being incorporated in 1704. It is home to some of the county's oldest transportation routes, industries and churches. Many of these older business and transportation centers were the forerunners of modern Abington. Abington contains the Willow Grove Park Mall, several small businesses, and a few of Montgomery County's largest employers.
Mohamed Ilan Imran
Mohamed Ilan Imran (Dhivehi: މުޙައްމަދު އިލާން އިމްރާން; born 17 January 2009) is a Maldivian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Dhivehi Premier League club Maziya and Maldives national team.

Football Association of Maldives
The Football Association of Maldives (FAM), founded in 1982, is the governing body of football in the Maldives. The association under the guidance of the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Community Empowerment is responsible for all regulatory aspects of the sport in the Maldives. In 1986, FAM became a member of AFC and FIFA respectively.
Sheldon–Owens Farm
Sheldon–Owens Farm is a national historic district located at Willsboro in Essex County, New York. The district contains seven contributing buildings, one contributing site, and seven contributing structures.  They are set on a property assembled between 1784 and 1945.  The oldest structure is a barn dated to the late 18th century.  A number of the outbuildings date to the 1830s and include barns, a granary, brick smokehouse, and sugar house.  The farmhouse dates to 1853 and was constructed on the foundation of the 18th-century house.  Dated to the early 20th century are a storage shed, machine shed, well house, and additions and renovations to older buildings.  The property has been adapted for use as a bird sanctuary.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

Smokehouse
A smokehouse (North American) or smokery (British) is a building where meat or fish is cured with smoke. The finished product might be stored in the building, sometimes for a year or more. Even when smoke is not used, such a building—typically a subsidiary building—is sometimes referred to as a "smokehouse".  When smoke is not used, the term meathouse or meat house is common.
Guofan Road station
Guofan Road (simplified Chinese: 国帆路; traditional Chinese: 國帆路; pinyin: Guófān Lù) is a Shanghai Metro station located on Line 10 in Yangpu District, Shanghai. The station is located on Songhu Road at Guofan Road, between Xinjiangwancheng and Shuangjiang Road stations. Heading northbound, this will be the last station on the metro line on the Puxi side of the Huangpu River. It was expected to open with the rest of the phase two northern extension of Line 10 in 2018, however, due to construction delays, it opened on 26 December 2020. It will be an underground station with an island platform.

Huangpu River
The Huangpu (pronunciationⓘ), formerly romanized as Whangpoo, is a 113 km-long (70 mi) river flowing north through Shanghai. The Bund and Lujiazui are located along the Huangpu River.

The Huangpu is the biggest river in central Shanghai, with the Suzhou Creek being its major tributary. It is on average 400 m (1,312 ft) wide and 9 m (30 ft) deep, and divides the city into two regions: Puxi ("west of Huangpu"), the traditional city center, and Pudong ("east of Huangpu").
Maurice Rapf
Maurice Harry Rapf (May 19, 1914 – April 15, 2003) was an American screenwriter and professor of film studies. His work includes the screenplays for early Disney live-action features Song of the South (1946) and So Dear to My Heart (1949), uncredited work on the screenplay for the animated feature Cinderella (1950), and several films of the late 1930s. He was a co-founder of the Screen Writers Guild. He was blacklisted in 1947 due to his association with the Communist Party USA. He later taught film studies at Dartmouth College.

Winter Carnival (film)
Winter Carnival is a 1939 comedy-drama film directed by Charles Reisner and starring Ann Sheridan, Richard Carlson and Helen Parrish.  Jill Baxter returns to a college campus for the annual Winter Carnival and falls in love with an old boyfriend.

Budd Schulberg and F. Scott Fitzgerald, among others worked on the script, an experience that led to Schulberg's novel The Disenchanted.
Franconia (wine region)
Franconia (German: Franken) is a German wine region, mostly in north west Franconia. It is the only wine region in the federal state of Bavaria. In 2024, vines were grown on 6,128 hectares (15,140 acres) of land in the region.

Climate categories in viticulture
In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the growing season. While variations in macroclimate are acknowledged, the climates of most wine regions are categorised (somewhat loosely based on the Köppen climate classification) as being part of a Mediterranean (for example Tuscany), maritime (ex: Bordeaux) or continental climate (ex: Columbia Valley). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the 30th parallel and 50th parallel in both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. While viticulture does exist in some tropical climates, most notably Brazil, the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.
Fontanelle, Veneto
Fontanelle is a comune (municipality) in the province of Treviso, in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Treviso.

Fontanelle borders the following municipalities: Codogné, Gaiarine, Mansuè, Oderzo, Ormelle, San Polo di Piave, Vazzola.

Province of Treviso
The province of Treviso (Italian: provincia di Treviso) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Treviso. The province is surrounded by Belluno in the north, Vicenza in the west, Padua in southwest, Venice in the south-east and Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the east. The current President of Treviso province is Stefano Marcon, elected in December 2021 for second term. He is also the current mayor of Castelfranco Veneto.
Diamond Creek Falls
Diamond Creek Falls is a waterfall formed along Gibson Canyon on the north end of Willamette National Forest, east side of the city of Oakridge in Lane County, Oregon. Access to Diamond Creek Falls is located along Oregon Route 58 through trail paths that lead down to the stream and the base of the waterfall.

Lane County, Oregon
Lane County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 382,971, making it the fourth-most populous county in Oregon. The county seat is Eugene, the state's second most populous city. It is named in honor of Joseph Lane, Oregon's first territorial governor. Lane County comprises the Eugene, OR Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the third-largest MSA in Oregon, and the 144th-largest in the country.
Udea ferrealis
Udea ferrealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Amur in the Russian Far East.

The wingspan is about 32 mm. The forewings are rufous with a fine antemedial line which is very oblique from the costa to the median nervure, then very sinuous. There is an elliptical darker rufous spot in the middle of the cell and a discoidal spot. There is also a minutely dentate postmedial line, curved from the costa to vein 3 and then oblique, as well as a terminal band with a dentate inner edge. The hindwings are whitish, suffused with pale brown, especially on the inner and terminal areas. There is also a dark point at the lower angle of the cell and a curved minutely dentate postmedial line.

Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast (/əˈmʊər ˈɒblæst/) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located on the banks of the Amur and Zeya rivers in the Russian Far East. The oblast borders Heilongjiang province of the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the south.

The administrative center of the oblast, the city of Blagoveshchensk, is one of the oldest settlements in the far east of the country, founded in 1856. It is a traditional center of trade and gold mining. The territory is accessed by two railways: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal–Amur Mainline. As of the 2021 Census, the oblast's population was 766,912.
Lingyuanosaurus
Lingyuanosaurus is a genus of therizinosaurian theropod from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, China.  The type and only species is L. sihedangensis.  It was uncovered within one of the formations that make up the Jehol biota, although the exact geological formation — and therefore also its precise geological age — is unknown.

Tibia
The tibia (/ˈtɪbiə/; pl.: tibiae /ˈtɪbii/ or tibias), also known as the shinbone, shankbone or simply the shin, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects the knee with the ankle. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane. The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of leg, forming a type of fibrous joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute tibia. It is the second largest bone in the human body, after the femur. The leg bones are the strongest long bones as they support the rest of the body.
A with diaeresis and macron
A with diaeresis and macron (Ӓ̄ ӓ̄; italics: Ӓ̄ ӓ̄) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In all its forms it looks exactly like the Latin letter A with diaeresis and macron (Ǟ ǟ Ǟ ǟ).

A with diaeresis and macron is used only in the alphabet of the Kildin Sami language where it represents a lengthened palatalized open front unrounded vowel /ʲaː/.

Palatalization (phonetics)
In phonetics, palatalization (/ˌpælətəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ ⓘ, US also /-lɪ-/) or palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be palatalized and are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by affixing a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, to the base letter. Palatalization is not phonemic in English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Bulgarian; Uralic languages such as Estonian, Karelian, Veps, Enets and Mansi; Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; and other various languages such as Irish, Lithuanian, Marshallese and Kashmiri.
Hana Schank
Hana Raviyt Schank is an American writer, technologist, and policy strategist. She has contributed to publications such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Atlantic. Schank has held positions in both the private and public sectors, including serving as Director of Strategy for Public Interest Technology at New America.

New America (organization)
New America, formerly the New America Foundation, is an American liberal think tank founded in 1999. It focuses on a range of public policy issues, including national security, technology, health, gender, energy, education, and the economy. The organization is based in Washington, D.C., and Oakland, California. Anne-Marie Slaughter is the think tank's chief executive officer.