hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Valentin Hristov (weightlifter, born 1956)
Valentin Hristov (Bulgarian: Валентин Христов, born 16 March 1956) is a retired Bulgarian heavyweight weightlifter. He is best known for being the first weightlifter to be disqualified from the modern Olympic Games for doping after anabolic steroid testing was introduced at the 1976 Games. He later went on to claim the silver at the 1980 Olympics. Hristov won the world and European titles in 1975 and 1977 and placed second in 1979. In 1975–76 he set nine ratified world records: three in the snatch, four in the clean and jerk and two in the total.

Hristov originally won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal for Bulgaria but had the medal stripped and title revoked  after testing positive for an undisclosed anabolic steroid.  This was before the IOC had banned those who cheated from future Olympic Games by testing positive for the use of PEDs, and the Bulgarian returned to claim the silver medal in 1980.

Clean and jerk
The clean and jerk is a composite of two weightlifting movements, most often performed with a barbell: the clean and the jerk. During the clean, the lifter moves the barbell from the floor to a racked position across the deltoids, without resting fully on the clavicles. During the jerk, the lifter raises the barbell to a stationary position above the head, finishing with straight arms and legs, and the feet in the same plane as the torso and barbell.

Of the several variants of the lift, the most common is the Olympic clean and jerk, which, with the snatch, is included in Olympic weightlifting events. Clean and jerk is most commonly performed with a squat clean and a split jerk.
Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin
Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin is a London dry gin contract-distilled in London at Thames Distillery. It is made in a traditional pot still using spring water from Cartmel in the Lake District. It is made using eight botanicals including juniper, sage, borage, lime (fruit) and bitter orange, and it is bottled at 47% ABV.

Launched in 2011 by Matthew Gilpin, Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin has won the following international blind-tasting award(s):

World Drinks Awards 2014 - World's Best Gin

World Drinks Awards 2014 - Best Traditional Style Gin

International Wine & Spirit Competition 2012 - Gold Medal

International Wine & Spirit Competition 2011 - Silver Medal

The Spirits Business Gin Masters 2011 - Silver Medal

International Spirits Challenge 2011 - Bronze Medal

The Hong Kong International Wine & Spirit Competition - Silver Medal

"Gilpin's" is an EU Community Trade Mark of Westmorland Spirits Limited

Alcohol by volume
Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV) is a common measure of the amount of alcohol contained in a given alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the volume the ethanol in the liquid would take if separated from the rest of the solution, divided by the volume of the solution, both at 20 °C (68 °F). Pure ethanol is lighter than water, with a density of 0.78945 g/mL (0.82353 oz/US fl oz; 0.79122 oz/imp fl oz; 0.45633 oz/cu in). The alc/vol standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures.

In some countries, e.g. France, alcohol by volume is often referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac (after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac), although there is a slight difference since the Gay-Lussac convention uses the International Standard Atmosphere value for temperature, 15 °C (59 °F).
Redfern railway station
Redfern railway station is a heritage-listed former railway bridge and now railway station located on the Main Suburban railway line in the Inner City Sydney suburb of Redfern in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Whitton and built by Department of Railways. It is also known as Redfern Railway Station group and Tenterfield railway. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

The station that opened on 26 September 1855 is located on what was originally the Illawarra line. It is now served by all Sydney Trains lines except the Cumberland Line, Olympic Park railway line, Lidcombe & Bankstown Line and the airport branch of the Airport & South Line. Some NSW TrainLink Intercity services also call at the station.

Sydney Trains
Sydney Trains is the brand name and operator of suburban and intercity train services in and around Greater Sydney in New South Wales, Australia.

The metropolitan part of the network is a hybrid urban-suburban rail system with a central underground core. It covers 369 km (229 mi) of route length over 919 km (571 mi) of track, with 169 stations on nine lines.

The network has frequencies of 5–10 minutes at peak-time at most inner-city and major stations, and 15 minutes off-peak at most minor stations. During the weekday peak, train services are more frequent. Nearly the entire fleet consists of bilevel electric multiple unit trains.

The network is managed by Transport for NSW and is part of its Opal ticketing system. In 2024–25, 270 million passenger journeys were made on the suburban network, making it the most-used rail network in Australia.
McLinden
McLinden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dursley McLinden (1965–1995), Manx actor

Mark McLinden (born 1979), Australian rugby union and rugby league player

Melissa McLinden (born 1964), American volleyball player

Paul McLinden, Scottish musician and songwriter

Mark McLinden
Mark McLinden (born 8 July 1979) is an Australian former professional rugby footballer of the 1990s and 2000s. He played rugby league in the NRL for Australian club, the Canberra Raiders and in the Super League for English club the London Broncos/Harlequins RL, which he also captained. A Country New South Wales representative backline player, McLinden finished his career in 2009 with a few rugby union games for the Queensland Reds in Super Rugby.
Mawson Coast
The Mawson Coast is that portion of the coast of Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica, lying between William Scoresby Bay, at 59°34′E, and Murray Monolith, at 66°54′E. The coast was sighted during the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), 1929–30, under Sir Douglas Mawson. Further exploration and landings at Cape Bruce and Scullin Monolith were made during BANZARE, 1930–31. Mawson Coast was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia after Mawson in recognition of his great contribution to Antarctic exploration.

Trethewry Point is a rocky promontory 120 m (390 ft) high, projecting from the coast 4 nmi (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east of William Scoresby Bay on the Mawson Coast. It was discovered and named in February 1936 by DI personnel on the William Scoresby.

Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.

Discovery Investigations contributed greatly to knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on and their habitat's oceanography, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. They continued until 1951, with the final report published in 1980.

Collected specimens are in the Discovery Collections.
2024 General Tire 200 (Sonoma)
The 2024 General Tire 200 was the 4th stock car race of the 2024 ARCA Menards Series West season, and the 18th running of the event. The race was held on Friday, June 7, 2024, at Sonoma Raceway in Sonoma, California, a 1.99 mile (3.20 km) permanent asphalt road course. The race was originally scheduled to be contested over 64 laps, but was increased to 67 laps, due to a NASCAR overtime finish. Sam Mayer, driving for Sigma Performance Services, would take the lead from William Sawalich in the middle stages of the race, and led the final 37 laps to earn his second career ARCA Menards Series West win, and his first of the season. Sawalich led 21 laps, but fell back after an early race incident. He rebounded to finish in 4th. To fill out the podium, Tyler Reif, driving for Central Coast Racing, and Sean Hingorani, driving for Jerry Pitts Racing, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

Jerry Pitts Racing
Jerry Pitts Racing (JPR), also called JP Racing, is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the ARCA Menards Series and the ARCA Menards Series West. In the ARCA Menards Series, they field the No. 5 Toyota Camry part-time for Eric Johnson Jr., and the No. 7 Toyota Camry for Gavin Ray. In the ARCA Menards Series West, they field the No. 5 Toyota full-time for Eric Johnson Jr., and the No. 7 Toyota full-time for Gavin Ray. The team is owned by former Gene Price Motorsports crew chief, Jerry Pitts, along with his brother Brian.
March 1914 lunar eclipse
A partial lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Thursday, March 12, 1914, with an umbral magnitude of 0.9111. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when one part of the Moon is in the Earth's umbra, while the other part is in the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring only about 18 hours before perigee (on March 12, 1914, at 22:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

Earth's shadow
Earth's shadow (or Earth shadow) is the shadow that Earth itself casts through its atmosphere and into outer space, toward the antisolar point. During the twilight period (both early dusk and late dawn), the shadow's visible fringe —sometimes called the dark segment or twilight wedge—appears as a dark and diffuse band just above the horizon, most distinct when the sky is clear.

Since the angular diameters of the Sun and the Moon as viewed from Earth's surface are almost the same, the ratio of the length of Earth's shadow to the distance between Earth and the Moon will be almost equal to the ratio of the diameters of Earth and the Moon.

Since Earth's diameter is 3.7 times the Moon's, the length of the planet's umbra is correspondingly 3.7 times the average distance from the Moon to Earth: about 1.4 million km (870,000 mi). The diameter of Earth's shadow at lunar distance is about 9,000 km (5,600 mi), or 2.6 lunar diameters, which allows observation of total lunar eclipses from Earth.
Kōchi Chōjō
Kōchi ueekata Chōjō (幸地 親方 朝常; 1843–1891) was a Ryukyuan aristocrat known for leading a movement to petition the government of Qing Dynasty China to rescue the Ryūkyū Kingdom from annexation by Imperial Japan, following the 1872 announcement by the government of Meiji Japan to do so.

It was typical at this time for Ryukyuan aristocrats to have multiple names. Chōjō held the title of ueekata of the domain of Kōchi, and was thus known as "Kōchi ueekata". He was also known as Shō Tokukō (向 徳宏; C: Xiang Dehong).

Ryukyu Kingdom
The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 until 1872, when it was reorganized as the Ryukyu Domain, before being fully abolished in 1879. It was ruled as a tributary state of the Ming dynasty by the Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island to end the Sanzan period, and subsequently extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands and Sakishima Islands. The Ryukyu Kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East Asia and Southeast Asia despite its small size. The Ryukyu Kingdom became a vassal state of the Satsuma Domain of Japan after the invasion of Ryukyu in 1609 but retained de jure independence until it was transformed into the Ryukyu Domain by the Empire of Japan in 1872. The Ryukyu Domain was abolished by the Meiji government in 1879 and reorganized as Okinawa Prefecture, and the Ryukyuan monarchy was integrated into the new Japanese nobility.
Karavilagenin E
Karavilagenin E is a chemical compound found in the Balsam apple vine (Momordica balsamina).  It is a cucurbitane-type triterpenoid, related to cucurbitacin.

Karavilagenin E is soluble in methanol and ethyl acetate but insoluble in n-hexane.

Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acetate (commonly abbreviated EtOAc, ETAC or EA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CO2CH2CH3, simplified to C4H8O2. This flammable, colorless liquid has a characteristic sweet smell (similar to pear drops) and is used in glues, nail polish removers, and the decaffeination process of tea and coffee. Ethyl acetate is the ester of ethanol and acetic acid; it is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent.
Mont-Louis–La Cabanasse station
Mont-Louis–La Cabanasse is a railway station in Mont-Louis, Pyrenées-Orientales, southern France. Within TER Occitanie, it is part of line 32 (Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg–Villefranche-Vernet-les-Bains, Train Jaune).

TER Occitanie
TER Occitanie or liO Train is the regional rail network serving the region of Occitanie, southern France. It is operated by the French national railway company SNCF. It was formed in 2017 from the previous TER networks TER Languedoc-Roussillon and TER Midi-Pyrénées, after the respective regions were merged.
Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania
The Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania is a diocese of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). Its territory includes parishes, monasteries, and missions located in two states in the United States – Delaware and Pennsylvania. The diocesan chancery is located in South Canaan Township, Pennsylvania.

Diocesan chancery
A diocesan chancery is the branch of administration that handles all written documents used in the official government of a Catholic, Anglican, or Orthodox diocese.

It is in the diocesan chancery that, under the direction of the bishop or his representative (the local ordinary), all documents which concern the diocese are drawn up, copied, forwarded, and a record kept of all official writings expedited or received.

The official charged with the execution of these duties is known as the diocesan chancellor.
Aramac State School
Aramac State School is a heritage-listed state school at 69 Porter Street, Aramac, Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1880 by McMahon and Cowper. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 10 October 2014.

Casement window
A casement window is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges at the side. They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame, in which case they are hinged on the outside. Casement windows are often held open using a casement stay. Windows hinged at the top are referred to as awning windows, and ones hinged at the bottom are called hoppers.
Stone Mountain Airport
The Stone Mountain Airport (FAA LID: 00A), later also known as Stone Mountain Britt Memorial Airport (after the owner's wife), was a small privately run public-use airport located in Stone Mountain, Georgia (east-northeast of the mountain), United States, from around 1962 until 1996. Used for general aviation, it had a paved runway of either 2,700 feet (820 m) or 3,000 feet (910 m), and a "crosswind" grass runway of unknown length. The fixed-base operator was Stone Mountain Aviation Inc.

It was closed prior to the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics in nearby Atlanta. By the 2000s, the hangars and other buildings had been removed. It is now used for R/C plane hobbyists. Its FAA location ID is now used at an R/C heliport in Bensalem, Pennsylvania.

Hangar
A hangar is a building or structure designed to hold aircraft or spacecraft. Hangars are built of metal, wood, or concrete. The word hangar comes from Middle French hanghart ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haimgard ("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from *haim ("home, village, hamlet") and gard ("yard"). The term, gard, comes from the Old Norse garðr ("enclosure, garden").

Hangars are used for protection from the weather, direct sunlight and for maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft.
Defoe (surname)
Defoe is a surname. Its origin is uncertain, it may be a variation of Foe or Fow or an Anglicized form of a French name, possibly Thevoz, Thevoux, de Vaux or Devaux, Dufau or Dufou. Notable people with the surname include:

Annette DeFoe (1890–1960), American silent film actress

Daniel Defoe (c. 1660–1731), English trader, writer, and journalist best known for writing Robinson Crusoe

David Defoe (born 1949), Dominican-Dutch cricketer

Gideon Defoe (born 1975), author of Pirates!

Jermain Defoe (born 1982), English footballer

Dr Peter Stanley Defoe (born 1952), Chartered Building Surveyor and author on Rights of Light The Validity of Daylight Calculations in Rights to Light Cases

Gideon Defoe
Gideon Defoe (born 26 December 1975) is an English novelist of The Pirates!, a historical fiction fantasy comedy book series about a group of pirates on their adventures. He also wrote the screenplay for The Pirates! Band of Misfits which is an Aardman Animations stop-motion animated feature film based on The Pirates! in an Adventure with Scientists, the first book in The Pirates! book series. According to his 2020 book An Atlas of Extinct Countries, Defoe also does film development work with Locksmith Animation and StudioCanal and is developing a TV sitcom with BBC Studios.
1912 Arizona football team
The 1912 Arizona football team was an American football team that represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1912 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Raymond L. Quigley, the team compiled a 2–1 record and outscored its opponents by a total of 55 to 30. The team captain was Richard L Merritt.

1912 college football season
The 1912 college football season was the first season of the modern era of college football, as the NCAA implemented changes to increase scoring:

Teams were given 4 downs instead of 3 downs to gain ten yards

The value of a touchdown was increased from 5 points to 6 points

The length of the playing field was reduced from 110 yards to 100 yards, and end zones of ten yards were added

Kickoff was made from the 40 yard line rather than at midfield.

At the end of the season, Harvard was named the year's champion by The New York Times.
Uhlovitsa
41°30′33″N 24°39′16″E﻿ / ﻿41.50917°N 24.65444°E﻿ / 41.50917; 24.65444

Uhlovitsa (Bulgarian: Ухловица) is a show cave in the Blue Pools Area (Bulgarian: Mестността „Сините вирове“, or Mestnostta "Sinite virove") in the Smolyan Province of the Rhodope Mountains, southern Bulgaria. The cave is close to Mogilitsa village and 37 and 47 km away from Pamporovo and Chepelare respectively. About 3000 tourists visit the cave every year.

Uhlovitsa is about 460 m long, 330 m of which are well-explored and developed. It is 1040 metres above sea level. The average temperature is about 10–11°C.

Many corallites can be found in the cave, as can an impressive flowstone formation known as the Icefall at its end.

The cave was discovered in 1967 by Dimitar and Georgi Raichev. The name Uhlovitsa comes from the word "улулица", meaning Strix.

Flowstone
Flowstones are sheetlike deposits of calcite or other carbonate minerals, formed where water flows down the walls or along the floors of a cave. They are typically found in "solution caves", in limestone, where they are the most common speleothem. However, they may form in any type of cave where water enters that has picked up dissolved minerals. Flowstones are formed via the degassing of vadose percolation waters.

Flowstone may also form on manmade structures as a result of calcium hydroxide being leached from  concrete, lime or mortar. These secondary deposits created outside the cave environment, which mimic the shapes and forms of speleothems, are classified as "calthemites" and are associated with concrete degradation.
Grist
Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff in preparation for grinding. It can also refer to grain that has been coarsely ground at a gristmill. The term derives from the Old English verb grindan, meaning "to grind."

Grist can be ground into meal or flour, depending on the fineness of the grind. Maize prepared as grist is called grits when coarsely ground, and cornmeal when ground more finely. Other grains such as wheat, oats, barley, and buckwheat are similarly ground and sifted into flour or farina.

In addition to its use as a food product, grist is a key ingredient in brewing and distillation, where it is mashed to extract fermentable sugars.

Grain
A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legumes.

After being harvested, dry grains are more durable than other staple foods, such as starchy fruits (plantains, breadfruit, etc.) and tubers (sweet potatoes, cassava, and more). This durability has made grains well suited to industrial agriculture, since they can be mechanically harvested, transported by rail or ship, stored for long periods in silos, and milled for flour or pressed for oil. Thus, the grain market is a major global agricultural market that includes crops such as maize, rice, soybeans, wheat and other grains.
Al-Luma
Al-Luma' fi al-Radd 'ala Ahl al-Zaygh wa al-Bida' (Arabic: اللمع في الرد على أهل الزيغ والبدع, lit. 'The Gleams in Refutation of the People of Deviation and Innovation'), or simply Al-Luma', is a 10th-century classical Ash'ari theological work authored by the founder of the school, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari. It covers key topics in theology, including Existence of God, His attributes such as speech (kalam), will (irada), and vision, as well as predestination, faith, and the issue of the imamate in Islam, using the kalam method. The work became a foundational text for the Ash'ari school, shaping its doctrines and serving as the basis for later commentaries, with al-Baqillani among the first to write a commentary on it.

Predestination in Islam
Qadar (Arabic: قدر, lit. 'power'  or 'link', with translations including "predestination", "divine decree", and "preordainment") is the concept of divine destiny in Islam. As God is all-knowing and all-powerful, everything that has happened and will happen in the universe is already known. At the same time, human beings are responsible for their actions, and will be rewarded or punished accordingly on Judgement Day.

Predestination is one of Sunni Islam's six articles of faith (along with belief in the Oneness of Allah, the Revealed Books, the Prophets of Islam, the Day of Resurrection and Angels). In Sunni discourse, those who assert free-will are called Qadariyya, while those who reject free-will are called Jabriyya.

Some early Islamic schools (Qadariyah and Muʿtazila) did not accept the doctrine of predestination; Predestination is not included in the Five Articles of Faith of Shi'i Islam. At least a few sources describe Shi'i Muslims as denying predestination.