hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Remplacement
Remplacement militaire (French; lit. 'military replacement') was a system of military conscription which existed in France and Belgium in the 19th century under which citizens selected for military service by lot were entitled to pay a sum of money, originally enough to pay a substitute to volunteer to serve in their place, to exempt them from being required to serve in the military personally. Although considered an important civic liberty, the policy favoured the rich and was detrimental to military efficiency. It was abolished in Belgium in 1913 and replaced by a system of "personal military service" (service militaire personnel): a form of universal conscription.

Sortition
In governance, sortition is the selection of public officials or jurors at random, i.e. by lottery, in order to obtain a representative sample.

In ancient Athenian democracy, sortition was the traditional and primary method for appointing political officials, and its use was regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy. Sortition is often classified as a method for both direct democracy and deliberative democracy.

Today, sortition is commonly used to select prospective jurors in common-law systems. What has changed in recent years is the increased number of citizen groups with political advisory power, along with calls for making sortition more consequential than elections, as it was in Athens, Venice, and Florence.
Roadside Mail Box
A Roadside Mail Box or RMB 
is an artificial address that is created by Australia Post to deliver mail to a rural or remote location. The RMB address allows a sender or recipient of mail to succinctly specify the mail's destination.

Without the RMB system, many intended destinations would otherwise be specifiable only by a series of directions or some other unwieldy, abstract description.

The RMB address functions similarly to a post office box in that it describes an intended addressee with a unique number, but it is different in that it aliases a real physical address rather than a container at a post office.

Post office box
A post office box (commonly abbreviated as P.O. box, or also known as a postal box) is a uniquely addressable lockable box located on the premises of a post office.

In some regions, particularly in Africa, there is no door-to-door delivery of mail; for example, in Kenya. Consequently, renting a PO box has traditionally been the only way to receive mail in such countries.

Generally, post office boxes are rented from the post office either by individuals or by businesses on a basis ranging from monthly to annual, and the cost of rent varies depending on the box size. Central business district (CBD) PO boxes are usually more expensive than rural PO boxes.
Jagdstaffel 67
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 67, commonly abbreviated to Jasta 67, was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, forerunner to the Luftwaffe. The squadron would score over 34 aerial victories during the war, including 17 observation balloons downed. The unit's victories came at the expense of one pilot killed in action, one wounded in action, and two taken prisoner of war.

Luftstreitkräfte
The Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊftˌʃtʁaɪtkʁɛftə], German Air Combat Forces) – known before October 1916 as Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches (The Imperial German Air Service, lit. "The flying troops of the German Imperial Realm") – was the air arm of the Imperial German Army. In English-language sources it is usually referred to as the Imperial German Air Service, although that is not a literal translation of either name. German naval aviators of the Marine-Fliegerabteilung were an integral part of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). Both military branches operated aeroplanes, observation balloons and airships.
Gérard Desjardins
Gérard Desjardins (June 27, 1909 – December 25, 1962) was a Canadian politician in Quebec. He represented

Gatineau in the Quebec National Assembly from 1948 to 1962 as a Union Nationale member.

The son of Ovila Desjardins, a farmer, and Alma Miron, he was born in Lac-des-Écorces. He was educated there and went on to earn a commercial diploma from the Séminaire Saint-Joseph in Mont-Laurier. From 1927 to 1934, he was a clerk for the Canadian International Paper Company; in 1934, he was transferred to their office in Maniwaki where he later became responsible for accounting, working there until 1948. In 1943, he opened an insurance office in Maniwaki.

In 1936, Desjardins married Germaine Courchaine.

He was elected to the Quebec assembly in 1948 and was reelected in 1952, 1956 and 1960. Desjardins was defeated by Roy Fournier when he ran for reelection in 1962. he died in Maniwaki later that year at the age of 53.

Mont-Laurier
Mont-Laurier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ loʁje]) is a town and incorporated municipality in western Quebec, Canada, located on the banks of the Lièvre River (Rivière du Lièvre), a tributary of the Ottawa River. Known as the "Capital of the Haute-Laurentides", the motto of the town is Laurus elationis praemium, which translates to "Lift the laurels of reward". The demonym for its inhabitants is Lauriermontois.

According to the 2021 Canadian census, the population of Mont-Laurier is 14,180. It is the seat of Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality and the judicial district of Labelle.
Ramsay (Greenwood, Virginia)
Ramsay is a historic estate located at Greenwood in Albemarle County, Virginia.  Contributing elements on the estate include the main house (c. 1900), barn (c. 1937), garden (c. 1937), cottage (c. 1950), tenant house and garage (c. 1900), main house garage (c. 1900), potting shed (c. 1937), three greenhouse ruins (c. 1939), smoke house, chicken house, equipment shed, slave cabin ruins (c. 1830 and moved 1930), and a circular turnaround (c. 1930's).  The main house is a classical Revival style dwelling begun about 1900 with sympathetic additions dated to 1937, 1947, and the early 1950s.  The sympathetic additions and modifications, and barn and garden, were designed by noted Charlottesville architect Milton L. Grigg (1905–1982).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

Smokehouse
A smokehouse (North American) or smokery (British) is a building where meat or fish is cured with smoke. The finished product might be stored in the building, sometimes for a year or more. Even when smoke is not used, such a building—typically a subsidiary building—is sometimes referred to as a "smokehouse".  When smoke is not used, the term meathouse or meat house is common.
Bert Gholston
Burnett Edward Gholston (July 28, 1888 – November 19, 1954) was an American baseball umpire in the Negro leagues. He umpired for 20 years, from 1923 to 1943, in both the first and second Negro National League, and the East-West League.

East–West League
The East–West League was an American Negro baseball league that operated during the period when professional baseball in the United States was segregated.  Cum Posey organized the league in 1932, but it did not last the full year and folded in June of that year. It was the first Negro league to include teams from both the Eastern and Midwestern United States.

Although the league lasted less than one season, it featured one of the strongest teams in the history of Negro league baseball, the 1932 Detroit Wolves.  The league provided a foundation for the development of the second Negro National League, which would become the premier league for African American baseball players.
Quantal response equilibrium
Quantal response equilibrium (QRE) is a solution concept in game theory. First introduced by Richard McKelvey and Thomas Palfrey,
it provides an equilibrium notion with bounded rationality. QRE is not an equilibrium refinement, and it can give significantly different results from Nash equilibrium. QRE is only defined for games with discrete strategies, although there are continuous-strategy analogues.

In a quantal response equilibrium, players are assumed to make errors in choosing which pure strategy to play. The probability of any particular strategy being chosen is positively related to the payoff from that strategy. In other words, very costly errors are unlikely.

The equilibrium arises from the realization of beliefs. A player's payoffs are computed based on beliefs about other players' probability distribution over strategies. In equilibrium, a player's beliefs are correct.

Thomas Palfrey
Thomas Rossman Palfrey (born 1953) is the Flintridge Professor of Economics and Political Science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California, and Fellow of the Econometric Society. He received his Ph.D. in Social Science from Caltech in 1981.

He has authored influential papers in the fields of political economy ("Voter Participation and Strategic Uncertainty" with Howard Rosenthal, APSR 1985), game theory ("Quantal Response Equilibria in Normal Form Games" with Richard McKelvey, GEB 1995), implementation ("Nash Implementation Using Undominated Strategies" with S. Srivastava, Econometrica 1991), and experimental economics ("An Experimental Study of the Centipede Game" with R. McKelvey, Econometrica 1992).
Fluvidona petterdi
Fluvidona petterdi is a small freshwater snail belonging to the family Tateidae, endemic to spring-fed headwaters of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, Australia. It was first described by Edgar A. Smith in 1882.

The species lives in cool (15–18 °C), well-oxygenated streams with fine gravel and detrital substrate and feeds on periphytic algae and plays a role in nutrient cycling.: 468–470 : 65

Periphyton
Periphyton is a complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems. The related term aufwuchs (German 'surface growth' or 'overgrowth', pronounced [ˈaʊ̯fˌvuːks] ⓘ) refers to the collection of small animals and plants that adhere to open surfaces in aquatic environments, such as parts of rooted plants.

Periphyton serves as an important food source for invertebrates, tadpoles, and some fishes. It can also absorb contaminants, removing them from the water column and limiting their movement through the environment. The periphyton is also an important indicator of water quality; responses of this community to pollutants can be measured at a variety of scales representing physiological to community-level changes. Periphyton has often been used as an experimental system in, e.g., pollution-induced community tolerance studies.
Pazarköy, Yenice
Pazarköy (literally “market village”) is a village in Yenice District of Çanakkale Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,340 (2021). It was initially founded by the ancient Greeks and was called Argyria (Αργυρία). Pazarköy is situated to the east of Gönen Creek and the north of the Kaz Mountains (Ida Mountains of antiquity). The distance to Yenice is 37 kilometres (23 mi) and to Çanakkale is 142 kilometres (88 mi) The town was refounded by two Turkmen tribes named İnallı and Hacılı. Between 1973 and the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). The main agricultural product is paprika.

Çanakkale
Çanakkale (Turkish: [tʃaˈnakkale] ⓘ), formerly known in English as Dardanelles, is a city and seaport in Turkey on the southern shore of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point. It is the seat of Çanakkale Province and Çanakkale District. Its population is 143,622 (2021).

Çanakkale is the nearest major urban centre to the ancient city of Troy, which (together with the ancient region of the Troad) is also located inside Çanakkale Province. The wooden horse from the 2004 film Troy is exhibited on the Çanakkale waterfront.

Today Çanakkale is the main base for visits to the ruins of Troy and to the First World War cemeteries at Gallipoli. Particularly around 18 March and 25 April (Anzac Day) when there are major celebrations of the events of the war the town is heavily visited.

Çanakkale Airport is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the city centre. AnadoluJet and Borajet have daily flights from Istanbul and Ankara. Intercity buses run to Bursa, Istanbul and İzmir.
Crosson
Crosson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Crosson, presenter on The Game Room (later Classic Game Room)

Iman Crosson (born 1982), American actor

Joe Crosson (1903–1949), Alaska Hall of Fame pilot, sister Marvel Crosson, Mount Crosson

Marvel Crosson (1904–1929), Alaska Women's Hall of Fame pilot, sister of Joe

Mount Crosson, satellite peak to Denali for Joe Crosson

Norman Crosson, pilot of Little Eva, a B-24 Liberator

Wilhelmina Marguerita Crosson (1900–1991), American educator

William Crosson Feazel (1895–1965), Depression-era U.S. Senator from Louisiana

Iman Crosson
Iman Crosson, better known by his stage name Alphacat, is an American actor, impressionist, and YouTube personality known for his impersonations of former U.S. President Barack Obama and his starring role in independent film Along the Roadside.
Alain Duschène
Alain Duschène (born 19 March 1960) is a former Luxembourg Army general. On the 30 September 2017, he became Luxembourg's Chief of Defence, the professional head of the country's military, replacing former defence chief General Romain Mancinelli. He was succeeded by Steve Thull in 2020.

He graduated in 1984 from the École Royale Militaire (ERM) in Brussels.

Luxembourg Armed Forces
The Luxembourg Armed Forces (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerger Arméi; French: Armée luxembourgeoise) are the national military force of Luxembourg. The army has been a fully volunteer military since 1967. As of 2024, it has 1,197 personnel.

The army is under civilian control, with the grand duke as commander-in-chief. The minister for defence, currently Yuriko Backes, oversees army operations. The professional head of the army is the Chief of Defence, who answers to the minister and holds the rank of general. Current office holder is general Steve Thull.

Luxembourg has provided military personnel for UN, NATO and EU peacekeeping missions since 1992. It has been a member of Eurocorps since 1994.
Society of Authors
The Society of Authors (SoA) is a United Kingdom trade union for professional writers, illustrators and literary translators, founded in 1884 to protect the rights and further the interests of authors. Membership of the society is open to "anyone who creates work for publication, broadcast or performance" and the society both gives individual advice and 'voices concerns' about 'authors’ rights, the publishing and creative industries and wider cultural matters.' In 2024 membership stood at 12,500. The SoA is a company on the special register body and an affiliated trade union.

Members of SoA have included Tennyson (first president), George Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, Alasdair Gray, John Edward Masefield, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells, J. M. Barrie and E. M. Forster. Contemporary members include Malorie Blackman,  Philip Gross, and Lemn Sissay.

Special register body
In the United Kingdom, a Special register body is an organisation whose name appeared in the special register maintained under section 84 of the Industrial Relations Act 1971 immediately before 16 September 1974, and which is a company registered under the Companies Act 1985 or is incorporated by charter or letters patent.

Special register bodies benefit from exceptions in, and adaptation of, certain types of trade union and financial legislation (for example: the democratic requirement for trade unions to elect the Chairman and Secretary of their principal executive committee).

Examples include the British Dental Association and Royal College of Nursing.
National Route 906 (Costa Rica)
National Tertiary Route 906, or just Route 906 (Spanish: Ruta Nacional Terciaria 906, or Ruta 906) is a National Road Route of Costa Rica, located in the Guanacaste province. It is a road in the Nicoya Peninsula, it starts and ends at Route 150.

National Road Network of Costa Rica
National Road Network of Costa Rica (Spanish: Red Vial Nacional), are a series of numbered road routes that are managed through Costa Rica by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT) and its subagency the National Road Council (Conavi).

According to the Inter-American Development Bank, in 2019 Costa Rica had the worst road network in Latin America, due to being under maintained, and having structural defects and deterioration in around 49% of the National Primary Routes network. Other countries in the area report an average of 20% in the same metric.

There are no high speed express routes but there are some two-lane trunk roads. Potholes are common in primary road routes. Many of the secondary or tertiary road routes are made of gravel or dirt.
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup statistics
The following article outlines the statistics for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, which took place in Canada from 6 June to 5 July.

Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

Switzerland women's national football team
The Switzerland women's national football team represents Switzerland in international women's football.

Playing their first match in 1972, Switzerland did not enter their first major tournament until 2015, playing the World Cup, and then managed to qualify for Euro 2017, Euro 2022 and the 2023 World Cup in Australia and New Zealand.
Nanyue Yuan
Nanyue Yuan (simplified Chinese: 南粤苑; traditional Chinese: 南粵苑; lit. 'Southern Yue Garden') is a Lingnan-style Chinese garden in Guangzhou, China. It is adjacent to its sister garden, Baomo Yuan, and joint tickets are available.

Lingnan garden
Lingnan garden (Cantonese Jyutping: Ling5 naam4 jyun4 lam4; Traditional Chinese: 嶺南園林), also called Cantonese garden, is a style of garden design native to Lingnan – the traditionally Cantonese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. It is one of the major styles of Chinese garden, along with the Jiangnan garden (e.g., the Classical Gardens of Suzhou) and Sichuanese garden.

The Lingnan region lies to the south of the Nanling Mountains, spanning southern Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi. The extensive river network, strong sunlight, and regular monsoon in the region contributes to a lush subtropical natural landscape. With this rich natural scenery, people in Lingnan have been able to create a rich and colorful style of traditional garden distinct from gardens in other Han Chinese regions.
Bright Eyes (1929 film)
Bright Eyes is a 1929 British-Austrian silent romance film directed by Géza von Bolváry and starring Betty Balfour, Jack Trevor, and Fritz Greiner. It is also known under the alternative title of Champagner.

The film was a co-production between British International Pictures and Sascha-Film. Bolváry directed the film after travelling to Britain to make The Wrecker and stayed on to make another film, The Vagabond Queen, before returning to Germany.

Co-production (media)
A co-production is a joint venture between two or more different production companies for the purpose of film production, television production, video game development, and so on. In the case of an international co-production, production companies from different countries (typically two to three) are working together.

Co-production also refers to the way services are produced by their users, in some parts or entirely.
Capital High School
Capital is a name for several high schools, generally found in state capital cities. These include:

Capital High School, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India

Capital High School (Boise, Idaho)

Capital High School (Charleston, West Virginia)

Capital High School (Helena, Montana)

Capital High School (Olympia, Washington)

Capital High School (Santa Fe, New Mexico)

Capital High School (Madison, Wisconsin)

Capital High School (Boise, Idaho)
Capital High School is a three-year public secondary school in Boise, Idaho, United States. Opened 61 years ago in the fall of 1965, it was the third of four public high schools constructed in the Boise School District, and serves its northern portion. The other high schools are Boise (1902) in the east, Borah (1958) in the southwest, and Timberline (1998) in the southeast.

The Capital High boundary includes sections of Eagle and Garden City.
Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Play
The Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Play was an award presented annually at the Lucille Lortel Awards to honor an actor for excellence in a leading role in an Off-Broadway production. The categories were split into Outstanding Lead Actor in a Play and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical in 2014. The acting categories were made gender-neutral in 2021.

Ron Rifkin is the only performer to have won the award twice, from two nominations. Several musical performers won or received nominations in this category before it was split. Musical winners include Boyd Gaines (2000 for Contact) and Joel Hatch (2008 for The Adding Machine), and nominees include Deven May (2001 for Bat Boy: The Musical), Norbert Leo Butz (2002 for The Last Five Years), Hunter Foster (also 2002 for Urinetown) and Josh Grisetti and Sahr Ngaujah (both 2009 for Enter Laughing The Musical and Fela! respectively).

Deven May
Deven Shaw May (born April 3, 1971, in Whittier, California) is a Broadway performer, actor and photographer. He is most famous for his portrayal of the half-bat, half-human boy in Laurence O'Keefe's Off-Broadway musical Bat Boy, for which he won a Theatre World Award for "Outstanding New York Debut", as well as Drama Desk and Lucille Lortel Award nominations. He also performed as Bat Boy in London at the Shaftesbury Theatre. Among other credits, he appears in the films Temptation and Fabled.

Along with theatre and film, May is also a professional photographer.

May recently played Tommy DeVito in the National Tour Production of Jersey Boys, the Tony Award-winning musical. He later reprised the role of Tommy DeVito in the Las Vegas company at The Paris Hotel, which was previously playing at The Palazzo. May concluded his run as part of the Las Vegas Jersey Boys company on November 23, 2014, after playing the role for seven years.
Sunja (Sava)
Sunja is a river in central Croatia, a right tributary of Sava. It is 69 kilometres (43 mi) long and its basin covers an area of 462 square kilometres (178 sq mi).

Sunja rises in the mountainous forested areas of Zrinska Gora, south of the village of Lovča. It flows northward until it turns southeast at Komogovina, and then north again near Majur. It turns east at the eponymous village of Sunja and continues through Lonjsko Polje until it merges into the Sava east of Krapje.

It's been suggested that the names "Sava", "Sunja" and "Sutla" are related, but this is uncertain.

Majur, Sisak-Moslavina County
Majur is a settlement and a municipality in central Croatia in the Sisak-Moslavina County. It has a population of 1,185, 70.04% of whom are Croats (2011 census) and 27.26% are ethnic Serbs.

By census 1991 Serbs were a majority 1,381 (54.05%), followed by Croats 1,036 (40.54%), Yugoslavs 72 (2.81%) and others 66 (2.58%). Majur is underdeveloped municipality which is statistically classified as the First Category Area of Special State Concern by the Government of Croatia.