hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Continuous Automatic Warning System
The Continuous Automatic Warning System (CAWS) is a form of cab signalling and train protection system used in Ireland to help train drivers observe and obey lineside signals.

CAWS has been in use on Iarnród Éireann diesel trains since 1984. All NIR trains operating cross-border must also be fitted with CAWS. Coded track circuits, which form the basis of the system (see below), are installed on all Dublin Suburban and Intercity routes to Cork, Limerick, and Athlone and as far as the border on the Belfast line.

This system is of American origin, being originally supplied by US&S, then a division of Westinghouse Air Brake Company (WABCO). Current equipment is supplied by SASIB, a division of Alstom.

Union Switch & Signal
Union Switch & Signal Inc. (US&S) was an American company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which focused on railway signaling equipment, systems and services. The company was acquired by Ansaldo STS (from 2015, Hitachi Rail STS) in 1988, operating as a wholly owned company until January 2009, when US&S was renamed "Ansaldo STS USA" to operate as a subsidiary of Ansaldo in the Americas and Asia.
The Clinic (newspaper)
The Clinic is a partly satirical Chilean newspaper that offers analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. It was founded by Patricio Fernández Chadwick in November 1998, and includes a broad mix of cultural criticism, jokes, in-depth interviews, and investigative work. The name was inspired by Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet's October 1998 arrest in Britain at The London Clinic, which bears the name The Clinic on its façade. In its first incarnation, it was only a few pages long, distributed only within Santiago, and costing 100 pesos (US$0.22 at the time). Over the years, it has changed significantly, and in 2013 cost 1000 pesos (US$1.75 in 2013) and averages forty pages. Currently, it is published every Thursday during normal operation times (except for a short hiatus during February). It published its 499th edition on June 20, 2013, and its 900th edition on October 6, 2022.

Chilean peso
The peso is the currency of Chile. The current peso has circulated since 1975, with a previous version circulating between 1817 and 1960. Its symbol is defined as a letter S with either one or two vertical bars superimposed prefixing the amount, $ or ; the single-bar symbol, available in most modern text systems, is almost always used. Both of these symbols are used by many currencies, most notably the United States dollar, and may be ambiguous without clarification, such as CLP$ or US$. The ISO 4217 code for the present peso is CLP. It was divided into 100 centavos until 31 May 1996, when the subdivision was formally eliminated (requiring payments to be made in whole pesos). In July 2024, the exchange rate was around CLP940 to US$1.

The current peso was introduced on 29 September 1975 by decree 1,123, replacing the escudo at a rate of 1 peso for 1,000 escudos. This peso was subdivided into 100 centavos until 1984.
Multibrot set
In mathematics, a Multibrot set is the set of values in the complex plane whose absolute value remains below some finite value throughout iterations by a member of the general monic univariate polynomial family of recursions. The name is a portmanteau of multiple and Mandelbrot set. The same can be applied to the Julia set, this being called Multijulia set.

where d ≥ 2.  The exponent d may be further generalized to negative and fractional values.

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
Rüsler Pass
Rüsler Pass (el. 649 m.) is a mountain pass in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It connects Oberrohrdorf and Neuenhof. The pass road is a continuation of the Heitersberg Pass road.

The pass separates the valley of the Reuss from the valley of the Limmat. The road is closed to motorized vehicles.

There is a restaurant at the summit, and it is the trail head for many trails and bike routes.

47°26′18″N 8°18′56″E﻿ / ﻿47.438373°N 8.315597°E﻿ / 47.438373; 8.315597

Reuss (river)
The Reuss (Swiss Standard German: [ˈrɔʏs]; Swiss German: Rüüss) is a river in Switzerland. With a length of 164 kilometres (102 mi) and a drainage basin of 3,426 square kilometres (1,323 sq mi), it is the fourth largest river in Switzerland (after the Rhine, Aare and Rhône). The upper Reuss forms the main valley of the canton of Uri. The course of the lower Reuss runs from Lake Lucerne to the confluence with the Aare at Brugg and Windisch.

The Reuss is one of the four major rivers taking their source in the Gotthard region, along with the Rhine, Ticino and Rhône.
Kumara (surname)
Kumara is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ajith Kumara (born 1973), Sri Lankan politician

Dinesh Kumara (born 1983), Sri Lankan cricketer

Malith Kumara (born 1989), Sri Lankan cricketer

Manjula Kumara (born 1984), Sri Lankan high jumper

Pradeep Kumara (born 1972), Sri Lankan cricketer

Prasad Kumara (born 1978), Sri Lankan cricketer

Rohan Pradeep Kumara (born 1975), Sri Lankan athlete

Yoshan Kumara (born 1990), Sri Lankan cricketer

Pradeep Kumara
Pradeep Kumara (born Jayasinghage Pradeep Kumara on 15 August 1972) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and left-arm slow bowler who played for Police Sports Club. He was born in Colombo.

Kumara made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1998–99 season, against Burgher Recreation Club. In the only innings in which he batted, he scored 7 runs.

He made a single List A appearance, though he did not bat or bowl in the match, against Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club.
Sumbawa Pony
The Sumbawa Pony (Indonesian: kuda-Sumbawa) is a pony breed, named after the island on which they are bred, Sumbawa Island in Indonesia. This breed is very similar to the Sumba or Sandalwood Pony, a breed also developed in these islands, which came from crossing the native ponies on horses of Arabian breeding. The Sumbawa Pony descends from Mongolian Horses and ancient Chinese stock

Hand (unit)
The hand is a non-SI unit of measurement of length standardized to 4 in (101.6 mm). It is used to measure the height of horses in many English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was originally based on the breadth of a human hand.  The adoption of the international inch in 1959 allowed for a standardized imperial form and a metric conversion. It may be abbreviated to "h" or "hh".  Although measurements between whole hands are usually expressed in what appears to be decimal format, the subdivision of the hand is not decimal but is in base 4, so subdivisions after the radix point are in quarters of a hand, which are inches. Thus, 62 inches is fifteen and a half hands, or 15.2 hh (normally said as "fifteen-two", or occasionally in full as "fifteen hands two inches").
Jarmila Jurkovičová
Jarmila Jurkovičová (née Klimešová, Czech pronunciation: [ˈjarmɪla ˈklɪmɛʃovaː]; born 9 February 1981) is a Czech javelin thrower. Her personal best throw is 62.60 metres, achieved in June 2006 in Prague.

She won the 2000 World Junior Championships. She later competed at the 2003 World Championships, the 2004 Olympic Games, the 2006 European Championships, the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2012 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

2003 World Championships in Athletics
The 9th World Championships in Athletics (French: Championnats du monde d'athlétisme 2003), under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held from 23 August to 31 August 2003 in the streets of Paris and the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.
Clara María Ochoa
Clara María Ochoa is a Colombian film producer. She manages CMO Producciones, which promotes important Colombian films like Rosario Tijeras, Soñar no cuesta nada, Como el gato y el ratón (Like Cat and Mouse), Bolívar Soy Yo and Del amor y otros demonios (Of Love and Other Demons).

Of Love and Other Demons (film)
Of Love and Other Demons (Spanish: Del amor y otros demonios) is a 2009 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Hilda Hidalgo, who also wrote the screenplay. The film was selected as the Costa Rican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist. The film is based on the novel of the same name by the Colombian Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel García Márquez.
Sirius (satellite)
Sirius was a constellation of communications satellites operated at 5.0° East in geostationary orbit (GEO) by NSAB (later SES Sirius, and now a non-autonomous part of SES, owner and operator of the Astra satellites). They carried digital satellite television to the countries of Scandinavia, Baltic states, Eastern Europe and Africa, including the Viasat pay TV system, along with several pay TV packages for Eastern Europe, the TopTV package for Africa, a number of Ukrainian channels and the national Latvian and Lithuanian channel service free-to-air.

Graveyard orbit
A graveyard orbit, also called a junk orbit or disposal orbit, is an orbit that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a supersynchronous orbit well beyond geosynchronous orbit. Some satellites are moved into such orbits at the end of their operational life to reduce the probability of colliding with operational spacecraft and generating space debris.
Marine Corps Security Force Regiment
The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment is a dedicated expeditionary security and anti-terrorism regiment of the United States Marine Corps. Its mission is to provide security forces to guard high-value naval installations, most notably those containing nuclear vessels and weapons. Additionally, it also provides the Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Teams (FAST) and Recapture Tactics Teams (RTT). Marines who complete Security Forces training are assigned a secondary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) of 8152 (Marine Corps Security Force Guard), while instructors can earn 8153 (Marine Corps Security Force Cadre Trainer).

Naval Station Norfolk
Naval Station Norfolk is a United States Navy base in Norfolk, Virginia, that is the headquarters and home port of the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command. The installation occupies about 4 miles (6.4 km) of waterfront space and 11 miles (18 km) of pier and wharf space of the Hampton Roads peninsula known as Sewell's Point.  It is the world's largest naval station, with the largest concentration of U.S. Navy forces through 75 ships alongside 14 piers and with 134 aircraft and 11 aircraft hangars at the adjacently operated Chambers Field. Port Services controls more than 3,100 ships' movements annually as they arrive and depart their berths.

Air Operations conducts over 100,000 flight operations each year, an average of 275 flights per day or one every six minutes. Over 150,000 passengers and 264,000 tons of mail and cargo depart annually on Air Mobility Command (AMC) aircraft and other AMC-chartered flights from the airfield's AMC Terminal.
First Chicago method
The First Chicago method or venture capital method is a business valuation approach used by venture capital and private equity investors that combines elements of both a multiples-based valuation and a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation approach.

The First Chicago method was first developed by, and consequently named for, the venture capital arm of the First Chicago bank, the predecessor of private equity firms Madison Dearborn Partners and GTCR.

It was first discussed academically in 1987.

Madison Dearborn Partners
Madison Dearborn Partners (MDP) is an American private equity firm which invests in industries, business and government software and services, financial & transaction services, health care sectors. It was established as an independent firm in 1992.
Bindu Suresh
Bindu Suresh is a Canadian writer from Montreal, Quebec.

Born in Wales, she grew up in Canada, living at various times in Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. She studied literature at Columbia University and medicine at McGill University, and worked as a journalist for newspapers including the Montreal Gazette and the Buenos Aires Herald. She currently works as a pediatrician.

Her debut novel, 26 Knots, was published in 2019. In 2021 she published the French-language translation 26 noeuds.

Her second novel, The Road Between Us, was published in 2025, and was longlisted for the 2025 Giller Prize.

Giller Prize
The Giller Prize (formerly known as the Scotiabank Giller Prize from 2005 to 2025) is a literary award given to a Canadian author of a novel or short story collection published in English (including translation) the previous year, after an annual juried competition between publishers who submit entries. The prize was established in 1994 by Toronto businessman Jack Rabinovitch in honour of his late wife Doris Giller, a former literary editor at the Toronto Star, and is awarded in November of each year along with a cash reward (then CAN$25,000) with the winner being presented by the previous year's winning author.

Since its inception, the Giller Prize has been awarded to emerging and established authors from both small independent and large publishing houses in Canada.

In February of 2025, the Giller Prize severed its relationship with Scotiabank, its main sponsor, after more than a year of protests.
Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero
Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero is a 2018 animated adventure film centering on the real-life Sergeant Stubby, a stray Boston Terrier. Directed and co-written by Richard Lanni, it features the voices of Logan Lerman, Helena Bonham Carter and Gérard Depardieu. The film was released in North America on April 13, 2018, by Fun Academy Motion Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised it for its "sensitivity and charm", but was a box office bomb, grossing less than $5 million against its $25 million budget.

Boston Terrier
The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States of America. It was accepted in 1893 by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting breed. The dogs are small and compact, with a short tail and erect ears.

The Boston Terrier ranked as the 23rd-most registered breed with the American Kennel Club in 2024.
Ballynahinch RFC
Ballynahinch Rugby Club is an Irish rugby union club based in the County Down town of Ballynahinch. Founded in 1954, the club is affiliated to the Ulster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union.

The first team plays Senior rugby union in the All-Ireland League, Division 1A and the club also fields six Junior standard adult teams. Youth teams (male and female) compete at under-16, under-14, under-12 and the mini-rugby levels.

Irish Rugby Football Union
The Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) (Irish: Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann) is the body managing rugby union in the island of Ireland (both Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). The IRFU has its head office at 10/12 Lansdowne Road and home ground at Aviva Stadium, where adult men's Irish rugby union international matches are played. In addition, the Union also owns the Ravenhill Stadium in Belfast, Thomond Park in Limerick and a number of grounds in provincial areas that have been rented to clubs.
Afrosciadium magalismontanum
Afrosciadium magalismontanum is a member of the carrot family, Apiaceae. It is a perennial tuberous herb native to subtropical regions in eastern South Africa (Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Northern Provinces) and Eswatini. It has a tall, narrow stem which divides into multiple evenly-spaced branches near the top, with each branch sporting a cluster of small yellow flowers at its end.

Afrosciadium magalismontanum was previously known under the synonym Peucedanum magalismontanum before the genus Afrosciadium was established in 2008.

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.
VAV3
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV3 gene.

This gene is a member of the VAV gene family. The VAV proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPases that activate pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and transcriptional alterations. This gene product acts as a GEF preferentially for RhoG, RhoA, and to a lesser extent, RAC1, and it associates maximally with the nucleotide-free states of these GTPases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP).  A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. Some GEFs can activate multiple GTPases while others are specific to a single GTPase.
James Reid (rugby, born 1851)
James Reid (24 February 1851–29 July 1908) was a Scottish rugby football player.

He was capped five times for Scotland between 1874 and 1877. He also played for Edinburgh Wanderers.

He was the brother of Charles Reid ("Hippo") who was also capped for Scotland.

Edinburgh Wanderers
Edinburgh Wanderers is a former rugby union club, founded in 1868. It was latterly a tenant of the Scottish Rugby Union, playing home fixtures at Murrayfield Stadium for nearly 75 years. In 1997 it merged with Murrayfield RFC to form Murrayfield Wanderers.
Isaac Bachman
Isaac Bahman (Hebrew: יצחק בחמן; born 1957) is an Israeli diplomat who serves as ambassador, senior diplomatic advisor for the Knesset. Bachman Served as a special envoy for digital diplomacy at the Foreign Ministry of Israel, as the Chief Political advisor of the Foreign Minister, as Israel's ambassador to Sweden, to Bolivia, to Guatemala and as a non-resident ambassador to Honduras.

Diplomatic rank
Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations. A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seatings at state dinners, the person to whom diplomatic credentials should be presented, and the title by which the diplomat should be addressed.
Hohenfeld (surname)
The Hohenfeld family (von Hohenfeld, Hohenfelder) is an ancient family of Austrian nobility, originally centered around Upper Austria. The family was extinguished in male line in 1824.

The name is variously spelled as (von) Hohenfeld, Höhenfeld, Hohenfeldt, Hochenfeld(en), Hochfeld, Hoenfelt, etc.

Upper Austria
Upper Austria (German: Oberösterreich [ˈoːbɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] ⓘ; Bavarian: Obaöstareich; Czech: Horní Rakousy [ˈɦorɲiː ˈrakousɪ]) is one of the nine states of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, and Salzburg. With an area of 11,982 km2 (4,626 sq mi) and 1.49 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and the third-largest by population.
Dry Creek (Big Creek tributary)
Dry Creek is a stream in Lincoln and Warren counties of the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Big Creek. A variant name was "Dry Branch".

The headwaters of the stream are at 38°54′29″N 91°10′24″W﻿ / ﻿38.90806°N 91.17333°W﻿ / 38.90806; -91.17333 and the confluence with Big Creek is at 38°53′56″N 91°04′18″W﻿ / ﻿38.89889°N 91.07167°W﻿ / 38.89889; -91.07167.

Dry Creek was so named because it often is dry.

Warren County, Missouri
Warren County is a county located in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,532. The county is located on the north side of the Missouri River. Its county seat is Warrenton. The county was established on January 5, 1833, and was named for General Joseph Warren, who died in the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolutionary War.

Warren County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is traversed by Route 94, called the "Missouri Weinstrasse" because of the many vineyards from Marthasville east into St. Charles County. Warren County is also part of the Missouri Rhineland, with award-winning wineries located on both sides of the Missouri River.
Oscar Randolph Fladmark
Oscar Randolph Fladmark Jr. (June 23, 1922 – July 27, 1955) was an American fighter pilot who flew 164 "no-injury" combat missions in World War II and the Korean War. Fladmark received the Distinguished Flying Cross during his military career. Just a few years after the Korean War, Major Fladmark, at 33 years of age, was in an automobile accident near Yuma, Arizona, on July 27, 1955, and died while being flown to the San Diego Naval Hospital.

North American Aviation
North American Aviation (NAA) was a major American aerospace manufacturer that designed and built several notable aircraft and spacecraft. Its products included the T-6 Texan trainer, the P-51 Mustang fighter, the B-25 Mitchell bomber, the F-86 Sabre jet fighter, the X-15 rocket plane, the XB-70 bomber, the B-1 Lancer, the Apollo command and service module, the second stage of the Saturn V rocket, and the Space Shuttle orbiter.

Through a series of mergers and sales, North American Aviation became part of North American Rockwell, which later became Rockwell International, and is now part of Boeing.
Minerva Mena
Minerva Mena (September 11, 1930 – December 10, 2004) was a Mexican actress and university professor. She was founding teacher of the Faculty of Performing Arts at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León and an influential icon in the theatrical activity of Nuevo León.

Arthur Miller
Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American actor and writer of plays in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953), and A View from the Bridge (1955). He wrote several screenplays, including The Misfits (1961). The drama Death of a Salesman is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century.

Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and married Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2001, the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002, and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize in 1999.