hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Longobardia
Longobardia (Greek: Λογγοβαρδία, also variously Λογγιβαρδία, Longibardia and Λαγουβαρδία, Lagoubardia) was a Byzantine term for the territories controlled by the Lombards in the Italian Peninsula. In the ninth and tenth centuries, it was also the name of a Byzantine military-civilian province (or thema) known as the Theme of Longobardia located in southeastern Italy.

Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana) is located within the Italian geographical region; it extends from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
The peninsula is also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Italian Boot, or Mainland Italy.
Fee Glacier
The Fee Glacier (German: Feegletscher) is a 4.7 km (2.9 mi) long glacier (2005) situated in the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. In 1973, it had a length of 5.0 km (3.1 mi) and an area of 7.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi). It lies east of the Mischabel range, between the summit of Dom on the north and Allalinhorn on the south. The glacier is accessible via the Mittelallalin cable car and is used as a ski area.

Allalinhorn
The Allalinhorn (4,027 m (13,212 ft)) is a mountain in the Pennine Alps in Switzerland. It lies between Zermatt and Saas-Fee in the canton of Valais, and is part of the Mischabel range, which culminates at the Dom (4,545 m).

It was first climbed by London barrister Edward Levi Ames, a member of the Imseng family and Franz-Josef Andenmatten on 28 August 1856.

The building of the Metro Alpin funicular to the Mittelallalin (3456 m) just below the north-east face has turned the mountain into one of the easiest and popular 4000-metre peaks of the Alps, when climbed by the standard route (WNW Ridge, difficulty Grade F).   On the normal route, climbers can ride up to the Mittelallalin; from there, there are only about 500 vertical metres to tackle. However, even the 'easiest' route still has objective dangers from crevasses and should not be attempted by inexperienced mountaineers without a mountain guide or adequate crevasse rescue training.
1994 Federation Cup Americas Zone – Knockout Stage
The Knockout Stage of the 1994 Federation Cup Americas Zone was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from the Americas. Those that qualified for this stage placed first, second and third in their respective pools.

The twelve teams were then randomly drawn into a two-stage knockout tournament, with the winners qualifying for the World Group.

1994 Federation Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Federation Cup competition in 1994. Thirty-two nations competed in a five-round knockout competition from 18 to 24 July. Spain was the defending champion, and they successfully defended their title defeating United States in the final.
Puławy, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Puławy [puˈwavɨ] (German: Neu Amerika) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Polanów, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Koszalin County
Koszalin County (Polish: powiat koszaliński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Koszalin, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Sianów, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Koszalin, Bobolice, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Koszalin, and Polanów, 35 km (22 mi) east of Koszalin.

The county covers an area of 1,669.09 square kilometres (644.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 64,087, out of which the population of Sianów is 6,543, that of Bobolice is 4,446, that of Polanów is 2,967, and the rural population is 50,131.
M77 motorway
The M77 motorway is a motorway in Scotland. It begins in Glasgow at the M8 motorway at Kinning Park, and terminates near Kilmarnock at Fenwick, becoming the A77 dual carriageway. Changes were made in 2005 segregating a lane on the M8 motorway almost as far as the Kingston Bridge, which in January 2006 was extended further onto the bridge itself. It forms the most northerly part of the A77 trunk road which links Glasgow to Stranraer in the South West of Scotland. (The A77 itself continues to Portpatrick in Dumfries and Galloway.)

Stranraer
Stranraer (Scottish Gaelic: An t-Sròn Reamhar [ən̪ˠˌt̪ʰɾɔːn ˈɾãũ.əɾ]), also known as The Toon or The Cleyhole, is a town in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, on Loch Ryan and the northern side of the isthmus joining the Rhins of Galloway to the mainland. Stranraer is Dumfries and Galloway's second-largest town, with a population of 10,593.

Stranraer is the administrative centre for the Wigtownshire area of Dumfries and Galloway. It was formerly a ferry port, connecting Scotland with Belfast and Larne in Northern Ireland; the service was transferred to nearby Cairnryan in 2011. It lies 87 miles (140 km) south-west of Glasgow, 52 miles (84 km) south-west of Ayr and 72 miles (116 km) west of Dumfries.

The town's English name comes from its Scottish Gaelic counterpart An t-Sròn Reamhar, meaning "the broad headland" or "the fat nose".
John Aylworth
John Aylworth (by 1516 – 28 December 1575), of Wells, Somerset, Dartington, Devon and Bangor Place, Holborn, London, was an English politician.

Aylworth was probably the second son of Anthony Aylworth of Aylworth, Gloucestershire. Aylworth married Elizabeth Ashton, and they had six sons and one daughter. Two of their sons, Ashton and Edward, became Members of Parliament.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Wells in 1547, 1553, 1558, 1559, 1563, 1571, 1572 and for Penryn in October 1553.

Dartington
Dartington is a village in Devon, England. Its population is 876. The electoral ward of Dartington includes the surrounding area and had a population of 1,753 at the 2011 census.  It is located to the west of the River Dart, south of Dartington Hall and approximately two miles (3 km) north-west of Totnes.  Dartington is home to an obsolete cider press (now the centrepiece of a shopping centre named after it), the Cott Inn, a public house dating from 1320, and Dartington Hall.

In 1952, Dartington provided the venue for a major conference in the British studio pottery movement, organized by Muriel Rose, a leading arbiter of British crafts and design. The Dartington Conference drew major ceramic artists of the twentieth century including Bernard Leach and Michael Cardew, and, from Japan, Shoji Hamada and Soetsu Yanagi, whose participation signaled the restoration of post-World War II British-Japanese relations.
Warren Farm, Stewkley
Warren Farm, Stewkley is a 1.5-hectare (3.7-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Stewkley in Buckinghamshire. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site was first described in the early nineteenth century. It is the most northern exposure of the Jurassic Portlandian basin, and is important for palaeographic reconstruction. It is described by Natural England as "vital to our understanding of the late Jurassic environments, stratigraphy and palaeogeography.

There is no public access to the site, but it can be viewed from a footpath through Warren Farm.

Portland Group (geology)
The Portland Group (defining the Portlandian) is a Late Jurassic (Tithonian) lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in South East England.  The name is derived from the Isle of Portland in Dorset where the strata are exposed and have been extensively worked. Rocks of this age have in the past been called the Portlandian stage by geologists, which corresponds with the late Tithonian stage of the internationally used geological timescale.
Jemma Brownlow
Jemma Brownlow  (born 14 November 1979) is an Australian former water polo player. She was a member of the Australia women's national water polo team, playing as a goalkeeper.

She was a part of the  team at the 2004 Summer Olympics. On club level she played for Balmain Tigers in Australia. She graduated from Macquarie University.

Macquarie University
Macquarie University (/məˈkwɒri/ mə-KWORR-ee) is a public research university in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 1964 by the New South Wales Government, it was the third university to be established in the Sydney metropolitan area.

Established as a verdant university, Macquarie has four faculties, as well as the Macquarie University Hospital, which are on the university's main Wallumattagal campus in the suburb of Macquarie Park.

The university is the first in Australia to fully align its degree system with the Bologna Accord.
Gustav Glogau
Gustav Glogau (6 June 1844, Laukischken (Kreis Labiau, Province of Prussia) - 22 March 1895, Laurion (Greece)) was a German philosopher of religion and an academic. He worked for the Technical College (1881-1883) in Zurich as a private tutor and, later, ordinarius, teaching philosophy and pedagogy subjects. He taught as a professor at the Halle University (1883-), Kiel University (1884-).

Glogau was a student of the German philologist Chajim Heymann Steinthal. The name is sometime misspelled as Gustav Grogau.

Polessk
Polessk (Russian: Полесск; German: Labiau; Lithuanian: Labguva; Polish: Labiawa) is a town and the administrative center of Polessky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located 49 kilometers (30 mi) northeast of Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast, at the junction of a main road and a railroad at the Deyma River, shortly before it enters the Curonian Lagoon. Population figures: 7,581 (2010 Census); 7,681 (2002 Census); 6,859 (1989 Soviet census); 4,744 (1885).
Nina Burleigh
Nina D. Burleigh is an American writer and investigative journalist. She writes books, articles, essays and reviews. Burleigh is a supporter of secular liberalism, and is known for her interest in issues of women's rights.

Secular liberalism
Secular liberalism is a form of liberalism in which secularist principles and values, and sometimes non-religious ethics, are especially emphasised. It supports the separation of religion and state. Moreover, secular liberals are usually advocates of liberal democracy and the open society as models for organising stable and peaceful societies.

Secular liberalism stands at the other end of the political spectrum from religious authoritarianism, as seen in theocratic states and illiberal democracies. It is often associated with stances in favour of social equality and political freedom.
Growing Without Schooling
Growing Without Schooling (GWS) was a homeschooling newsletter focused primarily on unschooling and deschooling. It was founded in 1977 by educator John Holt, and was published in Boston, Massachusetts. Reportedly the first such publication in the United States, it was read worldwide, and helped to catalyze the early growth and development of the homeschooling movement. Publication ceased in 2001 after 143 issues.

Newsletter
A newsletter is a printed or electronic report  or news concerning the activities of a business or an organization, that is sent to its members, customers, employees or other subscribers, or a communication containing individuals' personal opinions or interests.

Newsletters generally contain one main topic of interest to its recipients and may be considered grey literature. E-newsletters are delivered electronically via e-mail and can be viewed as spamming if e-mail marketing is sent unsolicited.

The newsletter, sometimes a periodical, is the most common form of serial publication. About two-thirds of newsletters are internal publications, aimed towards employees and volunteers, while about one-third are external publications, aimed towards advocacy or special interest groups.
Roger Deakin
Roger Stuart Deakin (11 February 1943 – 19 August 2006) was an English writer, documentary-maker and environmentalist. He was a co-founder and trustee of Common Ground, the arts, culture and environment organisation. Waterlog, the only book he published in his lifetime, topped the UK best seller charts, and founded the wild swimming movement.

Patrick Barkham published a biography of Deakin in 2023 titled simply The Swimmer.

Chatto & Windus
Chatto & Windus is an imprint of Penguin Random House that was formerly an independent book publishing company founded in London in 1855 by John Camden Hotten. Following Hotten's death, the firm reorganized under the names of his business partner Andrew Chatto and poet William Edward Windus. The company was purchased by Random House in 1987 and is now a sub-imprint of Vintage Books within the Penguin UK division.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Uruguay
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Uruguay refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Uruguay. The first small branch was established in 1947. Since then, the LDS Church in Uruguay has grown to more than 100,000 members in 129 congregations. Uruguay has more LDS Church members per capita than the United States, as well as more members per capita than any country outside of Oceania and Chile.

Membership statistics (LDS Church)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) releases membership, congregational, and related information on a regular basis. The latest membership information the church releases includes a count of membership, stakes, wards, branches, missions, temples, and FamilySearch Centers for the worldwide church and for individual countries and territories where the church is recognized. The latest information released was as of December 31, 2024.

At the end of 2024, the LDS Church had 31,676 congregations and a reported membership of 17,509,781.
Vicky Hartzler
Vicky Jo Hartzler (née Zellmer; born October 13, 1960) is an American politician and businesswoman who served as the U.S. representative for Missouri's 4th congressional district from 2011 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, she served as the Missouri state representative for the 124th district from 1995 to 2001.

Hartzler's congressional district comprised a large swath of western-central Missouri, anchored in Columbia and stretching to the eastern and southern Kansas City suburbs, including a sliver of Kansas City. The district also included Sedalia, Warrensburg, Moberly, and Lebanon.

Hartzler was a candidate in the 2022 United States Senate election in Missouri, but lost the Republican primary to Eric Schmitt.

Lebanon, Missouri
Lebanon is a city in and the county seat of Laclede County, Missouri, United States. The population was estimated at 15,013 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Laclede County. The Lebanon Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Laclede County. The original name of Lebanon, Missouri was Wyota, named after the original Native Americans that settled in the area. Later, Reverend Benjamin Hooker changed the name to his hometown in Lebanon, Tennessee.
Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu
Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu (transl. Lullaby to the mother) is a 1986 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by Balachandra Menon in his Tamil debut and produced by K. R. Gangadharan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Padmini, Visu and Pandiarajan. It was released on 16 July 1986. The film was a remake of the director's own Malayalam film Oru Painkilikatha.

Balachandra Menon
Balachandra Menon (born 11 January 1954) is an Indian actor, director and script writer. He made a number of films in the 1980s and 1990s. He has directed 40 films and has acted in over 100.

He won two National Film Awards including the National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance as station master Ismail the 1998 film Samaantharangal, which was also directed by him. He has also worked as a distributor, editor, composer, singer and producer in the Malayalam film industry. He has found space in the Limca Book of Records for the maximum number of films directed, scripted and acted in. Menon has introduced many actors into the Malayalam Cinema Industry. Actors who made their debut in his films include Shobana in April 18, Parvathy in Vivahithare Ithile, Maniyanpilla Raju in Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla, Karthika in Manicheppu Thurannappol, Annie in Ammayane Sathyam, and Nandini in April 19.
2025 Italian Figure Skating Championships
The 2025 Italian Figure Skating Championships (Italian: Campionati Italiani Assoluti 2025 Pattinaggio Di Figura Su Ghiaccio) were held from December 19–21, 2024, at the Acinque Ice Arena in Varese. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance at the senior level, and pair skating and ice dance at the junior level. The results were part of the selection criteria for the 2025 European Championships, 2025 World Championships, and 2025 World Junior Championships.

2025 World Figure Skating Championships
The 2025 World Figure Skating Championships were held from March 26 to 30 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States. Sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU), the World Championships are considered the most prestigious event in figure skating. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The competition determined the entry quotas for each skating federation to the 2026 Winter Olympics. Ilia Malinin and Alysa Liu, both of the United States, won the men's and women's events, respectively. Riku Miura and Ryuichi Kihara of Japan won the pairs event, and Madison Chock and Evan Bates of the United States won the ice dance event.
Imaida Station
Imaida Station (今井田駅, Imaida Eki) is a former JR West Kabe Line station located in Imaida, Kabe-chō, Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.  It closed on December 1, 2003 when operation of the line was discontinued/suspended between Kabe Station and Sandankyō Station.

Asakita-ku, Hiroshima
Asakita-ku (安佐北区) is one of the eight wards of the city of Hiroshima.

The northern portion contains what was Asa-gun and southern  Takata-gun, now defunct districts (see Takata District, Hiroshima). Asa-gun consisted of Kabe-cho, Kōyō-cho, Asa-cho. Takata-gun included Shiraki-cho. After the four towns were merged with Hiroshima in 1973, they were designated a ward and named Asakita-ku.

As of April 1, 2006, the ward has an estimated population of 156,516 and a density of 442.95 persons per km2. The total area is 353.35 km2.

The Hiroshima Bunkyo Women's College is located in Asakita-ku.
Axel Johansson (speed skater)
Axel Allan Johansson (May 23, 1910 – May 20, 1983) was a Swedish speed skater who competed in the Olympic Games in 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

In 1936 he finished 18th in the 500 metres competition, 22nd in the 10000 metres event, 26th  in the 5000 metres competition, and 29th in the 1500 metres event.

Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics – Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Tuesday, 11 February 1936. Thirty-six speed skaters from 14 nations competed.
Giovanni Hernández
Giovanni Andrés Hernández Soto (Spanish pronunciation: [ɟʝoˈβanj eɾˈnandes ˈsoto]; born 17 June 1976), is a Colombian football manager and former player. He is the current manager of Atlético F.C. in the Colombian Categoría Primera B, and formerly managed Uniautónoma, Real Cartagena and Junior.

Before his career as a coach, he played as a midfielder and was famous for his technical skills and ability to create chances as a playmaker, as well as his penchant for setting-up goals from free kicks.

Categoría Primera B
The Torneo DIMAYOR, referred to as Torneo BetPlay Dimayor due to sponsorship by online betting company BetPlay, is the second-division football league in Colombia. The tournament was inaugurated on 29 January 1991.
Songwe River
The Songwe River is a river that forms the international boundary between Malawi and  Songwe Region, Tanzania. The songwe region in Tanzania is named after the river.

The Songwe's headwaters are where the borders of Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia meet. It flows southeast to empty into Lake Nyasa. The middle course separates Malawi's Misuku Hills from the Umalila Mountains in Songwe Region Tanzania. The lower course flows through the Kyela Plain, a fertile lowland lying northwest of Lake Malawi the valley of the East African Rift. The Kyela Plain is cultivated intensively with rice and other crops.

Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, (Swahili: Ziwa Nyasa) is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake in the world, including at least 700 species of cichlids. The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011, while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.

Lake Malawi is a meromictic lake, meaning that its water layers do not mix. The permanent stratification of Lake Malawi's water and the oxic-anoxic boundary are maintained by moderately small chemical and thermal gradients.
Tadashi Munakata
Tadashi Munakata (宗像 政, Munakata Tadashi, January 30, 1854 – February 7, 1918) was a Japanese politician who served as governor of Saitama Prefecture (1897–1898), Governor of Aomori Prefecture (1899–1901), Fukui Prefecture (1901–1902), Miyagi Prefecture (1902–1903), Kōchi Prefecture (1903–1907), Hiroshima Prefecture from 1907 to 1912 and Kumamoto Prefecture in 1912.

Kōchi Prefecture
Kōchi Prefecture (高知県, Kōchi-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [koꜜː.tɕi, koː.tɕi̥ꜜ.keɴ], locally [koː.tɕi]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kōchi Prefecture has a population of 669,516 (1 April 2023) and has a geographic area of 7,103 km2 (2,742 sq mi). Kōchi Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the northwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the northeast.

Kōchi is the capital and largest city of Kōchi Prefecture, with other major cities including Nankoku, Shimanto, and Kōnan. Kōchi Prefecture is located on Japan's Pacific coast surrounding a large bay in the south of Shikoku, with the southernmost point of the island located at Cape Ashizuri in Tosashimizu. Kōchi Prefecture is home to Kōchi Castle, considered the most intact Japanese castle, and the Shimanto River, one of the few undammed rivers in Japan.
Court of High Commission
The Court of High Commission was the supreme ecclesiastical court in England, from the inception of King Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy in 1534 to 1689, with periods of time where there was no court activity, like in 1641, when Parliament disbanded the court with the Triennial Act. John Whitgift, the Archbishop of Canterbury, obtained increased powers for the court by the 1580s. He proposed and had passed the Seditious Sectaries Act 1593, making Puritanism an offence.

The court reached the height of its powers during the Reformation. It was dissolved by the Long Parliament in 1641.  The court was convened at will by the sovereign, and had near unlimited power over civil as well as church matters. There were also Scottish Courts of High Commission which vied with the General Assembly and lower church courts for authority. The court made a short reprise during the reign of James II in 1686, until it was disbanded for the last time by the Bill of Rights.

General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body. It generally meets each year and is chaired by a Moderator elected at the start of the Assembly.