hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Umm Kalkha
Umm Kalkha was a small Palestinian village in the Ramle Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine.  It was depopulated during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 7, 1948, during Operation Nachshon. It was located 12.5 km south of Ramla, situated on the northern banks of Wadi al-Sarar.

Dunam
A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: دونم; Turkish: dönüm; Hebrew: דונם; Yiddish: דונאם), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area analogous in role (but not equal) to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day. The legal definition was "forty standard paces in length and breadth", but its actual area varied considerably from place to place, from a little more than 900 square metres [9,690 sq ft] in Ottoman Palestine to around 2,500 square metres [26,910 square feet] in Iraq.

The unit is still in use in many areas previously ruled by the Ottomans, although the new or metric dunam has been redefined as exactly one decare (1,000 square metres [10,760 square feet]), which is 1/10 hectare (1/10 × 10,000 square metres [107,640 square feet]), like the modern Greek royal stremma.
Proprotein convertase 1
Proprotein convertase 1, also known as prohormone convertase, prohormone convertase 3, or neuroendocrine convertase 1 and often abbreviated as PC1/3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCSK1 gene. PCSK1 and PCSK2 differentially cleave proopiomelanocortin and they act together to process proinsulin and proglucagon in pancreatic islets.

Proglucagon
Proglucagon is a protein that is a precursor of glucagon and several other components. It is cleaved from preproglucagon.
Proglucagon is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in the intestinal L cells in the distal ileum and colon.

Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the GCG gene and is composed of 180 amino-acid residues.

More specifically, preproglucagon is cleaved into the following components in different organs:

Signal peptide (1-20) – removed from preproglucagon to form proglucagon (21-180)

Glicentin (21–89)

Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP, 21-50)

Oxyntomodulin (OXY or OXM, 53–89)

Glucagon (53–81)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1, 92–128) – first seven residues further cleaved

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2, 146–178)

Proglucagon itself is a protein with three repeats of slightly different secretin family hormones to be cleaved to form mature hormones.
Guman Singh Damor
Guman Singh Damor (born 4 April 1957; Hindi pronunciation: [gʊmaːn̪ sɪŋgʱ ɖaːmoːɾ]) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh in the 2019 Indian general election as member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was earlier an elected representative in Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Jhabua constituency.

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, or the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly, is the unicameral state legislature of Madhya Pradesh state in India.

The seat of the Vidhan Sabha is at Bhopal, the capital of the state. It is housed in the Vidhan Bhavan, an imposing building located at the center of the Capital Complex in the Arera Hill locality of Bhopal city. The term of the Vidhan Sabha is five years unless dissolved earlier. Presently, it comprises 230 members who are directly elected from single-seat constituencies. 35
constituencies are reserved for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled castes and 47 are reserved for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled tribes.
Saleh al-Jumai'e
Saleh al-Jumai'e (b. 1939 Saweira, Iraq) is an Iraqi artist noted for his works that explore the notion of tracks left by ancient heritage. His works often integrate Arabic calligraphy in an abstract artwork.

Arabic calligraphy
Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet. It is known in Arabic as khatt (Arabic: خَطّ), derived from the words 'line', 'design', or 'construction'. Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script.

From an artistic point of view, Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development. In fact, it has been linked in Arabic culture to various fields such as religion, art, architecture, education and craftsmanship, which in turn have played an important role in its advancement.

Although most Islamic calligraphy is in Arabic and most Arabic calligraphy is Islamic, the two are not identical. Coptic or other Christian manuscripts in Arabic, for example, have made use of calligraphy. Likewise, there is Islamic calligraphy in Persian and Ottoman Turkish.
1975 Paris–Nice
The 1975 Paris–Nice was the 33rd edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 8 March to 16 March 1975. The race started in Paris and finished in Nice. The race was won by Joop Zoetemelk of the Gan team.

Mercier (cycling team)
Mercier was a French professional cycling team that promoted and raced on Mercier racing bikes. Together with the Peugeot team, the Mercier team had a long presence in the cycling sport and in the Tour de France from 1935 until 1984.
Billy the Kid (film series)
The Billy the Kid series of 42 Western films was produced between 1940 and 1946, and released by Poverty Row studio Producers Releasing Corporation.

The initial six star Bob Steele as Billy the Kid who left PRC to return to Republic Pictures.  The next thirteen star Buster Crabbe as Billy the Kid, and the following 23 feature Crabbe as the same character, renamed "Billy Carson".  All 42 films in the series are directed by Sam Newfield, "America's most prolific sound film director", sometimes under pseudonyms.  All films feature Al St. John as Billy's sidekick "Fuzzy" Jones; St. John also played the same character as the sidekick in the Lone Rider series from 1941–1943. Carleton Young also played Billy's friend Jeff Travis in the first five movies.

The films were shot in 10 or 12 days each, with an average cost of $25,000 a film.

Bob Steele (actor)
Bob Steele (January 23, 1907 – December 21, 1988) was an American actor in film and television, performing mostly in Westerns. He also was billed as Bob Bradbury Jr., changing his name to Bob Steele in 1927 when he starred in The Mojave Kid.  Altogether, Steele appeared in more than 400 Western films and television series.  In 1937 and 1938, he was among the top 10 Western moneymakers.

Steele was born Robert Adrian Bradbury Portland Oregon, his father was Robert North Bradbury, who was a director of Western films straddling the silent and talkie eras.  Steele began acting as a child actor, appearing in films directed by his father.
Nepenthes of Borneo
Nepenthes of Borneo is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1997 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), and reprinted in 2006. Clarke describes it as "primarily an ecological monograph".

Nepenthes
Nepenthes (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz/ nih-PEN-theez) is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mostly liana-forming plants of the Old World tropics, ranging from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar (two species) and the Seychelles (one); southward to Australia (four) and New Caledonia (one); and northward to India (one) and Sri Lanka (one). The greatest diversity occurs on Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines, with many endemic species. Many are plants of hot, humid, lowland areas, but most are tropical, montane plants, receiving warm days but cool to cold, humid nights year-round. A few are considered tropical alpine, with cool days and nights near freezing.  The name "monkey cups" refers to the fact that monkeys were once thought to drink rainwater from the pitchers.
Istriana
The Istriana or Carsolina, Croatian: 'Istarska Ovca', Slovene: 'Istrska Pramenka', is a breed of domestic sheep from Istria and the Karst regions of the northern Adriatic, from north-east Italy to Croatia and Slovenia.

Istria
Istria (/ˈɪstriə/ IST-ree-ə; Croatian and Slovene: Istra; Italian and Venetian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; Istro-Romanian: Istria; Latin: Histria; Ancient Greek: Ἱστρία) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea. Located at the top of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf, the peninsula is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy, 90% of its area being part of Croatia. Most of Croatian Istria is part of Istria County.
Lower Myanmar
Lower Myanmar (Burmese: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်, also called Lower Burma) is a geographic region of Myanmar and includes the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta (Ayeyarwady, Bago and Yangon Regions), as well as coastal regions of the country (Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States and Tanintharyi Region).

In the Burmese language, people originating from Upper Myanmar are typically called a-nya-tha for men and a-nya-thu for women, whereas those from Lower Myanmar are called auk tha (အောက်သား) for men and auk thu for women.

Green represents Upper Myanmar and Yellow represents Lower Myanmar

Kayin State
Kayin State, formerly known as Karen State, is a state of Myanmar. The capital city is Hpa-An, also spelled Pa-An.

The terrain of the state is mountainous, with the Dawna Range running along the state in a NNW–SSE direction, and the southern end of the Karen Hills in the northwest. It is bordered by the Mae Hong Son, Tak, and Kanchanaburi provinces of Thailand to the east; Mon State and Bago Region to the west and south; and Mandalay Region, Shan State and Kayah State to the north.
Goodlyfe Crew
Radio & Weasel was a Ugandan music Duo that performed under their record label Goodlyfe Crew a Ugandan music group with lead performers being singers Moses Radio (born Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo) and Weasel Manizo (born Douglas Mayanja). Moses Radio provided smooth RnB vocals while Weasel's contribution is a fusion of reggae, ragga and dancehall vibes. Because of their prominence, Moses Radio and Weasel formed their own duo known as Radio and Weasel. The Lead singer Moses and Vocalist Radio died on 1 February 2018 from brain injuries after an assault by a bouncer at a club in Entebbe. Radio's attacker threw him down about 3 metres (9.8 ft) onto a concrete pavement which resulted in massive intracranial hemorrhage.
Radio and Weasel also formed The Goodlyfe Crew. The crew saw many changes in its set-up but at various times included Chagga, Lenin Briton, and Lawrence (Goodlyfe Crew). Many of its members had their own solo projects and collaborations.

Pearl of Africa Music Awards
The Pearl of Africa Music Awards (also known as the PAM Awards) was an annual national music award event held in Uganda. The inaugural event was held in 2003. In 2006, categories for musicians from other East African countries were introduced.

Winners were selected by a combination of a panel of judges and a public vote.
An Khe (The West Wing)
"An Khe" is the 102nd The West Wing episode and 14th of the fifth season. It originally aired on NBC on February 18, 2004. Events circle around the rescue of five US pilots shot down over North Korea. Written by John Wells and directed by Alex Graves, the episode contains guest appearances by Philip Baker Hall, Jeffrey DeMunn and Jay Mohr. It also earned John Spencer an Emmy nomination.

John Wells (filmmaker)
John Marcum Wells (born May 28, 1956) is an American producer, writer, and director. He is best known for his role as showrunner and executive producer of the television series ER, Third Watch, The West Wing, Southland, Shameless, Animal Kingdom, The Pitt, and American Woman, as well as the miniseries Maid and the 2024 series Rescue: HI-Surf. He was the developer of the series Shameless, which ran for 11 seasons, from 2011 to 2021, on Showtime. His company, John Wells Productions, is currently based at Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California. He served twice as president of the Writers Guild of America, West (1999–2001 and 2009–2011), and currently serves on the board of governors of the Motion Picture & Television Fund (MPTF).
Malignant histiocytosis
Malignant histiocytosis  is a rare hereditary disease found in the Bernese Mountain Dog and humans, characterized by histiocytic infiltration of the lungs and lymph nodes.  The liver, spleen, and central nervous system can also be affected.  Histiocytes are a component of the immune system that proliferate abnormally in this disease.  In addition to its importance in veterinary medicine, the condition is also important in human pathology.

Bernese Mountain Dog
The Bernese Mountain Dog, German: Berner Sennenhund or Dürrbächler, is a large dog breed originating from the canton of Bern, Switzerland and the Swiss Alps. It is one of four Sennenhund-type breeds, with ancestral roots in Roman mastiffs. The name Berner (or Bernese in English) refers to the breed's area of origin in the canton of Bern, and Sennenhund is derived from the German Senne ("alpine pasture") and Hund ("hound/dog"), as they accompanied the alpine herders and dairymen called Senne (m pl; Senn, m sg). Historically used as a general farm dog, the large Sennenhunde also pulled carts as draft animals. The breed was formally recognized in 1912.
Elsie Paitai
Elsie Paitai-Hovell (born 20 February 1963) is a former rugby union player. She made her debut for the Black Ferns on 30 August 1990 against the United States at Christchurch. She was selected for the 1991 Women's Rugby World Cup squad, but didn't feature in the World Cup itself.

Paitai-Hovell played club rugby for Ponsonby.

New Zealand women's national rugby union team
The New Zealand women's rugby union team, called the Black Ferns (Māori: Rarauhe Pango [ɾaɾaʉhɛ paŋɔ]), represents New Zealand (excluding Hawke's Bay and North Harbour provinces) in women's international rugby union, which is the country's national sport. The team has won six out of ten Women's Rugby World Cup tournaments.

They have an 82 percent winning record in Test Match rugby, (updated 27 September 2025). Since their official international debut in 1991, the Black Ferns have lost to only five of the sixteen nations they have played against — Canada, England, France, Ireland and the United States. The team performs a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the Black Ferns use the haka Ko Uhia Mai.
Rynox
Rynox is a 1932 British crime film directed by Michael Powell and starring Stewart Rome, John Longden and Dorothy Boyd. It was written by Powell, Jerome Jackson and Philip MacDonald, adapted from the 1930 novel by MacDonald. It was made at Walton Studios outside London as a second feature.

Walton Studios
Walton Studios, previously named Hepworth Studios and Nettlefold Studios, was a film production studio in Walton-on-Thames in Surrey, England. Hepworth was a pioneering studio in the early 20th century and released the first film adaptation of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Alice in Wonderland, 1903).

The decline of the British cinematic production industry in the mid-20th century led to a decline in work for the facility, and after failing to financially survive as a television production outlet it was eventually closed in 1961. The studio was subsequently demolished and the land was sold for house-building.
Anand Mishra
Anand Mishra (born 1 June 1981) is an Indian politician and former Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. He was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the Buxar Assembly constituency in the 2025 election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Mishra is a 2011-batch IPS officer of the Assam–Meghalaya cadre and served as Superintendent of Police in several districts in Assam. He resigned from service in January 2024 to enter politics.

Before joining the BJP in August 2025, he contested the 2024 Lok Sabha election from Buxar as an independent candidate.

Bihar Legislative Assembly
The Bihar Legislative Assembly (ISO: Bihār Vidhān Sabhā), is the lower house of the bicameral Bihar Legislature of the state of Bihar in India. The first state elections were held in 1952.

Before the partition of Bihar, the total strength of membership in the assembly was 331, including one nominated member. After the partition, the seats were reduced to 243 members. Shri Krishna Singh became the first leader of the House and the first chief minister, Anugrah Narayan Singh was elected as the first deputy leader of the house and the first deputy chief minister.
Ofenbach (DJs)
Ofenbach is a French DJ duo founded in 2014, consisting of Dorian Lauduique and César de Rummel and based in Paris. Their gold-certified song "Be Mine" charted on the Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay reached number 35. After releasing songs like "Around the Fire" and "You Don't Know Me", they gained support from artists such as Robin Schulz and Tiësto. They are also known for remixing songs from Bob Sinclar, Hyphen Hyphen, and James Bay.

Dance/Mix Show Airplay
Dance/Mix Show Airplay (formerly Hot Dance Airplay) is a monitored electronic dance music radio chart that is published weekly by Billboard magazine.

The chart contains 40 positions and ranks the week's most popular songs according radio dance-formatted stations and mix show airplays that are electronically monitored and have submitted hours of mix show programming, as measured by Mediabase and Luminate. The chart came about as a result of the small but influential impact of electronic dance music on the radio in the United States and the stations that program it. The inaugural number-one song was "Crazy in Love" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, which debuted on August 16, 2003, where it spent seven weeks at the top spot. As February 2026, French DJ and musician, David Guetta has collected the most-number one singles on the chart with twenty chart-toppers. The current number-one song on the chart as of February 26, 2026 is "Midnight Sun" by Zara Larsson.
Survey parties to the Northern Territory 1864–1870
Several survey parties were sent by the South Australian Government to the "Top End" of the Northern Territory during the years 1864–1870, preparatory to founding a settlement. This article describes those attempts and the people involved. It includes lists of all known participants.

James Thomas Manton
James Thomas Manton (c. 1812 – 6 June 1899) was a surveyor and engineer in the young colony of South Australia and a pioneer of the Northern Territory. He may have been the first to propose the site of present-day Darwin for the Territory's principal settlement, Palmerston.
Grand Chess Tour 2016
Grand Chess Tour 2016 was a second edition of Grand Chess Tour, a series of chess tournaments, that took place from June to December 2016. It consisted of four tournaments and was won by Wesley So.

On January 6, 2016, the Grand Chess Tour saw the withdrawal of Norway Chess, one of three tournaments that were parts of the tour, along with Sinquefield Cup and London Chess Classic. The reason was different views on the funding issue. However, on February 11, Grand Chess Tour announced an inclusion of two fast chess events in Paris and Leuven.

Norway Chess
Norway Chess is an annual closed chess tournament, typically taking place in the May to June time period every year. The first edition took place in the Stavanger, Norway, from 7 to 18 May 2013. The 2013 tournament had ten participants, including seven of the ten highest rated players in the world per the May 2013 FIDE World Rankings. It was won by Sergey Karjakin, with Magnus Carlsen and Hikaru Nakamura tied for second place. Norway Chess 2015 took place in mid-June 2015 and was a part of the inaugural Grand Chess Tour. The tournament has since decided to withdraw from the Grand Chess Tour.

In 2025, Norway Chess announced they were developing the Total Chess World Championship Tour, with the approval of FIDE. Total Chess World Championship 2026 will be the first Total Chess World Championship event. It will be held in Norway on 15 October 2026.

In 2026, it was announced that the upcoming Norway Chess 2026 tournament would be held in Oslo instead of Stavanger.
Räsänen
Räsänen is Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eino Räsänen (1921–1997), Finnish politician

Jari Räsänen (born 1966), Finnish former cross country skier

Juha-Matti Räsänen (born 1974), Finnish strongman competitor

Pauliina Räsänen, Finnish circus performer and actress

Pauli Räsänen (1935–2017), Finnish physician and politician

Päivi Räsänen (born 1959), Finnish politician

Veli Räsänen (1888–1953), Finnish lichenologist

Martti Räsänen (1893–1976), Finnish linguist and turkologist

Veli Räsänen
Veli Johannes Paavo Bartholomeus Räsänen (24 August 1888 – 16 July 1953) was a Finnish lichenologist who made contributions to the study and documentation of Nordic and Baltic lichen funga. As a lecturer at various agricultural institutions and the University of Kuopio, he published extensive systematic and floristic works on lichens in Finland, Estonia, and the Petsamo region, including his comprehensive 1951 guide Suomen jäkäläkasvio (Finnish Lichens). Räsänen curated two major lichen exsiccatae collections, compiling over 1,750 specimens between 1935 and 1952, and described numerous previously unknown lichen taxa. His influence on the field is reflected in several lichen species and two genera named in his honour, and his work with mentor Edvard Vainio helped establish Finland's strong tradition in lichenology.
Peniasi Silatolu
Peniasi Silatolu is a Fijian politician and former member of the House of Representatives of Fiji.

Silatolu ran for parliament unsuccessfully in the Nasinu Rewa Open Constituency as a candidate for the Christian Democratic Alliance at the 1999 Fijian general election. He ran again as a Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua candidate at the 2001 election and was elected. In Parliament he blamed Fiji Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry for the failure to form a multi-party Cabinet. He later called for those convicted of crimes over the 2000 Fijian coup d'état to be pardoned.

He retired from politics at the 2006 election.

2000 Fijian coup d'état
The 2000 Fijian coup d'état was a civilian coup d'état by an armed group of indigenous Fijian  nationalists supported by the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit, against the elected government of Indo-Fijian Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, on 19 May 2000. This was followed by President Kamisese Mara's attempt to assert executive authority on 27 May. Mara would resign under duress on 29 May, handing power to Frank Bainimarama, a commander of the Fijian military.

The coups resulted in the removal of the elected government and its replacement by an interim regime headed by Josefa Iloilo. In March 2001, the Court of Appeal of Fiji ruled that the coups and interim regime were illegal. An elected government was finally restored by the 2001 Fijian general election.

George Speight, the leader of the coup, was convicted of treason and sentenced to death. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and on 18 September 2024, he was pardoned by Fiji's Mercy Commission.
Jump blues
Jump blues is an uptempo style of blues, jazz, and boogie woogie usually played by small groups and featuring horn instruments. It was popular in the 1940s and was a precursor of rhythm and blues and rock and roll. Appreciation of jump blues was renewed in the 1990s as part of the swing revival.

Lionel Hampton
Lionel Leo Hampton (April 20, 1908 – August 31, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphonist, percussionist, and bandleader. He worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson, Benny Goodman, and Buddy Rich, to Charlie Parker, Charles Mingus, and Quincy Jones. In 1992, he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and he was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996.

Hampton was a member of the executive committee of the Writers and Artists for Peace in the Middle East, a pro-Israel group. In 1984, he signed a letter protesting German arms sales to Saudi Arabia.