hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Padovan sequence
In number theory, the Padovan sequence is the sequence of integers P(n) defined by the initial values:

and the recurrence relation

The first few values of P(n) are

1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151, 200, 265, ... (sequence A000931 in the OEIS)

The Padovan sequence is named after Richard Padovan who attributed its discovery to Dutch architect Hans van der Laan in his 1994 essay Dom. Hans van der Laan: Modern Primitive. The sequence was described by Ian Stewart in his Scientific American column Mathematical Recreations in June 1996. He also writes about it in one of his books, "Math Hysteria: Fun Games With Mathematics".

The above definition is the one given by Ian Stewart and by MathWorld. Other sources may start the sequence at a different place, in which case some of the identities in this article must be adjusted with appropriate offsets.

Hans van der Laan
Dom Hans van der Laan (29 December 1904 – 19 August 1991) was a Dutch Benedictine monk and architect.

He was a leading figure in the Bossche School. His theories on numerical ratios in architecture, in particular regarding the plastic ratio, were very influential.  He may be regarded as intellectually related to the second generation of "De Groep".
Arad General Hospital
The Arad Hospital of Tehran or the Arad Hospital (Persian: بیمارستان آراد تهران) is a private rural general hospital, It was founded in 1976, in the center of Tehran, Iran. It has 150 beds in 5 floors with more than 45 intensive care beds (general ICU (10), SICU (10), RICU (10), MICU (10) and CCU (10)). The hospital is fully equipped with all types of specialities and subspecialties. Arad Hospital is run by 120 staff personnel in various fields of medicine. The hospital's stated purpose is "to continue to build on the best of the distinguished tradition of the past to meet the ever-changing patterns of medical care in future."

Rural general hospital
A rural general hospital is a small hospital, similar to a district general hospital, but is specifically trained and staffed to provide healthcare services in remote and rural areas. The concept was pioneered by NHS Scotland.
Joeperry Lake
Joeperry Lake is a lake in the Lake Ontario drainage basin in Addington Highlands, Lennox and Addington County, Ontario, Canada. It measures approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) northwest of Cloyne and is within Bon Echo Provincial Park.

Joeperry Lake is the source of the Skootamatta River. It is about 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) long and 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) wide, and lies at an elevation of 315 metres (1,033 ft). There is one inflow, an unnamed creek at the west of the lake. The primary outflow is the Skootamatta River, on the south side of the lake, south to Pearson Lake; a marsh at the east of the lake also connects to Pearson Lake. The Skootamatta River flows via the Moira River into the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario.

Lennox and Addington County
Lennox and Addington County is a county and census division of the Canadian province of Ontario. The county seat is Greater Napanee. It is located in the subregion of Southern Ontario named Eastern Ontario.

Around the middle of the 19th century, the Addington Road was built by the province to encourage settlement in the northern sections of the county.
Idrija (river)
Idrija (Italian: Judrio or Iudrio, Friulian: Judri, Venetian Slovene dialect Juruda) is a border river between Slovenia and Italy. It separates the Gorizia Hills from the Slavia Friulana. It emerges under the Kolovrat ridge and flows southwest towards Friuli where it joins the Torre. The river was historically important as separating the Republic of Venice from the Habsburg Lands, Italy from Austria-Hungary and, since 1947, Italy from Yugoslavia.

Kolovrat (mountain ridge)
Kolovrat (Friulian: Colorât, Italian: Colovrat) is a mountain ridge of the Julian Prealps on the border between Slovenia and Italy, west of Tolmin and southeast of Kobarid. It is a geographical border between the Soča Valley in Slovenia and the Venetian Slovenia region of Italy. It extends about 7 km at an elevation between 800 and 1150 m.

There are two roads on the ridge, one from the Italian side, accessible from Drenchia, and one from the Slovenian side, accessible from the villages of Livek and Volče.

Between the 15th and late 18th centuries, the Kolovrat Ridge used to be the border between the Habsburg monarchy and the Venetian Republic. Between 1866 and 1918, the border between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy also ran along the same line. Between 1947 and 1991, it was the border between Italy and Yugoslavia.

In October and November 1917, it was an important site in the Battle of Caporetto.
Colorado Pacific Railroad
The Colorado Pacific Railroad is a shortline railroad operating on 122 miles (196 km) of former Missouri Pacific Railroad trackage in southeast Colorado. It interchanges with Union Pacific and BNSF at North Avondale Junction near Boone and with the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad at Towner, following state highway 96. It is sometimes referred to as the Towner Line or the Towner Railway.

Colorado State Highway 96
State Highway 96 (SH 96) is a state highway in eastern Colorado. Its western terminus is an intersection with SH 69 in Westcliffe. Its eastern terminus is at the Kansas state line, east of Towner, where it continues as K-96.
Cystopsaltria
Cystopsaltria is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, subfamily Cicadettinae and tribe Chlorocystini. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1904 by entomologists Frederic Webster Goding and Walter Wilson Froggatt.

Cicadidae
Cicadidae, the true cicadas, is one of two families of cicadas, with about 3,400 species in over 520 genera worldwide; it contains most living cicada species, except for the two belonging to its sister taxon, the Tettigarctidae.  The classification of this family, of often very similar insects, has undergone many revisions, continuing into the 21st century; for example, many species previously assigned to the type genus Cicada, are now placed in different tribes.
Signal Mountain Wilderness
Signal Mountain Wilderness is a protected wilderness area centered around its namesake Signal Mountain, rising 1,200 feet (370 m) to a summit at 2,057 feet (627 m) in the Gila Bend Mountains in the U.S. state of Arizona. Established in 1990 under the Arizona Desert Wilderness Act, the area is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The desert wilderness is made up of steep canyons, winding arroyos, and volcanic peaks within a Sonoran Desert ecosystem.

Adjacent to the Woolsey Peak Wilderness to the southeast, divided by a rugged jeep road, the area contains typical Sonoran flora: palo verde, creosote bush, saguaro cactus, and bursage. There is an abundance of wildlife including mule deer, desert bighorn sheep, and javelina as well as bobcats and mountain lions.

Desert bighorn sheep
The desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) is a subspecies of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) that is native to the deserts of the United States' intermountain west and southwestern regions, as well as northwestern Mexico. The Bureau of Land Management considered the subspecies "sensitive" to extinction.

The trinomial of this species commemorates the American naturalist Edward William Nelson (1855–1934). The characteristics and behavior of the desert bighorn sheep generally follow those of other bighorn sheep, except for adaptation to the lack of water in the desert. They can go for extended periods of time without drinking water.

The desert bighorn sheep is the state mammal of Nevada. It is also the mascot of the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California.
Strada statale 72 di San Marino
Strada statale 72 di San Marino (SS 72) is an Italian state highway 10.7 kilometres (6.6 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Emilia-Romagna that connects the province of Rimini and connects the provincial capital with the Republic of San Marino. The current road, built after the World War II, is 10,600 km long and has a typically flat layout. It consists of two lanes in each direction of travel and replaces the old state road 72. The road begins on the outskirts of Rimini and ends at the Dogana state border. In San Marino, it continues as the San Marino Highway.

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Somerset Victoria County History
The Somerset Victoria County History is an encyclopaedic history of the county of Somerset in England, forming part of the overall Victoria County History of England founded in 1899 in honour of Queen Victoria. With ten volumes published in the series A History of the County of Somerset, the Somerset VCH is among the most substantial of the Victoria County Histories.

Spaxton
Spaxton is a small village and civil parish on the Quantocks in Somerset, South West England. The village is about 5 miles (8 km) west of Bridgwater. Other settlements in the parish include Charlynch, Courtway, Four Forks, Gothelney Green, Merridge, and Splatt. The population of the parish at the 2021 census was 1,051.
Douglas Mapfumo
Douglas Carl Tinashe Mapfumo (born 1 March 2000) is a Zimbabwean football player who plays as a forward for Polokwane City.

Mapfumo was a youth player at CAPS United and spent time at the Legends Academy before he earned a move to South African club Bidvest Wits, following tryouts.

He was picked up by Cape Town City in 2021. The stay was meagre, including a loan spell at Cape Town All Stars without any matches played. He played for Black Leopards in 2022–23 before moving back to the Premier Division with Polokwane City in 2023. In his first season, he helped Polokwane City survive in the Premier Soccer League.

Owing to his "decent" 2023–24 season with Polokwane City, he was called up to Zimbabwe's national team for the first time in 2024. As the national team changed manager to Michael Nees, Mapfumo was briefly omitted from the squad before being called up again.

Cape Town City F.C. (2016)
Cape Town City Football Club (Afrikaans: Kaapstad Sokkerklub) is a South African professional football club based in Cape Town, South Africa, that plays in the National First Division (NFD). It was founded in 2016. A previous club under the same name was founded in 1960, before dissolving in 1977. Following the club's relegation to the NFD, the team plays its home matches at the Athlone Stadium.
John Whiteway (surgeon)
John Whiteway (c. 1722 - 25 May 1797) was a Dublin surgeon who was the second president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) in 1786.

A kinsman of Whiteway, Jonathan Swift, Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, paid for Whiteway's education as a surgeon, and Cameron notes that Whiteway performed the autopsy on Swift. He was appointed visiting surgeon to St Patrick's Hospital, Dublin, and visiting physician to Dr Steevens' Hospital. He was also Surgeon to the Hospital for Venereal Diseases, North King Street. Cameroon notes that his practice was large, and he was considered a skilful surgeon, and usually employed the flap operation in amputations.

Whiteway was one of 49 physicians and chirurgeons who declared their public support for the construction of a Publick Bath in Dublin in May 1771 and named Achmet Borumborad as a well qualified individual for carrying such a scheme into existence.

St Patrick's University Hospital
St Patrick's University Hospital (Irish: Ospidéal Ollscoile Naomh Pádraig) is a teaching hospital at Kilmainham in Dublin. The building, which is bounded by Steeven's Lane to the east, and Bow Lane West to the south, is managed by St Patrick's Mental Health Services.
Cocked Hat Island
Cocked Hat Island, located off the eastern coast of Ellesmere Island, is a part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The island is located within the Arctic Archipelago, and is a part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

Cocked Hat Island, shaped like a cocked hat, is located 6 km (3.7 mi) north northwest from Pim Island.

Bicorne
The bicorne or bicorn (two-cornered) is a historical form of hat widely adopted in the 1790s as an item of uniform by European and American army and naval officers. Most generals and staff officers of the Napoleonic period wore bicornes, which survived as widely-worn full-dress headdress until the 20th century.
Opole, Łódź Voivodeship
Opole [ɔˈpɔlɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Parzęczew, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north of Parzęczew, 24 km (15 mi) north-west of Zgierz, and 31 km (19 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Zgierz
Zgierz [zɡʲɛʂ] ⓘ is a city in central Poland, located just to the north of Łódź, and part of the Łódź metropolitan area. As of 2021, it had a population of 54,974. Located within the historic Łęczyca Land, it is the capital of Zgierz County in the Łódź Voivodeship.
Congressional Biodefense Caucus
The Congressional Biodefense Caucus is a caucus within the U.S. House of Representatives “dedicated to strengthening our nation’s biodefense enterprise and national security.”  The caucus was formed in March 2018 and has 27 Members of Congress in its membership.  The caucus is led by its two co-chairs, Rep. Susan Brooks (R-IN) and Rep. Anna G. Eshoo (D-CA).  The Alliance for Biosecurity is among supporters of the formation of the caucus.

The mission statement of the caucus is:

"To serve as an informal group for Members dedicated to strengthening our nation’s biodefense enterprise and national security against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats and pandemic outbreaks.”

Congressional caucus
A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress that meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Formally, caucuses are formed as congressional member organizations (CMOs) through the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate and governed under the rules of these chambers. In addition to the term "caucus", they are sometimes called conferences (especially Republican ones), coalitions, study groups, task forces, or working groups. Many other countries use the term parliamentary group; the Parliament of the United Kingdom has many all-party parliamentary groups.
IBM 1710
The IBM 1710 was a process control system that IBM introduced in March 1961. It used either a 1620 I or a 1620 II Computer and specialized I/O devices (e.g., IBM 1711 analog-to-digital converter and digital-to-analog converter, IBM 1712 discrete I/O and analog multiplexer, factory floor operator control panels).

The IBM 1620 used in the 1710 system was modified in several ways, the most obvious was the addition of a very primitive hardware interrupt mechanism.

The 1710 was used by paper mills, oil refineries and electric companies.

Paper mill
A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of paper machine that use an endless belt, all paper in a paper mill was made by hand, one sheet at a time, by specialized laborers.
Bionic Six
Bionic Six (バイオニックシックス, Baionikku Shikkusu) is a 1987 animated television series. It was produced and animated by TMS Entertainment, Inc. and distributed, through first-run syndication, by MCA TV, years before the latter company became NBCUniversal Television Distribution. Renowned Japanese animation director Osamu Dezaki was involved as chief supervising director, and his distinctive style (as seen in Golgo 13 and Cobra) is evident throughout all its episodes. Character designs were by Nobuteru Yūki.

The title characters of the series are a family of machine-enhanced human beings each possessing unique powers after being augmented with bionic technology. Each family member is given specific bionic powers, and thus they form a superhero team called the Bionic Six.

Osamu Dezaki
Osamu Dezaki (出﨑 統, Dezaki Osamu; November 18, 1943 – April 17, 2011), also known as Makura Saki (崎枕, Saki Makura), Kan Matsudo (松戸完, Matsudo Kan), Toru Yabuki (矢吹徹, Yabuki Toru) or Kuyou Sai (斉九洋, Sai Kuyou), was a Japanese anime director and screenwriter.
Karpuzlu, Kulp
Karpuzlu (Armenian: Հրդա, romanized: Herda, Kurdish: Herta) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kulp, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 898 in 2022.

Diyarbakır Province
Diyarbakır Province (Turkish: Diyarbakır ili; Zazaki: Suke Dîyarbekîr; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Amedê) is a province and metropolitan municipality in southeastern Turkey. Its area is 15,101 km2, and its population is 1,804,880 (2022). The provincial capital is the city of Diyarbakır. The Kurdish majority province is part of Turkish Kurdistan.
Zdzisław Skupień
Zdzisław Skupień (27 November 1938 – 1 January 2025) was a Polish mathematician, expert in optimization, discrete mathematics, and graph theory, academic, and dr. hab. (1982).

Skupień was born in Świlcza, Poland. In 1964, Skupień introduced the concept of "locally Hamiltonian graphs".

In 1976, Skupień introduced the concept of "homogeneously traceable graphs".

Skupień authored over 140 publications. He died on 1 January 2025, at the age of 86.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Oryctocephalus
Oryctocephalus is a genus of trilobites known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. 24 specimens of Oryctocephalus are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.42% of the community. This small- to medium-sized trilobite's major characteristics are prominent eye ridges, pleural spines, long genal spines, spines on the pygidium, and notably four furrows connecting pairs of pits on its glabella. Juvenile specimens have been found with only 5 or 6 thoracic segments and about one eighth of adult size, as well as about 2 mm wide.

Glabella
The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior to the nasion.
Merrifieldia baliodactylus
Merrifieldia baliodactylus, also known as the dingy white plume, is a moth of the family Pterophoridae found in most of Europe.  It was first described by the German entomologist, Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1841.

The wingspan is 20–27 millimetres (0.79–1.06 in). Adults are on wing from July to August in one generation in western Europe.

The larvae feed on Oregano (Origanum vulgare), biting through the stem and causing the upper leaves to wilt.

Oregano
Oregano (US: /ɔːˈrɛɡənoʊ, ə-/, UK: /ˌɒrɪˈɡɑːnoʊ/; Origanum vulgare) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It was native to the Mediterranean region, but widely naturalised elsewhere in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

Oregano is a woody perennial plant, growing to 90 cm (35 in) tall, with opposite leaves 1–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) long. The flowers which can be white, pink or light purple, are 3–4 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long, and produced in erect spikes in summer. It is sometimes called wild marjoram, while its close relative O. majorana is known as sweet marjoram. Both are widely used as culinary herbs, especially in Turkish, Greek, Spanish, Italian, Latin, and French cuisine. Oregano is also an ornamental plant, with numerous cultivars bred for varying leaf colour, flower colour and habit.
20th meridian west
The meridian 20° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.  
The 20th meridian west forms a great ellipse with the 160th meridian east.

In Antarctica, the meridian defines the border between the British Antarctic Territory and Queen Maud Land. Between the 5th parallel north and the 60th parallel south it forms the eastern boundary of the Latin American Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone.

Great ellipse
A great ellipse is an ellipse passing through two points on a spheroid and having the same center as that of the spheroid. Equivalently, it is an ellipse on the surface of a spheroid and centered on the origin, or the curve formed by intersecting the spheroid by a plane through its center.
For points that are separated by less than about a quarter of the circumference of the earth, about , the length of the great ellipse connecting the points is close (within one part in 500,000) to the geodesic distance.
The great ellipse therefore is sometimes proposed as a suitable route for marine navigation.
The great ellipse is special case of an earth section path.
WorldFish
The International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), also known as WorldFish, is an international organization working to transform aquatic food systems to reduce hunger, malnutrition, and poverty.

Based in Penang, Malaysia, WorldFish is a member of CGIAR, which unites international organizations engaged in research about food security and has a presence in 20 countries throughout Africa, Asia and the Pacific Region.

WorldFish has introduced technologies to ramp up local aquatic food production through a network of partners. Such innovations include the development of "genetically improved farmed tilapia" (GIFT) and an enhanced strain of Nile tilapia, in support of smallhold aquaculture farmers in the Global South.

Smallholding
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. Smallholder farms are often defined as those operating on less than two hectares of land.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that there are roughly 500 million smallholder farms – those covering less than two hectares – which account for about 85 percent of all farms globally but manage only around 9 percent of the world’s agricultural land.