hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yekaterinburg fireball
A massive fireball was recorded above Siberia, near Yekaterinburg, on November 14, 2014. The explosion apparently happened near the city of Rezh.

Various explanations have been proposed. The Russian Ministry for Emergency Situations said it was a ground explosion, but the Siberian Times, a local newspaper, reported that "the light was not accompanied by any sound". Regarding the meteoroid hypothesis, the Siberian Times also reported that "a local observatory indicated nothing fell from the sky on the day of the flash". Another hypothesis that was raised is that it was a high-altitude nuclear explosion.

The Siberian Times took the opinion that the incident was most likely related to the military burning expired gunpowder. Since no sounds were heard during the outbreaks, and the authorities did not try to influence information about these events, it is unlikely that it was a meteorite or a nuclear weapon. Journalists also mention the burning of gunpowder.

High-altitude nuclear explosion
High-altitude nuclear explosions are the result of nuclear weapons testing within the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere and in outer space. Several such tests were performed at high altitudes by the United States and the Soviet Union between 1958 and 1962.

The Partial Test Ban Treaty was passed in October 1963, ending atmospheric and exoatmospheric nuclear tests. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 banned the stationing of nuclear weapons in space, in addition to other weapons of mass destruction. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996 prohibits all nuclear testing; whether over- or underground, underwater or in the atmosphere, but has yet to enter into force as it has not been ratified by some of the states party to the Treaty.
Chester Martin
Chester Bailey Martin, FRSC (1882 – 2 April 1958) was a Canadian historian.

Martin was educated at the University of New Brunswick, before becoming one of the first Canadian Rhodes Scholars in 1904. He attended Balliol College, Oxford, where he won the Gladstone Memorial Prize, the Brassey Studentship, and the Beit Scholarship. He became Professor of History at the University of Manitoba in 1909, before moving to the University of Toronto in 1929, where he succeeded George MacKinnon Wrong.

Elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1920, Martin was President of the Canadian Historical Association (of which he was a founding member) from 1928 to 1929. He received the J. B. Tyrrell Historical Medal in 1940.

J. B. Tyrrell Historical Medal
The J. B. Tyrrell Historical Medal is an award of the Royal Society of Canada "for outstanding work in the history of Canada." It was established in 1927, endowed by the Canadian geologist and amateur historian Joseph Burr Tyrrell. The medal is awarded every two years if there is a suitable candidate. The award consists of a gold plated silver medal.
Tada railway station
Tada railway station (station code: TADA) is a railway station located in Tada, Tirupati district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the Gudur–Chennai section of the Howrah-Chennai main line and comes under the jurisdiction of Chennai railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is classified as a NSG-6 station (annual revenue less than 10  million rupees and less than 1 million passengers handled).

Howrah–Chennai main line
The Howrah–Chennai main line is an Indian railway line connecting Howrah and Chennai Central. It is one of the seven major trunk routes of the Indian Railways. It traverses about 1,661 km (1,032 mi) along the eastern coast of India across the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
John H. Chandler
John Harris Chandler (1909–1987) was an English botanist best known for his research in the Flora of Lincolnshire, Rutland, Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire (particularly Rosa, Rubus, Salix and Ulmus). He worked with E. Joan Gibbons in fieldwork in Lincolnshire.

In his professional life, he was an officer for Customs and Excise.

The major part of Chandler's herbarium material is held by Spalding Gentlemen's Society.

Rubus
Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, most commonly known as brambles. Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of Rubus species varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica.

Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The Rubus fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term cane fruit or cane berry applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Helen Richey
Helen Richey (November 21, 1909 – January 7, 1947) was a pioneering female aviator and the first woman to be hired as a pilot by a commercial airline in the United States.

In 1933, she and her flying partner, Frances Harrell Marsalis, set a women's fueling endurance record of 237 hours and 42 minutes above the city of Miami in their airplane, the "Flying Boudoir."

Three years later, Richey set a women's international light plane record of 100 kilometers traveled in 55 minutes. As a co-pilot in the Bendix race that same year with Amelia Earhart, she secured the women's light plane altitude record. During World War II, Richey became the first female pilot from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the war front in Europe.

San Diego Air & Space Museum
The San Diego Air & Space Museum (SDASM) is an aviation and space exploration museum in San Diego, California. It is located in Balboa Park and is housed in the former Ford Building, which is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places. The museum was established by articles of incorporation on October 12, 1961, and opened to the public on February 15, 1963.
Chas W. Freeman Jr.
Charles W. Freeman Jr. (Chinese: 傅立民, born March 2, 1943) is an American retired diplomat and writer. He served in the United States Foreign Service, the State and Defense Departments in many different capacities over the course of thirty years. He was the main interpreter for Richard Nixon during his 1972 China visit and served as the U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1989 to 1992, where he dealt with the Gulf War.

He is a past president of the Middle East Policy Council, co-chair of the U.S. China Policy Foundation and a Lifetime Director of the Atlantic Council. In February 2009, it was reported that Freeman was then-Director of National Intelligence Dennis C. Blair's choice to chair the National Intelligence Council in the Obama administration. After several weeks of criticisms, he withdrew his name from consideration.

Steve J. Rosen
Steven Jack Rosen (July 22, 1942 – October 28, 2024) was an American educator, author, and lobbyist. He served for 23 years as one of the top officials of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). He was often singled out in writings about AIPAC.
Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
Dawūd al-Qayṣarī (c. 1260 – c. 1350) was an early Ottoman Sufi scholar, philosopher and mystic. He was born in Kayseri, in central Anatolia and was the student of the Iranian scholar, Abd al-Razzaq Kāshānī (d. 1329).

He was the author of over a dozen philosophical texts, many of which are still important textbooks in Shi'ite religious schools. The most important is the commentary on Ibn al-'Arabi's Fusus al-Hikam and his criticism of Ibn al-Farid's poetry. Sultan Orhan Gazi built a school for him in the town of İznik, the first case of an Ottoman state-established medrese.

Ibn al-Farid
Ibn al-Farid or Ibn Farid; (Arabic: عمر بن علي بن الفارض, `Umar ibn `Alī ibn al-Fārid) (22 March 1181 – 1234) was an Arab poet as well as a Sufi waliullah. His name is Arabic for "son of the obligator" (the one who divides the inheritance between the inheritors), as his father was well regarded for his work in the legal sphere. He was born in Cairo to parents from Hama in modern Syria, lived for some time in Mecca, and died in Cairo. His poetry is entirely Sufic and he was esteemed as the greatest mystic poet of the Arabs. Some of his poems are said to have been written in ecstasies.

Ibn al-Fāriḍ was arguably the most celebrated Sufi poet in the pre-modern Islamic world, with his poetry admired across both Arabic and Persian speaking regions of the Islamicate. The Persian poet Jami is known to have written a commentary on Ibn al-Fāriḍ's poems, and Sa'id al-Din Farghani also authored a Persian commentary on his work
Kampong Lubok Pulau
Kampong Lubok Pulau is a village in Tutong District, Brunei, about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. The population was 496 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Tanjong Maya, a mukim in the district.

Tutong (town)
Tutong Town (Malay: Pekan Tutong; Jawi: توتوڠ) or simply known as Tutong, is a municipality town in Mukim Pekan Tutong, Tutong District, Brunei. It is located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. It is the administrative centre of Tutong District.
Ololygon jureia
Ololygon jureia is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.
It is threatened by habitat loss.
It takes its name from the Juréia Massif in the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, where it has been found.

Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station
The Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station (Portuguese: Estação Ecológica da Jureia-Itatins) is an ecological station (ESEC) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It fully protects a well-preserved area of Atlantic Forest and associated ecosystems along the coastal plain and mountains of the south of the state, home to endangered species of mammals and birds. There is however, some threat from illegal gathering of heart of palm.
Texas Longhorns football under Mack Brown
William Mack Brown (born August 27, 1951) is the former head coach of the University of Texas Longhorn football team. During his tenure, the Texas Longhorns football team under Mack Brown had a winning record in 15 of 16 seasons.

Brown's Longhorns won the 2005 National Championship and seven of their ten bowl games. In 2006, he was awarded the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award for "Coach of the Year".

Prior to coaching at Texas, Brown coached at Appalachian State, Tulane, and North Carolina. (Notably, he coached North Carolina again following his time at Texas.)

Brown is credited with revitalizing North Carolina football program, and his tenure at Texas is the most successful for a head coach at the school in the 21st century to date.

Vince Young
Vincent Paul Young Jr. (born May 18, 1983) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons, primarily with the Tennessee Titans. He played college football for the Texas Longhorns, winning the Maxwell, Davey O'Brien, and Manning awards in 2005 en route to a victory in the 2006 Rose Bowl. Young was selected by the Titans third overall in the 2006 NFL draft.

With the Titans, Young helped the team reach the playoffs in 2007 and made two Pro Bowl selections. Due to conflict with Titans management, he was released in 2010. Young spent his last season as a backup for the Philadelphia Eagles. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2019.
Miss Forrest
"Miss Forrest" is the first episode of the third series of the British television series, Upstairs, Downstairs. The episode is set in 1912, and is the last appearance of Rachel Gurney as Lady Marjorie Bellamy. It also introduces Hazel Forrest (Meg Wynn Owen), who becomes the new mistress of 165 Eaton Place later in the series.

Rachel Gurney
Rachel Gurney (5 March 1920 – 24 November 2001) was an English actress. She began her career in the theatre towards the end of World War II and then expanded into television and film in the 1950s. She remained active, mostly in television and theatre work, into the early 1990s. She is best remembered for playing the elegant Lady Marjorie Bellamy in the ITV period drama Upstairs, Downstairs.
Monstrocrinus
Monstrocrinus is an extinct genus of stalked crinoid from the Lower to Middle Devonian, found in Brazil, Europe and, ambiguously, Algeria. It is most notable for the flattened spine structures that attach to its bowl-like calyx plates, at the base of its theca.

Traditionally, the genus was interpreted as a stalk-less free-living crinoid, drifting throughout substratum while its axe-like spines provided anchorage. However, this view was later challenged as re-examination of the original specimen revealed a previously unknown point of attachment for the column. From this a new mode of life was inferred, were the stalk would elevate the crown of the crinoid to the water, and the spines would serve as stabilizing fins, allowing the animal to maintain an efficient feeding posture in moving water. Water would move from where the theca meets the stalk towards the mouth, also passing through the arms.

Middle Devonian
In the geological timescale, the Middle Devonian epoch (from 393.47 ± 0.99 million years ago to 382.31 ± 1.36 million years ago) occurred during the Devonian period, after the end of the Emsian age.

The Middle Devonian epoch is subdivided into two stages: Eifelian and Givetian.
Frédéric Dubois d'Amiens
Frédéric Dubois d'Amiens (17 February 1799 in Amiens – 10 January 1873 in Paris) was a French physician and historian of medicine.

He studied medicine in Amiens and Paris. In 1828 he received his medical doctorate and in 1832 obtained his agrégation. In 1847 he succeeded Étienne Pariset as perpetual secretary at the Académie Nationale de Médecine.

National Academy of Medicine (France)
The Académie nationale de médecine (English: National Academy of Medicine) is a French learned society situated at 16 Rue Bonaparte in 6th arrondissement, Paris. It was created in 1820 by King Louis XVIII at the urging of baron Antoine Portal. At its inception, the institution was known as the Académie royale de médecine (Royal Academy of Medicine). This academy was endowed with the legal status of two institutions which preceded it — Académie royale de chirurgie (Royal Academy of Surgery), which was created in 1731 and Société royale de médecine (Royal Society of Medicine), which was created in 1776.
Al Tuer
Allan Tuer (born July 19, 1963) is a professional scout for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League.  He was a professional ice hockey defenceman who was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings in the 9th round (186th overall) of the 1981 NHL Entry Draft.

As a player he was known for his rough style of play.  He holds the Regina Pats single season record for penalty minutes, and the New Haven Nighthawks all-time penalty minute record.

After retiring he has served as the general manager and head coach of the Moose Jaw Warriors, scout for the NHL Central Scouting Bureau, amateur scout for Calgary Flames, professional scout/director of pro scouting for Florida Panthers, and is currently a professional scout for the New York Rangers.

Moose Jaw Warriors
The Moose Jaw Warriors are a Canadian major junior ice hockey team based in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. The Warriors play in the East Division of the Western Hockey League's Eastern Conference, hosting games at the Temple Gardens Centre. The team was founded in 1980 as the Winnipeg Warriors, and relocated to Moose Jaw in 1984. The Warriors won their first league championship in 2024.
Siegfried Engelmann
Siegfried "Zig" Engelmann (November 26, 1931 – February 15, 2019) was an American educationalist who co-developed the Direct Instruction (DI) teaching method. Engelmann was Professor Emeritus of Education at the University of Oregon and Director of the National Institute for Direct Instruction. He wrote more than 100 curricula using DI principles and numerous other books and articles.

Education sciences
Education sciences, also known as education studies or education theory, and traditionally called pedagogy, seek to describe, understand, and prescribe education including education policy. Subfields include comparative education, educational research, instructional theory, curriculum theory and psychology, philosophy, sociology, economics, and history of education. Related are learning theory or cognitive science.
Smyrna and Delaware Bay Railroad
The Smyrna and Delaware Beach Railroad (S&DBR) was a railroad company that operated in the US states of Delaware and Maryland from 1873 to 1883. It first connected to the previously existing Delaware Railroad (DRC) at Clayton, extending a line to Smyrna, Delaware and then to Woodland Beach, Delaware (aka Pierceson's Cove or Bombay Hook) in New Castle County, Delaware. It later connected to Massey's Crossroad via Kent County Railroad (KCRR) trackage. On May 12, 1883, it merged with the KCRR to form the Baltimore and Delaware Bay Railroad.

Jay Gould
Jay Gould (/ɡuːld/; May 27, 1836 – December 2, 1892) was an American railroad magnate and financial speculator who founded the Gould business dynasty. He is generally identified as one of the robber barons of the Gilded Age. His sharp and often unscrupulous business practices made him one of the wealthiest men of the late nineteenth century. Gould was an unpopular figure during his life and remains controversial.
The Nutmegs
The Nutmegs were a 1950s American doo wop vocal group from New Haven, Connecticut, United States. They are best known for their songs "Story Untold" and "Ship of Love," both released in 1955. Each single made the national R&B charts, with "Story Untold" reaching No. 2 and "Ship of Love" peaking at No. 13. The quintet was led by tenor Leroy Griffin and was signed to Herald Records.

Doo-wop
Doo-wop (also spelled doowop and doo wop) is a subgenre of rhythm and blues music that originated in African-American communities during the 1940s, mainly in the large cities of the United States, including New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Baltimore, Newark, Detroit, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. It features vocal group harmony that carries an engaging melodic line to a simple beat with little or no instrumentation. Lyrics are simple, usually about love, sung by a lead vocal over background vocals, and often featuring, in the bridge, a melodramatically heartfelt recitative addressed to the beloved. Harmonic singing of nonsense syllables (such as "doo-wop") is a common characteristic of these songs. Gaining popularity in the 1950s, doo-wop was commercially viable until the early 1960s and continued to influence performers in other genres.
Teen Wolf season 2
The second season of Teen Wolf, an American supernatural drama created by Jeff Davis based upon the 1985 film of the same name, premiered on June 3, 2012, and concluded on August 13, 2012, on the MTV network. The season featured 12 episodes.

John Wesley Shipp
John Wesley Shipp (born January 22, 1955) is an American actor known for his various television roles. He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991, and Mitch Leery, the title character's father, on the drama series Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2001. Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984, and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 (which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award). He portrayed Barry Allen's father Henry, Earth-3 Flash Jay Garrick, and Earth-90's Barry Allen (the Flash) on the CW's The Flash series.
Davy Portrait Award
The Davy Portrait Awards were set up in 2008 with the aim of celebrating the exacting art of portraiture and the Irish artists who practise it. It is open to artists based in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland working in traditional and non-digital media. In addition Irish artists based outside Ireland are also eligible to apply. The best entries are exhibited at the Naughton Gallery in Belfast, and at Farmleigh House in Dublin. The awards offer a first prize of £10,000 or €11,500. Currently the awards appear to be held on a biennial basis.

The awards take their name from the primary sponsor, Davy, a Dublin-based stockbroking, wealth management and financial advisory company. The awards are also supported by Arts & Business who help business people to support the arts.

Davy Group
Davy Group is Ireland's leading provider of wealth management and investment banking services and has offices in Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Galway and London. Davy offers services to private clients, small businesses, corporations and institutional investors.

As of 2007, Davy employed over 700 people and operated as an independent company owned by management and staff. In 2021, Davy "put itself up for sale" after being fined by the Central Bank of Ireland for breaching market rules. The sale was completed, to Bank of Ireland, in mid-2022.
Marston Thrift
Marston Thrift is a 37.4-hectare (92-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Marston Moretaine and Cranfield in Bedfordshire. It was notified in 1984 under Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and the local planning authority is Central Bedfordshire Council. It is also a Local Nature Reserve, which extends to a larger area of 55.8 hectares.

The site is ash and maple woodland on heavy clay, a habitat which has become scarce in lowland England. It also has areas of damp grassland, and a grassland valley. It is an important site for butterflies, including the rare black hairstreak.

There is access from a car park at Wood End, and by footpaths from Cranfield and Marston Moretaine.

Cranfield
Cranfield is a village and civil parish in the west of Bedfordshire, England, situated between Bedford and Milton Keynes. It had a population of 4,909 in 2001, increasing to 5,369 at the 2011 census. The parish is in Central Bedfordshire unitary authority. It is best known for being the home of Cranfield University and Cranfield Airport (an airfield).

The hamlet of Bourne End is located just north of Cranfield, and is part of the civil parish. Wharley End was a separate settlement, but now forms the northern part of Cranfield village, by the university.
Dominican Republic tar scandal
On September 10, 2020, the Dominican Republic Attorney General received the first case on the former Minister of Public Works and presidential candidate of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Gonzalo Castillo, in the purchase of hot tar for RD$11.5 billion (US$194.9 million).

Gonzalo Castillo (politician)
Gonzalo Castillo Terrero (born 20 November 1960) is a Dominican businessman and politician. He was Minister of Public Works and Communications from 2012 to 2019. In July 2019 he sought the Dominican Liberation Party's presidential nomination for the 2020 elections. He won the nomination, but lost the general election to Luis Abinader.
National Games of China
The National Games of the People's Republic of China is the highest-level comprehensive multi-sport event of China. It is hosted by the General Administration of Sport of China. The games is held every four years, usually in the summer or autumn of the year after the Summer Olympics.

The National Games was first held in 1959 in Beijing at the Workers' Stadium, when 10,658 athletes competed across 384 events in 42 sports.

Workers' Stadium
The Workers' Stadium (Chinese: 工人体育场; pinyin: Gōngrén Tǐyùchǎng) is a football stadium in Chaoyang, Beijing, China. It opened in 2023 on the site of the original Workers' Stadium, which was demolished in 2020. One of the largest football stadiums in China, the stadium is the home of Beijing Guoan, a club that plays in the Chinese Super League.