hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Gambler (Betti)
The Gambler  (Italian: Il giocatore) is an Italian-language play in three acts by Ugo Betti that was first performed in Italy in 1950. An abstract morality play, the plot revolves around the character of David Petri who out of both ego and boredom conspires to have his loving and doting wife, Eva Petri, murdered by hiring a group of invading soldiers to commit the deed on his behalf.

In 1952 the play was staged on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre in an English-language adaptation by Alfred Drake and Edward Eager. Drake starred as David Petri with Margaret Draper portraying his wife Eva. Others in the cast included Anne Burr as Eva's mother Alma Reich, Percy Waram as the Station Master, E. G. Marshall as Ernest Bruni, Philip Coolidge as Commissioner Costa, and Constance Clausen as Paula Mori. The Broadway production was directed by Herman Shumlin.

Morality play
The morality play is a genre of medieval and early Tudor drama.  The term is used by scholars of literary and dramatic history to refer to a genre of play texts from the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries that feature personified concepts (most often virtues and vices, but sometimes practices or habits) alongside angels and demons, who are engaged in a struggle to persuade a protagonist who represents a generic human character toward either good or evil.  The common story arc of these plays follows "the temptation, fall and redemption of the protagonist".
William Cadogan (politician)
Major William Cadogan (1601–1661), of Liscarton, County Meath, was born at Dunster, Somerset, to Henry Cadogan of Llanbetter, Pembrokeshire. His great-grandfather, Thomas Cadogan, of Dunster, claimed descent from the ancient princes of Wales (called Cadwgan). He was the father of the Dublin barrister Henry Cadogan and the grandfather of William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan.

He served as MP for Monaghan Borough from 1639 to 1649 and was a cavalry major in Oliver Cromwell's army. In 1649, he ordered the destruction of Trim's old Augustinian abbey's belfry, known as the Yellow Steeple, as it had been used as a watch-tower by the Catholic rebels. As a reward for defending Trim Castle, County Meath, during the English Civil War and for putting down revolts around Dublin, he was given the governorship of Trim Castle. In 1658 he was appointed High Sheriff of Meath.

He died in Dublin on 14 March 1661. He had married Elizabeth Roberts and had a son Henry.

Trim Castle
Trim Castle (Irish: Caisleán Bhaile Átha Troim) is a castle on the south bank of the River Boyne in Trim, County Meath, Ireland, with an area of 30,000 m2. Over a period of 30 years, it was built by Hugh de Lacy and his son Walter as the caput of the Lordship of Meath. The Irish Government currently own and are in charge of the care of the castle, through the state agency The Office of Public Works (OPW).

The castle is on the List of National Monuments in County Meath.
1000 (number)
1000 or one thousand is the natural number following 999 and preceding 1001. In most English-speaking countries, it can be written with or without a comma or sometimes a period separating the thousands digit: 1,000.

A group of one thousand units is sometimes known, from Ancient Greek, as a chiliad. A period of one thousand years may be known as a chiliad or, more often from Latin, as a millennium. The number 1000 is also sometimes described as a short thousand in medieval contexts where it is necessary to distinguish the Germanic concept of 1200 as a long thousand. It is the first 4-digit integer.

Triangular number
A triangular number or triangle number counts objects arranged in an equilateral triangle. Triangular numbers are a type of figurate number, other examples being square numbers and cube numbers. The nth triangular number is the number of dots in the triangular arrangement with n dots on each side, and is equal to the sum of the n natural numbers from 1 to n. The first 100 terms sequence of triangular numbers, starting with the 0th triangular number, are

(sequence A000217 in the OEIS)
1961 Chatham Cup
The 1961 Chatham Cup was the 34th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.

The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds.

Other teams known to have taken part in the final rounds included Otangarei United (Whangarei), Hamilton Technical Old Boys, Kahukura (Rotorua), Eastern Union (Gisborne), Moturoa (New Plymouth), Napier Rovers, Wanganui United, Kiwi United (Manawatu), Nelson Thistle and Timaru Thistle.

Moturoa AFC
Moturoa AFC is one of New Zealand's oldest association football clubs.

Based in New Plymouth, the club was established as the New Plymouth Watersiders Association Football Club.

Moturoa AFC has rich history, with the club having had success in many regional and national competitions.

The clubrooms and home grounds of Moturoa AFC are at the Onuku Taipari Domain, Ngāmotu Road, Spotswood, New Plymouth.
Romano Bonagura
Romano Bonagura (15 October 1930 – 30 October 2010) was an Italian bobsledder who competed from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, born in Ravenna. He won the silver medal in the two-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.

Bonagura also won six medals at the FIBT World Championships with one gold (Four-man: 1963), four silvers (Two-man: 1962, 1963; Four-man: 1959, 1962), and one bronze (Two-man: 1961).

FIBT World Championships 1959
The FIBT World Championships 1959 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record ninth time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, and 1957.
Radion Gataullin
Radion Aksanovich Gataullin (Russian: Радио́н Аксанович Гатау́ллин; born on 23 November 1965) is a retired pole vaulter who represented the Soviet Union and later Russia. He is the 1988 Olympic silver medallist, the 1987 World bronze medallist, a two-time European champion (1990/94) and a two-time World Indoor champion (1989/93). He is also a former world indoor record holder with clearances of 6.00m and 6.02m in 1989.

World Athletics Indoor Championships
The World Athletics Indoor Championships are a biennial indoor track and field competition served as the global championship for that version of the sport. Organised by the World Athletics, the competition was inaugurated as the World Indoor Games in 1985 in Paris, France and were subsequently renamed to IAAF World Indoor Championships in 1987. The current name was adapted with the name change of the sports governing body in 2019.

They have been held every two years except for when they were held in consecutive years 2003 and 2004 to facilitate the need for them to be held in alternate years to the outdoor World Athletics Championships in the future, and in 2024, 2025, and 2026. The Championships due to be held in China in 2020 were postponed because of the COVID pandemic, as were the attempted running of the China edition in then 2021 and 2023, eventually being scheduled for 2025. Two standard editions of the Championships were held in 2022 and 2024.
Birket Church
Birket Church (Danish: Birket Kirke)  is located south of the little village of Birket, some 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of Nakskov on the Danish island of Lolland. Its chancel was originally the nave of the brick Gothic church built in 1350. The bell tower, which stands apart from the church, is believed to be Denmark's oldest standing wooden structure.

Lolland
Lolland (Danish: [ˈlʌˌlænˀ] ⓘ; formerly spelled Laaland, literally "low land") is the fourth largest island of Denmark, with an area of 1,243 km2 (480 sq mi). Located in the Kattegat, Belts and Sund area, it is part of Region Sjælland (Region Zealand). As of 1 January 2022, it has 57,618 inhabitants. Lolland is closely connected to the island of Falster to its east. The locality of Sundby forms a cross-island urban area with Nykøbing Falster, the largest conurbation partially on Lolland. The most populated settlement on Lolland proper is Nakskov.
SPAdes (software)
SPAdes (St. Petersburg genome assembler) is a genome assembly algorithm which was designed for single cell and multi-cells bacterial data sets. Therefore, it might not be suitable for large genomes projects.

SPAdes works with Ion Torrent, PacBio, Oxford Nanopore, and Illumina paired-end, mate-pairs and single reads.
SPAdes has been integrated into Galaxy pipelines by Guy Lionel and Philip Mabon.

Single-molecule real-time sequencing
Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing is a parallelized single molecule DNA sequencing method. Single-molecule real-time sequencing utilizes a zero-mode waveguide (ZMW). A single DNA polymerase enzyme is affixed at the bottom of a ZMW with a single molecule of DNA as a template. The ZMW is a structure that creates an illuminated observation volume that is small enough to observe only a single nucleotide of DNA being incorporated by DNA polymerase. Each of the four DNA bases is attached to one of four different fluorescent dyes. When a nucleotide is incorporated by the DNA polymerase, the fluorescent tag is cleaved off and diffuses out of the observation area of the ZMW where its fluorescence is no longer observable. A detector detects the fluorescent signal of the nucleotide incorporation, and the base call is made according to the corresponding fluorescence of the dye.
McMahan House
The McMahan House at 203 Washington St. in La Grange, Kentucky was built in c.1820 as a brick I-house.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

It is notable as "the only remaining early nineteenth century structure in LaGrange, Kentucky. As such, the five-bay brick I-house is the town's only tangible link with its early settlement and building period. The double-stretcher Flemish bond of the north facade and the remaining interior Federal moldings and mantles are evidence of the building's early construction date...."

It is a contributing building in the Central La Grange Historic District, which is also listed on the National Register.

I-house
The I-house is a vernacular house type, popular in the United States from the colonial period onward. The I-house was so named in the 1930s by Fred Kniffen, a cultural geographer at Louisiana State University who was a specialist in folk architecture. He identified and analyzed the type in his 1936 study of Louisiana house types.

He chose the name "I-house" because the style was commonly built in the rural farm areas of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, all states beginning with the letter "I". But he was not implying that this house type originated in, or was restricted to, those three states. It is also referred to as Plantation Plain style.
Rivière des Caps
The rivière des Caps (in English: Capes River) is a tributary of the southern coast of the St. Lawrence River where it flows in front of the Les Pèlerins islands, in Saint-André-de-Kamouraska. This river flows in the municipalities of Notre-Dame-du-Portage, Saint-Alexandre-de-Kamouraska and Saint-André-de-Kamouraska, in the Kamouraska Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent, in province of Quebec, in Canada.

Commission de toponymie du Québec
The Commission de toponymie du Québec (French pronunciation: [kɔmisjɔ̃ də tɔpɔnimi dy kebɛk], Toponymy Commission of Québec) is the Government of Québec's public body responsible for cataloging, preserving, making official and publicizing Québec's place names and their origins according to the province's toponymy rules. 
It also provides recommendations to the government with regard to toponymic changes.

Its mandate covers the namings of:

natural geographical features (lakes, rivers, mountains, etc.)

constructed features (dams, embankments, bridges, etc.)

administrative units (wildlife sanctuaries, administrative regions, parks, etc.)

inhabited areas (villages, towns, Indian reserves, etc.)

roadways (streets, roads, boulevards, etc.)

A child agency of the Office québécois de la langue française, it was created in 1977 through jurisdiction defined in the Charter of the French Language to replace the Commission of Geography, created in 1912.
J3 Productions
J3 Productions is a multidisciplinary design studio located in Irvine, California. It was founded in 1998 by principal and creative director Jonathan Lo. The studio offers lifestyle, fashion, decor, and retail services.

Irvine, California
Irvine (/ˈɜːrvaɪn/, UR-vine) is a planned city in central Orange County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It was named in 1888 for the landowner James Irvine. The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28, 1971. The 66-square-mile (170 km2) city had a population of 318,629 as of June 2025. As of 2025, it is the second most populous city in Orange County, fifth most in the Greater Los Angeles region, and 62nd most in the United States.

Several major corporations in the technology and semiconductor sectors maintain their headquarters in Irvine. Irvine is also home to several higher-education institutions including the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Concordia University, Irvine Valley College, and campuses of University of La Verne and Pepperdine University.
Hugh of Briel
Hugh of Briel, in older literature Hugh of Bruyères, was a French knight and the second lord of the Barony of Karytaina in the Principality of Achaea, in Frankish Greece.

Hailing from Briel-sur-Barse in the French province of Champagne, Hugh inherited the Barony of Karytaina sometime around 1222 from his brother, Renaud of Briel. Hugh married Alice of Villehardouin, a daughter of the Prince of Achaea, Geoffrey I of Villehardouin. Hugh of Briel died in early 1238, not yet forty years old, and was succeeded by his son Geoffrey.

Principality of Achaea
The Principality of Achaea (/əˈkiːə/) or Principality of Morea was one of the vassal states of the Latin Empire, which replaced the Byzantine Empire after the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. It became a vassal of the Kingdom of Thessalonica, along with the Duchy of Athens, until Thessalonica was captured by Epirus in 1224. After this, Achaea became the dominant power in Greece, lasting continuously for 227 years and cumulatively for 229.
Silicothermic reaction
Silicothermic reactions are thermic chemical reactions using silicon as the reducing agent at high temperature (800-1400°C).

They were initially commercialized for the production of low-carbon ferromanganese before and during World War I(F. M. Becket played a significant role) and are still used today. They were also historically used for the production of low-carbon ferrochrome, but were displaced by electric methods.

The most prominent example is the Pidgeon process (developed commercially in Canada during the Second World War by Lloyd Montgomery Pidgeon) for reducing magnesium metal from ores. Other processes include the Bolzano process and the magnetherm process. All three are commercially used for magnesium production.

Exothermic process
In thermodynamics, an exothermic process (from Ancient Greek  έξω (éxō) 'outward' and  θερμικός (thermikós) 'thermal') is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The term exothermic was first coined by 19th-century French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.

The opposite of an exothermic process is an endothermic process, one that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat.  The concept is frequently applied in the physical sciences to chemical reactions where chemical bond energy is converted to thermal energy (heat).
Milnor conjecture (K-theory)
In mathematics, the Milnor conjecture was a proposal by John Milnor (1970) of a description of the Milnor K-theory (mod 2) of a general field F with characteristic different from 2, by means of the Galois (or equivalently étale) cohomology of F with coefficients in Z/2Z. It was proved by Vladimir Voevodsky (1996, 2003a, 2003b).

Étale cohomology
In mathematics, the étale cohomology groups of an algebraic variety or scheme are algebraic analogues of the usual cohomology groups with finite coefficients of a topological space, introduced by Grothendieck in order to prove the Weil conjectures. Étale cohomology theory can be used to construct ℓ-adic cohomology, which is an example of a Weil cohomology theory in algebraic geometry. This has many applications, such as the proof of the Weil conjectures and the construction of representations of finite groups of Lie type.
Fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces
In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis and Hilbert space theory, the fundamental theorem of Hilbert spaces gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a Hausdorff pre-Hilbert space to be a Hilbert space in terms of the canonical isometry of a pre-Hilbert space into its anti-dual.

Seminorm
In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a seminorm is like a norm but need not be positive definite.  Seminorms are intimately connected with convex sets: every seminorm is the Minkowski functional of some absorbing disk and, conversely, the Minkowski functional of any such set is a seminorm.

A topological vector space is locally convex if and only if its topology is induced by a family of seminorms.
Andrei Mureșanu High School
Andrei Mureșanu High School (Romanian: Liceul "Andrei Mureșanu" Brașov) is a high school located at 1 Saint Nicholas Church Street in the Șcheii Brașovului neighborhood of Brașov, Romania. It is situated close to Piața Unirii and the Saint Nicholas Church. The school is named after the well-known Romanian poet Andrei Mureșanu, who composed the lyrics of the national anthem of Romania, "Deșteaptă-te, române!"

The school complex also includes an elementary and a middle school; both are situated in a nearby building.

St. Nicholas Church, Brașov
Saint Nicholas Church (Romanian: Biserica Sfântul Nicolae) is a Romanian Orthodox church in Brașov, dominating the historic district of Șcheii Brașovului. One of the oldest Orthodox churches in the country and an important cultural center for the Romanians in Țara Bârsei, it is documented as being built on the site of a wooden cross dating to 1292. The first mention of the original wooden church dates to 1399, with the stone church built between 1495 and 1519. The church is a registered historic monument of Romania under the LMI Code BV-II-m-A-11589, as part of an ensemble of monuments which also includes the First Romanian School.
Umber
Umber is a natural earth pigment consisting of iron oxide and manganese oxide; it has a brownish color that can vary among shades of yellow, red, and green.: 39  Umber is considered one of the oldest pigments known to humans.: 378  Umber's advantages are its highly versatile color, warm tone, and quick drying abilities.: 148–49  While some sources indicate that umber's name comes from its geographic origin in Umbria, other scholars suggest that it derives from the Latin word umbra, which means "shadow".: 250  The belief that its name derives from the word for shadow is fitting, as the color helps create shadows.: 250  The color is primarily produced in Cyprus.: 250  Umber is typically mined from open pits or underground mines and ground into a fine powder that is washed to remove impurities. In the 20th century, the rise of synthetic dyes decreased the demand for natural pigments such as umber.

Shades of yellow
Varieties of the color yellow may differ in hue, chroma (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness) or lightness (or value, tone, or brightness), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a yellow or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black.  A large selection of these various colors is shown below.
1901 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1901 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1901 college football season.  In its first season under head coach Raymond Starbuck, the team compiled an 11–1 record, shut out 10 of 12 opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 333 to 14. The only loss was by an 8–6 score against Princeton.

Five Cornell players received honors on the 1901 College Football All-America Team: guards Bill Warner (Walter Camp-1) and Sanford Hunt (Camp-2, Caspar Whitney-1); quarterback Alfred A. Brewster, Jr. (Whitney-2); halfback Henry Purcell (Camp-2); and fullback Henry Schoellkopf (Camp-3).

1901 college football season
The 1901 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with NCAA-designated "major selectors" retroactively selecting Michigan and Harvard as national champions. The NCAA records book erroneously lists Yale as Parke H. Davis's selection. Harvard beat Yale 22–0 the last game of the year.
Hayride
A hayride, also known as a hayrack ride, is a traditional American and Canadian activity consisting of a recreational ride in a wagon or cart pulled by a tractor, horses or a truck, which has been loaded with hay or straw for comfortable seating.

Cart
A cart is a two-wheeled vehicle designed for transport. It can be pulled by humans or draught animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen, or smaller animals such as goats and large dogs.

The word cart is often used incorrectly to indicate four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicles. Over time, the word "cart" has expanded to mean nearly any small conveyance without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion. The word car has often been modified to cart through colloquialization. For example, several small sport and hobby cars carry "cart" in their name such as pedal carts (manually pedaled), soap-box carts (gravity run), and go-carts (gas engine). Similarly, golf cars are more commonly known as golf carts.

A cartwright is a builder of carts, and a carter is the person operating a horse and cart for haulage. The surname "Carter" derives from the occupation.
Maria Popesco
Maria Popesco, wife of Victor Popescu (September 4, 1919 – 2004), was a Romanian-born socialite, convicted murderer and memoirist, whose case was at the center of one of the few miscarriages of justice in Switzerland.

Born in Bucharest and the daughter in law of Stelian Popescu, a political figure and former Justice Minister, Popesco was arrested in 1945 in Geneva and accused of having murdered her mother in law Lelia Popescu (on June 26, 1945) and her maid Lina Mory (died on July 25, 1945), and for an assassination attempt against her father in law. She was sentenced to life imprisonment, even though critics believe that her guilt has never been proven.

Particularly Georges Brunschvig and Anton Gordonoff, two main scientific experts in the case, accused the involved François Naville for wrong arguments concerning the confusion between Veronal and Quadronox. She was finally amnestied in 1957. The following years Popescu wrote her memoires; she married, lived in Valais and had a son.

Miscarriage of justice
A miscarriage of justice occurs when an unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding. Examples of miscarriage of justice include conviction of an innocent person, error of impunity, sentencing disparity, and delayed justice.

Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation.

Academic studies have found that the main factors contributing to miscarriages of justice are: eyewitness misidentification; faulty forensic analysis; false confessions by vulnerable suspects; perjury and lies stated by witnesses; misconduct by police, prosecutors or judges; and/or ineffective assistance of counsel (e.g., inadequate defense strategies by the defendant's or respondent's legal team).