hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
E-commerce identification and identification types
A whole new range of techniques has been developed to identify people since the 1960s from the measurement and analysis of parts of their bodies to DNA profiles. Forms of identification are used to ensure that citizens are eligible for rights to benefits and to vote without fear of impersonation while private individuals have used seals and signatures for centuries to lay claim to real and personal estate. Generally, the amount of proof of identity that is required to gain access to something is proportionate to the value of what is being sought. It is estimated that only 4% of online transactions use methods other than simple passwords. Security of systems resources generally follows a three-step process of identification, authentication and authorization. Today, a high level of trust is as critical to eCommerce transactions as it is to traditional face-to-face transactions.

Authentication
Authentication (from Greek: αὐθεντικός authentikos, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης authentes, "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity.

Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person, or in a certain place (i.e. to assert that it is not counterfeit), or in a given period of history (e.g. by determining the age via carbon dating). In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. It might involve validating personal identity documents.
1995–96 Six Nations Tournament
The 1995–96 Six Nations Tournament was the second and final playing of the Six Nations ice hockey Tournament. A total of 23 teams participated in the qualifying rounds, and the tournament was won by the Dragons de Rouen.

VEU Feldkirch
VEU Feldkirch is a professional ice hockey team from Feldkirch, Austria. The team currently plays in the Ö Eishockey Liga. They play their home games at Vorarlberghalle. They formerly played in the Austrian National League and Alps Hockey League, and were nine-time Austrian ice hockey champions when they played in the higher level Austrian Hockey League, before being relegated. Their biggest success was the win of the European Hockey League in 1998 with its coach Ralph Krueger.
Josephine Cunnington Edwards
Josephine Cunnington Edwards (1904 – 1993) was a Seventh-day Adventist author, public speaker, and teacher.  She published 34 books and numerous articles.  Several of her books were inspired by her seven years of missionary service in Africa alongside her husband, Elder Lowell A Edwards. Mrs. Edwards taught English and Speech at teacher training colleges and secondary schools in Georgia, Idaho, California, Alabama, and Malawi. She also wrote three separate scripts for the Ralph Edwards radio-television show, This Is Your Life. It was reported that she was fluent in five languages.

This Is Your Life (American TV series)
This Is Your Life is an American reality documentary series broadcast on NBC television from 1952 to 1961. It was originally hosted by its creator and producer Ralph Edwards as a radio program from 1948 to 1950. In the program, the host surprised guests and then took them through a retrospective of their lives in front of an audience, including appearances by colleagues, friends, and family. Edwards revived the show in 1971–1972, and Joseph Campanella hosted a version in 1983. Edwards returned for various specials in the late 1980s.
Governor of Vologda Oblast
The Governor of Vologda Oblast (Russian: Губернатор Вологодской области) is the head of government of Vologda Oblast, a federal subject of Russia.

The position was introduced in 1991 as Head of Administration of Vologda Oblast. The Governor is elected by direct popular vote for a term of five years.

Head of administration
Head of administration (Russian: Глава администрации, Glava administratsii) is one of the official titles for appointed or elected head of a local government in Russian Federation. In many federal districts, regions, and cities, the position as head of administration is the equivalent to that of the mayor, governor, or the head of local government.
Tranki, Todo Pasa
Tranki, Todo Pasa (transl. Relax, Everything Passes) is the fourth studio album by Panamanian singer Sech, and the first after he signed with Rimas Entertainment. The album was released on November 29, 2024, and contains 14 tracks including guest appearances from De la Rose, Elena Rose, Beéle, and T.Y.S.

Elena Rose
Andrea Elena Mangiamarchi, known by her stage name Elena Rose (stylised in all caps), is a Venezuelan-American singer and songwriter from Miami, Florida.

As a collaborator, Rose is perhaps best known for working with Mexican-American singer Becky G, notably on songs such as "Dollar" (with Myke Towers), "Muchacha" (with Gente de Zona), "No Drama" (with Ozuna), and "Mamiii" (with Karol G). As a songwriter, Rose's credits include numerous collaborations with many international artists, including with Alejandro Sanz, Anitta, Christina Aguilera, CNCO, Emilia Mernes, Jennifer Lopez, Lali, Ludmilla, Luísa Sonza, Maluma, Marc Anthony María Becerra, Natti Natasha, Piso 21, Rauw Alejandro, Shakira and Tini, among others.

In 2020, Rose released her debut single, "Sandunga".
San Salvador de Tábara Monastery
San Salvador de Tábara Monastery was a monastery in the town of Tábara, Province of Zamora, Spain. It was founded at the end of the 9th century after Alfonso III of Asturias's victory at the battle of Polvoraria.

Its 12th-century tower survives, now part of the church of Santa Maria. The monastery is notable as the home of the scriptorium which produced the Tábara Beatus, Morgan Beatus and Gerona Beatus.

Gerona Beatus
The Girona Beatus is a 10th-century illuminated manuscript in the museum of Girona Cathedral, Catalonia, Spain.

The manuscript contains two separate works: the Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liébana, a late eighth-century work popular in medieval Spain and Jerome's commentary on the Book of Daniel. It includes 284 extant folios, each measuring 400 mm by 260 mm, copiously illustrated with 184 surviving miniatures, and has been described as "one of the most richly decorated of the Beatus Commentaries, and one of the best documented."
Oxford University Tape Recording Society
The Oxford University Tape Recording Society (OUTRS) was a student's club of recording enthusiasts that has existed at Oxford from at least 1966 until at least 1976. Among its members were AES fellow Michael Gerzon and Peter Craven, co-inventors of the Soundfield microphone, Nimbus Records director Jonathan Halliday and sound engineer and prolific Ambisonic recordist Paul Hodges (father of pianist Nicolas Hodges).

The OUTRS' recordings have been quoted in early listening experiments on four-speaker stereo reproduction. Subsequently, the society conducted some ground-breaking experiments in full-sphere surround recording, laying the foundation for the development of the Ambisonic surround sound system.

Audio Engineering Society
The Audio Engineering Society (AES) is a professional body for engineers, scientists, other individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. The membership largely comprises engineers developing devices or products for audio, and persons working in audio content production. It also includes acousticians, audiologists, academics, and those in other disciplines related to audio. The AES is the only worldwide professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology.

Established in 1948, the Society develops, reviews and publishes engineering standards for the audio and related media industries, and produces the AES Conventions, which are held twice a year alternating between Europe and the US. The AES and individual regional or national sections also hold AES Conferences on different topics during the year.
Inferno (Motörhead album)
Inferno is the seventeenth studio album by British rock band Motörhead, released on 22 June 2004. It was their eighth with the Steamhammer label, and second under Sanctuary Records and its subsidiary Metal-Is in North America and certain territories.

Sanctuary Records
Sanctuary Records Group Limited was a record label based in the United Kingdom and is, as of 2013, a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management solely for reissues. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owner of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs.
2016 Striping Technology 350
The 2016 Striping Technology 350 was the 21st stock car race of the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, the second race of the Round of 6, and the 18th iteration of the event. The race was held on Friday, November 4, 2016, in Fort Worth, Texas, at Texas Motor Speedway, a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) permanent tri-oval shaped speedway. The race took the scheduled 147 laps to complete. Johnny Sauter, driving for GMS Racing, made a pass on Matt Crafton for the win with 2 laps to go, and earned his 13th career NASCAR Camping World Truck Series win, and his third of the season. Spencer Gallagher mainly dominated the race, leading 88 laps. To fill out the podium, Daniel Hemric, driving for Brad Keselowski Racing, would finish in 3rd, respectively.

Matt Crafton
Matthew Justin Crafton (born June 11, 1976) is an American semi-retired professional stock car racing driver. He competes part-time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, driving a Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing. For 25 years, he competed full-time in the Truck Series, driving ThorSport's No. 88 truck for all but one year from 2001 to 2025.

A long-time veteran of the series, Crafton is a three-time champion, winning the championship in 2013, 2014, and 2019. He is regarded as one of the greatest drivers in Truck Series history. With the exception of 2004, Crafton has spent his entire truck series career driving for ThorSport Racing along with longtime sponsor Menards. He holds the record for most consecutive truck series starts with 591. Following the conclusion of the 2025, he stepped down from full-time competition, choosing to instead run a few select races a season going forward.
YHWH Nailgun
YHWH Nailgun (pronounced Yahweh Nailgun) is an American experimental rock band formed in 2020, known for their abrasive sound that blends elements of punk, noise, and electronic music. The quartet consists of vocalist Zack Borzone, drummer Sam Pickard, guitarist Saguiv Rosenstock, and synthesist Jack Tobias. Their debut album, 45 Pounds, released in 2025 on the London label AD 93, received critical acclaim for its innovative approach to post-rock, post-punk and noise rock.

Noise rock
Noise rock is a subgenre of rock music that originally emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Artists fuse rock music to noise, while utilizing extreme levels of guitar distortion and feedback, primarily through the use of electric guitars.
Tengku Mohd Adam
Tengku Mohd Adam bin Tengku Mohd Rosly (born 19 August 1983) is a Malaysian footballer who currently plays for Perlis FA. He was also part of the Malaysia U-23 squad in 2004.

He started his career by playing with Terengganu. He later joined Pahang in 2005, but had only a role as a substitute. He then transferred to Shahzan Muda FC and earned a spot in the first eleven. He later joined PKNS FC in the 2006/07 season.

Perlis FA State Football Team
Perlis FA State Football Team (Malay: Pasukan Bola Sepak Negeri Perlis), also known as Perlis FA, was a football team based in Kangar, Perlis, run and managed by the Perlis Football Association (PFA). The team was founded in 1963.

It was one of the 14 state teams of the Malaysian football structure, before the Malaysian football league demanded all teams competing in the country's top two leagues to be run as professional clubs by 2021. Perlis FA was funded and run by a state football association that relied mostly on state government grants. There were plans to privatize the team after Ahmad Amizal Shaifit Ahmad was elected PFA president in 2018, but the move did not materialise because the association fell into financial crisis the following year. Their participation in the Malaysian football league was subsequently cancelled.
Dakota Beef
Dakota Grass-Fed Beef is an American premium organic beef producer, providing grass-fed and grass-finished beef made from cattle that never receive added hormones or antibiotics. Cattle are raised on lush pastures without pesticides and are not fed any kind of grain.

The company provides organic grass-fed steaks, ground beef, corned beef brisket, and hot dogs to major supermarkets,  natural foods stores, distributors, and food service accounts across the United States. The grass-fed ground beef is sold directly to consumers online at Meyer Market.

Dakota Beef is owned by Bob Meyer and is part of the Meyer Natural Foods family of brands, with headquarters in Loveland, Colorado. Dakota Beef was added to the Meyer portfolio in 2010. Dakota Beef holds an organic certification with the USDA and uses the USDA Organic seal on packaging.

In 2021 Dakota Grass Fed Ground Beef was ranked #1 best beef product by Eat This, Not That for low calories and high flavor.

Consumer
A consumer is a person or a group who intends to order, or use purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household and similar needs, who is not directly related to entrepreneurial or business activities.  The term most commonly refers to a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.
1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran
The 1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran was a significant ethnic and political rebellion led by Iranian Turkmens in Golestan province in the immediate aftermath of the Iranian Revolution. Motivated by longstanding grievances as an ethnic and religious minority in Iran, the Turkmen rebels demanded autonomy, land reform, and recognition of their identity.

Golestan province
Golestan province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country and southeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Gorgan, formerly called Esterabad until 1937. Golestan was split off from Mazandaran Province in 1997.

Golestan province borders Turkmenistan to the north. One of the key border points between the two countries is Incheh Borun, which serves as a vital crossing point.

The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014. The majority of its population are Shia Muslims.
10th century BC
The 10th century BC comprises the years from 1000 BC to 901 BC. This period followed the Late Bronze Age collapse in the Near East, and the century saw the Early Iron Age take hold there. The Greek Dark Ages which had come about in 1200 BC continued. The Neo-Assyrian Empire is established towards the end of the 10th century BC. In the Iron Age in India, the Vedic period is ongoing. In China, the Zhou dynasty is in power. Bronze Age Europe continued with Urnfield culture. Japan was inhabited by an evolving hunter-gatherer society during the Jōmon period.

Siamun
Neterkheperre or Netjerkheperre-Setepenamun Siamun was the sixth pharaoh of Egypt during the Twenty-first Dynasty. He built extensively in Lower Egypt for a king of the Third Intermediate Period and is regarded as one of the most powerful rulers of the Twenty-first Dynasty after Psusennes I. Siamun's prenomen, Netjerkheperre-Setepenamun, means "Divine is The Manifestation of Ra, Chosen of Amun" while his name means 'son of Amun.'
Morina (tribe)
Morina tribe (Albanian: fisi Morinë or fisi Marin) is a small tribe and historical region of the Highlands of Gjakova in Albania and Kosovo. The border post between Albania and Kosovo called Qafë Morinë (Morina Pass) lies on Morina territory, however the Morina have settled various parts of Kosovo, in particular Gjakova, Dardana and Gjilan.

Kamenica, Kosovo
Kamenica or Dardana (Albanian indefinite form: Kamenicë or Dardanë), or Kosovska Kamenica (Serbian Cyrillic: Косовска Каменица), is a town and municipality located in the Gjilan District of Kosovo. According to the 2024 census, the municipality of Kamenica has 22,868 inhabitants, while the town has 5,206 inhabitants.
Coralliidae
Coralliidae, also known as precious corals, is a taxonomic family of soft corals belonging to the order Scleralcyonacea of the phylum Cnidaria. These sessile corals are one of the most dominant members of hard-bottomed benthic environments such as seamounts, canyons and continental shelves. From this coral family results 69 descendants in which each species plays a key role in forming habitats for a variety of marine species.

Due to their unique trait of possessing a red calcium carbonate skeleton, these corals can be harvested in order to create handcrafted amulets, jewelry and other valuable artifacts, giving rise to its reputed name of "precious corals". Correspondingly, members of this family are vulnerable to the negative impacts of overharvestation imposed by mass coral trade.

Scleralcyonacea
Scleralcyonacea is an order of the class Octocorallia.

It combines the traditional taxa Calcaxonia (except the genus Isis), Pennatulacea and Helioporacea, as well as a part of Scleraxonia and a part of Stolonifera, and the genera Ideogorgia and Parasphaerasclera. See below for a more detailed description.
One Good Turn (1955 film)
One Good Turn is a 1955 British comedy film directed by John Paddy Carstairs and starring Norman Wisdom, Joan Rice, Shirley Abicair and Thora Hird. It was written by Maurice Cowan, Carstairs, Ted Willis, Sid Colin and Talbot Rothwell.

The main setting of the film is an English children's home, located south of London.

Sid Colin
Sid Colin (born Sidney Coblentz; 31 August 1915 – 12 December 1989) was an English scriptwriter, working for radio, television and the cinema. He is best remembered for creating the television comedy The Army Game (1957–1959) and writing for Up Pompeii! (1969–1970), as well as films including Carry On Spying and Percy's Progress.  He occasionally collaborated with regular Carry On series writer Talbot Rothwell.  Earlier in his career, he was a musician and occasional lyricist.
Circeo National Park
Circeo National Park (Italian: Parco Nazionale del Circeo) is an Italian national park founded in 1934. It occupies a strip of coastal land from Anzio to Terracina, including also a sector of forest in the mainland of San Felice Circeo, and the island of Zannone.

The park was established by order of Benito Mussolini, under advice from Senator Raffaele Bastianelli, to preserve the last remains of the Pontine Marshes which were being reclaimed in that period. It is the only national park in Italy to occupy only a plain and coastal area. It reaches from approximately Pontinia in the north to Sabaudia in the south.

Anzio
Anzio (/ˈænzioʊ/, also US: /ˈɑːntsioʊ/; Italian: [ˈantsjo]) is a resort town and comune in the Lazio region of Italy, about 51 kilometres (32 mi) south of Rome.

Well known for its seaside resorts, it is a fishing port and a departure point for ferries and hydroplanes to the Pontine Islands of Ponza, Palmarola, and Ventotene. The town bears great historical significance as the site of Operation Shingle, a crucial landing by the Allies during the Italian Campaign of World War II.
Atoko Point
Atoko Point is a 8,382 ft-cliff-elevation Point located in the eastern Grand Canyon, Coconino County of northern Arizona, United States. It is about 6.5 miles south-southeast of the northernmost point on the east of the North Rim (Point Imperial), but most of the points south, are on the East Rim (or South Rim) of the sub-plateau, the Walhalla Plateau. Atoko Point is 1.3 miles southeast of Roosevelt Point, and also 2.6 miles southeast of the Vista Encantada viewpoint. Two headwater canyons of Upper Kwagunt Creek and Canyon bisect around Atoko Point, and drain east to the south-flowing Colorado River, about 6.5 miles east, in the southernmost stretch of Marble Canyon. Atoko Point lies about one mile east of the Cape Royal Road.The cliff of Atoko Point is composed of Kaibab Limestone, upon Toroweap Formation, on white cliffs of Coconino Sandstone. Below is soft erodible, dk-burnt red Hermit Shale, on bright-red-orange Supai Group layers (4 units).

Kaibab Limestone
The Kaibab Limestone is a resistant cliff-forming, Permian geologic formation that crops out across the U.S. states of northern Arizona, southern Utah, east central Nevada and southeast California.  It is also known as the Kaibab Formation in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. The Kaibab Limestone forms the rim of the Grand Canyon. In the Big Maria Mountains, California, the Kaibab Limestone is highly metamorphosed and known as the Kaibab Marble.
Operation Valiancy
Operation Valiancy (Filipino: Oplan Kagitingan) was the initial military operation of the 2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which took place in Maguindanao (before the province's division), Philippines. The Philippine Army, primarily units of its 6th Infantry Division, assaulted Moro Islamic Liberation Front forces in the Talayan-Shariff Aguak-Datu Piang area of Maguindanao and captured Camp Omar ibn al-Khattab, its third largest camp located there. Camp Omar, named after Umar, a senior Sahabi of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, served as the headquarters of the 206th BIAF brigade under Ameril Umbra Kato and was defended by 500 guerillas. Camp Jabal Uhob, another MILF camp in the area, was also captured. Planned to be a week-long operation, Valiancy took only two days to realize its objectives.

Military operation
A military operation (op) is the coordinated military actions of a state, or a non-state actor, in response to a developing situation. These actions are designed as a military plan to resolve the situation in the state or actor's favor. Operations may be of a combat or non-combat nature and may be referred to by a code name for the purpose of national security. Military operations are often known for their more generally accepted common usage names than their actual operational objectives.
Risu Akizuki
Risu Akizuki (秋月 りす, Akizuki Risu, born September 16, 1957, in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan) is the pen name of a Japanese four-panel manga artist. She made her professional manga debut with Okusama Shinkaron in 1988. Her most famous work is OL Shinkaron. She won the 8th Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 2004.

Yonkoma
Yonkoma manga (4コマ漫画; "four cell manga" or 4-koma for short) is a comic strip format that generally consists of gag comic strips within four panels of equal size, following a structure known as kishōtenketsu.
Anti-Infiltration Act
The Anti-Infiltration Act (Chinese: 反滲透法) is a law regulating the influence of entities deemed foreign hostile forces on the political processes of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan), including elections and referendums. The act was passed by the Legislative Yuan on 31 December 2019 and promulgated by the Tsai Ing-wen presidential administration on 15 January 2020. The law has been used to prosecute individuals connected to united front organizations in Taiwan.

Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)
The Ministry of Justice (MOJ; Chinese: 法務部; pinyin: Fǎwùbù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hoat-bū-pō͘) is a ministerial level body of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan), responsible for carrying out various regulatory and prosecutorial functions.