hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
GIS in geospatial intelligence
Geographic information systems (GIS) play a constantly evolving role in geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) and United States national security. These technologies allow a user to efficiently manage, analyze, and produce geospatial data, to combine GEOINT with other forms of intelligence collection, and to perform highly developed analysis and visual production of geospatial data.  Therefore, GIS produces up-to-date and more reliable GEOINT to reduce uncertainty for a decisionmaker.  Since GIS programs are Web-enabled, a user can constantly work with a decision maker to solve their GEOINT and national security related problems from anywhere in the world.  There are many types of GIS software used in GEOINT and national security, such as Google Earth, ERDAS IMAGINE, GeoNetwork opensource, and Esri ArcGIS.

Geographic information system software
A GIS software program is a computer program to support the use of a geographic information system, providing the ability to create, store, manage, query, analyze, and visualize geographic data, that is, data representing phenomena for which location is important. The GIS software industry encompasses a broad range of commercial and open-source products that provide some or all of these capabilities within various information technology architectures.
Kargman
Kargman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Harry Kargman, founder and CEO of Kargo, husband of Jill

Jill Kargman, American author, writer and actress, wife of Harry

Yisrael Kargman, Israeli politician

Jill Kargman
Jill Kargman is an American author, writer and actress. A common theme in her works is critical examination of the lives of wealthy women in her city. Her 2007 Momzillas was adapted into the Bravo television show Odd Mom Out, which premiered June 8, 2015.
Hate (band)
Hate is a blackened death metal band from Poland. The band was formed in 1990 by guitarist and vocalist Adam "ATF Sinner" Buszko, guitarist Quack and drummer Mittloff. The band lineup has changed many times over the years. They have released thirteen full-length studio albums to date, as well as a number of early demos and EPs. Their most recent album, Bellum Regiis, was released on 2 May 2025 through Metal Blade Records.

Blackened death metal
Blackened death metal (also known as black death metal) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that fuses elements of black metal and death metal.

The genre emerged in early 1990s when black metal bands began incorporating elements of death metal and vice versa. The genre typically employs death growls, tremolo picking, blast beats, and Satanic lyrics and imagery. Bands of the genre typically employ corpse paint, which was adapted from black metal.
Alessandra Cappa
Alessandra Cappa (born 19 May 1982) is a backstroke swimmer from Italy who won the bronze medal in the women's 50 metres backstroke event at the 2004 European Championships. She represented her native country a couple of months later at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

2004 European Aquatics Championships
The 2004 LEN European Championships were held in Madrid, Spain from 5–16 May, at the M86 Swimming Center in the southeast of the city. The championships brought together the European Championships in swimming (long course), open water swimming, diving and synchronised swimming. Since the event was held less than three months before the Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, some of the participating nations used the event therefore as a qualifying tournament for the Olympics.
Windows Address Book
Windows Address Book was a component of Microsoft Windows that lets users keep a single list of contacts that can be shared by multiple programs. It is most commonly used by Outlook Express. It was introduced with Internet Explorer 3 in 1996 and improved in subsequent versions. The Windows Address Book API can query LDAP servers or read/write data to a local .wab file. In Windows Vista, Windows Address Book was replaced with Windows Contacts.

Microsoft Outlook
Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager software system from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft 365 software suite. Primarily popular as an email client for businesses, Outlook also includes functions such as calendaring, task managing, contact managing, note-taking, journal logging, web browsing, and RSS news aggregation.

Individuals can use Outlook as a stand-alone application; organizations can deploy it as multi-user software (through Microsoft Exchange Server or SharePoint) for shared functions such as mailboxes, calendars, folders, data aggregation (i.e., SharePoint lists), and as appointment scheduling apps.
Eastern Region of British Railways
The Eastern Region was a region of British Railways from 1948, whose operating area could be identified from the dark blue signs and colour schemes that adorned its station and other railway buildings. Together with the North Eastern Region (with which it amalgamated in 1967), it covered most lines of the former London and North Eastern Railway, except in Scotland. By 1988 the Eastern Region had been divided again into the Eastern Region and the new Anglia Region, with the boundary points being between Peterborough and Whittlesea, and between Royston and Meldreth. The region ceased to be an operating unit in its own right in the 1980s and was wound up at the end of 1992.

Royston railway station
Royston railway station serves the town of Royston, in Hertfordshire, England. The station is 44 miles 72 chains (72.3 km) from London Kings Cross on the Cambridge Line. Trains serving the station are operated by Thameslink and Great Northern.

The station is an important stop on the commuter line between King's Cross and Cambridge as the majority of semi-fast services between London and Cambridge stop at Royston; one exception is the Cambridge Cruiser fast services from London. It is also the last station before Cambridge with platforms capable of handling 12-car trains.  Therefore, it is used by many commuters, not only from Royston but also from smaller stations north of Royston, who transfer from stopping services to faster trains at the station.

Royston station is still labelled as Royston (Herts) on tickets and information displays, even though the station with the same name in South Yorkshire closed in 1968.
1882 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1882.

Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.

Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries.
A. S. O. Mensah
A. S. O. Mensah was a Ghanaian politician. He was the Regional Chief Executive (Regional Minister) of the Greater Accra Region from 1969 until 1972 when the Busia government was over thrown by the NRC military junta. As was the norm of the time, he was consequently imprisoned by the then military government together with state officials that had gained appointment in the Busia regime. He was released in 1973 by the same military government.

Mensah was an accountant by profession. He was an accountant at the Posts and Telecommunications (P&T) company (now Ghana Post, and Ghana Telecom) prior to his political appointment.

National Redemption Council
The National Redemption Council (NRC) was the ruling Ghana military government from 13 January 1972 to 9 October 1975. Its chairman was Colonel I. K. Acheampong, who was thus also the head of state of Ghana.
1996 Grolsch Open – Doubles
Marcelo Ríos and Sjeng Schalken were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Ríos with Jordi Burillo and Schalken with John-Laffnie de Jager.

de Jager and Schalken lost in the first round to Brett Hansen-Dent and T.J. Middleton.

Burillo and Ríos lost in the quarterfinals to David Rikl and Pavel Vízner.

Donald Johnson and Francisco Montana won in the final 6–4, 3–6, 6–2 against Rikard Bergh and Jack Waite.

John-Laffnie de Jager
John-Laffnie de Jager (born 17 March 1973) is a South African former tour professional tennis player.  A doubles specialist, de Jager reached the semi-finals for three different grand slam tournaments three times in three different years partnering three different fellow South African players.  de Jager is the current non-playing captain of the South Africa Davis Cup team.
Leontief utilities
In economics, especially in consumer theory, a Leontief utility function is a function of the form:

where:

is the number of different goods in the economy.

(for ) is the amount of good  in the bundle.

(for ) is the weight of good  for the consumer.

This form of utility function was first conceptualized by Wassily Leontief.

Wassily Leontief
Wassily Wassilyevich Leontief (Russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Лео́нтьев; August 5, 1905 – February 5, 1999) was a Soviet-American economist known for his research on input–output analysis and how changes in one economic sector may affect other sectors.

Leontief was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1973, and four of his doctoral students have also been awarded the prize (Paul Samuelson 1970, Robert Solow 1987, Vernon L. Smith 2002, Thomas Schelling 2005).
Ainbal
Ainbal (Arabic: عينبال) is a village and municipality in the Chouf District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate in Lebanon. It is located 50 kilometers southeast of Beirut. Its average elevation is 850 meters above sea level and its total land area is 360 hectares. In 2010, Ainbal had 1,813 registered voters. Ainbal's inhabitants are predominantly Druze.

Among several theories regarding the village name's origin is that is derived from the Aramaic word for "divine eye". In Ainbal's immediate vicinity are numerous caves and the ruins of Kouroum el-Qarya (Vineyard Village), which are situated on a hill above the village.

Chouf District
Chouf (also spelled Shouf, Shuf or Chuf; Arabic: جبل الشوف, romanized: Jabal ash-Shouf) is a historic region of Lebanon, as well as an administrative district in the governorate (muhafazat) of Mount Lebanon.
Mike McLeod (actor)
Mike McLeod is a Canadian film and television actor, best known for his performance as The Priest in the television series Forgive Me.

Originally from London, Ontario, he is the son of lawyer and University of Western Ontario law professor James McLeod and Ontario Superior Court justice Margaret McSorley. McLeod moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 2003 to attend Dalhousie University. His play Good For Nothings was staged in 2013.

He received a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Actor in a Drama Series at the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards in 2015 for his work on Forgive Me. From 2015 through 2017, he won a record-breaking three back to back ACTRA Awards for Best Lead Actor for his role as The Priest in Forgive Me.

He has also had supporting roles in the television series Sex & Violence, Haven, The Flash, The Man in the High Castle, the web series Moderation Town and Forgive Me Web Confessions and the short film Argus.

Superior Court of Justice (Ontario)
The Superior Court of Justice (French: Cour supérieure de justice) is a superior court in Ontario. The Court sits in 52 locations across the province, including 17 Family Court locations, and consists of over 300 federally appointed judges.

In 1999, the Superior Court of Justice was renamed from the Ontario Court (General Division). The Superior Court is one of two divisions of the Court of Ontario. The other division is the lower court, the Ontario Court of Justice. The Superior Court has three specialized branches: Divisional Court, Small Claims Court, and Family Court.

The Superior Court has inherent jurisdiction over civil, criminal, and family law matters at common law. Although the Court has inherent jurisdiction, the authority of the Court has been entrenched in the Canadian Constitution.
Benefis
Benefis is a weekly one-hour talk show hosted by Armenian presenter Avet Barseghyan, and airing on Yerevan-based Public Television company of Armenia. The show featured one-on-one interviews with notable residents of Armenia, their best performances, and interesting facts about their lives and creative paths. The talk-show aired every Sunday.

Aram Mp3
Aram Avetiki Sargsyan (Armenian: Արամ Ավետիքի Սարգսյան; born 5 April 1984), known professionally as Aram Mp3 (Armenian: Արամ Mp3; often stylized as Aram MP3), is an Armenian singer and comedian. He represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with the song "Not Alone", which finished in fourth place.
Sérgio Ricardo (footballer)
Sérgio Ricardo Messias Neves (born 22 May 1974), also known as Sérgio Ricardo or Serginho,  is a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward. He played for Fenerbahçe and Sakaryaspor in Turkey, Al-Ittihad, Al-Ahli and Al-Sadd in Qatar, Al-Hilal in Saudi Arabia, and Al Ain and Al Nasr in United Arab Emirates.

Al-Nasr SC (Dubai)
Al-Nasr CSC (Arabic: نادي النصر الرياضي, romanized: nādī an-naṣr ar-riyāḍī, lit. 'Victory Sports Club') is an Emirati professional football club based in Al Nasr, Dubai and competes in the UAE Pro League. Al-Nasr, literally translating to "victory" in Arabic, was founded in 1945 and is considered as the first and oldest club in the United Arab Emirates.
Clupeacharax
Clupeacharax is a monospecific genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triportheidae, the hatchet characins or keeled characins. The only species in this genus is Clupeacharax anchoveoides. This species is found in South America in the upper Amazon basin, and in the basins of the Paraná and Paraguay Rivers. This genus is one of two genera within the subfamily Clupeacharacinae.

Paraguay River
The Paraguay River (Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Río Paraguay in Spanish) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil and Paraguay and forming parts of the Paraguay-Argentina, Brazil-Bolivia, and Brazil-Paraguay borders. It flows about 2,621 kilometres (1,629 mi) from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia.
Ōsumi Kokubun-ji
The Ōsumi Kokubun-ji (大隅国分寺) was a Buddhist temple located in what is now the Kokubu neighborhood of the city of Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan. It was one of the provincial temples per the system established by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710 – 794) for the purpose of promoting Buddhism as the national religion of Japan and standardising imperial rule over the provinces. The temple no longer exists, but the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1921. In May 2004, the Miyatagaoka Tile Kiln Ruins (宮田ヶ岡瓦窯跡, Miyatagaoka karawa-gama ato) was added to the National Historic Site designation.

Buddhism in Japan
Buddhism was first established in Japan in the 6th century CE. Most of the Japanese Buddhists belong to new schools of Buddhism which were established in the Kamakura period (1185－1333). During the Edo period (1603–1868), Buddhism was controlled by the feudal Shogunate. The Meiji period (1868–1912) saw a strong response against Buddhism, with persecution and a forced separation between Buddhism and Shinto (Shinbutsu bunri).

The largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are Pure Land Buddhism with 22 million believers, followed by Nichiren Buddhism with 10 million believers, Shingon Buddhism with 5.4 million, Zen Buddhism with 5.3 million, Tendai Buddhism with 2.8 million, and only about 700,000 for the six old schools established in the Nara period (710－794).
Thill (surname)
Thill is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Francis Augustine Thill (1893–1957), American Roman Catholic bishop

Georges Thill (1897–1984), French opera singer

Lewis D. Thill (1903–1975), American politician

Jang Thill (1913–1984), Luxembourgish painter

Roland Thill (1954–2017), Luxembourgish footballer

Agnès Thill (born 1964), French politician

Tom Thill (born 1990), Luxembourgish cyclist

Sébastien Thill (born 1993), Luxembourgish footballer

Olivier Thill (born 1996), Luxembourgish footballer

Vincent Thill (born 2000), Luxembourgish footballer

Jessie Thill (born 1996), Luxembourgish politician

Georges Thill
Georges Thill (14 December 1897 – 17 October 1984) was a French opera singer, often considered to be his country's greatest lyric-dramatic tenor. Born in Paris, his career lasted from 1924 to 1953, peaking during the 1930s.
2017 World RX of Great Britain
The 2017 World RX of Great Britain was the fifth round of the fourth season of the FIA World Rallycross Championship. The event was held at Lydden Hill Race Circuit in Wootton, Kent and also played host to the fourth round of the 2017 FIA European Rallycross Championship. It also hosted the second round of the 2017 RX2 International Series, the support category of the World Rallycross Championship.

Timo Scheider was absent due to racing for BMW Motorsport in the 24 Hours Nürburgring. British touring car champion Andrew Jordan replaced Scheider at MJP Racing Team Austria. This was Jordan's third appearance at the World RX of Great Britain, having previously finished third in 2014 and seventh in 2015.

Lydden Hill Race Circuit
Lydden Hill Race Circuit (formerly known as Lydden Circuit) is a motorsport venue in Denton with Wootton, about half-way between Canterbury and Dover in Kent, England. The mile-long circuit is mainly used for Rallycross, Drift, Saloon and Sports car racing as well as Motorcycle racing.

It is the shortest road racing circuit in the United Kingdom. The track was previously owned by the McLaren Group and is one of two motor racing circuits in the county of Kent, along with Brands Hatch.
Dawid Bezuidenhout
Dawid Bezuidenhout (7 September 1935, in Keetmanshoop – 7 August 1998, in Windhoek) was a teacher and politician in South West Africa (now Namibia).

A teacher by profession, Bezuidenhout entered politics in South West Africa in 1959 as the founding vice president of the South West Africa Coloured Organisation. In 1985, Bezuidenhout became the minister of transport of the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU), a puppet government of South Africa prior to Namibia's independence. The TGNU chairmanship operated under a quarterly rotational system, and Bezuidenhout was named the first chairman of the TGNU as transport minister. In 1987 he chaired the TNGU again for 3 months. Then a member of the Namibia's Labour Party, Bezuidenhout eventually became a founding member of the United Democratic Front from 1989 to 1995.

Dawid Bezuidenhout High School in Khomasdal is named after him.

Bezuidenhout retired from politics in 1995 and died on 7 August 1998 in Windhoek.

United Democratic Front (Namibia)
The United Democratic Front (UDF) is a political party in Namibia. Justus ǁGaroëb founded the party in 1989 and led it until 2013. The party president since January 2024 is Hendrik Gaobaeb. The UDF is represented in the National Assembly (2 seats) and the National Council (2 seats). 1 regional councillor and 21 local councillors are from the UDF.
Lazarus Fletcher
Sir Lazarus Fletcher (3 March 1854 – 6 January 1921) was a British geologist.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1889 and won the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society in 1912. Fletcher was knighted in 1916.

Fletcher was Keeper of Mineralogy at the Natural History Museum from 1880 to 1909, and director from 1909 to 1919.

Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows.

Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a registered charity, no. 210161
. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members.

The mission of the society is: "Making geologists acquainted with each other, stimulating their zeal, inducing them to adopt one nomenclature, facilitating the communication of new facts and ascertaining what is known in their science and what remains to be discovered".
Clathria aceratoobtusa
Clathria aceratoobtusa is a species of sponge in the family Microcionidae. The genus Clathria is subdivided into a number of subgenera, and it is in the subgenus Microciona. It is native to shallow water habitats in the Indo-Pacific region. The type locality is the Gulf of Thailand.

Gulf of Thailand
The Gulf of Thailand, historically known as the Gulf of Siam, is a shallow inlet adjacent to the southwestern South China Sea, bounded between the southwestern shores of Mainland Southeast Asia and the northern half of the Malay Peninsula. It is around 800 km (500 mi) in length and up to 560 km (350 mi) in width, and has a surface area of 320,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi). The gulf is surrounded on the north, west and southwest by the coastlines of Thailand; on the northeast by Cambodia; and the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. It opens to the South China Sea in the southeast.
2018 American Athletic Conference women's soccer tournament
The 2018 American Athletic Conference women's soccer tournament is the postseason women's soccer tournament for the American Athletic Conference held from October 31 to November 4, 2018. The five-match tournament will take place at the home field of the regular season champion. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The South Florida Bulls are the defending tournament champions. The Memphis Tiger's win was the program's first and also the first for coach Brooks Monaghan.

South Florida Bulls women's soccer
The South Florida Bulls women's soccer team represents the University of South Florida in the sport of soccer. The Bulls currently compete in the American Conference within Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The Bulls play in Corbett Stadium along with USF's men's soccer team, which opened in 2011. Prior to that, they played at what is now the USF Track and Field Stadium.

The Bulls have reached the NCAA tournament seven times and have won seven combined regular season and tournament conference championships.
That Which Survives
"That Which Survives" is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. Written by John Meredyth Lucas (based on a story by D.C. Fontana under the pseudonym Michael Richards) and directed by Herb Wallerstein, it was first broadcast January 24, 1969.

In the episode, the crew of the Enterprise visit an abandoned planet guarded by a mysterious woman.

Memory Alpha
Memory Alpha is a wiki encyclopedia for topics related to the Star Trek fictional universe. Created by Harry Doddema and Dan Carlson, it uses the wiki model and is hosted by Fandom on the MediaWiki software. As of November 2025, Memory Alpha contains over 63,000 articles in its English language edition. The site is also available in several other languages.