hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Confidential incident reporting
A confidential incident reporting system is a mechanism which allows problems in safety-critical fields such as aviation and medicine to be reported in confidence. This allows events to be reported which otherwise might not be reported through fear of blame or reprisals against the reporter. Analysis of the reported incidents can provide insight into how those events occurred, which can spur the development of measures to make the system safer.

Blame
Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise. When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, it may be said that their action is praiseworthy. There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sense.
Coleman–Mandula theorem
In theoretical physics, the Coleman–Mandula theorem is a no-go theorem stating that spacetime and internal symmetries can only combine in a trivial way. This means that the charges associated with internal symmetries must always transform as Lorentz scalars. Some notable exceptions to the no-go theorem are conformal symmetry and supersymmetry. It is named after Sidney Coleman and Jeffrey Mandula who proved it in 1967 as the culmination of a series of increasingly generalized no-go theorems investigating how internal symmetries can be combined with spacetime symmetries. The supersymmetric generalization is known as the Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius theorem.

Lorentz scalar
In a relativistic theory of physics, a Lorentz scalar is a scalar expression whose value is invariant under any Lorentz transformation. A Lorentz scalar may be generated from, for example, the scalar product of vectors, or by contracting a tensor. While the components of the contracted quantities may change under Lorentz transformations, the Lorentz scalars remain unchanged.

A simple Lorentz scalar in Minkowski spacetime is the spacetime distance ("length" of their difference) of two fixed events in spacetime. While the "position"-4-vectors of the events change between different inertial frames, their spacetime distance remains invariant under the corresponding Lorentz transformation. Other examples of Lorentz scalars are the "length" of a 4-velocity (see below), or the Ricci curvature at a point in spacetime in general relativity, which is a contraction of the Riemann curvature tensor.
Herman Kristoffersen
Herman Kristoffersen (born 24 August 1947) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He is known as a former mayor of Tromsø.

Kristoffersen was elected mayor in 1999, and again in 2003. In 2003 however, he had to form a coalition with the Socialist Left Party in order to take office. Kristoffersen did not stand for re-election in 2007. He was succeeded by Arild Hausberg of the same party.

Kristoffersen is popularly known as Red Herman reflecting his former involvement in the Workers' Communist Party and the Red Electoral Alliance.

Red Electoral Alliance
Red Electoral Alliance (Bokmål: Rød Valgallianse, Nynorsk: Raud Valallianse, RV) was an alliance of far-left groups formed into a Norwegian political party to promote revolutionary socialism ideals into the Norwegian parliament. The party dissolved itself on 10 March 2007, when it participated in the founding of a new party, Red (Rødt).

Raud Ungdom or Rød Ungdom (Red Youth) was their youth organization.
Tatiana Ilyina
Tatiana Ilyina  (born (1965-01-01)1 January 1965) is a retired Ukrainian female volleyball player. She was part of the Ukraine women's national volleyball team.

She participated in the 1994 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. On club level she played with Olexandria Bila.

Ukraine women's national volleyball team
The Ukraine women's national volleyball team (Ukrainian: Жіноча збірна України з волейболу, Zhinocha zbirna Ukrai'ny z volejbolu) represents Ukraine in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the team first competed on the highest level under its own flag at the 1993 European Championship, winning the bronze medal.
Spencerville Covered Bridge
Spencerville Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located at Spencerville, Indiana. It was built in 1873, and spans the St. Joseph River. It is a Smith Type 4 truss bridge on concrete piers.  It measures 146 feet long and topped by a gable roof and sided with board-and-batten siding.  It is one of only six remaining Smith trusses in Indiana.: 2–3

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

The Spencerville Covered Bridge was identified as a top priority among the thousands of rural bridges in the United States worthy of repair in President Biden's “American Jobs Plan” proposed on March 31, 2021. The Bill must first be approved by The US Congress, including votes by Indiana's 3rd Congressional District Representative Jim Banks and US Senators Todd Young and Mike Braun.

Todd Young
Todd Christopher Young (born August 24, 1972) is an American politician and attorney serving as the senior United States senator from Indiana, a seat he has held since 2017. A member of the Republican Party, Young previously served as the U.S. representative for Indiana's 9th congressional district. He was elected to the United States Senate in the November 8, 2016, general election, succeeding retiring Republican Dan Coats, and became Indiana's senior senator in January 2019 when Joe Donnelly left the seat following his defeat. From 2019 to 2021, he served as the chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. Young was reelected in 2022.
WikiPilipinas
WikiPilipinas (formerly known as Wikipiniana) was an online, free content website which billed itself as a combination "non-academic encyclopedia", web portal, directory and almanac for Philippine-based knowledge. Like Wikipedia, it contains various articles on Philippine-related topics. Unlike Wikipedia, many of the articles cover topics that would otherwise be deemed unencyclopedic by the stricter Wikipedia. The service for example, promotes the concept of original research and eschews the larger encyclopedia's neutral point-of-view principle.

Conceived in late 2006 by Philippine publishing magnate Gaspar Vibal, WikiPilipinas (as Wikipiniana) officially went live on June 12, 2007, with several thousand Philippine-related articles forked from the English Wikipedia. Its name was officially changed from Wikipiniana to WikiPilipinas a few weeks later on July 7. The service was formally launched at the 28th Manila International Book Fair in late August of the same year.

Fork (software development)
In software development, a fork is a codebase that is created by duplicating an existing codebase and, generally, is subsequently modified independently of the original. Software built from a fork initially has identical behavior as software built from the original code, but as the source code is increasingly modified, the resulting software tends to have increasingly different behavior compared to the original. A fork is a form of branching, but generally involves storing the forked files separately from the original – not in the repository. Reasons for forking a codebase include user preference, stagnated or discontinued development of the original software or a schism in the developer community. Forking proprietary software (such as Unix) is prohibited by copyright law without explicit permission, but free and open-source software, by definition, may be forked without permission.
Kaprassery
Kaprassery is a village in the district of Ernakulam and is situated on the National Highway 544 (India) (Old NH47) that stretches from Salem to Kochi. It is located between the two major towns of the Indian state Kerala, namely, Aluva and Angamaly.

National Highway 544 (India)
National Highway 544, commonly referred to as NH 544, is a 340-kilometre-long (210 mi) National Highway in South India connecting Salem in Tamil Nadu to Kochi in Kerala. It is a spur of National Highway 44 and forms part of the North–South corridor of the National Highway Development Project. The highway passes through the cities of Erode, Tiruppur, Coimbatore, Palakkad, and Thrissur. It was formerly designated National Highway 47.
Macide Tanır
Macide Tanır (1 January 1922 – 6 February 2013) was a Turkish actress.

In 1943, she joined the Turkish State Theatres and continued her career on stage until 1985. In 1991, she was named a State Artist. Aside from her career on stage and cinema, she was also known for her roles as a voice actress.

Reşat Nuri Güntekin
Reşat Nuri Güntekin (Turkish pronunciation: [ɾeˈʃat nuːˈɾi ɟynteˈcin]) (25 November 1889 – 7 December 1956) was a Turkish novelist, storywriter, and playwright. His best known novel, Çalıkuşu ("The Wren", 1922) is about the destiny of a young Turkish female teacher in Anatolia. This work is translated into Persian by Seyyed Borhan Ghandili. His other significant novels include Dudaktan Kalbe ("From the Lips to the Heart", 1925), and Yaprak Dökümü ("The Fall of Leaves", 1930). Many of his novels have been adapted to cinema and television. Because he visited Anatolia with his duty as an inspector, he knew Anatolian people closely. In his works he dealt with life and social problems in Anatolia; reflects people in the human-environment relationship.
Interstate 795 (Maryland)
Interstate 795 (I-795), also known as the Northwest Expressway, is a nine-mile (14 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway linking Baltimore's northwestern suburbs of Pikesville, Owings Mills, and Reisterstown, Maryland, to the Baltimore Beltway (I-695). The route bypasses Maryland Route 140 (MD 140; Reisterstown Road), carrying part of the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA)'s Baltimore Metro SubwayLink in its median for a four-mile (6.4 km) stretch, and provides direct access to the former Owings Mills Mall. It never connects to its parent, I-95, except via I-695.

Maryland Transit Administration
The Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) is a state-operated mass transit administration in Maryland, and is part of the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT). The MTA operates a comprehensive transit system throughout the Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area. There are 80 bus lines serving the Baltimore Metropolitan Area, along with rail services that include the Baltimore Light RailLink, Baltimore Metro Subway, and MARC Train. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 67,092,400, or about 223,400 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

With 27% of Baltimore households lacking access to a car, the MTA is an important part of the regional transit picture. The system has many connections to other transit agencies of Central Maryland, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, and south-central Pennsylvania (Hanover, Harrisburg, and York): WMATA, Charm City Circulator, Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland, Annapolis Transit, Rabbit Transit, Ride-On, and TransIT.
Lithium orotate
Lithium orotate (C5H3LiN2O4) is a salt of orotic acid and lithium. It is marketed as a dietary supplement, and was studied between 1973 and 1986 as a treatment for medical conditions such as alcoholism and Alzheimer's disease.

It is available as the monohydrate, LiC5H3N2O4·H2O.  In this compound, lithium is non-covalently bound to an orotate ion, rather than to a carbonate or other ion, and like other salts, dissolves in solution to produce free lithium ions.

While lithium orotate is capable of providing lithium to the body, like lithium carbonate and other lithium salts, no systematic reviews support the efficacy of lithium orotate and it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition.

Hydrate
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.
Zone 91, Qatar
Zone 91 is a zone of the municipality of Al Wakrah in the state of Qatar. The main districts recorded in the 2015 population census were Al Thumama, Al Wukair, and Al Mashaf.

Other districts which fall within its administrative boundaries are Abu Sulba, Barwa Al Baraha, Birkat Al Awamer, Muaither Al Wukair, and Wadi Aba Seleel.

Barwa Al Baraha
Barwa Al Baraha (Arabic: بروة البراحة; popularly known as Barwa Village) is a residential and commercial area mostly for expatriates in the Doha Industrial Area located south of the Industrial Area in Al Wakrah Municipality in Qatar. The project aims to provide a reasonable standard of living as defined by the new Human Rights Legislation.
Green Mountain College
Green Mountain College was a private liberal arts college in Poultney, Vermont, at the foot of the Taconic Mountains between the Green Mountains and Adirondacks. The college was affiliated with the United Methodist Church and offered a liberal arts undergraduate education with a focus on the environment, and some graduate degrees. For part of its history it was a women's college. It was founded in 1834 and closed at the end of the 2018–19 academic year.

Women's college
Women's colleges in higher education are undergraduate, bachelor's degree-granting institutions, often liberal arts colleges, whose student populations are composed exclusively or almost exclusively of women. Some women's colleges admit male students to their graduate schools or in smaller numbers to undergraduate programs, but all serve a primarily female student body.
Libby Connors
Elizabeth Louise Alice Connors (born 8 August 1960) is associate professor of history at the University of Southern Queensland.

In 1992, Connors co-wrote Australia's Frontline: Remembering the 1939–45 War with Lynette Finch, Kay Saunders and Helen Taylor.

In 1999, Connors published A History of the Australian Environment Movement with co-author Drew Hutton.

In 2015 Connors received the Queensland Premier's Award for a work of State Significance for Warrior: A Legendary Leader's Dramatic Life and Violent Death on the Colonial Frontier. The book followed Dalla lawman Dundalli from his life in southeast Queensland to his execution outside Brisbane gaol on 5 January 1855.

Dundalli
Dundalli (c. 1820 – 5 January 1855) was an Aboriginal lawman who figured prominently in accounts of conflict between British settlers and indigenous aboriginal peoples in the area of Brisbane in South East Queensland. Traditionally described as a murderer, savage and terrorist, he is now thought variously to have been a guerrilla leader or to have coordinated a decade-long resistance to British colonization the area. He was hanged publicly in Brisbane in 1855 by order of the Sheriff of New South Wales.
Fulda University of Applied Sciences
Fulda University of Applied Sciences (officially named Hochschule Fulda – University of Applied Sciences) is located in the city of Fulda, within the Fulda district of Hesse, southwest Germany.

Formerly known as Fachhochschule Fulda, it was founded as the fifth state University of Applied Sciences in Hesse in 1974. Today, Fulda University of Applied Sciences is the first German University of Applied Sciences to have been conferred the right to award PhD degrees.

Southern Germany
Southern Germany (German: Süddeutschland, [ˈzyːtˌdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ) is a region of Germany that includes the areas in which Upper German dialects are spoken, which includes the stem duchies of Bavaria and Swabia in present-day Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, and the southern portion of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate that were part of the Duchy of Franconia. These regions are a genetic mix of Gallo-Roman and later Germanic peoples such as the Suebi,  Franks, and Alemanni.

German-speaking Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Alsace, and South Tyrol are also historically, culturally, and linguistically associated with the region.
1932 Paris–Roubaix
The 1932 Paris–Roubaix was the 33rd edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 27 March 1932 and stretched 255 km (158 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Romain Gijssels from Belgium.

Velodrome
A velodrome is an arena for track cycling. Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve.
Nissan VE engine
The VE engine is a 3.0 L (2,960 cc) piston V6 engine from Nissan. It is based on the Nissan VG engine and was only used for the 1992, 1993, and 1994 model years. This engine has an iron block, aluminum cylinder heads with 4 valves per cylinder and dual overhead camshafts, variable valve timing on the intake camshafts, coil-on-plug ignition, and an available variable intake manifold (5-speed only). Additionally, the engine has a 10.0:1 compression ratio, a cylinder bore of 87.0 mm, and a piston stroke of 83.0 mm.

The most significant difference between the VE30DE and the VG30DE engine are the heads. The low under-hood clearance on the 1992–1994 J30 Nissan Maxima demanded a special head to be developed with 30°, rather than 46°, between the valves. Lack of space also demanded a redesigned camshaft drive system, so a special chain drive was developed. The camshafts are driven by a single primary and two secondary chains. The engine is otherwise similar to the VG30DE.

Reciprocating engine
C. Crankshaft

E. Exhaust camshaft

I. Intake camshaft

P. Piston

R. Connecting rod

S. Spark plug

W. Water jacket for coolant flow

V. Valves

A reciprocating engine, more often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the Stirling engine for niche applications. Internal combustion engines are further classified in two ways: either a spark-ignition (SI) engine, where the spark plug initiates the combustion; or a compression-ignition (CI) engine, where the air within the cylinder is compressed, thus heating it, so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then, in a diesel engine, or earlier, in a hot bulb engine.
Adorable (horse)
Adorable (アドラーブル, Hepburn: Adorāburu, 28 March 1989 – 23 April 2005) was a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse who won the second leg of Japanese Triple Tiara, the Yushun Himba, in 1992. Her total earnings were ¥225,459,000 after her racing career.

Japanese Classic Races
In horse racing in Japan, The Classics are a series of flat horse races. All of these races are organized by Japan Racing Association. Each classic is run once each year and is restricted to intact horses that are three years old (i.e., excluding geldings). Only the first five races are considered as classic whilst Shuka Sho were inaugurated in 1996 to replace Queen Elizabeth II Cup as the third leg of triple tiara.
1886 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles
Claude Farrer and Arthur Stanley defeated Patrick Bowes-Lyon and Herbert Wilberforce 7–5, 6–3, 6–1 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champions Ernest Renshaw and William Renshaw defeated Farrer and Stanley 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5 in the challenge round to win the gentlemen's doubles tennis title at the 1886 Wimbledon Championships.

Arthur J. Stanley
Arthur John Stanley (26 June 1853 – 16 July 1935) was an English sportsman and stockbroker. An association footballer, he was member of Clapham Rovers F.C., for whom he played as an outside-forward. He also played both singles and doubles tennis at Wimbledon.
Carbutt
Carbutt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Edward Carbutt (1838–1905), English mechanical engineer and politician

John Carbutt (1832-1905), English photographer and businessman

Noel Carbutt (1895–1964), English cricketer

Paul Carbutt (1950–2004), English cyclist

Diana Parikian, born Diana Carbutt, (1926–2012), British antiquarian bookseller

Noel Carbutt
Noel John Obelin Carbutt (25 December 1895 – 31 October 1964) was a first-class cricketer who played for Essex County Cricket Club and teams in India representing the Europeans. Carbutt was a leg-break bowler, making a total of 36 wickets in his 15 first-class matches at an average of 38.50.

Carbutt died in Durban, Natal, South Africa on 31 October 1964 at the age of 68.
2007–08 Swiss Challenge League
The 2007–08 Swiss Challenge League was the fifth season of the Swiss Challenge League, the second tier of the Swiss football league pyramid. It began on 20 July 2007 and ended on 12 May 2008. The champions of this season, FC Vaduz, earned promotion to the 2008–09 Super League. The runners-up AC Bellinzona won the promotion/relegation playoff against the 9th-placed team of the 2007–08 Super League, FC St. Gallen. The bottom four teams, SC Kriens, SR Delémont, FC Chiasso and SC Cham, were relegated to the 1. Liga.

SC Kriens
SC Kriens is a football club based in Kriens, Switzerland, that currently competing in the Promotion League, the third tier of Swiss football. The club uses Stadion Kleinfeld as home ground, and form a local rivalry with FC Luzern.

SC Kriens women's team has been participating in the Nationalliga A since 2008.
County-class destroyer
The County class was a class of British guided missile destroyers, the first such warships built by the Royal Navy. Designed specifically around the Seaslug anti-aircraft missile system, the primary role of these ships was area air defence around the aircraft carrier task force in the nuclear-war environment.

Eight ships were built and entered service. Two served in the British naval task force in the Falklands War in 1982. After leaving British service, four ships were sold to the Chilean Navy and one to the Pakistan Navy.

East of Suez
East of Suez is a term used in British military and political discussions in reference to interests east of the Suez Canal, and may or may not include the Middle East. The phrase was popularised by Rudyard Kipling in his 1890 poem "Mandalay". It later became a popular song when a tune was added by Oley Speaks in 1907.
Daming Lake
Daming Lake (Chinese: 大明湖; pinyin: Dàmíng Hú; Wade–Giles: Ta4-ming2 Hu2; lit. 'Lake of the Great Splendour') is the largest lake in the city of Jinan, capital of Shandong, China and one of city's main natural and cultural landmarks and tourist attraction. Located to the north of the historical city center, the lake is fed by the artesian karst springs of the area and hence retains a fairly constant water level through the entire year.

Tie Xuan
Tie Xuan (Chinese: 铁铉; 1366–1402), courtesy name Dingshi (鼎石), was a Chinese politician during the Ming dynasty. born in Dengzhou, Henan during the Yuan dynasty to a Semu Hui family, he served as a loyal officer to the deposed Ming dynasty emperor Jianwen. During the Jingnan campaign, when the Prince of Yan Zhu Di (later the Yongle Emperor) rebelled against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor, Tie Xuan refused to support Zhu Di. Following the fall of Nanjing and the Jianwen Emperor's disappearance, Zhu Di sentenced Tie Xuan to death by having his limbs torn off and fried in oil. Later generations honored him for his unyielding loyalty. In various regions of China, temples are set up in Tie's honor to offer rituals to him. In the Southern Ming period, he was honored with the title of Grand Protector (太保) and given the posthumous name Zhongxiang (忠襄), meaning loyal assistant. Later, during Qianlong's reign in the Qing dynasty, he was given the posthumous name Zhongding (忠定).