hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fordham School of Professional and Continuing Studies
Fordham School of Professional and Continuing Studies (formerly Fordham College of Liberal Studies) is a degree-granting undergraduate and graduate college within Fordham University in the United States. The college is specifically intended to serve non-traditional students, offering full-time and part-time study options, flexible schedules, and three different campus locations, in order to facilitate the needs of this population.

Nontraditional student
Non-Traditional student is a term that refers to a category of students at colleges and universities. The term originated in North America and usually involves age and social characteristics. Non-traditional students are contrasted with traditional students.

The United States Department of Education estimated that 73% of all undergraduates in the United States attending accredited institutions in 1999–2000 had one or more nontraditional characteristics. This remained consistent in the following years: 72% in 2003–2004, 72% for 2007–2008, and 74% for 2011–2012.
Erik Parker
Erik Parker (born 1968) is a New York-based artist, is known for cartoonish compositions that riff on the traditional genres of portraiture and still-life. His paintings draw inspiration from American subculture—psychedelia, underground comic books, music genres as well as historic modern painters.

Parker studied at the University of Texas, Austin with Peter Saul before receiving an MFA from Purchase College of the State University of New York. Solo exhibitions include Cornerhouse Gallery in Manchester, England; De Appel in Amsterdam; the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth; Colette in Paris; Honor Fraser in Los Angeles; and Galleri Faurschou in Copenhagen, Denmark.

State University of New York at Purchase
Purchase College, officially the State University of New York at Purchase and also commonly referred to as SUNY Purchase, is a public liberal arts college in Purchase, New York. Established in 1967 by Governor Nelson Rockefeller, SUNY Purchase is one of 13 comprehensive colleges in the State University of New York (SUNY) system.
William H. Dutton
William H. Dutton is a British academic known for his contributions to Internet and digital media studies. He is an Oxford Martin Fellow at the University of Oxford, Emeritus Professor at the University of Southern California, and Director of The Portulans Institute. He is best known for being the first Director of the Oxford Internet Institute and first Professor of Internet Studies at the University of Oxford, where he was a Fellow of Balliol College. He also held the James H. Quello Chair in Media and Information Policy at Michigan State University's Department of Media and Information. He was previously a Professor in the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California, which he joined in 1980, where he was elected President of the USC Faculty.

USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
The USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism is a part of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.
It has 2,300 undergraduate and graduate students. Willow Bay is the Dean. Prof. Hector Amaya is the Director of the School of Communication, Prof. Gordon Stables serves as Director of the School of Journalism.
Vitovlje, Travnik
Vitovlje is a village in the Travnik Municipality, Central Bosnia Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located on the slopes of the Vlašić Mountain, under Gavrića Brdo (Gavric's Hill, 1006 m), at an altitude of about 900 m.
In medieval Bosnia, Vitovlje was in the Parish of Mel (Župa Mel).

Through the settlement the Dedića potok (Dedići's stream) flows through the settlement, a tributary of the Ugar, south of the Korićani's Rocks. The Pougarje stretches from Vitovlje, along the Ugar, between the mountains of Ranča and Ugarske stijene (Ugar's Rocks).

At the last census in 1991, before the collapse of Yugoslavia, Vitovlje had 708 inhabitants.
During the Bosnian War, the village was destroyed and its inhabitants were either murdered or expelled. In the post-war period, the village was restored, and most of the refugees returned to their homes. According to the census of 2013, there were 576 inhabitants.

Korićanske stijene
Korićanske stijene (Korićani Cliffs) are nearly vertical cliffs above Ilomska Canyon (on Vlašić Mountain). It is located about half a kilometer from the village Korićani, at an altitude between of about 750 and 1,100 meters. On the right cliff above Ilomska are Marići's and Imljani's rocks (1,100 m also). Thus, the depth of the abyss is 350 to 400 meters.
Matt Iseman
Matt Iseman (born January 22, 1971) is an American comedian, actor, and television host, who began his career as a physician. He is best known for his role as the play-by-play announcer and the moderator of American Ninja Warrior. He was the winner of The New Celebrity Apprentice in 2017, the show's only season.

Iseman is also known for his involvement with the sport of Strongman where he does athlete interviews for Arnold Strongman Classic, Shaw Classic and Rogue Invitational.

Shaw Classic
The Shaw Classic is a strongman competition run and hosted by four-time World's Strongest Man Brian Shaw, who won the inaugural competition in 2020. The second edition of the contest had 16 athletes with backgrounds from Europe and North America. The total prize pool in 2020 was $53,900. In 2021 the prize pool increased to $100,000 and in 2022 the prize pool increased to $150,000. In 2023 the prize pool was $251,932 followed by $263,200 in 2024 but has dropped to $178,750 in 2025.

Since 2023, the Shaw Classic's invitational event has been branded as Strongest Man on Earth, formerly used by the Fortissimus strongman competition held in 2008 and 2009.
Sentinel Block
The Sentinel Block is a historic building located in Iowa Falls, Iowa, United States.  Previous commercial blocks in Iowa Falls tended to follow the more ornate Italianate style.  This building, completed in 1905, marks a departure from those older structures.  Rectilinear brick panels above the windows replaced the decorative hoodmolds, and the brick patterned cornice with a plain stone cap replaced the heavy metal cornice.  The building also features an oriel window with a crenelated parapet.  The building housed the Iowa Falls Sentinel for over 20 years.  It began as the Eldora Sentinel in 1857, relocated to Iowa Falls in 1865, and was bought out by its competitor, the Hardin County Citizen, in 1927.

The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.   It was included as a contributing property in the Washington Avenue Commercial Historic District in 2012.

Oriel window
An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window generally projects from an upper floor, but is also sometimes used on the ground floor.
Bogen Dam
Bogen Dam (Kazakh: Бөген бөгені; Russian: Бугуньское водохранилище) is a dam in Ordabasy District, Turkistan Region, Kazakhstan.

The dam is located in the lower course of the Bogen River, in the central part of Ordabasy District.

Turkistan Region
Turkistan Region, formerly known as South Kazakhstan Region from 1992 to 2018 and Chimkent Region from 1963 to 1991, is the southernmost region of Kazakhstan, bordering Uzbekistan. It had a population of 2,088,510 as of the 2022 Kazakhstan census.

The region's capital is Turkistan, formerly Shymkent until 2018. Other cities in the region include Sayram, Kentau, Arys, Shardara, Zhetisai, Saryagash, and Lenger.
HMS Dorsetshire
Three ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Dorsetshire, after the traditional county of Dorsetshire:

HMS Dorsetshire (1694) was an 80-gun third rate launched in 1694, rebuilt in 1712, and sold in 1749.

HMS Dorsetshire (1757) was a 70-gun third rate launched in 1757 and broken up in 1775.

HMS Dorsetshire (40) was a County-class heavy cruiser launched in 1929 and sunk in 1942.

HMS Dorsetshire (1694)
HMS Dorsetshire, the first Royal Navy ship to be named after the county of Dorset, was an 80-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Southampton on 8 December 1694.

Dorsetshire came under the command of Edward Whitaker in 1704, and was at the capture of Gibraltar (but out of commission). The ship later participated in the Battle of Málaga the same year.

She was rebuilt according to the 1706 Establishment at Portsmouth Dockyard, and relaunched on 20 September 1712. As built, Dorsetshire had carried her 80-gun armament on two decks, but during this rebuild they were redistributed over a third gundeck, although she continued to be classified as a third rate.

Dorsetshire continued to serve until 1749, when she was sold out of the navy.
Hopatcong, New Jersey
Hopatcong (/hoʊˈpætkɒŋ/ hoh-PAT-kong) is a borough in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 14,362, a decrease of 785 (−5.2%) from the 2010 census count of 15,147, which in turn reflected a decline of 741 (−4.7%) from the 15,888 counted in the 2000 census.

Wantage Township, New Jersey
Wantage Township (pronounced WHAN-tij) is a township in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 10,811, a decrease of 547 (−4.8%) from the 2010 census count of 11,358, which in turn reflected an increase of 971 (+9.3%) from the 10,387 counted in the 2000 census.

Wantage Township was formed as a precinct on May 30, 1754, from portions of Newton Township. It was incorporated as a township on February 21, 1798, as part of the state's initial group of 104 townships. Boundary exchanges were made with Frankford Township in both 1826 and 1834. Portions of the township were taken on October 14, 1891, to form the Borough of Deckertown (renamed Sussex borough in 1902). The township was named for Wantage, England.
Hofen
Hofen may mean:

Hofen, Switzerland, a municipality in the Canton of Schaffhausen

Hofen, a former community incorporated into modern Friedrichshafen, Germany

Shahe fen or Héfěn (河粉, river vermicelli), a Chinese noodle dish similar to phở

Friedrichshafen
Friedrichshafen (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪçsˌhaːfn̩] or [fʁiːdʁɪçsˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ; Low Alemannic: Hafe or Fridrichshafe) is a city on the northern shoreline of Lake Constance (the Bodensee) in Southern Germany, near the borders of both Switzerland and Austria. It is the district capital (Kreisstadt) of the Bodensee district in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Friedrichshafen has a population of about 63,000.
Venezuelan bambuco
The Venezuelan bambuco is a musical genre is typical of the Andean region of Venezuela.  It is also found in the States of Zulia, Bolívar, Lara and in the Capital District (Caracas). The instruments typically used are piano, bass and guitar, and sometimes mandolin and flute. Venezuelan bambuco is typically played in a 58 meter.

Characteristic pieces include: "Mañanitas Navidenas" by Marco Antonio Useche, "Brisas del Torbes" by Luis Felipe Ramón y Rivera, “Tu Partida” by Augusto Brandt, “Serenata” by Manuel Enrique Perez
Diaz and “Hendrina” by Napoleón Lucena.

Luis Felipe Ramón y Rivera
Luis Felipe Ramón y Rivera (August 23, 1913 - October 22, 1993)  was a Venezuelan musician, composer and writer. Director of several orchestras and the founder of The National Typical Orchestra, he was also for twenty years the director of the National Institute of Folklore. He founded the International Foundation of Ethnomusicology and Folklore (now Centro de La Diversidad Cultural) in 1988 and donated the bulk of his estate to it when he died. He authored more than 20 works of Venezuelan folklore.
Izborsky Club
The Izborsky Club is a Russian conservative think tank which specializes in studying Russia's foreign and domestic policy.

It was founded by publicist Alexander Prokhanov in September 2012 and includes several well-known nationalist and traditionalist intellectuals in Russia.

Domestic policy
Domestic policy, also known as internal policy, is a type of public policy overseeing administrative decisions that are directly related to all issues and activity within a state's borders. Sometimes also called social policy, it differs from foreign policy, which refers to the ways a government advances its interests in external politics. Domestic policy covers a wide range of areas, including business, education, energy, healthcare, law enforcement, money and taxes, natural resources, social welfare, and personal rights and freedoms.
Cobalt(II) carbonate
Cobalt(II) carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula CoCO3.  This pink paramagnetic solid is an intermediate in the hydrometallurgical purification of cobalt from its ores.  It is an inorganic pigment, and a precursor to catalysts. Cobalt(II) carbonate also occurs as the rare red/pink mineral spherocobaltite.

Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy, the obtaining of metals from their ores.  Hydrometallurgy uses solutions to recover metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials.  Usually the extracting solution is aqueous (water-based), often containing additives such as acids.  In select cases, the extracting solvent is nonaqueous.  Processing techniques that complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, vapour metallurgy, and molten salt electrometallurgy.  Hydrometallurgy is typically divided into three general areas:

Leaching

Solution concentration and purification

Metal or metal compound recovery
Dierama
Dierama is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae. Common names include hairbells, angel's fishing rod, fairybells, and wandflowers in English and grasklokkies (= grass-bells) in Afrikaans. They are native to Africa, with most occurring in the southern regions of the continent. The center of diversity is the province of KwaZulu-Natal in eastern South Africa.

Vavilov center
A Vavilov centre or centre of origin is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov. Vavilov posited that the center of origin for a species or genus is the same as its center of diversity, the geographic area where it has the highest genetic diversity, but this equivalence has been disputed by later scholars.
Isdiman Suryokusumo
Isdiman Suryokusumo was an officer of the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (People's Security Army), and former commander of the Banyumas Regiment of the People's Security Army as well as a middle officer in the Indonesian military system. He was one of the heroes who were killed in action during the conflict that took place in Ambarawa, Semarang, Jawa Tengah.

Alliance
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether an explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called allies. Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances, military alliances, and business alliances.
Johann Coaz
Johann Wilhelm Fortunat Coaz (31 May 1822 – 18 August 1918) was a Swiss forester, topographer and mountaineer from Graubünden. In 1850 he made the first ascent of Piz Bernina, the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps. He also gave Piz Bernina its name, after the eponymous pass.

Bernina Pass
The Bernina Pass (el. 2,328 m or 7,638 ft.) (Italian: Passo del Bernina) is a high mountain pass in the Bernina Range of the Alps, in the canton of Graubünden (Grisons) in eastern Switzerland. It connects the famous resort town of St. Moritz in the Engadin valley with the Italian-speaking Val Poschiavo, which ends in the Italian town of Tirano in Valtellina. The pass lies a few kilometres east of Piz Bernina, and south of Val Minor.

The Bernina Pass is crossed by both the Hauptstrasse 29 road and the Bernina railway line, with a popular tourist train, the Bernina Express operating year-round between Chur and Tirano. The train crosses the pass west of the road at a slightly lower 2,253 metres (7,392 ft) (at Ospizio Bernina) – it is the highest adhesion railway route in Europe.

Lago Bianco, Lej Nair and Lej Pitschen are located on the pass.
Bilbil-Kazmalyar
Bilbil-Kazmalyar (Russian: Бильбиль-Казмаляр; Lezgian: Билбил-Къазма) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Bilbilsky Selsoviet, Magaramkentsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 2,042 as of 2010. There are 28 streets.

Magaramkentsky District
Magaramkentsky District (Russian: Магарамкентский райо́н; Lezgian: Мегьарамдхуьруьн район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic. The area of the district is 654.6 square kilometers (252.7 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Magaramkent. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 62,195, with the population of Magaramkent accounting for 11.2% of that number.
Petar Mrkonjić
Petar Mrkonjić (before 1645 – after 1669) was a legendary hajduk from the Imotski region in the Dalmatian Hinterland, in modern-day Croatia, active during the Cretan War (1645–1669) between the Republic of Venice and Ottoman Empire as a guerrilla leader serving Venice.

Dalmatian Hinterland
The Dalmatian Hinterland (Croatian: Dalmatinsko zaobalje or Dalmatinsko zaleđe) is the inland hinterland in the historical region of Dalmatia, in southern Croatia.

In Croatia, the region began to be called "Dalmatinska zagora" only in the last century, although it has always been a number of separate historical regions (krajina), one of which was Zagora in the hinterland of Šibenik and Trogir. The name zagora means 'beyond (the) hills', which is a reference to the fact that it is the part of Dalmatia that is not coastal and the existence of the concordant coastline where hills run parallel to the coast.
William F. L. Hadley
William Flavius Lester Hadley (June 15, 1847 – April 25, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

Born near Collinsville, Illinois, Hadley attended the common schools. He was graduated from McKendree College, Lebanon, Illinois, in June 1867, and from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1871 and commenced practice at Edwardsville, Illinois. He served as member of the State senate in 1886. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1888.

Hadley was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Frederick Remann and served from December 2, 1895, to March 3, 1897. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1896. He engaged in banking. He died in Riverside, California, April 25, 1901. He was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, Edwardsville, Illinois.

Collinsville, Illinois
Collinsville is a city located mainly in Madison County and partially in St. Clair County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 24,366. Collinsville is approximately 14 miles (23 km) east of St. Louis, Missouri, and is part of that city's Metro East area.

Collinsville is the location of Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark and UNESCO World Heritage Site. This prehistoric urban complex is estimated to have had a population of thousands at its peak, long before European exploration in the area. The city is also known for the Brooks Catsup Bottle Water Tower, the world's largest ketchup bottle, and is billed as the world's horseradish capital.
Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's rings
The men's rings competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held at the North Greenwich Arena on 28 July and 6 August 2012. It included 68 competitors from 31 nations.

Arthur Zanetti of Brazil won the gold, his nation's first medal in the event. The 2008 winner, Chen Yibing of China, earned silver to become the 12th man to win multiple medals in the event. Matteo Morandi of Italy took bronze.

Rings (gymnastics)
The rings, also known as still rings (in contrast to flying rings), is an artistic gymnastics apparatus and the event that uses it. It is traditionally used only by male gymnasts due to its extreme upper body strength requirements. Gymnasts often wear ring grips while performing.
Robert B. Carter
Robert B. Carter is the former executive vice president and chief information officer for the FedEx Corporation.

Carter was born in Taiwan in 1959 and he grew up in Florida. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in computer and information science from the University of Florida in 1981.  In addition, he earned a master's in business administration from the University of South Florida in 1990.

Carter joined FedEx in 1993 and has nearly 40 years of systems development and implementation experience.  In addition, Carter is a member of the New York Life board of directors and the Pilot Flying J board of directors. As of September 2016, he is reported to own approximately 48 thousand FedEx shares worth US$10 million.

FedEx
FedEx Corporation, originally known as Federal Express Corporation, is an American multinational conglomerate holding company specializing in transportation, e-commerce, and business services. The company is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. The name "FedEx" is a syllabic abbreviation of its original air division, Federal Express, which operated under this name from 1973 until 1994.

FedEx is best known for its delivery service,  as well as FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Office, FedEx Supply Chain, FedEx Freight, and several other services through a network of subsidiaries. These expansions have often been strategic moves to compete with its primary rival, UPS.

The company's air shipping operations are centralized at its primary hub at Memphis International Airport, making it a critical hub for global logistics.
European route E59
European route E 59 is a north-south Class-A intermediate European route. It begins in Prague, Czech Republic, passes through Vienna, Austria and Maribor, Slovenia, ending near Zagreb, Croatia. The total length of the route is 644 km (400 mi). The E59 largely consists of motorways but some sections are developed either as expressways or two-lane roads with at-grade intersections. The motorway sections are generally tolled through varying systems and rates. Individual segments of the E59 route are shared with several other European routes. Originally, the route extended through Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina to Split, Croatia.

Limited-access road
A limited-access road, known by various terms worldwide, including limited-access highway,  partial controlled-access highway, and expressway, is a highway or arterial road for high-speed traffic which has many or most characteristics of a controlled-access highway (also known as a freeway or motorway), including limited or no access to adjacent property; some degree of separation of opposing traffic flow (often being dual carriageways); use of grade separated interchanges to some extent; prohibition of slow modes of transport, such as bicycles, horse-drawn vehicles or ridden horses, or self-propelled agricultural machines; and very few or no intersecting cross-streets or level crossings. The degree of isolation from local traffic allowed varies between countries and regions. The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.