hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Department for Work and Pensions v Information Commissioner
Department for Work and Pensions v Information Commissioner was a 2013 first-tier tribunal case in the United Kingdom. It concerned a dispute over whether companies that had participated in government 'workfare' schemes should be released under the Freedom of Information Act following a request by a man called Frank Zola. The tribunal ruled that the names of participant companies should be released.

The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) appealed to the Upper Tribunal but on 15 July 2014 this was dismissed.

Tribunals in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a tribunal is a specialist court with jurisdiction over a certain area of civil law. Tribunals are generally designed to be more informal and accessible than 'traditional' courts.

They form part of the national system of administrative justice, with tribunals classed as non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs).

Examples of tribunals include employment tribunals, the Gender Recognition Panel, the Planning Inspectorate and the Company Names Tribunal.

Though it has grown up on an ad hoc basis since the beginning of the twentieth century, from 2007 reforms were put in place to build a unified system with recognised judicial authority, routes of appeal and regulatory supervision. The UK tribunal system is headed by the Senior President of Tribunals.
Little Rock and Western Railway
The Little Rock and Western Railway (reporting mark LRWN) is a Class III short-line railroad headquartered in Perry, Arkansas, and owned by Genesee & Wyoming Inc.

LRWN operates over a 79 miles (127 km) line from Danville, Arkansas to Pulaski, Arkansas, then over 3 miles (4.8 km) of Union Pacific Railroad (UP) trackage rights to North Little Rock, Arkansas where it interchanges with Union Pacific.  LRWN also serves as the agent for BNSF Railway to interchange cars between BNSF and UP at North Little Rock.

LRWN traffic generally consists of wood and paper products, grain, limestone slurry, cornstarch, salt, LP gas, and pulp mill liquid.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Villers-la-Loue
Villers-la-Loue (Gaumais: Vilé l'Olu) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Meix-devant-Virton, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

The history of the settlement goes back to the time of the Roman Empire, when a Roman villa existed here. In 1225, the village is noted as being subservient to the lord of Cons-la-Grandville and the Abbey of Saint-Hubert. The village church, dedicated to Saint Hubert, was built in 1858. The village consists of several buildings from mainly the 18th and 19th centuries.

Lorrain language
Lorrain, also known as Lorrain roman, is a langue d'oïl spoken by a minority of people in the region of Lorraine in northeastern France, as well as in some parts of Alsace and Gaume in Belgium. It is often referred to as a patois.

It is a regional language of France. In Wallonia, it is known as Gaumais and enjoys official recognition as a regional language. It has been influenced by Lorraine Franconian and Luxembourgish, West Central German languages spoken in nearby or overlapping areas.
Maunganui Bluff
Maunganui Bluff is a prominent coastal bluff located on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, in the Northland region.  Known locally as The Bluff, it is set in a 495 hectares (1,220 acres) scenic reserve and rises 459 metres (1,506 ft) above sea level.

Maunganui Bluff marks the northern extent of 107 kilometres (66 mi) long Ripiro Beach (the longest unbroken beach in New Zealand).

Northland Region
Northland (Māori: Te Tai Tokerau), officially the Northland Region, is the northernmost of New Zealand's 16 local government regions. The region is known for its warm weather. The major population centre is the city of Whangārei, and the largest town is Kerikeri. At the 2018 New Zealand census, Northland recorded a population growth spurt of 18.1% since the previous 2013 census, placing it as the fastest growing region in New Zealand, ahead of other strong growth regions such as the Bay of Plenty Region (2nd with 15%) and Waikato (3rd with 13.5%).
Kitarō discography
Japanese musical artist Kitaro's discography consists of 24 studio albums, 8 live albums, 14 soundtrack albums, and 42 compilation albums. Kitaro's latest project, Symphony Live In Istanbul was nominated for the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, and is Kitaro's 16th Grammy nomination to date.

He also appears in five full-length concert videos and has composed scores for numerous films including Oliver Stone's Heaven & Earth, Impressions of the West Lake, and The Soong Sisters. He won Golden Globe Award Best Original Score for Heaven & Earth and won Golden Horse Award and Hong Kong Film Award for The Soong Sisters (1997).

He has collaborated with various artists including Megadeth's Marty Friedman, Mickey Hart, Philip Glass, Dennis Banks, Jon Anderson of Yes and Jane Zhang, as well as appearing on four Far East Family Band albums.

Heaven & Earth (soundtrack)
Heaven & Earth is the official soundtrack to the 1993 Golden Globe-winning film of the same name directed by Oliver Stone, with the original score composed by Japanese composer Kitarō. The score won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.
George Armstrong (actor)
George Andrew Clark Armstrong (7 September 1962 – 11 July 2023) was an English actor.

His first role was as Hubert Lane in Just William (alongside Bonnie Langford as Violet Elizabeth Bott) in 1977. He was best known for the part of Alan Humphries in the BBC series Grange Hill,  a part he played between 1978 and 1982, and again in 1983 in the spin-off series Tucker's Luck. His last role was as PC Driscoll in The Bill in 1989.

After giving up acting, he became a technical theatre manager at a public school.

Armstrong died in London on 11 July 2023 after a long battle with leukaemia. He was 60.

Just William (book series)
The Just William series is a sequence of thirty-eight books written by English author Richmal Crompton. The books chronicle the adventures of the unruly schoolboy William Brown.

The books were published over a period of almost fifty years, between 1922 and 1970. Throughout the series, the protagonist remains at the same eleven years of age, despite each book being set in the era in which it was written. The first book was Just William, and often the entire series is named after this book. Each book, with the exception of the novel Just William's Luck, is a collection of short stories.

The series has spawned various television, film, theatre and radio adaptations. It also has a large fan following, with such groups as the Just William Society.
Johan Bülow Wamberg
Johan Bülow Wamberg (15 May 1786 – 8 June 1852) was a Norwegian politician.

He was born in Hvideseid as the son of Nils Wamberg and his wife Sussanne Sophie Saxe. His father had migrated from Denmark to work as a district stipendiary magistrate. Johan B. Wamberg was to a large degree raised by politician and businessperson Niels Aall. He went on to found his own company in Skien. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1827, representing the constituency of Skien og Porsgrund. He served only one term.

Around 1830 he was appointed chief customs surveyor in Farsund. He moved to Flekkefjord in 1841 and Kristianssand in 1842, where he stayed until his death.

Wamberg married Hedvig Jørgine Flood, and the couple had eight children. After her death in 1840, Wamberg married Mathilde Petromine Cappelen. They had three children.

Flekkefjord
Flekkefjord (pronunciationⓘ) is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Lister. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Flekkefjord. The villages of Sira, Gyland, Rasvåg, Kirkehavn, and Åna-Sira are located in Flekkefjord.

Flekkefjord is the westernmost municipality of the geographical region of Sørlandet. Flekkefjord is approximately midway between the cities of Kristiansand and Stavanger, located along European route E39 and the Sørlandet Line.

The 544-square-kilometre (210 sq mi) municipality is the 198th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Flekkefjord is the 121st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,216. The municipality's population density is 19.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (49/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Helme Panjang
Mohammad Helme bin Panjang (born 24 May 1983) is a Bruneian retired footballer who played as a midfielder and is currently the assistant coach of Malaysia Super League club DPMM.  He made four appearances for the Brunei national football team in 2001.

Brunei Premier League
The Brunei Premier League (Malay: Liga Perdana Brunei) is the second tier of the football pyramid of Brunei. It was Brunei's top-tier football league until 2012, when the Brunei Super League was created. The Premier League falls under the management of the National Football Association of Brunei Darussalam.
RMAS Lodestone
RMAS Lodestone (A115) was a Magnet-class Royal Navy degaussing ship.  She was completed in 1980 by the Clelands Shipbuilding Company.

The Magnet-class was developed to replace the Ham-class minesweepers that had been converted for degaussing.  They are 828 gross tonnage (GT) and have a top speed of 14 knots.  They measure 55m x 12m x 4m.

Clelands Shipbuilding Company
Clelands Shipbuilding Company was a leading British shipbuilding company. The company was based in Wallsend was nationalised by the British Government. It was founded in 1864 by John and Thomas Cleland, and operated until it was acquired by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson in 1967. The company built a variety of ships, including passenger ships, cargo ships, and naval vessels.
Tanya Dubnicoff
Tanya Dubnicoff (born November 7, 1969, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian cycling coach and retired track cyclist. She won four gold medals at the Pan American Games in addition to winning the world sprint championships in 1993. She represented Canada at three consecutive Summer Olympics: 1992 in Barcelona, 1996 in Atlanta and 2000 in Sydney. Dubnicoff retired in 2000.

She was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2002. Dubnicoff was inducted into Cycling Canada's Hall of Fame in 2015.

Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum
The Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum is a Canadian museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba, dedicated to honoring the history and achievements of sports in Manitoba. The organization began in 1980, and then opened a museum in The Forks in 1993. After five years, the museum moved to The Bay store on Portage Avenue. Its present-day location is the Sport Manitoba building (145 Pacific Ave.), where it had its grand opening on October 27, 2012.

Exhibits of Manitoba's sports teams and honoured athletes are displayed in the museum.

The Hall of Fame inducts both individuals as well as teams.
Anita Błochowiak
Anita Błochowiak [aˈɲita bwɔˈxɔvʲak] (born 7 November 1973) is a Polish politician served in the country's national parliament, the Sejm, from 2001 to 2011, before stepping away from politics, citing difficulties with tabloid rumours. She was well known for sitting on the committee that investigated the Rywin affair.

A native of the town of Pabianice, the seat of Pabianice County, within the metropolitan area of Łódź, the nation's third-largest city, Błochowiak was elected, on 23 September 2001, as a member of the Democratic Left Alliance, to represent Sieradz district 11 in the Sejm. She was re-elected from the same district on 25 September 2005, receiving 3451 votes, and again retained her seat two years later, in the 21 October 2007 Polish parliamentary election.

Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)
The Democratic Left Alliance (Polish: Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej) was a social-democratic political party in Poland. It was formed on 9 July 1991 as an electoral alliance of centre-left parties, and became a single party on 15 April 1999. It was the major coalition party in Poland between 1993 and 1997, and between 2001 and 2005, with four Prime ministers coming from the party: Józef Oleksy, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Leszek Miller and Marek Belka. It then faded into opposition, overshadowed by the rise of Civic Platform and Law and Justice.

In February 2020, the party initiated a process to merge with the Spring party, choosing the name New Left (Polish: Nowa Lewica), and changing to a more modern logo.

The party was a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance.
George Lindemann
George Lyle Lindemann (March 26, 1936 – June 21, 2018) was an American billionaire businessman known for being the chairman and chief executive officer of Southern Union, a fossil fuel infrastructure and pipeline company. He was also the owner of 19 Spanish-language radio stations and the vice president of the Metropolitan Opera Association in New York City.

He ranked #703 on the Forbes 2018 list of the world's billionaires, with a net worth of US$3.3 billion.

In 2023, the Lindeman  family agreed to return 33 ancient statues which had been stolen from  Cambodia, valued at $20 million.

Billionaire
A billionaire is a person whose net worth is at least one billion units of a given currency, typically USD. It is a sub-category of the concept of the ultra high-net-worth individual. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed billionaire in 1916.

Nineteen individuals had attained the status of centibillionaires, each with a net worth of at least $100 billion, as of January 2026. As of March 2025, there are 3028 billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over $16.1 trillion, up nearly $2 trillion over 2024.
Salinillas de Buradón
Salinillas de Buradón (Spanish pronunciation: [saliˈniʝas ðe βuɾaˈðon]) or Gatzaga Buradon (Basque pronunciation: [gats̻aɣa βuɾaðon]) is a village and concejo located in the municipality of Labastida, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It was an independent municipality until 1974, when it was absorbed into Labastida.

It is noteworthy for its well-preserved medieval walls and historic town centre, and its location sheltered between hills overlooking the River Ebro.

Álava
Álava (Spanish: [ˈalaβa]) or Araba (Basque pronunciation: [aˈɾaba]), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.

Its capital city, Vitoria-Gasteiz, is also the seat of the political main institutions of the Basque Autonomous Community. It borders the Basque provinces of Biscay and Gipuzkoa to the north, the community of La Rioja to the south, the province of Burgos (in the community of Castile and León) to the west and the community of Navarre to the east. The Enclave of Treviño, surrounded by Alavese territory, is however part of the province of Burgos, thus belonging to the autonomous community of Castile and León, not Álava.

It is the largest of the three provinces in the Basque Autonomous Community in geographical terms, with 3,037 km2, but also the least populated with 331,700 inhabitants (2019).
Frederick Gowing
Christianity portal

Frederick William Gowing OBE (1918–2001) was Archdeacon of Armagh from 1979 to 1984.

Gowing was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and the Church of Ireland Theological College. He was ordained in 1942. After a curacy in Portadown he was the incumbent of Woodschapel, and then Mullavilly.

Magherafelt
Magherafelt (/ˌmæhərəˈfɛlt, ˌmækə-/ MA-hə-rə-FELT, MAK-ə-; from Irish Machaire Fíolta, meaning 'plain of Fíolta', pronounced [ˈmˠaxəɾʲə ˈfʲiːl̪ˠt̪ˠə]) is a town and civil parish in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It had a population of 9,071 at the 2021 census. It is the biggest town in the south of the county and is the social, economic and political hub of the area. It is part of Mid-Ulster District.
Vaduz
Vaduz (German pronunciation: [faˈduts] ⓘ, High Alemannic pronunciation: [faˈdot͡s]) is the capital of Liechtenstein and also the seat of the national parliament. The village, which is located along the Rhine, has 5,696 residents. The most prominent landmark of Vaduz is Vaduz Castle, perched atop a steep hill overlooking the village. It is home to the reigning prince of Liechtenstein and the Liechtenstein princely family. The village's distinctive architecture is also displayed in landmarks such as the Cathedral of St. Florin, Government House, Village Hall, the National Art Gallery, as well as the National Museum. Although Vaduz is the best-known village in the principality internationally, it is not the largest; neighbouring Schaan has a larger population.

High Alemannic German
High Alemannic is a branch of Alemannic German spoken in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg and in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Intelligibility of these dialects to non-Alemannic speakers tends to be limited.
Åkerlundh Nunatak
Åkerlundh Nunatak is a nunatak which lies 2 miles (3 km) northwest of Donald Nunatak between Bruce Nunatak and Murdoch Nunatak in the Seal Nunataks group, off the east coast of Antarctic Peninsula. Charted in 1947 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, who named it for Gustaf Åkerlundh, a member of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04.

Nunatak
A nunatak (from Inuit nunataq) is the summit or ridge of a mountain that protrudes from an ice field or glacier that otherwise covers most of the mountain or ridge. They often form natural pyramidal peaks. Isolated nunataks are also called glacial islands, and smaller nunataks rounded by glacial action may be referred to as rognons.

The word is of Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s.
American Institute for Cancer Research
The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) is a large American cancer research organization associated with the World Cancer Research Fund umbrella organization.

As of 2024, the charity has a four-star rating from Charity Navigator, with a score of 96 out of 100.

One of AICR's major initiatives is the Continuous Update Project (CUP), which is a comprehensive review of all the available scientific literature on the links between diet, physical activity, weight, and cancer risk.

Its research focus areas include the links between diet and cancer risk, the effects of physical activity on cancer prevention and treatment, and the development of new cancer therapies.

Umbrella organization
An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities and/or pool resources. In business, political, and other environments, it provides resources and identities to the smaller organizations. In this kind of arrangement, it is sometimes responsible, to some degree, for the groups under its care. Umbrella organizations are prominent in cooperatives and in civil society, and can engage in advocacy or collective bargaining on behalf of their members.
Sarah Prieels
Sarah Prieels (born 27 February 1990) is a Belgian archer competing the women's compound events. She won the gold medal in the mixed team event at the 2021 European Archery Championships held in Antalya, Turkey.

In June 2019, Prieels competed in the women's individual compound event at the European Games held in Minsk, Belarus. In December 2019, she set a new world record for the women's 60-arrow 18-metre indoor ranking round with a total of 597 out of 600 points at the TRUBall/Axcel Roma Archery Trophy held in Rome, Italy.

Prieels competed at the 2022 European Indoor Archery Championships held in Laško, Slovenia. She represented Belgium at the 2022 World Games held in Birmingham, United States. She also competed at the 2023 European Games held in Poland.

2019 European Games
The 2nd European Games 2019 (Belarusian: II Еўрапейскія гульні, Jeŭrapiejskija huĺni 2019; Russian: II Европейские игры, Yevropeyskiye igry 2019), also known as the 2019 European Games or Minsk 2019 (Belarusian: Мінск 2019; Russian: Минск 2019), were held in Minsk, Belarus, from 21 June to 30 June 2019. The games featured 200 events in 15 sports (23 disciplines). Around 4,000 athletes from 50 countries participated. Ten of the sports offered qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The opening ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium was held on 21 June, and the closing ceremony at the same venue was held on 30 June.

The logo of the games was "paparać-kvietka"—a plant that plays an important role in the culture of the Slavs. The slogan of the event is "Bright Year, Bright You", which also makes reference to the national domain of the Republic of Belarus and the official international shortening—BY.
Shabaka
Neferkare Shabaka, or Shabako (Meroitic: 𐦰𐦲𐦡𐦐𐦲 (sha-ba-ka), Egyptian: 𓆷𓃞𓂓 šꜣ bꜣ kꜣ, Assyrian:  Ša-ba-ku-u, Šabakû ) was the third Kushite pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, who reigned from 705 to 690 BC. The Greek sources (which include both Herodotus and Manetho) call him Sabakōn (Σαβακῶν) or, more likely, given current understanding of the order of kings and the stated reign-lengths, Sebikhōs (Σεβιχὼς). He ruled from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia, modern-day Sudan. His burial at el-Kurru (Tomb Ku 15).

Manetho
Manetho (/ˈmænɪθoʊ/; Koine Greek: Μανέθων Manéthōn, gen.: Μανέθωνος, fl. 290–260 BCE) was an Egyptian priest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom who lived in the early third century BCE, at the very beginning of the Hellenistic period. Little is certain about his life. He is known today as the author of a history of Egypt in Greek called the Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt), written during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BCE). None of Manetho’s original texts have survived; they are lost literary works, known only from fragments transmitted by later authors of classical and late antiquity.

The fragments of the Aegyptiaca continue to be a valuable resource for Egyptian chronology. Until the decipherment of Ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century CE, Manetho's fragments were an essential source for understanding Egyptian history. His work remains important in Egyptology.
Model-based design
Model-based design (MBD) is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control, signal processing and communication systems. It is used in many motion control, industrial equipment, aerospace, and automotive applications. Model-based design is a methodology applied in designing embedded software.

Aerospace
Aerospace refers to the technology and industry involved with the atmosphere and outer space collectively. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair both aircraft and spacecraft.

The border between space and the atmosphere has been proposed as 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity. This border has been called the Kármán line.