hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Junko Shigemitsu
Junko Shigemitsu (born 1949) is a Japanese-American physicist known for her use of lattice gauge theory and lattice QCD to calculate predicted values for decay constants and other physical quantities. She is a professor emerita of physics at Ohio State University.

Lattice gauge theory
In physics, lattice gauge theory is the study of gauge theories on a spacetime that has been discretized into a lattice.

Gauge theories are important in particle physics, and include the prevailing theories of elementary particles: quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and particle physics' Standard Model. Non-perturbative gauge theory calculations in continuous spacetime formally involve evaluating an infinite-dimensional path integral, which is computationally intractable. By working on a discrete spacetime, the path integral becomes finite-dimensional, and can be evaluated by stochastic simulation techniques such as the Monte Carlo method.  When the size of the lattice is taken infinitely large and its sites infinitesimally close to each other, the continuum gauge theory is recovered.
Yeşilyurt, Gaziantep
Yeşilyurt (Kurdish: Dolan) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of İslahiye, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 3,918 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is populated by Kurds.

İslahiye
İslahiye is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its area is 865 km2, and its population is 67,650 (2022). It is a railway border crossing into Syria. Near İslahiye is the site of ancient Nicopolis.

The railway station of Islahiye is the last stop on the railway to Damascus in Syria. Since March 2001, a regular train line runs once a week between Syria and Iran via Islahiye. The state road D.825, which connects Gaziantep with Antakya, runs through İslahiye.

The town is inhabited by Yörüks of the Aydınlı tribe. English traveler Mark Sykes recorded İslahiye as a town inhabited by Turks in early 20th century.

A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck İslahiye on 6 February 2023, causing widespread devastation in the town and many deaths.
Carolina Fadic
Carolina Fadic Maturana (Santiago, February 27, 1974 – ibid, October 12 of 2002) was an actress and television presenter from Chile. She started her career when she was only 19 years old, when she was chosen by the director Vicente Sabatini to star in his successful productions of the 1990s. She played the main role in the telenovelas Rompecorazón (1994), Estúpido cupido (1995), Oro verde (1997), Algo está cambiando (1999) and Sabor a ti (2000), since then it began to be considered as one of the most profitable actresses in the television industry. Her debut in cinema was with the film La rubia de Kennedy by director Arnaldo Valsecchi, and her last film was Antonia  (2001). On television, she was also one of the hosts of the entertainment program Primer plano. Fadic died on October 12, 2002, due to a stroke, while she was at the height of her career when only was 28 years old. Her unexpected death caused grief and commotion in Chile.

Ibid.
Ibid. or ib. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning 'in the same place', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to idem, literally meaning 'the same', abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal citation.

Ibid. may also be used in the Chicago (name-date) system for in-text references where there has been a close previous citation from the same source material. The previous reference should be immediately visible, e.g. within the same paragraph or page.

Some academic publishers now prefer that ibid. not be italicised, as it is a commonly found term. Usage differs from style or citation guides as to whether ibid should be suffixed with a full stop. For example, Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities omits full stops and does not capitalise, while The Economist's style guide uses a lower case starting letter with ending full stop.
Macready baronets
The Macready Baronetcy, of Cheltenham in the County of Gloucester, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 1 March 1923 for General Nevil Macready. He was Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1918 to 1920 and Commander-in-Chief of Ireland from 1920 to 1922. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army and held several administrative posts in occupied Germany after the Second World War. The third Baronet was managing director of Mobil Oil from 1975 to 1985.

William Charles Macready, father of the first Baronet, was an actor.

Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
Commander-in-Chief, Ireland, was title of the commander of the British forces in Ireland before 1922. Until the Act of Union in 1800, the position involved command of the distinct Irish Army of the Kingdom of Ireland.
Domenico Guardasoni
Domenico Guardasoni (c. 1731 – 14 June 1806) was an Italian tenor singer, opera producer and impresario.

Guardasoni was born at Modena, Duchy of Modena and Reggio.  Singing in Giuseppe Bustelli's touring opera company, he later became its director. He also presented operas by Mozart, such as the 1787 première of Don Giovanni, and it was Guardasoni who commissioned La clemenza di Tito in 1791 for the Italian opera and National Theatre in Prague, of which he was director.  He died in Vienna.

Impresario
An impresario (from Italian impresa 'an enterprise or undertaking') is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a film or television producer.
Douglas McGowan
Douglas McGowan, MC (November 18, 1915 – October 25, 1989) was a Canadian politician and businessman. He represented 3rd Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1959 to 1966 as a Progressive Conservative.

McGowan was born in 1915 in Kilmuir, Prince Edward Island. He married Elizabeth Margaret Watson in 1945. McGowan attended Mount Allison University, and was a businessman by career. He established McGowan Motors in Montague, Prince Edward Island. McGowan was also a municipal councillor, serving as deputy mayor of Montague from 1951 to 1955.

McGowan entered provincial politics in the 1959 election, when he defeated Liberal incumbent Keir Clark by 58 votes to become councillor for the electoral district of 3rd Kings. He was re-elected in the 1962 election. McGowan did not re-offer in the 1966 election.

McGowan died in Montague on October 25, 1989.

Mount Allison University
Mount Allison University (also Mount A or MtA) is a public primarily undergraduate liberal arts university located in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, founded in 1839.

Mount Allison was the first university in the British Empire to award a baccalaureate to a woman (Grace Annie Lockhart, B.Sc., 1875). It was also the first university in Canada to grant a bachelor of arts to a woman (Harriet Starr Stewart in 1882).

Graduates of Mount Allison have been awarded a total of 57 Rhodes Scholarships, the highest per capita of any university in the British Commonwealth.

It is ranked the top undergraduate university in Canada for a record 26th time, by Maclean's 2026 Annual University Ranking.
Oscar Maurer
Oscar Maurer (17 July 1870–9 June 1965) was a nationally recognized Pictorialist photographer based in California. His photographs appeared in Camera Work, Camera Craft, The Camera, and other photography journals. His studio in Berkeley, designed by Bernard Maybeck and built in 1907, is an architectural landmark.

The Camera (American magazine)
The Camera: A Practical Monthly Magazine for Photographers was originally issued by the Columbia Photographic Society of Philadelphia under various subtitles, and continued publication until July 1953.
Hewitt, Oklahoma
Hewitt is an unincorporated community located in Carter County, Oklahoma, United States.  It is about 15 miles west of Ardmore, being off US Route 70 on Dillard Rd., located around the east boundary of the present-day City of Wilson, Oklahoma.  The locale is old enough to appear on a 1911 Rand McNally map of the county.  (The larger Wilson was not established until 1914, the same year it was reached by railroad.)

Wilson, Oklahoma
Wilson is a town in Carter County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, the community had 1,399 residents.  It is about 17 miles west of Ardmore off US Route 70, and is part of the Ardmore, Oklahoma Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is home to one of the oldest Assemblies of God churches in Oklahoma, the Wilson Assembly of God Church.
Fired Up!
Fired Up! is a 2009 American teen sex comedy film directed by Will Gluck (in his directorial debut)  who is also credited with writing the film under the pseudonym Freedom Jones. The film's plot revolves around two popular high school football players who decide to attend a cheerleading camp for the summer to get close to its 300 female cheerleaders. The film was released on February 20, 2009, by Screen Gems. The film received negative reviews from critics and audiences and was a commercial flop, having grossed $18.5 million against a $20 million budget.

Sexual comedy
Sexual comedy (also known as sex comedy and erotic comedy) is a genre in which comedy is motivated by sexual situations and love affairs. Although "sexual comedy" is primarily a description of dramatic forms such as theatre and film, literary works such as those of Ovid and Giovanni Boccaccio may be considered sexual comedies.

Sexual comedy was popular in 17th century English Restoration theatre. From 1953 to 1965, Hollywood released a number of sexual comedies, some featuring stars such as Doris Day, Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe. The United Kingdom released a spate of sexual comedies in the 1970s, notably the Carry On series. Hollywood released Animal House in 1978, which was followed by a long line of teen sexual comedies in the early 1980s, e.g. Porky's, Bachelor Party and Risky Business. Other countries with a significant sexual comedy film production include Argentina (comedia picaresca), Brazil (pornochanchada), Italy (commedia sexy all'italiana) and Mexico (sexicomedias).
Sam Wengryn
Samuel John Wengryn is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the 24th district in the Iowa House of Representatives since 2025.

Wengryn is a graduate of Iowa State University and served on the Decatur County Board of Supervisors.

Iowa House of Representatives
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa House of Representatives is the lower house of the Iowa General Assembly, the upper house being the Iowa Senate. There are 100 seats in the Iowa House of Representatives, representing 100 single-member districts across the state, formed by dividing the 50 Senate districts in half. Each district has a population of approximately 30,464 as of the 2010 United States census. The House of Representatives meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the upper house, the Iowa Senate, state House representatives serve two-year terms with the whole chamber up for re-election in even-numbered years. There are no term limits for the House.
Quillebeuf-sur-Seine
Quillebeuf-sur-Seine (French pronunciation: [kijbœf syʁ sɛn], literally Quillebeuf on Seine) is a commune in the north-western part of the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Quillebeuf, which is an old port, is located on left bank of the Seine. The town is connected to Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine, in Seine-Maritime via a car ferry.

In the nineteenth century the English artist J.M.W. Turner visited the village four times and produced an oil painting Quillebeuf, Mouth of the Seine as well as several watercolours.

Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine
Port-Jérôme-sur-Seine (French pronunciation: [pɔʁ ʒeʁom syʁ sɛn]) is a commune in the department of Seine-Maritime, northern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Notre-Dame-de-Gravenchon, Auberville-la-Campagne, Touffreville-la-Cable and Triquerville.
Isaiah Briscoe
Isaiah Jamal Briscoe (born April 13, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for the Fujian Sturgeons of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). He was ranked among the top point guards in the national class of 2015 by Rivals.com, Scout.com and ESPN. He completed his senior year at Roselle Catholic High School in 2015, and then played two seasons of college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats.

ESPNU
ESPNU is an American multinational digital cable and satellite sports television channel owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company (which owns a controlling 72% stake via indirect subsidiary ABC Inc.), Hearst Communications (which owns 18%), and the National Football League (which owns 10%). The channel is primarily dedicated to coverage of college athletics, and is also used as an additional outlet for general ESPN programming. ESPNU is based alongside its sister networks at ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut.

As of November 2023, ESPNU is available to approximately 36,000,000 pay television households in the United States, down from its 2014 peak of 75,000,000 households.
Apraclonidine
Apraclonidine (INN), also known under the brand name Iopidine, is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy. It is an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist and a weak α1 adrenergic receptor agonist.

Topical apraclonidine is administered at a concentration of 1% for the prevention and treatment of post-surgical intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and 0.5% for short-term adjunctive therapy in patients on maximally tolerated medical therapy who require additional reduction of IOP. One drop is usually added one hour prior to laser eye surgery and another drop is given after the procedure is complete.

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
The alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic. There is no α1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as α1C, but it was found to be identical to the previously discovered α1A receptor subtype. To avoid confusion, naming was continued with the letter D. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α1-adrenergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The crystal structure of the α1B-adrenergic receptor subtype has been determined in complex with the inverse agonist (+)-cyclazosin.
East River Bridge (Sheet Harbour)
The East River Bridge is a multi-span bridge in Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia that carries Trunk 7 and the Marine Drive scenic route over the Northeast Arm of Sheet Harbour. The bridge is 183 m (600 ft) in length and was constructed from September 2014 to December 2015. It was opened on December 17, 2015 to pedestrians, with a bridge walk commemorating the closing of the old bridge and the opening of the new bridge. The bridge was opened to vehicles the day after. It replaced a green steel arch bridge of the same name that was built in 1956 immediately north of the current bridge. The previous bridge had a span of 213 m (699 ft) and shared engineering ties with the Angus L. MacDonald Bridge in Halifax. Nova Scotia was considering repairs to the old bridge, but they ultimately elected to construct a new bridge instead. The current bridge was designed without overhead arches, unlike its predecessor, as the construction cost would have been doubled.

Nova Scotia Trunk 7
Nova Scotia Trunk 7 is part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia's system of Trunk Highways. The route runs from Bedford to Antigonish, along the Eastern Shore for a distance of 269 kilometres (167 mi). Part of Trunk 7 is known as the Marine Drive.
Llandudno Cable Car
The Llandudno Cable Car is an attraction in the seaside resort of Llandudno in Conwy County Borough, Wales. The cable car runs along the Great Orme spanning a distance of one mile forty feet (1.622 km) exactly. The cable car was opened in summer 1969, and has been operational ever since. The cabins give views of the Irish Sea looking over to Rhyl and the Isle of Man, as well as the Snowdonia National Park. There are currently 20 cabins in service, which leave each station at approximately one-minute intervals. The cabins are painted in red, yellow, orange, light blue and purple. The cable car is now owned by Kinetics Industrial Ltd. The highest point from the ground is around 80 feet (24.38 m). Nine pylons support the cable.

Rhyl
Rhyl (/rɪl/; Welsh: Y Rhyl, pronounced [ə ˈr̥ɨl]) is a seaside town and community in Denbighshire in Wales. The town lies on the north coast of Wales, at the mouth of the River Clwyd.

To the west is Kinmel Bay and Towyn, to the east Prestatyn, and to the south-east Rhuddlan and St Asaph. At the 2011 Census, Rhyl had a population of 25,149, with Rhyl–Kinmel Bay having 31,229. Rhyl forms a conurbation with Prestatyn and its two outlying villages, the Rhyl/Prestatyn Built-up area, whose 2011 population of 46,267 makes it North Wales's most populous non-city. Rhyl was once an elegant Victorian resort town, but suffered rapid decline around the 1990s and 2000s; attempts have been made to reverse this through county investment, equal to around £15 million from Denbighshire County, however, the outcomes have been perceived with varying levels of success.

Prior to being in Denbighshire since 1996, it was in the Clwyd district of Rhuddlan, and before that the historic county of Flintshire.
Bagh Kheyrat
Bagh Kheyrat (Persian: باغ خيرات, also Romanized as Bāgh Kheyrāt and Bāghkheyrāt) is a village in Beyhaq Rural District, Sheshtomad District, Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 337, in 111 families.

Sheshtamad County
Sheshtamad County (Persian: شهرستان ششتمد) is located in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Sheshtomad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 3,108 in 920 households.
Taxation in Colombia
See Government of Colombia for a broader perspective of Colombian government.

Taxation in Colombia is determined by the Congress of Colombia, every Department Assembly and every City Council, which determine what kind of taxes can be levied and which rates can be applied.
The country inherited a harsh and diffused taxation policy from the Spanish Empire characterized by a heavy reliance on customs duties.

Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Traditionally, customs has been considered as the fiscal subject that charges customs duties (i.e. tariffs) and other taxes on import and export. In recent decades, the views on the functions of customs have considerably expanded and now covers three basic issues: taxation, security, and trade facilitation.

Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, enforced by their respective customs authorities; the import/export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden entirely. A wide range of penalties are faced by those who break these laws.
Utah State Route 276
State Route 276 is a state highway in remote portions of San Juan County, eastern Garfield County, and Kane County, in the southeast of the U.S. state of Utah. The route is used as an access to Lake Powell, serving the small resort towns of Ticaboo and Bullfrog. Historically, SR-276 crossed Lake Powell via the Charles Hall Ferry (originally called the John Atlantic Burr Toll Ferry), the only auto ferry in the state of Utah; however, the ferry is currently out of service due to low water levels. The entire route is part of the Trail of the Ancients National Scenic Byway.  Lake Powell separates the route into two sections; the eastern section was numbered State Route 263 prior to the existence of the ferry.

National Scenic Byway
A National Scenic Byway is a road recognized by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) for one or more of six "intrinsic qualities": archeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and scenic. The program was established by Congress in 1991 to preserve and protect the nation's scenic but often less-traveled roads and promote tourism and economic development. The National Scenic Byways Program (NSBP) is administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

Some scenic byways are designated All-American Roads, which must meet two out of the six intrinsic qualities. The designation means they have features that do not exist elsewhere in the United States and are unique and important enough to be tourist destinations unto themselves. As of January 21, 2021, there are 184 National Scenic Byways located in 48 states (all except Hawaii and Texas).
Agapiya
Agapiya (Russian: Ага́пия, from Ancient Greek: Ἀγάπη) is an old and uncommon Russian Christian female first name. Its masculine version is Agapy. Its colloquial form is Ogapiya (Ога́пия). The substandard colloquial form Agapeya (Агапе́я) was also used.

The diminutives of "Agapiya" are Agapa (Ага́па), Gapa (Га́па), Ganya (Га́ня), Gasya (Га́ся), Aga (А́га), and Agasha (Ага́ша).

Diminutive
A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment, and sometimes to belittle something or someone. A diminutive form (abbreviated DIM) is a word-formation device used to express such meanings. A double diminutive is a diminutive form with two diminutive suffixes rather than one.
Twenty Townships
The Twenty Townships are an area in central New York that now is largely a part of Madison and Chenango counties.  The area was also known as Clinton's Purchase, for the sale by the Oneida Nation to New York in 1788 was made under Governor George Clinton.

In the late twentieth century, the United States Supreme Court ruled the sale had been unconstitutional, as the state had no authority to deal directly with the Native Americans, and never had its treaty ratified by the US Senate.

Norwich (town), New York
Norwich is a town in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 3,998 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Norwich is located east of the center of the county. The city of Norwich is surrounded on all sides by the northern part of the town.
Red Mountain (New York)
Red Mountain is a mountain located in the Catskill Mountains of New York south-southwest of Grand Gorge. White Man Mountain is located northeast of Red Mountain and Cator Roundtop is located southwest.

Grand Gorge, New York
Grand Gorge is a hamlet in the town of Roxbury, Delaware County, New York, United States. Grand Gorge has a post office with the ZIP code 12434. It was the location of the Grand Gorge Railroad Station before the railroad station was torn down.
Hitzkirch
Hitzkirch is a municipality in the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2009, Gelfingen, Hämikon, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz joined Hitzkirch. On 1 January 2021, Altwis merged into Hitzkirch.

Hochdorf District
Hochdorf District was one of the five Ämtern, or districts, of the German-speaking Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Hochdorf.  It has a population of 74,143 (as of 31 December 2020).  In 2013 the name was changed from Amt Hochdorf to Wahlkreis Hochdorf as part of a reorganization of the Canton.  A sixth Wahlkreis was created, but in Hochdorf everything else remained essentially unchanged.

Hochdorf District consists of the following thirteen municipalities: