hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Devil's Coach Horses
"The Devil's Coach Horses" is a 1925 philological essay by J. R. R. Tolkien ("devil's coach horse" is the common name of a kind of rove beetle).

Tolkien draws attention to the devil's steeds called eaueres in Hali Meidhad, translated "boar" in the Early English Text Society edition of 1922, but in reference to the jumenta "yoked team, draught horse" of Joel (Joel 1:17), in the Vulgata Clementina computruerunt jumenta in stercore suo.

Rather than from the Old English word for "boar", eofor (cognate with the modern German word for boar, Eber), Tolkien derives the word from eafor "packhorse", from a verb aferian "transport", related to Middle English aver "draught-horse", a word surviving in northern dialects. The Proto-Germanic root *ab- "energy, vigour, labour" of the word is cognate to Latin opus.

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
Recapture of Corumbá
The Recapture of Corumbá, also known as the Second Battle of Corumbá, was a battle in the Paraguayan War, fought in the city of Corumbá in Mato Grosso do Sul, Empire of Brazil. The Imperial Brazilian Army under the command of Antônio Maria Coelho had launched an attack on the Paraguayan Army detachment occupying the city, under the command of Hermógenes Cabral. Corumbá was under the control of Paraguay since January 1865, in the first phase of the Paraguayan War.

Imperial Brazilian Army
The Imperial Brazilian Army (Portuguese: Exército Imperial Brasileiro) was the name given to the land force of the Empire of Brazil. The Brazilian Army was formed after the independence of the country from Portugal in 1822 and reformed in 1889, after the republican coup d'état that created the First Brazilian Republic, a dictatorship headed by the army.
Charena
Charena was a nobleman in the Kingdom of Hungary, who served as Judge royal (Latin: curialis comes) in 1184, during the reign of Béla III of Hungary.

He was appointed to the office sometime in 1183 or 1184. In this capacity, Béla III delegated him into the judicial body, of which Denis, Palatine of Hungary and comes Achilles were also members, which judged over the lawsuit between Tihany Abbey and the royal udvornici of Esztergom, according to a document issued by the collegiate chapter of Székesfehérvár. Charena was replaced by Mog as judge royal in 1185 at the latest.

Esztergom
Esztergom (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɛstɛrɡom] ⓘ; German: Gran; Latin: Solva or Strigonium; Slovak: Ostrihom, known by alternative names) is a city with county rights in northern Hungary, 46 kilometres (29 miles) northwest of the capital Budapest. It lies in Komárom-Esztergom County, on the right bank of the river Danube, which forms the border with Slovakia there. Esztergom was the capital of Hungary from the 10th until the mid-13th century when King Béla IV of Hungary moved the royal seat to Buda.

Esztergom is the seat of the prímás (see Primate) of the Catholic Church in Hungary, and the former seat of the Constitutional Court of Hungary. The city has a Christian Museum with the largest ecclesiastical collection in Hungary. Its cathedral, Esztergom Basilica, is the largest church in Hungary. Near the Basilica there is a campus of the Pázmány Péter Catholic University.
Ghost Nebula
The Ghost Nebula (designated Sh 2-136, VdB 141) is a reflection nebula located in the constellation Cepheus.

It lies near the cluster NGC 7023. Looking at the adjacent image, the nebula's name is easily understood. The Ghost Nebula is referred to as a globule (catalogued CB230) and over 2 light-years across. There are several stars embedded, whose reflected light make the nebula appear a yellowish-brown colour.

Bok globule
In astronomy, Bok globules are isolated and relatively small dark nebulae containing dense cosmic dust and gas from which star formation may take place. Bok globules are found within H II regions, and typically have a mass of about two to 50 solar masses contained within a region about a light year or so across (about 4.5×1047 m3). They contain molecular hydrogen (H2), carbon oxides and helium, and around 1% (by mass) silicate dust. Bok globules most commonly result in the formation of double- or multiple-star systems.
Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre
The men's sabre fencing competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place on August 12 at the Olympic Green Convention Centre. There were 40 competitors from 21 nations. The event was won by Zhong Man of China, the nation's first medal in the men's sabre. Nicolas Lopez's silver put France back on the podium after a one-Games absence. Mihai Covaliu of Romania became the 13th man to win multiple medals in the event, adding a bronze to his 2000 gold medal.

Nicolas Lopez (fencer)
Nicolas Lopez (born 14 November 1980 in Tarbes) is a French sabre fencer.

Lopez won the gold medal in the sabre team event at the 2006 World Fencing Championships after beating Ukraine in the final. He accomplished this with his teammates Vincent Anstett, Julien Pillet and Boris Sanson.

At the 2008 Beijing Olympics he helped his team win a gold medal in fencing, after beating the United States in the final. Lopez also won the silver medal in the individual sabre fencing, losing to Zhong Man in the final.
Long Player Late Bloomer
Long Player Late Bloomer is the 12th studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Ron Sexsmith, released in 2011.

On June 16, the album was named as a longlisted nominee (one of 40) for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize. On July 6, the album was named as a shortlisted (one of 10) nominee for the 2011 award. The album was subsequently nominated for Adult Alternative Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards.

The album is notable for being produced by heavy metal producer Bob Rock, best known for his work with Mötley Crüe and Metallica. Sexsmith was followed by a camera crew for the recording of the album, which resulted in the film, Love Shines which documents Sexsmith's attempts to turn his niche following into mainstream success by recording the album with Rock. Long Player Late Bloomer spent a total of three weeks in the UK official album chart, peaking at no. 48

2011 Polaris Music Prize
The 2011 edition of the Canadian Polaris Music Prize was presented on September 19, 2011 The winner was Arcade Fire, for the album The Suburbs, making it the only album to win a Grammy Award for Album of the Year.

For the 2011 award, the prize was increased to $30,000 for the winning musician.
Tauwhare
Tauwhare is a small rural community in the Waikato District on the outskirts of Hamilton, NZ. The Waitakaruru Arboretum and Sculpture Park is located here.

There is a Community Committee and a Memorial Hall.
The 1902 Cyclopedia of New Zealand noted that Tauwhare had a scattered population, a school, a cheese factory (owned by the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company) and could be reached by coach from Tamahere railway station.

Peri-urbanisation
Peri-urbanisation relates to the processes of scattered and dispersive urban growth that create hybrid landscapes of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Such areas may be referred to as the rural–urban fringe, the outskirts or the urban hinterland.
14th Lumière Awards
The 14th Lumière Awards ceremony, presented by the Académie des Lumières to honour the best in France's French-speaking cinema, was held on 19 January 2009. The ceremony was presided by Jeanne Balibar. The Class won the award for Best Film.

The Class (2008 film)
The Class (French: Entre les murs, lit. 'Between the walls') is a 2008 French drama film directed by Laurent Cantet, based on the 2006 novel of the same name by François Bégaudeau. The novel is a semi-autobiographical account of Bégaudeau's experiences as a French language and literature teacher in a middle school in the 20th arrondissement of Paris, particularly illuminating his struggles with "problem children": Esmerelda (Esmeralda Ouertani), Khoumba (Rachel Regulier), and Souleymane (Franck Keïta). The film stars Bégaudeau himself in the role of the teacher.

The film received a unanimous Palme d'Or at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, making it the first French film to do so since 1987, when Maurice Pialat won the award for  Under the Sun of Satan. The Class was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but lost to Departures.
Deron
Deron, also spelled DeRon or DeRonn, is a male given name. Notable people with this name include:

Deron Bilous (born 1975), Canadian politician

Deron Cherry (born 1959), American football player

Deron Feldhaus (born 1968), American basketball player

DeRon Jenkins (born 1973), American football player

Deron Johnson (1938–1992), American baseball player

Deron Johnson (musician), American jazz keyboardist

Deron Mayo (born 1988), American football player

Deron McBee (born 1961), American actor and sportsman

Deron Miller (born 1976), American heavy metal musician

DeRonn Scott (born 1991), American basketball player

Deron Quint (born 1976), American ice hockey player

Deron Washington (born 1985), American basketball player

Deron Williams (born 1984), American basketball player

Deron Mayo
Deron Mayo (born March 28, 1988) is an  American football coach and former linebacker and is the head strength and conditioning coach for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). Despite his brother Jerod Mayo being fired as the Patriots head coach after the 2024 season, new Patriots head coach Mike Vrabel announced on February 5, 2025,  that Deron Mayo would return for the 2025 season as the Patriots head strength and conditioning coach.  He played college football for Hofstra and Old Dominion. He signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2011. Mayo also played for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Cyrias Roy
Georges-Cyrias Roy (August 6, 1864 – June 27, 1919) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Montmagny in the House of Commons of Canada from 1908 to 1911 as a Liberal.

He was born in St-François de la Rivière-du-Sud, the son of Georges Roy and Henriette Corriveau. Roy was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1887 and practised in Montmagny. In 1899, he was named prothonotary for Montmagny district, sharing this title with Amédée Beabien until 1904; he resigned this position in 1908 to run for a seat in the House of Commons. In 1912, he became prothonotary again, this time with Cléophas Leclerc. Roy died in Montmagny at the age of 54.

Roy also served as mayor of Montmagny in 1896 and 1897.

Montmagny (federal electoral district)
Montmagny (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃maɲi] ⓘ) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935.

This riding was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted initially of the County of Montmagny. In 1882, the northeastern part of the Township of Armagh in the County of Bellechasse, and the northeastern part of the township of Mailloux, were transferred from Bellechasse to Montmagny. In 1924, it was redefined to consist of the County of Montmagny and the Ile-aux-Grues and adjoining islands.

It was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed into the Bellechasse and Montmagny—L'Islet electoral districts.
Greg Nesbitt
Greg Nesbitt is a Canadian provincial politician, who was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the riding of Riding Mountain in the 2016 election. He is a member of the Progressive Conservative party, and held the seat after incumbent MLA Leanne Rowat did not stand for re-election. He was re-elected in the 2019 and 2023 elections. On October 24, 2023, he was appointed as the Shadow Minister for Environment and Climate Change and the Shadow Minister for Efficiency Manitoba.

In May 2025, Nesbitt apologized for suggesting that a mental health contract for workers who had searched a landfill for victims of the 2022 Winnipeg serial killings was for NDP Finance Minister Adrien Sala's personal use.

Riding Mountain (provincial electoral district)
Riding Mountain (French: Mont-Riding) is a provincial electoral district of Manitoba, Canada. It was created by redistribution in 2008.

Communities in the riding include Minnedosa, Rapid City, Rivers, Virden and Birtle. The riding's population in 2006 was 21,245.
Berkeley Folk Music Festival
The Berkeley Folk Music Festival was an annual folk music festival held from 1958 to 1970 in Berkeley, California. It was directed by Barry Olivier. The Festival was one of the preeminent folk festivals on the West Coast, predating the more popular Newport Folk Festival on the East Coast.

Notable performers and artists include Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, Doc Watson, Alan Lomax, Howlin' Wolf, Phil Ochs, Alice Stuart, Jean Ritchie, Jean Redpath, Jesse Fuller, Big Mama Thornton, Mance Lipscomb, Mississippi John Hurt, Archie Green, Alan Dundes, Bess Lomax Hawes, Ewan MacColl, John Fahey, Red Krayola, Richie Havens, Phil Spector, Robbie Basho, the Jefferson Airplane, the Youngbloods, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, and more.

Archie Green
Archie Green (June 29, 1917 – March 22, 2009) was an American folklorist specializing in laborlore (defined as the special folklore of workers) and American folk music. Devoted to understanding vernacular culture, he gathered and commented upon the speech, stories, songs, emblems, rituals, art, artifacts, memorials, and landmarks which constitute laborlore. He is credited with winning Congressional support for passage of the American Folklife Preservation Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-201), which established the American Folklife Center in the Library of Congress.
S/MIME
S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard for public-key encryption and signing of MIME data. S/MIME is on an IETF standards track and defined in a number of documents, most importantly RFC 8551. It was originally developed by RSA Data Security, and the original specification used the IETF MIME specification with the de facto industry standard PKCS #7 secure message format. Change control to S/MIME has since been vested in the IETF, and the specification is now layered on Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), an IETF specification that is identical in most respects with PKCS #7. S/MIME functionality is built into the majority of modern email software and interoperates between them. Since it is built on CMS, MIME can also hold an advanced digital signature.

Non-repudiation
In law, non-repudiation is a situation where a statement's author cannot successfully dispute its authorship or the validity of an associated contract. The term is often seen in a legal setting when the authenticity of a signature is being challenged. In such an instance, the authenticity is being "repudiated".

For example, Mallory buys a cell phone for $100, writes a paper cheque as payment, and signs the cheque with a pen.  Later, she finds that she can't afford it, and claims that the cheque is a forgery.  The signature guarantees that only Mallory could have signed the cheque, and so Mallory's bank must pay the cheque.  This is non-repudiation; Mallory cannot repudiate the cheque. In practice, pen-and-paper signatures are not hard to forge, but digital signatures can be very hard to break.
Ōgushi Shell Mound
The Ōgushi Shell Midden (大串貝塚, Ōgushi kaizuka) is an archaeological site in the Shiozaki area of the city of Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan containing a Jōmon period shell midden. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1970.

Kantō region
The Kantō region (関東地方, Kantō Chihō; IPA: [kaꜜn.toː, kan.toː tɕiꜜ.hoː, kan.toː tɕi̥.hoꜜː]) is a geographical region of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. In a common definition, the region includes the Greater Tokyo Area and encompasses seven prefectures: Chiba, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama, Tochigi, and Tokyo. Slightly more than 45 percent of the land area within its boundaries is the Kantō Plain. The rest consists of the hills and mountains that form land borders with other regions of Japan.

As the Kantō region contains Tokyo, the capital and largest city of Japan, the region is considered the center of Japan's politics and economy. According to the official census on October 1, 2010, by the Statistics Bureau of Japan, the population was 42,607,376, amounting to approximately one third of the total population of Japan.
Zouada
Zouada is a small town and rural commune in Larache Province of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 20,930 people living in 3100 households.

Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima (Arabic: طنجة - تطوان - الحسيمة, romanized: ṭanja - tiṭwān - al-ḥusayma) is the northernmost of the twelve regions of Morocco. It covers an area of 15,090 km2 and recorded a population of 4,030,222 in the 2024 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Tangier.
Mangrum
Mangrum is the surname of the following people:

Jim "Dandy" Mangrum (born 1948), lead singer for the American Southern rock band Black Oak

Joe Mangrum (born 1969), American installation and multiple-medium artist

Lloyd Mangrum (1914–1973), American golfer

Ray Mangrum (1910–1975), American golfer, brother of Lloyd

Richard C. Mangrum (1906–1985), United States Marine Corps lieutenant general

Alexander K. Mangrum (born 2001), American Citizen

Lloyd Mangrum
Lloyd Eugene Mangrum (August 1, 1914 – November 17, 1973) was an American professional golfer. He was known for his smooth swing and his relaxed demeanour on the course, which earned him the nickname "Mr. Icicle."
SackSEER
SackSEER is a statistical model for predicting the performance of collegiate American football players who are trying to play in the National Football League. SackSEER was developed in 2010 by Nate Forster of Football Outsiders.

SackSEER only applies to defensive ends who are "edge rushers".  The first version of SackSEER was published in the 2010 Football Outsiders Almanac.

Statistical model
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. When referring specifically to probabilities, the corresponding term is probabilistic model. All statistical hypothesis tests and all statistical estimators are derived via statistical models. More generally, statistical models are part of the foundation of statistical inference. A statistical model is usually specified as a mathematical relationship between one or more random variables and other non-random variables.  As such, a statistical model is "a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen).
Montbau
Montbau is a neighborhood in the Horta-Guinardó district of the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

In the eastern part of the neighborhood there is the campus Mundet, which had been the old Llars Mundet that was a charitable organization. In the campus there is the School of Psychology and pedagogy of the University of Barcelona, a geriatric home and schools. In the western part there is the Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron.

The Barcelona Metro line L3 stations of Vall d'Hebron, Montbau and Mundet are all situated on the southern boundary of the neighbourhood, under the Ronda de Dalt. Vall d'Hebron station is also served by line L5.

Mundet station
Mundet is a Barcelona Metro station, in the Horta-Guinardó district of Barcelona, which takes its name from the Recinte Mundet, an adjacent area that now houses a campus of the University of Barcelona. The station is served by line L3.

The station is located underneath the Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron and the Ronda de Dalt expressway, between Avinguda de Can Marcet and Passeig dels Castanyers. Access to the station is provided by an underground passageway allowing passengers to cross under the Ronda de Dalt; access is by stairs, escalators, and elevators north of the station, and level to the south, allowing the station to be supplied with natural light. One level below the passageway is a single 100-metre (330 ft) long island platform served by two flanking tracks.

The station was opened in 2001, when the section of line L3 from Montbau station to Canyelles station was inaugurated. It was designed by Ventura Valcarce.
Tanning agent
A tanning agent is used for:

Leather tanning, the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather

Sunless tanning, the effect of a suntan without the Sun

Tanning activator, chemicals that increase the effect of UV-radiation on human skin

Tanning (leather)
Tanning, or hide tanning, is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed.

Historically, vegetable based tanning used tannin, an acidic chemical compound derived from the bark of certain trees, in the production of leather. An alternative method, developed in the 1800s, is chrome tanning, where chromium salts are used instead of natural tannins.
The Rest Is Noise
The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century is a 2007 nonfiction book by the American music critic Alex Ross, first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It recounts the history of European and American music, starting in 1900, and highlights many examples. According to Grove Music Online, the book was intended to "open musical discourse to the broader educated public".

It received widespread critical praise in the U.S. and Europe, garnering a National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism, a Guardian First Book Award, a Premio Napoli, and the 2011 Grand Prix des Muses. The Rest is Noise was also on The New York Times list of the ten best books of 2007 and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. The book was shortlisted for the 2008 Samuel Johnson Prize for nonfiction.

Guardian First Book Award
The Guardian First Book Award was a literary award presented by The Guardian newspaper. It annually recognised one book by a new writer. It was established in 1999, replacing the Guardian Fiction Award or Guardian Fiction Prize that the newspaper had sponsored from 1965. The Guardian First Book Award was discontinued in 2016, with the 2015 awards being the last.