hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Left-invariant
Left-invariant or left translation-invariant generally refers to the invariance of some mathematical object under the operation of left translation. Right-invariant is defined similarly. Common examples include:

A left-invariant measure on a topological group, as one of the defining properties of a (left) Haar measure

A left-invariant mean on a topological group, used to define amenability

A left-invariant metric on a topological group

A left-invariant vector field on a Lie group (one way to view an element of its Lie algebra)

A left-invariant differential operator on a Lie group, a generalisation of the former

A left-invariant Riemannian metric on a Lie group

Haar measure
In mathematical analysis, the Haar measure assigns an "invariant volume" to subsets of locally compact topological groups, consequently defining an integral for functions on those groups.

This measure was introduced by Alfréd Haar in 1933, though its special case for Lie groups had been introduced by Adolf Hurwitz in 1897 under the name "invariant integral". Haar measures are used in many parts of analysis, number theory, group theory, representation theory, statistics, probability theory, and ergodic theory.
French Zoosemiotics Society
French Zoosemiotics Society (French: Société Française de Zoosémiotique) is an academic society, uniting ethologists, zoologists, semioticians (including biosemioticians and ecosemioticians), linguists, veterinarians and philosophers, and promoting a semiotic approach in zoosemiotics and animal studies.

The focus of the society is to promote and facilitate research in animal communication, their intraspecific and interspecific sign systems, as well as human-animal communication studies.

The Society was established in 2018 by scholars of Sorbonne University, National Museum of Natural History, and other universities and institutions of France.

This is seemingly the first zoosemiotics society in the world.

The founding president of the Society is Astrid Guillaume.

National Museum of Natural History, France
In France, the National Museum of Natural History (French: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [myzeɔm nɑsjɔnal distwaʁ natyʁɛl]; MNHN) is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne University. The main museum, with four galleries,  is located in Paris, France, within the Jardin des Plantes on the left bank of the River Seine. It was formally founded in 1793, during the French Revolution, but was begun even earlier in 1635 as the royal garden of medicinal plants. The museum now has 14 sites throughout France.

Since the 2014 reform, it has been headed by a chairman, assisted by deputy managing directors. The Museum has a staff of approximately 2,350 members, including six hundred researchers. It is a member of the national network of naturalist collections (RECOLNAT).
The Adventures of Gracie Lou
The Adventures of Gracie Lou is a British-Australian animated series created by Darren and Helen Simpson, owners of Merry Dance Productions. The show premiered in 2007 on ABC Kids.

In 2011, the show aired on the Hungarian version of the channel JimJam. In 2008 or 2009, the show was dubbed, premiered, and aired on the Israeli/Hebrew version of the channels Hop! Channel and Luli TV. In 2018, the show was removed from these channels. As of 2026, it is unknown if this show will eventually return on TV.

ABC Kids (Australia)
ABC Kids is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's free to air part-time channel, broadcasting shows between the hours of 4am and 7:30pm for children 6 years old and younger, including an upper preschool audience. It shares the same bandwidth as ABC Family which broadcasts outside ABC Kids' scheduled hours.
Ancient Cappadocian language
The ancient Cappadocian language was an ancient language or group of languages spoken in Asia Minor, possibly related to Hittite or Luwian. If Luwian, it may have been related to the dialect of Tabal. There are no known texts in this language.

Strabo and Basil of Caesarea state that it was not Greek.

It was ultimately replaced by Koine Greek, but appears to have survived in some locations until at least the 6th century CE.

Tabal (state)
Tabal (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆳𒋫𒁄 and 𒌷𒋫𒁄), later reorganised into Bīt-Burutaš (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾) or Bīt-Paruta (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒂍𒁹𒉺𒊒𒋫), was a Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.
2024 European Parliament election in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
The European Parliament election of 2024 took place in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, as well as the rest of Italy, on 8–9 June 2024.

The Brothers of Italy, which came first also at the country-level, was by the most voted list in Trentino (26.3%), while the South Tyrolean People's Party as by far the largest party in South Tyrol (47.0%). SVP's Herbert Dorfmann, the outgoing three-term MEP, was largely the most voted candidate in the region (80,173 preference votes), followed by Brigitte Foppa of the Greens–Greens and Left Alliance (25,390). Dorfmann was the only candidate from the region to be elected (in his case, re-elected) to the European Parliament.

Greens and Left Alliance
The Greens and Left Alliance (Italian: Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra, AVS) is a left-wing political alliance active in Italy, which was launched on 2 July 2022 as a federation of two political parties, Italian Left (SI) and Green Europe (EV).

AVS is often referred to as a red–green alliance and its leaders are Angelo Bonelli and Nicola Fratoianni, spokespersons of EV and SI.
Donal O'Sullivan (politician)
Donal Joseph O'Sullivan (24 December 1893 – 15 April 1973) was an Irish academic, folk-music historian and politician. He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from 1943 to 1944. He was elected to the 4th Seanad in 1943 by the Cultural and Educational Panel. He lost his seat at the 1944 Seanad election. He was also a Clerk of the Seanad from 1922 to 1936.

Cultural and Educational Panel
The Cultural and Educational Panel is one of five vocational panels which together elect 43 of the 60 members of Seanad Éireann, the senate of the Oireachtas (the legislature of Ireland). The Cultural and Educational Panel elects five senators.
Alternatino with Arturo Castro
Alternatino with Arturo Castro is an American sketch comedy television series, created by and starring Arturo Castro, which premiered on June 18, 2019 on Comedy Central. The series is executive produced by Castro, Jay Martel, Nick Jasenovec, Sam Saife, David Martin, Jon Thoday, and Richard Allen-Turner. Jasenovec directed the whole first season as well.

The series was renewed for a second season and would have moved to Quibi, but as the service shut down in December 2020, this never materialized.

Quibi
Quibi (/ˈkwɪbi/ KWIB-ee) was an American short-form streaming platform that generated content for viewing on mobile devices. It was founded in Los Angeles in August 2018 as NewTV by Jeffrey Katzenberg, and it was led by Meg Whitman as CEO. The service raised $1.75 billion from investors. It launched in April 2020, but shut down in December 2020 after falling short of its subscriber projections. In January 2021, Quibi's content library was sold to Roku, Inc. for less than $100 million. The platform's concepts and failure inspired widespread mockery.
Phytophthora tentaculata
Phytophthora tentaculata is a plant pathogen that causes root and stalk rot. It was first isolated in 1993 in a nursery in Germany infecting Chrysanthemum, Verbena, and Delphinium ajacis. It has since been found infecting a Verbena  in Majorca, Spain in June 2001 but was thought to be restricted to nurseries in Germany and the Netherlands. Other species have since been found to be infected, Santolina chamaecyparissus (Lavender cotton) in Spain in 2004, Gerbera jamesonii in Italy 2006, and Aucklandia lappa in China in 2008.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums (/krɪˈsænθəməmz/ kriss-AN-thə-məmz), sometimes abbreviated to mums or chrysanths, are perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Asteraceae that bloom in the autumn. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia, and the center of diversity is in China. Many thousands of horticultural varieties and cultivars exist.
Siri A. Meling
Siri A. Meling (born 8 February 1963 in Stavanger) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Rogaland in 2001, but was not re-elected in 2005. She served in the position of deputy representative during the term 2005–2009.

She took her education at the BI Norwegian Business School, and then worked as a businesswoman based in Egersund. Since 2006 she is a sub-director in the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries.

Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries
The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries (Norwegian: Fiskeridirektoratet) is a Norwegian government agency. On 1 January 2014, it was incorporated into the new Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries formerly under the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs.

Established in 1900, it is responsible for advising and executing the ministry's policy. It formerly conducted research, but the Institute of Marine Research was split out in 1989. The organization consists of a headquarters in Bergen, seven regional offices and more than twenty local offices spread around the country.
Suka (string instrument)
The Suka was a unique fiddle that was played vertically, on the knee or hanging from a strap, and the strings were stopped at the side with the fingernails; similar to the Gadulka. The body of the instrument was very similar to the modern violin, but the neck was very wide, and the pegbox was crude. This was thought to be the "missing link" between the upside-down or "knee chordophone" instruments, and the modern violin. It died out, and was known only from drawings of a single specimen displayed at an exhibition in 1888. It is a traditional Polish instrument.

The suka is played as part of the instrument accompanyment in the band Polky, in Toronto Canada.

Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments
A variety of methods are used to tune different stringed instruments. Most change the pitch produced when the string is played by adjusting the tension of the strings.

A tuning peg in a pegbox is perhaps the most common system. A peg has a grip or knob on it to allow it to be turned. A tuning pin is a tuning peg with a detachable grip, called a tuning lever. The socket on the tuning lever fits over the pin and allows it to be turned. Tuning pins are used on instruments where there is no space for a knob on each string, such as pianos and harps.

Turning the peg or pin tightens or loosens the string. Some tuning pegs and pins are tapered, some threaded. Some tuning pegs are ornamented with shell, metal, or plastic inlays, beads (pips) or rings.

Other tuning systems include screw-and-lever tuners, geared tuners, and the konso friction tuning system (using braided leather rings).
Liberal Republic
Liberal Republic (Spanish, República Liberal) is the period of  Chilean history between 1861 and 1891. It is characterized by the rise of the liberal political faction the Pipiolos who opposed the Pelucones who had dominated the preceding period known as the Conservative Republic. They promulgated constitutional reforms that limited the power of the president and increased the power of the Congress.

Pipiolos
Pipiolos (Spanish for a young or naive person) was a name used to refer to Chilean upper class liberals in the early 19th century. The name "pipiolo" was originally used by the conservative Pelucones in a derogatory manner by associating the liberals to inexperience. In the Chilean Civil War of 1829 the Pipiolos, led by Ramón Freire, were defeated, which made it so the Pelucones could enforce the Chilean Constitution of 1833, which led to creation of a strong unitarian and authoritarian presidential system held up by upper-class democracy.

During the Revolution of 1851, the Pipiolos made a failed attempt to seize power from conservatives. With the Liberal–Conservative Fusion in 1858, the term "Pipiolo" fell into disuse.
Co-op Solutions
CU Cooperative Systems, Inc. was a company providing services to credit unions in the United States. It is now a part of Velera, although the combined organization continues to use the Co-op Solutions  brand. Other names it has used includes CO-OP Financial Services and Co-op Network. It operated an interbank network connecting the ATMs of credit unions in the United States, with locations also in Canada and certain United States Navy bases overseas.

It is was headquartered in Rancho Cucamonga, California.

Rancho Cucamonga, California
Rancho Cucamonga (/ˌræntʃoʊ kuːkəˈmʌŋɡə/ RAN-choh KOO-kə-MUNG-gə) is a city located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States. About 37 mi (60 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 28th most populous city in California. The city's seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the city's agricultural history including wine-making. The city's proximity to major transportation hubs, airports, and highways has attracted the business of several large corporations, including Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, Big Lots, Mercury Insurance Group, Southern California Edison, and Amphastar Pharmaceuticals.

The city had a population of 174,453 according to the 2020 United States census.

The Jack Benny Program popularized the city's name, in particular the word "Cucamonga".
Lycopene beta-cyclase
Lycopene β-cyclase (EC 5.5.1.19, CrtL, CrtL-b, CrtY) is an enzyme with systematic name carotenoid beta-end group lyase (decyclizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

carotenoid ψ-end group  carotenoid β-end group

This enzyme requires NAD(P)H. It converts Lycopene (2 ψ ends) into β-carotene (2 β ends).

Lycopene
Lycopene is an organic compound classified as a tetraterpene and a carotene. Lycopene (from the Neo-Latin Lycopersicon, the name of a former tomato genus) is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.
White space (visual arts)
In page layout and illustration, white space (or often negative space) is the portion of a page left unmarked: margins, gutters, and space between columns, lines of type, graphics, figures, or objects drawn or depicted. 
It is not necessarily actually white if the background is of a different colour. The term arises from graphic design practice, where printing processes generally use white paper.
White space may be affirmatively an element of design rather than just space left blank.

When space is at a premium, such as in some types of magazine, newspaper, and yellow pages advertising, white space is restricted in order to get as much information onto the page as possible. A page full of text or graphics with very little white space may appear cluttered, and be difficult to read. Some designs compensate for restricted white space by use of leading and typeface. Extensive white space may be left intentionally, with the purpose of giving an appearance deemed classic, elegant, or rich.

Leading
In typography, leading (/ˈlɛdɪŋ/ LED-ing) is the space between adjacent lines of type; the exact definition varies.

In hand typesetting, leading is the thin strips of lead (or aluminium) that were inserted between lines of type in the composing stick to increase the vertical distance between them. The thickness of the strip is called leading and is equal to the difference between the size of the type and the distance from one baseline to the next. For instance, given a type size of 10 points and a distance between baselines of 12 points, the leading would be 2 points. This combination of type size and distance between baselines is described as "10 on 12 pt", which may appear in a book's colophon as "Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Times Roman", or similar.

The term is still used in modern page-layout software such as QuarkXPress, the Affinity Suite, and Adobe InDesign. Consumer-oriented word-processing software often talks of line spacing or, more accurately, interline spacing.
Lincoln Heights, Richland County, Ohio
Lincoln Heights is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Richland County, Ohio, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The CDP is in east-central Richland County, in the center of the east part of Madison Township. It is bordered to the west by the city of Mansfield, to the east by unincorporated Wooster Heights and to the southwest by unincorporated East Mansfield. U.S. Route 42 (Ashland Road) forms the northwestern edge of the CDP. Route 42 leads northeast 11 miles (18 km) to Ashland and southwest 2 miles (3 km) to the center of Mansfield. Ohio State Route 430 (Wooster Road; former U.S. Route 30) forms the southern edge of the CDP; it leads west into Mansfield and east 30 miles (48 km) to Wooster. State Route 39 (Lucas Road) leads southeast from Lincoln Heights 14 miles (23 km) to Perrysville.

Ohio State Route 430
State Route 430 (SR 430, OH 430) is an east–west state highway in the northern portion of Ohio. The western terminus of State Route 430 is at an interchange with State Route 309 in Ontario.  Its eastern terminus is at a T-intersection with State Route 603 just outside Mifflin.
Scottish Asians
Scottish Asian (Asian-Scottish or Asian-Scots) is a term defined within the 2011 Scottish census as including people of Bangladeshi, Chinese, Indian, Pakistani or other Asian ancestry resident in Scotland. Their parents or grandparents are normally Asian immigrants. It can also refer to people who are of dual Scottish and Asian ancestry. It combines Asian ethnic background with Scottish national identity.

In traditional British usage, the term Asian did not normally include East Asians, who were referred by their respective national origins (e.g. Chinese, Japanese and others) or collectively as "Oriental", which similar to Scotch can be viewed of as pejorative when applied to people. By contrast, in traditional North American usage the term Asian did not normally include South Asians but focused on East and Southeast Asians, particularly Chinese, Japanese and Vietnamese. These frames of reference reflect different migration patterns.

Asian people
"Asian people" (sometimes "Asiatic people") is an umbrella term for people who belong to any ethnic, racial, or national group with origins in Asia. It is most often used in contexts concerning the Asian diaspora, which consists of Asian people and their descendants living outside of the continent. The exact definition of the term may vary by country; some classifications of "Asian" may only refer to certain Asian-origin groups, as opposed to the population of the entire continent.
Poolaki
Poolaki (Persian: پولکی), commonly called pooleki, is a type of candy made mainly in Isfahan, Iran. Its shape is in the form of a thin disc, similar to a thin coin, which starts dissolving as it enters the mouth. It is made of sugar, water, white vinegar and some natural taste of saffron, dried lime or cocoa powder. It is similar to toffee. Poolaki is similar to the word "Poolak" which means "small coin" in Persian. Poolaki is also a Persian surname.

Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French  vyn egre 'sour wine') is an odorous aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation—converting simple sugars to ethanol using yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using acetic acid bacteria. Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the culinary arts as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient, salad dressing, or pickling agent. Various types are used as condiments or garnishes, including balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

As an easily manufactured mild acid, it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a household cleaner.
Reginald Beckford
Reginald Beckford was a Panamanian sprinter and businessman.  In 1930, during the Central American Games in Havana, Cuba, Beckford distinguished himself as the first Panamanian to obtain a gold medal at an international sporting event.

Central American Games
The Central American Games (Spanish: Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos) are a multi-sport regional championships event, held quadrennial (every 4 years), typically in the first year after  Summer Olympics. The Games are open for member federations of the Central American Sports Organization (Spanish: Organización Deportiva Centroamericana) ORDECA  in Central American countries.  (in Spanish)

The Games have had an equivalent to the Olympic Flame, being ignited in Q'umarkaj, one of the ancient cultural Mayan centers located in El Quiché,  Guatemala. However, some people and organizations have criticised the games for not including the Mesoamerican ballgame, the oldest ball sport in the continent, on the sports programme.

The competition is the second multi-sport event to have the name: the Central American and Caribbean Games began life in 1926 as the Central American Games and had this moniker until it expanded its remit in 1935.
Giannetto De Rossi
Giannetto De Rossi (8 August 1942 – 11 April 2021) was an Italian makeup and special effects artist for motion pictures. His career included work for several high-profile directors, including Bernardo Bertolucci, Sergio Leone, Federico Fellini, Franco Zeffirelli, and David Lynch; as well as collaborations with cult filmmakers Lucio Fulci and Alexandre Aja. He was known particularly for his highly detailed and realistic prosthetic appliances, most visible in his horror output. He was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Special Effects for the Oscar-winning The Last Emperor (1987).

The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)
The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1998 American action drama film written, directed and produced by Randall Wallace in his directorial debut. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio in a dual role as the title character and the villain, Jeremy Irons as Aramis, John Malkovich as Athos, Gérard Depardieu as Porthos, and Gabriel Byrne as D'Artagnan. Some characters are from Alexandre Dumas's D'Artagnan Romances, and some plot elements are loosely adapted from his 1847–1850 novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne.

The film centers on the four aging musketeers, Athos, Porthos, Aramis and D'Artagnan, during the reign of King Louis XIV. It explores the mystery of the Man in the Iron Mask, with a plot closer to the flamboyant 1929 version starring Douglas Fairbanks, The Iron Mask, and the 1939 version, directed by James Whale, than to the original Dumas book. The film received mixed reviews but was a financial success, grossing $183 million worldwide against a budget of $35 million.