hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gothenburg Coastal Artillery Defence
Gothenburg Coastal Artillery Defence (Swedish: Göteborgs kustartilleriförsvar, GbK) was a unit of the Swedish Coastal Artillery which operated from 1942 to 1980. The staff was located in the Gothenburg Garrison in Gothenburg, Sweden.

The Gothenburg Coastal Artillery Defence was a naval authority responsible for mobilizing and commanding coastal artillery units in the Gothenburg archipelago. Gothenburg Coastal Artillery Defence was commanded by a Coastal Artillery Defence Commander, who also served as Defence District Commander, who in this capacity was the territorial commander. As Defence District Commander, the Coastal Artillery Defence Commander had the same responsibilities and obedience conditions as Defence District Commanders of the Swedish Army. In these cases, staff and command of the coastal artillery defence and the defence district were joint.

Gothenburg archipelago
The archipelago of Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborgs skärgård) comprises northern and southern archipelagoes in the Kattegat. The southern archipelago is part of Gothenburg municipality located in the province of Västergötland while the northern archipelago is Öckerö municipality, located in the province of Bohuslän.
Walter of Gloucester
Walter of Gloucester (also Walter FitzRoger or Walter de Pitres) (d. c. 1129) was an early Anglo-Norman official of the King of England during the early years of the Norman conquest of the South Welsh Marches. He was a sheriff of Gloucester and also a Constable under Henry I.

Welsh Marches
The Welsh Marches (Welsh: Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom.  The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods.

The English term Welsh March (Medieval Latin: Marchia Walliae) was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England.  In modern usage, "the Marches" is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire, and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales. However, at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire.
Social reforms of Andreas Papandreou
The social reforms of Andreas Papandreou during his terms as Prime Minister of Greece (1981–1989 and 1993–1996) aimed to align Greece with European social standards and address long-standing inequalities following the fall of Greek junta in 1974. Primary focus was placed on expanding access to public services, empower marginalized groups, and confront the legacies of Greek Civil War. While ambitious in scope, many of these reforms faced structural, financial, and political resistance, leading to only partial success and long-term challenges.

Greek junta
The Greek junta or Regime of the Colonels was a right-wing military junta that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974. On 21 April 1967, a group of colonels overthrew a caretaker government a month before scheduled elections which Georgios Papandreou's Centre Union was favoured to win.

The dictatorship was characterised by policies such as anti-communism, restrictions on civil liberties, and the imprisonment, torture, and exile of political opponents. It was ruled by Georgios Papadopoulos from 1967 to 1973, but an attempt to renew popular support in a 1973 referendum on the monarchy and gradual democratisation by Papadopoulos was ended by another coup by the hardliner Dimitrios Ioannidis. Ioannidis ruled until it fell on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, leading to the Metapolitefsi ("regime change"; Greek: Μεταπολίτευση) to democracy and the establishment of the Third Hellenic Republic.
Light Commando Battalion
The Light Commando Battalions (LCB) are commando units of the Pakistan Army, tasked with special operations and counter-terrorism. Each battalion is part of a Pakistan Army infantry regiment. The Light Commando Battalions play a similar role to the US Army's Ranger Regiment.

Azad Kashmir Regiment
The Azad Kashmir Regiment (AK Regt) is one of the six infantry regiments in the Pakistan Army named after Azad Kashmir (Pakistan Administered Kashmir). It holds the distinction of being the only Battle Born Regiment in South Asia, formed by locals of Azad Kashmir to fight against Dogra Raj, and the first regiment raised after Pakistan's independence. With the Regimental Centre at Mansar Camp in Attock District, the Regiment has participated in all operations and wars fought by the Pakistan Army.
William Duckworth (Canadian politician)
William Duckworth (October 25, 1884 – November 8, 1951) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Dovercourt in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1934 to 1948 as a Conservative and then Progressive Conservative member.

He was born in Garafraxa Township, Dufferin County, Ontario, the son of Samuel Duckworth, and was educated in Orangeville. He was a farmer in Luther Township for some time before moving to Toronto where he established a wholesale produce business. In 1908, he married a Miss Taylor. Duckworth served on the city council for several years and was a member of the Orange Order.

Dufferin County
Dufferin County is a county and census division located in Central Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Orangeville, and the current Warden is Janet Horner. The current chief administrative officer is Sonya Pritchard.  Dufferin covers an area of 1,486.77 square kilometres (574.05 sq mi), and its population was 66,257 at the time of the 2021 Census.
Haemodracon
Haemodracon is a small genus of rare geckos from Socotra archipelago.

It contains the following species:

Haemodracon riebeckii (W. Peters, 1882) — type species

Haemodracon trachyrhinus (Boulenger, 1899)

The genus name is related to Dracaena cinnabari — the most famous tree of Socotra. It gives a red resin known as dragon's blood. The word Haemodracon is derived from the Latinized Greek haema-, meaning "blood", and dracon meaning "dragon".

Dracaena cinnabari
Dracaena cinnabari, the Socotra dragon tree or dragon blood tree, is a dragon tree native to the Socotra archipelago, part of Yemen, located in the Arabian Sea. It is named after the blood-like color of the red sap that the trees produce. It is also the national tree of Yemen.

A related tree of similar appearance, the drago, Dracaena draco, grows in the Canary Islands, more than 7,000 kilometers from Socotra.
Jesse Proudman
Jesse Proudman is a Seattle-based entrepreneur. He founded Blue Box, which provided private cloud as a service based on OpenStack technology. The company was sold to IBM in 2015. In 2018, after leaving IBM, he founded Strix Leviathan, which is building an investment management platform for crypto currencies.

OpenStack
OpenStack is a free, open standard cloud computing platform. It is mostly deployed as infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) in both public and private clouds where virtual servers and other resources are made available to users. The software platform consists of interrelated components that control diverse, multi-vendor hardware pools of processing, storage, and networking resources throughout a data center. Users manage it either through a web-based dashboard, through command-line tools, or through RESTful web services.

OpenStack began in 2010 as a joint project of Rackspace Hosting and NASA. As of 2012, it was managed by the OpenStack Foundation, a non-profit corporate entity established in September 2012 to promote OpenStack software and its community. By 2018, more than 500 companies had joined the project. In 2020 the foundation announced it would be renamed the Open Infrastructure Foundation in 2021.
Serindian art
Serindian art is the art that developed from the 2nd through the 11th century C.E. in Serindia or Xinjiang, the western region of China that was within the cultural sphere of Central Asia during the time.

It derives from the Greco-Buddhist art of the Gandhara district of what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. Gandharan sculpture combined Indian traditions with Greek influences.

Modern researchers hypothesize that Buddhist missionaries travelling on the Silk Road introduced this artistic influence, along with Buddhism itself, into Serindia, resulting in a style that is a hybrid of Greek, Chinese and Persian.

In modernity, Serindian art was rediscovered through the expeditions of Sir Aurel Stein in Central Asia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Aurel Stein
Sir Marc Aurel Stein, KCIE, FRAS, FBA
(Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia. He was also a professor at Indian universities.

Stein was also an ethnographer, geographer, linguist and surveyor. His collection of books and manuscripts bought from Dunhuang caves is important for the study of the history of Central Asia and the art and literature of Buddhism. He wrote several volumes on his expeditions and discoveries which include Ancient Khotan, Serindia and Innermost Asia.
History of rugby union matches between Argentina and South Africa
Argentina and South Africa first met in 1965. Until 2012, these two teams did not tour each other regularly and encounters between them were rare in the professional era.

This changed in 2012, when Argentina joined the SANZAR nations in the annual Rugby Championship tournament (formerly the Tri Nations). Argentina avoided defeat for the first time in the second match of the 2012 Rugby Championship with a draw on home ground, and won for the first time in the shortened Rugby Championship in 2015, in South Africa.

Argentina earned their first home victory over South Africa on 27 August 2016, during the 2016 Rugby Championship.

SANZAAR
SANZAAR (South African, New Zealand, Australian and Argentina Rugby), previously known as SANZAR (South African, New Zealand, Australian Rugby) is the body which oversees Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship competitions in rugby union. SANZAAR meets annually and is composed of the CEOs from its member unions.

It was formed as SANZAR in 1996 as a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, the New Zealand Rugby Union, and the Australian Rugby Union. From the 2016 season, its name was changed to SANZAAR following the inclusion of the Argentine Rugby Union as a full member of the organisation.
Helen Keaney
Helen Keaney  is an American actress, comedian, and Television Host.  She did national television commercials for various products including Clorox, Tylenol, Gateway, Degree Deodorant, Dr. Scholl's, Starkist, Thermacare and Verizon.

She has hosted shows on GSN, TBS, The Style Network and HSN, and is a nationally touring stand up comedian.  Television stand up includes "An Evening at the Improv", "Stand up Spotlite", Comedy Central's "Make Me Laugh", NBC's "Friday Night" and CBS's "Comics Unleashed". She has also voiced Nikki in the video game Pandemonium.

Dr. Scholl's
Dr. Scholl's is a footwear and orthopedic foot care brand originating in the United States, marketed in some countries as simply "Scholl". Since 2021, global rights to the brand have been owned by investment firm Yellow Wood Partners through subsidiary Scholl's Wellness Company, having purchased the North American rights from Bayer in North America in 2019, and the international rights from Reckitt in 2021.
Mukden Palace
Mukden Palace (simplified Chinese: 盛京宫殿; traditional Chinese: 盛京宮殿; pinyin: Shèngjīng Gōngdiàn), or Shenyang Imperial Palace (simplified Chinese: 沈阳故宫; traditional Chinese: 瀋陽故宮; pinyin: Shěnyáng Gùgōng), is the former palace of the Later Jin dynasty and the early Qing dynasty. It was built in 1625, and the first three Qing emperors lived there from 1625 to 1644. Since the collapse of imperial rule in China, the palace has been converted to a museum that now lies in the center of Shenyang, Liaoning.

Hong Taiji
Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), sometimes rendered as Huang Taiji and occasionally referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He conquered Inner Mongolia and the remainder of Manchuria and invaded Korea, which became a Qing tributary state. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchens to "Manchu" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636.
Anthony H. Gair
Anthony H. Gair (December 24, 1948 – March 29, 2023) was an American attorney and advocate. He was a partner of the law firm Gair, Gair, Conason, Rubinowitz, Bloom, Hershenhorn, Steigman & Mackauf, which was founded by his parents in 1945. He looks for cases that are in the public interest. Notably, he represented the family of Amadou Diallo in a case that spurred reform of the New York City Police Department.

Advocate
An advocate is a professional in the field of law. Different countries and legal systems use the term with somewhat differing meanings. The broad equivalent in many English law–based jurisdictions could be a barrister or a solicitor. However, in Scottish, Manx, South African, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Scandinavian, Polish, Israeli, South Asian and South American jurisdictions, "advocate" indicates a lawyer of superior classification.

"Advocate" is in some languages an honorific for lawyers, such as "Adv. Sir Alberico Gentili". "Advocate" also has the everyday meaning of speaking out to help someone else, such as patient advocacy or the support expected from an elected politician; this article does not cover those senses.
Jim Morton (politician)
James Ernest Morton is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2009 provincial election. He represented the electoral district of Kings North, as a member of the New Democratic Party, until his defeat in the 2013 election. During his term he served as an NDP backbencher, never being appointed to the cabinet led by Premier Darrell Dexter.

Born in Kentville, Nova Scotia in 1951, Morton grew up on a family farm in Somerset. He was educated at Acadia University and Dalhousie University, becoming a social worker. At the time of his election to the legislature, he was the manager of the addiction services program at Annapolis Valley Health in Kentville. In March 2016, Morton was named chief of staff for NDP leader Gary Burrill.

2013 Nova Scotia general election
The 2013 Nova Scotia general election was held on October 8, 2013, to elect members to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.

The result of the election was a Liberal victory under the leadership of Stephen McNeil, with the party winning its first election since 1998. The Progressive Conservatives, under the leadership of Jamie Baillie, improved on their 2009 results and formed the Official Opposition, despite winning fewer votes than the New Democratic Party (NDP). The NDP, which had won power for the first time in 2009 under the leadership of Darrell Dexter was reduced to third place and became only the second one-term government in the province's history, and the first since 1882. Dexter himself was defeated in Cole Harbour-Portland Valley by Liberal candidate Tony Ince.
Amnesia (1986 video game)
Amnesia is a text adventure written by science fiction author Thomas M. Disch and programmed by Kevin Bentley. It was published by Electronic Arts in 1986 for IBM PC compatibles (as a self-booting disk) and Apple II. A Commodore 64 version was released in 1987. Disch's ironic, rich writing style is in distinct contrast to the functional or tongue-in-cheek tone of most text adventures. Over half of Disch's novel-length manuscript had to be cut from the published version to fit on a 5¼" floppy disk.

Self-booting disk
A self-booting disk is a floppy disk for home computers or personal computers that starts up directly into a standalone application when the system is turned on or restarted. It runs on the "bare machine" without loading or using the operating system (if any) that runs on or comes with the computer. This was common, standard, on some computers in the late 1970s to early 1990s. Video games were the type of application most commonly distributed using this technique.

The term "PC booter" is sometimes used in reference to self-booting software for IBM PC compatibles. On other systems, like the Apple II and Atari 8-bit computers, almost all software is self-booting. On the IBM PC, the distinction is between a self-booting program and one which is started by the user via an operating system such as MS-DOS or IBM PC DOS. The term "PC booter" was not contemporaneous with when self-booting games were being released.
3rd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)
20°30′N 106°00′E﻿ / ﻿20.500°N 106.000°E﻿ / 20.500; 106.000

The 3rd Military Region of Vietnam People's Army is directly under the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam, tasked to organise, build, manage and command armed forces defending the Red River Delta. The north-West region of Vietnam borders with the Guangxi, China. In 1979, Chinese army with one infantry division, launched an invasion in this military zone.

PT-76
The PT-76 is a Soviet amphibious light tank that was introduced in the early 1950s and soon became the standard reconnaissance tank of the Soviet Army and the other Warsaw Pact armed forces. It was widely exported to other friendly states, like India, Indonesia, Iraq, Syria, North Korea and North Vietnam.

The tank's full name is Floating Tank–76 (плавающий танк, plavayushchiy tank, or ПТ-76, PT-76). 76 stands for the caliber of the main armament: the 76.2 mm D-56T series rifled tank gun.

The PT-76 is used in the reconnaissance and fire-support roles. Its chassis served as the basis for a number of other vehicle designs, many of them amphibious, including the BTR-50 armoured personnel carrier, the ZSU-23-4 self-propelled anti aircraft gun, the ASU-85 airborne self-propelled gun and the 2K12 Kub anti-aircraft missile launch vehicle.
History of South Africa (1815–1910)
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Cape Colony was annexed by the British and officially became their colony in 1815. Britain encouraged  settlers to the Cape, and in particular, sponsored the 1820 Settlers to farm in the disputed area between the colony and the Xhosa in what is now the Eastern Cape. The changing image of the Cape from Dutch to British excluded the Dutch farmers in the area, the Boers who in the 1820s started their Great Trek to the northern areas of modern South Africa. This period also marked the rise in power of the Zulu under their king Shaka. Subsequently, several conflicts arose between the British, Boers and Zulus, which led to the Zulu defeat and the ultimate Boer defeat in the Second Anglo-Boer War. However, the Treaty of Vereeniging established the framework of South African limited independence as the Union of South Africa.

Dingane
Dingane KaSenzangakhona Zulu (c. 1795–29 January 1840), commonly referred to as Dingane, Dingarn or Dingaan, was a Zulu prince who became king of the Zulu Kingdom in 1828, after assassinating his half-brother Shaka Zulu. He set up his royal capital, uMgungundlovu, translated to "Place of the Elephant" or "elephant swallower". He also constructed one of numerous military encampments, or kraals, in the eMakhosini Valley just south of the White Umfolozi River, on the slope of Lion Hill (Singonyama).
2020 Uber Cup group stage
The 2020 Uber Cup group stage was held at the Ceres Arena in Aarhus, Denmark, from 9 to 13 October 2021.

The group stage was the first stage of the 2020 Uber Cup. The two highest-placing teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage.

Ceres Arena
Ceres Arena (formerly NRGi Arena) is an indoor arena mainly used for handball matches and public events in Aarhus, Denmark. The arena was opened in 2001 and has a capacity of 5,001 spectators (4,394 seats). It is part of the Aarhus Sports Park, which also includes Aarhus Stadium.

Ceres Arena is home to Danish Women's Handball League team Aarhus United and Danish Men's Handball League team Skanderborg Aarhus Håndbold. The arena functioned as the main venue in the 2002 European Women's Championships, hosting the final. The arena was also used for basketball, by Bakken Bears, but because of the high price for renting the arena, Bakken Bears moved back to there old home Vejlby-Risskov Hallen. Since, it has only played selected games in the arena, including some European appearances.

In non-sports, the 2004 Danish Song Contest was held in this arena. The Danish women national handball team also play some matches.
Diffractive solar sail
A diffractive solar sail, or diffractive lightsail, is a type of solar sail which relies on diffraction instead of reflection for its propulsion. Current diffractive sail designs use thin metamaterial films, containing micrometer-size gratings based on polarization or subwavelength refractive structures, causing light to spread out (i.e. diffract) and thereby exert radiation pressure when it passes through them.

Reflection (physics)
Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection says that for specular reflection (for example at a mirror) the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light. Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors.
Errol Draper
Errol John Draper (born 27 September 1934) is a former South African cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1951 to 1968.

At 17 Errol Draper followed his elder brother Ron into the Eastern Province team in the 1951–52 season, taking 6 for 114 in the first innings of his debut Currie Cup match. He played only once more for Eastern Province before following Ron to Griqualand West, where he played as a middle-order batsman and occasional left-arm spinner. His best seasons were 1954–55 (407 runs at an average of 37.00) and 1955–56 (435 at 39.54), but he remained a regular member of the team until 1967–68, when he made his highest score, 118 against Orange Free State, his third century against Orange Free State in his final first-class match. He captained Griqualand West in the Currie Cup in 1959–60 and from 1962–63 to 1967–68.

CSA 4-Day Domestic Series
The CSA 4-Day Domestic Series is the domestic first class cricket competition of South Africa. The tournament is contested by teams from all nine provinces of South Africa.

First contested as the Currie Cup from 1889–90, the tournament has undergone many changes and modifications in its history. In 2004, the traditional province-based format was replaced, with many teams amalgamating. In its place, six entirely professional franchises were created that represented much larger population areas.

The competition underwent significant restructuring once again before the start of the 2021–22 season. The six-team franchise system was disbanded, and the tournament returned to its more traditional format. Fifteen province-based teams now compete across two divisions, determined by promotion and relegation.