hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rush Lake (North Dakota)
Rush Lake is a body of water in Cavalier County, North Dakota, United States. It is defined as a prairie pothole.  The pothole is located south of the Canada–United States border, near the town of Langdon. In private ownership as of 2025, the body of water was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1975.

Cavalier County, North Dakota
Cavalier County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is south of the Canada–US border with Manitoba. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,704, and was estimated to be 3,567 in 2024. The county seat and the largest city is Langdon.

There is also a city named Cavalier but it is not located in Cavalier County. The city of Cavalier is the county seat of Pembina County, which is east of Cavalier County.
Gyrocam Systems
Gyrocam Systems, LLC was part-owned and funded by a private equity fund that was located in Melbourne Australia.  The company made the Gyrocam camera system, a gyro-stabilized camera system using multiple sub-cameras. Founded by Ken Sanborn, Peter Rudaizky and Edwin Daniels in 2003. Gyrocam Systems was based in Sarasota, Florida. Gyrocam also had facilities in Washington, D.C., and Afghanistan. Gyrocam marketed their systems as a technical solution to identify and classify objects of interest, including improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and enemy insurgent activity using stabilized, multi-spectral, optical sensor packages integrated on Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.  Gyrocam continued to expand their presence in the land sensor market providing integrated solutions to the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. Gyrocam’s  products also have airborne and maritime applications.

In August 2009, Gyrocam Systems, LLC was acquired by Lockheed Martin Corporation.

Mine-resistant ambush protected vehicle
Mine-resistant ambush protected vehicle (MRAPV), also known as MRAP vehicle, is a type of armoured personnel carrier that is designed specifically to withstand the impact of land mines, improvised explosive device (IED) attacks, and ambushes to save troops' lives. Most modern infantry mobility vehicles also have a certain level of MRAP capabilities.
Angie F. Newman
Angie F. Newman (née Thurston; after first marriage, Kilgore; after second marriage, Newman; December 4, 1837 – April 15, 1910) was an American social reform activist who worked as a lecturer, temperance leader, and writer during the long nineteenth century. She served as Superintendent of Jails and Prisons, and also of flower mission work for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU); and as Vice-president General of the Daughters of the American Revolution. She was an acting member of the National Council of Women and the Woman's Relief Corps. Newman was the first woman delegate ever elected to the Quadrennial General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). She was appointed Western Secretary of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the MEC and also worked for the MEC's National Home Missionary Society.

National Council of Women of the United States
The National Council of Women of the United States (NCW/US) is the oldest  nonsectarian organization of women in the United States Founded in 1888, the NCW/US is an accredited non-governmental organization (NGO) with the Department of Public Information (UN/DPI) and in Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC).
Kishkindha
Kishkindha (Sanskrit: किष्किन्धा, IAST: Kiṣkindhā) is a kingdom of the vanaras in Hinduism. It is ruled by King Sugriva, the younger brother of Vali, in the Sanskrit epic Ramayana. According to the Hindu epic this was the kingdom that Sugriva ruled with the assistance of his counsellor, Hanuman. Kishkindha is identified with the present location of Hampi, the erstwhile royal capital of Vijayanagara Empire.

During the Treta Yuga, the whole region was within the dense Dandaka Forest which was founded by King Danda, son of Ikshvaku, and descendant of Vaivasvata Manu in the Satya Yuga, which extended from the Vindhya range to the South Indian peninsula. Thus, this kingdom was considered that of the vanaras. During the Dvapara Yuga, the Pandava Sahadeva is stated to have visited this kingdom in the epic Mahabharata during his southern military campaign to collect tribute for Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice.

Vaivasvata Manu
Vaivasvata Manu (Sanskrit: वैवस्वत मनु), also referred to as Shraddhadeva and Satyavrata, is the current Manu—the progenitor of the human race. He is the seventh of the 14 Manus of the current kalpa (aeon) of Hindu cosmology. In the Jain religion he is also known as Nabhiraja, the father of Rishabhanatha and the last Kulakara.

He is the son of Vivasvan (also known as Surya), the Sun god, and his wife Saranyu.  Forewarned about the divine flood by the Matsya avatara of Vishnu, Manu saved mankind by building a boat that carried his family and the Saptarishi (the Seven Sages) to safety. He was one of the wielders of Asi the primordial sword.
Fort McAllister Historic State Park
Fort McAllister State Park is a 1,725-acre (698 ha) Georgia state park located near Keller and Richmond Hill in south Bryan County, Georgia and on the south bank of the Ogeechee River (some parts of the park border the Atlantic Ocean). It is roughly ten miles south of Savannah. The park is home to Fort McAllister, the best-preserved earthwork fortification of the Confederacy. Though the earthworks were attacked unsuccessfully seven times by Union soldiers, it did not fall until it was taken by General Sherman in 1864 during his March to the Sea. The park, located on the coast, is nestled among giant live oaks and a large salt marsh. In addition, the park contains a museum specializing in Civil War artifacts. The fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Richmond Hill, Georgia
Richmond Hill is a city in Bryan County, Georgia, United States. The population was 16,633 at the 2020 U.S. census, an increase of almost 80% from the 2010 population of 9,281. Richmond Hill is part of the Savannah metropolitan statistical area.
Matsushiro Literary and Military School
The Matsushiro Literary and Military School (文武学校, Bunbu gakkō) was the Han school of Matsushiro Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. It located in the Matsushiro neighborhood of the city of Nagano in the Chūbu region of Japan. Of the over 250 han schools which existed in Japan at the end of the Edo period, it is the only one to survive in almost an intact form. The school was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1953. 205373

Han school
The  han school was a type of educational institution in the Edo period of Japan. They taught samurai etiquette, the classical Confucian books, calligraphy, rhetoric, fighting with swords and other weapons; some also added subjects such as medicine, mathematics and Western sciences. Schools in different han (domains) provided different curricula and had varied conditions for entry. Over the course of the Edo period, han schools evolved from simple one-room schools to large educational facilities with multiple buildings. The total numbers of han schools varied from several dozen in the early 17th century to over 250 by the end of the 19th century.
Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib
Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib is a Sikh historical shrine situated in Bidar, Karnataka. Gurdwara Nanak Jhira Sahib was built in 1948 and is dedicated to the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak. Bidar has a very long association with Sikhism as this is the home town of Bhai Sahib Singh, one of the Panj Pyare (five beloved ones), who offered to sacrifice their heads and were later baptised as the first members of the Khalsa.

Shrine
A shrine (Latin: scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case") is a sacred space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated. A shrine at which votive offerings are made is called an altar.

Shrines are found in many of the world's religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, indigenous Philippine folk religions, and Germanic paganism as well as in secular and non-religious settings such as a war memorial. Shrines can be found in various settings, such as churches, temples, cemeteries, or as household shrines. Portable shrines are also found in some cultures.
Milnor conjecture (K-theory)
In mathematics, the Milnor conjecture was a proposal by John Milnor (1970) of a description of the Milnor K-theory (mod 2) of a general field F with characteristic different from 2, by means of the Galois (or equivalently étale) cohomology of F with coefficients in Z/2Z. It was proved by Vladimir Voevodsky (1996, 2003a, 2003b).

Markus Rost
Markus Rost is a German mathematician who works at the intersection of topology and algebra. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2002 in Beijing, China. He is a professor at the University of Bielefeld.

He is known for his work on norm varieties (a key part in the proof of the Bloch–Kato conjecture) and for the Rost invariant (a cohomological invariant with values in Galois cohomology of degree 3). Together with J.-P. Serre he is one of the cofounders of the theory of cohomological invariants of linear algebraic groups. He has also made numerous contributions to the theory of torsors, quadratic forms, central simple algebras, Jordan algebras (the Rost-Serre invariant), exceptional groups, and essential dimension.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Ben Bronson
Benjamin James Bronson (born September 9, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Arena Football League (AFL). He played in the NFL for the Indianapolis Colts and the AFL for the Houston ThunderBears and Carolina Cobras. He played college football for the Baylor Bears.

Bronson also played college baseball at Baylor and professionally in the Kansas City Royals organization from 1996 to 1997.

In 2000, he was named the AFL Breakout Player of the Year. Outside of arena football, Bronson appeared in The Longest Yard (2005).

Bronson is the twin brother to the former American Olympic 400-meter hurdler, John Bryan Bronson, who won the bronze medal at the 1997 World Championships in Athens. Bryan Bronson

Baylor Bears football
The Baylor Bears football team represents Baylor University in Division I FBS college football. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference.  After 64 seasons at the off-campus Baylor Stadium, renamed Floyd Casey Stadium in 1988, the Bears opened the new on-campus McLane Stadium for the 2014 season.
Sunset Avenue Historic District
Sunset Avenue is a proposed 35-acre historic district in the Vine City neighborhood just west of Downtown Atlanta. The proposed district contains representative wood houses from the late 19th-mid 20th century, in the Folk Victorian, Queen Anne, Craftsman, Minimal Traditional, Ranch, and American Small House[usurped] styles. Most are smaller homes built for the working class, though there are a few larger homes.

Downtown Atlanta
Downtown Atlanta is the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The largest of the city's three commercial districts (Midtown and Buckhead being the others), it is the location of many corporate and regional headquarters; city, county, state, and federal government facilities; Georgia State University; sporting venues; and most of Atlanta's tourist attractions. It measures approximately four square miles, and had 26,850 residents as of 2017. Similar to other central business districts in the United States, it has recently undergone a transformation that includes the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings, and arrival of new residents and businesses.
2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum
An autonomy referendum was held in Macedonia on 7 November 2004. Voters were asked whether they approved of overturning the municipal redistricting plans that gave greater autonomy to ethnic Albanians following the Ohrid Agreement that ended the 2001 conflict between ethnic Albanian militants and the predominantly ethnic Macedonian government forces. These had been changed to give ethnic Albanians greater control in districts where they had significant presence and gives local authorities greater control over education, health and development. It also reduced the number of municipalities from 123 to 84.

Although 95% voted in favour of the change, the voter turnout of 27% was well below the 50% threshold, resulting in it failing.

Albanians in North Macedonia
Albanians in North Macedonia (Albanian: Shqiptarët në Maqedoninë e Veriut, Macedonian: Албанци од Северна Македонија, romanized: Albanci od Severna Makedonija) are ethnic Albanians who constitute the second largest ethnic group in North Macedonia, forming 446,245 individuals or 24.3% of the resident population.  Of the 2,097,319 total population in the 2021 census (including self-enumerated diaspora), 619,187 or 29.52% are Albanians.
Bill Romanowski
William Thomas Romanowski (born April 2, 1966) is an American former football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons. Nicknamed "Romo" and "RomoCop", he spent the majority of his career with the San Francisco 49ers and Denver Broncos.

Romanowski played college football for the Boston College Eagles, receiving second-team All-American honors in 1987, and was selected by the 49ers in the third round of the 1988 NFL draft. He played six seasons each in San Francisco and Denver. Romanowski was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles and Oakland Raiders for two seasons each. At the time of his retirement, Romanowski won four Super Bowl titles, two each with the 49ers and Broncos, and twice received Pro Bowl honors during his Broncos tenure. He also led a controversial career due to often engaging in unsportsmanlike behavior, which resulted in altercations with opponents and teammates.

1988 NFL draft
The 1988 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 24–25, 1988, at the Marriot Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.

With the first overall pick of the draft, the Atlanta Falcons selected linebacker Aundray Bruce. Notably, the first player selected at the quarterback position did not come until the third round (68th overall) with Tom Tupa (by the Phoenix Cardinals), who was also selected because of his ability as a punter. This is the last draft in which the first quarterback was selected this late.  In fact, only one draft since – 1996 – has gone without a quarterback being drafted in the first round!
1999 French Open – Women's doubles
Serena and Venus Williams defeated Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova in the final, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 8–6 to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 1999 French Open. It was the first major title for the Williams sisters, and would be their first step towards completing the career Golden Slam in doubles.

Hingis and Jana Novotná were the defending champions, but they did not compete together this year. Novotná partnered Natasha Zvereva as the first seed, but they retired in their quarterfinal match against Lindsay Davenport and Mary Pierce.

Natasha Zvereva
Natalya "Natasha" Maratovna Zvereva (born 16 April 1971) is a former professional tennis player from Belarus. She was the first major athlete in the Soviet Union to demand publicly that she should be able to keep her tournament earnings. Zvereva and her main doubles partner Gigi Fernández are the most successful women's doubles team (measured by WTA Tour and major titles) since Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver.

On 12 July 2010, Zvereva was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame alongside Fernández.
Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Europe
The Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Europe has affected several dioceses in European nations. This article summarises reported cases of sexual abuse perpetrated by clergy and representatives of the Catholic Church by country and diocese.

Italy is an exceptional case as the 1929 Lateran Treaty gave the Vatican legal autonomy from Italy, giving the clergy recourse to Vatican rather than Italian law.

It has been reported that since Pope Francis was elected pope the Vatican gradually increased its efforts to deal with clerical sexual abuse, for example in 2019 discontinuing the application of "pontifical secrecy" to sex abuse legal proceedings. This affects all countries.

Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire
Belmont Abbey, in Herefordshire, England, is a Catholic Benedictine monastery that forms part of the English Benedictine Congregation. It stands on a small hill overlooking the city of Hereford to the east, with views across to the Black Mountains in Wales to the west. The 19th-century Abbey also serves as a parish church.
Esteban Gerard
Esteban Gerard Contreras (born 28 February 1953, in Mexico City) is a sailor from Mexico. Gerard represented his country at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Acapulco. Gerard took 18th place in the Dragon with Javier Velázquez as helmsman and Roberto Sloane as fellow crew member. Gerard represented his country again at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel, Germany. Gerard took then 23rd place in the Soling with Armando Bauche as helmsman and Daniel Escalante as fellow crew member.

Sailing at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1972 consisted of a total of six sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 29 August 1972 to 8 September 1972 of the coast of Kiel-Schilksee in the Bay of Kiel. Kiel hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time, having previously done so during the 1936 Summer Olympics. The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses.
Matthew Boyd (politician)
Matthew Boyd (1830–?) was a farmer and politician in Alabama. He was born in Virginia. He was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1874 from Perry County, Alabama. He is commemorated along with other black politicians in the state who served from 1868–1879.

Alabama House of Representatives
The Alabama House of Representatives is the lower house of the Alabama Legislature, the state legislature of state of Alabama. The House is composed of 105 members representing an equal number of districts, with each constituency containing at least 42,380 citizens. There are no term limits in the House. The House is also one of the five lower houses of state legislatures in the United States that is elected every four years. Other lower houses, including the United States House of Representatives, are elected for a two-year term.

The House meets at the Alabama State House in Montgomery. The speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives is its leader.
Collar (finance)
In finance, a collar is an option strategy that limits the range of possible positive or negative returns on an underlying to a specific range.  A collar strategy is used as one of the ways to hedge against possible losses and it represents long put options financed with short call options. The collar combines the strategies of the protective put and the covered call.

Interest rate cap and floor
In finance, an interest rate cap is a type of interest rate derivative in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate exceeds the agreed strike price.  An example of a cap would be an agreement to receive a payment for each month the LIBOR rate exceeds 2.5%.

Similarly, an interest rate floor is a derivative contract in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate is below the agreed strike price.

Caps and floors can be used to hedge against interest rate fluctuations. For example, a borrower who is paying the LIBOR rate on a loan can protect himself against a rise in rates by buying a cap at 2.5%.  If the interest rate exceeds 2.5% in a given period the payment received from the derivative can be used to help make the interest payment for that period, thus the interest payments are effectively "capped" at 2.5% from the borrowers' point of view.
Bugün
Bugün (English: Today) was a Turkish daily newspaper. It was established in 2005. Columnists and journalists working for it have included Cengiz Çandar, Ahmet Almaz, Toktamış Ateş and Kamil Maman.

Bugün was founded in January 2003 as Dünden Bugüne Tercüman, an attempt to resurrect Tercüman. It was renamed in 2005. The paper belonged to Koza İpek Holding, a conglomerate considered to belong to the network of followers of the U.S.-based preacher Fethullah Gülen. During the 2010s, the paper was aligned with the conservative positions of the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP), but after a rift in 2013, it started criticizing the AKP, and in 2015, it was perceived to suffer pressure as part of the media opposed to the government.

Columnist
A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs. They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. Columns are sometimes written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, or (in effect) a brand name. Columnists typically write daily or weekly columns. Some columns are later collected and reprinted in book form.
Japanese Federation of the Deaf
The Japanese Federation of the Deaf (財団法人全日本ろうあ連盟, Zaidan hōjin zen-nihon rōa renmei) (JFD) is the national organization of the Deaf in Japan. JFD is also a member organization of the World Federation of the Deaf.

The JFD supports Deaf culture in Japan and works to revise laws that prevent the Deaf in Japan from participating in various professions and activities. In addition, JFD helps to incorporate Japanese Sign Language into education systems for the Deaf and supports the sign language interpreter system.

The JFD is a politically independent national organization with limited financial resources. The 47 prefectural associations are organized in ways which constrain political action, but which are able to access to government funding which benefits its members and related constituencies.

The JFD has influenced the government to pass laws for the welfare of the Deaf and implementation of the Sign Language interpreter system.

Deafness
Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written with a lower case d. It later came to be used in a cultural context to refer to those who primarily communicate with a deafness aid or through sign language regardless of hearing ability, often capitalized as Deaf and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. The two definitions overlap but are not identical, as hearing loss includes cases that are not severe enough to impact spoken language comprehension, while cultural Deafness includes hearing people who use sign language, such as children of deaf adults.