hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossary of history
This glossary of history is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to the study of history and its related fields and sub-disciplines, including both prehistory and the period of human history.

Vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin, rather than the skin of other animals or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices.

Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there can be great variations in texture due to the way it is made and the quality of the skin used. The making of vellum involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame, and scraping of the skin with a lunellum.

Modern paper vellum is made of plant cellulose fibers and gets its name from having a similar use to actual vellum, as well as its high quality.
Stephanie DeFina
Stephanie DeFina Johnson (born March 8, 1946) is an American former amateur tennis player who was active in the 1960s and mid-1970s.

DeFina was included in the year-end top 10 rankings issued by the United States Lawn Tennis Association from 1966 through 1968, peaking at no. 7 among U.S. players in 1967.

United States Tennis Association
The United States Tennis Association (USTA) is the national governing body for tennis in the United States. A not-for-profit organization with more than 700,000 members, it invests 100% of its proceeds to promote and develop the growth of tennis, from the grass-roots to the professional levels. The association was created to standardize rules and regulations and to promote and develop the growth of tennis in the United States.

The USTA runs the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center which hosts the US Open every year.

The USTA has leagues in most places for adults skill levels between beginner and pro. The USTA also hosts tournaments across the country every weekend for club players or professionals.
Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine
Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒozɛf də kɔlʁɛn]) is a municipality in the Municipalité régionale de comté des Appalaches in Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region and the population is 2,018 as of 2009. It is named after Saint Joseph, father of Jesus, and the town of Coleraine in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland.

Chaudière-Appalaches
Chaudière-Appalaches (French: [ʃodjɛʁ apalaʃ], Quebec French: [ʃoˈd͡zjaɛ̯ʁ apaˈlaʃ]) is an administrative region in Quebec, Canada. It comprises most of what is historically known as the "Beauce" (French: La Beauce; compare with the electoral district of Beauce). It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains. Chaudière-Appalaches has over 50% of sugar maples in Quebec, thus producing the most maple syrup in Canada as well as the World.

Chaudière-Appalaches has a population of 433,312 residents (as of the Canada 2021 Census) and a land area of 15,071.51 square kilometres (5,819.14 sq mi). The main cities are Lévis, Saint-Georges, Thetford Mines, Sainte-Marie and Montmagny.
Juhor
Juhor (Serbian Cyrillic: Јухор, pronounced [jûxɔr]) is a mountain in central Serbia, near the city of Paraćin. Its highest peak, Veliki Vetren, is at an elevation of 774 metres above sea level. Juhor borders the river Velika Morava to its east and the territory of Levač to its west.

Findings from the 3rd century BC in Veliki Vetren include a chest containing some 14 sets of weapons, harness gear, jewelry, and clothing accessories characteristic of knights of Dacian and Scordisci origin.

Dacians
The Dacians (/ˈdeɪ.ʃən/, DAY-shən; Latin: Daci [ˈdaːkiː]; Ancient Greek: Δάκοι, Δάοι, Δάκαι) were the ancient Indo-European inhabitants of the cultural region of Dacia, located in the area near the Carpathian Mountains and west of the Black Sea. They are often considered a subgroup of the Thracians. This area includes mainly the present-day countries of Romania and Moldova, as well as parts of Ukraine, Eastern Serbia, Northern Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary and Southern Poland. The Dacians and the related Getae spoke the Dacian language, which has a debated relationship with the neighbouring Thracian language and may be a subgroup of it. Dacians were somewhat culturally influenced by the neighbouring Scythians and by the Celtic invaders of the 4th century BC.
Heather Ross
Heather Ross is an American film director best known for her 2009 film Girls on the Wall, for which she won an Emmy Award. Ross won a prime time Emmy Award for her work as producer of the Bryan Cranston episode of the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are. She is also known for directing the 2014 documentary short Baby Mama High as part of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting's American Graduate series. The film caused a stir in 2017, when Rep. Andy Harris (R-Md.) objected to the film's content during a House subcommittee hearing on CPB funding. Harris admitted that he had not actually viewed the film.

Ross is also the director of several shorts in the It Gets Better series of LGBTQ advocacy films, including one featuring Jane Lynch. She is currently working on For Madmen Only, a biographical film about actor and comedy teacher Del Close.

Who Do You Think You Are? (American TV series)
Who Do You Think You Are? is an American genealogy documentary series that is an adaptation of the British series of the same name that airs on the BBC. In each episode, a celebrity participant researches their family history. The participant often travels to locations both domestically and internationally to research family stories.

The series is a partnership between Shed Media and Ancestry.com, with executive producers including Alex Graham, Pam Healey, Lisa Kudrow, Dan Bucatinsky, Stephanie Schwam and Al Edgington.
Isaiah L. Green
Isaiah Lewis Green (December 28, 1761 – December 5, 1841) was a U.S. representative from Massachusetts.

Born in Barnstable in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Green pursued classical studies, and graduated from Harvard in 1781.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar and practiced.

Green was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth and Tenth Congresses (March 4, 1805 – March 3, 1809).

Green was elected to the Twelfth Congress (March 4, 1811 – March 3, 1813).
He was appointed by President Madison collector of customs for the district of Barnstable, Massachusetts, in 1814 and served until 1837.
He resumed the practice of law.
He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 5, 1841.
He was interred in the Old Cambridge Cemetery.

10th United States Congress
The 10th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1807, to March 4, 1809, during the seventh and eighth years of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1800 census; both chambers had an overwhelming Democratic-Republican majority.
Pangil River
The Pangil River (Tagalog: Ilog ng Pangil), also known as the Bambang Hari River, is a river system that runs through Pangil, Laguna, in the Philippines.  It is one of 21 River tributaries of Laguna de Bay and is regularly monitored by the Laguna Lake Development Authority(LLDA) through one of its 15 river monitoring stations.

The Pangil River sub-basin has a drainage area of 51.14 square kilometres (19.75 sq mi).

Drainage system (geomorphology)
In geomorphology, drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as part of drainage basins (and sub-basins). This is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, throughflow, and its saturated equivalent, groundwater flow. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins varies and the larger and more detailed the topographic map, the more information is available.
Musanus
Musanus was an early Christian writer mentioned briefly by Eusebius in his Church History as the author of a book, extant in his time, against the Encratites. Jerome, probably based on Eusebius, also wrote about him in De Viris Illustribus (c. 31).

Encratites
The Encratites ("self-controlled") were an ascetic 2nd-century sect of Christians who forbade marriage and counselled abstinence from meat. Eusebius says that Tatian was the author of this heresy. It has been supposed that it was these Gnostic Encratites who were chastised in the epistle of 1 Timothy (4:1–4).
Rumic World
Rumic World (るーみっくわーるど, Rūmikku Wārudo) can refer either to a series of short manga stories written by Rumiko Takahashi or to a series of original video animations (OVAs) based on those stories.
Rumic World was later reprinted in Japan as Rumiko Takahashi Masterpiece Collection (高橋留美子傑作短編集, Takahashi Rumiko Kessaku Tanpenshū), and released in English by Viz Media as Rumic World Trilogy. Most of the stories are comedies.
The OVAs were released in North American and United Kingdom by Central Park Media and Manga Entertainment.

Rumiko Takahashi
Rumiko Takahashi (高橋 留美子, Takahashi Rumiko; born October 10, 1957) is a Japanese manga artist. With a career of several commercially successful works, beginning with Urusei Yatsura in 1978, she is one of Japan's best-known and wealthiest manga artists. Her works are known worldwide, where they have been translated into a variety of languages, with over 230 million copies in circulation; making Takahashi one of the best-selling authors of all time. She has won the Shogakukan Manga Award twice, once in 1980 for Urusei Yatsura and again in 2001 for Inuyasha, and the Seiun Award twice, once in 1987 for Urusei Yatsura and again in 1989 for Mermaid Saga. She also received the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême in 2019, becoming the second woman and second Japanese to win the prize. In 2020, the Japanese government awarded Takahashi the Medal with Purple Ribbon for her contributions to the arts.
Steve Gorn
Steve Gorn (born 1944) in New York City) is a bamboo flautist and saxophone player.

Gorn has performed Indian classical music, jazz and new American music on the bansuri bamboo flute and soprano saxophone in concerts and festivals throughout the world. A disciple of the late bansuri master, Sri Gour Goswami of Calcutta, he has been praised by critics and leading Indian musicians as one of the few westerners recognized to have captured the subtlety and beauty of Indian music. He also has composed numerous works for theatre, dance and television and has recorded and performed with a wide range of artists including Paul Simon, Tony Levin, Jack DeJohnette, Glen Velez, Karl Berger, Alessandra Belloni, Layne Redmond, Simon Shaheen and Mick Karn.

Mick Karn
Andonis Michaelides (Greek: Αντώνης Μιχαηλίδης; 24 July 1958 – 4 January 2011), better known as Mick Karn, was a Greek Cypriot musician who rose to fame as the bassist for the art rock and new wave band Japan. His distinctive fretless bass guitar sound and melodic playing style were a trademark of the band's sound.
Tom Croft
Tom Croft (born 7 November 1985) is an English former rugby union player. He played 173 games for Leicester Tigers between 2005–17, winning four Premiership Rugby titles, played 40 times for England between 2008–2015, was part of the squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, and the British & Irish Lions in their tours to South Africa in 2009 and Australia in 2013.

Worcester Warriors
Worcester Warriors is a professional rugby union club based in Worcester, England. The side most recently played in Premiership Rugby, the top division of English rugby union, before being suspended by the RFU in September 2022 due to financial insolvency. Following a period of administration, the club was reformed as a new entity and will play in Champ Rugby from the 2025–26 season.
Steve Carson
Steve Carson (born 1968 in Belfast) is an Irish director and producer of television. He was Head of Multi-Platform Commissioning at BBC Scotland.

With his wife, the RTÉ presenter Miriam O'Callaghan, he was co-owner of the very successful television production company Mint Productions, whose work has been amongst the nominees and winners at the Irish Film and Television Awards (IFTAs).

Irish Film & Television Academy
The Irish Film & Television Academy (IFTA; Irish: Acadamh Scannán agus Teilifíse na hÉireann) is an all-Ireland organisation focused on film and television. It has about 1000 members, and is based in Dublin, with branches in London and Los Angeles. The IFTA now holds separate ceremonies for the IFTA Film & Drama Awards and IFTA Gala Television Awards; Before 2015, they were one ceremony, known as the Irish Film & Television Awards. IFTA also holds the John Ford Ireland Symposium each June and over 30 networking and learning events throughout the year.

IFTA also established John Ford Ireland in 2011, in association with the estate of American director John Ford and the Department of Culture, Heritage, and the Gaeltacht.
Ottilia Adelborg
Eva Ottilia Adelborg (6 December 1855 – 19 March 1936) was a Swedish children's book illustrator, comics artist and author and the founder of a school for lace making. A literary award, the Ottilia Adelborg Prize, was established in her honor in 2000, and there is an Ottilia Adelborg Museum in the municipality of Gagnef.

Gagnef Municipality
Gagnef Municipality (Swedish: Gagnefs kommun) is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Djurås with 2,257 inhabitants, with the largest town being Mockfjärd with 2365 inhabitants. The locality of Gagnef itself is a smaller village.

In 1971 "old" Gagnef was amalgamated with Floda, forming the present municipality.

The industry is dominated by small and semi-small companies mainly operating in the forest industry.

Geographically, the two rivers of the Västerdal River and the Österdal River flow together in Gagnef to form the Dal River, as represented in the municipality's coat of arms.
Ramji Gautam
Ramji Gautam is an Indian politician and a political Strategist. He was born in Jatav family. He is currently a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. He has been the National Vice-president and current national coordinator of the Bahujan Samaj Party.

Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.
Lost in Florence
Lost in Florence (previously titled The Tourist) is a 2017 romantic drama film written and directed by Evan Oppenheimer. It stars Brett Dalton, Alessandra Mastronardi, Alessandro Preziosi and Stana Katic.

The sport featured in the film is Calcio Fiorentino, an ancient form of soccer traditionally played in Florence since the sixteenth century.

Stana Katic
Stana Katić (/ˈstɑːnə ˈkætɪk/; born (1978-04-26)April 26, 1978) is a Canadian and American actress. She played Kate Beckett on the ABC television romantic crime series Castle (2009–2016) and FBI Special Agent Emily Byrne in the psychological thriller series Absentia (2017–2020).
Aboubakari Ouédraogo
Aboubakari Ouédraogo (born 23 June 1970) is a Burkinabé footballer. He played in ten matches for the Burkina Faso national football team from 1994 to 1996. He was also named in Burkina Faso's squad for the 1996 African Cup of Nations tournament.

Burkina Faso national football team
The Burkina Faso national football team (French: Équipe de football du Burkina Faso) represents Burkina Faso in men's international football and is controlled by the Burkinabé Football Federation. They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. They finished fourth in the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations, when they hosted the tournament. Their best ever finish in the tournament was the 2013 edition, reaching the final.
Ibşir Mustafa Pasha
Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: ابشير مصطفى پاشا) was an Ottoman statesman of Abkhazian origin, nephew of the governor and rebel Abaza Mehmed Pasha, and prominent Celali rebel. He was grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 28 October 1654 to 11 May 1655. He was also the Ottoman governor of Damascus Eyalet (province) in 1649. He was a briefly damat ("bridegroom") to the Ottoman dynasty, as he married the Ottoman princess Ayşe Sultan.

As governor of Damascus he was defeated by Mulhim ibn Yunus, the Druze emir of the Ma'n dynasty in Mount Lebanon, in a battle at the Qarnana valley in November 1650.

Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon (Arabic: جبل لبنان, romanized: Jabal Lubnān; Syriac: ܛܘܪ ܠܒܢܢ, romanized: Tur Lebnon) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It is about 170 km (110 mi) long and averages above 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation, with its peak at 3,088 m (10,131 ft). The range provides a typical alpine climate year-round.

Mount Lebanon is well-known for its snow-covered mountains, home to surviving Lebanese cedar forests and diverse high-altitude flora and fauna. The name Lebanon itself originates from the white, snow-covered tops of this mountain range.
The Golden Master
The Golden Master (1939) is an American pulp novel featuring The Shadow, written by Walter Gibson under the house name Maxwell Grant.  This was the 182nd Shadow story and it was published in The Shadow Magazine Vol. 31, No. 2 on 15 September 1939.

It has the first appearance of the hero's archenemy Shiwan Khan, and deals with a scheme by Khan to conquer the world by hypnotizing arms manufacturers.

Walter B. Gibson
Walter Brown Gibson (September 12, 1897 – December 6, 1985) was an American writer and professional magician, best known for his work on the pulp fiction character The Shadow, and as a ghost-writer for many of his friend Harry Houdini's books. Gibson, under the pen-name Maxwell Grant, wrote 282 of the original 325 'The Shadow' novels/novellas during the 1930s/1940s, writing up to "10,000 words a day" to satisfy public demand during the character's golden age. He authored several novels in the Biff Brewster juvenile series of the 1960s. He was married to Litzka R. Gibson, also a writer, and the couple lived in New York state.
Window Seats
Window Seats are an alternative rock band from Belfast, Northern Ireland. They are the first unsigned Northern Ireland artists to be featured on MTV Rocks. The band has self-produced seven music videos, single single releases and an EP under its own record label, Get Out Records. The band was formed in 2007 and currently consists of members Jude McCaffrey (lead vocal, guitar), Elliot Russell (bass guitar) and Tony Furnell (drums, backing vocal).

Unsigned artist
An unsigned artist or independent artist is a musician or musical group not under a contract with a record label. The terms are used in the music industry as a marketing technique. Bands that release their own material on self-published CDs can also be considered unsigned bands. Often unsigned bands primarily exist to perform at concerts.

In more recent years, the Internet has helped promote the music of unsigned bands. Artists often post their music as MP3s on websites like blogs, digital stores and other streaming platforms online for enhanced promotion.

In 2016, the Unsigned Music Awards was established in the UK as the first ever televised international awards ceremony to champion artists without the backing of a record label.
Patricia Anthony
Patricia Marie Anthony (March 29, 1947 – July 2, 2013) was an American author of science fiction and slipstream fiction. Anthony published her first science fiction novel in 1992 with Cold Allies, about the arrival of extraterrestrials in the midst of a 21st-century Third World War. This was followed by Brother Termite, Conscience of the Beagle, The Happy Policeman, Cradle of Splendor, and God's Fires, each of which combined science fiction plots with other genres in unconventional ways. Several of her short-fiction works were republished in the 1998 collection Eating Memories.

Slipstream fiction
Slipstream is a literary genre or category of speculative fiction that blends together science fiction, fantasy, and literary fiction, or otherwise does not remain within conventional boundaries of genre and narrative. It directly extends from the experimentation of the New Wave science fiction movement while also borrowing from fantasy, psychological fiction, philosophical fiction and other genres or styles of literature.

Historical examples of the genre were partially codified in Feeling Very Strange: The Slipstream Anthology; contemporary examples include Peaces by Helen Oyeyemi, The Dangers of Smoking in Bed by Mariana Enríquez, and The Butterfly Lampshade by Aimee Bender.
Reversible error
In United States law, a reversible error is an error of sufficient gravity to warrant reversal of a judgment on appeal.  It is an error by the trier of law (judge), or the trier of fact (the jury, or the judge if it is a bench trial), or malfeasance by one of the trying attorneys, which results in an unfair trial.  It is to be distinguished from harmless errors which do not rise to a level which brings the validity of the judgment into question and thus do not lead to a reversal upon appeal.

Bench trial
A bench trial is a trial by judge, as opposed to a jury.  The term applies most appropriately to any  administrative hearing in relation to a summary offense to distinguish the type of trial. Many legal systems (Roman, Islamic) use bench trials for most or all cases or for certain types of cases.

As a jury renders a verdict, in a bench trial, a judge does the same by making a finding.
Honey War
40°35′N 93°28′W﻿ / ﻿40.58°N 93.46°W﻿ / 40.58; -93.46

The Honey War was a bloodless territorial dispute in 1839 between Iowa Territory and Missouri over their border.

The dispute over a 9.5-mile-wide (15.3 km) strip running the entire length of the border, caused by unclear wording in the Missouri Constitution on boundaries, misunderstandings over the survey of the Louisiana Purchase, and a misreading of Native American treaties, was ultimately decided by the United States Supreme Court in Iowa's favor.
The decision was to affirm a nearly 30-mile (48 km) jog in the nearly straight line border between southeast Iowa and northeast Missouri at Keokuk, Iowa that is now Iowa's southernmost point.

Before the issue was settled, militias from both sides faced each other at the border, a Missouri sheriff collecting taxes in Iowa was incarcerated, and three trees containing beehives were cut down.

Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
The Treaty of St. Louis of 1804 was concluded by William Henry Harrison on behalf of the United States of America and five Sauk and Meskwaki chiefs led by Quashquame. 
The treaty transferred a huge area of land between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers from the Sauk and Meskwaki to the United States. In return, the Sauk and Meskwaki received a lump-sum payment of $2234.50 and an annuity of $1000. This payment was far less than the value of the land. The signatory chiefs were not authorized to cede land by their tribes and probably did not understand the treaty. The Sauk and Meskwaki deeply resented the treaty and considered it invalid. It alienated them from the United States and encouraged them to ally with Britain, contributing to their support for the British during the later War of 1812.