hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polarimetry
Polarimetry is the measurement and interpretation of the polarization of transverse waves, most notably electromagnetic waves, such as radio or light waves. Typically polarimetry is done on electromagnetic waves that have traveled through or have been reflected, refracted or diffracted by some material in order to characterize that object.

Reflection (physics)
Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection says that for specular reflection (for example at a mirror) the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected.

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light. Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors.
Thorwald Klaudius Nelson
Thorwald Klaudius Nelson (September 13, 1849 – March 5, 1888) was a Norwegian American meerschaum pipe carver, woodturner and politician who served as a delegate to California's Second Constitutional Convention from 1878 to 1879 and in the California State Senate from 1880 to 1885. At just 30 years old, he was the youngest member of the Senate. He also served as president of the Scandinavian Club of the Workingmen's Party of California.

Carving
Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. The technique can be applied to any material that is solid enough to hold a form even when pieces have been removed from it, and yet soft enough for portions to be scraped away with available tools. Carving, as a means for making stone or wooden sculpture, is distinct from methods using soft and malleable materials like clay, fruit, and melted glass, which may be shaped into the desired forms while soft and then harden into that form. Carving tends to require much more work than methods using malleable materials.
Visa requirements for Singapore citizens
Visa requirements for Singapore citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states which are imposed on citizens of the Republic of Singapore.

As of 2026, holders of Singapore passports have visa-free/visa-on-arrival/ electronic visa access to a total of 192 countries and territories, ranking the Singapore passport 1st in the world according to Henley Passport Index.

Henley Passport Index
The Henley Passport Index is an annual global ranking of countries according to the travel freedom allowed by those countries' ordinary passports for their citizens. It was launched in 2005 as Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index and was updated to Henley Passport Index in January 2018. The index is updated on a quarterly basis to reflect changes in global visa policies.

The index annually ranks 199 passports of the world by the number of countries that their holders can travel to without requiring a visa. The number of countries that a specific passport can access becomes its visa-free "score". The data is obtained from the International Air Transport Association (IATA)'s Timatic documentation requirements database.
Ahl Fas Mosque
Ahl Fas Mosque (Arabic: مسجد اهل فاس) is a mosque in the capital city of Rabat, Morocco. It is located at the mechouar of Al-Sayeed. The mosque was commissioned by the Alaouite sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah in the 18th century. It was renovated several times, during the era of Muhammad IV, Yusef, Muhammad V, Hassan II, and Muhammad VI. The mosque is known as a place where the king gives the khotbah (sermon) during the Friday Prayer or Eid Prayers, a tradition dating back to the era of Moulay Yusef.

Friday prayer
Friday prayer, or congregational prayer (Arabic: صلاة الجمعة, romanized: ṣalāt al-jumuʿa), is the meeting together of Muslims for communal prayer and a service at midday every Friday. In Islam, the day itself is called Yawm al-Jum'ah (shortened to Jum'ah), which translated from Arabic means "Day of Meeting", "Day of Assembly" or "Day of Congregation".

On this day, all Muslim men are expected to meet and participate at the designated place of meeting and prostration (mosque), with certain exceptions due to distance and situation. Women and children can also participate, but do not fall under the same obligation that men do.

In many Muslim countries, the weekend includes Fridays, and in others, Fridays are half-days for schools and some workplaces. It is one of the most exalted Islamic rituals and one of its confirmed obligatory acts.
Lochore Castle
Lochore Castle is a ruined 14th-century tower house, about 3 miles (4.8 km) south east of Cowdenbeath, Fife, Scotland, and south of Lochore, east of Loch Ore, in Lochore Country Park.

Little remains of the castle, which was originally on the island of Inchgall, the name meaning “Isle of Strangers”.  It may be known alternatively as Inchgall Castle

Cowdenbeath
Cowdenbeath (/ˌkaʊdənˈbiːθ/ ⓘ) is a town and burgh in west Fife, Scotland. It is 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Dunfermline and 18 miles (29 km) north of the capital, Edinburgh. The town grew up around the extensive coalfields of the area and became a police burgh in 1890. According to a 2008 estimate, the town has a population of 14,081.

The wider civil parish of Beath has a population of 17,351 (in 2011).
Ripartites tricholoma
Ripartites tricholoma, commonly known as the bearded seamine, is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. It was first described scientifically as Agaricus tricholoma by Albertini and Lewis David von Schweinitz in 1805, and later transferred into the genus Ripartites by Petter Karsten in 1879. It is found in North America and Europe, and has also been collected in Costa Rica.

Lewis David de Schweinitz
Lewis David de Schweinitz (13 February 1780 – 8 February 1834) was a German-American botanist and mycologist from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Considered the "Father of North American Mycology," he also made significant contributions to botany.
Johann Joachim Faber
Johann Joachim Faber (12 April 1778 – 2 August 1846) was a landscape painter who was born in Hamburg. He worked originally at historical subjects, and painted the altar-piece, Suffer Little Children to come unto Me, for St. Catharine's Church at Hamburg. On his journey to Italy in company with J. A. Koch and Reinhardt, he was induced to adopt landscape painting, in which line he is best known. The Berlin Gallery contains a View of the Capuchin Monastery, near Naples by him (1830). He died in Hamburg in 1846.

St. Catherine's Church, Hamburg
St. Catherine's Church (German: St. Katharinen) is one of the five principal Lutheran churches (Hauptkirchen) of Hamburg, Germany. The base of its spire, dating from the 13th century, is the second oldest building preserved in the city, after the lighthouse on Neuwerk island. It is situated on an island near what was formerly the southern boundary of the medieval city, opposite the historic harbour area on the Elbe river. It traditionally served as the church of the seamen.
High Speed Rail (Crewe - Manchester) Bill
The High Speed Rail (Crewe - Manchester) Bill was a proposed act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was introduced as a Hybrid Bill by Grant Shapps (Secretary of State for Transport).

The bill's original aim was to authorise rail works for HS2 Phase 2 between Crewe and Manchester.
It was paused under the Sunak ministry, pending the review into Phase 2 following the Government's cancellation of Phase 2 in 2023.

The bill was re-introduced in the 2024-25 session by Louise Haigh (Secretary of State for Transport), on 25 July 2024, with the intention of repurposing it to instead provide powers to construct other rail lines in the north of England.

Secretary of State for Transport
The secretary of state for transport, also referred to as the transport secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with overall responsibility for the policies of the Department for Transport. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.

The office holder works alongside the other transport ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for transport, and the secretary of state is also scrutinised by the Transport Select Committee.

The position of secretary of state for transport is held by Heidi Alexander, who was appointed by Keir Starmer following the resignation of Louise Haigh.
Spike Mullins
Dennis Jeremiah (Spike) Mullins (2 October 1915 – 18 April 1994) was a comedy performer and writer. He wrote for a number of established performers, such as Max Bygraves and Harry Secombe, Kenneth Williams and Frankie Howerd.

Perhaps his most famous work is scripting Ronnie Corbett's seated monologues during The Two Ronnies TV series in the UK. He also worked, together with Barry Cryer as a writer for the groundbreaking British TV programme The Frost Report, where Corbett first met his later performing partner, Ronnie Barker.

The Two Ronnies
The Two Ronnies is a British television comedy sketch show starring Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett. It was created by Bill Cotton and aired on BBC Television from 10 April 1971 to 25 December 1987.

The usual format included sketches, solo sections, serial stories, and musical finales. Their Four Candles sketch, first broadcast on 18 September 1976, was voted their funniest sketch in a television poll. In 2006, the British public ranked the duo number 6 in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars.
Emil Wiechert
Emil Johann Wiechert (26 December 1861 – 19 March 1928) was a German physicist and geophysicist who made many contributions to both fields, including presenting the first verifiable model of a layered structure of the Earth and being among the first to discover the electron.  He went on to become the world's first Professor of Geophysics at the University of Göttingen.

Internal structure of Earth
The internal structure of Earth is the spatial variation of chemical and physical properties in the solid earth. The primary structure is a series of layers: an outer silicate crust, a mechanically weak asthenosphere, a solid mantle, a liquid outer core whose flow generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a solid inner core.

Scientific understanding of the internal structure of Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of Earth's deep interior.
Karasuyama, Tochigi
Karasuyama (烏山町, Karasuyama-machi) was a town located in Nasu District, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 18,799 and a density of 202.44 persons per km2. The total area was 92.86 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Karasuyama, along with the town of Minaminasu (also from Nasu District), was merged to create the city of Nasukarasuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Municipalities of Japan
Municipalities are a level of administration in Japan. The country has three levels of governments: national, prefectural, and municipal.

The nation is divided into 47 prefectures (within these, one metropolis, one regional prefecture, and two urban prefectures). Each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,718 in total as of October 2018.

There are four types of municipalities in Japan: cities (市, shi), towns (町, chō), villages (村, son) and special wards of Tokyo (区, ku). In Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson (市区町村), where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. In Tokyo, because the wards are at the center, the system is officially referred to as kushichōson (区市町村), with the wards first, and cities second.

Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities.
Quand je ferme les yeux
"Quand je ferme les yeux" (English: "When I Close My Eyes") is an electronic music song performed by Belgian singer Natacha Atlas and Myra Boyle. It was written by Atlas, Brian Higgins and myra boyle, Lisa Cowling, and produced by Xenomania for Atlas' fifth album Something Dangerous (2003). It was released as a single by Mantra Recordings in 2003.

Brian Higgins (producer)
Brian Thomas Higgins (born November 4, 1966) is a British record producer and songwriter who has written and produced albums and tracks for several successful pop music singers and groups, including Girls Aloud, S Club 7, Sugababes, and the Saturdays, through his Xenomania production team. Miranda Cooper is a key collaborator who has co-writing credits in nearly all Xenomania-created tracks.

His musical style has been described as part electro, part power pop, part basic pop, with elements of new wave, rave and dance found in many of his collaborations.
The Chinese Gold Murders
The Chinese Gold Murders is a gong'an historical mystery novel written by Robert van Gulik and set in Imperial China (roughly speaking the Tang dynasty). It is a fiction based on the real character of Judge Dee (Ti Jen-chieh or Di Renjie), a magistrate and statesman of the Tang court, who lived roughly 630–700.

The book includes a map of the fictional town of Peng-lai.

Robert van Gulik
Robert Hans van Gulik (Chinese: 髙羅佩; pinyin: Gāo Luópèi, 9 August 1910 – 24 September 1967) was a Dutch orientalist, diplomat, musician (of the guqin), and writer, best known for the Judge Dee historical mysteries, the protagonist of which he borrowed from the 18th-century Chinese detective novel Dee Goong An.
SS Glenorchy
Several merchant ships have been named SS Glenorchy including:

SS Glenorchy (1871), originally Willem III, Dutch ocean liner, scrapped in 1903.

SS Glenorchy (1902), originally named A. E. Stewart, a Canadian bulk freighter launched in 1900 and lost in 1924.

SS Willem III
SS Willem III was the lead ship of the Willem III class, and the first ship of the Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (SMN). She was burnt on her maiden trip. Later the wreck was repaired and sailed as Quang Se, Glenorchy and Pina.
Oreonectes guananensis
Oreonectes guananensis is a species of cyprinid of the genus Oreonectes. Described in 2011, it has not been classified on the IUCN Red List. It inhabits Guangxi, China and is considered harmless to humans.

Cyprinidae
Cyprinidae is a family of cyprinoid freshwater fishes commonly referred to as the carp family, which includes the carps, barbs, and barbels, among others. These cyprinids also share sister taxa with the danionins and minnows under the suborder Cyprinoidei. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest family of vertebrates overall, with roughly 1,780 species split into 166 valid genera.

Cyprinids range from the 12 mm (0.5 in)-long glassfishes, to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis). The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').
Michihiko Kano
Michihiko Kano (鹿野道彦, Kano Michihiko; 24 January 1942 – 21 October 2021) was a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan who served as the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries twice.

He lost his seat in the 16 December 2012 general election.

Kano was born in Yamagata. He graduated from Gakushuin University.

After period of illness, Michihiko Kano died on 21 October 2021 in a hospital in Yamagata City; he was 79.

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (農林水産省, Nōrin-suisan-shō; MAFF) is a cabinet level ministry in the government of Japan responsible for oversight of the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries. Its acronym is MAFF. The current Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is Norikazu Suzuki.
Tarsus (eyelids)
The tarsi (sg.: tarsus) or tarsal plates are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about 10 mm (0.39 in) in vertical dimension for the upper eyelid and 5 mm for the lower eyelid; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They are located directly above the lid margins.  The tarsus has a lower and upper part making up the palpebrae.

Dense connective tissue
Dense connective tissue, also called dense fibrous tissue, is a type of connective tissue with fibers as its main matrix element. The fibers are mainly composed of type I collagen. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that generate the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. In addition, the sclera contains dense connective tissue
Michael Sametz
Michael Sametz (born May 21, 1996) is a Canadian road racing para cyclist who competes in the C3 classification. He won a bronze medal for Team Canada at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's road time trial C3.

C3 (classification)
C3  is a para-cycling classification. The class includes people with moderate upper or lower limb dysfunctions and includes cyclists with cerebral palsy, limb impairments and amputations. The UCI recommends this be coded as MC3 or WC3.  The class competes at the Paralympic Games.
WAY-470
WAY-470 is a drug  which acts as an agonist at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors though with lower affinity at 5-HT2B. It has similar binding affinity to 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C but shows functional selectivity for 5-HT2C.

5-HT2A receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and functions as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a cell surface receptor that activates multiple intracellular signalling cascades.
Like all 5-HT2 receptors, the 5-HT2A receptor is coupled to the Gq/G11 signaling pathway. It is the primary excitatory receptor subtype among the serotonin-responsive GPCRs. The 5-HT2A receptor was initially noted for its central role as the primary target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. It later regained research prominence when found to mediate, at least in part, the effects of many antipsychotic drugs, particularly atypical antipsychotics.
Doud
People with the surname Doud:

Chuck Doud, video game music composer

Mamie Eisenhower, whose maiden name was Doud

Jacqueline Powers Doud, president of Mount St. Mary's College

Reuben G. Doud, American politician

Ruby Archer Doud, American poet

Jacqueline Powers Doud
Jacqueline Powers Doud is president emerita of Mount St. Mary's College.  She served as the college's eleventh, and first lay president from July 2000 until March 2012.  Doud also serves on the Board of Visitors of the School of Education of Claremont Graduate University and is a trustee of the Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Foundation.

Doud's tenure has been noted for her promotion of in-depth strategic planning for the college's development.  Key goals under her successive strategic plans have been to increase the college's endowment (which has nearly doubled since 2000, to over $65 million) and to continue to reach traditionally underserved communities through higher education (including women, minorities, and first generation students).
City of Rochester-upon-Medway
Rochester-upon-Medway was a local government district in north Kent, England from 1974 to 1998. It covered Rochester, Chatham, Luton, Lordswood, Walderslade, Strood and the Hoo Peninsula.

The district was formed as the District of Medway under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, as a merger of the municipal borough and city of Rochester, the borough of Chatham and most of Strood Rural District.  The district council was granted a charter entitling it to be known as the Borough of Medway, and preserving the mayoralties of Rochester and Chatham.

1974 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1974 in the United Kingdom.

The year is marked by the Three-Day Week, two general elections, a state of emergency in Northern Ireland, extensive Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing of the British mainland, several large company collapses and major local government reorganisation.
William Willis (Maine politician)
William Willis (August 31, 1794 – February 17, 1870) was a lawyer, historian, and politician from Portland, Maine. He was the partner of William Pitt Fessenden. He was member of the Maine State Senate in 1855 and Mayor of Portland in 1857, president of the Maine Historical Society (1856–1865), and president of the Maine Central Railroad. In 1864, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

Bowdoin College, which granted him an honorary degree in 1867, has a small collection of his correspondence, drafts of his writing, and estate information.

Willis died in 1870, aged 75.

Bowdoin College
Bowdoin College (/ˈboʊdɪn/ ⓘ BOH-din) is a private liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, United States. It was chartered in 1794.

In addition to its Brunswick campus, Bowdoin owns a 118-acre (48 ha) coastal studies center on Orr's Island and a 200-acre (81 ha) scientific field station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy.

The college was a founding member of its athletic conference, the New England Small College Athletic Conference, and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, an athletic conference and inter-library exchange with Bates College and Colby College. Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams, and the school mascot was selected as a polar bear in 1913 to honor Robert Peary, a Bowdoin alumnus who claimed to have led the first successful expedition to the North Pole.
Adam Donovan (rugby league)
Adam Donovan is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s. He played for Western Suburbs in the ARL/NRL competition.
He sat out the 2000 Rugby League World Cup due to injury, he’s brother Matthew debuted and scored against the Australians playing for his country of Heritage Russia.

2000 Rugby League World Cup
The 2000 Rugby League World Cup was the twelfth World Cup for men’s national rugby league teams, held between 28 October and 25 November and hosted between the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. Australia won their ninth title by beating New Zealand 40-12 in the final at Old Trafford.

Following the success of the previous tournament, the World Cup was expanded to 16 teams and for the first time featured qualification rounds before the finals.

Alongside the men's tournament, it was also the same year when the inaugural Women's Rugby League World Cup was first played.