hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Meridian (geography)
In geography and geodesy, a meridian is the locus connecting points of equal longitude, which is the angle (in degrees or other units) east or west of a given prime meridian (currently, the IERS Reference Meridian). In other words, it is a coordinate line for longitudes, a line of longitude. The position of a point along the meridian at a given longitude is given by its latitude, measured in angular degrees north or south of the Equator. On a Mercator projection or on a Gall-Peters projection, each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude. Assuming a spherical Earth, a meridian is a great semicircle on Earth's surface. Adopting instead a spheroidal or ellipsoid model of Earth, the meridian is half of a north-south great ellipse. The length of a meridian is twice the length of an Earth quadrant, equal to 20,003.93144 km (12,429.86673 mi) on a modern ellipsoid (WGS 84).

Great ellipse
A great ellipse is an ellipse passing through two points on a spheroid and having the same center as that of the spheroid. Equivalently, it is an ellipse on the surface of a spheroid and centered on the origin, or the curve formed by intersecting the spheroid by a plane through its center.
For points that are separated by less than about a quarter of the circumference of the earth, about , the length of the great ellipse connecting the points is close (within one part in 500,000) to the geodesic distance.
The great ellipse therefore is sometimes proposed as a suitable route for marine navigation.
The great ellipse is special case of an earth section path.
John Small MacDonald
John Small MacDonald (ca. 1791 – January 20, 1849) was a businessman and politician on Prince Edward Island.

He was born in West River, Saint John's Island (later Prince Edward Island), the son of John Macdonald and Margaret (Peggy) Macdonald, the sister of Captain John MacDonald of Glenaladale. Macdonald married Isabella McDonald. In 1830, he was elected to represent Queens County in the Legislative Assembly. As a landowner, he opposed giving ownership of the land to the tenant farmers; however, he supported moderate reforms. Macdonald was re-elected to the assembly until he retired from politics in 1846. He also served as a captain in the militia and a justice of the peace. In 1839, he was named to the Executive Council, and served in that function until his death in Charlottetown at the age of 58. Madonald was also named high sheriff for Queens County that year. Later in life he became a shipbuilder, but his ships were not considered well-built and the business lost money.

Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island (French: Assemblée législative de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard) together with the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island form the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island. The Legislative Assembly meets at Province House, which is at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown. Bills passed by the Assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are, as their name implies, receptors that bind to members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. Some of these receptors are involved in pathological conditions. For example, a point mutation in FGFR3 can lead to achondroplasia.

Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome. Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product—consequences that are moderately predictable based upon the specifics of the mutation. These consequences can range from no effect (e.g. synonymous mutations) to deleterious effects (e.g. frameshift mutations), with regard to protein production, composition, and function.
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea
Sport Club Municipal Râmnicu Vâlcea (Romanian pronunciation: [sporˈt klub ˌmuŋi.tʃiˈpal ˈrɨmniku ˈvɨlt͡ʃe̯a]), commonly known as SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea or Râmnicu Vâlcea, is a Romanian football team from Râmnicu Vâlcea, Vâlcea County. The club is currently playing in Liga III, after spending 12 years in the Liga II, the club was reorganized in the summer of 2017 after some financial problems.

Liga IV Vâlcea
Liga IV Vâlcea (known as Liga IV Nurvil for sponsorship reasons) is the county Liga IV football division for clubs in Vâlcea County, Romania. The competition is ranked as the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system and is organized by AJF Vâlcea – Asociația Județeană de Fotbal (lit. 'County Football Association').

It is contested by a variable number of teams, depending on the number of teams relegated from Liga III, the number of teams promoted from Liga V Vâlcea, and the teams that withdraw or enter the competition. The winner may or may not be promoted to Liga III, depending on the result of a promotion play-off contested against the winner of a neighboring county series.
Pseudancistrus barbatus
Pseudancistrus barbatus, commonly known as the bearded catfish, is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Oyapock, the Mana River, the Maroni, the Suriname River, the Courantyne River, and the Essequibo River. Within its range, the bearded catfish is typically found in rocky, fast-flowing rapids.

The bearded catfish reaches 20 cm (7.9 inches) in standard length, and it is believed that the length of the snout bristles on a male individual of the species may reflect the individual's hierarchic status within the population. It is known to be fished in shallow areas within its range using harpoons or bows. The species also occasionally appears in the aquarium trade, where it is sometimes referred to as the wreath pleco.

Mana (French Guiana)
The Mana (French pronunciation: [mana]) is a river in western French Guiana. It runs north from central French Guiana to the town of Mana, where it flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It is 462 km (287 mi) long.
Shaheed Udham Singh (film)
Shaheed Uddham Singh is a 1999 Indian Punjabi-language biographical film based on the life of Udham Singh, an Indian revolutionary who had witnessed the 1919 Amritsar massacre and wanted to avenge the mass killing of his countrymen. He was desperate to punish Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab for his involvement with the massacre. The film was theatrically released in India on 24 December 1999, just two days before Singh's birth centenary. The film was screened retrospective on 13 August 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense, commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day.

Directorate of Film Festivals
The Directorate of Film Festivals in India was an organisation that initiated and presented the International Film Festival of India, the National Film Awards and the Indian Panorama. Although the Directorate helped appoint members of the jury panels each year, it had no input on which films are selected for consideration and which films ultimately win awards at the various functions it initiates.

The Directorate set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt of India, to organise national and international film festivals in India.

It was set up by the Government of India in 1973, and works as part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The Directorate was based in New Delhi and its last director Senthil Rajan.

In March 2022, it was merged with National Film Development Corporation.
Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972
Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972 was enacted by the Government of Bangladesh to establish a tribunal to prosecute local collaborators who helped or supported the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh war of independence and the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. An estimated 11,000 collaborators were arrested. An estimated 2,884 cases were filed at the tribunal until October 1973. Of those accused, 752 were sentenced. Many detainees were released after the 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état.

Abbas Ali Khan
Abbas Ali Khan was an educator and politician who served as the Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami and Education minister of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
He was elected as a Member of Parliament of the 3rd National Assembly of Pakistan. He briefly served as the personal secretary of Fazlul Haque, the Prime Minister of Bengal.
1995 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles
Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.

Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis won the title, defeating Jakob Hlasek and John McEnroe 7–6, 6–4 in the final.

Paul Haarhuis
Paul Vincent Nicholas Haarhuis (Dutch pronunciation: [pʌul ˈhaːrhœys]; born 19 February 1966) is a Dutch tennis coach and a former professional player. He is a former world No. 1 doubles player, having reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 18 in November 1995. He has won 54 doubles titles, including six Grand Slam titles, five with Jacco Eltingh, and one with Yevgeny Kafelnikov.
Kelvin bridge
A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors. Historically Kelvin bridges were used to measure shunt resistors for ammeters and sub one ohm reference resistors in metrology laboratories. In the scientific community the Kelvin bridge paired with a Null Detector was used to achieve the highest precision.

Ohm
The ohm (symbol: Ω, the uppercase Greek letter omega) is the unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after German physicist Georg Ohm (1789–1854). Various empirically derived standard units for electrical resistance were developed in connection with early telegraphy practice, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science proposed a unit derived from existing units of mass, length and time, and of a convenient scale for practical work as early as 1861.

Following the 2019 revision of the SI, in which the ampere and the kilogram were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, the ohm is now also defined as an exact value in terms of these constants.
Lichana
Lichana is a town and commune in Biskra Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 8,740.

Lichana is located in south-east Algeria, 360 km south of the capital Algiers, part of the Tolga Oasis, an area known internationally for high-quality dates (Deglet Nour) with more than 500,000 date palm trees in the area.

Communes of Algeria
The communes of Algeria (Arabic: بلدية (singular)), also known as municipalities, form the third level of administrative subdivisions of Algeria. As of 2002, there were 1,541 municipalities in the country. The municipalities are also known as communes (baladiyahs).
Sam Spade (software)
Sam Spade is a discontinued Windows software tool designed to assist in tracking down sources of e-mail spam. The same name was also used for a related free web service that provided access to similar tools. The Sam Spade utility was authored by Steve Atkins in 1997 and was named after the fictional character Sam Spade.

The last fully functional version of the website was available in early 2004, after which it suffered outage problems due to "blackholing of SamSpade.org by several RIRs and general heavy usage."

Sam Spade
Sam Spade (Samuel Spade) is a fictional character and the protagonist of Dashiell Hammett's 1930 novel The Maltese Falcon. Spade also appeared in four lesser-known short stories by Hammett.

The Maltese Falcon, first published as a serial in the pulp magazine Black Mask, is the only full-length novel by Hammett in which Spade appears. The character, however, is widely cited as a crystallizing figure in the development of hard-boiled private detective fiction—Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe, for instance, was strongly influenced by Spade.

Spade was a departure from Hammett's nameless and less-than-glamorous detective, the Continental Op. Spade combined several features of previous detectives, most notably his detached demeanor, keen eye for detail, and unflinching determination to achieve his own justice.
Siebnen-Wangen railway station
Siebnen-Wangen railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schwyz and municipality of Wangen. The station is located on the Lake Zurich left-bank railway line, owned by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), and takes its name from Wangen and the adjacent village of Siebnen.

Canton of Schwyz
The canton of Schwyz (German: Kanton Schwyz [ʃviːts] ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Sviz; French: Canton de Schwytz; Italian: Canton Svitto) is a canton in central Switzerland between the Alps in the south, Lake Lucerne to the west and Lake Zürich in the north, centred on and named after the town of Schwyz.

It is one of the founding cantons of Switzerland; Switzerland's name is derived from the name of the canton, and the flag of Switzerland from its coat of arms. For the history of the name, see Schwyz. The Swiss Federal Charter is on display in Schwyz. Northeast of the town of Schwyz is Einsiedeln Abbey.
Pelham Puppets
Pelham Puppets were simple wooden marionette puppets made in England by Bob Pelham (1919–1980), starting in 1947. While mainly known for making marionettes, his company also manufactured glove puppets, rod puppets and ventriloquist puppets. The company ceased to trade in 1993 and some of its products became collectable.

Marionette
A marionette (/ˌmæriəˈnɛt/ MARR-ee-ə-NET; French: marionnette [maʁjɔnɛt] ⓘ), or string puppet, is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings depending on regional variations.  A marionette's puppeteer is called a marionettist. Marionettes are operated with the puppeteer hidden or revealed to an audience by using a vertical or horizontal control bar in different forms of theatres or entertainment venues. They have also been used in films and on television. The attachment of the strings varies according to its character or purpose.
Pacific Northwest cuisine
Pacific Northwest cuisine is a North American cuisine that is found in the Pacific Northwest, i.e. the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Alaska, as well as the province of British Columbia and the southern portion of the territory of Yukon,  reflecting the ethnic makeup of the region, with noticeable influence from Asian and Native American traditions. Influences from Southern cuisine brought by African Americans, as well as Mexican-American cuisine as Latinos migrate north from California, can be seen as well.

Seattle's Pike Place Market is notable regarding this culinary style, along with Portland and Vancouver. Former food critic of The New York Times Frank Bruni wrote of Seattle in June 2011, "I'm hard-pressed to think of another corner or patch of the United States where the locavore sensibilities of the moment are on such florid (and often sweetly funny) display, or where they pay richer dividends, at least if you're a lover of fish."

Cuisine
A cuisine  is a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques, and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Regional food preparation techniques, customs and ingredients combine to enable dishes unique to a region.
Syrphipogon
Syrphipogon is a subgenus of the hoverfly genus Microdon. There are two known species. They are very large microdontine flies of about 25 mm. They have a deeply sulcate scutellum and a facial mystax. They are mimics of the large bees of the genus Eulaema.

Scutellum (insect anatomy)
The scutellum is the posterior portion of either the mesonotum or the metanotum of an insect thorax; however, it is used almost exclusively in the former context, as the metanotum is rather reduced in most insect groups. In the Hemiptera, and some Coleoptera, the scutellum is a small triangular plate behind the pronotum and between the forewing bases. In Diptera and Hymenoptera, the scutellum is nearly always distinct, but much smaller than (and immediately posterior to) the mesoscutum.

Scutellum in various types of insect

26 = Heteroptera scutellum

6 = Diptera scutellum

9 = Coleoptera scutellum

10 = Formicidae scutellum
Carlo Colombara
Carlo Colombara (born 7 August 1964) is an Italian operatic bass. He has sung leading roles in major opera houses including La Scala in Milan, the Vienna State Opera; the Real Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, the Arena di Verona, the Royal Opera House in London, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.

Maggio Musicale Fiorentino
The Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (literal English translation: 'Florence Musical May') is an annual Italian arts festival in Florence, including a notable opera festival, under the auspices of the Opera di Firenze. The festival occurs between late April into June annually, typically with four operas.
Cool Hipnoise
Cool Hipnoise is a Portuguese musical group. The band was formed in Lisbon in 1994 by Tiago Santos (guitar), João Gomes (keyboards), Paulo Muiños (saxophones), Nuno Reis (trumpet), Francisco Rebelo (bass) and Melo D (voice). Initially an acid jazz band, over the years its sound incorporated other influences like reggae and dub music. Other singers like Marga Munguambe, Orlando Santos and Milton Gulli were also part of the band. Among the artists that collaborated with the band are The Last Poets, Marta Dias, Ithaka, General D and Fernanda Abreu. Santos, Gomes and Rebelo, who remain the core of the group, have a side project named Spaceboys, with more pronounced electronic influences.

The Last Poets
The Last Poets is a poetry collective and musical group that arose in the late 1960s as part of the African-American civil rights movement and black nationalism. The name was inspired by revolutionary South African poet Keorapetse Kgositsile who believed he was in the last era of poetry before guns took over.

The group originally comprised Jalaluddin Mansur Nuriddin, Umar Bin Hassan and Abiodun Oyewole. Lineup changes and departures led to offshoots, including The Original Last Poets composed of Oyewole, Gylan Kain and David Nelson. Critic Jason Ankeny wrote: "With their politically charged raps, taut rhythms, and dedication to raising African-American consciousness, the Last Poets almost single-handedly laid the groundwork for the emergence of hip-hop." The British music magazine NME stated, "Serious spokesmen like Gil Scott-Heron, The Last Poets, and later Gary Byrd, paved the way for the many socially committed Black [emcees] a decade later."
Blitz House
The Blitz House (Norwegian: Blitzhuset) is a self-managed social centre hosting left-wing anarchists in Oslo, the capital city of Norway. Founded in 1982 as a squat, it is now legalized and based in Pilestredet. It hosts activities such as political meetings, the feminist radio station radiOrakel, a vegan café, and musician practice rooms. The Blitz movement has been involved in a number of protests and riots (such as the 2008–2009 Oslo riots), and has been attacked by right-wing extremists on numerous occasions.

Social anarchism
Social anarchism, also known as left-wing anarchism or socialist anarchism, is an anarchist tradition that sees individual liberty and social solidarity as mutually compatible and desirable.

It advocates for a social revolution to eliminate hierarchical power structures, such as capitalism and the state. In their place, social anarchists encourage voluntary social collaboration through mutual aid and envision non-hierarchical forms of social organization, such as networks of popular assemblies and worker cooperatives.

Identified with the socialist tradition of Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, social anarchism is often contrasted with individualist anarchism.
Western Buckeye League
Centered in Lima, Ohio, the Western Buckeye League is an OHSAA athletic league located in northwest Ohio and includes schools in Allen, Auglaize, Defiance, Hardin, Mercer, Putnam, and Van Wert counties. The league's school district boundaries also include portions of Logan, Paulding, Shelby, and Wyandot counties. The WBL originally formed in 1936 and is one of the oldest high school conferences in the state.
The Western Buckeye League currently awards championships in 13 Varsity sports: baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, football, golf, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, volleyball, and wrestling.  An academic bowl tournament for the schools in the league began annually in 2004.

While the WBL consists of larger schools and spreads over a larger area, it is geographically located in the same area of the state as the Midwest Athletic Conference. Most schools out of both leagues typically host hotly contested matchups in nearly every sport.

Hardin County, Ohio
Hardin County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,696. Its county seat and largest city is Kenton. The county was created in 1820 and later organized in 1833. It is named for John Hardin, an officer in the American Revolution.
Colchester Crutched Friary
Colchester Crutched Friary was a friary in Colchester, in the county of Essex, England. The house was founded in 1235, the friary was dissolved in 1538 and the site was discovered in 1928 when pottery was found when 44 Crouch Street was being demolished.

Priory
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. They are found in the Catholic Church, Lutheran Churches, and Anglican Communion. Priories may be monastic houses of monks or nuns (such as the Benedictines, the Cistercians, or the Charterhouses). Houses of canons & canonesses regular also use this term, the alternative being canonry. Mendicant houses, of friars, nuns, or tertiary sisters (such as the Friars Preachers, Augustinian Hermits, and Carmelites) also exclusively use this term.

In pre-Reformation England, if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status, the abbey became a cathedral priory. The bishop, in effect, took the place of the abbot, and the monastery itself was headed by a prior.
Silver Rain Radio
Silver Rain Radio (Russian: Серебряный Дождь) is a Russian (including post-Soviet countries) FM radio station since July 4, 1995. Radio frequency in Moscow, Russia – 100,1 FM. Since June 2024, the station is owned and operated by Mediaindustriya CJSC of former Uralchem general manager Vladimir Orlovsky.

Silver Rain Radio is the initiator of the Silver Galosh Award for the most dubious achievements in show business every year. This prize awarded at the congress-hall of Radisson-Slavyanskaya hotel. It is known for being the most eccentric radio station in Russia. The award can be compared to The Razzies.

Eccentricity (behavior)
Eccentricity (also called quirkiness) is an unusual or odd behavior on the part of an individual. This behavior would typically be perceived as unusual or unnecessary, without being demonstrably maladaptive. Eccentricity is contrasted with normal behavior, the nearly universal means by which individuals in society solve given problems and pursue certain priorities in everyday life. People who consistently display benignly eccentric behavior are labeled as "eccentrics".
Jimmy Cundasamy
Jimmy Cundasamy (born July 14, 1977 in Mauritius) is a football player who currently plays for US Stade Tamponnaise in the Réunion Premier League and for the Mauritius national football team as a midfielder. He is featured on the Mauritian national team in the official 2010 FIFA World Cup video game.

La Tamponnaise
La Tamponnaise is a football club from Le Tampon, Réunion Island, founded in 1982 as the result of the merger between S/S Tamponnaise (founded in 1922) and Stade Tamponnais (founded in 1971). In 2014 the club was renamed La Tamponnaise.