hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic programming
In the field of mathematical optimization, stochastic programming is a framework for modeling optimization problems that involve uncertainty. A stochastic program is an optimization problem in which some or all problem parameters are uncertain, but follow known probability distributions. This framework contrasts with deterministic optimization, in which all problem parameters are assumed to be known exactly. The goal of stochastic programming is to find a decision which both optimizes some criteria chosen by the decision maker, and appropriately accounts for the uncertainty of the problem parameters. Because many real-world decisions involve uncertainty, stochastic programming has found applications in a broad range of areas ranging from finance to transportation to energy optimization.

Uncertainty
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision-making. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic or complex or dynamic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
Tobishima, Yamagata
Tobishima (飛島), is an inhabited island located in the Sea of Japan, administered as part of Sakata, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. The island, 2.75 km² in area, had 158 inhabitants as of 2020. The island has no airport, and access is normally by ferry to the city of Sakata on the mainland. The islanders are dependent mainly on commercial fishing and seasonal tourism.

Yamagata Prefecture
Yamagata Prefecture (山形県, Yamagata-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. It has a population of 1,005,926 (1 February 2025) and an area of 9,325 km2 (3,600 sq mi). Its neighbours are Akita Prefecture to the north, Miyagi Prefecture to the east, Fukushima Prefecture to the south, and Niigata Prefecture to the southwest.

The capital and largest city is Yamagata, with other major cities being Tsuruoka, Sakata and Yonezawa. The prefecture is located on Japan's western Sea of Japan coast and its borders with neighboring prefectures are formed by various mountain ranges, with 17% of its total land area being designated as Natural Parks. Yamagata Prefecture formed the southern half of the historic Dewa Province with Akita Prefecture and is home to the Three Mountains of Dewa, which includes the Haguro Five-story Pagoda, a recognised National Treasure of Japan.
Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands
The Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands are situated in Sabah, Malaysia. They cover 788.03 km2. The Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Project was established in 1998 to secure the population in the Kinabatangan floodplain of eastern Sabah (McConkey et al. 2005).

The Lower Kinabatangan-Segama Wetlands was added to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance on October 28, 2008 (Ramsar Site # 1849). The Lower Kinagatangan-Segama Wetlands are one of six Wetlands of International Importance in Malaysia. These wetlands are threatened by the expansion of oil palm plantations, especially in the upriver portion of the wetlands and tributary catchment.

Total- 78,803 hectares (ha); comprising the three Forest Reserves: Trusan Kinabatangan Forest Reserve (40,471 ha), Kulamba Wildlife Reserve (20,682 ha), and Kuala Maruap and Kuala Segama Forest Reserve (17,650 ha).

Kinabatangan
Kinabatangan (Malay: Pekan Kinabatangan) is the capital of the Kinabatangan District in the Sandakan Division of Sabah, Malaysia. Its population was estimated to be around 10,256 in 2010. Kinabatangan is mostly populated with the Orang Sungai tribe, one of the indigenous groups of Sabah.
Peng Shilu
Peng Shilu (Chinese: 彭士禄; 18 November 1925 – 22 March 2021) was a Chinese nuclear engineer. Hailed as "the father of China's nuclear submarines" and the "father of China's naval nuclear propulsion", he was the first chief designer of the country's nuclear submarine project, directing his team to build China's first generation of nuclear submarines (Type 091 and Type 092). He was also the main designer for China's first nuclear power plants, and was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He served as deputy minister for China's Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry, and Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power.

Nuclear engineering
Nuclear engineering is the engineering discipline concerned with designing and applying systems that utilize the energy released by nuclear processes.
The most prominent application of nuclear engineering is the generation of electricity. Worldwide, some 439 nuclear reactors in 31 countries generate 10 percent of the world's energy through nuclear fission. In the future, it is expected that nuclear fusion will add another nuclear means of generating energy. Both reactions make use of the nuclear binding energy released when atomic nucleons are either separated (fission) or brought together (fusion). The energy available is given by the binding energy curve, and the amount generated is much greater than that generated through chemical reactions. Fission of 1 gram of uranium yields as much energy as burning 3 tons of coal or 600 gallons of fuel oil, without adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Dennis Marcellino
Dennis Marcellino (January 17, 1948 - May 21, 2022) was an American musician, speaker, and author of psychology, philosophy, theology, and politics. He was a member of several prominent bands during the mid-20th century, including The Tokens, Sly and The Family Stone, The Elvin Bishop Group and Rubicon. He had a number of CD releases under his name, including a jazz album with Mario Stefani titled An Evening to Remember.

The Tokens
The Tokens were an American doo-wop band and record production company group from Brooklyn, New York City. The group had four top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, all in the 1960s, their biggest being the chart-topping 1961 hit single "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", which borrowed heavily from the 1939 song "Mbube" by South African singer Solomon Linda. They are also known for having Neil Sedaka as an original member, before he pursued a solo career.
Frank Coghlan (footballer)
Frank Coghlan (born 31 October 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

A centreman from Sandhurst, Coghlan was turned away by Carlton before joining St Kilda. He was 23 years old by the time he made his league debut in 1986 and had a strong first game with 25 disposals. The following season he missed just one round and in 1988 was St Kilda's top disposal getter with 447, at an average of 21.29 a game.

Coghlan had his best season in 1991 when he made 23 appearances, including an elimination final, had 398 disposals and kicked 33 goals. He polled well on Brownlow Medal night with nine votes, three of them coming for a 29 disposal and four goal effort against Sydney at Moorabbin.

When his league career ended, Coghlan returned to Sandhurst in the Bendigo Football League and won the 1995 Michelsen Medal.

Bendigo Football Netball League
The Bendigo Football Netball League (previously known as the Bendigo and District Football Association, Bendigo Football Association and Bendigo Football League) is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in the Bendigo region of Victoria.
Dendronucleata
Dendronucleata is a genus of small parasitic spiny-headed (or thorny-headed) worms. It is the only genus in the family 	Dendronucleatidae. This genus contains three species that are distributed globally, being collected in North America and Asia. The distinguishing features of this genus among Archiacanthocephalans is the presence of randomly distributed dendritically branched giant hypodermic nuclei. Dendronucleata parasitize freshwater fish and a salamander by attaching themselves in the intestines using their hook covered proboscis and adhesives secreted from cement glands.

Common carp
The common carp (Cyprinus carpio), also known as European carp, Eurasian carp, or simply carp, is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia. The native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see aquaculture) into environments worldwide, and is often considered a positive invasive species, being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species. It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae.
Amagerbanen
Amagerbanen was a Danish railroad line from Copenhagen to Dragør on the island Amager, inaugurated on July 10, 1907.

Passenger trains ceased in 1938, but reopened in 1940–47 due to petrol and rubber scarcity during the German occupation. On 15 June 1957 the southern, rural half of the line was closed due to enlargement of Kastrup Airport. The remaining segment from Copenhagen to Kastrup was operated as a freight line until 1991 and officially closed in 1995. The company of Amagerbanen was acquired by the Danish State Railways in 1975.

DSB (railway company)
DSB, an abbreviation of Danske Statsbaner (pronounced [ˈtænskə ˈstɛˀtsˌpɛːnɐ], Danish State Railways), is the largest Danish train operating company. It's also the largest train operating company in Scandinavia. While DSB is responsible for passenger train operation on most of the Danish railways, goods transport and railway maintenance are outside its scope. DSB runs a commuter rail system, called the S-train, in the area around the Danish capital, Copenhagen, that connects the different areas and suburbs in the greater metropolitan area. Between 2010 and 2017, DSB operated trains in Sweden.

DSB was founded in 1885, when the state-owned companies De jysk-fynske Statsbaner and De sjællandske Statsbaner merged. DSB was established in 1885, after the state in 1867 under the name De Jutland-Fynske Statsbaner took over the private company Det Danske Jernbanedriftselskab and in 1880 they also took over the privately owned Zealand Railway Company.
John Seabrook Plantation Bridge
John Seabrook Plantation Bridge, also known as Admiral George Palmer's Bridge, is a historic arch bridge located at Rockville, Charleston County, South Carolina. It was built about 1782, and is constructed of brick veneer enclosing a fill mixture of crushed oyster shells and rammed earth.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.
Jaime Melo
Jaime Melo Jr. (born 24 April 1980) is a Brazilian professional racing driver best known for his success in grand tourers as Ferrari driver. In 2006, he won the FIA GT Championship in the GT2 class driving for AF Corse, and the following year, he did the same in the American Le Mans Series for Risi Competizione, where he currently drives. Melo has collected GT2 class wins at the 2008 and 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans; the 2009 24 Hours of Spa; the 2007, 2009, and 2010 12 Hours of Sebring; and the 2008 and 2009 Petit Le Mans, among other endurance race wins.

For 2012, Melo competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship, driving for Luxury Racing in GTE-Pro.

FIA GT Championship
The FIA GT Championship was a sports car racing series organized by the Stéphane Ratel Organisation (SRO) at the behest of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The championship was mostly concentrated in Europe, but throughout the years has visited other continents including Asia and South America. At the end of 2009, the championship was replaced by the FIA GT1 World Championship, which morphed into the FIA GT Series for 2013.
Skhul and Qafzeh hominins
The Skhul and Qafzeh hominins or Qafzeh–Skhul early modern humans are hominin fossils discovered in Es-Skhul and Qafzeh caves in Israel. They are today classified as Homo sapiens, among the earliest of their species in Eurasia. Skhul Cave is on the slopes of Mount Carmel; Qafzeh Cave is a rockshelter near Nazareth in Lower Galilee.

The remains found at Es Skhul, together with those found at the Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve and Mugharet el-Zuttiyeh, were classified in 1939 by Arthur Keith and Theodore D. McCown as Palaeoanthropus palestinensis, a descendant of Homo heidelbergensis.

Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (Russian: Феодосий Григорьевич Добржанский; Ukrainian: Теодосій Григорович Добржанський; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a Russian-born American geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He was a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis and also popular for his support and promotion of theistic evolution as a practicing Christian. Born in the Russian Empire, Dobzhansky immigrated to the United States in 1927 at the age of 27.

His 1937 work Genetics and the Origin of Species became a major influence on the modern synthesis. He was awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1964 and the Franklin Medal in 1973. He is famous for his essay "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution."
Tom Willis (politician)
Thomas Edward Willis is an American politician. He is a member of the West Virginia Senate for the 15th district.

Willis earned his BA from the University of Virginia, JD from the University of Oregon School of Law, and LLM in tax law from Georgetown University Law Center. He joined the West Virginia National Guard in 2000. In 2017, Willis and Harrison Gilliam bought the Glen Ferris Inn.

Willis ran as a Republican for the United States Senate seat held by Joe Manchin, a member of the Democratic Party, in the 2018 election. He lost the nomination to Patrick Morrisey.

Willis ran for the state senate in 2024, and defeated incumbent Craig Blair, the president of the West Virginia Senate, in the Republican Party primary election. Willis won the general election in November 2024.

In May 2025, Willis announced that he would challenge incumbent Shelley Moore Capito in the Republican Party primary in the 2026 United States Senate election in West Virginia.

Craig Blair
Craig Philip Blair (born October 17, 1959) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the West Virginia Senate representing District 15 from 2012 to 2024. Previously, Blair served in the West Virginia Legislature from January 2003 until January 2011 in the West Virginia House of Delegates in the District 52 seat. Blair is also the father of former WV Delegate Saira Blair.

As president of the state senate, Blair concurrently held the title lieutenant governor of West Virginia from January 2021 to January 2025.

Blair lost renomination in 2024.
South Georgia Council
South Georgia Council is a council of the Boy Scouts of America located in southern Georgia. The council headquarters is located in Valdosta, Georgia.  The council serves Scouts in Atkinson, Baker, Ben Hill, Berrien, Calhoun, Brooks, Clay, Coffee, Cook, Clinch, Crisp, Dooly, Dougherty, Early, Echols, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Lanier, Lowndes, Lee, Miller, Mitchell, Schley, Sumter, Terrell, Tift, Turner, Wilcox and Worth counties.

Crisp County, Georgia
Crisp County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,128. The county seat is Cordele. The county was created on August 17, 1905, from Dooly County and named for Georgia Congressman Charles Frederick Crisp.

Crisp County comprises the Cordele, GA micropolitan statistical area.
HEADstrong Foundation
The HEADstrong Foundation is a charitable, non-profit organization that offers financial, residential, and emotional support to families affected by cancer. The Foundation is based just outside of Philadelphia, where patients often travel seeking care and leaving their homes behind. The HEADstrong Foundation supports cancer patients and their families with peer support, comfort kits, financial help and lodging for families who have no place to stay while in the Philadelphia area.

The charity was founded in 2006 by Nicholas "Head" Colleluori, who was diagnosed with B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during his sophomore year of college. Colleluori was a student-athlete playing men's lacrosse at NCAA Division I Hofstra University when he was diagnosed with large B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. He had to leave Hofstra in order to undergo chemotherapy, radiation, a stem cell transplant, and other experimental treatments. He died in 2006, the same year the Foundation was started.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), also known as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphomas. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness. Other symptoms may include bone pain, chest pain, or itchiness. Some forms are slow-growing while others are fast-growing. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, which often spreads in an orderly pattern between nearby lymph nodes, NHL can involve multiple parts of the body and may not follow a predictable spread.
Bob Repine
Bob Repine is an American politician from Oregon. He was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives for four terms, being appointed in May 1988 to his first term and resigning in January 1998 to accept nomination to head the Oregon Housing Agency, where he served until 2006. He also worked in other executive offices from 2006 to 2017, such as acting director of the Oregon Department of Energy, and director of the Economic and Community Development Department under Governor Kulongoski until his retirement in 2017. After his retirement, he worked to restore the Oregon Liberty Bell in 2020.

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.
Kingdom of Kano
The Kingdom of Kano was a Hausa kingdom centred on the city of Kano in modern-day northern Nigeria that was established around 1000 CE, and endured until its conquest during the jihad of Usman dan Fodio in 1805. Following this, its dynasty was replaced with a Fulani one subordinate to the Sokoto Caliphate, and the polity continues to exist today as the Kano Emirate Council, a non-sovereign monarchy in Nigeria.

Non-sovereign monarchy
A non-sovereign monarchy, subnational monarchy or constituent monarchy is one in which the head of the monarchical polity (whether a geographic territory or an ethnic group), and the polity itself, are subject to a temporal authority higher than their own. The constituent states of the German Empire or the princely states of the British Raj provide historical examples; while the Zulu king, whose power derives from the Constitution of South Africa, is a contemporary one.
Danny Freymark
Danny Freymark (born 9 April 1983 in Berlin) is a German politician serving as a member of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin since 2011. He has served as deputy group leader of the Christian Democratic Union since 2021. From 2016 to 2021, he served as chief whip of the Christian Democratic Union.

Berlin House of Representatives
The Berlin House of Representatives (German: Abgeordnetenhaus (German: [ˈʔapɡəʔɔʁdnətn̩ˌhaʊs] ⓘ) is the state parliament (Landtag) of Berlin, Germany according to the city-state's constitution. In 1993, the parliament moved from Rathaus Schöneberg to its present house on Niederkirchnerstraße in Mitte, which from 1899 until 1934 was the seat of the Prussian House of Representatives. The current president of the parliament is Cornelia Seibeld (CDU).
Isla Natividad
Isla Natividad is a Mexican island in the Pacific Ocean 6 km west off Punta Eugenia, the northwestern headland of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. 200 meters off its northwestern end lies Roca María at 27°53′33″N 115°13′19″W﻿ / ﻿27.89250°N 115.22194°W﻿ / 27.89250; -115.22194, with an area of 0.074 km2. Isla Natividad is separated from the mainland at Punta Eugenia by Canal de Dewey (Dewey's Channel), and from Cedros Island (Baja California), which is 15 km to the north, by Canal de Keller (Canal Kellett).

The island is part of Bahía Tortugas delegación of Mulegé municipality. It is 8.655 km2 in area. At the 2001 census, the island had a population of 384, centered in Natividad, a community of abalone, lobster, and clam fishermen, at the southeastern end (27°51′09″N 115°10′09″W﻿ / ﻿27.85250°N 115.16917°W﻿ / 27.85250; -115.16917). Connection to the mainland is facilitated by an airstrip. There is a lighthouse in the northern part.

Abalone
Abalone (/ˈæbəloʊni/ ⓘ or /ˌæbəˈloʊni/; via Spanish abulón, from  Rumsen aulón), in singular "an abalone", are sea snails in the genus Haliotis, the only genus in the family Haliotidae. Abalone shells are distinctive for their flattened, ear-like shape, nacreous interior, and row of holes used for respiration. The flesh of abalone is widely considered to be a delicacy, and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of cuisines. Abalone are globally distributed, with approximately 70 known species alive today. Though some species are small, the largest abalone can attain a length of 12 inches (300 mm).
Molecular fragmentation methods
Molecular fragmentation (mass spectrometry), or molecular dissociation, occurs both in nature and in experiments. It occurs when a complete molecule is rendered into smaller fragments by some energy source, usually ionizing radiation. The resulting fragments can be far more chemically reactive than the original molecule, as in radiation therapy for cancer, and are thus a useful field of inquiry. Different molecular fragmentation methods have been built to break apart molecules, some of which are listed below.

Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)
In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules  mass spectrum. These reactions are well documented over the decades and fragmentation patterns are useful to determine the molar weight and structural information of unknown molecules. Fragmentation that occurs in tandem mass spectrometry experiments has been a recent focus of research, because this data helps facilitate the identification of molecules.