hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Connecticut in the American Civil War
The New England state of Connecticut played an important role in the American Civil War, providing arms, equipment, technology, funds, supplies, and soldiers for the Union Army and the Union Navy. Several Connecticut politicians played significant roles in the Federal government and helped shape its policies during the war and the Reconstruction.

Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the primary field army of the Union army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April.
2008 Boston Marathon
The 2008 Boston Marathon was the 112th running of the annual marathon race in Boston, United States and was held on April 21. The elite men's race was won by Kenya's Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot in a time of 2:07:46 hours and the women's race was won by Ethiopia's Dire Tune in 2:25:25.

Association of Road Racing Statisticians
The Association of Road Racing Statisticians is an independent, non-profit organization that collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics regarding road running races. The primary purpose of the ARRS is to maintain a valid list of world road records for standard race distances  and to establish valid criteria for road record-keeping.  The official publication of the ARRS is the Analytical Distance Runner. This newsletter contains recent race results and analysis and is distributed to subscribers via e-mail. The ARRS is the only organized group that maintains records on indoor marathons.
JADE (particle detector)
JADE was a particle detector at the PETRA particle accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1979 to 1986. JADE's most important scientific achievement was the discovery of the gluon in three-jet events. It also helped greatly in establishing quantum chromodynamics. JADE is an acronym for Japan, Deutschland (Germany) and England, the three countries from which the participating universities originated. The JADE jet chamber is now exhibited in the physics lecture hall at the University of Heidelberg. Although the last data with JADE were taken in 1986, analysis continued, with the most recent paper published in 2012. In 1995, the European Physical Society (EPS) awarded a "Special High Energy and Particle Physics Prize" to the JADE, PLUTO, TASSO and MARK-J collaborations at PETRA for "establishing the existence of the gluon in independent and simultaneous ways".

Wire chamber
A wire chamber or multi-wire proportional chamber is a type of proportional counter that detects charged particles and photons and can give positional information on their trajectory, by tracking the trails of gaseous ionization.
The technique was an improvement over the bubble chamber particle detection method, which used photographic techniques, as it allowed high speed electronics to track the particle path.
Sabine Bögli
Sabine Bögli (also published as Boegli) is a Swiss mathematician specialising in mathematical analysis,
including the spectral theory of non-self-adjoint Schrödinger operators and their applications in mathematical physics. Her research has resolved a decades-old dispute over the location of autoionizing resonances in atoms and molecules, answered a longstanding open question on the accumulation of eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators, and disproved a conjecture of Laptev and Safronov relating the magnitude of these eigenvalues to the norm of the potential. She works in England as an associate professor at Durham University.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
2010 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships – Doubles
The 2010 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. The 18th edition of the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, it was part of the International Series of the 2010 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Delray Beach Tennis Center in Delray Beach, Florida, United States, from February 22 through February 28, 2010. Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan were the defending champions and they won in the final 6–3, 7–6(7–3), against Philipp Marx and Igor Zelenay.

Bob Bryan
Robert Charles Bryan (born April 29, 1978) is an American former professional tennis player. Widely regarded as one of the greatest doubles tennis players of all time, Bryan was ranked as the world No. 1 in men's doubles for 438 weeks (second-most of all time), and finished as the year-end No. 1 eight times. Bryan won 126 ATP Tour-level doubles titles, including 23 majors: 16 in men's doubles and seven in mixed doubles. Alongside his twin brother Mike, the Bryan brothers were one of the most successful doubles partnerships in tennis history. The pair were named the ATP Team of the Decade for the 2000s. They became the second men's doubles team to complete the career Golden Slam at the 2012 London Olympics.

The Bryan brothers retired from the sport together in August 2020. In 2025, they were inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
Willem Potma
Willem Nico Potma (born 12 March 1969 in Sneek) is a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Potma as helmsman in the Dutch Flying Dutchman with his brother Gerhard Potma as crew took the 18th place. In 1996 Potma returned to the Olympics in Savannah. Again with his brother and Frank Hettinga as crew. Potma took 15th place in the Soling.

Sailing at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. The Sailing program of 1996 consisted of a total of ten sailing classes (disciplines). For each class, with the exception of the Soling, eleven races were scheduled from 22 July to 2 August 1996 off the coast of Savannah at the Wassaw Sound (an area of the Atlantic Ocean). For the Soling ten fleetraces were scheduled followed by a series of matchraces for the top 6 boats of the fleetrace result.
Superior Air Parts XP-400
The Superior Air Parts XP-400 is an aircraft engine, designed and produced by Superior Air Parts of Coppell, Texas, United States for use in homebuilt aircraft.

The company is owned by the Chinese company Superior Aviation Beijing, which is 60% owned by Chairman Cheng Shenzong and 40% owned by Beijing E-Town, an economic development agency of the municipal government of Beijing.

Coppell, Texas
Coppell (/kəˈpɛl/ kə-PEL) is a city in the northwest corner of Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas. It is a suburb of Dallas and a bedroom community in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Its population was 42,983 at the 2020 census.  A small area in the far northern portion of the city extends into neighboring Denton County.
Chief Court Mistress
Court Mistress (Danish: hofmesterinde; Dutch: hofmeesteres; German: Hofmeisterin; Norwegian: hoffmesterinne; Swedish: hovmästarinna) or Chief Court Mistress (Danish: overhofmesterinde; Dutch: grootmeesteres, lit. 'grand mistress'; German: Obersthofmeisterin; Norwegian: overhoffmesterinne; Swedish: överhovmästarinna; Russian: обер-гофмейстерина, romanized: ober-gofmeysterina) is or was the title of the senior lady-in-waiting in the courts of Austria, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Imperial Russia, and the German princely and royal courts.

Tatyana Borisovna Golitsyna
Tatyana Borisovna Golitsyna (Russian: Татьяна Борисовна Голицына; née Kurakina [Куракина]; 1696–1757) was a Russian courtier.

She was the daughter of prince Boris Kurakin and K. F. Lopukhina, and the cousin of Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia. She married Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (Field Marshal) in 1716.

She served as senior lady-in-waiting to empress Anna of Russia in 1730–1740, and had the same office in the court of empress Elizabeth of Russia in 1740–1750. As such she played a major role in the Imperial court of the time.
Sonobeat Records
Sonobeat Records was an independent record label owned by Bill Josey Sr. and Bill Josey Jr. The father and son team created an eclectic library of hundreds of recordings of singers, musicians, and bands in Austin, Texas between the years of 1967 and 1976. Sonobeat released 24 singles, three commercial albums, and seven non-commercial promotional/demo albums on its own label. Two Sonobeat-produced albums were released nationally by Liberty Records and Liberty/United Artists Records labels.

United Artists Records
United Artists Records was an American record label founded by Max E. Youngstein of United Artists in 1957 to issue movie soundtracks. The label expanded into other genres, such as easy listening, jazz, pop, and R&B.
Kvitholmen Lighthouse
Kvitholmen Lighthouse (Norwegian: Kvitholmen fyr) is a coastal lighthouse located in Hustadvika Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the island of Kvitholmen, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) off the mainland coast of Eide Municipality. The lighthouse was established in 1842, rebuilt in 1956, and automated in 1990.

The present lighthouse sits on top of a 12-metre (39 ft) tall white concrete tower with a red top. The light sits at an elevation of 25 metres (82 ft) above sea level. The light emits a white, red, or green light (depending on direction) occulting once every 6 seconds. The 39,100 candela light can be seen for up to 17.5 nmi (32.4 km; 20.1 mi). The light is in operation from 16 July until 21 May every year. The light is shut off during the summers due to the midnight sun. The present lighthouse sits right next to the historic tower that was built in 1842. In 1956 the present tower was built to replace the old stone tower.

Candela
Candela (symbol: cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity. It measures the luminous power per unit solid angle emitted in a particular direction. A common wax candle has a luminous intensity of roughly 1 cd.

The word candela is Latin for candle. The old name "candle" is still sometimes used, as in foot-candle and the modern definition of candlepower.
Mphande
Mphande is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Mphande (1938–2018), Malawian politician and educator

Gift Mphande (born 2003), Zambian footballer

Lyton Mphande (born 1963), Malawian boxer

Lyton Mphande
Lyton Levison Mphande (born 14 May 1963) is a former Malawian lightweight and light-welterweight boxer. He received a bronze medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where he defeated Jhapat Singh Bhujel of Nepal before losing to Anthony Mwamba of Zambia.
He finished in ninth place.
Psilocybe chuxiongensis
Psilocybe chuxiongensis is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Described as new to science in 2014, it is found in subtropical China. The type specimens, collected in August 2009, were found growing singly to scattered on cow dung. It is generally found in grasslands where cattle have grazed. The type locality was on Zixi Mountain (in the southwest of Chuxiong City) at an elevation of 2,237 metres (7,339 ft). The fruit bodies resemble Psilocybe cubensis, but can be distinguished from that species by its buff-yellow to yellowish-brown cap that lacks an umbo, and the lack of a ring on the stipe. It is classified in section Caerulescentes of the genus Psilocybe. P.  chuxiongensis is one of 14 Psilocybe species found in China. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, P. chuxiongensis was most closely related to P. cubensis, grouping in a clade sister to P. allenii and P. cyanescens.

Gills

Side

Entire

Umbo (mycology)
An umbo is a raised area in the center of a mushroom cap. Caps that possess this feature are called umbonate. Umbos that are sharply pointed are called acute, while those that are more rounded are broadly umbonate. If the umbo is elongated, it is cuspidate, and if the umbo is sharply delineated but not elongated (somewhat resembling the shape of a human areola), it is called mammilate or papillate.
Unrelated
Unrelated is a 2007 British drama film written and directed by Joanna Hogg, starring Kathryn Worth, Tom Hiddleston (in his feature film debut), Mary Roscoe, David Rintoul and Henry Lloyd-Hughes. It was released in the US on 20 February 2008.

International Federation of Film Critics
The International Federation of Film Critics (FIPRESCI, short for Fédération Internationale de la Presse Cinématographique) is an association of national organizations of professional film critics and film journalists from around the world for "the promotion and development of film culture and for the safeguarding of professional interests." It was founded in June 1930 in Brussels, Belgium. It has members in more than 50 countries worldwide.
Kepnes
Kepnes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Caroline Kepnes (born 1976), American writer, screenwriter, author, and entertainment reporter

Matthew Kepnes (born 1981), American travel expert, author, and blogger

Caroline Kepnes
Caroline Kepnes (born November 10, 1976) is an American writer, screenwriter, author, and former entertainment reporter. She is best known for her novel series You, consisting of You (2014), Hidden Bodies (2016), You Love Me (2021), and For You and Only You (2023), writing for the 2018–2025 Lifetime/Netflix television series adaptation of the same name, and the stand-alone novel Providence (2018).
Du Yun
Du Yun (traditional Chinese: 杜韻, simplified Chinese: 杜韵) is a Chinese-born American composer, performer, musician and performance artist. She won the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Music for her opera Angel's Bone, with libretto by Royce Vavrek. Du Yun was named as one of the 38 Great Immigrants by the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 2018, and received a 2019 Grammy nomination in the category of Best Classical Contemporary Composition for her work Air Glow. In its decade review, UK's Classic FM listed Du Yun's winning of the Pulitzer as No. 6 in "10 ways the 2010s changed classical music forever." Rolling Stone Italia named her as one of the women composers who defined the 2010s. In 2024, Du Yun was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Classic FM (UK)
Classic FM (styled as CLASSIC fM) is one of the United Kingdom's three Independent National Radio stations and is owned and operated by Global Media & Entertainment (Global). The station broadcasts classical music and was launched in 1992.

Classic FM was the first national classical music station to launch since the opening of BBC Radio 3 25 years earlier on 30 September 1967, and 46 years since the opening of Radio 3's predecessor of The Third Programme on 29 September 1946.

As of May 2025, the station has a weekly audience of 4.7 million listeners, according to RAJAR.
Dannebrog Islands
The Dannebrog Islands are a group of islands and rocks lying between the Wauwermans Islands and the Vedel Islands in the Wilhelm Archipelago.

The Wilhelm Archipelago was first sighted and named by a German expedition under Eduard Dallmann, 1873–74, and was resighted and the whole archipelago named the Dannebrog Islands by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, in appreciation of support given to Gerlache by Denmark. Dallmann's original naming has been retained for the archipelago, and the name Dannebrog restricted to the smaller group here described.

Adrien de Gerlache
Baron Adrien Victor Joseph de Gerlache de Gomery FRSGS (French pronunciation: [adʁijɛ̃ viktɔʁ ʒozɛf də ʒɛʁlaʃ də ɡɔmʁi]; 2 August 1866 – 4 December 1934) was a Belgian officer in the Belgian Royal Navy who led the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–99.
John De Margheriti
John De Margheriti (born July 1962) is an Italian-born Australian electrical engineer, software developer and entrepreneur. De Margheriti is widely seen as a founding 'father' of Australia's video games industry and Australia's most experienced interactive entertainment business executive.

He is the founder and former CEO of BigWorld Pty Limited and the founder of parent company Micro Forté Pty Limited. De Margheriti is also the Executive Chairman of the Academy of Interactive Entertainment, the Chairman of Canberra Technology Park, the founder of the Game Developers' Association of Australia, the founder of the Australian Game Developers Conference, and the founder of the three Canberra business parks, the co-founder of DEMS Entertainment, the co-founder of Dreamgate Studios, the co-founder of Game Plus and co-founder of The Film Distillery

Italian Australians
Italian Australians (Italian: italo-australiani) are Australian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Australia during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Australia.

Italian Australians constitute the sixth largest ancestry group in Australia, and one of the largest groups in the global Italian diaspora. At the 2021 census, 1,108,364 Australian residents nominated Italian ancestry (whether alone or in combination with another ancestry), representing 4.4% of the Australian population. The 2021 census found that 171,520 were born in Italy.

In 2021, there were 228,042 Australian residents who spoke Italian at home. The Italo-Australian dialect is prominent among Italian Australians who use the Italian language.
Emeryville station
Emeryville station is an Amtrak station in Emeryville, California, United States. The station is served by the California Zephyr, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, and Gold Runner. The station is the primary connection point for Amtrak Thruway buses serving San Francisco.

Emeryville station has one side platform and one island platform serving the eastern two tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision. The other three tracks are only used by freight trains. A pedestrian bridge connects the side platform and station building with commercial areas on Shellmound Street to the west.

Martinez Subdivision
The Martinez Subdivision is a Union Pacific railway line which runs from Roseville, California to Oakland, California. It is informally referred to as the Cal-P line, after the original California Pacific Railroad, who constructed the line from Sacramento to Suisun and Fairfield. (As such, the nickname may only apply to that segment.) The line is entirely double-tracked including bridges, and features extensive sidings.
Esteghlal Zahedan F.C.
Esteghlal Zahedan Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال استقلال زاهدان, Bašgâh-e Futbâl-e Esteqlâl-e Zahedan), commonly known as Esteghlal Zahedan F.C. or Esteghlal B F.C. , is Second team of Esteghlal F.C. and an Iranian football club based in Zahedan, Iran. The club currently begin its competes from League 2 (Iran) in the 2025–26 season.

2025–26 League 2 (Iran)
The 2025–26 season of Iran Football's 2nd Division was the 25th under 2nd Division since its establishment (current format) in 2001. The season featured 19 teams from the 2nd Division 2024–25, three new teams relegated from the 2024–25 Azadegan League: Naft Masjed Soleyman, Shahr Raz Shiraz, Shahrdari Astara, and six new teams promoted from the 3rd Division 2024–25: Setaregan Sorkh Asia, Rakhsh Khodro Tabriz, Aseman Golestan, Malavan Bushehr, Golchin Robat Karim and Shayan Dizel Fars.
These changes has been applied before the season:
Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex
Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex is a sports complex in Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India. It uses a synthetic turf with sophisticated sprinkler system for watering and drainage and has galleries with RC flat slabs and unique suspended steel roof structure. Pavilion housing the Federation Office and amenities including lounges for players, guests and media.

Gachibowli
Gachibowli is a neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India, located in the Serilingampally mandal of the Ranga Reddy district. It is situated about 5 km away from HITEC City, another IT hub. Gachibowli is home to numerous tech companies and residential units. It has a vast area and is dotted with rocky surface and hillocks all around.
Stylidium sect. Repentes
Repentes is a section in the subgenus Tolypangium (genus Stylidium). Repentes is a group of creeping triggerplants known as the locket triggerplants, related to subgenus Nitrangium section Appressae. They possess adpressed stem leaves bearing a small basal spur and uni-flowered inflorescences. Because section Repentes morphologically resembles the other creeping triggerplants in section Appressae, Allen Lowrie et al. (1999) proposed all species in this section be moved to section Appressae and Repentes be placed into synonymy. Juliet Wege (2006), however, argued that these species are morphologically distinct from those in section Appressae, citing trichome and column cunabulum structure as distinctions that separate the sections.

Column (botany)
The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure that can be found in several plant families: Aristolochiaceae, Orchidaceae, and Stylidiaceae.

It is derived from the fusion of both male and female parts (stamens and pistil) into a single organ. The top part of the column is formed by the anther, which is covered by an anther cap. This means that the style and stigma of the pistil, with the filaments  and one or more anthers, are all united.
Sailing at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece). With the exception of 1904 and possibly the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics, sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule. sailing was always a part of the Olympic program. The Sailing program of 1984 consisted of a total of seven sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 31 July 1984 to 8 August 1984 of the coast of Long Beach, Los Angeles County, California at the Pacific Ocean. Los Angeles hosted the Olympic sailing competitions for the second time, having previously done so during the 1932 Summer Olympics. The sailing was done on the triangular type Olympic courses.

Olympic sports
Olympic sports are sports that are contested in the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games. The 2024 Summer Olympics included 32 sports; the 2022 Winter Olympics included seven sports. Each Olympic sport is represented at the International Olympic Committee (IOC) by an international governing body called an International Federation (IF).

The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo saw the introduction of four new sports, with karate, skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing making their Olympic debuts. Breakdancing made its debut at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, and ski mountaineering made its debut at the 2026 Winter Olympics in Italy. Flag football and squash will make their debuts at the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, while cricket and lacrosse will return after long absences.