hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independent electron approximation
In condensed matter physics, the independent electron approximation is a simplification used in complex systems, consisting of many electrons, that approximates the electron–electron interaction in crystals as null. It is a requirement for both the free electron model and the nearly-free electron model, where it is used alongside Bloch's theorem. In quantum mechanics, this approximation is often used to simplify a quantum many-body problem into single-particle approximations.

While this simplification holds for many systems, electron–electron interactions may be very important for certain properties in materials. For example, the theory covering much of superconductivity is BCS theory, in which the attraction of pairs of electrons to each other, termed "Cooper pairs", is the mechanism behind superconductivity. One major effect of electron–electron interactions is that electrons distribute around the ions so that they screen the ions in the lattice from other electrons.

Cooper pair
In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper.  The Cooper pairing of electrons in certain materials at low temperatures is responsible for the phenomenon of superconductivity.
South African Council for the Architectural Profession
The South African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP) is a professional organisation for the architectural community in South Africa. It was established

"To guide, facilitate and promote a high standard of competency and responsibility in the architectural profession and to increase public awareness of the range of architectural services offered. To ensure the profession fulfils its total role in the development of South Africa."

Its aim is to maintain the standard of education given to architects at technikons and universities through the granting of professional certification. These functions were taken over from the South African Council for Architects in 2001 due to the Architectural Profession Act 2000, Act 44 of 2000.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.
Rickie Tice
Rickie "Caso" Tice is a Grammy-winning American songwriter, best known for co-writing Beyoncé's "Black Parade" from her 2020 album The Lion King: The Gift (Deluxe), as well as "Unfuckwitable" from ZAYN's 2021 album Nobody Is Listening.

The Lion King: The Gift
The Lion King: The Gift (often referred to as simply The Gift) is a soundtrack album created by American singer Beyoncé from Disney's 2019 remake of The Lion King and for Black Is King (2020). It was released on July 19, 2019, by Parkwood Entertainment and Columbia Records. The album was also produced by Beyoncé and lead artists such as Wizkid, Burna Boy, Mr Eazi, Tiwa Savage, Tekno, Yemi Alade, Busiswa, Moonchild Sanelly, and Salatiel, as well as appearances from Jay-Z, Blue Ivy Carter, Childish Gambino, Pharrell Williams, Kendrick Lamar, Tierra Whack, 070 Shake, and Jessie Reyez, among others.
Emerald Airways
Emerald Airways was an airline based in Liverpool, United Kingdom. It operated contract and ad hoc freight services throughout the UK and Europe for postal, newspaper and freight companies and passenger services to Ireland under the brand FlyJem.

The airline ceased operations on 12 May 2006.

Liverpool John Lennon Airport
Liverpool John Lennon Airport (IATA: LPL, ICAO: EGGP) is an international airport serving Liverpool, England, on the estuary of the River Mersey 6.5 nautical miles (12.0 km; 7.5 mi) south-east of Liverpool city centre. Scheduled domestic, European, North African and Middle Eastern services are operated from the airport. The airport comprises a single passenger terminal, three general use hangars, a FedEx Express courier service centre as well as a single runway measuring 7,500 ft (2,286 m) in length, with the control tower south of the runway.

Originally called Speke Airport, it was operated by the Royal Air Force as RAF Speke in World War II. Between 1997 and 2007, annual passenger numbers increased from 689,468 to 5.47 million. It was renamed after Liverpudlian musician John Lennon of the Beatles in 2001. The airport handled 4.19 million passengers in 2023, making it the  12th-busiest airport in the UK.
St Kitts, South Australia
St Kitts is a locality northeast of the Barossa Valley in South Australia. The school and both Lutheran churches have closed. The main industry in the area is cereal grain crop farming.

St Kitts was settled in the 1850s and 1860s by immigrant Sorbs or Wends who had migrated from Saxony (then part of Prussia, now mostly in western Poland).

St Kitts St Petri (St Peter) congregation was established in 1866 and constructed its building in 1869, replaced by a newer building in 1910 on the corner of St Kitts West and Tablelands Roads. St Kitts St Paul's congregation began in 1903 and built its own church building a little further along Tablelands Road. Both churches had cemeteries. St Paul's closed in 1949. St Petri is also now closed and both buildings are private homes.

Wends
Wends is a historical name for Slavs who inhabited present-day northeast Germany. It refers not to a homogeneous people, but to various people, tribes, or groups depending on where and when it was used. In the modern day, communities identifying as Wendish exist in Slovenia, Austria, Lusatia, the United States (such as the Texas Wends), and in Australia. One present-day group, the Lusatian Sorbs of Eastern Germany, remain in the Wendish homeland.

In German-speaking Europe during the Middle Ages, the term "Wends" was interpreted as synonymous with "Slavs" and sporadically used in literature to refer to West Slavs and South Slavs living within the Holy Roman Empire. The name has possibly survived in Finnic languages (Finnish: Venäjä [ˈʋenæjæ]; Estonian: Vene [ˈvene]; Karelian: Veneä), denoting modern Russia.
Referendums in Turkey
Since the foundation of the Republic of Türkiye in 1923, the country held seven referendums on national level. In the first two referendums (1961 and 1982), new Constitutions were submitted to public approval by military regimes. The remaining five referendums concerned Constitutional reforms and legislative changes proposed by civilian governments in 1987, 1988, 2007, 2010 and 2017.

The processes of submission to the public vote are carried out by the election boards under the management and supervision of the Supreme Election Council.

1988 Turkish constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Turkey on 25 September 1988. The proposed changes to the constitution would have led to the 1989 local elections being held a year early. However, they were voted down, with 65% of voters against. Turnout was 88.8%.
Von Geldern
Von Geldern is a nobiliary predicate, borne by several relatives of the German poet Heinrich Heine. Members of Heine’s family who were ennobled adopted the predicate von along with the name Geldern, reflecting their elevation to Austrian nobility rather than indicating a separate hereditary family name.

Von
The term von ([fɔn] ⓘ) is used in German surnames either as a nobiliary particle indicating a noble patrilineality, or as a simple preposition used by commoners that means 'of' or 'from'.

Nobility directories like the Almanach de Gotha often abbreviate the noble term von to v. In medieval or early modern names, the von particle was at times added to commoners' names; thus, Hans von Duisburg meant 'Hans from [the city of] Duisburg'. This meaning is preserved in Swiss toponymic surnames and in the Dutch van, which is a cognate of von but also does not necessarily indicate nobility.
Charles Allix Lavington Yate
Major Charles Allix Lavington Yate, VC (14 March 1872 – 20 September 1914) was an English British Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Yate, from Madeley, Shropshire, attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and joined the British Army. He saw service in British India, Mauritius, South Africa during the Second Boer War, as an observer during the Russo-Japanese War, and between 1908 and 1914 he was on the staff of the War Office in London.

St Michael's Church, Madeley
St Michael's Church, Madeley, is located near the centre of Madeley, Shropshire, England. It is one of three places of worship that constitute the Parish of Madeley, a Church of England parish. The parish is part of the Diocese of Hereford.
Let Me Entertain You Tour
The Let Me Entertain You Tour was the eleventh concert tour by the English recording artist, Robbie Williams. The tour began in March 2015 in Europe and continued into Asia and Australasia, with over 40 shows. The tour grossed $27.1 million with 235,100 tickets sold.

Let Me Entertain You (Robbie Williams song)
"Let Me Entertain You" is a single by English singer-songwriter Robbie Williams, released by Chrysalis as the fifth and final single from his debut solo studio album, Life Thru a Lens (1997). It was written by Williams and Guy Chambers. In March 1998, the track peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart. It is certified gold for sales of over 400,000 copies.
Tommy Faile
Tommy Faile (September 15, 1928 – August 2, 1998) was an American songwriter and singer best known for composing "Phantom 309", singing "The Legend of the Brown Mountain Lights", his deep voice and comic onstage banter.

Born in Lancaster, South Carolina, Faile got his start on local radio in 1946 with Snuffy Jenkins, Homer Sherrill and the Hired Hands on WIS in Columbia, South Carolina.  He was heard on national radio in 1949 on "Philip Morris Night with Horace Heidt".

In 1951, Faile joined Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith's Crackerjacks as a bass player and singer. He also sang bass for Smith's gospel group, The Crossroads Quartet. They remained together for 18 years, until he landed his own show in the early 1970s on WBTV in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1995, he joined Curly Howard's radio program on WKMT. He died of a heart attack in 1998.

WBTV
WBTV (channel 3) is a television station in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, affiliated with CBS and owned by Gray Media. The station's studios are located off Morehead Street, just west of Uptown Charlotte, and its transmitter is located in north-central Gaston County. In addition, WBTV's studios continue to house the operations of its former sister radio stations currently owned by Urban One: WBT-AM/FM and WLNK, as well as WFNZ, which was previously owned by CBS Radio prior to its acquisition by Beasley Broadcast Group in 2014, followed by Entercom (now known as Audacy) in late 2017 and then Urban One in 2020 under a local marketing agreement.
Glen Gabela
Glen Gabela is a South African actor whose screen career has spanned film, television and theatre. He is best known for portraying the teenage Shaka in the 1986 mini-series Shaka Zulu and for his recurring role as Pastor Melusi "Mdletshe" on the South African soap opera Uzalo.

Uzalo
Uzalo is a South African soap opera produced by Stained Glass Productions, which is co-owned by Kobedi "Pepsi" Pokane and Gugu Zuma-Ncube. It began airing in 2015, quickly becoming a hit due to its compelling narrative, writing, direction and the performances of the relatively-unknown cast. It initially told the story of two young men who were switched at birth, one being raised in a family with core Christian values and the other at a crime syndicate. It currently broadcasts from Monday to Friday on SABC 1. It is currently the most watched television show in South Africa.
David Evans (archdeacon of St Asaph)
Christianity portal

The Ven. David Evans was Archdeacon of St Asaph from 1897 to 1910.

He was born in Llanrhystud and educated in Ystrad Meurig. He was Rector of Bala then Rural Dean of Abergele, before his appointment as Archdeacon of St Asaph. He married Anne Walton, the daughter of James Walton.

Evans died in post on 1 March 1910; and his funeral was held three days later at St Asaph Cathedral.

St Asaph
St Asaph (/ˈæsəf/; Welsh: Llanelwy [ɬanˈɛlʊɨ̯] "church on the Elwy") is a cathedral city and community on the River Elwy in Denbighshire, Wales. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 3,485, making it the second-smallest city in the United Kingdom in terms of population. It was historically in Flintshire.

The city of St Asaph is surrounded by countryside and views of the Vale of Clwyd. It is situated close to a number of towns including Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Rhyl, Holywell and Abergele.
Ambedus
Ambedus is an extinct genus of possible diadectid reptiliomorph. Fossils have been found from the Early Permian Dunkard Group of Monroe County, Ohio. The type species A. pusillus was named in 2004. The genus name comes from the Latin word ambedo meaning "to nibble", in reference to its herbivorous diet. The specific name pusillus means "tiny" in Latin.

Monroe County, Ohio
Monroe County is a county located on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Ohio, across the Ohio River from West Virginia. As of 2023, the population was 13,153, making it the second-least populous county in Ohio. Its county seat is Woodsfield. The county was created in 1813 and later organized in 1815.
RDX: Robert Dony Xavier (soundtrack)
RDX: Robert Dony Xavier is the soundtrack to the 2023 film of the same name directed by Nahas Hidhayath and produced by Sophia Paul under Weekend Blockbusters, starring Shane Nigam, Antony Varghese and Neeraj Madhav. The soundtrack featured original songs composed by Sam C. S. and lyrics written by Manu Manjith, and rap numbers performed by Fejo and Neeraj Madhav. The soundtrack was released under the Saregama label on 8 September 2023.

Nahas Hidhayath
Nahas Hidhayath (born 27 July 1994) is an Indian film director and screenwriter. He made his directorial debut with RDX (2023), an action thriller that became the third highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year. The film also won the Best Popular Film award at the Kerala Film Critics Association Awards.
Kilton Webb
Kilton M. Webb is an electrician and Democratic politician from Maine who was elected in 2024 to represent District 98 of the Maine House of Representatives (encompassing part or all of Bowdoin, Durham, Pownal, Topsham, and Lisbon in Androscoggin County). He is an active member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.

He won over perennial Republican candidate Guy Lebida by only 55 votes (2,996 votes to Lebida’s 2,941 votes). Lebida had defeated incumbent Joseph Galletta (who had reportedly been absent the most out of any member of the House, being absent 67% of days the legislature convened) in the June 2024 Republican primary.

Bowdoin, Maine
Bowdoin is a town in Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States. Bowdoin is included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area. The population was 3,136 at the 2020 census.
Bowdoin is located 36 miles (58 km) north-northeast of Portland, and 28 miles (45 km) miles south-southwest of Augusta (Maine’s state capital).
Stoma (medicine)
In anatomy, a stoma (pl.: stomata /ˈstoʊ.mə.tə/ or stomas) is any opening in the body. For example, a mouth, a nose, and an anus are natural stomata. Any hollow organ can be manipulated into an artificial stoma as necessary.  This includes the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, pleural cavity, ureters, urinary bladder, and renal pelvis. Such a stoma may be permanent or temporary.

Surgical procedures that involve the creation of an artificial stoma have names that typically end with the suffix "-ostomy", and the same names are also often used to refer to the stoma thus created. For example, the word "colostomy" often refers either to an artificial anus or the procedure that creates one. Accordingly, it is not unusual for a stoma to be called an ostomy (plural ostomies), as is the norm in wound, ostomy, and continence nursing.

Renal pelvis
The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney. It is formed by the convergence of the major calyces, acting as a funnel for urine flowing from the major calyces to the ureter. It has a mucous membrane and is covered with transitional epithelium and an underlying lamina propria of loose-to-dense connective tissue.

The renal pelvis is situated within the renal sinus alongside the other structures of the renal sinus.
Baldrige
Baldrige is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Howard Malcolm Baldrige (1894–1985), U. S. Representative from Nebraska.

Malcolm Baldrige Jr. (1922–1987), commonly referred to as Malcolm Baldrige or "Mac" Baldrige; United States Secretary of Commerce. Son of H. Malcolm Baldrige, and eponym for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.

Letitia Baldrige (1926–2012), etiquette expert and public relations executive.  Daughter of H. Malcolm Baldrige

Thomas J. Baldrige (1872–1964), Pennsylvania Attorney General and President Judge of the Superior Court, uncle of Howard M. Baldrige

Malcolm Baldrige Jr.
Howard Malcolm "Mac" Baldrige Jr. (October 4, 1922 – July 25, 1987) was an American businessman. He served as the United States secretary of commerce from 1981 until he died in 1987. He was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1988.
Ceylon Grain Elevators
Ceylon Grain Elevators PLC is an animal feed manufacturing company in Sri Lanka. The company was incorporated in 1982 as a result of an agreement between the Government of Sri Lanka and Prima Limited of Singapore. The company was listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange in 1984. Singapore-based, Prima Limited holds a controlling stake in the company's stocks. Ceylon Grain Elevators is part of the Prima Group in Sri Lanka. The company is ranked 50th in LMD 100, an annual list of listed companies in Sri Lanka by revenue.

LMD (magazine)
LMD, formerly known as Lanka Monthly Digest, is an English language Sri Lankan business magazine. Media Services (Pvt) Ltd owns the magazine, and was first issued in August 1994. The magazine is available in print and online versions. Hiran Hewavisenti is the magazine's editor-in-chief. LMD derives its revenue from advertising and subscription fees. Monthly circulation is about 5,000 while monthly readership is around 30,000-40,000. The magazine has a subscriber base of about 1,800. Living and Discover Sri Lanka are the sister publications of the magazine.
Nipissis River
The Nipissis River (French: Rivière Nipissis, pronounced [ʁivjɛʁ nipisis]) is a river in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada, a tributary of the Moisie River. It is a recognized salmon river. The river is known for its steep cliffs, which provide a challenging ice-climbing environment.

Côte-Nord
Côte-Nord (Region 09) (French: [kot nɔʁ], Quebec French: [kou̯t nɑɔ̯ʁ]; lit. 'North Coast') is an administrative region of Quebec, on the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula, Canada.

The region runs along the St. Lawrence River and then the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Tadoussac to the limits of Labrador, leaning against the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean to the west, the Côte-Nord penetrates deep into Northern Quebec.

With the motto: Between nature and grandeur, the Côte-Nord is made up of 99% public land, it is the second largest region after Nord-du-Québec, which occupies 51% of Quebec's territory.
Francis Benali
Francis Vincent Benali MBE (born 30 December 1968) is an English football coach and former professional player.

As a player, he was a full back who notably spent most of his career in the Premier League with Southampton, during a sixteen-year spell he notched up a total of 373 appearances in all competitions, scoring just once. He was named as one of "Southampton's Cult Heroes," in a book by Jeremy Wilson in October 2006. He also played for Nottingham Forest on loan in 2001 and later finished his career with a two-year spell at non-league side Eastleigh.

Following his retirement, Benali has coached at Southampton's academy as well as with semi-professional side Romsey Town. He is also noted for his charity work and co-founded a football management agency with former teammate Matt Le Tissier. Benali was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to cancer patients in the UK.

Eastleigh F.C.
Eastleigh Football Club is a professional association football club based in Eastleigh, Hampshire, England. The team competes in the National League, the fifth level of the English football league system.

Originally formed as Swaythling Athletic in 1946, they joined the Hampshire League in 1950. In 1977, they changed their name to Swaythling before changing again in 1980 to Eastleigh. They were founder members of the Wessex League ahead of the 1986–87 season. Eastleigh remained at this level until they won the division in 2002–03. They subsequently joined the Southern League Eastern division, Isthmian League and Conference South over the following years. After two unsuccessful play-off attempts, Eastleigh were promoted to the top division of non-League as champions in the 2013–14 season. They play their home matches at The Silverlake Stadium.
Wakatipu Basin
The Wakatipu Basin is a plain surrounded by mountains in Queenstown Lakes District, in the southern South Island of New Zealand.

At the south west corner is found the Queenstown suburb of Frankton and Queenstown Airport.  This is where the basin abuts the Frankton arm of Lake Wakatipu. At the northeast corner of the basin is Arrowtown and at the NW corner is Arthur's Point. To the south is found the Remarkables mountain range; to the North is Coronet Peak.  The Crown Range forms the eastern boundary of the basin. Located centrally in the basin is Lake Hayes. Much of the basin is drained by the Kawarau River.

The economy of the basin and surrounding areas is largely supported by tourism, though the importance of the vineyards of the Gibbston Valley and Central Otago wine regions has increased since the 1990s.

Central Otago wine region
The Central Otago wine region is a geographical indication in New Zealand's South Island, and the world's southernmost commercial wine growing region. While Central Otago is best known for Pinot Noir, many white wine varieties are also popular.
Pierre-Antoine-Ernest Bazin
Pierre-Antoine-Ernest Bazin (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ ɑ̃twan ɛʁnɛst bazɛ̃]; 20 February 1807 – 14 December 1878) was a French physician and dermatologist born in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt. His brother, Antoine-Pierre-Louis Bazin (1799–1863), was a noted Sinologist.

In 1828 he started work as a hospital interne, earning his doctorate from the faculty of Paris in 1834. In 1836 he became médecin des hôpitaux, later working at the Hôpital Lourcine from 1841 to 1844, followed by three years at Hôpital Saint-Antoine. In 1847 he became the departmental head at Hôpital Saint-Louis.

Hôpital Saint-Antoine
Hôpital Saint-Antoine (French pronunciation: [opital sɛ̃t‿ɑ̃twan]) is a university hospital of the Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) located in the 12th arrondissement of Paris at 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine. It is part of the AP-HP Sorbonne University Hospital Group.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Saint-Antoine hospital participated in therapeutic research, in particular the Corimuno-plasm (plasma therapy) clinical trial, with Karine Lacombe's team.