hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Unigenitus (1343)
Unigenitus (named for its Latin opening words Unigenitus Dei filius, or "Only-begotten Son of God") is a papal bull promulgated by Pope Clement VI on January 27, 1343. It designated the year 1350 as a year of Jubilee and set the tradition for a Jubilee to be held every fifty years.

The bull dogmatically defined the existence of an infinite treasury of merits in the Catholic Church, leading to the condemnation by Pope Leo X, in the bull Exsurge Domine, of Martin Luther's assertion (from Theses 56–58 of his Ninety-five Theses) that "the treasures of the Church from which the pope grants indulgences are not the merits of Christ and the saints".

Exsurge Domine
Exsurge Domine (Latin for 'Arise, O Lord') is a papal bull promulgated on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X written in response to Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses, which opposed the views of the Catholic Church. The bull censured forty-one teachings found in Luther's writings Ninety-five theses and other writings. The bull also threatened Luther and his colleagues—one being Andreas Karlstadt—with excommunication unless they recanted their teachings sixty days after the publication of the bull in the Electorate of Saxony—now Saxony, Germany—and its neighboring regions.

Both theologians refused to recant, and Luther responded instead by composing polemical tracts rebuking the papacy and publicly burning a copy of Exsurge Domine on 10 December 1520 at the Elster Gate in Wittenberg. As a result, Pope Leo X promulgated the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem on 3 January 1521, excommunicating both theologians.
Sycophaga
Sycophaga is a mainly Afrotropical genus of fig wasps that live on the section Sycomorus of the monoecious fig subgenus, Sycomorus, and one of several fig wasp genera to exploit its mutualism with Ceratosolen wasps.

They enter the fig during the receptive phase of development, and oviposit inside the short-style flowers. This induces the growth of endosperm tissue and the enlargement and ripening of the syconium which holds the wasp-bearing drupelets, without pollination taking place.

The genus can be characterized by having a long ovipositor, non-metallic coloration, a square mesoscutellum, and a long propodeum.

Ficus
Ficus (/ˈfaɪkəs/ or /ˈfiːkəs/) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. Many Ficus species are grown for their fruits, though only two species, the common fig (F. carica) and sycamore fig (F. sycomorus), are cultivated to any extent, with common fig being the type species and by far the most important. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
Nicole Manzone-Saquet
Nicole Manzone-Saquet is a Monegasque politician and a president of the Union of Monegasque Women. From 2008 until 2013 Manzone-Saquet was a member of the National Council of Monaco from Union Monegasque (Union Des Monégasques).

Union Monégasque
Union Monégasque (UM; English: Monegasque Union; French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ mɔnegask]) is a centrist political party in the Principality of Monaco. Union Monégasque was formed in 2003 and is led by Jean-François Robillon. In the 2023 election it won 3 seats on the National Council as a part of the Monegasque National Union coalition.

Union Monégasque promotes and formulates political proposals aimed at bringing together the Monegasque population around common values according to the founding principles it has adopted. Pride, unity and ambition are the three founding pillars of the political group.
George IV at St Giles's, Edinburgh
George IV at St Giles's, Edinburgh is an 1822 history painting by the British artist J.M.W. Turner. It depicts a scene at St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh during the Visit of George IV to Scotland in August 1822.

Turner had travelled to Scotland to sketch the visit and planned to produce a series of paintings of notable moments of the trip. Turner had an eye on the lucrative engraving market, but likely also wished to secure patronage from George IV. But for unknown reasons he abandoned the series, with this the painting closest to being fully completed. He soon afterwards received a commission from the king, thanks to the intercession of Thomas Lawrence, to produce the large The Battle of Trafalgar for St James's Palace in London. Today the painting is in the collection of the Tate Britain in Pimlico, having been part of the Turner Bequest to the nation in 1856.

Sketch (drawing)
A sketch (ultimately from Greek σχέδιος – schedios, "done extempore") is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work.  A sketch may serve a number of purposes: it might record something that the artist sees, it might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image, idea or principle. Sketching is the most inexpensive art medium.

Sketches can be made in any drawing medium. The term is most often applied to graphic work executed in a dry medium such as silverpoint, graphite, pencil, charcoal or pastel. It may also apply to drawings executed in pen and ink, digital input such as a digital pen, ballpoint pen, marker pen, water colour and oil paint. The latter two are generally referred to as "water colour sketches" and "oil sketches".  A sculptor might model three-dimensional sketches in clay, plasticine or wax.
Paul Eidelberg
Paul Eidelberg (Hebrew: פול איידלברג; born 1928) is an American-Israeli political scientist, author and lecturer, and is the founder and president of The Foundation for Constitutional Democracy, with offices in Jerusalem.  He is also president of the Yamin Yisrael Party.

University Press of America
University Press of America (UPA) is the former name of an American academic publishing company based in Lanham, Maryland, which became the parent company of Rowman & Littlefield publishing house, then was later re-introduced as the name of an imprint of "itself" after changing the name of the parent company.

Originally founded in 1975, as a standalone academic publisher, University Press of America purchased the Rowman & Littlefield publishing house in 1987. In 1998, University Press of America adopted the Rowman & Littlefield name as its own, while introducing the University Press of America name as an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield, specializing in the publication of scholarly works.

In 2024 Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Rowman & Littlefield. The transaction included the catalogue and the trademark of University Press of America, the domain name was redirected to the Bloomsbury Academic page of Rowman & Littlefield.
Nadi Rural (Indian Communal Constituency, Fiji)
Nadi Rural Indian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 19 communal constituencies reserved for Indo-Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 52 seats, 27 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the rural hinterland of the City of Nadi in the western part of the main island of Viti Levu.

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

1999 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji between 8 and 15 May 1999. They were the first election held under the revised Constitution of 1997, which instituted a new electoral system and resulted in Mahendra Chaudhry taking office as Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, following a landslide victory for the Fiji Labour Party. It was also a wipeout loss for the incumbent Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) government of Sitiveni Rabuka, which lost all but eight seats and won less seats than the Fijian Association Party (FAP).
WVBN-LP
WVBN-LP (channel 18) was a low-power television station in Virginia Beach, Virginia, United States. It previously broadcast MTV2 (formerly The Box). WVBN-LP was on channel 19 until late 2002. It was owned by the Izzo Family Trust until JBS, Inc., took over in December 2002. Its signal was highly directional—all of its power was pointed towards the north and east to cover the northern half of Virginia Beach.

In 2013, JBS attempted to sell its trio of stations, after founder Samuel B. Jacobs II was found guilty of money laundering, mail fraud and forgery. At that time, WVBN-LP was off the air, while the other stations aired religious programming.

The station's license was canceled by the Federal Communications Commission on July 15, 2020.

The Box (American TV channel)
The Box, originally named the Video Jukebox Network, was an American television channel that operated from 1985 to 2001.

The network was distributed on cable and satellite providers, with additional carriage on over-the-air UHF television stations (mainly on low-power outlets).
Chão Bom
Chão Bom is a settlement in the northern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. It is situated near the west coast, 3 km southeast of Tarrafal on the main road (EN1-ST01) south to Assomada and Praia.  In 2010 its population was 5,166. The Tarrafal prison camp was situated north of Chão Bom. The stadium Estádio de Mangue is in the northwestern part in the communal limits. Silvino Lopes Évora, a writer, poet, journalist and a university professor is native to Chão Bom.

Assomada
Assomada is a city on the Sotavento (leeward) island of Santiago in Cape Verde. Since 1912, it is the seat of the municipality of Santa Catarina, which comprises the central western part and much of the interior of the island. It is the largest city in that region.
The Rolling Stones' Tour of the Americas '75
The Rolling Stones' Tour of the Americas '75 was a 1975 concert tour originally intended to reach both North and South America. The plans for concerts in Central and South America never solidified, however, and the tour covered only the United States and Canada.

Jesse Ed Davis
Jesse Edwin Davis III (September 21, 1944 – June 22, 1988) was a Native American guitarist. He was well regarded as a session artist and solo performer, was a member of Taj Mahal's backing band and played with musicians such as Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Jackson Browne.

In 2018, Davis was posthumously inducted into the Native American Music Hall of Fame at the 18th Annual Native American Music Awards. Davis was an enrolled citizen of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma with Comanche, Muscogee, and Seminole ancestry.
Mustapha Adib (activist)
Mustapha Adib (Arabic: مصطفى أديب; born 1968 in Taroudannt)  is an ex-captain in the Royal Moroccan Air Force. In late 1999, he was arbitrarily detained then imprisoned for 30 months after he denounced corruption in the military.

Taroudant
Taroudant (Arabic: تارودانت, romanized: Tarudant, [taːruːdaːnt]) is a city in the Sous in southwestern Morocco. It is situated east of Agadir on the road to Ouarzazate and south of Marrakesh. Today, it is a small market town and a tourist destination.
Samuel G. Plantz
Samuel G. Plantz (1859–1924) was a Methodist minister and seventh president of Lawrence University.

He was born in Gloversville, New York on June 13, 1859, second child of James and Elsie Ann (Stoller) Plantz.  He was raised in Emerald Grove, Wisconsin. He attended Milton College, and received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Lawrence University in 1880.  He was a student at Berlin University, 1890-1.  He then went on to receive his Bachelor of Sacred Theology and Ph.D. degrees from the Theological School of Boston University in 1883.

Plantz became president of Lawrence University in 1894, and served until his death on November 14, 1924, in Sturgeon Bay.  During his tenure, the student body increased from 200 to 800 and the number of faculty from nine to 68.  Numerous campus buildings were also erected during his presidency, including the prominent Chapel.  Plantz Hall, built in 1961, is named for him.

Emerald Grove, Wisconsin
Emerald Grove is an unincorporated community in the Town of Bradford, in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 14 and  Wisconsin Highway 11, east of Janesville and west of Delavan.
Radical 85
Radical 85 or radical water (水部) meaning "water" is a Kangxi radical; one of 35 of the 214 that are composed of 4 strokes. Its left-hand form, 氵, is closely related to Radical 15, 冫 bīng (also known as 两点水 liǎngdiǎnshuǐ), meaning "ice", from which it differs by the addition of just one stroke.

In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 1,595 characters (out of 40,000) to be found under this radical.

水 is also the 77th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China, with 氵 and 氺 being its associated indexing component.

In the Chinese wuxing ("Five Phases"), 水 represents the element Water. In Taoist cosmology, 水 (Water) is the nature component of the bagua diagram 坎 kǎn.

Water (wuxing)
In Chinese philosophy, water (Chinese: 水; pinyin: shuǐ) is one of the five concepts that conform the wuxing. It is the low point of matter, and is considered matter's dying or hiding stage.

Among the five elements, water is the old yin symbol of the yinyang character. Its motion is downward and inward, and its energy is stillness and conserving.

Water is associated with the color black, the planet Mercury (which was believed to cause the dew to fall at night), night, the north,  winter or cold weather, and the Black Tortoise (Xuan Wu) in the Four Symbols of Chinese constellations.
Siphonotretida
Siphonotretida is an extinct order of linguliform brachiopods in the class Lingulata. The order is equivalent to the sole superfamily Siphonotretoidea, itself containing the sole family Siphonotretidae. Siphonotretoids were originally named as a superfamily of Acrotretida, before being raised to their own order.

Linguliformea
Linguliformea is a subphylum of inarticulate brachiopods. These were the earliest of brachiopods, ranging from the Cambrian into the Holocene. They rapidly diversified during the Cambrian into the Ordovician, but most families became extinct by the end of the Devonian.

The articulation in these brachiopods is lacking. These brachiopods have adductor and oblique muscles, but no diductor muscles. The anus is located at the side of the body. The pedicle is a hollow extension of the ventral body wall. Posterior body wall separates dorsal and ventral mantles.

The shells are usually made up of apatite (calcium phosphate), however rare cases have calcite or aragonite shells.
Slávek
Slávek is a male given name. It is the short form of various Slavic names ending in -slav (Stanislav, Květoslav, Branislav, Rostislav, Miroslav, Miloslav, Sobiesław, Svatoslav) or beginning Slav- (Slavomir, Slavomil). Pronounced slah:vek.

Stanislav (given name)
Stanislav or Stanislaus (Latinized form) is a masculine given name of Slavic origin, meaning someone who achieves glory or fame. It is common in the Slavic countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe. The name has spread to many non-Slavic languages as well, such as French (Stanislas), German, and others.

The feminine form is Stanislava.
Michael Hage
Michael Hage (born April 14, 2006) is a Canadian ice hockey player who is a centre for Michigan of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). He was selected in the first round, 21st overall, by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2024 NHL entry draft.

2023–24 USHL season
The 2023–24 USHL season was the 45th season of the United States Hockey League as an all-junior league. The regular season ran from September 20, 2023, to April 13, 2024, with a 62-game schedule for each team. The Western Conference champions Fargo Force were awarded the Anderson Cup for the second consecutive year and went on to win the Clark Cup Championship.
Cohomology of a stack
In algebraic geometry, the cohomology of a stack is a generalization of étale cohomology. In a sense, it is a theory that is coarser than the Chow group of a stack.

The cohomology of a quotient stack (e.g., classifying stack) can be thought of as an algebraic counterpart of equivariant cohomology. For example, Borel's theorem states that the cohomology ring of a classifying stack is a polynomial ring.

Equivariant cohomology
In mathematics, equivariant cohomology (or Borel cohomology) is a cohomology theory from algebraic topology which applies to topological spaces with a group action.  It can be viewed as a common generalization of group cohomology and an ordinary cohomology theory.

If  acts freely, then the equivariant cohomology ring is just the singular cohomology ring of the quotient space . In particular, if  is the trivial group, then the equivariant cohomology ring is the ordinary cohomology ring of . If  is contractible, it reduces to the cohomology ring of the classifying space  (that is, the group cohomology of  when  is finite.)
2025 Spikers' Turf Open Conference
The 2025 Spikers' Turf Open Conference was the twentieth conference and the opening of the eighth season of the Spikers' Turf. The tournament began on February 21 and ended on April 6, 2025.

Six teams will battle for the championship, one of which is a debutant team — the Alpha Insurance Protectors.

Spikers' Turf
Spikers' Turf is the top-level men's semi-professional volleyball league in the Philippines. The league was established in 2015 by Sports Vision Management Group, Inc., the same organization behind the women's Shakey's V-League and later the Premier Volleyball League.

The first running of Spikers' Turf lasted from 2015 to 2016 before it merged with the PVL in 2017 as its men's division. In 2018, it was spun off and the league was reestablished.

The Cignal Super Spikers were the defending champions, but has since been vacated after the team took a leave of absence in January 2026. With seven titles, Cignal is also the most successful team in the league. The Criss Cross King Crunchers are the only active team to win a championship.
Baffin Basin
The Baffin Basin is an oceanic basin located in the middle of Baffin Bay between Baffin Island and Greenland. With a maximum depth of over 2,700 m (8,900 ft), the basin represents the deepest point of Baffin Bay. The basin formed as a result of seafloor spreading at the time of the opening of Baffin Bay around 56 million years ago.

Oceanic basin
In hydrology, an oceanic basin (or ocean basin) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, most of the ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level.

Most commonly the ocean is divided into basins following the continents distribution: the North and South Atlantic (together approximately 75 million km2/ 29 million mi2), North and South Pacific (together approximately 155 million km2/ 59 million mi2), Indian Ocean (68 million km2/ 26 million mi2) and Arctic Ocean (14 million km2/ 5.4 million mi2). Also recognized is the Southern Ocean (20 million km2/ 7 million mi2). All ocean basins collectively cover 67% of the Earth's surface, and together they contain almost 97% of all water on the planet. They have an average depth of almost 4 km (about 2.5 miles).
Josep Escolà
Josep Escolà Segalés (28 August 1914 – 7 March 1998), also referred to as José Escolà, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward. He spent most of his club career at FC Barcelona. Escolà also played for both Spain and the Catalan XI. After retiring as player in 1948, Escolà managed  CF Badalona, CE Sabadell FC, CD Castellón and Levante UD.

Catalan football championship
The Catalan football championship (Campionat de Catalunya) was a football competition in Catalonia and the first football league in Spain before La Liga was established in 1929.

In December 1900, Alfons Macaya, the president of Hispania AC, offered a trophy (the Copa Macaya) to be contested by several football teams from Spain. The league was played between 1901 and 1940 and was cancelled in Francoist Spain after the Spanish Civil War.
Oz (given name)
Oz is the given name or nickname of:

Given name:

Oz Almog (born 1956), Israeli–Austrian artist

Oz Almog (sociologist) (born 1960),  Israeli sociologist and historian

Oz Blayzer (born 1992), Israeli basketball player

Oz Ifrah (born 1982), Israeli football player

Oz Pearlman (born 1982), American magician

Oz Peretz (born 1994), Israeli footballer

Oz Raly (born 1987), Israeli footballer

Nickname:

Osman Oz Bengur (born 1949), American investment banker and politician

Robert Oz Clarke (born 1949), British wine writer

Richard Oz Griebel (born 1949), American banker, lawyer and politician

Osborne Oz Scott (born 1949), American film, television and theatre director and television producer

Oz Pearlman
Oz Pearlman (born July 19, 1982), also known as "Oz the Mentalist," is an American mentalist, author, magician, and long-distance runner of marathons and ultramarathons. He is best known for major media appearances performing mentalism for sports teams, including the Dallas Cowboys, New York Jets, Green Bay Packers and the Los Angeles Lakers.

NBC (national) aired a travel show about Pearlman titled Oz Knows. He won an Emmy Award for the show.

According to an article published by LEADERS Magazine in 2025, Pearlman is the most televised mentalist in the world. The article also states that Pearlman is the most followed mentalist on social media. Pearlman has appeared in televised media outside of the United States, such as ESPN Philippines and a TV commercial for Mohegan Sun in China.

In 2025, Pearlman delivered a TED Talk titled The Art of Reading Minds. In the speech, he discussed a mnemonic related to remembering names of people.
Viners
Viners is a United Kingdom brand of cutlery, kitchenware and dinnerware products, founded in 1901 in Sheffield, England by Adolphe Viener and his sons. By the 1960s, it had expanded to subsidiaries in Ireland, Australia and France. In mid-2000, Oneida, of the United States, paid $25 million in cash for Viners
 which was put into administration on 30 October 2014. Merseyside-based Rayware, a privately owned housewares group, bought Viners out of administration for £1.6 million in November 2014 and in 2015 set about "reinvigorating the brand".

Cutlery
Cutlery are utensils used for serving and eating food at the dining table — originally referring to just knives, whereas forks and spoons were silverware — all part of flatware (American English) or tableware, these both encompassing crockery as well. These three implements first appeared together on tables as a set in Britain in the Georgian era. A collected set of silverware is called a canteen of cutlery, typically referring to the polished wooden compartmental case in which they are stored.

The city of Sheffield in Yorkshire, England has been famous for the production of cutlery since the 17th century. An express passenger train – the Master Cutler – running from Sheffield to London was named after the industry. The development of cheap and mass-produced stainless steel in Sheffield in the early 20th century brought affordable cutlery to the masses.

Sheffield's counterparts are Thiers, Puy-de-Dôme in the Auvergne of France and Solingen in the Northern Rhineland of Germany.