hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge building
The Knowledge Building (KB) theory was created and developed by Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardamalia for describing what a community of learners needs to accomplish in order to create knowledge. The theory addresses the need to educate people for the knowledge age society, in which knowledge and innovation are pervasive.

Knowledge building may be defined simply as "the creation, testing, and improvement of conceptual artifacts. It is not confined to education but applies to creative knowledge work of all kinds".

Knowledge society
A knowledge society generates, shares, and makes available to all members of the society knowledge that may be used to improve the human condition. A knowledge society differs from an information society in that the former serves to transform information into resources that allow society to take effective action, while the latter only creates and disseminates the raw data. The capacity to gather and analyze information has existed throughout human history. However, the idea of the present-day knowledge society is based on the vast increase in data creation and information dissemination that results from the innovation of information technologies. The UNESCO World Report addresses the definition, content and future of knowledge societies.
Khukush Lake
Khūkūsh Lake (Urdu: کھوکوش جھیل; Khowar: کھوکوش چھت), also known as Baha Lake, is an alpine lake situated in the Gupis Tehsil of Gupis-Yasin District in Gilgit Baltistan, the northernmost territory of Pakistan. With a surface area of 2.081 km2 (0.803 sq mi) and a calculated volume of 26,000 m3 (920,000 cu ft), it is the third largest lake in northern Pakistan by surface area, after the Attabad and Karambar lakes.

Gupis-Yasin District
The Gupis-Yasin District (Urdu: ضلع گوپیس یاسین) lies in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. It is the western most of the 14 districts in Gilgit-Baltistan.

This district was established in 2019 by merging Gupis Tehsil and the Yasin Tehsil. These two western tehsils were originally part of the larger Ghizer District but were reorganized to create the Gupis-Yasin District as a separate administrative entity within Gilgit-Baltistan.
Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement
The Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal published by the University of Georgia. It was established in 1996 as the Journal of Public Service and Outreach. The journal covers issues concerning service learning and university outreach to surrounding communities. The journal publishes research articles, essays, descriptions of nascent university-community partnership projects, book reviews, and dissertation overviews.

Outreach
Outreach is the activity of providing services to any population that might not otherwise have access to those services. A key component of outreach is that the group providing it is not stationary, but mobile; in other words, it involves meeting someone in need of an outreach service at the location where they are. Compared with traditional service providers, outreach services are provided closer to where people may reside, efforts are very often voluntary, and have fewer, if any, enforceable obligations. In addition to delivering services, outreach has an educational role, raising the awareness of existing services. It includes identification of under-served populations and service referral and the use of outreach tools like leaflets, newsletters, advertising stalls and displays, and dedicated events. Outreach is often meant to fill in the gap in the services provided by mainstream (often governmental) services, and is often carried out by non-profit, nongovernmental organizations.
Goumi (song)
"Goumi" (Arabic: "قومي", English: "Stand Up") is a song recorded by Lebanese singer Myriam Fares. It was released as a single on December 12, 2018. The song was written by Yousef Alomani and produced by Hussam El Dine. It is sung by Fares in the Iraqi dialect.

A R3hab / Mdlbeast remix version of the song was released on June 1, 2023.

R3hab
Fadil El Ghoul (Arabic: فضيل الغول; born 2 April 1986), known by his stage name R3hab (stylized in all caps as R3HAB; pronounced "rehab"), is a Dutch-Moroccan DJ and record producer.

Ranked at number 12 on the DJ Mag Top 100 DJs in 2018, R3HAB has produced two full studio albums and has remixed songs for a wide variety of artists, including 5 Seconds of Summer, Katy Perry, Arashi, Everglow, Lady Gaga, Taylor Swift, Rihanna, Rammstein, Steve Aoki, The Chainsmokers, For King & Country, and KSI.
Decorations of the Romanian Royal House
The Decorations of the Romanian Royal House are a reward for conspicuous and special merits of the recipients for the Romanian state and the Romanian Royal House.

After the Fundamental Rules of the Royal House of Romania were signed in 2007, King Michael I, who abdicated in 1947 under communist pressure, reinstituted the Order of Carol I and the Order of the Crown, and he also instituted two decorations and two medals. After the death of King Michael I in 2017, his eldest daughter, Her Majesty Margareta, Custodian of the Romanian Crown, the new Head of the Royal House of Romania, instituted one Family Order and one medal.

The orders, decorations and medals currently awarded are:

The Order of Carol I

The Order of the Crown

The Family Order, decorations and medals listed below

Prime Minister of Romania
The prime minister of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul României), officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României), is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Consiliul de Miniștri). The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
Protea Glen
Protea Glen is a township of the City of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa, located north of Lenasia and west of Soweto. The suburb was developed in the 1990s for middle-class residents.

The first shopping mall in the town, Protea Glen Mall, opened in October 2012.

Lenasia
Lenasia, also known as Lenz, is a suburb south of Soweto in the Gauteng province, South Africa, originally created to house Indians. It is located in Region G of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Lenasia is approximately 35 kilometres southwest of the Johannesburg CBD.
George McCulloch
George McCulloch (February 22, 1792 – April 6, 1861) was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

George McCulloch was born in Maysville, Kentucky.  Upon the death of his parents, he was sent to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, where he was reared by relatives.  He became an ironmaster, with extensive iron interests in Centre County, Pennsylvania.  He was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 17th district from 1835 to 1836.  He was one of the proprietors of Hannah Furnace from 1836 to 1850.

McCulloch was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William W. Potter.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1842.  He retired from political life and active business pursuits with residence in Lewistown, Pennsylvania.  He died in Port Royal, Pennsylvania.

Lewistown, Pennsylvania
Lewistown is a borough in and the county seat of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the principal city of the Lewistown, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Mifflin County. It lies along the Juniata River, 61 miles (98 km) northwest of Harrisburg.

The number of people living in the borough in 1900 was 4,451; in 1910, 8,166; in 1940, 13,017; and in 2000, 8,998. The population was 8,561 at the 2020 census.
Maria da Assunção Esteves
Maria da Assunção Andrade Esteves (born 15 October 1956) is a Portuguese politician who was President of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal from 2011 to 2015. She was a Member of the European Parliament for the Social Democratic Party–People's Party coalition, part of the European People's Party–European Democrats group, from 2004 to 2009.

Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
The Assembly of the Republic (Portuguese: Assembleia da República, pronounced [ɐsẽˈblɐjɐ ðɐ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ]), commonly referred to as simply Parliament (Portuguese: Parlamento), is the unicameral parliament of Portugal. According to the Constitution of Portugal, the parliament "is the representative assembly of all Portuguese citizens". The constitution names the assembly as one of the country's sovereignty bodies.

It meets in São Bento Palace, the historical site of an old Benedictine monastery. The palace has been the seat of the Portuguese parliaments since 1834 (Cortes until 1910, Congress from 1911 to 1926 and National Assembly from 1933 to 1974).
Calverstown
Calverstown (Irish: Baile an Chalbhaigh) is a small village in County Kildare, Ireland. It lies 6 km (3.7 mi) south of the town of Kilcullen and about 16 km (9.9 mi) from each of the towns of Athy, Kildare, Naas and Newbridge. It is an old settlement located close to the archaeological sites of Dún Ailinne and Old Kilcullen. The village has a stream running through it with another to the south. As of the 2016 census, Calverstown had a population of 699.

Newbridge, County Kildare
Newbridge, officially known by its Irish name Droichead Nua (pronounced [ˈd̪ˠɾˠɛçəd̪ˠ ˈn̪ˠuə]), is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. While the nearby Great Connell Priory was founded in the 13th century, the town itself formed from the 18th century onwards, and grew rapidly alongside a military barracks which opened in the early 19th century. Taking on the name Newbridge (An Droichead Nua) in the 20th century, the town expanded to support the local catchment, and also as a commuter town for Dublin. Doubling in population during the 20 years between 1991 and 2011, its population of 24,366 in 2022 makes it the second largest town in Kildare and the sixteenth-largest in Ireland.
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park
Kennesaw Battlefield Park preserves a Civil War battleground of the Atlanta campaign, and also contains Kennesaw Mountain. It is located at 900 Kennesaw Mountain Drive, between Marietta and Kennesaw, Georgia.  The name "Kennesaw" derives from the Cherokee Indian "Gah-nee-sah" meaning "cemetery" or burial ground. The area was designated as a U.S. historic district on October 15, 1966.

Marietta, Georgia
Marietta is a city in and the county seat of Cobb County, Georgia, United States. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 60,972. The 2019 estimate was 60,867, making it one of Atlanta's largest suburbs. Marietta is the fourth largest of the principal cities by population of the Atlanta metropolitan area.
Woolnorth / Temdudheker, Tasmania
Woolnorth / Temdudheker is a rural locality in the local government area of Circular Head in the North-west and west region of Tasmania. The locality is about 37 kilometres (23 mi) north-west of the town of Smithton. The 2021 census has a population of 161 for the state suburb of Woolnorth.

Circular Head Council
Circular Head Council is a local government body in Tasmania covering the far north-west mainland. It is classified as a rural local government area with a population of 8,066, and its major towns and localities include Arthur River, Marrawah and Stanley, with Smithton being the largest and principal town.  The origin of the name “Circular Head” is unknown.
Yevgeny Edelson
Yevgeny Nikolayevich Edelson (Russian: Евгений Николаевич Эдельсон; 12 october 1824, Ryazan, Russian Empire, - January 8, 1868, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian literary critic, journalist, translator and philosopher, best known for his critical and philosophical essays published in Moskvityanin (where he, along with Alexander Ostrovsky among others was part of the "young faction", formed by Mikhail Pogodin), Pyotr Boborykin-led Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya (there he headed the literary criticism department) and Vsemirny Trud. Highly acclaimed were his translation of Gotthold Lessing's Laocoön and "Shchedrin and the New Satirical Literature" (both published in 1859), the first comprehensive analytical survey of Russian literary satire of the mid-19th century.

Moskvityanin
Moskvityanin (Москвитянин, "The Muscovite") was a monthly literary review published by Mikhail Pogodin in Moscow between 1841 and 1856. It was the mouthpiece of the Official Nationality theory espoused by Count Sergey Uvarov. The literary section was edited by Stepan Shevyrev. Gogol's novella Rome was first printed in Moskvityanin, as were many Slavophile papers. In 1850 the magazine was taken over by a young generation of Slavophiles which included Apollon Grigoryev. Their object of adulation was Alexander Ostrovsky. The frequency of the magazine switched from monthly to biweekly in 1849.
1888 Great Britain Tour
The 1888 Great Britain Tour was a series of association football matches played between a touring team from Canada organized by the Western Football Association, and several clubs from across the British Isles. The Canadian team finished their tour with 9 wins, 5 draws, and 9 losses in 60 days. In 2003, the team was inducted into the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame for their accomplishments.

Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
The Canada Soccer Hall of Fame honours people and institutions for their contributions to Canadian soccer. It was founded in 1997 by the Ontario Soccer Association and was originally located in Vaughan, Ontario. As of 2024, the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame has inducted 144 players, 13 managers/coaches, 10 officials, and 45 builders as honoured members. Additionally, the Canada Soccer Hall of Fame has recognized 18 teams of distinction and 21 organizations of distinction.

After the Canadian Soccer Association Alumni Association was founded in 1987, the Soccer Hall of Fame was founded by the Ontario Soccer Association in 1997 in Vaughan. The new Canada Soccer Hall of Fame was launched in May 2017 under the direction of the Canadian Soccer Association in Ottawa, Ontario. All previously-inducted members of The Soccer Hall of Fame as well as a catch-up class of 17 legends were named to the new Canada Soccer Hall of Fame.
Lockheed Fire
The Lockheed Fire was a wildfire in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the Swanton and Bonny Doon areas of Santa Cruz County, California. The fire was started on August 12, 2009 at 7:16 PM PDT.

A Red Cross shelter was established at Vintage Faith Church in Santa Cruz for families who were evacuated from the area. An animal evacuation center was also established at the Santa Cruz County Fairgrounds.

Many resources were demanded for this fire. The steep terrain and lack of road access in the area made it difficult to fight the blaze.

The cause of the fire was determined to be an out of control or unattended camp fire.

Watsonville, California
Watsonville is a city in Santa Cruz County, California, in the Monterey Bay Area of the Central Coast of California. The population was 52,590 at the 2020 census. Predominantly Latino and Democratic, Watsonville is a self-designated sanctuary city.
WILZ
WILZ (104.5 FM, "Wheelz 104.5") is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format in Saginaw, Michigan, owned by Cumulus Media. The station is the local affiliate of morning comedy program The Bob and Tom Show, music show Nights with Alice Cooper and Michigan State Spartans football and men's basketball games.

The Bob & Tom Show
The Bob & Tom Show is a syndicated US radio program established by Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold at radio station WFBQ in Indianapolis, Indiana, March 7, 1983, and syndicated nationally since January 6, 1995. Originally syndicated by Premiere Networks, the show moved to Cumulus Media Networks (now Westwood One) at the beginning of 2014.

The program enjoys extensive popularity and has frequently received recognition by the National Association of Broadcasters as an exemplar in American radio. Cumulus Media describes the program as "the most successful nationally syndicated morning drive show in radio history."
Compensation (cytometry)
In cytometry, compensation is a mathematical correction of a signal overlap between the channels of the emission spectra of different fluorochromes.

The photons emitted by fluorochromes have different energies and wavelengths and as flow cytometers use photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in order to convert the photons into electrons, the detector can register the signal from more than one fluorochrome. This creates a signal overlap (spillover) which cannot be removed by the optical system and has to be corrected mathematically. The compensation can be done through different flow cytometry software such as Flowjo, Flowlogic, Kaluza etc. The first data compensation was done in 1977 by Michael Loken et al. during a two colour experiment, where mouse splenocytes were stained with fluorescein and rhodamine.

Fluorescein
Fluorescein is an organic compound and dye based on the xanthene tricyclic structural motif, formally belonging to triarylmethine dyes family. It is available as a dark orange/red powder slightly soluble in water and alcohol. It is used as a fluorescent tracer in many applications.

The color of its aqueous solutions is green by reflection and orange by transmission (its spectral properties are dependent on pH of the solution), as can be noticed in bubble levels, for example, in which fluorescein is added as a colorant to the alcohol filling the tube in order to increase the visibility of the air bubble contained within. More concentrated solutions of fluorescein can even appear red (because under these conditions nearly all incident emission is re-absorbed by the solution).

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Stare Resko
Stare Resko [ˈstarɛ ˈrɛskɔ] (German: Ritzig) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Połczyn-Zdrój, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Połczyn-Zdrój, 18 km (11 mi) south-east of Świdwin, and 97 km (60 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 100.

Świdwin County
Świdwin County (Polish: powiat świdwiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Świdwin, which lies 89 kilometres (55 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other town in the county is Połczyn-Zdrój, lying 23 km (14 mi) east of Świdwin.

The county covers an area of 1,093.06 square kilometres (422.0 sq mi). As of 2012 its total population is 49,181.
Galang (film)
Galang is a 2022 Indonesian drama film directed by Adriyanto Dewo and written by Tumpal Tampubolon. Elang El Gibran stars as the title character, a man determined to uncover the truth behind the tragic death of his sister at an underground music concert. It also stars Asmara Abigail and Agra Piliang. The film is loosely inspired by the 2008 Bandung stampede.

The film had its world premiere at the Jakarta Film Week on 16 October 2022. It received two Indonesian Screen Awards for Best Directing (Dewo) and Best Storytelling (Tampubolon) at the 17th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival.

Tumpal Tampubolon
Tumpal Tampubolon (born 12 December 1979) is an Indonesian film director, screenwriter, and actor. His feature-length directorial debut, Crocodile Tears, had its world premiere at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival.
Deaton
Deaton is an English locational surname, referencing "any of three villages called Deighton... in the county of Yorkshire".

Notable people with this name include:

Angus Deaton (born 1945), British-American economist and academic

Bethany Deaton (died 2012), American who was murdered involving the International House of Prayer

Brady J. Deaton (born 1942), American educator

Charles Deaton (1921–1996), American architect

Dedie Deaton (1903-1986), American chief establishment officer of the Women Airforce Service Pilots

Dawson Deaton (born 1999), American football player

Jim Deaton, college coach of American football

Joel Deaton (born 1957), American professional wrestler

Les Deaton (1923–1989), American professional basketball player and college coach

Sierra Deaton (born 1991), American singer in the duo Alex & Sierra

Charles Deaton
Charles Utter Deaton (January 1, 1921 – December 18, 1996) was an American architect. He designed several athletic stadiums, and is noted for his futuristic Sculptured House that was featured in the 1973 film Sleeper.  He is also noted as the designer of Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium and Kauffman Stadium.
Aghavrin
Aghavrin (from Irish  Achadh Bhroin 'Byrne's, Burns' or Bron's field') is a townland within both the civil parish and Catholic parish of Aghabullogue, County Cork, Ireland. It is approximately 667.3 acres (2.7 km2) in size, situated south-west of Aghabullogue village, and north-west of Coachford village.

Aghabullogue
Aghabullogue or Aghabulloge (Irish: Achadh Bolg, meaning 'field of the cow') is a village and parish in the barony of Muskerry East in County Cork, Ireland. It lies around 30 km (19 mi) west of Cork City, south of the Boggeragh Mountains and north of the River Lee.

The parish of Aghabullogue includes the villages of Aghabullogue, Coachford and Rylane. The civil parish consists of 31 townlands.

It has a public house and shop, a national school, community hall and a Roman Catholic church (Saint John's Catholic Church). Saint Olan (or Ólann) is the patron saint of the parish.

The local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club, Aghabullogue GAA, fields teams in Gaelic football and hurling. The club won Cork's first All-Ireland in 1890.
James Dillon (Australian politician)
James Chisholm Dillon (16 November 1880 – 27 February 1949) was an Australian politician.

Dillon  was born in Bungaree to miner William Dillon and Isabella Chisholm. He attended state school at Ballarat East and then worked for the Victorian Railways. From 1908 he was an estate agent, and on 14 April 1909 he married Maggie Hilda McGregor, with whom he had a daughter. From 1910 to 1914 he was a railway signalman, and from 1915 to 1919 a time-keeper at Waranga Dam. A keen footballer and cricketer, he played for a Ballarat XI against MCC. In 1920 he moved to Essendon, and worked as secretary of the Master Carters' Association.

In 1932 Dillon was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the United Australia Party member for Essendon. He served until his defeat in April 1943. After leaving politics he continued as secretary of the Melbourne Washed Sands Company, and was also president of the transportation section of the Victorian Railways Union. Dillon died in Essendon in 1949.

Essendon, Victoria
Essendon  (/ɛsəndən/) is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 8 km (5.0 mi) north-west of Melbourne's central business district. It is located within the City of Moonee Valley local government area. Essendon recorded a population of 21,240 at the 2021 census.

Essendon is bounded in the west by Hoffmans Road, in the north by Keilor Road and Woodland Street, in the east by the Moonee Ponds Creek, and in the south by Buckley Street (with a small portion further south bordering Moonee Ponds).
2019 Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer
The 2019 Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer Alpes-Maritimes was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the twenty-second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Cagnes-sur-Mer, France between 6 and 12 May 2019.

Cagnes-sur-Mer
Cagnes-sur-Mer (French pronunciation: [kaɲ syʁ mɛʁ], literally Cagnes on Sea; Occitan: Canha de Mar) is a French Riviera town near Nice that is in the Alpes-Maritimes department, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeastern France.