hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Discrete-event dynamic system
In control engineering, a discrete-event dynamic system (DEDS) is a discrete-state, event-driven system of which the state evolution depends entirely on the occurrence of asynchronous discrete events over time. Although similar to continuous-variable dynamic systems (CVDS), DEDS consists solely of discrete state spaces and event-driven state transition mechanisms.

Topics in DEDS include:

Automata theory

Supervisory control theory

Petri net theory

Discrete event system specification

Boolean differential calculus

Markov chain

Queueing theory

Discrete-event simulation

Concurrent estimation

Queueing theory
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.

Queueing theory has its origins in research by Agner Krarup Erlang, who created models to describe the system of incoming calls at the Copenhagen Telephone Exchange Company. These ideas were seminal to the field of teletraffic engineering and have since seen applications in telecommunications, traffic engineering, computing, project management, and particularly industrial engineering, where they are applied in the design of factories, shops, offices, and hospitals.
Vecchi
Vecchi is an Italian surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Orazio Vecchi (1550-1605), Italian composer and choirmaster

Alessandro Vecchi (born 1991), Italian footballer

Augusto Vittorio Vecchi (1842-1932), Italian naval officer and author

Irene Vecchi (born 1989), Italian sabre fencer

Eligio Vecchi (1910-1968), Italian professional football player

Giovanni Vecchi, Italian general in the Royal Italian Army

Juan Edmundo Vecchi (1931-2002), Italian Roman Catholic Priest

Luca Vecchi (born 1972), Italian politician

Mario Vecchi (born 1957), Italian judoka

Natale Vecchi (1917–1988), Italian wrestler

Paolo Vecchi (born 1959), Italian former volleyball player

Stefano Vecchi (born 1971), Italian professional footballer turned coach

Villiam Vecchi (1948–2022), Italian former football goalkeeper

Paolo Vecchi
Paolo Vecchi (born 19 February 1959) is an Italian former volleyball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Vecchi was born in Parma.

In 1984, Vecchi was part of the Italian team that won the bronze medal in the Olympic tournament.
Eoin Guinan
Eoin Guinan (born 4 February 1986) is an Irish hurler who plays for Western Australian club Sarsfields. He began his career with St. Lachtain's and is a former member of the Kilkenny senior hurling team.

2003 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 2003 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 73rd staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship began on 5 April 2003 and ended on 14 September 2003.

Kilkenny entered the championship as defending champions.

On 14 September 2003, Kilkenny won the championship following a 2–16 to 2–15 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final. This was their 18th championship title overall and their second title in succession.

Kilkenny's Richie Power was the championship's top scorer with 1-29.
Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline
The Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline (also known as the Northern Route Export Pipeline and Northern Early Oil Pipeline) is an 1,330-kilometre (830 mi) long oil pipeline, which runs from the Sangachal Terminal near Baku to the Novorossiysk terminal at the Black Sea coast in Russia. The Azerbaijani section of the pipeline is operated by the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and the Russian section is operated by Transneft.

Transneft
Transneft (Russian: Транснефть) is a state-controlled oil pipeline company headquartered in Moscow, Russia. It is the world's largest oil pipeline company. As of 2020, it operated over 70,000 kilometres (43,000 mi) of trunk pipelines and transported about 80% of oil and 30% of oil products produced in Russia.
Estadio Caliente
Estadio Caliente is a multi-purpose stadium in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, located across the Tijuana River from the Mexico–United States border. It is the home of Club Tijuana of Liga MX. The stadium is also home of Galgos de Tijuana of the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA).

Tijuana River
The Tijuana River (Spanish: Río Tijuana) is an intermittent river,  120 mi (195 km) long, near the Pacific coast of northern Baja California state in northwestern Mexico and Southern California in the western United States. The lower reaches of the river are heavily polluted with raw sewage from the city of Tijuana, Mexico.
2019 South Carolina State Bulldogs football team
The 2019 South Carolina State Bulldogs football team represented South Carolina State University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by 18th-year head coach Oliver Pough who became the program's all-time winningest coach during the season, surpassing former head coach Willie Jeffries. The Bulldogs played their home games at Oliver C. Dawson Stadium. They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC).

S.C. State was awarded the MEAC Co-Championship together with the North Carolina A&T Aggies.

Both teams finished with 8–3 overall records and 6–2 within the MEAC, however due to Florida A&M being ineligible for postseason play, and by virtue of North Carolina A&T's victory over South Carolina State, the Aggies received the MEAC's bid to the Celebration Bowl.  As a “bubble team” in consideration for the 2019 FCS Playoffs S.C. State was not chosen, thus ending their season.

2019 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
The 2019 Florida A&M Rattlers football team represented Florida A&M University as member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2019 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Rattlers were led by second-year head coach Willie Simmons and played their home games at Bragg Memorial Stadium. Florida A&M finished the year 9–2 overall and 7–1 in MEAC play to post with the best record in the MEAC and across all HBCU schools. However, in May 2019, Florida A&M had been banned from 2019 postseason play; as a result, the team could not compete in the Celebration Bowl or for a MEAC championship.
Miki Igarashi
Miki Igarashi (五十嵐 美紀, Igarashi Miki; born August 22, 1971 in Gunma, Japan) is a retired Japanese female long-distance runner. She represented Japan at the 1992 Summer Olympics, finishing in 14th place in the women's 10,000 metres. She set her personal best (31.45.82) in the event in 1994.

Gunma Prefecture
Gunma Prefecture (群馬県, Gunma-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [ɡɯꜜm.ma, ɡɯm.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 6,362 square kilometres (2,456 sq mi). Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.

Maebashi is the capital and Takasaki is the largest city of Gunma Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōta, Isesaki, and Kiryū. Gunma Prefecture is one of only eight landlocked prefectures, located on the northwestern corner of the Kantō Plain with 14% of its total land being designated as natural parks.
Kadhal Rojavae
Kadhal Rojavae (transl. The rose of love) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Keyaar. It is a remake of the 1991 Hindi film Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin., which itself is based on the 1934 American film It Happened One Night. The film stars newcomers George Vishnu and Pooja Kumar, while Sarath Babu, Charle and S. S. Chandran play supporting roles. The film's music is composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Charle
Velmurugan Thangasamy Manohar (born 6 March 1960), professionally credited as Charle (/tʃɑːrli/), is an Indian actor who works in Tamil cinema. He has acted in more than 800 Tamil films as a comedian and supporting actor. Charle was named after the English actor Charlie Chaplin.
Zofia Romanowicz
Zofia Romanowicz (née Górska; 18 October 1922 – 28 March 2010) was a Polish émigré novelist, essayist, poet, and translator and an eminent member of the Polish literary and cultural communities in exile as well as Parisian intellectual circles.

Kościelski Award
The Kościelski Award is an independent Polish literary award, awarded since 1962 by the Geneva-based Kościelski Foundation. The jury issues annual awards to "promising writers" 40 years of age or younger.

Past winners have included Sławomir Mrożek, Zbigniew Herbert, Alicja Iwańska, Bolesław Taborski, Wiktor Woroszylski, Adam Zagajewski, Wojciech Karpiński, Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz, Stefan Chwin, Jerzy Pilch, Marian Stala, Paweł Huelle, Andrzej Stasiuk, Olga Tokarczuk, Tomasz Różycki, Jacek Dehnel, Maciej Płaza, Krzysztof Siwczyk, Jolanta Stefko, Mikołaj Łoziński and most recently Jacek Dukaj. This is the second oldest independent award in Polish literature after the Award of the Union of Polish Writers Abroad that was established in London in 1951.
Made in Medina
Made in Medina is a studio album by French-Algerian raï artist Rachid Taha. It was released in 2000 by Barclay Records and produced and arranged by Steve Hillage. Five of the songs were subsequently featured in Taha's live album.

A video clip was made for "Hey Anta".

Barclay (record label)
Barclay is a French Universal Music Group record label, originally owned by Eddie Barclay in 1953. Barclay previously established Riviera-LM Records in 1951.

Eddie was a bandleader, pianist, producer and nightclub owner. With his wife and vocalist, Nicole, he started a record company. It published the work of Stéphane Grappelli, Lionel Hampton and Rhoda Scott, among others. In 1978, he sold 40% to PolyGram Records. Jazz issues ceased in 1983.

Barclay's catalogue includes the works of Hugues Aufray, Charles Aznavour, Alain Bashung, Jacques Brel, Bertrand Cantat, Les Chaussettes Noires, Dalida, Jean Ferrat,  Léo Ferré, Nino Ferrer, Jimi Hendrix, Patrick Juvet, Fela Kuti, Femi Kuti, Danielle Licari, Mireille Mathieu, Mika, Eddy Mitchell, Modjo, Erik Montry, Noir Désir, Paradis, Henri Salvador, Emilie Simon, Rachid Taha and the Wild Magnolias.
Yu Chengen
Yu Chao (Chinese: 余超, born September 21, 1997), professionally known as Yu Chengen (Chinese: 余承恩), is a Chinese actor and singer. He is best known for his roles in Go Go Squid! (2019), Love Like the Galaxy (2022), Coroner's Diary (2025) and Love in the Clouds (2025). He is also known for participating in Tencent's reality survival show Produce Camp 2019.

Tencent Video
Tencent Video (Chinese: 腾讯视频; pinyin: Téngxùn Shìpín, also called WeTV outside of China) is a Chinese video streaming website owned by Tencent, launched in April 2011. As of October 2022, Tencent Video has 120 million paid subscribers, making it the 4th largest streaming service in the world, after Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+. Tencent Video also operates an international version, WeTV, which was launched in 2018.

Tencent Video supports online video on demand, television broadcasts, and in July 2017 began featuring video content on TCL Corporation, China's biggest television maker.
Mpumi Nyandeni
Nompumelelo "Mpumi" Nyandeni (born 19 August 1987) is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for SAFA Women's League side JVW.

Nyandeni has represented the South Africa women's national football team 150 times, including at both the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. She is the third most capped player for the national team.

In 2010, she took part in a FIFA campaign for improving health through recreational football together with players such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, and Didier Drogba.

She captained JVW to the national championship in 2019.

In 2022 she was named the South African Football Journalists' Association (Safja) women's footballer of the year.

SAFA Women's League
The SAFA Women's League, known as Hollywoodbets Super League for sponsorship reasons, is the top flight of women's association football in South Africa. The competition is run by the South African Football Association.  The league comprises 16 (originally 12) teams which won promotion from their respective Sasol Women's Provincial League divisions. The champion now earns entry into the COSAFA Women's Champions League.
2022 Tour de la Provence
The 2022 Tour de la Provence was a road cycling stage race that took place between 10 and 13 February 2022 in the French region of Provence. The race was rated as a category 2.Pro event on the 2022 UCI ProSeries calendar, and was the seventh edition of the Tour de la Provence.

UCI race classifications
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world's governing body in the sport of bicycle racing, classifies races according to a rating scale.

The rating is represented by a code made of two or three parts and indicates both the type or style of race (the first part), and its importance or difficulty (the second and third parts, lower being harder). The first part can be an integer or an abbreviation, and the second part, when present, are usually integers. Both parts are separated by a period or decimal point (.).

A higher rated race will result in the successful riders receiving more world ranking points.
Haypenny Bay
Haypenny Bay is nearly a mile long stretch of beach located directly south of Christiansted in Company Quarter on the southeastern shore of St Croix United States Virgin Islands. Haypenny Bay is also referred to as Ha'Penny Beach and Halfpenny Beach. The long stretch of empty beach serves not only as shoreline for swimmers and sunbathers but also as a racetrack for beach relays. This lack of commercialization aids in local environmental education and awareness efforts.

The only commercial establishments close to Haypenny Bay include: the Haypenny Beach Club, a private formal dining club is located on the bay waterfront; bed and breakfast Haypenny Rest located in the hills overlooking the beach; and Catherine's Rest Store, a convenience store providing the only pit stop for visitors to the beach.

Haypenny Bay is one of 43 beaches located in the US Virgin Islands and monitored by the Territory.

Saint Croix
Saint Croix (/krɔɪ/ KROY; Spanish: Santa Cruz; Dutch: Sint-Kruis; French: Sainte-Croix; Danish and Norwegian: Sankt Croix; Taino: Ay Ay) is an island in the Caribbean, and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States.

St. Croix is the largest of the territory's islands. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 41,004. The island's highest point is Mount Eagle, at 355 meters (1,165 ft). St. Croix's nickname is "Twin City", for its two towns, Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the northeast part of the island.
Rail transport in Lebanon
Rail transport in Lebanon began in the 1890s as French projects under the Ottoman Empire but largely ceased in the 1970s owing to the country's civil war. The last remaining routes ended for economic reasons in the 1990s. At its peak Lebanon had about 408 kilometres (254 mi) of railway.

Byblos
Byblos (/ˈbɪblɒs/ BIB-loss; Ancient Greek: Βύβλος), also known as Jbail, Jebeil, Jbeil or Jubayl (Arabic: جُبَيْل, romanized: Jubayl, locally Jbeil [ʒ(ə)beːl]), is an ancient city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon. The area is believed to have been first settled between 8800 and 7000 BC and continuously inhabited since 5000 BC. During its history, Byblos was part of numerous cultures including Egyptian, Phoenician, Assyrian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Genoese, Mamluk and Ottoman. Urbanisation is thought to have begun during the third millennium BC when it developed into a city, making it one of the oldest cities in the world,  if not the oldest. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

It was in Ancient Byblos that the Phoenician alphabet, the ancestor of the Greek, Latin and all other Western alphabets, was developed.
-stan
-stan (Persian: ستان stân, estân or istân; Sanskrit: स्थान् sthān or स्थानम् sthānam) is a Persian and Hindustani language suffix that means "a place abounding in" or "place where anything abounds". It is widely used by Iranian languages (mainly Persian), Indic languages (mainly Sanskrit, Prakrit and Hindustani), Turkic languages (excluding Siberian Turkic), Dravidic languages (mainly Brahui and Kannada) and other languages. The suffix appears in the names of many regions throughout West, Central and South Asia and parts of the Caucasus and Russia.

Prakrit
Prakrit (/ˈprɑːkrɪt/ PRAH-krit) is a group of vernacular classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 5th century BCE to the 12th century CE. The term Prakrit is usually applied to the middle period of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, excluding Pali.

The oldest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan language is attested in the inscriptions of Ashoka (c. 260 BCE), as well as in the earliest forms of Pāli, the language of the Theravāda Buddhist canon. The most prominent form of Prakrit is Ardhamāgadhı̄, associated with the ancient kingdom of Magadha, in modern Bihar, and the subsequent Mauryan Empire. Mahāvīra, the 24th and last Tīrthaṅkara of Jainism, was born in Magadha, and the earliest Jain texts were composed in Ardhamāgadhı̄.
Pete Galligan
Peter F. Galligan  (January 20, 1860 – May 20, 1917) was an American politician who also played shortstop in Major League Baseball in one game for the 1886 Washington Nationals.

Galligan was born in Chicago, Illinois and went to Saint Ignatius College. After his brief appearance in the majors, he played in the Western Association in 1888, the Central Interstate League in 1889 and the Chicago City League in 1891. He also worked in the manufacturing business. Galligan served briefly as a patrolman for the police force before he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, where he served from 1897 to 1899 and from 1909 to 1913 and was a Democrat. He also served in the Illinois Senate from 1899 to 1903. Galligan died in Chicago.

Central Interstate League
The Central Interstate League was an independent minor league baseball league that operated from 1888 to 1890.

William H. Allen (1888), Henderson Ridgely (1889), E.T. McNeally (1890) and Fitzpatrick (1890) served as the league presidents.

The 1888 Davenport Hawkeyes, 1889 Quincy Ravens and 1890 Evansville Hoosiers won league championships. The league permanently folded following the 1890 season.
The Fairy Prince
The Fairy Prince is a masque in three acts by composer Thomas Arne. The English libretto, by George Colman the Elder, is based on Ben Jonson’s Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611). The work premiered at the Covent Garden Theatre, London, on 12 November 1771.

Ben Jonson
Benjamin Jonson (c. 11 June 1572 – 18 August [O.S. 6 August] 1637) was an English poet, playwright, and dramatist. Jonson's artistry exerted a lasting influence on English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours; he is best known for the satirical plays Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Fox (c. 1606), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614), and for his lyric and epigrammatic poetry. He is regarded as "the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare, during the reign of James I."

Jonson was a classically educated, well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy (personal and political, artistic and intellectual). His cultural influence was of unparalleled breadth upon the playwrights and the poets of the Jacobean era (1603–1625) and of the Caroline era (1625–1642).
Corno (river)
The Corno is a small river of the northern Lazio and eastern Umbria in Italy. Its source is on the upper slopes of Mount Corno, at an approximate altitude of 1700 m (5575 ft), and it flows for about 60 km (37 mi), almost always due north, past the towns of Leonessa, Ocre, Ruscio, Monteleone di Spoleto, Roccaporena, Cascia to Serravalle where it receives the waters of the Sordo; from there the last 11 km in a northwesterly direction to Triponzo, where it flows into the Nera at 420 m (1378 ft) altitude. Of the towns mentioned, only Serravalle and Triponzo are actually on the river, since in its upper course the Corno's torrential nature is not such as to make it safe for the siting of towns.

Umbria
Umbria (/ˈʌmbriə/ UM-bree-ə; Italian: [ˈumbrja]) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is Perugia. The region has 851,954 inhabitants as of 2025.

The region is characterized by hills, mountains, thick forests, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.
Vehicle rescheduling problem
The vehicle rescheduling problem (VRSP) is a combinatorial optimization and integer programming problem seeking to service customers on a trip after change of schedule such as vehicle break down or major delay. Proposed by Li, Mirchandani and Borenstein in 2007, the VRSP is an important problem in the fields of transportation and logistics.

Determining the optimal solution is an NP-complete problem in combinatorial optimization, so in practice heuristic and deterministic methods are used to find acceptably good solutions for the VRSP.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Niraparaadhi
Niraparaadhi (transl. Innocent) is a 1984 Indian Tamil-language crime film, directed by K. Vijayan and produced by K. Balaji. The film stars Mohan and Madhavi in the lead roles. It is a remake of the Hindi film Be Abroo, and was released on 15 August 1984.

Mohan (actor)
Mohan (born 10 May 1956) is an Indian actor, known for his works predominantly in Tamil cinema. Besides Tamil films, he has also acted in some Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam films. Mohan is also known as "Kokila Mohan" after his debut film Kokila (1977), and "Mic Mohan" from numerous roles playing singers using microphones. In 1982, he received the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actor for his work in Payanangal Mudivathillai. One of the most successful Tamil film stars of the 1980s, he faced career setbacks in the 1990s and his film appearances have been intermittent since.