hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aelianus (comes)
Count Aelianus (Latin: Aelianus comes; Ancient Greek: Κόμης Αιλιανός; died 359 AD) was the chief Roman officer in charge of the defense of Amida during the siege of 359 by Shah Shapur II.

Very little is known about his life, except that he was noted by Ammianus Marcellinus as being a member of the Portectors Domesticus in 348 when he led new recruits (the praeventores and the Superventores) in an attack on the Sassanids who were laying siege to the Roman city of Singara. By 359 Aelianus had risen to the rank of comes rei militaris and was in command of the Roman Trans-Tigris forces. During the Siege of Amida he was in command of the defences of the fortress-city.  After the capture and sack of Amida, he was gibbeted by the victorious Sasanians along with his tribunes.

He was mentioned in the earlier books of Ammianus Marcellinus (books 1-13), but these are lost.

Tribune
Tribune (Latin: Tribunus) was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.  The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes.  For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of ius intercessionis to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation.  There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates.  Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes.  The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.
Sam Rosen (comics)
Sam Rosen (April 4, 1922 - April 8, 1992), often credited as S. Rosen, was an American calligrapher best known as a letterer for Marvel Comics during the period fans and historians call the Silver Age of Comic Books.  Along with letterer Artie Simek, Rosen lettered and helped design logos for virtually all Marvel Comics published during the 1960s. Rosen also moonlighted for other companies during this time: he was the (uncredited) letterer for the 1965-66 Archie Comics series The Mighty Crusaders.

Mighty Crusaders
The Mighty Crusaders is a fictional superhero team published by Archie Comics. The team originally appeared in Fly-Man No. 31, #32 and No. 33 before being launched in its own title, The Mighty Crusaders.  Written by Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel, the series lasted seven issues before being cancelled. The team was revived under Archie's Red Circle Comics line in 1983. In 1992 DC Comics licensed the characters and relaunched the team as The Crusaders, aiming the comic at younger readers as part of its !mpact line. This series lasted eight issues, cover-dated May to December 1992.
2d3
2d3 Sensing is an American motion imagery software company based in Irvine, California. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of UK-based OMG plc. Using structure from motion, the company’s suite of products can extract information from images or videos by recreating, manipulating, and enhancing imagery to visualize two-dimensional data into three dimensions. 2d3 follows a COTS  business model and conforms to and influences emerging standards such as MISB (Motion Imagery Standards Board) and STANAG.

Structure from motion
Structure from motion (SfM) is a photogrammetric range imaging technique for estimating three-dimensional structures from two-dimensional image sequences that may be coupled with local motion signals. It is a classic problem studied in the fields of computer vision and visual perception. In computer vision, the problem of SfM is to design an algorithm to perform this task. In visual perception, the problem of SfM is to find an algorithm by which biological creatures perform this task.
Janet Eisner
Sr. Janet Eisner is the president emerita of Emmanuel College. During her presidency, she was the longest currently serving female president of a college in the United States, as well as the longest-serving president of a Catholic college or university between 1979 and 2022. She entered the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in 1958.

Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
The Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur (Latin: Congregationis Sororum a Domina Nostra Namurcensi) is a Catholic institute of religious sisters, founded to provide education to the poor.

The institute was founded in Amiens, France, in 1804, but the opposition of the local bishop to missions outside his diocese led to the moving of headquarters to Namur (in present-day Belgium), in 1809 (then occupied by Napoleon), from which it spread to become a worldwide organization. The Sisters now have foundations in five continents and in 20 countries.

Members of the order are identified by the post-nominal letters SNDdeN (less often SNDN or SND). These should not be confused with the School Sisters of Notre Dame (SSND) of Bavarian origin.
2026 Oeiras Indoors – Doubles
Liam Draxl and Cleeve Harper were the defending champions but only Harper chose to defend his title, partnering David Stevenson. He successfully defended his title after defeating Francisco Rocha and Tiago Torres 6–3, 3–6, [12–10] in the final.

Liam Draxl
Liam Draxl (born December 5, 2001) is a Canadian tennis player.
He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 113, achieved on 28 July 2025 and a doubles ranking of No. 110, achieved on 4 August 2025. He is currently the No. 4 Canadian player.
Northern Mariana Islands at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics
The Northern Mariana Islands competed at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics from August 27 to September 4 in Daegu, South Korea.
A team of 2 athletes was
announced to represent the country
in the event.

2011 World Championships in Athletics
The 13th IAAF World Championships in Athletics (Korean: 2011년세계육상선수권대회) was an international athletics competition that was held in Daegu, South Korea. It started on 27 August 2011 and finished on 4 September 2011.

The United States topped the medal standings in the competition with 28 (12 gold, 9 silver, and 7 bronze). During the competition, 41 national records, 4 area records, 3 championship records, and 1 world record was set.

The championships were heavily affected by post-championship doping cases, particularly from the Russian team, who in subsequent years were stripped of eleven medals, seven of them gold.
Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Norway
Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Norway (Norwegian: Det evangelisk-lutherske stift i Norge) is a Lutheran diocese in Norway, founded in Kautokeino in 2013. Branched out from the "Church of Norway in Exile" (formerly the Deanery of Strandebarm), the bishop of the diocese is Thor Henrik With.

The diocese co-operates with the Mission Province of Sweden and the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland through the Communion of Nordic Lutheran Dioceses. The three dioceses have altar and pulpit fellowship.

Kautokeino (village)
Kautokeinoⓘ (Norwegian) (Guovdageaidnu (Northern Sami), or Koutokeino (Kven)) is the administrative centre of Kautokeino Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway.  The village is located along the river Kautokeinoelva, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of the village of Masi and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Finland–Norway border.

The 2.59-square-kilometre (640-acre) village has a population (2023) of 1,459 and a population density of 563 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,460/sq mi). The village is the site of Kautokeino Church.

The European route E45 runs through the village on its way from the town of Alta as it heads south.  The small Kautokeino Airport lies just to the north of the village.  Sámi University College is also located in the village.
1998 UCI Road World Championships – Women's time trial
The Women's Individual Time Trial at the 1999 World Cycling Championships was held on Wednesday 7 October 1998 from Maastricht to Vilt, within the commune of Valkenburg aan de Geul. The race had a total distance of 23 kilometres. There were a total number of 42 competitors.

Valkenburg aan de Geul
Valkenburg aan de Geul (Dutch: [ˈvɑlkə(m)bʏr(ə)x aːn də ˈɣøːl] ⓘ; Limburgish: Valkeberg [ˈvɑl˦əkəˌbæʀ˦əx] ⓘ) is a municipality situated in the southeastern Dutch province of Limburg. The name refers to the central town in the municipality, Valkenburg, and the small river Geul passing through it.
Percy Verwayne
Percy Verwayne (March 10, 1895 – November 1968), sometimes spelled Percy Verwayen,
was an American stage, vaudeville and film actor. He featured in several films with African American casts including the 1921 REOL Productions film The Call of His People and Oscar Micheaux films. He played  "Sporting Life" in Porgy, when it was first produced in 1927. He was also in the 1946 Toddy Pictures production Fight That Ghost.

Toddy Pictures Company
Toddy Pictures Company was a film distribution and production company. It was founded in 1941 by Ted Toddy (1900-1983) in a consolidation of his film businesses under the new name. The film company specialized in African-American films.

Toddy was born in Russia. He worked for more than a decade at major studios before establishing Dixie National Pictures in Atlanta. He was involved in efforts to distribute the 1936 film Polygamy which ran into censorship hurdles and censor Joseph Breen.

Toddy added Million Dollar Productions to his business in 1940. Toddy re-released Million Dollar Productions films with new titles and marketing.

Toddy marketed light comedies with outdoor scenes and plenty of musical performances to Black audiences.
Gamification
Gamification is the process of integrating game design elements and principles into non-game contexts. The goal is to increase user engagement and motivation through the use of game elements such as points, badges, leaderboards, and more. It is a component of system design. Gamification has been used to improve organizational productivity, flow, learning, crowdsourcing, knowledge retention, employee recruitment and evaluation, usability, usefulness of systems, physical exercise, tailored interactions and icebreaker activities in dating apps, traffic violations, voter apathy, public attitudes about alternative energy, and more.

Political apathy
In political science, political apathy is a lack of interest or apathy towards politics. This includes voter apathy, information apathy and lack of interest in elections, political events, public meetings, and voting.

Voter apathy is a lack of interest among voters in the elections of representative democracies. Political apathy or lack of interest is often cited as a cause of low turnout among eligible voters in jurisdictions where voting is optional, and the donkey vote where voting is compulsory. This phenomenon occurs to some extent across all countries or entities where citizens are able to vote. Political apathy has led to increased concerns regarding representative democracies because election results do not encompass the entire population who are eligible to vote.
Arthur Herbert Copeland
Arthur Herbert Copeland (June 22, 1898 Rochester, New York – July 6, 1970) was an American mathematician. He graduated from Harvard University in 1926 and taught at Rice University and the University of Michigan. His main interest was in the foundations of probability.

He worked with Paul Erdős on the Copeland-Erdős constant. His son, Arthur Herbert Copeland, Jr. (1926-2019), was also a mathematician.

Copeland published a paper about pairwise voting, which was very similar to the work of Ramon Llull and Marquis de Condorcet. The system he described became known as "Copeland's method".

Round-robin voting
Round-robin, paired comparison, or tournament voting methods, are a set of ranked voting systems that choose winners by comparing every pair of candidates one-on-one, similar to a round-robin tournament. In each paired matchup, the total number of voters who prefer each candidate is recorded in a beats matrix. Then, a majority-preferred (Condorcet) candidate is elected, if one exists. Otherwise, if there is a cyclic tie, the candidate "closest" to being a Condorcet winner is elected, based on the recorded beats matrix. How "closest" is defined varies by method.

Round-robin methods are one of the four major categories of single-winner electoral methods, along with multi-stage methods (like RCV-IRV), positional methods (like plurality and Borda), and graded methods (like score and STAR voting).

Most, but not all, election methods meeting the Condorcet criterion are based on pairwise counting.
Arthur Massey (doctor)
Sir Arthur Massey CBE (5 January 1894 – 13 April 1980) was a British medical doctor and author. He was the medical officer of Coventry and author of Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel (1933). In 1950, he became honorary physician to King George VI.

Physician to the King
Physician to the King (or Queen, as appropriate) is a title (as postnominals, KHP, QHP) held by physicians of the Medical Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Part of the Royal Household, the Medical Household includes physicians, who treat general conditions, and extra physicians, specialists who are brought in as required.

In 1973, the position of Head of the Medical Household was created. The occupant of that position is also a Physician to the King.
Villafranca del Bierzo
Villafranca del Bierzo (Leonese language: Villafranca del Bierzu) is a village and municipality located in the comarca of El Bierzo, in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

Villafranca del Bierzo lies 187 kilometers from Santiago de Compostela and is located between Ponferrada and O Cebreiro on the Way of St. James pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela.

Ponferrada
Ponferrada (Spanish pronunciation: [poɱfeˈraða]) is a city of Spain, located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Ponferrada, the second most populated municipality of the Province of León, is also the capital city of El Bierzo, the only comarca recognized as an administrative entity by law in the region.

Surrounded by mountains, the city straddles the course of the Sil River. It is the last major town on the French route of the Camino de Santiago before it reaches Santiago de Compostela. In 2021, it had a population of 63,747.
Paavada
Paavada (transl. Skirt) is a 2016 Indian comedy drama film directed by G. Marthandan and written by Bipin Chandran, based on the story he co-wrote with Shibin Francis. The film is about the life of two alcoholics. It stars Prithviraj Sukumaran and Anoop Menon in lead roles along with Miya, Asha Sarath, Nedumudi Venu and Maniyanpilla Raju in supporting roles. The film was produced by Maniyanpilla Raju. The music was composed by Aby Tom Cyriac and released under the label Muzik 247.

Paavada released on 15 January 2016. The film was a commercial success, grossing ₹35 crore (US$4.1 million) at the box office.

Miya George
Gimi George, better known by her stage name Miya George, is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in Malayalam films, along with a few Tamil films. 
She made her film debut by playing short roles in films such as Oru Small Family (2010), Doctor Love (2011) and Ee Adutha Kaalathu (2012). She was selected the Kerala Miss Fitness in 2012 and played her first lead role the same year in the Malayalam film Chettayees.
Donald McKim
Donald K. McKim (born 1950) is an American Presbyterian theologian and editor. He works as Academic and Reference Editor for Westminster John Knox Press.

McKim studied at Westminster College, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, and the University of Pittsburgh. He has taught at Memphis Theological Seminary and the University of Dubuque Theological Seminary.

McKim is known for his 1979 book The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible: An Historical Approach. Co-authored with Jack B. Rogers, it was Eternity magazine's "Book of the Year" in 1980. In the book, Rogers and McKim argued that the Bible was infallible but not inerrant.

Donald Keith McKim was born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, on February 25, 1950, to Keith Beatty and Mary Alisan (Leslie) McKim.

New Castle, Pennsylvania
New Castle is a city in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. Located along the Shenango River at the mouth of Neshannock Creek, it is 43 miles (69 km) northwest of Pittsburgh near the Pennsylvania–Ohio border, approximately 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Youngstown, Ohio. The city had a population of 21,926 as of the 2020 census. The commercial center of a fertile agricultural region, New Castle is included in the northwestern fringes of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
Max Barrett
Arthur Max Barrett, MD (28 July 1909 – 11 December 1961) was a university morbid anatomist and histologist at the University of Cambridge, and an honorary consulting pathologist to the United Cambridge Hospitals and to the East Anglian Regional Hospital Board. He wrote numerous works, often cited in medical literature. The Barrett Room at Addenbrooke's Hospital is named in his honour, as is a prize for the undergraduate Part II Pathology Tripos at the University of Cambridge. He was the father of Syd Barrett, a founder member of the band Pink Floyd.

Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy, microanatomy or histoanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope.

Historically, microscopic anatomy was divided into organology, the study of organs, histology, the study of tissues, and cytology, the study of cells, although modern usage places all of these topics under the field of histology. In medicine, histopathology is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue. In the field of paleontology, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of fossil organisms.
2009 in Michigan
This article reviews key circumstances during 2009 in Michigan, including the state's office holders, performance of sports teams, cultural events, a chronology of the state's top news and sports stories, and Michigan-related deaths.

Mark Fidrych
Mark Steven Fidrych (/ˈfɪdrɪtʃ/ FID-rich; August 14, 1954 – April 13, 2009), nicknamed "the Bird", was an American professional baseball pitcher who played five seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Detroit Tigers.

Known for his quirky antics on the mound, Fidrych led the major leagues with a 2.34 ERA in 1976, won the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year award, and finished with a 19–9 record. Shortly thereafter, however, injuries derailed his career, which ended after just five seasons in the major leagues.
Angel Espoy
Angel De Service Espoy (October 2, 1879 - January 31, 1963) was a Spanish American painter. He was best known for his paintings of the California seascapes and landscapes of poppies and lupines. His landscapes and marine art were exhibited at the Los Angeles City Hall, Oakland Museum of California, Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery and Loyola University. His style was influenced by the Barbizon school of painters.

Los Angeles City Hall
Los Angeles City Hall, completed in 1928, is the center of the government of the city of Los Angeles, California, and houses the mayor's office and the meeting chambers and offices of the Los Angeles City Council. It is located in the Civic Center district of downtown Los Angeles in the city block bounded by Main, Temple, First, and Spring streets, which was the heart of the city's central business district during the 1880s and 1890s.
Ice hockey at the 2023 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival
Ice hockey at the 2023 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival comprised two ice hockey tournaments – a boys' under-17 tournament and a girls' under-16 tournament – during the Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2023 edition of the European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF). Both tournaments were held during 22 to 27 January 2023. The boys' tournament was played in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy at the Fiera di Udine in Udine and the girls' tournament was played at the Eissportarena in Spittal an der Drau, Austria, the only event of the festival to be held in Austria.

European Youth Olympic Festival
The European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) is a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the first time in Brussels in 1991, and a winter edition, which began two years later in Aosta. It was known as the European Youth Olympic Days from 1991 to 1999.
Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary
Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary (Odia: କର୍ଲାପାଟ୍) is a wildlife sanctuary located in Kalahandi district and a popular tourist attraction of Odisha in India. Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary is about 15 km from Bhawanipatna, the district headquarters of Kalahandi district.

The sanctuary covers an area of 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi). It lies within the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Major plant communities include mixed deciduous forests and scrublands. The forest consists of flora like Sal, Bija, Asan, Harida, Amala, Bahada and Bamboo and varieties of medicinal plants.

This sanctuary is home to many wildlife species like tiger, leopard, sambar, nilgai, barking deer, mouse deer, a wide variety of birds like green munia, Great Eared-nightjar and various reptiles.

Sambar deer
The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is a large deer native to the Indian subcontinent, South China and Southeast Asia that is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 2008. Populations have declined substantially due to hunting, local insurgency, and industrial exploitation of habitat.
Bamboo Harvester
Bamboo Harvester (1949–1970) was the American Saddlebred/part-Arabian horse that was known for portraying Mister Ed on the 1961–1966 comedy series of the same name. Foaled in 1949, the gelding was trained by Will Rogers' protégé, Les Hilton. He was born in the Los Angeles area but some sources disagree as to whether his birthplace was in El Monte or at Harvester Farms in Chatsworth, California.

In 1968, two years after the cancellation of Mister Ed, at the age of 19, Bamboo began to suffer from a variety of age related ailments, including kidney problems and arthritis. He was euthanized in 1970.

A second palomino horse named Pumpkin (alternatively Punkin), which had posed for still pictures used in press kits for the show and some personal appearances, survived until 1979. After Bamboo Harvester's death, the second horse was unofficially known as Mister Ed.

Gelding
A gelding (/ˈɡɛldɪŋ/) is a castrated male horse or other equine, such as a pony, donkey or a mule. The term is also used with certain other animals and livestock, such as domesticated camels. The equivalent terms for castrated male cattle are steer or bullock, and wether for sheep and goats.

Castration renders the male animal calmer, better-behaved, less sexually aggressive, and more responsive to training efforts. This makes the animal generally more suitable as an everyday working animal, or as a pet in the case of companion animals. The gerund and participle "gelding" and the infinitive "to geld" refer to the castration procedure itself.