hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geology of Italy
The geology of Italy includes mountain ranges such as the Alps and the Apennines formed from the uplift of igneous and primarily marine sedimentary rocks all formed since the Paleozoic. Some active volcanoes are located in Insular Italy.

Graham Island (Mediterranean Sea)
Graham Island (Italian: Isola Ferdinandea; French: Île Julia) is a submerged volcanic island in the Mediterranean Sea near Sicily. It forms the tip of the submarine volcano Empedocles, 30 km (19 mi) south of Sicily, which is one of a number of underwater volcanoes known as the Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia.

The island has emerged from sea level four times in recorded history. Seamount eruptions have raised it from the surface before erosion submerged it again. The last prominent appearance occurred in July 1831, when the island emerged above sea level for six months. During that time, a four-way dispute over the island's sovereignty arose, which remained unresolved.

The island is still referenced on marine charts, as its top is only 6 metres (20 feet) short of breaking the surface; it thus becomes a potentially dangerous hidden obstacle for many seafaring vessels, whose keels most often run deeper than this. It is also a small shoal on which near-surface maritime creatures dwell.
The Nature of Mind
"The Nature of Mind" is a philosophical essay by David Armstrong, originally published in The Nature of Mind and Other Essays in 1980. In this essay, Armstrong outlines a philosophical account of the mind that is compatible with the Materialist scientific view of the mind. He arrives at a theory of Central-State Materialism, a synthesis between Descartes' dualism (the thesis) and Gilbert Ryle's dispositional behaviourism (the antithesis).

University of Queensland Press
The University of Queensland Press (UQP) is an Australian publishing house based in Brisbane, Queensland. Founded in 1948 as a traditional university press, UQP now publishes books for general readers across fiction, non-fiction, poetry, children's and young adult.
Wilson Chouest
Wilson Claude Chouest Jr. (/ʃuːɛst/) (born December 2, 1951) is an American murderer known for killing Shirley Soosay and Maricela Rocha Parga. Both murders occurred in the state of California in July 1980. Prior to the murders, Chouest had a history of violence toward women, including abduction, robbery, and rape; these prior crimes occurred between 1977 and 1980. Chouest, who is currently serving a life sentence, was charged with three counts of murder, including that of one victim's unborn son. He was identified as a suspect in the case in 2012, after his DNA was matched to fingernail scrapings collected from both victims.

Chouest committed crimes in Tulare,  Los Angeles, Ventura, and Kern counties. He is currently serving life in prison for his murders committed in the latter two areas. On May 31, 2018, a jury found Chouest guilty of the murders of two women, but did not convict on behalf of one Ventura County victim's unborn son.

Tulare County, California
Tulare County (/tʊˈlɛəri/ ⓘ tuu-LAIR-ee) is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 473,117. The county seat is Visalia. The county is named for Tulare Lake, once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes. Drained for agricultural development, the site is now in Kings County, which was created in 1893 from the western portion of the formerly larger Tulare County.

Tulare County comprises the Visalia-Porterville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is located south of Fresno, spanning from the San Joaquin Valley east to the Sierra Nevada.

Sequoia National Park is located in the county, as is part of Kings Canyon National Park, in its northeast corner (shared with Fresno County), and part of Mount Whitney, on its eastern border (shared with Inyo County). As of the 2020 census, the population was 473,117, up from 442,179 at the 2010 census.
Pardon My Terror
Pardon My Terror is a 1946 short film starring Richard Lane and Gus Schilling. The supporting cast also includes Christine McIntyre, Lynne Lyons, Philip Van Zandt, Kenneth McDonald, Dick Wessel, Vernon Dent, Emil Sitka and Dudley Dickerson.

Vernon Dent
Vernon Bruce Dent (February 16, 1895 – November 5, 1963) was an American comic actor, who appeared in over 400 films. He co-starred in many short films for Columbia Pictures, frequently as the foil, main antagonist, and an ally to The Three Stooges.
Inuzuka
Inuzuka (written 犬塚 lit. "dog mound") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Koreshige Inuzuka (犬塚 惟重, 1890–1965), Imperial Japanese Navy officer

Minoru Inuzuka (犬塚 稔, 1901–2007), Japanese film director and screenwriter

Tadashi Inuzuka (犬塚 直史, born 1954), Japanese politician

Yusuke Inuzuka (犬塚 友輔, born 1983), Japanese footballer

Koreshige Inuzuka
Captain Koreshige Inuzuka (犬塚惟重, Inuzuka Koreshige; 11 July 1890 – 19 February 1965) was the head of the Japanese Imperial Navy's Advisory Bureau on Jewish Affairs from March 1939 until April 1942. Unlike his Imperial Japanese Army counterpart, Colonel Yasue Norihiro, he believed strongly in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion; these beliefs led him to think that attracting Jews to settle in Japanese-controlled Asia was in the Empire of Japan's best interests.
André Tosel
André Tosel (15 June 1941 – 14 March 2017) was a French Marxist philosopher and academic administrator. He taught Philosophy at the University of Franche-Comté and Pantheon-Sorbonne University until he became a full professor of philosophy at the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. He served as its vice president from 1992 to 1998, and as the director of its Center for the History of Ideas from 1998 to 2003. He was the author of several books about Marxism and Marxist theorists.

Université Nice-Sophia-Antipolis
The University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (French: Université Nice-Sophia-Antipolis) was a university located in Nice, France, and neighboring areas. It was founded in 1965 and was organized in eight faculties, two autonomous institutes and an engineering school. It was merged in 2019 into the Côte d'Azur University.

It hosted the first WWW Interactive Multipurpose Server. It was a member of the Coordination of French Research-Intensive Universities, the equivalent of the Russell Group in the UK.
United States federal government continuity of operations
Continuity of Operations (COOP) is a United States federal government initiative, required by U.S. Presidential Policy Directive 40 (PPD-40), to ensure that agencies can continue performance of essential functions under a broad range of circumstances. PPD-40 specifies particular requirements for continuity plan development, including the requirement that all federal executive branch departments and agencies develop an integrated, overlapping continuity capability that supports the eight National Essential Functions described in the document.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency guides the private sector for business continuity planning purposes. A continuity plan is essential to help identify critical functions and develop preventative measures to continue important functions should disruption occur.

Doomsday plane
Doomsday plane is an unofficial denomination of a class of aircraft which is used as an airborne command post in an event of nuclear war, disaster or other large scale conflict that threatens key military and government infrastructure.

The only known countries known to have designed and manufactured such aircraft are the United States and the Russian Federation.
Threonine synthase
The enzyme threonine synthase (EC 4.2.3.1) catalyzes the chemical reaction

O-phospho-L-homoserine + H2O  L-threonine + phosphate

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is O-phospho-L-homoserine phosphate-lyase (adding water L-threonine-forming). Other names in common use include threonine synthetase, and O-phospho-L-homoserine phospho-lyase (adding water). This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Caroline Kennedy-McCracken
Caroline Frances Kennedy-McCracken (born Caroline Frances Kennedy in 1967) is an Australian musician and visual artist. Kennedy-McCracken has been a singer-songwriter and guitarist in several bands, including The Plums (1992–1995), Deadstar (1995–2001) and The Tulips (2002–2006). In 2013, she appeared as a vocalist on Don't Tell The Driver, a solo album by the Dirty Three's Mick Turner. Kennedy-McCracken is also a visual artist, working primarily as a painter and sculptor.

Jim White (drummer)
Jim Ronald White (born 1962) is an Australian drummer, songwriter and producer. In 1992 he formed Dirty Three, an instrumental rock band, with fellow mainstays Warren Ellis on violin; and Mick Turner on guitar.

White has also played with various other artists including PJ Harvey, Mark Kozelek, Bonnie Prince Billy, Cat Power, Courtney Barnett & Kurt Vile, Smog, The Blackeyed Susans, Kim Salmon's STM, Venom P. Stinger, The Tren Brothers, and Nina Nastasia. More recently, White has recorded and performed with Xylouris White, a duo formed with Cretan lute player Giorgos Xylouris, and The Hard Quartet, an underground rock supergroup including Stephen Malkmus, Matt Sweeney, and Emmett Kelly.
Iraqi Amateur Radio Society
The Iraqi Amateur Radio Society (IARS) (in Arabic, هواة الراديو في المجتمع العراقي) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Iraq.  The organization uses IARS as its official international abbreviation, based on the English translation of the organization's name.  IARS operates a QSL bureau for those members who regularly communicate with amateur radio operators in other countries and distributes a selection of Arabic-language books on amateur radio and radio technology.  The IARS represents the interests of Iraqi amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners before Iraqi and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.  Recognized in May 2005, IARS is the national member society representing Iraq in the International Amateur Radio Union.

Amateur radio operator
An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.

Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was, in the 1920s, adopted by amateur radio operators.
George Harvey (sport shooter)
George Henry Harvey (9 January 1878 – 3 October 1959) was a South African sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics and in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

1912 Stockholm

In the 1912 Summer Olympics, he participated in the following events:

Team military rifle – fourth place

Team free rifle – sixth place

300 metre military rifle, three positions – tenth place

600 metre free rifle – 21st place

300 metre free rifle, three positions – 40th place

1920 Antwerp

Eight years later, he won the silver medal with the South African team in the team 600 metre military rifle, prone competition.

In the 1920 Summer Olympics, he also participated in the following events:

Team 300 and 600 metre military rifle, prone – fifth place

Team 50 metre small-bore rifle – eighth place

Team free rifle – tenth place

300 metre free rifle, three positions – result unknown

50 metre small-bore rifle – result unknown

Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre free rifle, three positions
The men's 300 m rifle three positions was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting programs at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the 300 metre rifle three positions event at an Olympic Games. The competition was held on 31 July 1920, with 70 shooters from 14 nations competing. The event was won by Morris Fisher of the United States, the nation's first victory in the event. Niels Larsen of Denmark earned silver (the first man to win multiple medals in the event, adding to his 1912 bronze), while Østen Østensen of Norway took bronze.
Serra da Estrela cheese
Serra da Estrela cheese (Queijo Serra da Estrela) is a cheese made in the mountainous region of Serra da Estrela in Portugal. Under the name "Queijo Serra da Estrela" it is a Protected designation of origin (PDO) in the European Union as well as the UK.

The region where the Serra da Estrela cheese can be manufactured is limited to an area of 3,143.16 km2 (1,213.58 sq mi), which comprises the municipalities of Celorico da Beira, Fornos de Algodres, Gouveia, Mangualde, Manteigas, Nelas, Oliveira do Hospital, Penalva do Castelo, Carregal do Sal and Seia.

Oliveira do Hospital
Oliveira do Hospital (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ɔliˈvɐjɾɐ ðu ɔʃpiˈtal] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Coimbra, in the central part of continental Portugal. The population in 2011 was 20,855, in an area of 234.52 km².
Morenito de Aranda
Jesús Martínez Barrios (Spanish: [xeˈsuz maɾˈtineθ ˈβarjos]; born 10 November 1985), known as Morenito de Aranda (Spanish: [moɾeˈnito ðe aˈɾanda]) is a Spanish bullfighter. Born in a small town in Burgos, he had no family background in bullfighting, but has nonetheless become a well known matador in his own country and abroad. His interests also extend to raising the very cattle that he fights at a farm that he established.

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.
Prusy, Opatów County
Prusy [ˈprusɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarów, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) south of Ożarów, 20 km (12 mi) east of Opatów, and 77 km (48 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Ożarów
Ożarów (Polish pronunciation: [ɔˈʐaruf] ⓘ; Yiddish: אָזשאַראָװ, romanized: Ozharov) is a town in Poland, in the province of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in Opatów county (Powiat of Opatów), historic Lesser Poland, with 10,399 inhabitants as of December 31, 2021. Ożarów received its town charter in 1569, during the Polish Golden Age, lost it in 1869, and regained in 1988. The town lies in eastern part of the province, some fifteen kilometers west of the Vistula river. Ożarów's coat of arms is the Rawa, which was used by the Ozarowski family.

Ożarów is a road hub, where National Road Nr. 79 (Warsaw - Bytom) meets Local Road Nr. 755. The town has a sports club Alit, established in 1947.
Period (number theory)
In mathematics, specifically number theory, a period or algebraic period is a complex number that can be expressed as an integral of an algebraic function over an algebraic domain. The periods are a class of numbers which includes, alongside the algebraic numbers, many well known mathematical constants such as the number π. Sums and products of periods remain periods, such that the periods  form a ring.

Maxim Kontsevich and Don Zagier gave a survey of periods and introduced some conjectures about them.

Periods play an important role in the theory of differential equations and transcendental numbers as well as in open problems of modern arithmetical algebraic geometry. They also appear when computing the integrals that arise from Feynman diagrams, and there has been intensive work trying to understand the connections.

Don Zagier
Don Bernard Zagier (born 29 June 1951) is an American-German mathematician whose main area of work is number theory. He is currently one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn, Germany. He was a professor at the Collège de France in Paris from 2006 to 2014. Since October 2014, he is also a Distinguished Staff Associate at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP). Among his doctoral students are Fields medalists Maxim Kontsevich and Maryna Viazovska.
Guy Monraisse
Guy Monraisse (19 March 1932 – 15 May 2017) was a French racing driver who won the 1958 Monte Carlo Rally with Jacques Feret in a modified Renault Dauphine fitted with a 5 speed gearbox. This was the first victory on the event for a car with the engine located over the driven wheels. Later that same year, Monraisse and Feret drove their Dauphine to victory in the Tour de Corse. He was born in Aurillac.

Monte Carlo Rally
The Monte Carlo Rally or Rallye Monte-Carlo (officially Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo) is a rallying event organized each year by the Automobile Club de Monaco.

From its inception in 1911 by Prince Albert I, the rally was intended to demonstrate improvements and innovations in automobiles, and promote Monaco as a tourist resort on the Mediterranean shore. Before the format changed in 1997, the event was a “concentration rally” in which competitors would set off from various starting points around Europe and drive to Monaco, where the rally would continue to a set of special stages.

The rally now takes place along the hills of the French Riviera and southeast France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and the southern parts of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). In 2026, for the first time since the 2008 Monte Carlo Rally, the event returned to within the borders of Monaco for a Super Special Stage.
Josh B. Stein
Josh Stein is an American venture capitalist and businessman. He is managing partner at Threshold Ventures (formed out of Draper Fisher Jurvetson),  and held or holds board responsibilities at a number of startup companies. As of 2020, this included Box, Chartbeat, LaunchDarkley, LendKey, Lumity, and Talkdesk. He led Box’s first round of institutional investment. He is also an investor in AngelList, Doximity, Front, Loftium, Periscope Data acquired by Sisense, and Rippling.

He was featured in the Forbes Midas List in 2013, 2014 and 2015 in recognition of his accomplishments as an investor. He was also the recipient of the 2015 Deloitte Fast 500 Venture Capitalist of the Year award.

Doximity
Doximity is an online networking service for medical professionals. Launched in 2010, the platform offers its members curated medical news, telehealth tools, and case collaboration.

The company is based in San Francisco.
Hamner
Hamner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cully Hamner (born 1969), American comic book artist

Earl Hamner, Jr. (1923–2016), American television writer and producer

Garvin Hamner (1924–2003), American baseball player

Granny Hamner (1927–1993), American baseball player

Henry K. Hamner (1922–1945), United States Navy officer

M. Gail Hamner (born 1963), American scholar, author, and professor of religion

Millie Hamner, American educator and politician

Nora Spencer Hanmer (1945–2001), American baseball player

Scott Hamner (born 1956), American television writer

Earl Hamner Jr.
Earl Henry Hamner Jr. (July 10, 1923 – March 24, 2016) was an American television writer and producer (sometimes credited as Earl Hamner), best known for his work in the 1970s and 1980s as the creator of two long-running series, The Waltons and Falcon Crest. As a novelist, he is best known for Spencer's Mountain, which was inspired by his own childhood and formed the basis for both the film of the same name and the television series The Waltons, for which he provided voice-over narration at the beginning of most episodes to set the scene and provide context and occasionally at the end of the program.
ORP Orkan (1990)
ORP Orkan is an Orkan-class fast attack craft and sister ship of Grom and Piorun.

The original project was prepared by the German Democratic Republic for its navy and was named Project 660 (Sassnitz class in NATO code). After the Unification of Germany the unfinished hulls were bought by the Polish Navy from VEB Peenewerft shipyard in Wolgast and successfully completed in Northern Shipyard in Gdańsk.

After its completion in 1992 the ship was incorporated into the 31st Rocket Warships Squadron, 3rd Ship Flotilla.

Volksmarine
The Volksmarine (VM, German pronunciation: [ˈfɔlksmaˌʁiːne]; English: People's Navy) was the naval force of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1956 to 1990. The Volksmarine was one of the service branches of the National People's Army and primarily performed a coastal defence role along the GDR's Baltic Sea coastline and territorial waters.

Disbanded one day before the official reunification of Germany, the Volksmarine served as the naval arm of the East German state for 34 years. Rostock, former home port and headquarters of the Volksmarine, houses Navy Command for the post-reunification Deutsche Marine.
Chazel
Chazel (French pronunciation: [ʃazɛl]) is a municipality in northwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Abitibi-Ouest Regional County Municipality. It had a population of 254 in the 2021 Canadian census.

The municipality was incorporated on February 19, 1938, as the Municipality of Saint-Janvier, and commonly known as Saint-Janvier-de-Chazel. In 1991, it was renamed to Chazel, named after Guillaume Chazel, a French soldier who died in 1725 near Cape Breton.

Abitibi-Ouest Regional County Municipality
Abitibi-Ouest Regional County Municipality (French pronunciation: [abitibi wɛst], Abitibi West) is a regional county municipality located in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec. Its seat is La Sarre.
2010 Austrian Open Kitzbühel
The 2010 Austrian Open Kitzbühel was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the eighth edition of the tournament which is part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Kitzbühel, Austria between 2 and 8 August 2010.

Guillermo García-López won in the singles competition and André Sá and Marcelo Melo in the doubles competition in 2009, when the tournament was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series.

André Sá
André Rezende Sá (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ˈsa]; born 6 May 1977) is a former Brazilian tennis player.

In singles, he was a Wimbledon quarterfinalist in 2002. Sá reached the semifinals of ATP tournaments in Memphis and Hong Kong in 2000 and 2001 respectively. He reached a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 17, winning 11 doubles titles.