hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hen 2-47
Hen 2-47 is a young planetary nebula that lies about 6600 light years away from Earth in the southern constellation of Carina, the keel.

Hen 2-47 contains six lobes of gas and dust that suggest that the central star of the nebula ejected material at least three times in three different directions. During each ejection, the star fired off a narrow pair jets of gas pointed in opposite directions, eventually giving the nebula the shape it has at present.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
TRANSYT
TRANSYT (TRAffic Network StudY Tool) is traffic engineering software developed by the Transport Research Laboratory. It is used to model signalised highway networks and has the ability to model platooning.

The current release is version 16.

Platoon (automobile)
In transportation, platooning or flocking is a method for driving a group of vehicles together. It is meant to increase the capacity of roads via an automated highway system.

Platoons decrease the distances between cars or trucks using electronic, and possibly mechanical, coupling. This capability would allow many cars or trucks to accelerate or brake simultaneously. This system also allows for a closer headway between vehicles by eliminating reacting distance needed for human reaction.

Platoon capability might require buying new vehicles, or it may be something that can be retrofitted. Drivers would probably need a special license endorsement on account of the new skills required and the added responsibility when driving in the lead.

Smart cars with artificial intelligence could automatically join and leave platoons. The automated highway system is a proposal for one such system, where cars organise themselves into platoons of 8 to 25.
Nevada Basin
The Nevada Basin is the Great Basin area surrounded by river basins and, to the east, the Great Salt Lake basin (Pleistocene Lake Bonneville basin).  The bounding river basins include those of the following (clockwise from south-southeast): Sevier River, Muddy River (Meadow Valley Wash, White River), Las Vegas Wash, Colorado River, Mojave River, Amargosa River, Owens River, Lake Lahontan basin (Walker River, Carson River, Humboldt River, Reese River), and Snake River.  The 1850 diagonal California state lines with the Utah Territory & New Mexico Territory are along the general direction of the Nevada Basin's southwest drainage divide (rim), while the north-to-south rim on the east is through the area of the three meridians (1861, 1862, & current 1864) used for the Nevada-Utah state line.

Amargosa River
The Amargosa River is a waterway, 185 miles (298 km) long, in southern Nevada and eastern California in the United States. The Amargosa River is one out of two rivers located in the California portion of the Mojave Desert with perennial flow. It drains a high desert region, the Amargosa Valley in the Amargosa Desert northwest of Las Vegas, into the Mojave Desert, and finally into Death Valley where it disappears into the ground aquifer. Except for a small portion of its route in the Amargosa Canyon in California and a small portion at Beatty, Nevada, the river flows above ground only after a rare rainstorm washes the region. A 26-mile (42 km) stretch of the river between Shoshone and Dumont Dunes is protected as a National Wild and Scenic River. At the south end of Tecopa Valley the Amargosa River Natural Area protects the habitat.
James H. Quinn
James H. Quinn (June 23, 1857 – February 15, 1930) was an American jurist.

Born in Kilbourn City, Wisconsin, Quinn moved with his parents to a farm in Blue Earth County, Minnesota in 1863. He graduated from an academy in Poynette, Wisconsin in 1880. Quinn then studied the law, in Mapleton, Minnesota, and was admitted to the Minnesota bar in 1885 in Mankato, Minnesota. He was elected county attorney for Faribault County, Minnesota in 1888. From 1897 until 1916, Quinn served as Minnesota District Court judge. Quinn was on the board of directors of the First National Bank of Wells, in Wells, Minnesota. Quinn served on the Minnesota Supreme Court from 1917 until his retirement in 1928. Quinn died of heart problems at his home in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Minnesota Supreme Court
The Minnesota Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The court hears cases in the Supreme Court chamber in the Minnesota State Capitol or in the nearby Minnesota Judicial Center.
Quintus Aemilius Barbula
Quintus Aemilius Barbula (fl. 317–311 BC) was consul in 317 BC, in which year a treaty was made with the Apulian Teates, Nerulum was taken by Barbula, and Apulia entirely subdued. (Liv. ix. 20, 21; Diod. xix. 17.) Barbula was consul again in 311, and had the conduct of the war against the Etruscans, with whom he fought an indecisive battle according to Livy. (ix. 30—32; Diod. xx. 3.) The Fasti, however, assign him a triumph over the Etruscans, but Niebuhr (Rom. Hist. iii. p. 278) thinks this to have been an invention of the family, more especially as the next campaign against the Etruscans was not opened as if the Romans had been previously conquerors.

Quintus was the first consul in the Barbula branch of the ancient patrician gens Aemilia, said to have come to Rome in the reign of Numa Pompilius. His son Lucius and grandson Marcus also became consuls.

Numa Pompilius
Numa Pompilius (Classical Latin: [ˈnʊma pɔmˈpɪliʊs]; c. 753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum. He was of Sabine origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions are attributed to him, such as the Roman calendar, Vestal Virgins, the cult of Mars, the cult of Jupiter, the cult of Romulus, and the office of pontifex maximus.
NNMT
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NNMT gene.  NNMT catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide and similar compounds using the methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) to produce S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) and 1-methylnicotinamide.

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is the biosynthetic precursor to homocysteine.  SAH is formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Adenosylhomocysteinase converts SAH into homocysteine and adenosine.
2016 Connecticut Open – Doubles
Julia Görges and Lucie Hradecká were the defending champions, but chose not to participate this year.

Sania Mirza and Monica Niculescu and won the title, defeating Kateryna Bondarenko and Chuang Chia-jung in the final, 7–5, 6–4

Kateryna Volodko
Kateryna Volodymyrivna Volodko (née Bondarenko; Ukrainian: Катерина Володимирівна Бондаренко; born 8 August 1986) is a tennis player from Ukraine. Her career-high rankings are world No. 29 in singles and No. 9 in doubles. She was the doubles champion at the 2008 Australian Open, partnering her sister Alona Bondarenko.

Her best Grand Slam performance in singles was reaching the quarterfinals at the 2009 US Open.
Over her career, Bondarenko has defeated top ten players Elena Dementieva, Sara Errani, Ana Ivanovic, Garbiñe Muguruza, Li Na, Agnieszka Radwańska, Roberta Vinci, and Venus Williams.
568 Group
The 568 Presidents Group was a consortium of American universities and colleges practicing need-blind admissions. The group was founded in 1998 in response to section 568 of the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. It was dissolved effective November 4, 2022 while it was being sued.

Improving America's Schools Act of 1994
The Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 (IASA) was a major part of the Clinton administration's efforts to reform education.  It was signed in the gymnasium of Framingham High School (MA).  It reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.

It included provisions or reforms for:

The Title 1 program, providing extra help to disadvantaged students and holding schools accountable for their results at the same level as other students

Charter schools

Safe and Drug-free schools

Eisenhower Professional Development

Major increases in bilingual and immigrant education funding

Impact aid

Education technology and other programs.
Mükerrem Sarol
Mükerrem Sarol (1909 – 8 November 1995) was a Turkish physician and politician. He was one of the founders of the Democrat Party (DP) which ruled Turkey between 1950 and 1960. Kemal Karpat describes him as part of the "rising professionals" within the early DP leadership. Sarol served at the Parliament for three terms during the rule of the DP and was the minister of state from 1954 to 1955 in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Sarol was arrested following the military coup on 27 May 1960 and was imprisoned between 1960 and 1965.

Prime Minister of Turkey
The prime minister of Turkey, officially the prime minister of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı), was the head of government of the Republic of Turkey from 1920 to 2018, who led a political coalition in the Turkish Parliament and presided over the cabinet. Throughout the political history of Turkey, functions and powers of the post have changed occasionally. Prior to its dissolution as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Referendum, the holder of the premiership was generally the dominant figure in Turkish politics, outweighing the president.
John Draper (motorcyclist)
John Draper (1929 – 24 December 2002) was an English professional motorcycle racer. He was a versatile rider competing in many diverse motorcycle competitions, most notably motocross in which he became the first British rider to win the European Motocross Championship in 1955. Draper also competed in trials, enduro and road racing competitions. He was a member of seven victorious British Motocross des Nations teams.

Enduro
Enduro is a form of motorcycle sport run on extended cross-country, off-road courses. Enduro consists of many different obstacles and challenges. The main type of enduro event, and the format to which the World Enduro Championship is run, is a time-card enduro, whereby a number of stages are raced in a time trial against the clock.
Muriel Seltman
Muriel Seltman (née Barnett; 27 March 1927 – 2 December 2019) was a British left-wing activist, mathematics educator, historian of mathematics, and author of books on mathematics, religion, politics, and philosophy.

Mathematics education
In contemporary education, mathematics education (known in Europe as the didactics or pedagogy of mathematics) is the practice of teaching, learning, and carrying out scholarly research into the transfer of mathematical knowledge.

Although research into mathematics education is primarily concerned with the tools, methods, and approaches that facilitate practice or the study of practice, it also covers an extensive field of study encompassing a variety of different concepts, theories and methods. National and international organisations regularly hold conferences and publish literature in order to improve mathematics education.
Mike Sieben
Michael R. Sieben (born June 23, 1946) is a Minnesota politician and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives.

A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), he represented Washington county in District 51B from 1973 until 1983.

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota affiliated with the national Democratic Party. The party was formed by a merger between the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1944. The DFL is one of two state Democratic Party affiliates with a different name from that of the national party, the other being the neighboring North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party.

The DFL controls four of Minnesota's eight United States House of Representatives seats, both of its United States Senate seats, the Minnesota Senate, and all other statewide offices, including the Governor of Minnesota, making it the dominant party in the state. In the Minnesota House of Representatives, it has a power-sharing agreement with its main political rival, the Republican Party of Minnesota, following a tie in the 2024 Minnesota House of Representatives election.
Ocoa, Chile
Ocoa is a valley and locality located in commune of Hijuelas in the interior of Valparaíso Region, Chile. Historically Ocoa was the site of a large landholding owned by the Jesuits. There the Jesuits grep hemp. It was confiscated during the Suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767. Folklore says Jesuits buried their valuables. By some accounts the buried treasure was once found but nothing was extracted since the vault proved resistant to dynamite. Another saying tells that those who seek to recover the treasure become cursed.

Valparaíso Region
The Valparaíso Region (Spanish: Región de Valparaíso, pronounced [valpaɾaˈiso]) is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. With the country's second-highest population of 1,896,053 as of 2024, and fourth-smallest area of 16,396.1 km2 (6,331 sq mi), the region is Chile's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast. The region also includes Chile's remote islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Rapa Nui and the Juan Fernandez Islands.

Its capital is the port city of Valparaíso; other important cities include Viña del Mar, Quillota, San Felipe, Quilpué, Villa Alemana, and San Antonio.
Dave Thomas (rugby union, born 1941)
David Lynn Thomas (29 April 1941 — 3 January 2017) was a Welsh international rugby union player.

Born in Pontrhydyfen, Thomas was educated at Dyffryn Grammar School and Bridgend Technical College.

Thomas, a civil engineer by profession, played his early rugby with Maesteg but spent most of his career at Aberavon, for which he scored 92 tries. Capped once by Wales, Thomas got his opportunity during the 1961 Five Nations, appearing as a centre in a win over Ireland in Cardiff. He played an uncapped match against Fiji in 1964, crossing over for two tries in a Wales victory. After leaving Aberavon in 1968, Thomas returned to Maesteg and became club captain.

1961 Five Nations Championship
The 1961 Five Nations Championship was the thirty-second series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the sixty-seventh series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 7 January and 15 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Lucy Safo
Lucy Safo is a Ghanaian writer best known for her historical novel Cry a Whisper, published in 1993. Lucy Safo's first novel, Cry a Whisper, won the Commonwealth Writers' Prize 'Best First Book' for the Africa region in 1994. Cry a Whisper (1993) was a historical novel set around the triangular slave trade between Liverpool, West Africa and the Caribbean.

The novel is available for purchase on platforms like Amazon and ThriftBooks.

Commonwealth Foundation prizes
Commonwealth Foundation has presented a number of prizes since 1987. The main award was called the Commonwealth Writers' Prize and was composed of two prizes: the Best Book Prize (overall and regional) was awarded from 1987 to 2011; the Best First Book prize was awarded from 1989 to 2011. In addition the Commonwealth Short Story Competition was awarded from 1996 to 2011.

Beginning in 2012, Commonwealth Foundation discontinued its previous awards and created a new cultural initiative called Commonwealth Writers, which offered two new awards: the Commonwealth Book Prize for the best first book, in which regional winners received £2,500 and the overall winner received £10,000; and the Commonwealth Short Story Prize for the best short stories, in which regional winners received £1,000 and the overall winner received £5,000. After two years, the Book Prize was discontinued. The Short Story Prize remains the sole award from Commonwealth Writers.
Bonnie Gordon (artist)
Bonnie Gordon (b. 1941, Buffalo, New York) is an American artist known for her cyanotype prints and installations.

Gordon attended  Syracuse University and the Rochester Institute of Technology. Her artist's books are published by the Visual Studies Workshop.

Her work is in the International Center of Photography, the Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery of Canada, and the National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA),

Visual Studies Workshop
Visual Studies Workshop (VSW) is a non-profit organization dedicated to art education based in Rochester, New York, located in the Susan B. Anthony Neighborhood. It was founded in 1969 by photographer, writer, curator and educator, Nathan Lyons. VSW is an artist-run educational and support center for photography, artist books, media arts, and experimental games. VSW publishes artists' books, screens films in its theater, exhibits artwork, holds collections, and hosts artists-in-residence. The organization ran a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) program through SUNY Buffalo until 1981, and then through State University of New York at Brockport until 2022. Since its inception, VSW has had connections with regional artists and communities involved with early experimental video and media access, including Experimental Television Center, Steina and Woody Vasulka, the Videofreex, and in particular, Rochester's grassroots media access organization, Portable Channel.
Jack Garratt
Jack Robert Garratt (born 11 October 1991) is an English singer, songwriter, and composer from Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire. He released his debut studio album Phase on 19 February 2016, charting in the top-five of the UK Albums Chart. At the 2016 Brit Awards he received the Critics' Choice Award. Garratt released his sophomore album Love, Death and Dancing in 2020, becoming his second top-ten album. His third album, Pillars, released in August 2025.

Brit Award for Rising Star
The Critics’ Choice Award (previously Rising Star Award) is an award given by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), an organisation which represents record companies and artists in the United Kingdom. The accolade is presented at the Brit Awards, an annual celebration of British and international music. The winners and nominees are determined by the Brit Awards voting academy with over one-thousand members comprising record labels, publishers, managers, agents, media, and previous winners and nominees.

The nominees are British artists who the academy believe will make the biggest impact on music in the coming year. The award was first presented at the 28th Brit Awards in 2008 to Adele and has been awarded annually since. Tom Odell was the first male recipient, winning in 2013. Jacob Alon is the current holder of the award, winning in 2026.
Ann Jarvis
Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis (September 30, 1832 – May 9, 1905) was a social activist and community organizer during the American Civil War era. She is recognized as the mother who inspired Mother's Day and as a founder of Mother's Day movements, and her daughter, Anna Marie Jarvis (1864–1948), is recognized as the founder of the Mother's Day holiday in the United States.

Grafton, West Virginia
Grafton is a city in Taylor County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. The population was 4,729 at the 2020 census. Located along the Tygart Valley River, it originally developed as a junction point for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, serving numerous branches of a network that was vital to the regional coal industry.

Grafton is the home of both of West Virginia's national cemeteries, and was where the West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association formed in 1895. Mother's Day was founded in Grafton on May 10, 1908, and the city is home to the International Mother's Day Shrine. Grafton was also among the first cities in the United States to observe Memorial Day.
T. Kalaiarasan
Thavarasa Kalaiarasan (Tamil: தவராசா கலையரசன்; born 16 April 1970) is a Sri Lankan Tamil politician, former provincial councillor and Member of Parliament.

Kalaiarasan was born on 16 April 1970. He is a member of the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi. He was chairman of Navithanveli Divisional Council.

Kalaiarasan contested the 2012 provincial council election as one of the Tamil National Alliance (TNA) electoral alliance's candidates in Ampara District and was elected to the Eastern Provincial Council (EPC). He contested the 2015 parliamentary election as one of the TNA's candidates in Ampara District but failed to get elected after coming 2nd amongst the TNA candidates. He contested the 2020 parliamentary election as one of the TNA's candidates in Ampara District but the alliance failed to win any seats in the district. However, following the election he was appointed to the Parliament of Sri Lanka as a National List MP representing the TNA.

2012 Sri Lankan provincial council elections
Provincial council elections were held in Sri Lanka on 8 September 2012 to elect 114 members to three of the nine provincial councils in the country. 3.3 million Sri Lankans were eligible to vote in the election. Elections for the Northern Provincial Council, which had been governed directly by the national government since it was demerged from the North Eastern Provincial Council in January 2007, are overdue but the government has not set a date. Elections to the remaining five provincial councils are not due till 2014 as they had their last election in 2009.

The United People's Freedom Alliance's domination of Sri Lankan elections continued as expected. It retained control of two provincial councils (North Central and Sabaragamuwa) but lost overall control in the other provincial council (Eastern), although it was the largest group.
Mattupetty Dam
Mattupetty Dam (Madupetty Dam), near Munnar in Idukki District,  is a  storage concrete gravity dam built  in  the mountains of Kerala, India, to conserve water for hydroelectricity. It has been a vital source of power and huge revenue for Idukki District. The large amount of perennially available water allows wild animals and birds to flourish.
Construction of the dam was led by E.U. Philipose, Superintending Engineer, Kerala State Electricity Board.  The height of the dam is  83.35 metres (273.5 ft) and the length is 237.74 metres (780.0 ft). Taluks through which the release flows are Udumpanchola, Devikulam, Kothamangalam, Muvattupuzha, Kunnathunadu, Aluva, Kodungalloor and Paravur.

Kunnathunad
Kunnathunadu (കുന്നത്തുനാട് ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്) is a Grama Panchayat located in Kunnathunadu Taluk of Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala.

It falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the Vadavukode Block Panchayat and lies within the Kunnathunadu revenue villages. The Grama Panchayat covers an area of 18.57 square kilometres.

The headquarters of the Panchayat is located at Pallikkara Kumarapuram Junction. Major localities within the Panchayat include Pallikkara, Pattimattom, and Peringala.