hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
David Fowler (mathematician)
David Herbert Fowler (28 April 1937 – 13 April 2004) was a historian of Greek mathematics who published work on pre-Eudoxian ratio theory (using the process he called anthyphairesis). He disputed the standard story of
Greek mathematical discovery, in which the discovery of the phenomenon of incommensurability came as a shock.

Fowler was also the translator of René Thom's book Structural Stability and Morphogenesis from French (Stabilité structurelle et morphogénèse) into English.

Commensurability (mathematics)
In mathematics, two non-zero real numbers a and b are said to be commensurable if their ratio ⁠a/b⁠ is a rational number; otherwise a and b are called incommensurable. (Recall that a rational number is one that is equivalent to the ratio of two integers.) There is a more general notion of commensurability in group theory.

For example, the numbers 3 and 2 are commensurable because their ratio, ⁠3/2⁠, is a rational number. The numbers  and  are also commensurable because their ratio, , is a rational number. However, the numbers  and 2 are incommensurable because their ratio, , is an irrational number.

More generally, it is immediate from the definition that if a and b are any two non-zero rational numbers, then a and b are commensurable; it is also immediate that if a is any irrational number and b is any non-zero rational number, then a and b are incommensurable. On the other hand, if both a and b are  irrational numbers, then a and b may or may not be commensurable.
Nova Scotia Route 209
Route 209 is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

It is located in Cumberland County and follows the shoreline of the Bay of Fundy, connecting Parrsboro with Joggins. The linked communities are known as the Parrsboro Shore.

It is designated as part of the Fundy Shore Scenic Drive. Highway 209 was formerly designated as Trunk Highway 9.

Joggins
Joggins is a rural community located in western Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada. On July 7, 2008 a 15-km length of the coast constituting the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.
Child abuse
Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge.

Criminal charge
A criminal charge is a formal accusation made by a governmental authority (usually a public prosecutor or the police) asserting that somebody has committed a crime. A charging document, which contains one or more criminal charges or counts, can take several forms, including:

complaint

information

indictment

citation

traffic ticket

The charging document is what generally starts a criminal case in court. But the procedure by which somebody is charged with a crime and what happens when somebody has been charged varies from country to country and even sometimes within a country.

Before a person is found guilty of a crime, a criminal charge must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Quangnamia
Quangnamia is a genus of flowering plants in the witch hazel family, Hamamelidaceae. It includes a single species, Quangnamia syncarpa, a tree endemic to central Vietnam.

The species is an evergreen hermaphroditic treelet or tree, which grows from 10 to 25 meters tall. Flowers and fruits were observed in January and in May. It was discovered in primary and secondary lowland broadleaf evergreen forest in the Annamite Range of Đại Lộc district of Quảng Nam province, growing on sandstone substrates from 400 to 600 meters elevation. It typically grows along small rocky streams and on eroded sandstone cliffs.

The genus and species were first described in 2024. The genus name refers to Quảng Nam province, where the plant was discovered. The specific epithet refers to its syncarpous fruit, which contains two seeds.

Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests
The Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregion (WWF ID: IM0211) covers the low, relatively arid coastal strip of southern Vietnam on the South China Sea.  The region is in the rain shadow of the Southern Annamite Range, which blocks humid air from the west.  Although approximately half of the ecoregion is forested to some degree, most has at some point been cleared for agriculture or degraded by extraction of hardwoods.  There are few protected areas.
Gauley Subdivision
The Gauley Subdivision is a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation in the U.S. states of West Virginia and Virginia. It was formerly part of the CSX Huntington East Division. It became part of the CSX Florence Division on June 20, 2016.

The line runs from Gauley, West Virginia, to Fola, West Virginia, for a total of 22.0 miles (35.4 km). At its east end the line continues west from the New River Subdivision and at its west end the track comes to an end.  It follows the Gauley River up to Belva, and then Twentymile Creek to its terminus.  It has junctions with the Norfolk Southern West Virginia Secondary twice, at Gauley Bridge and Belva.

Gauley Bridge, West Virginia
Gauley Bridge is a town in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 553 at the 2020 census. The Kanawha River is formed at Gauley Bridge by the confluence of the New and Gauley Rivers. Two miles to the southwest of Gauley Bridge, in Glen Ferris, is Kanawha Falls, a popular stopping point on Midland Trail Scenic Highway.

The community was named after a bridge over the Gauley River near the original town site. Gauley Bridge was close to the site of the Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster, in which hundreds of people died in the 1920s and 1930s.
Portsmouth and Ryde Joint Railway
The Portsmouth and Ryde Joint Railway was a group of three railway lines in Southern England that were jointly owned and operated by the London and South Western Railway and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. The main line was between Cosham and Portsmouth Harbour; there was a branch from Fratton to East Southsea; and a line between Ryde Pier Head and Ryde St John's Road. The last-named section was isolated from the others, being on the Isle of Wight. The first section of line opened in 1847 and the last in 1885; the Southsea branch closed in 1914 but all of the other routes have since been electrified and remain open.

David & Charles
David & Charles Ltd is an English publishing company. It is the owner of the David & Charles imprint, which specialises in craft and lifestyle publishing.

David and Charles Ltd acts as distributor for all David and Charles Ltd books and content outside North America, and also distributes Interweave Press publications in the UK and worldwide excluding North America, and as foreign language editions. The company distributes Dover Publications and Reader's Digest books into the UK Trade and is also a UK and Europe distribution platform for the overseas acquired companies Krause Publications and Adams Media.
Nick Ponzio
Nicholas James "Nick" Ponzio (born 4 January 1995) is an American-born Italian shot putter. He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Ponzio received an eighteen month competition ban to run from February 2023 to August 2024 for a whereabouts rules violation, although he never tested positive for drug use, he was given the ban for failing to update his whereabouts while competing in Europe.

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put
The men's shot put event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place between 3 and 5 August 2021 at the Japan National Stadium. Thirty-one athletes from 22 nations competed. For the first time in Olympic history, the same three competitors received the same medals in back-to-back editions of an individual event. Americans Ryan Crouser and Joe Kovacs and New Zealander Tom Walsh repeated their gold, silver, and bronze (respectively) performances from the 2016 Summer Olympics. They became the 15th, 16th, and 17th men to earn multiple medals in the shot put; Crouser was the 4th to repeat as champion.
Great Britain women's national under-18 ice hockey team
The Great Britain women's national under-18 ice hockey team is the women's national under-18 ice hockey team of the United Kingdom. The team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation and currently plays in Division I of the IIHF World Women's U18 Championships.

IIHF U18 Women's World Championship
The IIHF U18 Women's World Championship, officially the IIHF Ice Hockey U18 Women's World Championship, is an annual ice hockey tournament for national women's under-18 (U18) ice hockey teams, administered by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It is the junior edition of the IIHF Women's World Championship and participation is limited to female ice hockey players under 18 years of age.
Seweryn Berson
Seweryn Berson (1858–1917) was a Polish lawyer and composer. Born in Nowy Sącz, early in his youth he moved to Lwów (then in Galicia, currently in Ukraine), where he spent most of his life. A student of Berlin-based conservatory of Heinrich Urban, he composed numerous operettas (Lekcja tańców – Dance lesson; 1902), serenades, romances and bagatelles, as well as numerous songs to the lyrics by Heinrich Heine, Henrik Ibsen and Maria Konopnicka. He died March 4, 1917, in Lwów and was buried there.

Nowy Sącz
Nowy Sącz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈnɔvɨ ˈsɔnt͡ʂ] ⓘ; Hungarian: Újszandec; Yiddish: צאַנז, romanized: Tsanz; Slovak: Nový Sonč) is a city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship of southern Poland. It is the district capital of Nowy Sącz County as a separate administrative unit. With a population of 83,116 as of 2021, it is the largest city in the Beskid Sądecki Region as well as the third most populous city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
RFA Maine (1887)
RFA Maine was a hospital ship of the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary, which served during the Second Boer War, up until the eve of World War I.

The first ship to bear the name was the former cattle/passenger ship Swansea, built by William Gray & Company of Hartlepool, and launched on 8 June 1887. Owned and operated by Bernard N. Baker's Atlantic Transport Line, Swansea was renamed Maine in 1888.

Hospital ship
A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. In the 19th century, redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.

The Second Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits military attacks on hospital ships that meet specified requirements, though belligerent forces have right of inspection and may take  patients, but not staff, as prisoners of war.
Mog (TV series)
Mog was a British television comedy from 26 May 1985 to 16 August 1986 about a cat burglar living in a psychiatric hospital. It starred Enn Reitel as the title character, who is only faking insanity. It was based on Peter Tinniswood's 1970 novel of the same name. It was made for the ITV network by WitzEnd for Central.

Television comedy
Television comedy is a category of broadcasting that has been present since the early days of entertainment media. While there are several genres of comedy, some of the first ones aired were variety shows. One of the first United States television programs was the comedy-variety show Texaco Star Theater, which was most prominent in the years that it featured Milton Berle (from 1948 to 1956). The range of television comedy has become broader, with the addition of sitcoms, improvisational comedy, and stand-up comedy, while also adding comedic aspects into other television genres, including drama and news. Television comedy provides opportunities for viewers to relate the content in these shows to society. Some audience members may have similar views about certain comedic aspects of shows, while others will take different perspectives. This also relates to developing new social norms, sometimes acting as the medium that introduces these transitions.
Robin Choudhury
Robin Choudhury is a British cardiologist, and Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine at the University of Oxford. He is also a Consultant Cardiologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital and a Research Fellow in Biomedical Sciences at Balliol College, Oxford.

John Radcliffe Hospital
John Radcliffe Hospital (informally known as the JR or the John Radcliffe) is a large tertiary teaching hospital in Oxford, England. It is a part of the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is named after John Radcliffe, an 18th-century physician and Oxford University graduate, who endowed the Radcliffe Infirmary, the main hospital for Oxford from 1770 until 2007.

It is the main teaching hospital for Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University, and incorporates the Oxford University Medical School.
Karaul
Karaul (Kazakh: Қарауыл) is the name of selo in Kazakhstan:

Karaul, Abay District, East Kazakhstan, a selo in Abay District of East Kazakhstan

Karaul (Russian: Карау́л) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Karaul, Bogorodsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Ukhtymsky Rural Okrug of Bogorodsky District of Kirov Oblast

Karaul, Kotelnichsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Kotelnichsky Rural Okrug of Kotelnichsky District of Kirov Oblast

Karaul, Kumyonsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Bereznikovsky Rural Okrug of Kumyonsky District of Kirov Oblast

Karaul, Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a selo in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai

Karaul, Bardymsky District, Perm Krai, a selo in Bardymsky District of Perm Krai

Karaul, Inzhavinsky District, Tambov Oblast, a selo in Karaulsky Selsoviet of Inzhavinsky District of Tambov Oblast

Bardymsky District
Bardymsky District (Russian: Барды́мский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Bardymsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the krai, in the valley of the Tulva River, and borders with Osinsky District in the north, Kungursky District in the northeast, Uinsky District in the east, Chernushinsky District in the southeast, Kuyedinsky District in the southwest, and with Yelovsky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,382 square kilometers (920 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Barda. Population:  25,538 (2010 Census); 27,904 (2002 Census); 29,584 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Barda accounts for 34.6% of the district's total population.
Pang Sock Tao
Pang Sock Tao (Chinese: 彭小桃; pinyin: Péng Xiǎotáo; born 26 April 1993) is a Malaysian politician who has served as Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kuala Kubu Baharu since May 2024. She is a member of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. She has served as the Assistant State Publicity Secretary of DAP of Selangor since December 2024 and Assistant Youth Publicity Secretary of DAP since November 2024. She is also the Press Secretary and was Special Affairs Officer to Minister of Housing and Local Government Nga Kor Ming and was also Special Affairs Officer to former Minister of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Yeo Bee Yin.

Selangor State Legislative Assembly
The Selangor State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Negeri Selangor) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Selangor. The State Assembly is composed of 56 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held no more than five years apart, and by Malaysian political convention, are conducted simultaneously with elections to the federal parliament and other state assemblies (except Sabah and Sarawak).

It convenes at the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Building in the capital Shah Alam. Since 2008, Assembly proceedings have been broadcast live on the internet.
McEnaney
McEnaney is a surname of Irish origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Pat McEnaney (born 1962/1963), Irish Gaelic football referee

Séamus McEnaney (born 1967/1968), Irish Gaelic football manager

Will McEnaney (born 1952), American baseball player

Pat McEnaney
Pat McEnaney (born c. 1960/1961/1962/1963) is a Gaelic footballer and referee from Corduff in County Monaghan. He officiated many high-profile inter-county matches, including four finals of the All-Ireland SFC. Many would rate McEnaney as the best Gaelic football referee of his time. As of 2022, he was continuing to referee. That year, Martin Breheny named him among "five of the best football referees".

McEnaney also refereed several International Rules Series tests, as well as games in countries such as France, Luxembourg and the United States.
Tāšu-Padure Manor
Tāšu-Padure (Schloss Tels–Paddern, Tāšu-Padures muižas pils) is located in the village Kalvene, Kalvene Parish, South Kurzeme Municipality, in the Courland region of Latvia.
It belonged to the von Keyserling family and it has been hosting the elementary school of Kalvene since 1922.

Baltic German writer Eduard von Keyserling was born and grew up in the castle.

Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".
Elachista griseella
Elachista griseella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from France to Italy and Ukraine.

The larvae feed on Calamagrostis epigejos, Dactylis glomerata, Elymus repens, Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The species hibernates as an intermediate larva and resumes feeding in early April.

Elymus repens
Elymus repens, commonly known as couch grass /kuːtʃ/, is a very common perennial species of grass native to most of Europe, Asia, the Arctic, and northwest Africa. It has been brought into other mild northern climates for forage or erosion control, but is often considered a weed.

Other names include common couch, twitch, quick grass, quitch grass (also just quitch), dog grass, quackgrass, scutch grass, and witchgrass.
Mason Review
The 1975 Mason Review was a review of UK defence policy conducted by the Labour Government's Secretary of State for Defence, Roy Mason. The review was influenced by a Government decision to reduce the defence budget to 4.5% of Gross Domestic Product. The review was intended to anticipate defence needs during the period 1975–1985.

Roy Mason
Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley, PC, DL (18 April 1924 – 19 April 2015), was a British Labour Party politician and Cabinet minister who was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in the 1970s.
The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
The Colored American was a weekly newspaper published in Washington, D.C., from 1893 to 1904 by Edward Elder Cooper. It frequently featured the works of journalists John Edward Bruce and Richard W. Thompson.

The weekly publication promoted itself as "A National Negro Newspaper." It had stories on the achievements of African Americans across the United States, often with more original reporting than other newspapers, which frequently copied one another. Prominent black journalists contributed to the Colored American. An annual subscription cost $2.00.

The paper took editorial positions in favor of expanded rights and better conditions for blacks, and generally supported Republicans. It tended to ally with the positions of Booker T. Washington, who may have offered financial support.  Civil rights advocate and lecturer Mary Church Terrell gave financial support and wrote a column for the paper.

Partly because of debts, the publication ceased in November 1904.

John Edward Bruce
John Edward Bruce, also known as Bruce Grit or J. E. Bruce-Grit (February 22, 1856 – August 7, 1924), was an American journalist, historian, writer, orator, civil rights activist and Pan-African nationalist. He was born a slave in Maryland; as an adult, he founded numerous newspapers along the East Coast, as well as co-founding (with Arthur Alfonso Schomburg) the Negro Society for Historical Research in New York.
Port Hedland Saltworks Important Bird Area
The Port Hedland Saltworks Important Bird Area is a 103 km2 tract of originally intertidal land, now containing a saltern, lying about 20 km east of the port of Port Hedland on the coast of the Pilbara region of north-west Western Australia.  The salt processing facility is operated by Dampier Salt Ltd, part of the Rio Tinto Group.

Pilbara
The Pilbara (/ˈpɪlbərə/) is a large, dry, sparsely populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal people, its geography, its red earth, and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is also a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.
1999 Warsaw Cup by Heros
The 1999 Warsaw Cup by Heros was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Warsaw, Poland that was part of Tier IVb of the 1999 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 3 May until 9 May 1999. Cristina Torrens Valero won the singles title.

Tina Pisnik
Tina Pisnik (born 19 February 1981) is a former professional tennis player and current pickleball player from Slovenia.

In tennis, Pisnik turned professional in 1999. Pisnik's highest singles ranking was world No. 29, which she reached on 12 January 2004. Her career-high doubles ranking is world No. 63 on 3 April 2000. She won one singles title and two doubles titles on the WTA Tour.
Padborg station
Padborg station is a railway station in the Danish town of Padborg in the southern part of Jutland. The station is located on the Fredericia–Flensburg railway line and is the last Danish train station before the border with Germany which lies immediately south of the station. To the west, Tønder in Denmark on the route to Niebull is a further border station.

Niebüll station
Niebüll (German: Bahnhof Niebüll) is a railway station serving the town of Niebüll in the state of Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany. The station lies on the Marsh Railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Norddeutsche Eisenbahn.
Happys Inn, Montana
Happys Inn is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lincoln County, Montana, United States. The population was 164 at the 2010 census.

Happys Inn has a bar that carries its namesake. The census area extends for 12 miles (19 km) down the length of the chain of lakes area of Lincoln County. The community is along U.S. Route 2, 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Libby, the Lincoln county seat, and 49 miles (79 km) west of Kalispell.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.4 square miles (32.2 km2), of which 9.8 square miles (25.4 km2) are land and 2.6 square miles (6.8 km2), or 21.22%, are water.

U.S. Route 2 in Montana
U.S. Highway 2 (US 2) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway in the state of Montana. It extends approximately 666.645 miles (1,072.861 km) from the Idaho state line east to the North Dakota state line.