hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fabliau
A fabliau (French pronunciation: [fabljo]; plural fabliaux) is a comic, often anonymous tale written by jongleurs and clerics in France between c. 1150 and 1400. They are generally characterized by sexual and scatological obscenity, and by a set of contrary attitudes generally critical or mocking of the church and nobility. While most fabliaux were anonymous, we do know some authors like Jean Bodel or Guèrin, who wrote during the peak of the genre's popularity. Several of them were reworked by Giovanni Boccaccio for the Decameron and by Geoffrey Chaucer for The Canterbury Tales. Some 150 French fabliaux are extant, the number depending on how narrowly fabliau is defined. According to R. Howard Bloch, fabliaux are the first expression of literary realism in Europe.

Some nineteenth-century scholars, most notably Gaston Paris, argue that fabliaux originally came from the Orient and were brought to the West by returning crusaders.

Minstrel
A minstrel was an entertainer, initially in medieval Europe. The term originally described any type of entertainer such as a musician, juggler, acrobat, singer or fool; later, from the sixteenth century, it came to mean a specialist entertainer who sang songs and played musical instruments.
Wulfhild
Wulfhild, also spelled Wulfhilda or Wulfhilde, is a Germanic female name.

Wulfhild (d. after 996) was an English nun, abbess of Barking and Horton.

Wulfhild (1020 – 24 May 1071) was a Norwegian princess, daughter of King Olaf II of Norway and wife of Ordulf, Duke of Saxony.

Wulfhild (1072 – 29 December 1126) was a Saxon princess, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and wife of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria.

Wulfhilde of Saxony
Wulfhilde Billung of Saxony (1072 – 29 December 1126) was the eldest daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and his wife, Sophia of Hungary.

In about 1095 she married Duke Henry IX of Bavaria.  As a result of this marriage, part of the Billung possessions came into the hands of the House of Guelph.  They had the following children:

Henry X

Conrad (died: 17 March 1126 in Bari, buried in Molfetta), a Cistercian monk and saint

SophiaWulfhild and her daughter Sophia in a fresco in Weingarten Abbey

Judith

Matilda (d. 1138), married Margrave Diephold IV of Vohburg (d. 1130) and Count Gebhard III of Sulzbach (d. 1188)

Welf VI

Wulfhilde, married Rudolf I, Count of Bregenz (d. 1160)

Wulfhilde died in 1126 and was buried at Weingarten Abbey.
Cima volcanic field
Cima volcanic field is a volcanic field in San Bernardino County, California, close to the border with Nevada. The volcanic field covers a surface area of 600 km2 (230 sq mi) within the Mojave National Preserve west of the Cima Dome and consists of about 40 volcanic cones with about 60 lava flows. The volcanic cones range from simple cones over multi-cratered mountains to eroded hills, and lava flows are up to 9.1 km (5.7 mi) long. At least one lava tube exists in the field and can be visited.

Volcanic activity in the field commenced in the Late Miocene and after a pause between 3 and 1 million years ago continued into the latest Pleistocene. The youngest cone is known as the Black Tank cone and formed about 15,000 years before present, although it is possible that it was formed through two separate eruption events; formerly it was considered to be of historical age.

Volcanic field
A volcanic field is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. The type and number of volcanoes required to be called a "field" is not well-defined. Volcanic fields usually consist of clusters of up to 100 volcanoes such as cinder cones. Lava flows may also occur. They may occur as a monogenetic volcanic field or a polygenetic volcanic field.
Andreas of Samosata
Andreas was a bishop of Samosata about 430 CE. He took part in the Nestorian controversy against Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, in answer to whose anathemas he wrote two books, of the first of which a large part is quoted by Cyril, in his Apol. adv. Orientales, and of the second some fragments are contained in the Hodegus of Anastasius Sinaita. Though prevented by illness from being present at the Council of Ephesus (around 431), he joined Theodoret in his opposition to the agreement between Cyril and John of Antioch, and, like Theodoret, he changed his course, but at a much earlier period. Modern scholars credit him with the being the most active mediator between the two sides of the conflict, having an essentially centrist stance but ultimately flip-flopping in his position considerably.

About 436 he yielded to the persuasions of John, and joined in the condemnation of Nestorius. Eight letters by him are extant in Latin in the Epistolae of Lupus Servatus.

Anathema
The word anathema has two main meanings. One is something or someone hated or avoided. The other is something or someone that has been formally excommunicated by a church. These meanings come from the New Testament, where an anathema was a person or thing cursed or condemned by God. In the Old Testament, an anathema was something or someone cursed and separated from God because of sin. These represent two types of settings, one for devotion, the other for destruction.
Gösser
Gösser (German pronunciation: [ˈɡœsɐ] ⓘ) beer is the main brand of Göss Brewery in Leoben, one of the largest and most-well known in Austria. The brewery is part of Brau Union, the largest Austrian brewer, whose majority shareholder is the Dutch brewing company Heineken.

Kellerbier
Kellerbier (German: [ˈkɛlɐˌbiːɐ̯] ⓘ; lit. 'cellar beer') is a type of German beer, an unfiltered lager originating in Franconia.

Kellerbier contains more of its original brewing yeast, held in suspension. As a result, it is distinctly cloudy, and is described in German as naturtrüb (naturally cloudy).

Kellerbier is often served directly from the barrel in a beer garden, but may be bottled as well.
Mount Chittenden
Mount Chittenden, elevation 10,182 feet (3,103 m), is a mountain peak in the Absaroka Range in Yellowstone National Park. The peak was named by Henry Gannett of the Hayden Geological Survey of 1878 for George B. Chittenden, a surveyor who had worked with Gannett, Hayden and others in surveys in Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. Chittenden never participated in any of the Yellowstone surveys.

Mount Chittenden was not named for Major Hiram M. Chittenden, the U.S. Army Engineer famous for his road and bridge work in the park.

Henry Gannett
Henry Gannett (August 24, 1846 – November 5, 1914) was an American geographer who is described as the "father of mapmaking in America." He was the chief geographer for the United States Geological Survey essentially from its founding until 1902.

He was a founding member and president of the National Geographic Society, a founder of the American Association of Geographers, and a co-founder and president of the Twenty Year Club or Twenty Year Topographers which was formed at the U.S.G.S. Topographic Division. He was also a founder and president of the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C.

Gannett also was the geographer of the 10th United States Census in 1880, 11th Census in 1890,  and the 12th Census in 1900. He was the assistant director of the 1899 Census of the Philippines and Puerto Rico, the 1902 Census of the Philippines, and the 1906 Census in Cuba.
Azide
In chemistry, azide (/ˈeɪzaɪd/, AY-zyd) is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula N−3 and structure −N=N+=N−. It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid HN3. Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula RN3, containing the azide functional group. The dominant application of azides is as a propellant in air bags.

Comproportionation
Comproportionation or symproportionation is a chemical reaction where two reactants containing the same element but with different oxidation numbers, form a compound having an intermediate oxidation number. It is the opposite of disproportionation.
Ripley County, Missouri
Ripley County is a county in the Ozarks of Missouri. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 10,679. The largest city and county seat is Doniphan. The county was officially organized on January 5, 1833, and is named after Brigadier General Eleazer Wheelock Ripley, a soldier who served with distinction in the War of 1812.

The original area included what would later become Oregon, Howell, Shannon and Carter counties. The historic Natchitoches Trail passes through Ripley County. It was a Native American trail to the Southwest that was used by pioneers, including Stephen F. Austin. During the American Civil War, Ripley County was strongly pro-Southern and provided four colonels for the Confederate Army. Several Civil War skirmishes took place in the county. Tourist areas include the Current River and the Mark Twain National Forest.

Howell County, Missouri
Howell County is in southern Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 39,750. The largest city and county seat is West Plains. The county was officially organized on March 2, 1857, and is named after Josiah Howell, a pioneer settler in the Howell Valley.

Howell County comprises the West Plains, MO, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Dzibilchaltun
Dzibilchaltún (Yucatec Maya: Ts'íibil Cháaltun, [d̥z̥ʼiː˧˥biɭ tɕʰɒːl˦˥tuŋ]) is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Yucatán, approximately 10 miles (16 km) north of the state capital of Mérida. The original name for the site may have been Ch'iy Chan Ti'Ho.

Yucatec Maya language
Yucatec Maya (/ˈjuːkətɛk ˈmaɪə/ YOO-kə-tek MY-ə; Spanish: yucateco [ʝukaˈteko]), referred to by its speakers as mayaʼ or maayaʼ t’aan (pronounced [màːjaʔˈtʼàːn] ⓘ), is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula, including part of northern Belize. There is also a significant diasporic community of Yucatec Maya speakers in San Francisco, though most Maya Americans are speakers of other Mayan languages from Guatemala and Chiapas.
Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler
Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, Baron of Vila da Praia (25 September 1759 – 6 March 1829) was a Portuguese politician, soldier, and mathematician. He had the rank of lieutenant general and was the 8th Captain General of the Azores.

During his life he held several posts, many coinciding with the European Peninsular War: lieutenant general in the military, secretary and councilor of the Conselho Ultramarino (Overseas Council), governor of Algarve and Governor/Captain-General of the Azores. He was also a member of the committee that formed the draft of the constitutional charter in 1823, before returning to academia (becoming a professor of mathematics at the Academia Real de Marinha, a deputy director of the Academia Militar do Rio de Janeiro, secretary of the Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa and fellow of the Royal Society of London, among other honours. He was one of the pioneers in differential calculus and one of the most notable historians of mathematics in Portugal.

Privy council
A privy council is a body that advises a head of state, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchical government. The term "privy" (from French privé) signifies private or secret. Consequently, a privy council, more common in the past, existed as a group of a ruling monarch's most trusted court advisors. Its purpose was to consistently provide confidential advice on matters of state. Despite the abolition of monarchy, some privy councils remained operational, while others were individually disbanded, allowing the monarchical system to continue to exist without a secret crown council.
Keith Lamb (musician)
Keith Lamb (born 9 January 1952) is an English-born Australian musician who was the lead singer and founding member of the 1970s glam rock band, Hush. He had been singing since the age of ten, fronting English bands including Mr. Toad, The Case and Sleepy Talk. Mr. Toad supported UK acts including the Who and the Equals.

Lamb emigrated to Australia in 1970 with his school friend, Hush guitarist Robin Jackson.

The Equals
The Equals are an English rock band. They are best remembered for their million-selling chart-topper "Baby, Come Back", though they had several other chart hits in the UK and Europe. Drummer John Hall founded the group with Eddy Grant, Pat Lloyd and brothers Derv and Lincoln Gordon, and they were noted as being "the first major interracial rock group in the UK" and "one of the few racially mixed bands of the era".
Kettleman Hills
The Kettleman Hills is a low mountain range of the interior California Coast Ranges, in western Kings County, California. It is a northwest–southeast trending line of hills about 30 miles long which parallels the San Andreas Fault to the west.

The Kettleman Hills are named (though misspelled) after Dave Kettelman, a pioneer sheep and cattle rancher who grazed his animals there in the 1860s.  The hills, which rise to an elevation of approximately 1,200 ft (370 m), divide the San Joaquin Valley on the east from the much smaller Kettleman Plain to the west. They are the location of the Kettleman North Dome Oil Field.

The Kettleman Hills Hazardous Waste Facility, a large (1,600 acres (650 ha)) hazardous waste and municipal solid waste disposal facility operated by Waste Management, Inc., is located 3.5 mi (5.6 km) southwest of Kettleman City on State Route 41.

Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that must be handled properly to avoid damaging human health or the environment. Waste can be hazardous because it is toxic, reacts violently with other chemicals, or is corrosive, among other traits. As of 2022, humanity produces 300–500 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually. Some common examples are electronics, batteries, and paints. An important aspect of managing hazardous waste is safe disposal. Hazardous waste can be stored in hazardous waste landfills, burned, or recycled into something new. Managing hazardous waste is important to achieve worldwide sustainability. Hazardous waste is regulated on national scale by national governments as well as on an international scale by the United Nations (UN) and international treaties. A controlled waste is subject to legislative control in its handling or its disposal.
It's a Shame (Kris Kross song)
"It's a Shame" is a song by American hip-hop duo Kris Kross, released in January 1993 by Ruffhouse and Columbia Records as the fourth and final single from their debut album, Totally Krossed Out (1992). It is the least successful of the four singles, as it did not chart on the US Billboard Hot 100. However, it did reach number 11 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart and number 55 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, as well as number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Jermaine Dupri and Roger Troutman, and its music video was directed by Rich Murray. The group performed "It's a Shame" on numerous television shows, such as A Different World.

Ruffhouse Records
Ruffhouse Records is an American record label founded in 1989 by Chris Schwartz and Joe Nicolo as a joint venture with Columbia Records. In 1999, Schwartz and Nicolo closed the label, and Schwartz and Kevon Glickman continued with RuffNation Records. Ruffhouse's artist roster at the time of its original closing included The Fugees, Cypress Hill, Kris Kross, Wyclef Jean, Lauryn Hill, and Leela James.

The label was relaunched on July 12, 2012, through EMI, with Beanie Sigel as the first artist to be out through its relaunch with the release of his album This Time (2012).
Mumbai–Pune Passenger
Mumbai – Pune passenger was a daily slow passenger train connecting the cities of Mumbai and Pune. This train originated from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and terminated at Pune Junction. This train used to travel via Kalyan and used to stop at all stations on the route. However this was shut down due to inconvenience by Central Railway because this created congestion to Mumbai CST–Pandharpur Fast Passenger, Mumbai CST–Bijapur Fast Passenger and Mumbai CST–Sainagar Shirdi Fast Passenger. It used to operate as 1325 from Mumbai to Pune and 1326 from Pune to Mumbai. It used to leave Mumbai at 22:50 and leave Pune at 23:40.

Central Railway zone
The Central Railway (abbreviated CR) is one of the 17 zones of Indian Railways. Its headquarters are located at Mumbai. It has the distinction of operating the first passenger railway line in India, which opened from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853 (1853-04-16).
Pilipinas Got Talent season 3
The third season of Pilipinas Got Talent aired on ABS-CBN from July 9 to October 23, 2011, and was replaced by Pinoy Big Brother: Unlimited.

The season premiered just two weeks after the previous one concluded, with both seasons produced back-to-back. Billy Crawford and Luis Manzano continued their hosting roles, while Freddie M. Garcia, Kris Aquino, and Ai-Ai delas Alas returned as jury members.

The singing trio Maasinhon Trio from Southern Leyte emerged as the season's winner, followed by 15-year-old singer Khalil Ramos from Parañaque as the runner-up, and the acoustic duo Bringas Brothers securing third place. This marked the third consecutive season where a singer emerged as the winner.

Freddie M. Garcia
Federico "Freddie" M. García (Tagalog pronunciation: [gaɾˈsɪa]; born July 13, 1944), also known as FMG, is a Filipino business executive who served as President of ABS-CBN Corporation, the largest media conglomerate in the Philippines, from May 26, 1997 to December 31, 2003, and one of the four co-founders of Star Magic.
Louis of Anhalt-Köthen
Louis of Anhalt-Köthen (b. Köthen, 25 September 1778 - d. Köthen, 16 September 1802) was a German prince of the House of Ascania.

He was the third son of Karl George Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, and his wife Louise Charlotte, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.

Köthen
Köthen ([ˈkøːtn̩] ⓘ) is a town in Germany. It is the capital of the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld in Saxony-Anhalt, about 30 km (19 mi) north of Halle.

Köthen is the location of the main campus and the administrative centre of the regional university, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences/Hochschule Anhalt which is especially strong in information technology. The city is conveniently located at the hub of the Magdeburg–Leipzig, Dessau–Köthen and Köthen–Aschersleben railways.

Köthen is situated in a fertile area with rich black soil suitable to the cultivation of sugar-beets. Industry includes high-tech engineering, manufacture of cranes, as well as chemicals, printing, and foodstuffs.

In English, the name of the city is often spelt anachronistically as Cöthen, a practice that has become standard in the literature relating to the life and work of Johann Sebastian Bach, who resided and worked there from 1717 to 1723.
Slovenia at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Slovenia competed at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China, from 4 to 20 February 2022.

Alpine skier Ilka Štuhec and snowboarder Žan Košir were initially chosen as the flagbearers at the opening ceremony, however, as Košir tested positive for COVID-19, he was replaced by fellow snowboarder Rok Marguč. Anita Klemenčič was the flagbearer during the closing ceremony.

2022 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
The 2022 Winter Olympics closing ceremony was held at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing on 20 February 2022. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings are expected to combine the formal ceremonial closing of this international sporting event (including closing speeches, hoisting of the flags, the parade of athletes, and the handover of the Olympic flag) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the culture and history of the current and next host nation (Italy) for the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.

The closing ceremony was directed by film director and producer Zhang Yimou, who also directed the opening ceremonies of the 2022 Winter Olympics and previously directed and produced the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Zhao Lin (politician)
Zhao Lin (Chinese: 赵林) (1906–2003) original name Luo Huimin (Chinese: 罗惠民), also known as Luo Xianglin (Chinese: 罗祥林), was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Ji'an, Jiangxi. He was the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Jilin. He was a member of the Central Advisory Commission and a delegate to the 5th National People's Congress. He was a member of the 61 Renegades.

Ji'an
Ji'an (Chinese: 吉安; pinyin: Jí'ān) is a prefecture-level city situated in the central region of Jiangxi province of the People's Republic of China and bordering Hunan province to the west. It has an area of 25,219 km2 (9,737 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, had a population of 4,469,176, of whom 643,399 live in the built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts. Ji'an lies next to the Luoxiao Mountains (罗霄山脉) with the Gan River running through the middle of the city. Local dialects include a form of Gan Chinese (Jicha subgroup, 吉茶片) as well as Hakka Chinese.

Ji'an (吉安)  is an abbreviation of its original name "吉泰民安" (pinyin: Jítài Mín'ān). It has also formerly been known as Luling (廬陵) and Jizhou (吉州).
DuPont Highway
The DuPont Highway is a north–south road running the length of the U.S. state of Delaware from Selbyville to Wilmington. The highway, which was finished in 1923, became part of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 and was composed of:

U.S. Route 113 between Selbyville and Dover (the portion between Milford and Dover is now Delaware Route 1)

U.S. Route 13 between Dover and Wilmington (the DuPont Highway name now continues along US 13 south of Dover to the border between Kent and Sussex counties)

Selbyville, Delaware
Selbyville is a town in Sussex County, Delaware, United States. As of the 2020 census, Selbyville had a population of 2,878. It is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Coleophora struella
Coleophora struella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in France and on the Iberian Peninsula.

The larvae feed on Lavandula and Thymus vulgaris. They create a conical, light brown to greyish lobe case. The lobes are large and very neatly arranged transversely. Full-grown cases are found in April and May.

Coleophoridae
The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are found in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. They are most common in the Palearctic, and rare in sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and Australia; consequently, they probably originated (like most or all other Gelechioidea families) in northern Eurasia. They are relatively common in houses, they seek out moist areas to rest and procreate.
D. C. Coleman
Donald Cuthbert Coleman (21 January 1920 – 3 September 1995) was a British economic historian.

After attending The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, an independent school in Elstree in Hertfordshire, Coleman served in the Royal Artillery in Africa, Italy and Greece during World War II, reaching the rank of major. He gained his first degree and PhD at the London School of Economics and was appointed to a post there of Lecturer in Industrial History in 1951. He stayed at LSE as Reader and (1969–1971) Professor of Economic History, and then moved to the University of Cambridge as Professor of Economic History and Fellow of Pembroke College in 1971, taking early retirement in 1981 to concentrate on his scholarly work.  He was editor of the Economic History Review 1967–72.

The annual Coleman Prize of the Association of Business Historians is named in his memory.

The Economic History Review
The Economic History Review is a peer-reviewed history journal published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Economic History Society. It was established in 1927 by Eileen Power and is currently edited by Sara Horrell, Jaime Reis and Patrick Wallis. Its first editors were E. Lipson and R. H. Tawney and other previous editors include M. M. Postan, H. J. Habbakuk, Max Hartwell (1960–1968), Christopher Dyer, Nicholas Crafts, John Hatcher, Richard Smith, Jane Humphries, Steve Hindle and Phillipp Schofield.