hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Socialist Party USA
The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor); the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split); and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.

Revolution from above
A revolution from above refers to major political and social changes that are imposed by an élite on the population it dominates. It usually occurs in urban areas in a capital city. By contrast, the plain term "revolution" suggests that pressure from below is a major driving force in events, even if other social groups cooperate with—or ultimately capture—the movement. The phrase "revolution from above" was coined by the Spanish writer Joaquín Costa (1846-1911) in the 19th century. In contrast, a "revolution from below" refers to a grassroots campaign against élites. Johann Gottlieb Fichte advocated the right of revolution, particularly from above rather than below.
Bosques Nublados de Udima Wildlife Refuge
Bosques Nublados de Udima Wildlife Refuge  (Cloud Forests of Udima Wildlife Refuge) is a protected area of 12,183 hectares (30,100 acres) located in the regions of Cajamarca and Lambayeque, Peru. The Refuge protects the flora and fauna of Andean cloud forests at elevations mostly between 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). The cloud forests are the headwaters for rivers providing water for downstream irrigation of farmland. The Refuge also preserves pre-Columbian archaeological ruins.

Department of Lambayeque
Lambayeque (Spanish pronunciation: [lambaˈʝeke]; Quechua: Lampalliqi) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's northwest, it is known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past. It is the second-smallest department in Peru after Tumbes, but it is also its most densely populated department and its eighth most populous department. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is Chiclayo.
2018–19 Pepperdine Waves women's basketball team
The 2018–19 Pepperdine Waves women's basketball team represented Pepperdine University in the 2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Waves, as members of the West Coast Conference, were led by second year head coach DeLisha Milton-Jones. The Waves played their home games at the Firestone Fieldhouse on the university campus in Malibu, California. They finished the season 22–12, 12–6 in WCC play to finish in a tie for third place. They advanced to the semifinals of the WCC women's tournament, where they lost to Gonzaga. They received an automatic bid to the Women's National Invitation Tournament, where they defeated California Baptist and WCC member Saint Mary's in the second round before losing to Wyoming in the third round.

2019 West Coast Conference women's basketball tournament
The 2019 University Credit Union West Coast Conference women's basketball tournament was a postseason women's basketball tournament held for the West Coast Conference for the 2018–19 season. All tournament games were played at the Orleans Arena in the Las Vegas area community of Paradise, Nevada from March 7–12, 2019. BYU won the championship game over Gonzaga. Paisley Johnson was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player.
Ticasuk Brown
Emily Ticasuk Ivanoff Brown (1904–1982) was an Iñupiaq educator, author, and poet. She was named Woman of the Year by the National Federation of Press Women in 1974. She also received a Presidential Commission and was the first Native American to have a school named after her in Fairbanks, Alaska. In 2009, she was placed in the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame.

National Federation of Press Women
The National Federation of Press Women (NFPW) is a United States–based organization of professional women and men pursuing careers in the field of communications, including electronic, broadcast and print journalism, public relations, marketing, advertising, freelancing, graphic design, digital media and photography. They are also educators and authors of all genres. Part of the coalition founding the National Women's History Museum, the NFPW supports literacy and women's rights as well as freedom of information and advocates for First Amendment issues.
1794 Treason Trials
The 1794 Treason Trials, arranged by the administration of William Pitt, were intended to cripple the British radical movement of the 1790s. Over thirty radicals were arrested; three were tried for high treason: Thomas Hardy, John Horne Tooke and John Thelwall. In a repudiation of the government's policies, they were acquitted by three separate juries in November 1794 to public rejoicing. The treason trials were an extension of the sedition trials of 1792 and 1793 against parliamentary reformers in both England and Scotland.

Rights of Man
Rights of Man is a book by Thomas Paine first published in 1791, including 31 articles, positing that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base, it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).

It was published in Britain in two parts in March 1791 and February 1792.
Gum (footballer)
Welington Pereira Rodrigues (born 4 January 1986), commonly known as Gum, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender.

He spent nine years with Fluminense, making 414 total appearances and scoring 28 goals, while winning the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 2010 and 2012.

Campeonato Carioca
The Campeonato Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (English: Rio de Janeiro State Championship), most known as Campeonato Carioca and commonly as the Cariocão, is the top-flight professional state football league in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. It is run by the Rio de Janeiro State Football Federation (FERJ).

The first season of the Campeonato Carioca was played in 1906. Rivalries amongst four of the most prestigious Brazilian teams (Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco da Gama) have marked the history of the competition. Flamengo leads the title count with 39, followed by Fluminense (33), Vasco da Gama (24), Botafogo (21), America (7), Bangu (2), São Cristóvão and Paissandu (1 each).
Daniel Epps
Daniel Epps (born c. 1982) is an American legal scholar of U.S. constitutional law and of U.S. criminal law and procedure. He serves as the Howard and Caroline Cayne Distinguished Professor of Law at the Washington University School of Law.

Criminal law of the United States
The criminal law of the United States is a manifold system of laws and practices that connects crimes and consequences. In comparison, civil law addresses non-criminal disputes. The system varies considerably by jurisdiction, but conforms to the US Constitution.  Generally there are two systems of criminal law to which a person maybe subject; the most frequent is state criminal law, and the other is federal law.

The American Model Penal Code defines the purpose of criminal law as: to prevent any conduct that cause or may cause harm to people or society, to enact public order, to define what acts are criminal, to inform the public what acts constitute crimes, and to distinguish a minor from a serious offense.
Economics of gambling
As a result of gambling, some are driven to extreme lengths to cover debt. Severely addicted gamblers spend most of their energy following their addiction. They cost companies loss of productivity and profit. Gamblers themselves may suffer from depression and bankruptcy. Some may go into severe debt and suffer anxiety because of it. The social costs to society are varied and include unemployment benefits, family services and medical treatment to gamblers.

During times of economic success, casinos tend to take labor supply away from neighboring businesses. Since casinos offer higher wages than regular neighboring businesses, such as restaurants, employees leave the neighboring business and works for the casino. Customers who normally go to the neighboring restaurants now instead go to the casino for food. This demonstrates how not all growth by a casino can be attributed as economic growth; sometimes casinos merely transfer growth from other businesses into their own.

Debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor. Debt may be owed by a sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. In financial accounting, debt is a type of financial transaction, as distinct from equity.

The term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on a monetary value. For example, in Western cultures, a person who has been helped by a second person is sometimes said to owe a "debt of gratitude" to the second person.
KFIA (AM)
KFIA (710 AM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format. Licensed to Carmichael, California, the station serves the Sacramento metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by New Inspiration Broadcasting Company, Inc. which is a part of Salem Media Group.

KFIA is powered at 25,000 watts by day. But because 710 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A stations KIRO Seattle and WOR New York City, KFIA must greatly reduce power at night to 1,000 watts. It uses a directional antenna at all times. The transmitter is off North Foothills Boulevard at Athens Avenue in Rocklin. KFIA programming is also heard on 250 watt FM translator K289CT 105.7 MHz in Sacramento.

Carmichael, California
Carmichael is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is an unincorporated suburb in the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area. The population was 79,793 at the 2020 census.
Gallus Mag
Gallus Mag (real name unknown) was a six-foot-plus tall, female bouncer at a 19th-century New York City bar called The Hole in the Wall. She figures prominently in New York City folklore. The name "Gallus" originated from the men's suspenders she was fond of wearing and "Mag" or "Meg" was likely her forename. The Hole in the Wall bar was at 279 Water Street, Manhattan, more recently the site of the historic Bridge Cafe.

Bar (establishment)
A bar, also known as a saloon, a tavern or tippling house, or sometimes as a pub or club, is a retail business that serves alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, liquor, cocktails, and other beverages such as mineral water and soft drinks. Bars often also sell snack foods, such as chips (crisps) or peanuts, for consumption on their premises. Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term "bar" refers both to the countertop where drinks are prepared and served and also by extension to the entirety of the establishment in which the bar is located.

The term derives from the metal or wooden bar (barrier) that is often located along the length of the "bar". Over many years, heights of bars were lowered, and high stools added, and the brass bar remains today.
1903 Army Cadets football team
The 1903 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1903 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Edward Leonard King, the Cadets compiled a 6–2–1 record, shut out five of their nine opponents (including a scoreless tie with Colgate), and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 164 to 33.

The team's two losses were to Harvard (5–0) and Yale (17–5). In an intersectional game, the Cadets defeated Chicago 10–6. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets, behind quarterback Horatio B. Hackett, defeated the Midshipmen 40–5.

Three members of the squad were honored by one or both of Walter Camp (WC) and Caspar Whitney (CW) on the All-America team. They are: guard Napoleon Riley (WC-2); halfback Edward Farnsworth (CW-2); and fullback Frederick Prince (CW-2).

1903 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1903 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1903 college football season. The Bulldogs finished with an 11–1 record under first-year head coach George B. Chadwick.  The team outscored its opponents by a combined 312 to 26 score with the only loss being by an 11–6 score to Princeton.

Four Yale players (fullback Ledyard Mitchell, end Charles D. Rafferty, tackle James Hogan and guard James Bloomer) were consensus picks for the 1903 College Football All-America Team. Quarterback Foster Rockwell and halfback Harold Metcalf were also selected as first-team All-Americans by Charles Chadwick, and end Tom Shevlin was a first-team pick by the San Antonio Daily Light.
Edwin Hanbury
Edwin Charles Hanbury (23 June 1848 – 29 September 1914) was an English cricketer. Hanbury was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Clapham, Surrey.

Hanbury made his first-class debut for Surrey in 1871 against Kent at The Oval. He made two further first-class appearances in that season, against Gloucestershire at the Clifton College Close Ground, and Sussex at The Oval. He scored a total of 44 runs in his three appearances, at an average of 11.00, with a high score of 17.

He died at Ramsgate, Kent on 29 September 1914.

Clapham
Clapham (/ˈklæpəm/) is a district in south west London, England, lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth, but with some areas (including Clapham Common) extending into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth.
Amshuman
Amshuman (Sanskrit: अंशुमान्, romanized: Aṃśumān) is a king of the Suryavamsha dynasty in Hinduism. The son of Asamanjasa, Amshuman becomes the king of Ayodhya after the death of his grandfather, King Sagara. Amshuman's grandson, Bhagiratha, brings the flow of the Ganges down from heaven.

Ayodhya (Ramayana)
Ayodhya is a city mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit-language texts, including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These texts describe it as the capital of the Ikshvaku kings, including Rama.

The historicity of this legendary city is of concern to the Ayodhya dispute. According to one theory, it is same as the present-day Indian city of Ayodhya. According to another theory, it is a fictional city, and the present-day Ayodhya (originally called Saketa) was renamed after it around the 4th or 5th century, during the Gupta period.
Sarraceniaceae of South America
Sarraceniaceae of South America is a monograph on the pitcher plants of the genus Heliamphora by Stewart McPherson, Andreas Wistuba, Andreas Fleischmann, and Joachim Nerz. It was published in September 2011 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covered all species known at the time.

The book is part of a comprehensive two-volume work on the Sarraceniaceae. The other tome, Sarraceniaceae of North America, deals with the genera Darlingtonia and Sarracenia. Intended as the first volume, Sarraceniaceae of South America includes an introduction to the family Sarraceniaceae as a whole. Both volumes were nominees for the 2012 CBHL Annual Literature Award, in the Technical Interest category.

In addition to the main authors, others who worked on the book include Andy Smith and Wayne Jenski, who produced a number of anatomical illustrations, and taxonomist Jan Schlauer, who contributed to the formal species descriptions.

Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries, Inc.
The Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries, Inc. (CBHL) is a professional organization in the field of botanical and horticultural information services. Its purpose is to initiate and improve communication and coordinate activities and programs of mutual interest and benefit to its membership.
Öveç, Şemdinli
Öveç (Kurdish: Sûrûnis; Syriac: Sārūnīs) is a village in the Şemdinli District in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Humaru tribe and had a population of 486 in 2023.

Öveç has the two hamlets of Harmanlı (Dêrebanî) and Karakuş (Derya) attached to it.

Hakkâri Province
Hakkâri Province (pronounced [hacːaːɾi], Turkish: Hakkâri ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Colemêrg), is a province in the southeast of Turkey. It borders Van Province to the north, and Şırnak Province to the west. The administrative centre is the city of Hakkâri. Its area is 7,095 km2, and its population is 287,625 (2023). The current Governor is Ali Çelik. The province encompasses 8 municipalities, 140 villages and 313 hamlets. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.

The province is a stronghold for Kurdish nationalism and a hotspot in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.
Rama IV Road
Rama IV Road (Thai: ถนนพระรามที่ 4, RTGS: Thanon Phra Ram Thi Si; usually shortened to ถนนพระราม 4, RTGS: Thanon Phra Ram Si) is a main road in Bangkok, Thailand. It starts at Mo Mi Junction in the area of Bangkok's Chinatown in Samphanthawong and Pom Prap Sattru Phai Districts and ends at the junction with Sukhumvit Road (Phra Khanong Junction) in Khlong Toei District near Bangkok Port, also known as Khlong Toei Port.

Bordering the road are the Hua Lamphong railway station, Wat Hua Lamphong, Sam Yan, Lumphini Park and Rama VI Memorial Plaza, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, One Bangkok, the Metropolitan Electricity Authority, and the headquarters of Channel 3. The MRT Blue Line snakes underneath Rama IV Road between Wat Mangkon MRT station and Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre MRT station.

Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre MRT station
Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre MRT station (Thai: สถานีศูนย์การประชุมแห่งชาติสิริกิติ์, RTGS: Sathani Sun Kanprachum Haeng Chat Sirikit, code BL23) or QSNCC station is a Bangkok MRT station on the Blue Line, in Bangkok, Thailand. Located under Ratchadaphisek Road, near Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre, Benjakitti Park, PAT Stadium and Khlong Toei Market.
East Oriental Covered Bridge
The East Oriental Covered Bridge, also known as the Sheaffer Covered Bridge, is a historic wooden covered bridge located at Perry Township near Meiserville in Snyder County, Pennsylvania and Susquehanna Township near Oriental in Juniata County, Pennsylvania. It is a 90-foot-long (27 m) Burr Truss bridge.  It crosses Mahantango Creek, but is no longer in vehicle use.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Oriental, Pennsylvania
Oriental is an unincorporated community located within Susquehanna Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States. In 1855, settler Amos Miller started a store which operated for ten years, and a post office was established prior to the American Civil War. By 1910, the population was 130.
Vukovich Peaks
Vukovich Peaks (72°23′S 74°59′E﻿ / ﻿72.383°S 74.983°E﻿ / -72.383; 74.983) are two well-defined peaks surmounting the northernmost rock outcrop in the Grove Mountains. Mapped from air photos, 1956–60, by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions). Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for J.N. Vukovich, weather observer at Mawson Station, 1963.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Vukovich Peaks". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions
The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE /ænˈɑːri/ ann-AR-ee) is the historical name for the Australian Antarctic Program (AAP) administered for Australia by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD).
Mambacayao Daku
Mambacayao Daku, also known as Mambacao Island, is a small island in the Doong group, southwest of Bantayan Island in the Philippines. The island is administered under Barangay Lipayran of the municipality of Bantayan.

The island is owned by the Mabugat family of Bantayan, Cebu. A famous member of the Mabugat Family is the Filipina jazz singer and actress Ms. Vernie Varga (Ignacia Mabugat).

Bantayan, Cebu
Bantayan, officially the Municipality of Bantayan (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Bantayan; Tagalog: Bayan ng Bantayan),  is a municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 87,394 people, making it the island's most populous town as well as the largest.
Vittel
Vittel (French pronunciation: [vitɛl] ⓘ; archaic German: Wittel) is a spa town in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Mineral water is bottled and sold here by Nestlé Waters France, under the Vittel brand. A series of negotiations  involving Nestlé, local agricultural smallholders, and the French national agricultural research institute to protect groundwater quality from nonpoint source pollution yielded a unique arrangement that is often cited as a case study in payment for ecosystem services based on Coasean bargaining.

Nestlé Waters
Nestlé Waters H.Q. is the bottled water division of Nestlé. Founded in 1992, it is responsible for the production and distribution of bottled water worldwide under various brands such as Acqua Panna, San Pellegrino, Perrier, Vittel, Al Manhal and Buxton.
Barbara Durkin
Barbara Durkin (born 4 March 1965) is an English former actress who trained at the Manchester Polytechnic School of Theatre. She made her debut in the 1987 British film Wish You Were Here, and later made television appearances in Knowing Me, Knowing You... with Alan Partridge, Boon, Brass Eye, I'm Alan Partridge, Taking the Floor, Midsomer Murders, Roger Roger, My Parents Are Aliens and Scoop.

Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester Metropolitan University is a public university in Manchester, England. The university's predecessor, Manchester Polytechnic, gained university status in 1992. The university has 44,000 students and over 5,100 members of staff. It is home to four faculties (Arts and Humanities, Business and Law, Health and Education and Science and Engineering). It is the fifth-largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment.
Ivette Cintron
Ivette Cintron is a Puerto Rican merenque singer. From 1991 to 1997, she was married to the legendary Dominican merenque singer, Toño Rosario.

Cintron is also a businesswoman, and beautician, having once owned a beauty salon at her mansion in Bayamon, Puerto Rico.

Bayamón, Puerto Rico
Bayamón (Spanish pronunciation: [baʝaˈmon], locally [baʝaˈmoŋ]) is a city and municipality in Puerto Rico. Located on the northeastern coastal plain, it is bounded by Guaynabo to the east, Toa Alta and Naranjito to the west, Toa Baja and Cataño to the north, and Aguas Buenas and Comerío to the south. Part of the San Juan metropolitan area, Bayamón is spread over 11 barrios and the downtown area and administrative center of Bayamón Pueblo. With a population of 185,187 as of the 2020 census, it is the second most populated municipality in the archipelago and island after the capital of San Juan.
Love (The Flower Kings album)
Love is the seventeenth studio album by Swedish progressive rock band The Flower Kings. It was released on 2 May 2025, by Inside Out Music. The album features twelve songs with a total runtime of approximately seventy minutes.

Inside Out Music
InsideOutMusic is a progressive rock record label originally based in Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia, dedicated to releasing progressive rock, progressive metal and related styles. In 2009, it formed a partnership with Century Media Records and moved its base of operations to Dortmund, also in North Rhine-Westphalia. In August 2016, Century Media and InsideOutMusic were acquired by Sony Music Entertainment and moved their operations to Berlin.