hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia
Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia is a book written by British academic Henry Robert Wilkinson and published in 1951 by the University of Liverpool Press. It is a detailed study of 216 ethnographic maps of the region of Macedonia dating from 1730 until 1949. The book deals with the politicisation of Macedonia's geography during the era of nationalism. It explores the development of theories based on ethnography and claims made on a national basis in relation to the region. The study looks at ethnographers and their classification and distribution of local peoples in maps, their historical context, the criteria used for compiling maps and their quality, the role that either personal views or geopolitical considerations played in favouring one group over another, and knowledge (or lack thereof) of the region.

Macedonia (region)
Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ ⓘ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə) is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid-19th century. Today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: all of North Macedonia, large parts of Greece and Bulgaria, and smaller parts of Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. Greek Macedonia comprises about half of Macedonia's area and population.

Its oldest known settlements date back approximately to 7,000 BC. From the middle of the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Macedon became the dominant power on the Balkan Peninsula; since then Macedonia has had a diverse history.
Takeichi
Takeichi (written: 竹一 or 武一) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

Takeichi Harada (原田 武一) (1899–1978), Japanese tennis player

Takeichi Nishi (西 竹一) (1902 – c. 1945), Japanese equestrian and Imperial Japanese Army officer

Takeichi (written: 竹市) is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Masatoshi Takeichi (竹市 雅俊) (born 1943), Japanese developmental biologist

Masatoshi Takeichi
Masatoshi Takeichi (竹市　雅俊, Takeichi Masatoshi, born November 27, 1943) is a Japanese cell biologist known for his identification of the cadherin class of adhesion molecules, which plays important roles in the construction of tissues. He shared the 2005 Japan Prize with Erkki Ruoslahti for "fundamental contribution in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion".

He was selected as a Member of the Japan Academy (MJA) in 2000 and as a Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Loch of Yarrows
The Loch of Yarrows is a freshwater loch and reservoir in Caithness, Scotland, around 2.46 km southwest of the settlement of Thrumster.

The loch is well known for the archaeological relics surrounding it. Just off its northeast shore are the remains of a crannog, and on its southwest shore is a Pictish broch, dating from sometime between 200BCE and 200AD. Just 1.35 km south of the loch is a chambered cairn believed to date to the Neolithic period. The basin surrounding the loch has been inhabited since the Mesolithic period.

An 1872 Ordnance Survey map lists the loch's name as "Yarehouse". Its etymology is unknown, though probably Old Norse in origin.

Thrumster, Caithness
Thrumster is a crofting township on the main A99 road between Wick and Inverness. It is the nearest village to Wick. The transmission mast used to broadcast BBC television and radio signals to Caithness was located here until 1960.

The village had a railway station until trains stopped running on the Wick and Lybster Railway in 1944. The station has been preserved. Around 500 m (550 yd) south is Thrumster Parish Church, part of the Church of Scotland charge of Pulteneytown and Thrumster.

The township of Sarclet is situated 1⁄2 mile (800 m) to the southeast.
Results breakdown of the 2008 Canadian federal election
The 40th Canadian federal election was held on October 14, 2008.

The Conservative Party of Canada, led by Stephen Harper, won a minority government. The Conservatives won 143 seats. The Liberal Party of Canada, won 77 seats. The separatist Bloc Québécois won 49 seats and the social-democratic New Democratic Party won 37. Two independent candidates won a seat, one each in Nova Scotia and Quebec.

Fabian Manning
Fabian Manning (born May 21, 1964) is a politician in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Manning served as a Progressive Conservative and later as the independent Member of the House of Assembly for the district of Placentia and St. Mary’s from 1999 to 2005. From 2006 to 2008 he was the Conservative Party of Canada Member of Parliament for the riding of Avalon. After his defeat in the 2008 federal election Manning was appointed to the Senate of Canada on January 2, 2009, he resigned his Senate seat on March 28, 2011, to run for election in his former riding of Avalon in the 2011 federal election, but was unsuccessful. Prime Minister Stephen Harper re-appointed Manning to the Senate on May 25, 2011.
Microcline
Microcline  (KAlSi3O8) is an important igneous rock-forming tectosilicate mineral. It is a potassium-rich alkali feldspar.  It is common in granite and pegmatites. Microcline forms during slow cooling of orthoclase. Sanidine is a polymorph of alkali feldspar stable at yet higher temperature. Microcline has cross-hatch twinning that forms as a result of the transformation of monoclinic orthoclase into triclinic microcline.

The chemical compound name is potassium aluminium silicate, and it is known as E number reference E555.

Igneous rock
Igneous rock (igneous from Latin  igneus 'fiery'), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in a terrestrial planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust.
Counts and dukes of Gravina
The counts of Gravina, later the dukes of Gravina, were medieval rulers of Gravina in Puglia, in the old Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples. The county was settled on various royal favorites, and was held by members of the Neapolitan royal family from about 1300 until 1385. In 1417, it was granted to Francesco Orsini, who was created a duke in 1436; his descendant holds the title today, and represents the remaining branch of the Orsini family. Among the Orsini dukes, Pietro Francesco resigned his temporal dignities in 1667 to become a Dominican, and subsequently ascended the papal throne as Pope Benedict XIII. His nephew, Duke Domenico II, was created cardinal. Francesco (d. 1503) also achieved notoriety by being strangled in Senigallia while a captive of Cesare Borgia.

Gravina in Puglia
Gravina in Puglia (Italian: [ɡraˈviːna im ˈpuʎʎa]; Barese: Gravéine [ɡraˈviːnə, ɡraˈvejnə]; Latin: Silvium; Ancient Greek: Σιλούϊον, romanized: Siloúïon) is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, southern Italy.

The word gravina comes from the Latin grava or from the messapic graba, with the meaning of rock, shaft and erosion of bank river. Other words that share the same root are grava, gravaglione and gravinelle. Alternatively, when the emperor Frederick II went to Gravina, because of the large extension of the lands and for the presence of wheat, he decided to give to it the motto Grana dat et vina, that is to say It offers wheat and wine. Gravina is the home of the Alta Murgia National Park.

Gravina in Puglia is a member of Cittaslow.
Robin Lane Fox
Robin James Lane Fox, FRSL (born 5 October 1946) is an English classicist, ancient historian, and gardening writer known for his works on Alexander the Great. Lane Fox is an Emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford, and Reader in Ancient History, University of Oxford. Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History at New College from 1977 to 2014, he serves as Garden Master and as Extraordinary Lecturer in Ancient History for both New College and Exeter College.  He has also taught Greek and Latin literature and early Islamic history.

His major publications, for which he has won literary prizes including the James Tait Black Award, the Duff Cooper Prize, the Heinemann Award and the Runciman Award, include studies of Alexander the Great and Ancient Macedon, Late Antiquity, Christianity and Paganism, the Bible and history, and the Greek Dark Ages. In addition, he is the gardening correspondent of the Financial Times.

Exeter College, Oxford
Exeter College (in full: The rector and Scholars of Exeter College in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England, and the fourth-oldest college of the university.

The college was founded in 1314 by two brothers from Devon, Bishop Walter Stapledon and Sir Richard Stapledon, as an institution to educate clergy, and has been located on Turl Street since 1315. At its foundation Exeter was popular with sons of the Devon gentry, though it has since become associated with a much broader range of notable alumni, including Raymond Raikes, William Morris, J. R. R. Tolkien, Richard Burton, Roger Bannister, Alan Bennett, and Philip Pullman.
2001 World Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw
These are the official results of the Women's Discus Throw event at the 2001 World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. There were a total number of 22 participating athletes, with the final held on Saturday 11 August 2001. The qualification mark was set at 63.00 metres.

Ellina Zvereva won the gold medal at 40 years and 269 days old. She is, as of 2017, the oldest World Champion ever.

2001 World Championships in Athletics
The 8th World Championships in Athletics, under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada between 3 and 12 August 2001 and was the first time the event had visited North America. The music for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies was composed by Canadian composers Jan Randall and Cassius Khan. The ceremonies also featured a thousand-strong voice choir, and the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra.

Edmonton defeated bids from Paris, France (which hosted the next edition) and the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States to host the event. Edmonton had previously hosted the 1978 Commonwealth Games and the 1983 Summer Universiade.
NGC 5082
NGC 5082 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4,153±46 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 199.8 ± 14.3 Mly (61.25 ± 4.38 Mpc). However, three non-redshift measurements give a closer mean distance of 152.97 ± 3.46 Mly (46.900 ± 1.060 Mpc). It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 3 June 1834.

NGC 5082 has a possible active galactic nucleus, i.e. it has a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, with characteristics indicating that this luminosity is not produced by the stars.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
Sport in Sierra Leone
Sports are an important part of Sierra Leonean society and Football is the most played sport in the country. Athletics, basketball, boxing and cricket are also common sports in the country. Sierra Leone became the first African country to join International Floorball Federation.

International Floorball Federation
The International Floorball Federation (IFF) is the worldwide governing body for the sport of floorball.  It was founded on 12 April 1986 in Huskvarna, Sweden, by representatives from the national floorball associations of Finland, Sweden and Switzerland. It is based in Helsinki, Finland. The president of the federation is Filip Šuman.

The federation became a member of Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) in 2000. It is recognized by the IOC and has been an ordinary member of the ARISF since 2008, and of International World Games Association (IWGA) since 2013.
Irimayašša
Irimayašša, or Iriyamašša was an Egyptian official, of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, written from a 15-20 year time period. The 2 letters that reference him are regarding Byblos/Gubla, and Ascalon, in western and southwestern Canaan.

Irimayašša is referenced in 2 letters: (EA is for 'el Amarna')

EA 370–Titled: "From the Pharaoh to a vassal" –to Yidya of Ašqaluna
EA 130–Titled: "Life among the 'Apiru"

Vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe and elsewhere. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called vassalage, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called suzerainty.
The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief.

In contrast, fealty (fidelitas) is sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch.
2017 Western & Southern Open
The 2017 Western & Southern Open  was a men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts from August 14–20, 2017. It was a Masters 1000 tournament on the 2017 ATP World Tour and a WTA Premier 5 tournament on the 2017 WTA Tour. The tournament was one of two headline events in the 2017 US Open Series. The 2017 tournament was the 116th men's edition and the 89th women's edition of the Cincinnati Masters. The tournament was held annually at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Mason, a northern suburb of Cincinnati, in the United States.

Marin Čilić and Karolína Plíšková were the defending champions in men's and women's singles titles. Čilić withdrew due to an adductor injury before the tournament began, while Plíšková lost in the semifinals to Garbiñe Muguruza.

2017 ATP World Tour
The 2017 ATP World Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2017 tennis season. The 2017 ATP World Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP Finals, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series and the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF). Also included in the 2017 calendar are the Hopman Cup and the Next Gen ATP Finals, which do not distribute ranking points.
Soyuz-M
The Soyuz-M (Russian: Союз, meaning "Union"), GRAU index 11A511M was a Soviet expendable carrier rocket designed by OKB-1 and manufactured by State Aviation Plant No. 1 in Samara, Russia. It was originally built to launch crewed Soyuz 7K-VI spacecraft for the Soviet armed forces. Following the cancellation of this programme, development of the rocket continued for the Soyuz 7K-S spacecraft. After this too was cancelled, Soyuz-M development was also abandoned, and the rockets that had been completed were used to launch reconnaissance satellites.

While the exact details of the Soyuz-M are not known, it is believed to be a two-stage rocket, derived from the Soyuz. It may have been similar to the later Soyuz-U. Following the cancellation of the Soyuz 7K-S, eight were launched with Zenit-4MT spacecraft. The first of these launches occurred on 27 December 1971, and the last on 31 March 1976. All launches occurred from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, six from pad 41/1 and two from pad 43/4.

Expendable launch system
An expendable launch system (or expendable launch vehicle/ELV) is a launch vehicle that can be launched only once, after which its components are destroyed during reentry or impact with Earth, or discarded in space. ELVs typically consist of several rocket stages that are discarded sequentially as their fuel is exhausted and the vehicle gains altitude and speed. As of 2024, fewer and fewer satellites and human spacecraft are launched on ELVs in favor of reusable launch vehicles. However, there are many instances where a ELV may still have a compelling use case over a reusable vehicle. ELVs are simpler in design than reusable launch systems and therefore may have a lower production cost. Furthermore, an ELV can use its entire fuel supply to accelerate its payload, offering greater payloads. ELVs are a proven technology in widespread use for many decades.
Versatile Video Coding
Versatile Video Coding (VVC), also known as H.266, ISO/IEC 23090-3, and MPEG-I Part 3, is a video compression standard finalized on 6 July 2020, by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) of the VCEG working group of ITU-T Study Group 16 and the MPEG working group of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29. It is the successor to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, also known as ITU-T H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2). It was developed with two primary goals – improved compression performance and support for a very broad range of applications.

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29, entitled Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information, is a standardization subcommittee of the Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It develops and facilitates international standards, technical reports, and technical specifications within the field of audio, picture, multimedia, and hypermedia information coding. SC 29 includes the well-known JPEG and MPEG experts groups, and the importance of the standards developed by SC 29 have been recognized by at least 15 Emmy Awards.

The international secretariat of SC 29 is the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) of Japan.
Super Modern Artistic Performance
Super Modern Artistic Performance (stylized as super.modern.artistic.performance) is the eighteenth studio album of Japanese boy band SMAP, released on September 24, 2008 by Victor Entertainment in Japan. The album features work from Japanese-Canadian pop-rock band Monkey Majik, Korean singer-songwriter Park Jin-young, Japanese electronic musician and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata and Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am. The album debuted and peaked at number one in the Oricon Weekly Charts with 214,000 units sold on its first week of release and is certified Platinum by the RIAJ. This has made SMAP achieved total album sales of ten million, being the second musical group of vocalists after Chage and Aska to achieve the sales total.

Chage and Aska
Chage and Aska (チャゲ&飛鳥) were a Japanese popular music duo composed of male singer-songwriters from Fukuoka Prefecture: Chage (チャゲ; born January 6, 1958) and Aska (飛鳥涼, Ryo Aska; born February 24, 1958). To date they have sold over 31 million albums and singles in Japan.
Rüdiger Hübbers
Rüdiger Hübbers-Lüking (born 3 September 1965, in St. Tönis) is a German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1990s. He won a bronze medal in the C-2 team event at the 1995 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Nottingham. He also won a gold medal in the same event at the 1996 European Championships in Augsburg.

He finished 14th in the C-2 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

His partner throughout the whole of his active career was Udo Raumann.

Tönisvorst
Tönisvorst (German: [ˈtøːnɪsˌfɔʁst, ˌtøːnɪsˈfɔʁst]) is a town in the district of Viersen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated approximately 5 km west of Krefeld.

On 25 July 2019, weather stations in Duisburg-Baerl and Tönisvorst both recorded temperatures of 41.2 °C (106.2 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Germany.
Bill Stellberger
William F. Stellberger (April 22, 1865 – November 9, 1936) was an American professional baseball player who pitched in one game for the 1885 Providence Grays of the National League. He pitched his only major league game on October 1, a complete game loss to the Detroit Wolverines. Stellberger later played for several minor teams; Bridgeport of the Eastern League, Deluth of the Northwestern League, Greenville, Manistee, and Battle Creek of the Michigan State League, and the New Orleans Pelicans of the Southern Association. He died at the age of 71 in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan, and is interred at Woodmere Cemetery.

Greenville, Michigan
Greenville is a city in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. With a population of 8,816 at the 2020 census, it is the most populous city in Montcalm County. The city was the birthplace of the Meijer superstore chain.
2013 GCC U-23 Championship
The 2013 GCC U-23 Championship was the fifth edition of the GCC U-23 Championship. It took place in Riffa, Bahrain for the first time. Six nations took part. The competition was held in Riffa from 15 to 26 August. The hosts Bahrain won their first title after defeating title holders Saudi Arabia 1–0 in the final.

The 2013 edition was officially known as the Huawei GCC National Teams Under-23 Championship owing to sponsorship by Huawei.

Bahrain national under-23 football team
The Bahrain national under-23 football team (also known as Bahrain under-23 or Bahrain Olympics team) represents Bahrain in international football competitions, GCC U-23 Championship, Football at the Summer Olympics, as well as other under-23 international football tournaments.
Saad Kamil Al-Fadhli
Saad Kameel Al-Fadhli (Arabic: سعد كميل) (born January 6, 1963) is a former Kuwaiti football referee, best known for supervising three matches at the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea.[citation needed]

He was in charge of the FIFA Youth World Cup final in 1997 in Malaysia.

1997 FIFA World Youth Championship
The 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship, known as the 1997 FIFA/Coca-Cola World Youth Championship for sponsorship purposes, was the 11th staging of the FIFA World Youth Championship. It was held from 16 June to 5 July 1997 in Malaysia. It was the first FIFA tournament hosted by a Southeast Asian country.
Andrea Millet
Andrea Millet was an Italian luger who competed in the late 1970s. A natural track luger, he won a gold medal in the men's doubles event at the 1979 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships in Inzing, Austria.

Millet also won two medals at the 1979 FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships in Aosta, Italy with a silver in the doubles and a bronze in the singles.

Aosta
Aosta (official French: Aoste; Valdôtain: Aoûta) is the principal city of the Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Alps, 110 km (68 mi) north-northwest of Turin, Italy. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel and the Great St Bernard Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard Pass routes.