hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time
The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time: A Proposal in Natural Philosophy is a book about cosmology, philosophy of time, metaphysics and scientific naturalism by the American theoretical physicist Lee Smolin and the Brazilian philosopher Roberto Mangabeira Unger. The authors argue that the current crisis in cosmology is a result of physicists making the wrong commitments to universalizing local experiments and to a block universe. They suggest instead that new research projects would be revealed if we took seriously the idea of one, and only one, universe as well as the reality of our experience of time. This new paradigm, they say, would also give rise to the revolutionary notion that the laws of nature might not be immutable. The book was initially published by Cambridge University Press on December 8, 2014.

Metaphysical naturalism
Metaphysical naturalism (also called ontological naturalism, philosophical naturalism, or antisupernaturalism) is a philosophical worldview that holds that there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and relations of the kind studied by the natural sciences. Methodological naturalism is a philosophical basis for science, for which metaphysical naturalism provides only one possible ontological foundation. Broadly, the corresponding theological perspective is religious naturalism or spiritual naturalism. More specifically, metaphysical naturalism rejects the supernatural concepts and explanations that are part of many religions.
Jorge Luis de la Garza
Jorge Luis de la Garza Treviño (born 9 December 1981) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). From 2007 to 2009 he served in the to the Chamber of Deputies during the 60th Congress, representing Nuevo León's 2nd district as the alternate of Rodrigo Medina de la Cruz.

2nd federal electoral district of Nuevo León
The 2nd federal electoral district of Nuevo León (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 02 de Nuevo León) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 14 such districts in the state of Nuevo León.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the second region.

The current member for the district, re-elected in the 2024 general election, is Andrés Cantú Ramírez of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
Papatawa
Papatawa is a rural community in the Tararua District and Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located six kilometres north-east of Woodville, on both sides of State Highway 2.

The area has no shops, and locals use Palmerston North, Pahiatua and Dannevirke as service centres.

Manawatū–Whanganui
Manawatū-Whanganui ([manawaˈtʉː ˈˀwaŋanʉi]; spelled Manawatu-Wanganui prior to 2019) is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatū-Whanganui Regional Council, which operates under the name Horizons Regional Council. The region covers over 22,000 square kilometres (13,670.166 mi), making it the sixth largest region by area in the country and is home to 261,100 residents.
Jacques Faure (French Army officer)
Jacques Marie Alfred Gaston Faure (2 March 1904 – 9 April 1988) was a French Army general and skier. He was the leader of the French national Olympic military patrol team in 1936 which placed sixth and in 1961 one of the masterminds of the Algiers putsch.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (German: IV. Olympische Winterspiele) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.
1923 Wellington mayoral election
The 1923 Wellington mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1923, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.

Mayor of Wellington
The mayor of Wellington is the head of the municipal government of the city of Wellington, one of 67 mayors in New Zealand; they preside over the Wellington City Council. The mayor is directly elected using the single transferable vote method of proportional representation.

The current mayor is Andrew Little, elected in October 2025 for a three-year-term.
Gunārs Meierovics
Gunārs Meierovics (12 May 1920 – 11 February 2007) was a Latvian politician and the youngest son of the second Prime Minister of Latvia Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics. Meierovics was also a candidate for the 1993 Latvian presidential election.

Prime Minister of Latvia
The prime minister of Latvia (Latvian: ministru prezidents) is the most powerful member of the Government of Latvia, who presides over the Latvian Cabinet of Ministers. The officeholder is nominated by the president of Latvia, but must be able to obtain the support of a parliamentary majority in the Saeima.

The tables below display all Latvian prime ministers from both the first period of Latvian independence (1918–1940) and since the country regained its independence (1990–present). From 1990 to 6 July 1993, the head of government was known as the chairman of the Council of Ministers.

A direct translation of the official Latvian term is minister-president. Although the equivalent is used in some European languages, it is not used conventionally in English.
Grant Long
Grant Andrew Long (born March 12, 1966) is an American former professional basketball player.  He played over 1,000 games in the National Basketball Association over a 15-year career.  Long had two relatives who were playing in the NBA during his tenure in the league: his uncle John Long, and his cousin Terry Mills.  His brother is professional boxer Julius Long.

Julius Long
Julius Lloyd-Long (born 28 May 1977) is an American-born New Zealander professional boxer. He is best known for his physical stature, standing at 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) and having a purportedly record-breaking 90 in (230 cm) reach.
Zerbst Castle
Zerbst Castle (German: Schloss Zerbst) in the town of Zerbst, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany was the residence of the Princes of Anhalt-Zerbst from the late 17th century until the line died out in 1793. It later served as a museum and archive. The building was severely damaged by bombs during the last weeks of World War II and largely demolished afterwards.

Currently a Verein is working to maintain and reconstruct the remaining eastern wing.

Registered association (Germany)
An eingetragener Verein (German: [ˈaɪnɡəˌtʁaːɡənɐ fɛɐˈʔaɪn]; lit. 'registrated association'), abbreviated e.V. (German: [ˌeːˈfaʊ] ⓘ), is a legal status for a registered voluntary association in Germany. While any group may be called a Verein, registration as eingetragener Verein confers many legal benefits, because it confers the status of a juridical person rather than just a group of individuals. The legal status must be mentioned in the name as well. Like certain other corporate bodies, an eingetragener Verein can apply for the status of a charitable organization (Gemeinnützigkeit).
Digital object memory
A digital object memory (DOMe) is a digital storage space intended to keep permanently all related information about a concrete physical object instance that is collected during the lifespan of this object  and thus forms a basic building block for the Internet of Things (IoT) by connecting digital information with physical objects.

Such memories require each object instance to be uniquely identified and this ID to be attached to the physical object. The underlying techniques to create identification codes and to attach them to objects are manifold but machine-readable techniques are mandatory. Commonly used are barcodes with one or two dimensions (e.g. QR code or Data Matrix) and radio based tags like RFID or NFC. Such codes or tags are a low cost solution but demand an underlying server infrastructure to host the memory data.

Near-field communication
Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on an NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone. NFC communicating in one or both directions uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio-frequency ISM band, compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air-interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s.

The NFC Forum has helped define and promote the technology, setting standards for certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms, as is done for credit cards, and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network.
Garegin Nzhdeh Square (Yerevan Metro)
Garegin Nzhdeh Square (Armenian: Գարեգին Նժդեհի Հրապարակ) is a Yerevan Metro station, opened on December 31, 1986. It is located in the Shengavit District and has exits to Garegin Nzhdeh Square, Garegin Nzhdeh Street, and Bagratunyats Avenue.

Until 1992, it was called "Spandaryan Square" after the Soviet revolutionary Suren Spandaryan, then it was renamed in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh, an Armenian statesman and military commander.

Bagratuni dynasty
The Bagratuni or Bagratid dynasty (Armenian: Բագրատունի, Armenian pronunciation: [bagɾatuni]) was an Armenian royal dynasty which ruled the medieval Kingdom of Armenia from c. 885 until 1045. Originating as vassals of the Kingdom of Armenia of antiquity, they rose to become the most prominent Armenian noble family during the period of Arab rule in Armenia, eventually establishing their own independent kingdom. Their domain included regions of Armenia such as Shirak, Bagrevand, Kogovit, Syunik, Lori, Vaspurakan, Vanand and Taron. Many historians, such as Cyril Toumanoff, Nicholas Adontz and Ronald Suny, consider them to be the progenitors of the Georgian royal Bagrationi dynasty.
Pallavaram–Kundrathur–Poonamallee Road
Pallavaram–Kundrathur–Poonamallee Road or State Highway 113A is an arterial road in Chennai City connecting Grand Southern Trunk Road in Pallavaram with Trunk Road in Kumananchavadi in Poonamallee running for a length of 13 kilometres (8.1 mi). The road is also known as Pammal Main Road. The road runs through Pammal, Anakaputhur, Kundrathur, Mangadu and Kumanan Chavadi.

About 4 km of the road is located in Pallavaram Taluk of Chengalpattu District, the part of Kundrathur Taluk of Kancheepuram District and remaining part is located in Poonamallee Taluk of Thiruvallur District.

Anakaputhur
Anakaputhur is a neighborhood in the city of Chennai Tambaram, situated within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Tamil Nadu, India.

It is located next to Pammal on the western side. Anakaputhur was once famous for its traditional weaving business, which has declined due to modern competition. As of 2011, the town had a population of 48,050. Formerly a municipality, it was merged into Tambaram Municipal Corporation in 2021.
Snyder Guard Station Historical District
The Snyder Guard Station by the Moyie River in Kaniksu National Forest, in the vicinity of Eastport, Idaho, dates from 1908.  A historic district encompassing the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Snyder Guard Station Historical District in 1983.  The listed area included nine contributing buildings.

The ranger's house was constructed in 1908.  It is a one-story six room 42.5 by 24.5 feet (13.0 m × 7.5 m) frame house built on a concrete foundation. It has a gable roof covered by wooden shingles and it has two brick chimneys.  Two other dwellings, a meat house, a cook house, a wash house/workshop, a warehouse/office, and other structures were built later.

The NRHP nomination states the listed area was 28 acres (11 ha); NRIS gives 7.4 acres (3.0 ha) as its size.

Kaniksu National Forest
The Kaniksu National Forest (pronounced kə-NIK-soo, /kə.ˈnɪk.su/) is a U.S. National Forest located in northeastern Washington, the Idaho Panhandle, and northwestern Montana.  It is one of three forests that are aggregated into the Idaho Panhandle National Forests, along with the Coeur d'Alene National Forest and St. Joe National Forest. Kaniksu National Forest has a total area of 1,627,833 acres (6,587.6 km2). About 55.7% is in Idaho, 27.9% in Montana, and 16.4% in Washington.

The name Kaniksu is from a Kalispel Indian word which means "black robe." It was used to refer to the Jesuit missionaries who brought their faith to North Idaho and Eastern Washington.
Carl Friedrich Schmidt (geologist)
Carl Friedrich Schmidt (Russian: Фёдор Богданович Шмидт, Fyodor Bogdanovich Schmidt; also known as Friedrich Schmidt; 27 January [O.S. 15 January] 1832 in Kaisma, Livonia – 21 November [O.S. 8 November] 1908 in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German geologist and botanist in the Russian Empire. He is acknowledged as the founder of Estonian geology. In the mid-19th century, he researched Estonian oil shale, kukersite, and named it after Kuckers.

Main papers of Friedrich Schmidt research the stratigraphy and fauna of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in Estonia and the neighboring areas. In 1885 he became academician of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He won the Wollaston Medal, awarded by the Geological Society of London, in 1902.

Friedrich Schmidt was the first European to "discover" the Sakhalin Fir on the Russian island of Sakhalin in 1866, but he did not introduce it to Europe. The Schmidt Peninsula (Sakhalin) was named after him.

Governorate of Livonia
The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a province (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, Baltic Governorate-General until 1876. Governorate of Livonia bordered Governorate of Estonia to the north, Saint Petersburg and Pskov Governorates to the east, Courland Governorate to the south, and the Gulf of Riga to the west. In 1897, the population of the governorate was 1,299,365, and it had an area of 47,030.87 square kilometres (18,158.72 mi2). The administrative centre of the governorate was the Baltic Sea port of Riga. It roughly corresponded to most of the modern Vidzeme Region of Latvia and southern Estonia.
Women's Generation
Women's Generation (Korean: 여성시대) is the debut project single by South Korean girl groups SeeYa, Davichi, and T-ara, released on May 6, 2009.The single's musical style focuses on themes of women's empowerment. Although T-ara is officially credited on all tracks, only Ji-yeon participated in the singing and performances. Following the success of Women's Generation, a second special project single, Wonder Woman, was released a year later, featuring SeeYa, Davichi, and T-ara members Hyomin and Eun-jung.

Davichi
Davichi (Korean: 다비치; RR: Dabichi) is a South Korean pop duo, formed in 2008, that consists of Lee Hae-ri and Kang Min-kyung.

The duo has released three studio albums and seven extended plays to date, and featured on several soundtracks for television dramas such as Big (2012), Iris II (2013), It's Okay, That's Love (2014), Descendants of the Sun (2016) and Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo (2016). Since their debut with the single "I Love You Even Though I Hate You", they have experienced consistent commercial success, with seven number-one singles in Korea. They have a less pop aesthetic than usually defines K-pop and Hallyu, focusing more on power ballads influenced with R&B. They have sold over 42 million digital singles, making them one of the best-selling girl groups.
Jerome Street Bridge
The Jerome Street Bridge is an arch bridge across the Youghiogheny River connecting the east and west banks of the Pittsburgh industrial suburb of McKeesport, Pennsylvania. The bridge is a rare steel crescent arch bridge. A crescent arch is formed when the intrados and extrados (the ribs) of the arch are not parallel, but instead form two different curves beginning and ending together. The ribs form a truss at the top of the arch and join together in a solid rib at each end. A crescent arch is a two-hinged arch, the ribs are further apart where the bending moment is greatest and close together at each hinge where it is minimized.

Hinged arch bridge
A hinged arch bridge is one with hinges incorporated into its structure to allow movement. In structural engineering, a hinge is essentially a "cut in the structure" that can withstand compressive forces. In a steel arch, the hinge allows free rotation, somewhat resembling a common hinge. The most common hinged arch bridge varieties are the two-hinged bridge with hinges at the springing points and the three-hinged bridge with an additional hinge at the crown of the arch; though single-hinged versions exist with a hinge only at the crown of the arch.  Hinges at the springing point prevent bending moments from being transferred to the bridge abutments.  A triple-hinged bridge is statically determinate, while the other versions are not.
General intellect
General intellect, according to Karl Marx in the Grundrisse, is capable of becoming a structural force of production. The concept designates a combination of technological expertise and social intellect, or general social knowledge (increasing importance of machinery in social organization). The "general intellect" passage in the Fragment on machines, says that, while the development of machinery led to the oppression of workers under capitalism, it also offers a prospect for future liberation.

Social organization
In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on.

Because of these characteristics of social organization, people can monitor their everyday work and involvement in other activities that are controlled forms of human interaction. These interactions include: affiliation, collective resources, substitutability of individuals and recorded control. These interactions come together to constitute common features in basic social units such as family, enterprises, clubs, states, etc. These are social organizations.

Common examples of modern social organizations are government agencies, NGOs, and corporations.
Maat (TV series)
Maat (Urdu: مات, lit. 'Defeat') is a Pakistani television series that premiered  on Hum TV on 9 September 2011. The series is based on an Urdu novel of the same name by Umera Ahmad. It stars Saba Qamar and Aamina Sheikh as the contrasting sisters who take divergent paths driven by their choices and actions. The last episode of the series was telecasted on 24 February 2012.

Maat garnered mixed critical response, with praise for the leads' performances, but criticism for lacking nuance. The series earned numerous award nominations, including four at the 12th Lux Style Awards and five at the 1st Hum Awards, where it won Best Writer.

Hum Awards
Hum Awards are annual Pakistani accolades bestowed by the Hum Network in recognition of excellence in programming of television, fashion and music industry of Pakistan. Winners are awarded the Hum Award of Merit. The awards were first presented in 2013.
Donald N. Smith
Donald Nickerson Smith (born 1940) is a restaurant executive for McDonald's, Burger King and other fast food franchise restaurants in the latter half of the 20th century.

Smith was senior executive vice president and COO of McDonald's Corporation, before leaving to become CEO of Burger King Corporation from 1977 to 1980, and then Diversifoods, the largest franchisee of Burger King, later leaving for Pepsico to improve sales in Pizza Hut and Taco Bell.

Smith led the unsuccessful buyout of Diversifoods before resigning as CEO in 1985 to start a partnership with Holiday Inns Inc. and Investment Limited Partnership to form the Tennessee Restaurant Company.

Smith's business practices helped shape the modern operational procedures and advertising models for the industry.

Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut, LLC is an American multinational pizza restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by brothers Dan and Frank Carney. The chain, headquartered in Plano, Texas, operates 19,866 restaurants worldwide as of 2023.

While studying at Wichita State University, the Carneys opened their first location, which quickly expanded to six outlets within a year. The brand began franchising in 1959, and its distinctive building style was designed by Chicago architect George Lindstrom in 1963. Pizza Hut experienced significant growth, including the acquisition by PepsiCo in 1977, followed by a spin-off into Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., later renamed Yum! Brands in 2002, who are the current owners.
Jules Bernard
Jules Liam Bernard (born January 21, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins.

Oregon Ducks men's basketball
The Oregon Ducks men's basketball team is an intercollegiate basketball program that competes in the NCAA Division I and is a member of the Big Ten Conference, representing the University of Oregon. The Ducks play their home games at Matthew Knight Arena, which has a capacity of 12,364. Then coached by Howard Hobson, Oregon won the first NCAA men's basketball national championship in 1939.  They again reached the Final Four in 2017 under head coach Dana Altman, marking the longest span between appearances in NCAA history (79 years). The Ducks have made the NCAA tournament 19 times, and have won eight conference championships.
1991–92 National Division 4 North
The 1991–92 National Division 4 North was the fifth full season of rugby union within the fourth tier of the English league system, currently known as National League 2 North, and counterpart to the National Division 4 South (now National League 2 South).  At the end of the season, newly promoted Aspatria made it a second promotion in a row by qualifying for the 1992–93 National Division 3, 1 point clear of Hereford.

At the other end of the table, Northern and Vale of Lune were the two sides to go down.  Vale of Lune were the more competitive, finishing dead level with Walsall on 7 points each, but in the end a worse for/against record condemned the Lancaster side to their second relegation in a row.  Both Northern and Vale of Lune would drop to North 1.

Walsall RFC
Walsall Rugby Football Club is an English rugby union club based in Walsall in the West Midlands, playing home games at the Broadway Ground, Delves Road. The club operates four senior men's teams, a colts side as well as a full range of junior teams (ages 6–17). The men's 1st XV currently play in Regional 2 North Midlands (level 6).