hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Outline of Botswana
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Botswana:

Botswana – a landlocked sovereign country located in Southern Africa. Citizens of Botswana are Batswana (singular: Motswana), regardless of ethnicity. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. The economy, closely tied to South Africa's, is dominated by mining (especially diamonds), tourism, and cattle.

Bechuanaland Protectorate
The Bechuanaland Protectorate (/ˌbɛtʃuˈɑːnəlænd/) was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885 in Southern Africa by the United Kingdom. It became independent as the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966, six years after the Bechuanaland Democratic Party was established, under the leadership of Seretse Khama.
Charge carrier
In solid state physics, a charge carrier is a particle or quasiparticle that is free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors. Examples are electrons, ions and holes. In a conducting medium, an electric field can exert force on these free particles, causing a net motion of the particles through the medium; this is what constitutes an electric current. 
The electron and the proton are the elementary charge carriers, each carrying one elementary charge (e), of the same magnitude and opposite sign.

Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms a theoretical basis of materials science. Along with solid-state chemistry, it also has direct applications in the technology of transistors and semiconductors.
Luge at the 1968 Winter Olympics – Doubles
The doubles luge competition at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble was held on 18 February, at Villard-de-Lans. With his win, Thomas Köhler became the first person to win in both men's singles (1964) and doubles.

Villard-de-Lans
Villard-de-Lans (French pronunciation: [vilˈaʁ də lˈɑ̃s], literally Villard of Lans; Vivaro-Alpine: Lo Vilar de Lanç) is a commune in the Isère department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. The town is also situated in the Vercors Massif. It was the administrative centre of the eponymous canton until the departmental elections of 2015. After the elections, Villard-de-Lans and the communes of its former canton were all incorporated into the new canton of Fontaine-Vercors. The town remains the seat of the Community of Communes in the Vercors Massif (CCMV).

The town is a centre for skiing in winter, as well as hiking and hot air ballooning during the other seasons. It is also the town with the largest amount of available lodging in the entire Vercors Regional Natural Park.
Waszkiewicz
Waszkiewicz is a Polish surname. Notable people with it include:

Adam Waszkiewicz (born 1993), Polish football player

Aleksander Waszkiewicz (1901–1945), Soviet military officer of Polish descent

Daniel Waszkiewicz (born 1957), Polish handball player

Eugeniusz Waszkiewicz (1890–1972), Polish sports shooter, competitor in the 1924 Summer Olympics

Jan Waszkiewicz (1944–2021), Polish politician, regional official, and academic

Olga Vashkevich (born 1988), Belarusian basketball player

Aleksander Waszkiewicz
Major General Aleksander Waszkiewicz (Belarusian: Аляксандр Аляксандравіч Вашкевіч, Russian: Александр Вашкевич, often transliterated as Vashkevich; 1901–1945) was a Soviet military officer of Polish descent. He served in the Red Army as commander of the 793rd Rifle Regiment during 1942–1944 and later as Deputy Commander of the 116th Rifle Division in 1944. Transferred to Polish LWP in 1944 and assigned as commander of the 5th Infantry Division of the LWP. He died in the Battle of Bautzen (1945). According to some sources, he was captured and tortured before his death.
Champart
Champart (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃paʁ]) was a tax in Medieval France levied by landowners on tenants. Paid as a share of the harvest, the amount due varied between 1⁄6
and 1⁄12, and typically 1⁄8 of the cereal crop.

Regional names for champart included arrage, gerbage, parcière, tasque, and terrage.

Beginning in the early modern period, champart was converted into a cash rent, first in the Île-de-France region.

France in the early modern period
During the early modern period, from the Renaissance (c. 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), the Kingdom of France was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch). This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime ("old rule"). The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas.

The period is dominated by the figure of the "Sun King", Louis XIV (his reign of 1643–1715 being one of the longest in history), who managed to eliminate the remnants of medieval feudalism and established a centralized state under an absolute monarch, a system that would endure until the French Revolution and beyond.
Firoozeh Dumas
Firoozeh Dumas (Persian: فیروزه دوما) (born June 26, 1965, in Abadan, Iran) is an Iranian-American writer who writes in English. She is the author of the memoirs Funny in Farsi: A Memoir of Growing up Iranian in America (2003) and Laughing without an Accent: Adventures of a Global Citizen (2008), and the semi-autobiographical novel It Ain't so Awful, Falafel (2016).

Abadan, Iran
Abadan (Persian: آبادان; pronounced [ʔɒːbɒːˈdɒːn]) is a city in the Central District of Abadan County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The city is in the southwest of the county. It lies on Abadan Island (68 km or 42 mi long, 3–19 km or 2–12 miles wide). The island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River (the Arvand Rood), 53 kilometres (33 mi) from the Persian Gulf, near the Iran–Iraq border. Abadan is 140 km from the provincial capital city of Ahvaz.
1949 Fordham Rams football team
The 1949 Fordham Rams football team represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1949 college football season. The Army Cadets hosted Vince Lombardi's former team, the Fordham Rams at Michie Stadium. One of the members of the Rams was Vince's brother, Joe Lombardi, who transferred to the school after Lombardi left. Tim Cohane, writer of Look magazine was a Fordham alumnus, and a friend of Army coach Earl Blaik. He pressured both teams to play each other. Cohane felt the game would help Fordham rise to national prominence. Herb Seidell, the Fordham captain, lost a tooth in the game. Several fights ensued and the media named the match, the Donnybrook on the Hudson. There were multiple penalties for unnecessary roughness.

1949 Army Cadets football team
The 1949 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1949 college football season.  The Cadets scored 354 points, while the defense allowed only 68 points. Arnold Galiffa was the starting quarterback, ahead of Earl Blaik's son, Bob. Johnny Trent was the team captain. The Cadets won the Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy as the best college team in the East. At season’s end, Red Blaik confessed that he thoughts of retiring.
Erica quadrisulcata
Erica quadrisulcata, the orange rock-heath, four-groove heath, or Swartkop heath, is a plant belonging to the genus Erica and is part of the fynbos. The species is endemic to the Western Cape. Here it occurs in the southern part of the Cape Peninsula on the mountain above Simon's Town. Here there is one population in an area of 12 km². The habitat is safe, it is still safe from invasive plants and is protected in the Table Mountain National Park. The plant is considered rare.

Table Mountain National Park
Table Mountain National Park, previously known as the Cape Peninsula National Park, is a national park in Cape Town, South Africa, proclaimed on 29 May 1998, for the purpose of protecting the natural environment of the Table Mountain chain, and in particular the rare fynbos vegetation.

The park is managed by South African National Parks (SANParks), and is included as part of the UNESCO Cape Floral Region World Heritage Site.

The park contains two well-known landmarks: Table Mountain, for which the park is named; and the Cape of Good Hope, the most southwestern extremity of Africa.
Chikuwa
Chikuwa (竹輪) is a Japanese fishcake product made from fish surimi. After being mixed well, they are wrapped around a bamboo or metal stick and steamed or broiled. The word chikuwa ("bamboo ring") comes from the shape when it is sliced.

Variants of surimi products such as kamaboko and satsuma-age are popular. In Tottori, the per-household consumption has been the highest of all prefectures for the past 30 years, since the first year such records were kept. As it is cheap and a relatively low-fat source of protein, chikuwa is popular as a snack.

Chikuwa should not be confused with chikuwabu, which is an altogether different food product.

There exists a rare kanji for chikuwa, "" which is known for its unusual double-ring shape.

Flying fish
The Exocoetidae are a family of saltwater ray-finned fish in the order Beloniformes, known colloquially as flying fish or flying cod, with about 64 species in seven genera. While they do not "fly" in the same way a bird does, flying fish can make powerful leaps out of the water where their long, wing-like paired fins act as aerofoils to generate lift and enable prolonged gliding for considerable distances above the water surface. The main reason for this behavior is thought to be to escape from underwater predators, which include swordfish, mackerel, tuna, and marlin, among others, though their periods of flight expose them to attack by aerial predators such as frigatebirds.

Barbados is known as "the land of the flying fish" and the fish is one of the national symbols of the country. The French Exocet anti-ship missile is also named after them, as the missile can be launched from underwater, and take a low, sea-skimming trajectory before striking the targets.
The Heart of a Lion
The Heart of a Lion is a lost 1917 silent film drama directed by Frank Lloyd and starring William Farnum. Fox Film Corporation produced and distributed the movie. It is based on a novel by Ralph Connor.

Fox Film
The Fox Film Corporation (also known as Fox Studios) was an American independent company that produced motion pictures and was formed in 1915 by the theater "chain" pioneer William Fox. It was the corporate successor to his earlier Greater New York Film Rental Company and Box Office Attraction Company (founded 1913).

The company's first film studios were set up in Fort Lee, New Jersey, but in 1917, William Fox sent Sol M. Wurtzel to Hollywood, California, to oversee the studio's new West Coast production facilities, where the climate was more hospitable for filmmaking. On July 23, 1926, Fox Studios bought the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.

After the Wall Street crash of 1929, William Fox lost control of the company in 1930, during a hostile takeover. Under new president Sidney R. Kent, the new owners merged the company with Twentieth Century Pictures to form Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation (later 20th Century Studios) in 1935.
Pontoon, County Mayo
Pontoon (Irish: Pontún) is a lakeside village on the R310 regional road in County Mayo in Ireland, situated between Lough Conn and Lough Cullin, and near the town of Foxford and the village of Lahardane.

The dance hall in Pontoon attracted large numbers of people to its weekend dances from a large catchment area.

Pontoon Bridge on the R310

Lough Cullin
Lough Cullin (Irish: Loch Cuilinn, meaning 'holly lake') is a lake in County Mayo in Ireland. With its immediate neighbour to the north, Lough Conn, it is connected to the Atlantic by the River Moy. Lough Cullin is noted for its trout and salmon fishing.

In Celtic mythology, Lough Cullin was created when Fionn mac Cumhaill was hunting with his hounds; Cullin and Conn. They came across a wild boar. Finn and the hounds attempted to chase it. However, as the boar ran, water poured from its feet. The hounds ran ahead of Finn and eventually Conn was ahead of Cullin. Conn chased the boar for days until a lake appeared. The boar swam back to land but Conn was drowned. This happened again in the south to Cullin.
Frank Miller (infielder)
Frank Miller (December 17, 1867 – November 2, 1942) was an American Negro league infielder in the 1880s and 1890s.

A native of Cumberland, Maryland, Miller made his Negro leagues debut in 1887 with the Pittsburgh Keystones and the Cuban Giants. He played for the Giants again in 1891, and also played for the New York Gorhams that season. Miller finished his career in 1896 with the Cuban X-Giants. He died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1942 at age 74.

Cuban Giants
The Cuban Giants were the first fully salaried African-American professional baseball club. The team was originally formed in 1885 at the Argyle Hotel, a summer resort in Babylon, New York. Initially an independent barnstorming team, they played games against opponents of all types: major and minor league clubs, semiprofessional teams, even college and amateur squads. They would go on to join various short-lived East Coast leagues, and in 1888 became the "World Colored Champions". Despite their name, no Cubans played on the team. The "Cubes" remained one of the premier Negro league teams for nearly 20 years, and served as a model that future black teams would emulate.
National retail sales tax
A national retail sales tax (NRST) is a type of retail sales tax levied on a national level, a sales tax levied on retail sales.

Taxes and proposals for such taxes include:

FairTax (U.S.A.), a proposal to replace most existing nationally levied taxes with a single retail sales tax

nationally levied consumer value-added tax (VAT)
Value-added tax (United Kingdom)

nationally levied consumer goods and services tax (GST)
Goods and Services Tax (Australia)
Goods and Services Tax (Canada)
Goods and Services Tax (Hong Kong)
Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)
Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)

Goods and services tax (Hong Kong)
The goods and services tax (GST) was a proposed value-added tax in Hong Kong. Consultation over a period of nine months was launched on 19 July 2006 and stirred considerable controversy.

It launched a fierce debate amongst local taxpayers, lawmakers, journalists, politicians, who hotly debated the need for the tax, and the shape any taxes should take. The plan to levy a GST was dropped on 5 December 2006, and has never been formally revisited since, although still suggested from time to time.
Ken Albiston
Kenneth Ian Albiston (11 November 1926 – 20 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Richmond and Melbourne in the VFL.

The younger brother of Hawthorn forward Alec Albiston and Collingwood defender Harold Albiston, Ken played six seasons with Richmond before moving to Melbourne. He played in Melbourne's 1954 Grand Final loss to Footscray.

It was unusual in those days for footballers to kick left and right footed, but Albiston learned to kick left footed while recovering from an injury to his right foot.

Prior to his  VFL career, Albiston served for seven months in the Royal Australian Air Force during the final year of World War II.

Alec Albiston
Alec Marsh Albiston (16 November 1917 – 13 April 1998) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and with North Melbourne for his final season. A goalkicking rover, he was captain and coach of Hawthorn between 1947 and 1949.
Walter Merrill Hall
Walter Merrill Hall (December 4, 1887 – July 28, 1980) was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and raised in Manhattan. Hall was a longtime player and administrator in American tennis. Career highlights: 1. Nationally ranked number four in 1918. 2. U.S. National Championship quarterfinalists in 1918 & 1919. 3. USLTA President 1934–36.

1918 U.S. National Championships – Men's singles
Defending champion Robert Lindley Murray defeated Bill Tilden in the final, 6–3, 6–1, 7–5 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1918 U.S. National Championships.

The event was held at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, from August 26 through September 3, 1918.
Are You Going with Me?
"Are You Going with Me?" is a song by American contemporary jazz ensemble the Pat Metheny Group; it was composed by Metheny and keyboardist Lyle Mays.  It was originally recorded in October 1981 for the band's third studio album Offramp.

Lyle Mays
Lyle David Mays (November 27, 1953 – February 10, 2020) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and member of the Pat Metheny Group. Metheny and Mays composed and arranged nearly all of the group's music, for which Mays won eleven Grammy Awards.
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1973–1976
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who served in the 44th parliament held their seats from 1973 to 1976. They were elected at the 1973 state election, and at by-elections. The Speaker was Jim Cameron.

Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
The Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Legislative Assembly, New South Wales's lower chamber of Parliament. The current Speaker is Greg Piper, who was elected on 9 May 2023.
Kandla Airport
Kandla Airport (IATA: IXY, ICAO: VAKE) is a domestic airport serving the cities of Kandla and Gandhidham in Gujarat, India. It is located in Anjar, 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Kandla and 7.5 km (4.7 mi) northwest of Gandhidham.

ATR 72
The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR.
The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.
The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which remains in production as of 2025.
Hardeman (surname)
Hardeman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bailey Hardeman (1795–1836), American lawyer and politician

Buddy Hardeman (born 1954), American football player

Don Hardeman (1952–2016), American football player

Dorsey B. Hardeman (1902–1992), American politician, lawyer and businessman

Ernie Hardeman (born 1947), Canadian politician

Gary Hardeman (born 1950), Australian rules footballer

N. B. Hardeman (1874–1965), American educator

Rachel Hardeman, American public health academic

Thomas Hardeman Jr. (1825–1891), American politician, lawyer and Confederate States Army officer

William Polk Hardeman (1816–1898), Confederate States Army general

William Polk Hardeman
William Polk Hardeman (November 4, 1816 – April 8, 1898) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War. He had fought in the Texas War of Independence in 1836. He was a member of the Texas Rangers and fought in the Mexican-American War in 1846–1847. During the Civil War, he participated in Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley's New Mexico Campaign and in the Red River Campaign. He had a variety of occupations after the war, including superintendent of public buildings and grounds at Austin, Texas.
Kokoro no Chikara
"Kokoro no Chikara" (心（こころ）のチカラ, lit. "The Power of the Heart") is a song recorded by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo, from her sixteenth studio album, Tsukikage. It was released by Pony Canyon as the album's second single on April 27, 2005. The song was featured as the theme song on the first installment of the Pretty Cure anime film series, Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart the Movie (2005), for which she also voiced the character of the Queen of the Garden of Hope. A separate edition of the single including an alternate version of the song, as well as another song from the movie performed by Mayumi Gojo, was released by Marvelous Entertainment on May 25, 2005.

The coupling song, "Urunda Heart" served as theme song to the CX variety show, F2 Smile.

Tsukikage (album)
Tsukikage (月影（つきかげ）, lit. "Moonlight") is the sixteenth studio album by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo. It was released on June 1, 2005, through Pony Canyon. It is her first album in three years, since Jewelry Box, and her first album released under Pony Canyon in a day short of six years, since Full of Love.
Society for New Music
The Society for New Music (SNM) is a contemporary classical music organization based in Syracuse, New York. SNM presents concerts devoted entirely to contemporary music, funds commissions, produces recordings and presents awards to young composers.

Brian Israel
Brian Israel (February 5, 1951 - May 7, 1986), was an American composer, pianist, and conductor. He was a faculty member of the Syracuse University School of Music from 1975 until his death, at age 35, from leukemia. He left a large number of symphonic, chamber, and solo works, several of which have been recorded for Spectrum, Redwood, Pro-Viva, Innova Records, and Albany Records. "His music is marked by extreme contrasts in tempo and mood, often following a witty or downright funny movement with one that is deadly serious."

In his honor, the Syracuse Society for New Music awards the Brian Israel Prize every year to an emerging New York State composer.  In addition, Syracuse University gives the Brian Israel Award each year to a deserving student composer at the university.
John H. Crowe
John Henry Crowe (born 1943) is an American comparative physiologist.  He is primarily known for his work on the mechanisms dehydration and rehydration of cryptobiotic organism, including tardigrades.  His work included the discovery of trehalose as a cryoprotectant for cell membranes and the use of trehalose and other cryoprotectants for the preservation of human blood components including platelets for longer-term storage

Comparative physiology
Comparative physiology is a subdiscipline of physiology that studies and exploits the diversity of functional characteristics of various kinds of organisms.  It is closely related to evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology.  Many universities offer undergraduate courses that cover comparative aspects of animal physiology. According to Clifford Ladd Prosser, "Comparative Physiology
is not so much a defined discipline as a viewpoint, a philosophy."