hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Napkin folding problem
The napkin folding problem is a problem in geometry and the mathematics of paper folding that explores whether folding a square or a rectangular napkin can increase its perimeter. The problem is known under several names, including the Margulis napkin problem, suggesting it is due to Grigory Margulis, and the Arnold's rouble problem referring to Vladimir Arnold and the folding of a Russian ruble bank note. It is the first problem listed by Arnold in his book Arnold's Problems, where he calls it the rumpled dollar problem. Some versions of the problem were solved by Robert J. Lang, Svetlana Krat, Alexey S. Tarasov, and Ivan Yaschenko. One form of the problem remains open.

Perimeter
A perimeter is the length of a closed boundary that encompasses, surrounds, or outlines either a two-dimensional shape or a one-dimensional line. The perimeter of a circle or an ellipse is called its circumference.

Calculating the perimeter has several practical applications. A calculated perimeter is the length of fence required to surround a yard or garden. The perimeter of a wheel/circle (its circumference) describes how far it will roll in one revolution. Similarly, the amount of string wound around a spool is related to the spool's perimeter; if the length of the string was exact, it would equal the perimeter.
Dasysphinx tarsipuncta
Dasysphinx tarsipuncta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William Schaus in 1905. It is found in Brazil.

The forewings are hyaline (glass like). The basal area is black to near the middle. The veins are black. The hindwings are black with a large
elliptical hyaline patch.

William Schaus
William Schaus (January 11, 1858, in New York City – June 20, 1942) was an American entomologist who became known for his major contribution to the knowledge and description of new species of the Neotropical Lepidoptera.
Dylów Szlachecki
Dylów Szlachecki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈdɨluf ʂlaˈxɛtskʲi]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pajęczno, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of Pajęczno and 79 km (49 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Pajęczno
Pajęczno [paˈjɛnt͡ʂnɔ] is a town in Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Pajęczno County. It lies approximately 40 kilometres (25 miles) north of Częstochowa. Its population is 6,651 (2020). It is located in the Sieradz Land.
Georgia's 15th Senate district
District 15 of the Georgia Senate is a district located in West and Southwest Georgia, anchored in Columbus.

The district includes most of Columbus-Muscogee County as well as all of Chattahoochee, Macon, Marion, Schley, Talbot, and Taylor counties.  The district includes Fort Benning.

The current senator is Ed Harbison, a Democrat from Columbus first elected in 1992.

Southwest Georgia
Southwest Georgia is a fourteen-county region in the U.S. state of Georgia, bordering Alabama and Florida. Colloquially referred to as SOWEGA, the region is anchored by Albany—its most populous city and the region's sole metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 United States census, Southwest Georgia's population was 352,426.
Thompson v Foy
Thompson v Foy [2009] EWHC 1076 (Ch) (20 May 2009) is an English land law case concerning the right of a person with an overriding interest in a home and deals with a family arrangement for a house to be a gift transferring from a mother to a daughter and the trust between the two parties that the daughter would pay the mother her sum to buy out her share of the property.

Overriding interest
For the oil and gas terminology of overriding royalty interest, please see Overriding Royalty Interest.

Overriding interest is an English land law concept. The general rule in registered conveyancing is that all interests and rights over a piece of land have to be written on the register entry for that land. Otherwise, when anyone buys that piece of land, the interests will not apply to the purchaser, and the rights will be lost. Overriding interests are the exception to this general rule. Overriding interests need not be registered to bind any new owner.
Ulmus glabra 'Gigantea'
The Wych Elm cultivar Ulmus glabra 'Gigantea' was listed as U. montana var. gigantea Hort. by Kirchner (1864). An U. montana gigantea was distributed by the Späth nursery, Berlin, in the 1890s and early 1900s. It did not appear in Späth's 1903 catalogue. A specimen at Kew was judged by Henry to be "not distinct enough to deserve a special name". Both Späth and the Hesse Nursery of Weener, Germany, supplied it in the 1930s.

Green gave a different clone, the Dutch Elm 'Major', as synonym of 'Gigantea'.

Weener
Weener (German pronunciation: [ˈveːnɐ] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Leer, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Ems. The town's population is at 15,654, making it the largest town of the region Rheiderland. It has a railway and autobahn connection to Groningen, Netherlands, Emden and Bremen.

The city was first mentioned in a monastery's records in 951.
Isola (Milan Metro)
Isola is a station on Line 5 of the Milan Metro. It takes its name from the Isola (island) district of Milan in which it is located, its name derived from the neighbourhood's position cut off from the city centre by the main railway.

Milan Metro
The Milan Metro (Italian: Metropolitana di Milano) is the rapid transit system serving Milan, Italy, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. The network consists of five lines with a total network length of 111.8 kilometres (69.5 mi), and a total of 125 stations (+2 in construction), mostly underground. It has a daily ridership of about 1.4 million on weekdays. The Milan Metro is the largest rapid transit system in Italy in terms of length, number of stations and ridership; and the fifth longest in the European Union and the eighth in Europe.

The first line, Line 1, opened in 1964; Line 2 opened 5 years later in 1969, Line 3 in 1990, Line 5 (driverless) in 2013, and Line 4 (driverless) in 2022. There are also several extensions planned and under construction. The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in 1964.
1941 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1941 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1941 college football season. In its eighth and final season under head coach Glen Harmeson, the team compiled a 0–6–3 record, and lost both games against its Middle Three Conference rivals. This was Lehigh's first winless campaign since its four-game, four-loss inaugural season in 1884. Lehigh played home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Lehigh football, 1884–1889
The Lehigh football team  (later known as the Lehigh Mountain Hawks) represented Lehigh University of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in American football. Significant points in this, the first decade of Lehigh football, included the following:

The Lehigh football program started on October 25, 1884, with a 50–0 loss to Lafayette. The team lost all four games in 1884 by a combined score of 181 to 16.

Lehigh won its first intercollegiate football game on November 14, 1885, defeating Rutgers by a 10–5 score.

Lehigh's first winning season was in 1886 when the team compiled a 4–3–1 record.

The 1888 team became one of the sport's leading teams, compiling a 10–2 record and shutting out seven oppoinents, including Bucknell (74–0), Rutgers (30–0), Penn State (30–0), and Cornell (4–0).

On November 11, 1889, Lehigh shut out Penn State, 106–0, the worst defeat in the history of the Penn State football program.

The Lehigh football team did not have a coach during the 1880s.
Eel Glacier
Eel Glacier is located to the north of Mount Anderson and east of West Peak, in Olympic National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. The northward-facing glacier starts at about 6,600 feet (2,000 m) in elevation, with an arm extending up to 7,100 ft (2,200 m). As the glacier flows north, it descends in elevation to about 5,200 ft (1,600 m) at its terminus. Meltwater from the glacier gives rise to Silt Creek, which flows through the  Olympic Mountains and Olympic National Park. Between 1920 and 2009, Eel Glacier has retreated significantly, losing 50 percent of its surface area.

Eel Glacier's name was obtained by taking mountaineer Fairman B. Lee's last name and spelling it backwards. Lee was a member of the first expedition to summit Mount Anderson in 1920.

Olympic Mountains
The Olympic Mountains are a mountain range on the Olympic Peninsula of the Pacific Northwest of the United States.  The mountains, part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, are not especially high – Mount Olympus is the highest summit at 7,980 ft (2,432 m); however, the eastern slopes rise precipitously out of Puget Sound from sea level, and the western slopes are separated from the Pacific Ocean by the low-lying 20 to 35 km (12 to 22 mi) wide Pacific Ocean coastal plain. These densely forested western slopes are the wettest place in the 48 contiguous states. Most of the mountains are protected within the bounds of Olympic National Park and adjoining segments of Olympic National Forest.

The mountains are located in western Washington in the United States, spread out across four counties: Clallam, Grays Harbor, Jefferson and Mason. Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which is in turn a part of the larger Pacific Mountain System.
QRN sur Bretzelburg
QRN sur Bretzelburg (Eng. Lit., QRN over Bretzelburg), written by Franquin and Greg, drawn by Franquin with assistance by Jidéhem, is the eighteenth album of the Spirou et Fantasio series. The story was initially serialised in Spirou magazine under the name QRM sur Bretzelburg over an unusually long period (including a break in 1962), before a delayed hardcover album release in 1966.

Jidéhem
Jean De Mesmaeker (21 December 1935 – 30 April 2017), known by the pseudonym Jidéhem (French: [ʒi.de.ɛm]; from the initials "JDM"), was a Belgian comics artist in the Marcinelle school tradition.

He was best known for his series featuring a cute, playful and adventurous young girl, Sophie. A creator of his own series Sophie, and Ginger, and noted for his work with Starter and Uhu-man, he is known for his collaborations and assistance to the work of André Franquin during a long career at the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou, working on Spirou et Fantasio and Gaston Lagaffe, on which he shared co-authorship for several years.
Bluenose Lake
Bluenose Lake is a lake in Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located north of the Arctic Circle within the large, shallow basin of the Melville Hills. It is approximately 33 mi (53 km) long, 12 mi (19 km) wide, and is situated at 1,800 ft (550 m) above sea level. The Croker River flows north from Bluenose Lake to the Arctic Ocean, entering at Dolphin and Union Strait.

It was officially named in 1953 by John Kelsall and James Mitchell subsequent to their biological investigation of the previously unnamed lake.

Kitikmeot Region
Kitikmeot Region (/ˈkɪtəkmjuːt/; Inuktitut: Qitirmiut ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ ) is an administrative region of Nunavut, Canada. It consists of the southern and eastern parts of Victoria Island with the adjacent part of the mainland as far as the Boothia Peninsula, together with King William Island and the southern portion of Prince of Wales Island. The regional centre is Cambridge Bay (population 1,760).

Before 1999, Kitikmeot Region existed under slightly different boundaries as Kitikmeot Region, Northwest Territories.
Tales by Light
Tales by Light is an Australian documentary reality television series airing on National Geographic. The program is branded content and a joint venture between National Geographic and Canon which follows a number of professional photographers travelling around the world to capture images which tell a story.

The program debuted on 24 May 2015 and was renewed for a second season which debuted on 25 October 2016. A third season premiered on Network Ten on 26 August 2018.

Canon Inc.
Canon Inc. (Japanese: キヤノン株式会社; Hepburn: Kyanon kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, specializing in optical, imaging, and industrial products, such as lenses, cameras, police equipment , scanners, printers, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Canon has a primary listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX Core 30 and Nikkei 225 indexes. It used to have a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange.
Christian M. M. Brady
Christian M. M. Brady (born 1968) is an American scholar who specializes in biblical literature, rabbinic literature, and the targumim, especially Targum Lamentations and Targum Ruth. As of June 1, 2025, he became the 16th president of Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He was the inaugural dean of the Lewis Honors College and professor of Modern and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at the University of Kentucky (2017-2025). He was interim dean of the College of Arts & Sciences at the University of Kentucky from 2020 to 2022. He was dean of the Schreyer Honors College from 2006 to 2016. He was formerly associate professor of Classical Studies and Jewish Studies at Tulane University. His administrative roles at Tulane included associate director of the Jewish Studies Program (1997-1998), director of the Jewish Studies Program (1998-2003), associate director of the Honors Program (2003-2004), and director of the Honors Program (2004–2006).

Jewish studies
Jewish studies (Hebrew: מדעי היהדות, romanized: madʿê ha-yahadut, lit. 'sciences of Judaism'), or Judaic studies, is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, Oriental studies, religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America.

Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish thought. Bar-Ilan University has the world's largest school of Jewish studies, while Harvard University was the first American university, and perhaps the first in the world, to appoint a full-time scholar of Judaica to its faculty.
Nagwon-dong
Nagwon-dong (Korean: 낙원동) is a dong (neighbourhood) of Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. Nagwon means "paradise" in Korean. It is a legal dong (법정동) administered under its administrative dong (행정동; 行政洞), Jongno 1, 2, 3, 4 ga-dong.

Jongno District
Jongno District (Korean: 종로구; RR: Jongno-gu) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul, South Korea. It is the historic center of Seoul that contains Gyeongbokgung, the main royal palace of the Joseon dynasty, and the Blue House, the former presidential residence. Jongno District has a high concentration of historical sites, many dating back to the Goryeo period. Places like Sungkyunkwan, Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, and Dongdaemun are all located within the area of the district.
Darryl Blackstock
Darryl Tyger Blackstock (born May 30, 1983) is an American college football coach and former linebacker. He was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers. He also played for the Cincinnati Bengals, Oakland Raiders and Florida Tuskers. He is currently the special teams coordinator and outside linebackers coach at William & Mary.

William & Mary Tribe football
The William & Mary Tribe are a college football team representing the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. William & Mary competes in CAA Football, a single-sport NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision conference operated by the Tribe's primary athletic home of the Coastal Athletic Association. They are currently coached by Mike London. He succeeds Jimmye Laycock, who was the head coach of the Tribe for 39 years.

In 2008, William & Mary opened the Jimmye Laycock Football Center, housing the Tribe locker room, football players' classroom study sessions and tape review rooms.

The College of William & Mary has transitioned through several official nicknames since its athletic program began in 1893. From 1893 to 1916, William & Mary football players were known as the Orange and White because those were the old official school colors. From 1916 to 1977, all William & Mary athletes were known as the Indians. Since 1978, they have been known as the Tribe.
People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress
The People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress (initially, People's Charter for Change and Progress) was a proposed legal document which would have complemented the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It would have established compulsory guidelines for any government policy in Fiji over the coming years. The People's Charter was due to be completed and come into force prior to the scheduled 2014 general election.

A draft version of the Charter was released to the public in early August 2008. Input from the public was to be received in August and September. Council member Filimoni Kau stated that objections would be considered, but that the Charter would go ahead in any case.

Brij Lal (historian)
Brij Vilash Lal AM, FAHA, OF (21 August 1952 – 25 December 2021) was an Indo-Fijian historian who wrote about the Pacific region and the Indian indenture system.  A harsh critic of the Bainimarama government, which originated in the military coup of 2006 and retained power in the 2014 elections, he lived in exile in Australia.
Govt. Boys' High School, Gunupur
Govt. Boys' High School, Gunupur, is located beside the banks of Vamsadhara River at Gunupur of Rayagada district in the Indian state of Odisha. The original structure of the  public educational building is totally made of stone & the institution stands on an  elevated plot of the town. It is one of the oldest High Schools of the district. It is an oriya medium school affiliated to the Board of Secondary Education, Odisha under State Government of Odisha. The school celebrates its Centenary celebration in April 2015.

Vamsadhara River
River Vamsadhara or River Banshadhara is an important east-flowing river between Rushikulya and Godavari, in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states in India.

The river originates near Lanjigarh in the Kalahandi district of Odisha at an elevation of 400 meters and runs for a distance of about 278 kilometers, and joins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river basin is about 10,830 square kilometers. The average water yield in the river basin at Gotta barrage is 115 billion cubic feet in a year.

Tourist attractions of Hiramandalam Mukhalingam and Kalingapatnam in Srikakulam district are located on the banks of this river.

Mahendratanaya River is a major tributary of the Vamsadhara originating in Gajapati district of Odisha and joins Vamsadhara in Andhra Pradesh upstream of Gotta barrage. Regulapadu reservoir in Andhra Pradesh is under construction to store the Mahendratanaya river water for irrigation use.
Klisura, Blagoevgrad Province
Klisura is a sparsely populated and dispersed, composed of several almost abandoned neighborhoods village in Blagoevgrad Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria. It is situated in the Vlahina mountain, bordering with North Macedonia to the west and Kyustendil Province to the north. The area is covered with oak and beech forests. There are remains of prehistorical village nearby.

Blagoevgrad Province
41°45′N 23°15′E﻿ / ﻿41.750°N 23.250°E﻿ / 41.750; 23.250

Blagoevgrad Province (Bulgarian: област Благоевград, oblast Blagoevgrad or Благоевградска област, Blagoevgradska oblast), also known as Pirin Macedonia or Bulgarian Macedonia (Bulgarian: Пиринска Македония; Българска Македония), (Pirinska Makedoniya or Bulgarska Makedoniya) is a province (oblast) of southwestern Bulgaria. It borders four other Bulgarian provinces to the north and east, the Greek region of Macedonia to the south, and North Macedonia to the west. The province has 14 municipalities with 12 towns. Its principal city is Blagoevgrad, while other significant towns include Bansko, Gotse Delchev, Melnik, Petrich, Razlog, Sandanski, and Simitli.
Laugh When You Can
Laugh When You Can is a 1798 comedy play by the British writer Frederick Reynolds. It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 8 December 1798. The original cast included William Thomas Lewis as Gossamer, Joseph Shepherd Munden as Bonus, Joseph George Holman as Mortimer, John Fawcett as Sambo, John Whitfield as Delville, Edward Townsend as Costly, James Thompson as Farmer Blackbrook, Samuel Simmons as Waiter, Mary Ann Pope as Mrs. Mortimer, Maria Gibbs as Dorothy and Isabella Mattocks as Mrs Gloomly. The Irish premiere was at the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin on Dublin on 17 April 1799.

Crow Street Theatre
Crow Street Theatre was a theatre in Dublin, Ireland, on Crow Street in the Temple Bar area of the city, originally opened in 1758 by the actor Spranger Barry. From 1788 until 1818 it was a patent theatre.
Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer
Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer is a reissue of musical satirist Tom Lehrer's two studio albums (Songs by Tom Lehrer and More of Tom Lehrer), combined with other studio sessions and a newly recorded version of "I Got It From Agnes".  "Agnes" was a song from Lehrer's early live repertoire which he "polished up" for the Cameron Mackintosh-produced musical revue Tomfoolery in 1981, but which Lehrer himself never professionally recorded until 1996. The booklet notes include an essay by Dr. Demento and the original sleeve notes from the LP releases.

The material from Songs and More of... were the original versions self-issued on Lehrer Records, the 1966 Reprise rerecording of Songs not considered for the reissue. Although More of... was originally released in both monophonic and stereo versions, the producers of the reissue opted for the mono mix.

Cameron Mackintosh
Sir Cameron Anthony Mackintosh (born 17 October 1946) is a British theatrical producer and theatre owner notable for his association with many commercially successful musicals. At the height of his success in 1990, he was described as being "the most successful, influential and powerful theatrical producer in the world" by the New York Times. He is the producer of shows including Les Misérables, The Phantom of the Opera, Cats, Miss Saigon, Mary Poppins, Oliver!, and Hamilton.

Mackintosh was knighted in 1996 for services to musical theatre. Two of his productions, Les Misérables and The Phantom of the Opera, are the two longest-running musicals in West End history. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked him number 7 in their list of the "100 most powerful people in British culture". In the Sunday Times Rich List of 2021, Mackintosh was estimated to have a net worth of £1.2 billion.
Caterpillar 777
The Caterpillar 777 is a 100-ton haul truck, typically used in open pit mining, manufactured by Caterpillar Inc.

The first model of Caterpillar 777 was introduced in 1974. Its diesel engine is capable of putting out 870 horsepower (650 kW).  The 777D, introduced in 1996, was powered by a 938-horsepower (699 kW) diesel.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.