hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500–1899)
This is a timeline of geopolitical changes around the world between 1500 and 1899. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and changes in territorial ownership such as the annexation, occupation, cession, concession, or secession of land. Territorial conquests as a result of war are included on the timeline at the conclusion of major military campaigns, but changes in the course of specific battles and day-to-day operations are generally not included.

Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.
Nerovnovka
Nerovnovka (Russian: Неровновка) is a rural locality (a sloboda) in Stepnyanskoye Rural Settlement, Olkhovatsky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 695 as of 2010. There are 9 streets.

Olkhovatsky District
Olkhovatsky District (Russian: Ольхова́тский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,045 square kilometers (403 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Olkhovatka. Population: 21,565 (2021 Census); 24,218 (2010 Census); 25,841 (2002 Census); 26,386 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Olkhovatka accounts for 15.2% of the district's total population.
Stauber
Stauber is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allan Stauber (born 1944), American bridge player

Dalit Stauber (born 1959), Israeli educator

Dan Stauber, American ice hockey player and coach

Edith Stauber (born 1968), Austrian film director and illustrator

Emma Stauber (born 1993), American ice hockey player

Jack Stauber (born 1996), American musician, YouTuber and animator

Jaxson Stauber (born 1999), American ice hockey player

Jenny Stauber, Australian ecotoxicologist

John Stauber (born 1953), American writer and activist

Larry Stauber (born 1947), American judge

Pete Stauber (born 1966), American politician from Minnesota

Robb Stauber (born 1967), American ice hockey player

Roni Stauber (born 1961), Israeli historian

Dalit Stauber
Dalit Stauber (Hebrew: דלית שטאובר; born June 6, 1959) is an Israeli educator who has served as Director General of the Ministry of Education since 2021. She also served in the position from 2011 to 2013.
Jerry Rice Award
The Jerry Rice Award is awarded annually in the United States to the most outstanding freshman player in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) of college football as chosen by a nationwide panel of media and college sports information directors. The trophy is named in honor of former National Football League (NFL) wide receiver Jerry Rice, who played college football for the Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils.

Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils football
The Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils are the college football team representing the Mississippi Valley State University. The Delta Devils play in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). Jerry Rice and Deacon Jones, considered two of the greatest  American football players of all time, spent their college days playing for the team. Mississippi Valley State has never won a conference championship in their history and are one of two SWAC teams to have never competed in the SWAC Football Championship Game.
Anglican Diocese of Cape Town
The Diocese of Cape Town is a diocese of the Anglican Church of Southern Africa (ACSA) which presently covers central Cape Town, some of its suburbs and the island of Tristan da Cunha, though in the past it has covered a much larger territory. The Ordinary of the diocese is Archbishop of Cape Town and ex officio Primate and Metropolitan of the ACSA. His seat is St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town.

Desmond Tutu was archbishop from 1986 to 1996 and was archbishop-emeritus until his death in 2021. The current archbishop is Thabo Makgoba. Because of the archbishop's responsibilities as primate, many of his diocesan duties are delegated to a suffragan bishop known as the Bishop of Table Bay, an office currently held by Joshua Louw. (This is similar to the Bishop of Dover in the Church of England Diocese of Canterbury, who has held such a role since 1980.)

Primate (bishop)
Primate (/ˈpraɪmət/; Latin: Primas) is a title or rank bestowed on some important archbishops in certain Christian churches. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority (title of authority) or (usually) ceremonial precedence (title of honour).
Radovan Fuchs
Radovan Fuchs (born 5 September 1953) is a Croatian scientist and politician serving as Minister of Science and Education since 2020.

His paternal grandfather, Hinko, was a grain merchant who emigrated to Croatia from Germany, while his paternal grandmother, Eugenia, was from Hungary. The couple settled in the Croatian region of Slavonia. His maternal grandparents were from Vela Luka. Fuchs is of Croatian, Hungarian, and Jewish descent. His father converted to Catholicism, and Christmas and other Catholic holidays were always celebrated in the Fuchs household. He is a relative, on his father's side, of Croatian composer Vatroslav Lisinski. Fuchs graduated in 1979 from the Veterinary Faculty at the University of Zagreb. He received his master's degree in 1984 in the field of biomedicine. Fuchs obtained his PhD diploma in 1988 on the biomedical center at Uppsala University in Sweden. Dissertation which he defended was from the field of toxicology and pharmacology.

Ministry of Science and Education (Croatia)
The Ministry of Science, Education and Youth of Croatia (Croatian: Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i mladih or MZOM) is the ministry in the Government of Croatia which is in charge of primary, secondary and tertiary education, research institutions, sports and youth.
Oseyevskaya
Oseyevskaya (Russian: Осеевская) is a rural locality (a village) in Abakanovskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002. There are 4 streets.

Cherepovetsky District
Cherepovetsky District (Russian: Черепове́цкий райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Belozersky District in the north, Kirillovsky District in the northwest, Sheksninsky District in the east, Poshekhonsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast in the southeast, Breytovsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast in the south, Vesyegonsky District of Tver Oblast in the southwest, Ustyuzhensky District in the west, and with Kaduysky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 7,640 square kilometers (2,950 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Cherepovets (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 41,025 (2010 Census); 40,871 (2002 Census); 48,336 (1989 Soviet census).
Sancta Maria, mater Dei
Sancta Maria, mater Dei (Holy Mary, mother of God), K. 273, is an act of Consecration to Blessed Virgin Mary in F major, written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart for SATB choir, first and second violins, violas and basso continuo of violoncello, double bass and organ. Mozart entered the work into his catalogue on 9 September 1777 in Salzburg.

Köchel catalogue
The Köchel catalogue (German: Köchel-Verzeichnis) is a catalogue of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, originally created by Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, in which the entries are abbreviated K. or KV. Its numbers reflect the ongoing task of compiling the chronology of Mozart's works, and provide a shorthand reference to the compositions. For example, according to Köchel's counting, Requiem in D minor is the 626th piece Mozart composed, thus is designated K. 626.

Köchel's original catalogue (1862) has been revised several times. Catalogue numbers from these revised editions are indicated either by parentheses or by superscript: K. 49 (47d) or K.6 47d refers to the work numbered 47d in the sixth edition. The catalog was originally chronological, though revisions made chronological ordering of Mozart's works difficult and as of 2024 a new organizational system is used for the ninth version.
Schuyler Historic District
The Schuyler Historic District is a national historic district located in Schuyler, Virginia. It comprises 563.9 acres (2.282 km2) and includes 138 primary resources dating from its settlement period of the 1840s through the mid-20th century.  A primary component are eight soapstone quarries located in Schuyler, with eight additional located just over the Albemarle County line. It represents a cohesive industrial community with the majority of its dwellings representative of vernacular regional building traditions.  There is an "Executive Row" of dwellings overlooked the centrally located soapstone company from atop a bluff, with other quarry focused neighborhoods fanned out along adjacent hilltops.

One of the older churches in the area is Schuyler Baptist Church organized in 1905.  The cornerstone for the present building was laid on August 17, 1907 at 2:00 PM by Rockfish Lodge Number 108 A. F. and A. M.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Soapstone
Soapstone (also known as steatite or soaprock) is a talc-schist, which is a type of metamorphic rock.  It is composed largely of the magnesium-rich mineral talc.  It is produced by dynamothermal metamorphism and metasomatism, which occur in subduction zones, changing rocks by heat and pressure, with influx of fluids but without melting. It has been a carving medium for thousands of years.
Take Your Pick!
Take Your Pick! is a British game show originally broadcast by Radio Luxembourg starting in 1952. The show was transferred to television in 1955, one day after the launch of ITV, where it continued until 1968. It was the first game show broadcast in the UK to offer cash prizes.

The programme was later revived from 24 February 1992 to 23 December 1999. The show featured female assistants to accompany Des O'Connor. They were Jodie Wilson in the first two of the revived series, then Gayle and Gillian Blakeney in 1994, followed by Sarah Matravers (1996) and Sasha Lawrence in 1998.

Rediffusion London
Associated-Rediffusion, later Rediffusion London, was the British ITV franchise holder for London and parts of the surrounding counties, on weekdays between 22 September 1955 and 29 July 1968. It was the first ITA franchisee to go on air, and one of the "Big Four" companies that between them produced the majority of ITV networked programmes during this period.

Rediffusion lost its franchise in 1968 but merged with another franchisee to form Thames Television, which continued to hold the London weekday franchise for another 24 years.
Rocket D.I.Y.
Rocket D.I.Y. is a studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter King Creosote, released on 4 April 2005 on Fence Records and Domino.

In 2009, the album was ranked #17 in The Skinny's "Scottish Albums of the Decade" list, with frequent collaborator The Pictish Trail stating, "Now, yes, I know this was a Fence Records release, and yes, I'm fully aware that I am a member of King Creosote's band. But I genuinely think from start to finish, that this is the best album Scotland has produced since 01/01/00."

Domino Recording Company
Domino Recording Company, or simply Domino, is a British independent record label based in London. There is also a wing of the label based in Brooklyn, New York that handles releases in the United States, as well as a German division called Domino Deutschland and a French division called Domino France. In addition, Stephen Pastel presides over the subsidiary label Geographic Music, which releases more 'unusual' music from Britain and outside of the Western world. In 2011, the company announced that it was beginning a book publishing division, The Domino Press.
PSB-KD107
PSB-KD107 is an experimental drug that acts as a potent and selective agonist for the cannabinoid-like NAGly receptor, also known as GPR18. It has antiinflammatory effects, and has been studied in an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Anti-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory refers to any drug, substance or mechanism that reduces inflammation by lessening the redness, swelling, fever, or pain and loss of function which are part of bodies inflammatory response. Anti-inflammatory drugs are agents that inhibit action or production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, histamines and prostaglandins. These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain.

Common anti-inflammatory drugs include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antileukotrienes, and monoclonal antibodies.
Con Tanto Amor
Con Tanto Amor is the fifteenth studio album by La Mafia.  It was released on December 1, 1990. The album entered at number twenty-four on the billboard charts and reached number five by 1991. On September 15, 2017 a re-mastered version of the album was released in digital form.

José María Cano
José María Cano Andrés (born 21 February 1959) is a Spanish visual artist, musician, composer, and record producer. From 1982 to 1998, he was a member and principal composer of the Spanish pop-rock band Mecano. Since 1998, he works primarily in the visual arts.
Katz Editores
Katz Editores is an independent Argentine scholarly publisher, founded in 2006. It publishes mostly translations from English, German, French, and Italian into Spanish, but also original Spanish-language texts. As of April 2009, their list numbered over 100 titles by authors representing a diverse array of intellectual traditions, such as Karl Löwith, Jürgen Habermas, Michael Walzer, Roger Chartier, Claus Offe, Martha Nussbaum, Seyla Benhabib, Cass Sunstein, Harry Frankfurt, Leo Strauss, Norbert Bolz, Michel de Certeau, Roberto Esposito, Ernst Mayr, Cornelius Castoriadis, Hans Belting, Robert Laughlin, and Eric Kandel. The editors wrote in their first catalog that they founded their press "with a calling to contribute to broadening the horizons of knowledge available in our language, but also with the conviction that it is necessary to interrogate many of the ideas that organize the viewpoints of the contemporary world."

Roger Chartier
Roger Chartier (French: [ʁɔʒe ʃaʁtje]; born 9 December 1945) is a French historian and historiographer who is part of the Annales school. He works on the history of books, publishing and reading. He teaches  at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris, the Collège de France, and  the University of Pennsylvania.
Sunbittern
The sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas, and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga. It is found in Central and South America, and has three subspecies. The sunbittern shows both morphological and molecular similarities with the kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus) of New Caledonia, indicating a Gondwanan origin, both species being placed in the clade Eurypygiformes.

Bittern
Bitterns are birds belonging to the subfamily Botaurinae of the heron family Ardeidae. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and more secretive than other members of the family. They were called hæferblæte and various iterations of raredumla in Old English; the word "bittern" came to English from Old French butor, itself from Gallo-Roman butitaurus, a compound of Latin būtiō (buzzard) and taurus (bull).

Bitterns usually frequent reed beds and similar marshy areas and feed on amphibians, reptiles, insects, and fish.

Bitterns, like herons, egrets, and pelicans, fly with their necks retracted, unlike the cranes, storks, ibises, spoonbills, and geese which fly with necks extended and outstretched. The genus Ixobrychus was recently found to be paraphyletic with the Botaurus genus, and Ixobrychus was then merged into Botaurus.
2021–22 Albany Great Danes men's basketball team
The 2021–22 Albany Great Danes men's basketball team represented the University at Albany, SUNY in the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by first-year head coach Dwayne Killings and played their home games at the SEFCU Arena in Albany, New York as members of the America East Conference. They finished 13–18, 9–9 in America East play, to finish a tie for fifth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the America East tournament to Hartford.

2021–22 America East Conference men's basketball season
The 2021–22 America East Conference men's basketball season started non-conference play on November 9, 2021, and began conference play on January 2, 2022. The regular season ended on March 1, 2022, followed by the 2022 America East men's basketball tournament held March 6–12, 2022. The Vermont Catamounts finished atop conference standings and also won the conference tournament.
Cherokee High School (New Jersey)
Cherokee High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as one of four high schools of the Lenape Regional High School District in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The communities in the district are Evesham Township, Medford Lakes, Medford, Mount Laurel, Shamong Township, Southampton Township, Tabernacle Township and Woodland Township. Cherokee serves students from Evesham Township. The school, located in the Marlton section of Evesham Township, has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1978 and is accredited until July 2028.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,082 students and 155.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.4:1. There were 279 students (13.4% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 72 (3.5% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Medford Lakes, New Jersey
Medford Lakes is a borough in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 4,264, an increase of 118 (+2.8%) from the 2010 census count of 4,146, which in turn reflected a decline of 27 (−0.6%) from the 4,173 counted in the 2000 census. The borough, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.

Medford Lakes was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on May 17, 1939, from portions of Medford Township. The borough was named for Medford Township, which was named by a developer for Medford, Massachusetts.

The borough's 22 lakes and surrounding lake communities are within the boundaries of the New Jersey Pinelands Commission. The Medford Lakes Colony, a community association, manages the lakes and other recreational facilities. More than 10% of the borough's homes are log cabins.
Little rock thrush
The little rock thrush (Monticola rufocinereus) is a species of passerine bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is found in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Yemen. It is found in rocky (inland cliffs and mountain peaks) areas with some trees, and sometimes near settlements. At 15 to 16 centimetres (5.9 to 6.3 in) this is the smallest of the Muscicapidae. The male has the head, throat and upper mantle blue-grey, the underparts orange-red, except for the center blackish center tail and tips which form an inverted T shape. The female is duller and paler. It is readily mistaken for a redstart because of its habit of trembling its tail.

Phoenicurus
Phoenicurus is a genus of passerine birds in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, native to Europe, Asia and Africa. They are named redstarts from their orange-red tails ('start' is an old name for a tail). They are small insectivores, the males mostly brightly coloured in various combinations of red, blue, white, and black, the females light brown with a red tail.
Robert Barclay Academy
Robert Barclay Academy (formerly Sheredes School) is a co-educational secondary school and sixth form located in Hoddesdon in the English county of Hertfordshire.

Previously a community school administered by Hertfordshire County Council, in September 2016 Sheredes School converted to academy status and was renamed Robert Barclay Academy. The school is now sponsored by the Scholars' Education Trust.

Robert Barclay Academy offers GCSEs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A Levels and BTECs.

Hertfordshire County Council
Hertfordshire County Council is the upper-tier local authority for the non-metropolitan county of Hertfordshire, in England. The council was created in 1889. It is responsible for a wide range of public services in the county, including social care, transport, education, and the Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. The Liberal Democrats have held a plurality of the seats on the council since May 2025, and currently run the council as a minority administration. The council meets and has its main offices at Robertson House in Stevenage.
Marianów, Opatów County
Marianów [maˈrjanuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Iwaniska, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-west of Iwaniska, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Opatów, and 48 km (30 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

Iwaniska
Iwaniska [ivaˈniska] is a town in Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Iwaniska. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Opatów and 50 km (31 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The town has a population of 1,300.

Iwaniska lies on the Koprzywianka river in historic Lesser Poland, in the southeastern corner of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Approximately 2 kilometers southeast of Iwaniska the complex of the Krzyżtopór castle is located.