hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Francis Graham Crookshank
Francis Graham Crookshank (1873, Wimbledon – 27 October 1933, Wimpole Street, London) was a British epidemiologist, and a medical and psychological writer, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

Crookshank was educated at University College London and trained in medicine at University College Hospital. His work attempted to combine medicine with the individual psychology of Alfred Adler, along with eugenics and Nietzsche's philosophy of the will.

His 123-page scientific racist publication The Mongol in our Midst (1924) was both popular and controversial in both England and the United States. In 1931, Crookshank published a "greatly enlarged and entirely rewritten" 524-page edition "with numerous illustrations," with responses to critics and additional theories and claims. That work incorrectly associated the disorder now known as Down syndrome with the admixture of Asian and European "blood".

Crookshank died in 1933 at his house in Wimpole Street, Westminster, from suicide.

University College Hospital
University College Hospital (UCH) is a teaching hospital in the Bloomsbury area of the London Borough of Camden, England. The hospital, which was founded as the North London Hospital in 1834, is closely associated with University College London (UCL), whose main campus is situated next door. The hospital is part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.

The hospital is on the south side of Euston Road and its tower faces Euston Square tube station on the east side. Warren Street tube station lies immediately west and the major Euston terminus station is beyond 200 metres east, just beyond Euston Square Gardens.
Aegis (band)
Aegis is a Filipino rock band formed in 1995. The band is composed of sisters Juliet and Ken Sunot on lead vocals, only-male member Rey Abenoja on vocals and guitar, Stella Pabico on keyboards, Rowena Adriano on bass guitar and Vilma Goloviogo on drums. Mercy Sunot was a member up until her death in November 2024. Formerly known as AG's Soundtrippers in clubs and lounges all over Japan, the group changed its name to Aegis (which means "shield" or "protection") upon signing with Alpha Records in 1998.

The band's songs were featured in the musical Rak of Aegis.

Pinoy rock
Pinoy rock, or Filipino rock, is the brand of rock music produced in the Philippines or by Filipinos. It has become as diverse as the rock music genre itself, and bands adopting this style are now further classified under more specific genres or combinations of genres like alternative rock, post-grunge, ethnic, new wave, pop rock, punk rock, funk, reggae, heavy metal, ska, and recently, indie. Because these genres are generally considered to fall under the broad rock music category, Pinoy rock may be more specifically defined as rock music with Filipino cultural sensibilities.
Bromsgrove Sandstone
The Bromsgrove Sandstone is a geologic formation of the Sherwood Sandstone Group in England. It preserves fossils and ichnofossils of Chirotherium barthii, and Chirotherium sickleri, dating back to the Middle Triassic (Anisian) period.

Middle Triassic
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between 246.7 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Early Triassic Epoch and followed by the Late Triassic Epoch. The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages.

Formerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit of rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe. The Ashfield Shale and Bringelly Shale of western Sydney date to this epoch, with the former featuring fluvial fossils from that era.
Wallach v Lew Geffen Estates
Wallach v Lew Geffen Estates CC is an important case in South African law, heard in the Appellate Division. The judges were Hoexter JA, Milne JA, Grosskopf JA, Goldstone JA and Howie AJA. An appeal from a decision in the Witwatersrand Local Division by Lazarus J, the case was heard on March 22, 1993, with judgment handed down on March 25. The court found that there is no obligation on a person to whom a cheque has been given to present the cheque on the day on which it was received. The court also held that it is open to Court at a motion or application hearing to hold that it is unnecessary to hear oral evidence and decide matter on the papers. Such a course would be justified where the hearing of oral evidence would not and could not have affected the outcome of the claim for substantive relief, and would have caused unnecessary costs and delay.

F. H. Grosskopf
Frans Heinrich Grosskopf was a South African judge who served in the Supreme Court of Appeal between 1989 and 2001. Formerly an advocate in Pretoria, he joined the bench in 1980 as a judge of the Transvaal Provincial Division.
With Shuddering Fall
With Shuddering Fall is a novel by Joyce Carol Oates, first published in 1964 by Vanguard Press. A Fawcett Publications paperback edition was issued in 1973.
The first of the many novels by Oates, it is set in the fictional Eden County, as are her early short stories.

Fawcett Publications
Fawcett Publications was an American publishing company founded in 1919 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota, by Wilford Hamilton "Captain Billy" Fawcett (1885–1940).

It kicked off with the publication of the bawdy humor magazine Captain Billy's Whiz Bang and expanded into a magazine empire with the first issue of Mechanix Illustrated in the 1920s, followed by numerous titles including True Confessions, Family Circle, Woman's Day, and True. Fawcett Comics, which began operating in 1939, led to the introduction of Captain Marvel. The company became a publisher of paperbacks in 1950 with the opening of Gold Medal Books.

In 1953, the company abandoned its roster of superhero comic characters in the wake of declining sales and a lawsuit for infringement by the Captain Marvel character on the copyright of the Action Comics character Superman, and ended its publication of comic books. It was purchased by CBS Publications in 1977 and subsequently was dismantled and absorbed by other companies.
René de Bréhant de Galinée
René Bréhant de Galinée was a member of the Society of Saint-Sulpice (Sulpician Order) at Montreal and an explorer and missionary to the Native Americans. In 1670, he and  François Dollier de Casson were the first Europeans to make a recorded transit of the Detroit River. His map of the trip demonstrated that the Great Lakes were all connected.

The Galien River in Michigan is named for him.

École secondaire Père-René-de-Galinée French Catholic secondary school  in Cambridge, Ontario is named after him.

Canadian French
Canadian French (French: français canadien, [fʁãˈsɛ kanaˈd͡zjɛ̃]) is the French language as it is spoken in Canada. It includes multiple varieties, the most prominent of which is Québécois (Quebec French). Formerly Canadian French referred solely to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario (Franco-Ontarian) and Western Canada—in contrast with Acadian French, which is spoken by Acadians in New Brunswick (including the Chiac dialect) and some areas of Nova Scotia (including the dialect St. Marys Bay French), Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland & Labrador (where Newfoundland French is also spoken).
Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time
Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time is an 1834 history painting by the British artist Edwin Landseer. It features a scene set at Bolton Abbey in Yorkshire during its time as Roman Catholic priory. The abbot receives a tribute of food from a forester, falconer and fisherman's daughter.

The painting was commissioned by the Duke of Devonshire the owner of Bolton Abbey. Devonshire had actually requested a depiction of the architecture of the building but Landseer had instead produced a generic view of monastic life in the Medieval era.

The work was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1834 a Somerset House in London. Samuel Cousins produced an engraving based on the picture in 1837. The original painting remains in the collection of the Dukes of Devonshire at Chatsworth House. A copy is owned by the Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate.

Monasticism
Monasticism (from Ancient Greek  μοναχός (monakhós) 'solitary, monastic'; from  μόνος (mónos) 'alone'), also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual activities. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican traditions as well as in other faiths such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. In other religions, monasticism is generally criticized and not practiced, as in Islam and Zoroastrianism; or plays a marginal role, as in modern Judaism.

Many monastics live in abbeys, convents, monasteries, or priories to separate themselves from the secular world, unless they are in mendicant or missionary orders.
IMDOS
IMDOS was a modified version of the CP/M operating system for Intel 8080 processors, used by IMS Associates, Inc. (IMS) for their IMSAI 8080 personal computer. Since MITS would not license their operating system to other manufacturers, IMS approached Gary Kildall and paid a fixed fee of $25,000 for a non-exclusive CP/M license.

IMDOS introduced interrupt-driven devices, tree-structured directories, and other advances to CP/M.

IMS Associates, Inc.
IMS Associates, Inc., or IMSAI, was a microcomputer company, responsible for one of the earliest successes in personal computing, the IMSAI 8080. The company was founded in 1973 by William Millard and was based in San Leandro, California. Their first product launch was the IMSAI 8080 in 1975.  One of the company's subsidiaries was ComputerLand.  IMS stood for "Information Management Sciences".

IMS Associates required all executives and key employees to take the EST Standard Training.  Forbes considered Millard's requirements - which placed a heavy emphasis on self-actualization and encouraged vast discrepancies between executives and staff - were a key contributor to the downfall of the company, and Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine concurred in Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer, noting that Millard's EST-induced unwillingness to admit a task might be impossible was a key factor in IMSAI's demise.
Szydłów, Pabianice County
Szydłów [ˈʂɨdwuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lutomiersk, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north-west of Lutomiersk, 24 km (15 mi) north-west of Pabianice, and 25 km (16 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Pabianice County
Pabianice County (Polish: powiat pabianicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pabianice, which lies 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Konstantynów Łódzki, lying 12 km (7 mi) north of Pabianice.

The county covers an area of 490.77 square kilometres (189.5 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 119,008, out of which the population of Pabianice was 70,445, that of Konstantynów Łódzki 17,564, and the rural population was 30,999.
Swarożyn
Swarożyn [sfaˈrɔʐɨn] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczew, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is located in the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

Kociewie
Kociewie is an ethnocultural region in the eastern part of Tuchola Forest, in northern Poland, Pomerania, that is inhabited by the Kociewians. Its cultural capital is Starogard Gdański, the biggest town is Tczew, while other major towns include Świecie, and Pelplin. The region has about 250,000 inhabitants. It has well-developed industry and agriculture. Administratively, it is divided between the Pomeranian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships.

Kociewie is bordered by the Chełmno Land in the south, Powiśle in the east, Kashubia and Żuławy Wiślane in the north, and other parts of historic Pomerania in the west.
Almarante, Florida
30°56′30″N 86°28′40″W﻿ / ﻿30.94167°N 86.47778°W﻿ / 30.94167; -86.47778

Almarante is an unincorporated area in northeastern Okaloosa County, Florida, just southwest of Laurel Hill on State Road 85. Although the name is no longer in common use, the Almarante Cemetery (at the County Road 602 intersection) and Almarante Volunteer Fire Department (station near the top of the hill on SR 85 south of CR 602) retain the name.

Florida State Road 85
State Road 85 (SR 85) is a north–south state highway that runs from US 98 in Fort Walton Beach, Florida north to State Route 55 at the Florida/Alabama state line. In its earliest inception, it was just a clayed road over graded sandy soil, and was known early in the twentieth century as the Georgia, Alabama and Florida Highway.
Elinor Miller Greenberg
Elinor "Ellie" Miller Greenberg (November 13, 1932 – September 15, 2021) was an American author educationalist and speech pathologist, an expert in the field of adult education and experiential learning, as well as a former civil rights activist. She saw access to education as a social justice issue, and spent over thirty years creating higher education programs for non-traditional students. She headed the University Without Walls program in the 1970s; created a weekend BSN program for nurses in rural Colorado; established a degree program for Colorado prison inmates and ex-offenders; and established online master's degree programs for nurses in the 1990s. She was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2010.

Nontraditional student
Non-Traditional student is a term that refers to a category of students at colleges and universities. The term originated in North America and usually involves age and social characteristics. Non-traditional students are contrasted with traditional students.

The United States Department of Education estimated that 73% of all undergraduates in the United States attending accredited institutions in 1999–2000 had one or more nontraditional characteristics. This remained consistent in the following years: 72% in 2003–2004, 72% for 2007–2008, and 74% for 2011–2012.
Újezd u Boskovic
Újezd u Boskovic is a municipality and village in Blansko District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Újezd u Boskovic lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Blansko, 30 km (19 mi) north of Brno, and 177 km (110 mi) south-east of Prague.

Blansko
Blansko (Czech pronunciation: [ˈblansko]; German: Blanz) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Svitava River on the border of the Moravian Karst. It is mainly an industrial town.
Notre-Dame-des-Prairies
Notre-Dame-des-Prairies (French pronunciation: [nɔtʁə dam de pʁɛʁi]) is a town in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Joliette Regional County Municipality. It is a suburb of Joliette, located along the eastern shores of the L'Assomption River.

Joliette Regional County Municipality
Joliette (French pronunciation: [ʒɔljɛt] ⓘ) is a regional county municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Joliette.

The municipality has a land area of 417.41 km2. At the 2021 census it had a population of 71,124.
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1944–1947
This is a list of members of the 30th Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1944 to 1947, as elected at the 1944 state election held on 15 April 1944.

1  On 24 December 1945, the Country member for East Toowoomba, Herbert Yeates, died. Labor candidate Les Wood won the resulting by-election on 2 March 1946.

2  On 12 March 1946, the Labor member for Bremer and Premier of Queensland, Frank Cooper, retired. Labor candidate Jim Donald won the resulting by-election on 10 September 1946.

3  On 30 December 1946, the Country member for Wide Bay, Harry Clayton, died. No by-election was held due to the proximity of the 1947 state election.

Premier of Queensland
The premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland.

By convention, the premier is the leader of the party with a parliamentary majority in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The premier is appointed by the governor of Queensland.

The incumbent premier is David Crisafulli.
T. A. S. Menon
T.A.S Menon is former principal of the Raja Ravi Varma College of Fine Arts Mavelikara, Kerala, India. He is a former executive member of the Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi, former jury member of the Raja Ravi Varma Award, former executive member of the Kerala Kalamandalam, Examination board chief of the institute of Mural painting (Mammiyur Krishnan Kutty Nair Smarakam), and a patron of the Narendra Prasad foundation.

Raja Ravi Varma
Raja Ravi Varma (Malayalam: [rajaː ravi varma(ː)ɐ]) (29 April 1848 – 2 October 1906) was an Indian painter. His works are one of the best examples of the fusion of European academic art with a purely Indian sensibility and iconography. He greatly enhanced his reach and influence as a painter and public figure by making affordable lithographs of his paintings available to the public. His lithographs increased the involvement of common people with fine arts and defined artistic tastes. Furthermore, his religious depictions of Hindu deities and works from Indian epic poetry and Puranas have received critical acclaim. He was part of the royal family of Parappanad, Malappuram district.

Raja Ravi Varma was closely related to the royal family of Travancore of present-day Kerala state in India. Later in his life, two of his granddaughters were adopted into the royal family.
Setun (river)
The Setun (Russian: Се́тунь) is a river in the west of Moscow and the largest tributary of the Moskva in Moscow. The length of the river is 38 kilometres (24 mi), 20 kilometres (12 mi) of which is in Moscow itself. Its basin has an area of 190 square kilometres (73 sq mi). The Setun originates in the village of Salariyevo in Moskva and flows intoKrasnoluzhsky Road Bridge, opposite to the former village of Luzhniki. The river teems with roach, European perch, crucian carp, pike, and other fish, but is of no value to the fishing industry due to pollution with toxic waste.

The border territory upon both banks is included in Setun River's Valley wildlife sanctuary, placed in the Moscow city bounds.

Toxic waste
Toxic waste is any unwanted material in all forms that can cause harm (e.g. by being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin). Mostly generated by industry, consumer products like televisions, computers, and phones contain toxic chemicals that can pollute the air and contaminate soil and water. Disposing of such waste is a major public health issue. Increased rates of cancer in humans and animals are linked to exposure to toxic chemicals. Toxic waste disposal is often seen as an environmental justice problem, as toxic waste is disproportionately dumped in or near marginalized communities.
Arkansas Review
Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies is an interdisciplinary humanities journal that focuses on the seven states of the Mississippi River Delta. Each issue of the journal contains fiction, nonfiction, poetic, and visual art works which offer different perspectives on the Delta region. The journal is assembled and published through the Department of English, Philosophy, and World Languages at Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas under the direction of Marcus Tribbett.

Jonesboro, Arkansas
Jonesboro (/ˈdʒoʊnzbʌrə/) is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Located on Crowley's Ridge in the northeastern part of the state, it is one of two county seats of Craighead County. The population was 78,579 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 84,155 in 2026, making it the fifth-most populous city in Arkansas. In 2024, the Jonesboro metropolitan area had a population of 138,152, and the greater Jonesboro-Paragould combined statistical area had a population of 184,749. Jonesboro is the home of Arkansas State University and is the cultural and economic center of Northeast Arkansas.
Ex qua die arcano
Ex qua die arcano is the incipit of the 4 March 1853 apostolic letter by which Pope Pius IX decreed the reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Through it, the administrative area formerly known as the Dutch Mission was divided into dioceses. Utrecht was raised, once more, to a Roman Catholic archdiocese, and received the four suffragan dioceses of Haarlem, 's-Hertogenbosch, Breda, and Roermond.

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht
The Archdiocese of Utrecht (Latin: Archidioecesis Ultraiectensis; Dutch: Aartsbisdom Utrecht) is an archdiocese of the Latin Church (or Western Church) of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The Archbishop of Utrecht is the metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Utrecht. There are six suffragan dioceses of the province: Roman Catholic Dioceses of Breda, of Groningen-Leeuwarden, of Haarlem-Amsterdam, of Roermond, of Rotterdam, and of 's-Hertogenbosch. The cathedral church of the archdiocese is Saint Catherine's Cathedral, which replaced the prior cathedral, Saint Martin's Cathedral after it was taken by Protestants in the Reformation.
Harsharan Singh Balli
Harsharan Singh Balli (born 13 October 1948) is an Indian politician belonging to the BJP, who was the Minister for Industries in the Delhi state government of Madan Lal Khurana. He is the most powerful politician based in west Delhi.

H.S. Balli (Harsharan Singh Balli) can be described as a stalwart BJP leader and a son of a family of freedom fighters and the only Sikh in the history of Delhi who has been elected as the Member of Legislative Assembly 4 times consecutively and has been Member of Municipal Corporation of Delhi and served as a Minister under 3 Chief Ministers in Delhi namely Madan Lal Khurana, Late Sahib Singh Verma and late Sushma Swaraj. Also he was the Chairman of the Assurance Committee for 6 years. Since the first legislative assembly he has been the dominant winner in the polls and has been the MLA for 20 years from 1993 to 2013. He was also the founder of BJP Sikh cell. He is a member of the Steering Committee of World Punjabi Organisation (WPO).

Municipal Corporation of Delhi
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is the municipal corporation that governs most of Delhi, a union territory of India. The MCD is among the largest municipal bodies in the world providing civic services to a population of about 20 million citizens in Delhi, apart from the capital New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment.

It is headed by the Mayor of Delhi, who presides over elected councillors from 250 wards. The municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km2 (539.5 mi2). The annual budget of the corporation for the fiscal year 2025-26 exceeds ₹17,000 crore (approximately US$2 billion).

MCD is one of three municipalities in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), which administers the New Delhi municipality, and the Delhi Cantonment Board, which administers the Delhi Cantonment. It is the largest and only municipality of Delhi which is directly elected by the people.