hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jewish national movements
Zionism, seeking territorial concentration of all Jews in the Land of Israel

Jewish Territorialism, seeking territorial concentration in any land possible

Jewish Autonomism, seeking an ethnic-cultural autonomy for the Jews of Eastern Europe

Yiddishism, some proponents of which regarded Yiddish-speakers as a national group
Bundism, which combined Yiddishist Autonomism with socialism
Soviet Yiddishism, promoting Yiddish-speakers as a national group in the USSR with its own Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Golus nationalism, nationalism of the Jewish diaspora

Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan.

The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the Jewish population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population. Since then, the share of Jews steadily declined, and according to the 2021 Russian census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%).

Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia provides that the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being Israel. It is one of the few places in the world where Yiddish is a recognized minority language.
Annette Badland
Annette Badland (born 26 August 1950) is a British actress known for a wide range of roles on television, radio, stage, and film. She is best known for her roles as Charlotte in the BBC crime drama series Bergerac, Margaret Blaine in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who, Mrs Glenna Fitzgibbons in the first season of Outlander, Babe Smith in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, Dr Fleur Perkins on the ITV mystery series Midsomer Murders, and as Mae Green in the Apple TV+ comedy-drama Ted Lasso. She was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in 1993 for her performance as Sadie in Jim Cartwright's play The Rise and Fall of Little Voice; a role she reprised in the 1998 film adaptation Little Voice.

Lace (miniseries)
Lace is an American television miniseries, based on the 1982 novel of the same name by author Shirley Conran. The series aired on ABC on February 26–27, 1984. The plot concerns the search by film star Lili (Phoebe Cates) for her natural mother, who surrendered her for adoption as a newborn. Lace was one of the highest-rated television movies of the 1983–84 television season.

Lili's line "Incidentally, which one of you bitches is my mother?", addressed to her three maternal candidates — Pagan Trelawney (Brooke Adams), Judy Hale (Bess Armstrong) and Maxine Pascal (Arielle Dombasle) — was named the best line in television history by TV Guide in its 1993 issue celebrating 40 years of television.
Carbacanthographis aptrootii
Carbacanthographis aptrootii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Yunnan, China, it was formally described as a new species in 2022 by Shirley Cunha Feuerstein and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in Xishuangbanna Primeval Forest Park (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) at an altitude of 600 m (2,000 ft). It is only known to occur at the type locality. It has a greyish to yellowish grey thallus that lacks both a cortex and a prothallus. It contains norstictic acid, a lichen product that can be detected using thin-layer chromatography. The collector of the type, Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot, is honoured in the specific epithet "for his numerous, important contributions to tropical lichenology".

Prothallus
A prothallus, or prothallium, (from Latin pro = forwards and Greek θαλλος (thallos) = twig) is usually the gametophyte stage in the life of a fern or other pteridophyte. Occasionally, the term is also used to describe the young gametophyte of a liverwort or peat moss as well. In lichens, it refers to the region of the thallus that is free of algae.

The prothallus develops from a germinating spore. It is a short-lived and inconspicuous heart-shaped structure typically 2–5 millimeters wide, with a number of rhizoids (root-like hairs) growing underneath, and the sex organs: archegonium (female) and antheridium (male). Appearance varies quite a lot between species. Some are green and conduct photosynthesis while others are colorless and nourish themselves underground as saprotrophs.
130th Rescue Squadron
The 130th Rescue Squadron (130 RQS) is a unit of the California Air National Guard 129th Rescue Wing located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California. The 130th is equipped with the HC-130J Combat King II. If activated to federal service, the 130 RQS is gained within the United States Air Force by the Air Combat Command (ACC).

California Air National Guard
The California Air National Guard (CA ANG) is one of three components of the California National Guard, a reserve of the United States Air Force, and part of the National Guard of the United States.

As militia units, the units in the California Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the governor of California through the office of the California Adjutant General unless they are federalized when ordered by the President of the United States. The California National Guard has multiple bases located across the state and the military commander is Brigadier General Michael Johnson.
Martin Souter
Martin Andrew Souter (born 19 February 1976) is an English cricketer.  Souter is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace.  He was born in Guildford, Surrey.

Souter was schooled at Charterhouse and Durham University. While studying for his degree, Souter made his only first-class appearance for Durham UCCE against Durham in 2002. In this match, he was dismissed for a single run in the university's first-innings by Steve Harmison, while with the ball he took the wicket of Gary Pratt in Durham's first-innings for the cost of 54 runs from 12 overs, while in their second-innings he bowled 8 wicket-less overs for the cost of 29 runs.

Charterhouse School
Charterhouse is a private school providing boarding facilities for pupils aged 13–18 in Godalming, Surrey, England. Founded by Thomas Sutton in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London, it educates over 1000 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years. Charterhouse is one of the original nine English public schools reported upon by the Clarendon Commission in 1864 leading to its regulation by the Public Schools Act 1868.

Charterhouse charges full boarders around £48,038.40 (with the exclusion of VAT) per annum (2025/2026), alongside charging day pupils around £37,418.40 (with the exclusion of VAT) per annum (2025/2026) . It educated the British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool and has numerous notable alumni.
José María Figueroa Oreamuno
José María Figueroa Oreamuno (Alajuela, December 17, 1820 – Cartago, August 18, 1900) was a Costa Rican writer, cartographer, explorer, merchant, genealogist, poet, caricaturist, ethnographer, and draftsman. The Figueroa Album – composed of a series of drawings, maps, family trees, photographs, caricatures, manuscripts – is considered an important document in the history of Costa Rica.

Alajuela Province
Alajuela (Spanish pronunciation: [alaˈxwela]) is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the north-central part of the country, bordering Nicaragua to the north. It also borders the provinces of Heredia to the east, San José to the south, Puntarenas to the southwest and Guanacaste to the west. As of 2011, the province had a population of 885,571. Alajuela is composed of 16 cantons, which are divided into 111 districts. It covers an area of 9,757.53 square kilometers.

The provincial capital is Alajuela. Other large cities include Quesada, Aguas Zarcas, Naranjo, Zarcero, Orotina, Sarchí Norte, Upala, San Ramón, Grecia and Los Chiles.
1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
The 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa was a Hawaiian eruption in the U.S. state of Hawaii that lasted from March 25 to April 15, 1984. It ended a 9-year period of quiescence at the volcano and continued for 22 days, during which time lava flows and lava fountains issued from the summit caldera and fissures along the northeast and southwest rift zones. Although the lava threatened Hilo, the flow stopped before reaching the outskirts of town.

Fissure vent
A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure, eruption fissure or simply a fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is often a few metres wide and may be many kilometres long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts which run first in lava channels and later in lava tubes. After some time, the eruption tends to become focused at one or more spatter cones. Volcanic cones and their craters that are aligned along a fissure form a crater row. Small fissure vents may not be easily discernible from the air, but the crater rows (see Laki) or the canyons (see Eldgjá) built up by some of them are.

The dikes that feed fissures reach the surface from depths of a few kilometers and connect them to deeper magma reservoirs, often under volcanic centers. Fissures are usually found in or along rifts and rift zones, such as Iceland and the East African Rift. Fissure vents are often part of the structure of shield volcanoes.
Rachid Ghanmouni
Rachid Ghanmouni (born 10 April 1978) is a Moroccan long-distance runner.

He was born in Rich, Errachidia. He finished thirteenth in the marathon race at the 2003 World Championships in a personal best time of 2:10:56 hours. He also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games, but did not finish. He finished 27th at the 2003 World Half Marathon Championships and 34th at the 2004 World Half Marathon Championships.

His personal best times are 2:09:11 in the marathon, achieved in April 2006 in the Paris Marathon; and 1:01:36 hours in the half marathon, achieved in April 2003 in Safi.

In October 2006 he was to be tested for doping in Formiguères, but fled from the site. He was subject to a two-year suspension in January 2008, and after he lost a legal battle the suspension was upheld. The suspension expired in March 2010.

Errachidia
Errachidia (Arabic: الرشيدية, romanized: al-Rāshīdiyya), formerly known as Ksar es-Souk, (Arabic: قصر السوق, romanized: Qaṣr as-Sūq) is a city in Morocco, located in the Errachidia Province, and is the capital of the Drâa-Tafilalet region.
National Board of Review Awards 2023
The 95th National Board of Review Awards, honoring the best in film for 2023, were announced on December 6, 2023. Martin Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon won Best Film and received the most wins with four, including Best Director and Best Actress.

This year, the National Board of Review established a new category titled "Outstanding Achievement in Stunt Artistry", which was created "to celebrate the accomplishments and work of stunt artists".

The annual awards gala was held on January 11, 2024, at Cipriani 42nd Street in New York City, hosted by television personality and journalist Willie Geist.

Still: A Michael J. Fox Movie
Still: A Michael J. Fox Movie is a 2023 American documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about the life of actor Michael J. Fox and his struggle with Parkinson's disease. The film premiered at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, and was then released on May 12, 2023, on Apple TV+.

The project won the award for Best Documentary Film from the National Board of Review and received seven nominations at the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards, including for Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Special, and five nominations (eventually winning them all) at the 8th Critics' Choice Documentary Awards, including Best Documentary Feature.
Siege of Erivan (1808)
The siege of Erivan took place in October and November 1808, during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813. As in 1804, the Iranians successfully defended the city and forced the Russians to withdraw.

The Russian campaign, launched late in the season and poorly conceived and executed, failed after a six-week siege of the Iranian fortress of Erivan. The Russians had suffered 3,000 casualties with almost 1,000 deaths.

Russian field marshal Ivan Gudovich tried to excuse his defeat by claiming that French military officers had helped the Iranians, but Gudovich's superiors, as modern historian Alexander Mikaberidze explains, "knew better". Tsar Alexander I was severely dissatisfied; when he heard about Gudovich's failure, he named his expedition as "stupid", and without any sort of compassion, sent him into retirement.

Erivan Fortress
Erivan Fortress or Yerevan Fortress (Armenian: Երևանի բերդը; Yerevani berdë; Persian: قلعه ایروان, Ghaleh-ye Iravân; Russian: Эриванская крепость E'rivanskaya krepost' ) was a 16th-century fortress in Yerevan.
Paldoceras
Paldoceras is a genus of nautiloid cephalopods found in the middle Ordovician of Estonia and Sweden, included in the discosorid family Apocrinoceratidae. Two species are recognized; Paldoceras paldiskense  found northwest of Paldiski in northern Estonia and Paldoceras neptunsakerense found on Öland Island, Sweden.

Shells are small, on the order of a few centimeters in length at most, gently expanding and moderately endogastric with the siphuncle lying along the inner concave curvature of the shell. Septa are close spaced, less than a millimeter. Siphuncle segments are broadly expanded. Septal necks in paldiskense are short and generally cyrtochoanitic (flared outwardly). Those in neptunsakerense are suborthochoanitic. The later P. paldiskense from 463.5 to ca461 million years ago is also more strongly curved than earlier 472-466 Ma P. neptunsakerense.

Siphuncle
The siphuncle is a strand of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a cephalopod mollusc. Only cephalopods with chambered shells have siphuncles, such as the extinct ammonites and belemnites, and the living nautiluses, cuttlefish, and Spirula. In the case of the cuttlefish, the siphuncle is indistinct and connects all the small chambers of that animal's highly modified shell; in the other cephalopods it is thread-like and passes through small openings in the septa (walls) dividing the camerae (chambers). Some older studies have used the term siphon for the siphuncle, though this naming convention is uncommon in modern studies to prevent confusion with a mollusc organ of the same name.
Tatiana Sharanova
Tatiana Alexandrovna Sharanova (Russian: Татьяна Александровна Шаранова; born 28 November 1946) is a Russian former pair skater who represented the Soviet Union in the 1960s and early 1970s. Competing in partnership with Aleksandr Gorelik, she won bronze at the 1962 Blue Swords and placed 7th at the 1964 European Championships in Grenoble, France.

Sharanova's partnership with her husband, Anatoli Evdokimov, began by 1966.  The two finished 5th at the 1967 European Championships in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, and 8th at the 1967 World Championships in Vienna, Austria. They won silver at the 1966 Prize of Moscow News, gold at the 1967 Prague Skate, and silver at the 1970 Blue Swords.

After retiring from competition, Sharanova worked for an ice ballet based in Kiev, Ukraine.

1964 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1964 European Figure Skating Championships were held in Grenoble, France from January 14 to 18. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.
Effie Brown Earll Slingerland Yantis
Effie Brown Earll Slingerland Yantis (June 28, 1869 – April 17, 1950) was an American illustrator, colorist, lecturer, social worker, and politician. Between 1922 and 1926, she was also a member of the New Hampshire Legislature.

Council of National Defense
The Council of National Defense was a United States organization formed during World War I to coordinate resources and industry in support of the war effort, including the coordination of transportation, industrial and farm production, financial support for the war, and public morale.

It was briefly revived for World War II to hold agencies such as National Defense Research Committee.
Ceroplesis conradti
Ceroplesis conradti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Kolbe in 1893. It is known from Tanzania and the Central African Republic. It contains the varietas Ceroplesis conradti var. fulvovestita. The species feeds on Acacia decurrens and Chlorophora excelsa.

Milicia excelsa
Milicia excelsa is a tree species from the genus Milicia of the family Moraceae. Distributed across tropical Central Africa, it is one of two species (the other being Milicia regia) yielding timber commonly known as ọjị, African teak, iroko, intule, kambala, moreira, mvule, odum and tule. The tree has several medicinal applications and is considered sacred in parts of West Africa. It is currently listed as "near-threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Dick Ringler
Dick Ringler (21 January 1934–23 February 2024) was emeritus Professor of English and Scandinavian Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison, and one of the world's foremost authorities on Icelandic literature.

Ringler's book Bard of Iceland: Jónas Hallgrimsson: Poet and Scientist, a biography and translation of selected works of Icelandic poet Jónas Hallgrimsson was named a top ten University Press title for 2003 by Book Sense. In 2007 he completed a new translation of the Old English epic poem Beowulf, in which particular emphasis was given to preserving the oral rhythm and meter of the original text. This translation was adapted as an audio drama with Norman Gilliland of Wisconsin Public Radio and was released in 2007 under the title Beowulf: The Complete Story—A Drama (ISBN 0-9715093-2-8).

He earned degrees from Harvard University (BA, PhD) and the University of Wisconsin (MA).

Icelandic literature
Icelandic literature refers to literature written in Iceland or by Icelandic people. It is best known for the sagas written in medieval times, starting in the 13th century. As Icelandic and Old Norse are almost the same, and because Icelandic works constitute most of Old Norse literature, Old Norse literature is often considered a subset of Icelandic literature. However, works by Norwegians are present in the standard reader Sýnisbók íslenzkra bókmennta til miðrar átjándu aldar, compiled by Sigurður Nordal on the grounds that the language was the same.
Taean Power Station
Taean Thermal Power Station (Korean: 태안화력발전소) is a large coal-fired power station in Taean, South Korea, owned by Korean Western Power Co, part of Korea Electric Power Corporation. As the second largest coal plant in the world, it is estimated to have been the coal-fired power plant which emitted the fourth most carbon dioxide in 2018, at 31 million tons, and relative emissions are estimated at 1.5kg per kWh. The government asked the company to voluntarily cut coal-fired generation in 2021, which they did. There is a pilot plant for coal gasification.

Kilowatt-hour
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules (MJ) in SI units, which is the energy delivered by one kilowatt of power for one hour. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by electric utilities. Metric prefixes are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ).
2014 Toulon Tournament Group A
Group A of the 2014 Toulon Tournament was one of two groups competing of nations at 2014 Toulon Tournament. The group's first round of matches were played on 21 May 2014, with the final round played on 29 May. All ten matches were played at venues in France, in Toulon, Hyères, Aubagne and Saint-Raphaël. The group consisted of four previous champions, including France, as well as Portugal, Chile and Mexico and China, the latter which reached the final in 2007.

Hyères
Hyères (French pronunciation: [jɛʁ] ⓘ), Provençal Occitan: Ieras in classical norm, or Iero in Mistralian norm) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

The old town lies 4 km (2.5 mi) from the sea clustered around the Castle of Saint Bernard, which is set on a hill. Between the old town and the sea lies the pine-covered hill of Costebelle, which overlooks the peninsula of Giens. Hyères is the oldest resort on the French Riviera.
Lead belt (wargaming)
The lead belt is a name given to part of the English East Midlands, including Nottingham, because of the number of wargames manufacturers based there. A key factor is the location of Games Workshop, the biggest wargames miniature manufacturer in the world. Games Workshop was brought to Nottingham by Bryan Ansell in the early 1980s. Ansell had previously founded Citadel Miniatures at Newark, Nottinghamshire in 1979. Many former Games Workshop staff have gone on to found other manufacturers in the area and the 8–10 companies in the lead belt account for 90% of the British wargames miniature market. Because of the concentration of wargaming businesses the lead belt is the subject of organised tours for wargamers from North America.

Miniature model (gaming)
In miniature wargaming, players enact simulated battles using scale models called miniature models, which can be anywhere from 2 to 54 mm in height, to represent warriors, vehicles, artillery, buildings, and terrain. These models are colloquially referred to as miniatures or minis.

Miniature models are commonly made of metal, plastic, or paper. They are used to augment the visual aspects of a game and track position, facing, and line of sight of characters. Miniatures are typically painted and can be artfully sculpted, making them collectible in their own right. Pre-painted plastic figures, such as Clix miniatures produced by WizKids and unpainted plastic figures for Warhammer by Games Workshop, have become popular. The hobby of painting, collecting, and playing with miniatures originated with toy soldiers, though the latter were generally sold pre-painted.
Nandgaon, Jalgaon
Nandgaon is a village panchayat located in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra state, India. The latitude 21.1280968 and the longitude 75.4272768 are the coordinates of the panchayat.. It is 28 km from the Jalgaon railway station and has a population of approximately 2000 people. It is bordered with Kinod and Fesardi in the north, Pilkheda in the east, Kavthal in the southeast, and Chorgaon in the south. The Girna and Tapi are the main rivers flowing near Nandgaon, and is surrounded by the Girna river on three sides.

Tapti River
The Tapti River (or Tapi) is a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada River that flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea. The river has a length of around 724 km (450 miles) and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. It flows through the city of Surat, in Gujarat, and is crossed by the Magdalla, ONGC Bridge.

On 7 August 1968, before the construction of the Ukai Dam to bring its waters under control and provide hydroelectric power, the Tapti River overflowed its banks during heavy rains in the monsoon season. More than 1,000 people drowned in the flood, and the city of Surat was submerged beneath 10 feet of water for several days. After the floodwaters receded, at least 1,000 more people died in Gujarat during a cholera epidemic from the contamination of the drinking water. The Tapti basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.