hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zhang Binglin
Zhang Binglin (January 12, 1869 – June 14, 1936), also known by his art name Zhang Taiyan, was a Chinese philologist, textual critic, philosopher, and revolutionary.

His philological works include Wen Shi (文始 "The Origin of Writing"), the first systematic work of Chinese etymology. He also made contributions to historical Chinese phonology, proposing that "the niang (娘) and ri (日) initials [in Middle Chinese] come from the ni (泥) initial [in Old Chinese]" (known as niang ri gui ni 娘日歸泥). He developed a system of shorthand based on the seal script, called jiyin zimu (記音字母), later adopted as the basis of zhuyin. Though innovative in many ways, he was skeptical of new archaeological findings, regarding the oracle bones as forgery.

An activist as well as a scholar, he produced many political works. Because of his outspoken character, he was jailed for three years by the Qing Empire and put under house arrest for another three by Yuan Shikai.

Art name
An art name (pseudonym or pen name), also known by its native names hào (in Mandarin Chinese), gō (in Japanese), ho (in Korean), and tên hiệu (in Vietnamese), is a professional name used by artists, poets and writers in the Sinosphere. The word and the concept originated in China, where it was used as nicknames for the educated, then became popular in other East Asian countries (especially in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the former Kingdom of Ryukyu).

In some cases, artists adopted different pseudonyms at different stages of their career, usually to mark significant changes in their life. Extreme practitioners of this tendency were Tang Yin of the Ming dynasty, who had more than ten hao, Hokusai of Japan, who in the period 1798 to 1806 alone used no fewer than six, and Kim Chŏnghŭi of the Joseon Dynasty who had up to 503.
Treaty of Tuscaloosa
The Treaty of Tuscaloosa, also known as the Treaty of Old Town, was signed in October 1818, and ratified by Congress in January 1819, endorsed by President James Monroe.  It was one of a series of treaties made between the Chickasaw Indians and the United States that year. The Treaty of Tuscaloosa was represented by Senator Andrew Jackson and ex-governor Isaac Shelby to the Chickasaw.  It resulted in the acquisition of the Jackson Purchase (which included extreme western Kentucky and most of the West Tennessee division).

Ratification
Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent. In international law, ratification is the process by which a state declares its consent to be bound to a treaty. In the case of bilateral treaties, ratification is usually accomplished by exchanging the requisite instruments, and in the case of multilateral treaties, the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the ratifications of all states, keeping all parties informed of the situation.

The institution of ratification grants states the necessary time-frame to seek the required approval for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact the necessary legislation to give domestic effect to that treaty. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutions in federal states such as the United States and Canada. The term is also used in parliamentary procedure in deliberative assemblies.
Duncan McNaught
Duncan McNaught LL.D., J.P., (1845 – 1 June 1925) was born in Alexandria, Dunbartonshire in 1845. He was the parochial school teacher at Kilmaurs in East Ayrshire from 1867 and served at the school for over fifty years, having served as assistant from 1865. He founded the Kilmarnock Conservative Association, jointly founded the Robert Burns World Federation, acted as the editor of the "Burns Chronicle" and was the president of what became the Robert Burns World Federation.

John Gribbel
John Gribbel (March 29, 1858 – August 25, 1936) was an American banker and businessman. He was president of the American Meter Company, the Fairmount Savings  Trust Company, the Royal Electrotype Company, and several gas and electric utilities. He served as a director for numerous banks and businesses including Curtis Publishing Company, Girard National Bank, the Insurance Company of North America, Mechanics National Bank, and Philadelphia National Bank. He invested his fortune in the collection of historical books and manuscripts and donated the  Glenriddell Manuscripts to the Scottish people.
Prečna
Prečna (pronounced [ˈpɾeːtʃna], German: Pretschna) is a settlement northwest of the town of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

The local parish church is dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It was built in 1907 in a Neo-Gothic style on the site of an older church dedicated to the Prophet Elijah.

Anthony of Padua
Anthony of Padua, OFM, or Anthony of Lisbon; born Fernando Martins de Bulhões (15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231) was a Portuguese Catholic priest and member of the Order of Friars Minor.

Anthony was born to and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in Padua, Italy. Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching, expert knowledge of scripture, and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick, he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history, being canonized less than a year after his death.

He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XII on 16 January 1946.
Sha'ar Menashe
Sha'ar Menashe (Hebrew: שַׁעַר מְנַשֶּׁה, lit. 'Menashe Gate') is a psychiatric medical centre in northern Israel. Located near Pardes Hanna-Karkur with an area of 740 dunams, it falls under the jurisdiction of Menashe Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 533. It is the location of Sha'ar Menashe psychiatric hospital.

Dunam
A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: دونم; Turkish: dönüm; Hebrew: דונם; Yiddish: דונאם), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area analogous in role (but not equal) to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day. The legal definition was "forty standard paces in length and breadth", but its actual area varied considerably from place to place, from a little more than 900 square metres [9,690 sq ft] in Ottoman Palestine to around 2,500 square metres [26,910 square feet] in Iraq.

The unit is still in use in many areas previously ruled by the Ottomans, although the new or metric dunam has been redefined as exactly one decare (1,000 square metres [10,760 square feet]), which is 1/10 hectare (1/10 × 10,000 square metres [107,640 square feet]), like the modern Greek royal stremma.
Anima Inferna
Anima Inferna is the fourth studio album by Norwegian gothic metal band Gothminister. The album came in a standard jewel case, as well as the limited edition "Box From Hell" released in Germany, which came with a limited digipak version of Anima Inferna, a T-shirt (available in M, L, XL sizes), and a 32+1 Gothminister Draw- poker gambling card deck, from Alterburger. The album was produced by Grammy Award winner Neil Kernon. It was rereleased in 2014 through AFM Records.

Optical disc packaging
Optical disc packaging is the packaging that accompanies CDs, DVDs, and other formats of optical discs. Most packaging is rigid or semi-rigid and designed to protect the media from scratches and other types of exposure damage.
Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchia. There are two superfamilies in this clade. Slugs in the superfamily Onchidioidea are primarily marine (except for five land-dwelling or freshwater species), whereas slugs in the superfamily Veronicelloidea are primarily terrestrial.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Pablo Feijoo
Pablo Feijoo Ugalde (born 18 May 1982) is a Spanish rugby sevens former player and coach.

He played in the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Russia.
He was in the squad that secured the last Olympic spot when they defeated Samoa 7s in Monaco. He was selected for the Spanish national rugby sevens team for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Feijoo retired from international play after the 2016 Olympics.

Feijoo was head coach of the Spain national rugby sevens team from 2016 to 2022.

Samoa national rugby sevens team
The Samoa national rugby sevens team, referred to as Samoa Sevens or Manu Samoa 7s, competes in the annual World Rugby Sevens Series. Representing the polynesian country of Samoa, with a population of about 202,000, the team competes against some of the wealthiest countries in the world. The Samoa sevens team is overseen by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, which oversees all of rugby union in Samoa.

Samoa won the 2009–10 World Series by winning four tournaments – the Hong Kong Sevens, the USA Sevens, the Adelaide Sevens, and the Edinburgh Sevens. Samoa has played at all Rugby World Cup Sevens finals tournaments since the championship began in 1993; its best finish was third place in 1997 and again in 2007.

Samoa has won four Oceania Sevens titles since the first competition in 2008. They have also won all four gold medals at the Pacific Games Sevens and Pacific Mini Games Sevens between 2007 and 2013, defeating Fiji in the final on each occasion.
Personal jurisdiction calendars of the Roman Rite
Personal jurisdiction calendars of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church are lists of saints' feast days and other liturgical celebrations, organized by calendar date, that apply to members of individual personal ordinariates and personal prelatures that worship according to the Roman Rite of the Latin Church. Such calendars are "particular calendars" that build off of the General Roman Calendar.

Personal prelature
A personal prelature is an institution of the Catholic Church which comprises clergy, and optionally laity, under the jurisdiction of a prelate, which undertakes specific pastoral activities. Along with dioceses, and later military ordinariates, personal prelatures were originally under care of the Vatican's Congregation for Bishops, but since 4 August 2022, personal prelatures have been placed under care of the Dicastery for the Clergy. Unlike dioceses, which cover territories for the ordinary pastoral care of the faithful, personal prelatures minister to persons according to some specific pastoral goals, regardless of where they live.
The first personal prelature is Opus Dei.
Andy Fleming (soccer)
Andy Fleming (born December 27, 1974) is an American former college soccer player and former head coach for Xavier University in the Big East Conference. Fleming has previously served as an assistant coach for Northwestern and Boston University's men's soccer programs.

Northwestern Wildcats men's soccer
The Northwestern Wildcats men's soccer team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, United States. The team is a member of the Big Ten Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. Northwestern's first men's soccer team was fielded in 1980. The team plays its home games at Martin Stadium in Evanston, which opened in 2016. The Cats are coached by Russell Payne.
Nebulium
Nebulium was a proposed element found in astronomical observation of a nebula by William Huggins in 1864. The strong green emission lines of the Cat's Eye Nebula, discovered using spectroscopy, led to the postulation that an as yet unknown element was responsible for this emission. In 1927, Ira Sprague Bowen showed that the lines are emitted by doubly ionized oxygen (new style O2+; old style OIII), and no new element was necessary to explain them.

Observational astronomy
Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, the practice and study of observing celestial objects with the use of telescopes and other astronomical instruments.

As a science, the study of astronomy does not rely on direct experiments with the objects in a distant universe. Rather astronomers have a vast number of visible examples of stellar phenomena that can be examined. This allows for observational data to be plotted on graphs, and general trends recorded. Nearby examples of specific phenomena, such as variable stars, can then be used to infer the behavior of more distant representatives. Those distant yardsticks can then be employed to measure other phenomena in that neighborhood, including the distance to a galaxy.

Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the heavens and recorded what he saw. Since that time, observational astronomy has made steady advances with each improvement in telescope technology.
Al Batinah Region
Al-Bāţinah (Arabic: ٱلْبَاطِنَة) was one of the regions (Mintaqat) of Oman. On 28 October 2011, Al-Batinah Region was bifurcated into Al Batinah North Governorate and Al Batinah South Governorate.

The region occupied an important location on the coast of Gulf of Oman. It laid between Khatmat Malahah in the north and Ras al-Hamra in the south, and confined between Al-Hajar Mountains in the west and the Gulf of Oman in the east.

Mintaqah
Minṭaqah (Arabic: مِنْطَقَة [ˈmintˤaqah]; plural مَنَاطِق manāṭiq [maˈnaːtˤiq]) is a term used for a first-level administrative division in Saudi Arabia and Chad and for a second-level administrative division in several other Arab countries. It is often translated as region or district, but the literal meaning is "region", "area", or even simply "place".
Ikedi Ohakim
Ikedi Ohakim // ⓘ (born 4 August 1957) is a Nigerian businessman who became governor of Imo State in the South Eastern region in May 2007, standing for the Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA).
He later switched to the People's Democratic Party (PDP).

Points of the compass
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each separated by 90 degrees, and secondarily divided by four ordinal (intercardinal) directions—northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest—each located halfway between two cardinal directions. Some disciplines such as meteorology and navigation further divide the compass with additional azimuths. Within European tradition, a fully defined compass has 32 "points" (and any finer subdivisions are described in fractions of points).

Compass points or compass directions are valuable in that they allow a user to refer to a specific azimuth in a colloquial fashion, without having to compute or remember degrees.
Manor of Poltimore
The Manor of Poltimore is a former manor in Devon, England. The manor house known as Poltimore House survives in its 18th-century remodelled form, but has been dilapidated for several decades. A charity named the "Poltimore House Trust" has been established for the purpose of its restoration. The manor was situated within the historic Wonford Hundred and was largely coterminous with the parish of Poltimore and contained the village of Poltimore, 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east of the historic centre of the City of Exeter. It should not be confused with the eponymous Devon estate of Poltimore in the parish of Farway, 16 miles (26 km) east of Exeter. Poltimore was the principal seat of the Bampfylde family from c. 1300 to 1920.

High Sheriff of Devon
The High Sheriff of Devon is the Kings's representative for the County of Devon, a territory known as his/her bailiwick. Selected from three nominated people, they hold the office for one year. They have judicial, ceremonial and administrative functions and execute High Court Writs. The title was historically "Sheriff of Devon", but changed in 1974 to "High Sheriff of Devon".
Temple Terrace Public Library
The Temple Terrace Public Library serves 250,000 patrons a year with a selection of more than 100,000 volumes, 22 computers, and 12 laptops for in-house checkout.
It is the only library in the city of Temple Terrace, FL, and it is part of the Hillsborough County Library Cooperative, along with branches in Tampa, Florida and Plant City, Florida.  It is located near several colleges, including the University of South Florida and Florida College, as well as the Museum of Science & Industry in Tampa.

Plant City, Florida
Plant City is an incorporated city in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States, approximately midway between Brandon and Lakeland along Interstate 4. It is part of the Tampa Bay area. The population was 39,764 at the 2020 census.

Despite many thinking it was named for flora grown at plant nurseries (especially vegetables and fruits, as well as tropical houseplants) in its subtropical Gulf Coast climate, it was named after prominent railroad developer Henry B. Plant (see Plant System).

Plant City is known as the winter strawberry capital of the world and hosts the annual Florida Strawberry Festival in the late winter (usually in February or early March), which is attended by people from all over the world.
Oshrat Bachar
Oshrat Bachar (Hebrew: אושרת בכר; born 1979) is a Lieutenant colonel in the Israel Defense Forces and a commander of the Field Intelligence 727 Battalion "Eitam" which is part of the Southern Command and operates in the Gaza border of Jordan and in the Egyptian border. Bachar is the first female combat-battalion commander in Israel.

Aluf
Aluf (Hebrew: אלוף, lit. 'champion' or "first/leader of a group" in Biblical Hebrew) is a senior military rank in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) for officers who in other countries would have the rank of general, air marshal, or admiral. In addition to the aluf rank, four other ranks' names are derivatives of aluf (for which abbreviations can be used), together constituting the five highest ranks in the IDF.
Daens
Daens might refer to:

Adolf Daens, Belgian Flemish priest and politician

Pieter Daens (novel), a novel by Louis Paul Boon

Daens (film), a 1992 biographical film directed by Stijn Coninx based on Boon's novel

11571 Daens (1993 OR8), a main-belt asteroid, discovered in 1993

Louis Paul Boon
Lodewijk Paul Aalbrecht (Louis Paul) Boon (15 March 1912, in Aalst – 10 May 1979, in Erembodegem) was a Belgian writer of novels, poetry, pornography, columns and art criticism in Flemish. He was also a painter. He is best known for the novels My Little War (1947), the diptych Chapel Road (1953) / Summer in Termuren (1956), Menuet (1955) and Pieter Daens (1971).
Sally Newmarch
Sally Newmarch (born 2 June 1975), now known as Sally Callie, is an Australian former rower – a four-time national champion, a medal winning national representative who competed at World Rowing Championships from 1993 to 2004 and a three time Olympian.

World Rowing Championships
The World Rowing Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation). It is a week-long event held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer and in non-Olympic years is the highlight of the international rowing calendar.
Island City Historic District
The Island City Historic District is a primarily commercial historic district which encompass the whole of the island on which stands the central part of Eaton Rapids, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Eaton Rapids, Michigan
Eaton Rapids is a city in Eaton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 5,203 at the 2020 census.

The city is located in the south of Eaton Rapids Township, on the boundary with Hamlin Township, though it is politically independent of both townships. Its nickname is the Island City, since the downtown is located on an island, with a public park, in the Grand River.
Susanne Eberstein
Susanne Eberstein (born 1 March 1948) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician. She was member of the Riksdag from 1994 to 2018 and served as First Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag from 2010 to 2014. 
In previous terms of office, she has held positions as chairman of the Committee on Taxation 2004–2006, vice chairman of the Committee on Justice 2002–2004 and EU Affairs 2006–2010, second vice chairman of the Committee on Health and Welfare
1998–2002, and member of the Committee of Finance 1994–1998 and the General Council of the Riksbank 1998–2010.

By profession, Eberstein is a lawyer and has served as a judge (Swedish: kammarrättsråd) of the Administrative Court of Appeals in Sundsvall. Her daughter, Anna Eberstein, is married to Hugh Grant since 2018.

Judiciary of Sweden
The judicial system of Sweden consists of the law of Sweden and a number of government agencies tasked with upholding security and rule of law within the country. The activities of these agencies include police and law enforcement, prosecution, courts, and prisons and other correctional services.
Poincaré recurrence theorem
In mathematics and physics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain dynamical systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state arbitrarily close to (for continuous state systems), or exactly the same as (for discrete state systems), their initial state.

The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the recurrence. This time may vary greatly depending on the exact initial state and required degree of closeness. The result applies to isolated mechanical systems subject to some constraints, e.g., all particles must be bound to a finite volume. The theorem is commonly discussed in the context of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics. Systems to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies are called conservative systems.

The theorem is named after Henri Poincaré, who discussed it in 1890. A proof was presented by Constantin Carathéodory using measure theory in 1919.

Flow (mathematics)
In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid.  Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time. More formally, a flow is a group action of the real numbers on a set.

The idea of a vector flow, that is, the flow determined by a vector field, occurs in the areas of differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie groups. Specific examples of vector flows include the geodesic flow, the Hamiltonian flow, the Ricci flow, the mean curvature flow, and Anosov flows.  Flows may also be defined for systems of random variables and stochastic processes, and occur in the study of ergodic dynamical systems.  The most celebrated of these is perhaps the Bernoulli flow.