hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shapiro reaction
The Shapiro reaction or tosylhydrazone decomposition is an organic reaction in which a ketone or aldehyde is converted to an alkene through an intermediate hydrazone in the presence of 2 equivalents of organolithium reagent. The reaction was discovered by Robert H. Shapiro in 1967. The Shapiro reaction was used in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. This reaction is very similar to the Bamford–Stevens reaction, which also involves the basic decomposition of tosyl hydrazones.

Organic reaction
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.

The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the Grignard reaction in 1912, the Diels–Alder reaction in 1950, the Wittig reaction in 1979 and olefin metathesis in 2005.
Noida–Greater Noida Expressway
The Noida–Greater Noida Expressway is a six-lane expressway connecting Noida, Uttar Pradesh, an industrial suburb of Delhi to Greater Noida, a new suburb adjacent to Noida. This expressway is under expansion to Taj Economic Zone, International Airport and Aviation Hub proposed to be constructed along the Yamuna Expressway (Taj Expressway). The expressway is 24.53 km (15.24 mi) long, built at a cost of ₹400 Crore to relieve the old Delhi-Agra national highway (NH-2) which was already congested and ran through the heart of cities like Faridabad, Ballabhgarh and Palwal.

Ballabhgarh
Ballabgarh, officially Balramgarh, is a large town, nearby Faridabad city and a tehsil (subdistrict) in Faridabad district of Haryana, India, and is part of the Delhi National Capital Region or Delhi NCR.

The town was founded by Raja Balram Singh, in 1739, who also built the Nahar Singh Mahal palace in the same year. Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was the last king of the princely state. He was executed for taking part in the 1857 war of independence in 1858. The town of Ballabhgarh is only 17 miles (27 km) from Delhi, and today lies on the National Highway 19, a major portion of historical Grand Trunk Road. It is connected to Faridabad and south-east Delhi by the Delhi Metro. Ballabhgarh is the fourth city in Haryana to get metro connectivity after Gurgaon, Faridabad and Bahadurgarh.
Loss E. Jones
Loss E. Jones was an American politician.

On November 2, 1846, Jones was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives where he represented the Jackson County district from January 4, 1847, to March 17, 1847. During his term in the legislature, he served on the Education committee. Jones lived in Brooklyn, Michigan.

Brooklyn, Michigan
Brooklyn is a village in Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 1,313 at the 2020 census. It is located in the Irish Hills region of southern Michigan, just north of U.S. Route 12 along M-50.  The village is located within Columbia Township. Michigan International Speedway is just to its south in Cambridge Township.
What Everybody Wants
What Everybody Wants is a 1954 novel by the British writer Walter Greenwood. It is the second of a trilogy set in the fictional fishing port of Treeloe in Cornwall during the postwar years. While the principal character of the first novel Randy Jollifer reappears, there is a shift to focus on the life of Darky Durrant. Durrant is a local poacher of gypsy heritage who, despite a distinguished war record as a commando, lives on the margins of society.

Post-war
A post-war or postwar period is the period immediately following the end of a war. The term usually refers to a varying period of time after World War II, which ended in 1945. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date (such as the period between World War I and World War II). By contrast, a post-war period marks the cessation of armed conflict entirely.
1965 Durban rail accident
On 4 October 1965, during the Apartheid in South Africa, a passenger train of the South African Railways with up to 1500 black commuters onboard derailed, killing 87 of them.

As ‘revenge’ the passengers lynched a signalman and beat up another railwayman. Thousands of local black people came together in a protest march towards the disaster scene. It was estimated 100,000 attended the funeral of the 87 black workers.

It was the deadliest railway accident in South Africa.

KwaMashu
KwaMashu is a township 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Durban, South Africa. The name honours Sir Marshall Campbell and means Place of Marshall. KwaMashu is bordered by Newlands East to the south, Newlands West to the west, Ntuzuma to the north, Phoenix to the north-east, Mount Edgecombe to the east and Durban North to the south-east.
Valchedram Municipality
Valchedram Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Вълчедръм) is a frontier municipality (obshtina) in Montana Province, Northwestern Bulgaria, located along the right bank of Danube river in the Danubian Plain. It is named after its administrative centre - the town of Valchedram. The area borders on Romania beyond the Danube to the north.

The municipality embraces a territory of 429 km2 (166 sq mi) with a population of 9,771 inhabitants, as of February 2011.

Opština
Opština, općina, občina, obshtina or obshchina (Cyrillic: општина, опћина or община), is a local government unit in Slavic-speaking countries, most commonly translated as municipality in English. It is used by the following countries:
Helmut Ringsdorf
Helmut Ringsdorf (30 July 1929 – 20 March 2023) was a German polymer chemist. His work promoted cross-disciplinary discussions and collaborations in the field of polymer chemistry, biology, physics and medicine.

Ringsdorf's major research works deal with the self-assembly of polymers into functional aggregates, where 'the whole is more than the sum of its parts'.  He is known for being the first to propose covalently bonding drugs to water-soluble polymers.

Polymer chemistry
Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. Many materials have polymeric structures, from fully inorganic metals and ceramics to DNA and other biological molecules. However, polymer chemistry is typically related to synthetic and organic compositions. Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous in commercial materials and products in everyday use, such as plastics, and rubbers, and are major components of composite materials. Polymer chemistry can also be included in the broader fields of polymer science or even nanotechnology, both of which can be described as encompassing polymer physics and polymer engineering.
Walter Demel
Walter Demel (1 December 1935 – 19 April 2023) was a West German cross-country skier who competed during the 1960s and 1970s. He won a bronze medal in the 30 km event at the 1966 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships.

Demel's best finish at the Winter Olympics was 5th in the 30 km and 50 km events in 1972.

He was born in Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany.

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1966
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1966 took place 17–27 February 1966 in Oslo, Norway at the Holmenkollen ski arena. This was the third time the Norwegian capital hosted this event having done so in 1930 and at the 1952 Winter Olympics. This also equaled the most times a city had hosted with Lahti, Finland (1926, 1938, 1958) and Zakopane, Poland (1929, 1939, and 1962).
Rivey Hill
Rivey Hill is a hill overlooking Linton in Cambridgeshire, England (grid reference TL567480). At 367 feet (112 m) it is the highest point for several miles around. The hill has a steep slope leading down to Linton and a prominence of 69 feet (21 m). The highest point is on private land but a bridleway from Linton crosses near the top. A water tower on the hill identifies it when seen from a distance. The tower is a grade II listed building, was built in 1935–1936 in Art Deco style, and underwent major restoration work in 2018–2019.

The ascent of the hill is the start of a circular walk, detailed in Jarrold's Walks in Cambridgeshire, which goes north from the top to a Roman Road, follows this over the 
312 feet (95 m) Hildersham Hill for 2 miles (3.2 km), then descends to Hildersham and returns along the valley of the River Granta to Linton. Rivey Hill is also the highest point on a circular walk around Hadstock and Linton, described by  The Hundred Parishes Society.

Hadstock
Hadstock is a village and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England, lying close to the county boundary with Cambridgeshire. It is 6 miles (10 km) north of Saffron Walden and 9 miles (14 km) south-east of Cambridge, its post town. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 318.

The Church of England parish church of Saint Botolph has the oldest door still in use in Great Britain. The oldest parts of the church are thought to date from about AD 1020. Since that time, the church has received many additions and undergone several renovations.

On the outskirts of the village is a disused airfield that was used in World War II. While the official name for the airfield became RAF Little Walden, it was originally named after the village of Hadstock.

From 1951 until at least 1968 Hadstock boasted the only mounted Scout troop in Britain. It was led by Dr. Jock Dawson.

Hadstock has a silver band.
Sommerfeldt
Sommerfeldt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christian Sommerfeldt (1746–1811), Norwegian geographer and civil servant

Einar Sommerfeldt (1889–1976), Norwegian rower

Gunnar Sommerfeldt (1890–1947), Danish actor and film director

Hakon Adelsteen Sommerfeldt (1811–1888), Norwegian naval officer and ship designer

Harald Sommerfeldt (1886–1966), Norwegian businessman

René Sommerfeldt (born 1974), German cross-country skier

Wilhelm Preus Sommerfeldt (1881–1957), Norwegian bibliographer and librarian

Gunnar Sommerfeldt
Gunnar Sommerfeldt (4 September 1890 – 30 August 1947) was a Danish actor and film maker.

In 1919 he directed Saga Borgarættarinnar, which was released in 1920 and was the first feature film shot in Iceland. Sommerfeldt also wrote the script, based on Gunnar Gunnarsson's novel by that name. He made his last feature film in 1921, an adaption of Knut Hamsun's Growth of the Soil, which received the Nobel Prize in Literature the year before.
Kosmos 2176
Kosmos 2176 (Russian: Космос 2176 meaning Cosmos 2176) was a Russian US-K early warning satellite which was launched in 1992 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2176 was launched from Site 43/3 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 01:18 UTC on 24 January 1992. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1992-003A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 21847.

It re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on January 17, 2012.

International Designator
The International Designator is an international identifier assigned to artificial objects in space. It consists of the launch year, a three-digit incrementing launch number of that year and up to a three-letter code representing the sequential identifier of a piece in a launch. In TLE format the first two digits of the year and the dash are dropped.
For example, 1990-037A is the Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-31, which carried the Hubble Space Telescope (1990-037B) into space. This launch was the 37th known successful launch worldwide in 1990.
Windham (ship)
At least two vessels have been named Windham (or Wyndham):

Windham was launched in 1800 and made six voyages for the British East India Company before the Chilean Navy purchased her in 1818. The Chileans sold her in 1828.

Windham (1808 ship) was a country ship built at Demaun. In 1815 she wrecked on Brunswick Rock.

Windham (1808 ship)
Windham was a country ship, i.e., a British vessel that, in compliance with the British East India Company's monopoly on the British trade between Britain and the Far East, traded only east of the Cape of Good Hope. She was built at Demaun in 1808.

The "Windham transport", of 833 tons (bm), participated in the British invasion of Java in August–September 1811. The East India Company provided the services of several of their ships, led by Malabar under Commodore John Hayes. These were Ariel, Aurora, Mornington, Nautilus, Psyche, Thetis, and Vestal. This is in addition to the transport vessels. The "Windham transport" carried the 3rd volunteer battalion to Cheribon.

An American letter of marque captured Windham off China later in 1814, but gave her up after taking part of her cargo.

On 20 September 1815 Windham, Nichols, master, sailing from Bengal to China, wrecked on Brunswick Rock. Her crew was saved.
Zhelekhivka
Zhelekhivka (Ukrainian: Желехі́вка) was Ukrainian phonetic orthography in Western Ukraine from 1886 to 1922 (sometimes until the 1940s), created by Yevhen Zhelekhivskyi on the basis of the Civil Script and phonetic spelling common in the Ukrainian language at that time (with some changes) for his own "Little Russian-German Dictionary", which was published in full in 1886.

Voiceless alveolar affricate
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

A voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.

A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] – or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the extIPA – is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.

A voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

This article discusses the first two.
Wong Tai Sin Temple (Guangzhou)
23°05′46″N 113°13′32″E﻿ / ﻿23.096135°N 113.225668°E﻿ / 23.096135; 113.225668

Wong Tai Sin Temple (simplified Chinese: 黄大仙祠; traditional Chinese: 黃大仙祠; pinyin: Huáng dàxiān cí; Jyutping: wong4 daai6 sin1 zi6*2) is a major tourist attraction dedicated to Chinese deity Wong Tai Sin.  Situated in the Huadi Subdistrict, Liwan District of Guangzhou, it is a Taoist temple. It is just one of many temples dedicated to Wong Tai Sin. Besides, it can be found in different parts of the world, including China, Southeast Asia, and the United States, etc. Among them, the oldest one is in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China.

Huadi Subdistrict
Huadi Subdistrict (Chinese: 花地街道; pinyin: Huādì Jiēdào; Jyutping: faa1 dei2 gaai1 dou6) is a subdistrict of Liwan District, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. As of 2020, it has 8 residential communities (社区) under its administration.
Suriname women's national under-20 football team
The Suriname women's national U-20 football team is the national women's football team of Suriname and is overseen by the Surinaamse Voetbal Bond and its represents Suriname in international women's under 20 or youth women's football competitions.

Surinamese Football Association
The Surinamese Football Association (Dutch: Surinaamse Voetbal Bond [syːriˈnaːmsə ˈvudbɑl ˌbɔnt]) is the governing body of football in Suriname. It organizes the Surinamese football league system, the Surinamese Cup, Suriname President's Cup, Suriname national football team, and the Suriname women's national football team. It is based in Paramaribo, and is a founding member of CONCACAF and a member of FIFA.

Just like neighboring French Guiana and Guyana, Suriname are not members of the South American CONMEBOL confederation, but instead of CONCACAF, which covers North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
Sports Coaching Foundation
Sports Coaching Foundation is an NGO in Hyderabad, Telangana state, India, founded in 1991 by ex-Andhra Ranji cricketer Kammela Saibaba.

In 2015 the group received the India NGO Award from the New York-based Rockefeller Foundation and the UK-based Resource Alliance, for its contribution to "social reconstruction through promoting sports amongst the under-privileged".

Andhra cricket team
The Andhra cricket team is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The team's main home ground is ACA-VDCA International Cricket Stadium at Visakhapatnam, while some home matches are also played at Anantapur and Kadapa. C. K. Nayudu was the first captain of the team.
Ian Maxtone-Graham
Ian Maxtone-Graham is an American television writer and producer. He has formerly written for Saturday Night Live (1992–1995) and The Simpsons (1995–2012), as well as serving as a co-executive producer and consulting producer for the latter from its seventh to its twenty-fourth seasons.

Annie Awards
The Annie Awards are accolades which the Los Angeles branch of the International Animated Film Association, ASIFA-Hollywood, has presented each year since 1972 to recognize excellence in animation shown in American cinema and television. Originally designed to celebrate lifetime or career contributions to animation, the award has been given to individual works since 1992, becoming the biggest awards ceremony in the United States for the animation industry.

Membership in ASIFA-Hollywood is divided into three main categories: General Member (for professionals), Patron (for enthusiasts of animation), and Student Member. Members in each category pay a fee to belong to the branch. Selected professional members of the branch are permitted to vote to decide the awards.

The 48th and 49th Annie Awards ceremonies were held virtually on April 16, 2021, and March 12, 2022, respectively, due to the then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Assassination of François, Duke of Guise
On 24 February 1563, François, Duke of Guise was assassinated by the Huguenot Jean de Poltrot during the Siege of Orléans. His death represents a critical turning point in the French Wars of Religion. It would be the first major assassination in what would become a blood feud between the various aristocratic houses which would see the deaths of Louis, Prince of Condé and the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre follow. It also proved a decisive factor in bringing the first War of Religion to a close in the Edict of Amboise.

Siege of Orléans (1563)
The siege of Orléans was the final key military engagement of the first French War of Religion. Having lost the Battle of Dreux the rebel Huguenots fell back with their remaining forces to the city. François, Duke of Guise, the only non captive royal commander, moved to lay siege to the town, hoping its capitulation would bring about a total victory for the crowns forces. However, despite reducing the suburbs, he would be assassinated at the siege before he could bring it to a conclusion. As a result the captive Louis, Prince of Condé and Anne de Montmorency at Catherine de' Medici's direction were able to negotiate a compromise end to the first war in the Edict of Amboise.
2017 Kibō no Tō leadership election
The 2017 Kibō no Tō leadership election was held on 10 November 2017 to select a co-leader who would lead the party aloneside founder Yuriko Koike. Yuichiro Tamaki easily defeated Hiroshi Ogushi for the position. Four days after the election, Koike resigned as leader, leaving Tamaki as sole leader of the party.

Shu Watanabe (politician)
Shu Watanabe (渡辺 周, Watanabe Shū; born 11 December 1961) is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, who served as a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan (national legislature).
John Muir (footballer, born 1947)
John Muir (1947 – February 2018) was a Scottish footballer who played for St Johnstone and Alloa Athletic.

Willie Ormond brought Muir to Muirton Park in 1969 having been impressed by his goalscoring exploits at Alloa Athletic. He made his debut on 2 December 1969 against Kilmarnock and scored his first goal against Hearts on 29 August 1970.

A series of injuries meant that it was not until the 1972-73 season that the Saints fans saw his real abilities and he was the club's top scorer in each of the next two seasons. He made his final appearance for the club against Aberdeen on 21 April 1976 and was freed at the end of the 1975-76 season after relegation from the Scottish Premier Division.

Muir died in February 2018, aged 70.

Muirton Park
Muirton Park was the second of three football stadiums the football club St Johnstone from Perth, Scotland, have occupied in their history. It was preceded by the Recreation Grounds (1885–1924) and succeeded by McDiarmid Park (1989–present). Muirton Park stood between 1924 and 1989, at which point it was demolished and replaced with a supermarket.
Marshall County Schools (Tennessee)
Marshall County Schools is a school district headquartered in Lewisburg, Tennessee, serving all of Marshall County. All schools in Lewisburg are home of the Tigers, all schools in Cornersville are home of the Bulldogs, and all schools in Chapel Hill are home of the Rockets. Marshall County is home to eleven schools in total, there is six in Lewisburg, three in Chapel Hill, and two in Cornersville. Lewisburg is home to the only middle school, Lewisburg Middle School and it is also home to Marshall County High School, and Spot Lowe Vocational Center. Chapel Hill is home to Forrest High School, and Cornersville is home to Cornersville High School. The main reason why Chapel Hill and Cornersville don't have Middle Schools is because their High Schools also include the seventh and eighth grades. Elementary Schools include the sixth grade, while in other counties it only goes up to the fifth grade. Westhills Elementary School also has its own YouTube channel, titled WTN for short.

Chapel Hill, Tennessee
Chapel Hill is a town in northeastern Marshall County, Tennessee, United States. The town was named after Chapel Hill, North Carolina, by settlers from that area. The population was 1,717 as of the 2020 census.
Mikhail Porechenkov
Mikhail Yevgenyevich Porechenkov (Russian: Михаи́л Евге́ньевич Поре́ченков; born 2 March 1969) is a Russian film actor, producer, director. He became famous after his lead role as FSB Agent Alexey Nikolayev in the TV series National Security Agent (1999–2005). In 2008, Porechenkov produced, directed and starred in D-Day (День Д), a Russian remake of the 1985 American action film Commando.

MTV Russia Movie Awards
The MTV Russia Movie Awards (Before 2009 MTV Movie Awards Russia (Russian: Кинонаграды MTV Россия)) made its debut in 2006 and have celebrated local Russian movies as well as international. The MTV Russia Movie Awards (RMA) is the first event of such kind, featuring local and international actors and movie celebrities being honoured by Russian viewers.