hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Variation of parameters
In mathematics, variation of parameters, also known as variation of constants, is a general method to solve inhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equations.

For first-order inhomogeneous linear differential equations it is usually possible to find solutions via integrating factors or undetermined coefficients with considerably less effort, although those methods leverage heuristics that involve guessing and do not work for all inhomogeneous linear differential equations.

Variation of parameters extends to linear partial differential equations as well, specifically to inhomogeneous problems for linear evolution equations like the heat equation, wave equation, and vibrating plate equation.  In this setting, the method is more often known as Duhamel's principle, named after Jean-Marie Duhamel (1797–1872) who first applied the method to solve the inhomogeneous heat equation.  Sometimes variation of parameters itself is called Duhamel's principle and vice versa.

Jean-Marie Duhamel
Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel (/ˌdjuːəˈmɛl/; French: [dy.amɛl]; 5 February 1797 – 29 April 1872) was a French mathematician and physicist.

His studies were affected by the troubles of the Napoleonic era. He went on to form his own school École Sainte-Barbe. Duhamel's principle, a method of obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations, is named after him. He was primarily a mathematician but did studies on the mathematics of heat, mechanics, and acoustics.  He also did work in calculus using infinitesimals. Duhamel's theorem for infinitesimals says that the sum of a series of infinitesimals is unchanged by replacing the infinitesimal with its principal part.

In 1853 he published about an early recording device he called a vibroscope. Like other similar devices, the vibroscope was a type of measuring device similar to an oscilloscope, and could not play back the etchings it recorded.
Vääna (river)
The Vääna (Estonian: Vääna jõgi) is a river in northwestern Estonia. It is located in Harju County, 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of the capital Tallinn. Its mouth is in Vääna-Jõesuu, Harku Parish. The length of the river is 69.5 km.

Harju County
Harju County (Estonian: Harju maakond or Harjumaa) is one of the fifteen counties of Estonia. It is located in northern Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, and it borders Lääne-Viru County to the east, Järva County to the southeast, Rapla County to the south, and Lääne County to the southwest. The capital and largest city of Estonia, Tallinn, is located in Harju County. Harju is the largest county in Estonia in terms of population, as almost half (45%) of Estonia's population lives in Harju County.
The Writer and the World
The Writer and the World: Essays (2002) is a collection of essays and reportage, many previously published, spanning the 50-year career of Trinidad-born British writer V. S. Naipaul. The book contains some of Naipaul's most notable essays on post-colonial India, Trinidad, and Zaire. Originally published in the United States by Knopf, it was issued in paperback by Vintage in 2003. The book is edited and introduced by Pankaj Mishra.

Vintage Books
Vintage Books is a trade paperback publishing imprint of Penguin Random House originally established by Alfred A. Knopf in 1954. The company was acquired by Random House in April 1960, and a British division was set up in 1990. After Random House merged with Bantam Doubleday Dell, Doubleday's Anchor Books trade paperback line was added to the same division as Vintage. After Random House merged with Penguin, Vintage UK was transferred to Penguin UK.

In addition to publishing classic and contemporary works in paperback under the Vintage brand, the imprint also oversees the sub-imprints Bodley Head, Jonathan Cape, Chatto and Windus, Harvill Secker, Hogarth Press, Square Peg, and Yellow Jersey. Vintage began publishing some titles in the mass-market paperback format in 2003.
Mandarin Dynasty
Mandarin Dynasty is a band fronted by Mike Sherk, formed in Encinitas, California in 2004. The group is best known for extensively touring the American DIY music scene, as well as for releasing several bedroom pop albums, including Sea Legs (2005) and Perpendicular Crosstalk (2011).

Mandarin Dynasty's lineup has at times included members of Deer Tick and Dear Nora. The band's songs have been covered by such acts as Diamond Rugs (a supergroup featuring members of Los Lobos, Black Lips and Dead Confederate). Mandarin Dynasty's use of layered vocal harmonies and unconventional instrumentation has led press to compare the group to both The Beach Boys and Neutral Milk Hotel.

Vocal harmony
Vocal harmony is a style of vocal music in which a consonant note or notes are simultaneously sung as a main melody in a predominantly homophonic texture. Vocal harmonies are used in many subgenres of European art music, including Classical choral music and opera and in the popular styles from many Western cultures ranging from folk songs and musical theater pieces to rock ballads. In the simplest style of vocal harmony, the main vocal melody is supported by a single backup vocal line, either at a pitch which is above or below the main vocal line, often in  thirds or sixths which fit in with the chord progression used in the song. In more complex vocal harmony arrangements, different backup singers may sing two or even three other notes at the same time as each of the main melody notes, mostly with a consonant, pleasing-sounding thirds, sixths, and fifths (although dissonant notes may be used as short passing notes).
Khirki Mosque
The Khirki Mosque (Arabic: مسجد خيركي; Hindi: खिड़की मस्जिद, दिल्ली) is a former mosque, now in partial ruins, located in Khirki Village, near Satpula, in South Delhi, India. The mosque was built by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the prime minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388) of the Tughlaq Dynasty. The former mosque can be approached from Satpula or the seven–arched bridge on the edge of southern wall of Jahanpanah.

The former mosque is a Monument of National Importance, administered by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Monuments of National Importance
This article contains lists of Monuments of National Importance in India.

An Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 defines an "Ancient Monument" as follows:

Ancient Monument means any structure, erection or monument, or any tumulus or place of interment, or any cave, rock-sculpture, inscription or monolith which is of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than 100 years

A "Monument of National Importance" is designated by the Archaeological Survey of India and includes the following:

The remains of an ancient monument

The site of an ancient monument

The land on which there are fences or protective covering structures for preserving the monument

Land by means of which people can freely access the monument

monument is something that show our history our strength and our power.

In 2023 an updated list was published by National Monument Authority which identifies a total of 3757 monuments.
Let Somebody Go
"Let Somebody Go" is a song by British rock band Coldplay and American singer Selena Gomez, recorded for the band's ninth studio album, Music of the Spheres. It was produced by Max Martin, Oscar Holter, Rik Simpson, Daniel Green and Bill Rahko, with additional production by Metro Boomin. Parlophone released the track as the third single from Music of the Spheres on 7 February 2022 on digital download and streaming platforms. Because the album was nominated for Album Of The Year at 65th Annual Grammy Awards, Selena Gomez received a second nomination as a featured artist thanks to her contribution on that project.

Guy Berryman
Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish musician, songwriter, producer, businessman and designer. He is best known as the bassist of the rock band Coldplay and electronic supergroup Apparatjik. Raised in Kirkcaldy, he started to play bass at an early age, drawing inspiration from James Brown, the Funk Brothers and Kool & the Gang. His projects beyond music include The Road Rat magazine and Amsterdam-based fashion brand Applied Art Forms.

Berryman joined Coldplay with Chris Martin, Jonny Buckland and Will Champion at University College London, where he enrolled in a mechanical engineering degree but later dropped out. The band signed with Parlophone in 1999, finding global fame after the release of Parachutes (2000) and subsequent records. He has won seven Grammy Awards and nine Brit Awards as part of Coldplay. Having sold over 160 million records worldwide, they are the most successful group of the 21st century.
Pandabeswar railway station
Pandabeswar railway station is a railway station of Andal–Sainthia branch line of the Asansol railway division connecting from Andal to Sainthia on the Sahibganj loop line. This is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. It is situated at Pandabeswar, Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The railway station serves Pandaveswar Area. Number of Express and Passenger train stop at Pandabeswar railway station.

Paschim Bardhaman district
Paschim Bardhaman district is a predominantly urban mining-industrial district in West Bengal. The headquarter of the district is Asansol. It was formed on 7 April 2017 after bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district as the 23rd district of West Bengal.
Take Shelter
Take Shelter is a 2011 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Jeff Nichols and starring Michael Shannon and Jessica Chastain. The plot follows a young husband and father (Shannon) who, plagued by a series of apocalyptic visions, questions whether to shelter his family from a coming storm, or from himself and his increasing worry over having paranoid schizophrenia.

The film won two Saturn Awards—Best Writing for Nichols, and Best Actor for Shannon—and was nominated for two more, Best Horror or Thriller Film, and Best Actress, for Chastain. It explores themes of masculinity, mental illness, and the lengths people go to protect the ones they love.

Saturn Award for Best Writing
The Saturn Awards for Best Writing is a Saturn Award presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.

Unlike most awards rewarding writing in films, it recognizes only the writer(s) of the screenplay, and not those of the story.
X-Faktor series 4
This is the fourth season of Hungarian version of The X Factor. The fourth season premiered on 7 September 2013 on the commercial channel RTL Klub. The show was hosted by Lilu and Bence Istenes. The original host Nóra Ördög left the show due to her pregnancy. The line up also changed this year. The only original judge, who returned for season 4 was Péter Geszti. Joined him on the panel Róbert Szikora, Gabi Tóth and Róbert Alföldi.

On 16 December 2012 the show's host Nóra Ördög announced, that the show would be back for its 4th season in 2013. The apply for the auditions started on the same day.

Róbert Alföldi
Róbert Alföldi (born 22 November 1967) is a Hungarian actor, director and  television host. He was the director of  the Hungarian National Theater for five years from 1 July 2008  until 2013.

He is best known for his numerous controversial theatrical adaptations as a director and for his television appearance in X-Faktor. His art was rewarded with several national prizes and professional recognitions. In 2014 the Hungarian edition of Forbes named him at number 1 in its List of The 100 Most Valuable Hungarian Celebrities.
Philhellenism
Philhellenism ("the love of Greek culture") was an intellectual movement prominent mostly at the turn of the 19th century. It contributed to the sentiments that led Europeans such as Lord Byron, Charles Nicolas Fabvier and Richard Church to advocate for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.

The later 19th-century European philhellenism was largely to be found among the Classicists. The study of it falls under Classical Reception Studies and is a continuation of the Classical tradition.

Richard Church (general)
Sir Richard Church CB GCH (Greek: Ριχάρδος/Ρίτσαρντ Τσούρτς/Τσωρτς; 23 February 1784 – 20 March 1873) was an Anglo-Irish military officer in the British Army and commander of the Greek forces during the last stages of the Greek War of Independence after 1827. After Greek independence, he became a general in the Hellenic Army and a member of the Greek Senate.
2010 League of Ireland Premier Division
The 2010 League of Ireland Premier Division was the 26th season of the League of Ireland Premier Division. The division was made up of 10 teams. Shamrock Rovers were champions while Bohemians finished as runners-up.

Bray Wanderers F.C.
Bray Wanderers Football Club are an Irish association football club playing in the League of Ireland First Division. The club in its present form was founded in 1942 in Bray, and was known until 2010 as Bray Wanderers A.F.C. It was elected to the league in 1985, and plays its home matches at the Carlisle Grounds. The club colours are green and white, and it goes by the nickname "The Seagulls".
Brodne-Towarzystwo
Brodne-Towarzystwo [ˈbrɔdnɛ tɔvaˈʐɨstfɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kiernozia, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Kiernozia, 19 km (12 mi) north of Łowicz, and 62 km (39 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Łowicz County
Łowicz County (Polish: powiat łowicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łowicz, which lies 48 kilometres (30 mi) north-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 987.13 square kilometres (381.1 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 82,338, out of which the population of Łowicz was 30,204, and the rural population was 52,134.
Between 1&2
Between 1&2 (stylized as BETW9EN 1&2) is the eleventh extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Twice. It was released on August 26, 2022, by JYP Entertainment and Republic Records and consists of seven tracks, including the lead single "Talk That Talk", which reached the top 20 of the Circle Digital Chart and the Billboard Global 200.

The album was a commercial success, exceeding 1 million pre-orders, making Twice the third female K-pop group to do so at the time after Blackpink and Aespa. In South Korea, the album debuted at number two on the Circle Album Chart with nearly 1 million physical copies sold. In the United States, it debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with 100,000 equivalent album units and became the sixth best-selling album of 2022 in CD album sales. The album also reached the top ten in Japan, Finland, Poland, Sweden, Uruguay, and Croatia.

Billboard Global 200
The Billboard Global 200 is a weekly record chart published by Billboard. It ranks the top songs globally and is based on digital sales and online streaming from over 200 territories worldwide. First announced in mid-2019, it launched in September 2020.
Krzysztof Kuźniecow
Krzysztof Piotr Kuźniecow (born 16 September 1968) is a Polish former ice hockey player. He played for Polonia Bytom, Zagłębie Sosnowiec, and Cracovia during his career. With Polonia Bytom he won the Polish league championship four times, from 1988 to 1991. He also played for the Polish national team at the 1992 Winter Olympics and the 1992 World Championship.

Poland men's national ice hockey team
The Poland national men's ice hockey team is the national ice hockey team of Poland, and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. They are ranked 21st in the world in the IIHF World Rankings, but prior to the 1980s they were ranked as high as 6th internationally. They are one of eight countries never to have played below the Division I (former B Pool) level. As of 2024 the Polish national team plays at the top level of the World Championship.

Poland has competed in the Olympics thirteen times, most recently in 1992, with their best result being fourth place in 1932. They have been a regular participant of the World Championship, first appearing in 1930 and having appeared in all but one tournament since 1955. They frequently played in the top division, though were in Division I after being relegated in 2002. Poland made a return to the top division of the World Championship for 2024.
Baird Ornithological Club
The Baird Ornithological Club is a United States ornithological club. Founded in 1921, the club seeks to advance the field of ornithology and foster relationships between fellow ornithologists. The organization was named after Spencer Fullerton Baird. The organization was founded by Earl Lincoln Poole and Harold Morris in Berks County, Pennsylvania.

The organization is located in Reading, Pennsylvania, the birthplace of Baird. The clubs efforts focus specifically on the birdlife of Berks County. They also had a club in Washington, D.C., which was founded in 1922 and is now defunct.

Ornithologists who were members include Edward Alphonso Goldman, Ned Hollister, Arthur H. Howell, Edward William Nelson, Harry Church Oberholser, Theodore Sherman Palmer, Edward Alexander Preble, Charles Wallace Richmond, Leonhard Stejneger, and Alexander Wetmore.

Edward William Nelson
Edward William Nelson (May 8, 1855 – May 19, 1934) was an American naturalist and ethnologist. A collector of specimens and field naturalist of repute, he became a member of several expeditions to survey the fauna and flora. He was part of a team with Clinton Hart Merriam that took part in the Death Valley Expedition. He also explored the Yosemite Valley. A number of vertebrate species are named after him.
My Prison Yard
My Prison Yard (Spanish: El patio de mi cárcel) is a 2008 Spanish prison drama film directed by Belén Macías. The female-dominated cast stars Candela Peña and Verónica Echegui alongside Ana Wagener, Blanca Portillo, Patricia Reyes Spíndola and Violeta Pérez.

Candela Peña
María del Pilar Peña Sánchez (born 14 July 1973), professionally known as Candela Peña, is a Spanish actress. Since her film debut in the 1994 thriller Running Out of Time, she has had a lengthy film career.  She won the Goya Award for Best Actress for her performance in Princesses (2005) whereas she won the Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress for Take My Eyes (2003) and A Gun in Each Hand (2012).
Tiny Neethling
Jacobus Burger Neethling (6 July 1939 – 3 April 2009) was a South African international rugby union player.

Neethling was born in Rawsonville and attended Goudini High School.

A strongly built prop, Neethling was a Junior Springbok and first earned representative honours for Western Province in 1961. He made his Springboks debut in a 1965 match against Combined Universities, but didn't feature at international level until two years later, playing all four matches of a home series with France. Capped sporadically thereafter, Neethling played against the British Lions at Ellis Park in 1968, Scotland at Murrayfield the following year, then ended his international career with two home Test matches against the All Blacks. He served as captain of Western Province in 1969 and finished with a provincial record of 81 appearances.

Neethling was employed by tobacco company Rembrandt Group.

Rembrandt Group
The Rembrandt Group, officially known as Rembrandt Trust (Proprietary) Limited, is a South African tobacco and industrial conglomerate founded by tycoon Anton Rupert who oversaw its eventual transition to the industrial and luxury branded goods sectors. Rembrandt was split into Remgro (an investment company with financial, mining and industrial interests) and Richemont (a Swiss-based luxury goods group).
Renzenberger, Inc.
Renzenberger, Inc. (United States, est. 1983), is a company that provides transportation services for the rail industry. It has over 1,800 vehicles operating in around 34 states. Renzenberger drivers are required to transport railroad workers to and from the trains (i.e. BNSF Railway freight trains). The railroad workers are the train's engineer, and conductor, that are called a "crew," because both are needed to drive a train. When a crew goes off-duty, the train is stopped at the nearest road crossing, and a crew is brought to relieve them, then the off-duty crew is taken to an assigned hotel, or railway yard.

On November 19, 2013, Renzenberger announced a merger with Hallcon. Hallcon appears to be the administrative head, as the renzenberger.com website redirects there.

Freight train
A freight train, goods train, or cargo train, is a railway train that is used to carry cargo, as opposed to passengers. Freight trains are made up of one or more locomotives which provide propulsion, along with one or more railroad cars (also known as wagons) which carry freight. A wide variety of cargoes are carried on trains, but the low friction inherent to rail transport means that freight trains are especially suited to carrying bulk and heavy loads over longer distances.
63rd (Royal Naval) Division
The 63rd (Royal Naval) Division was a United Kingdom infantry division of the First World War. It was originally formed as the Royal Naval Division at the outbreak of the war, from Royal Navy and Royal Marine reservists and volunteers, who were not needed for service at sea. For RN personnel, the designation HMS Victory IV was used. The division fought at Antwerp in 1914 and at Gallipoli in 1915. In 1916, following many losses among the original naval volunteers, the division was transferred to the British Army as the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division, re-using the number from the disbanded second-line 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division Territorial Force. As an Army formation, it fought on the Western Front for the remainder of the war.

Sint-Gillis-Waas
Sint-Gillis-Waas (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪnt ˌxɪlɪs ˈʋaːs]; French: Saint-Gilles-Waes) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of De Klinge, Meerdonk, Sint-Gillis-Waas proper and Sint-Pauwels. On 1 January 2018, Sint-Gillis-Waas had a total population of 19,273. The total area is 54.98 km2 which gives a population density of 357 inhabitants per km2.
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Buffalo, New York)
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church complex located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York, United States.  The church was completed in 1928 and is a Neo-Gothic style edifice.  It is built of cream and gray colored stone with a red ceramic tile roof.  Also on the property is a Queen Anne style rectory (1910) and concrete block garage.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Erie County, New York
Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in the western region of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. However, in 2023 the estimated population was 946,147. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.