hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carmichael's totient function conjecture
In mathematics, Carmichael's totient function conjecture concerns the multiplicity of values of Euler's totient function ,  which counts the number of integers less than and coprime to . It states that, for every  there is at least one other integer  such that .
Robert Carmichael first stated this conjecture in 1907, but as a theorem rather than as a conjecture. However, his proof was faulty, and in 1922, he retracted his claim and stated the conjecture as an open problem.

Coprime integers
In number theory, two integers a and b are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides a does not divide b, and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. One says also a is prime to b or a is coprime with b.

The numbers 8 and 9 are coprime, despite the fact that neither—considered individually—is a prime number, since 1 is their only common divisor. On the other hand, 6 and 9 are not coprime, because they are both divisible by 3. The numerator and denominator of a reduced fraction are coprime, by definition.
Verstraete
Verstraete and Verstraeten are Dutch language toponymic surnames. The names are contractions of van der Straate(n), meaning "from the street".  "Verstraete (6,633 people in Belgium in 2007) is mostly limited to West Flanders while "Verstraeten" (5,511 people) is mostly limited to East Flanders. Notable people with the surname include:

Birger Verstraete (born 1994), Belgian footballer

Daniel Verstraete (born 1924), Belgian-born South African Roman Catholic prelate

Eddy Verstraeten (1948–2005), Belgian cyclist

Frank Verstraete, Belgian quantum physicist

Frank J. M. Verstraete, Belgian veterinary dentist

Jan Verstraeten (born 1978), Belgian cyclist

Leigh Verstraete (born 1962), Canadian ice hockey player

Louis Verstraete (born 1999), Belgian footballer

Mike Verstraeten (born 1967), Belgian politician and footballer

Theodoor Verstraete (1851 – 1907), Belgian landscape painter

Daniel Verstraete
Daniel Alphonse Omer Verstraete, O.M.I. (born 31 July 1924) is a Belgian-born South African Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first Diocesan Bishop of the new promoted Roman Catholic Diocese of Klerksdorp from 27 February 1978 until his resignation on 26 March 1994. Previously he was a Prefect Apostolic of the Prefecture Apostolic of Western Transvaal from 9 November 1965 until 27 February 1978 and a participant of the Second Vatican Council.
Anycteola
Anycteola is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1929. Its only species, Anycteola fotelloides, was first described by Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1916. It is found in the US state of Arizona.

James Halliday McDunnough
James Halliday McDunnough (10 May 1877 – 23 February 1962) was a Canadian linguist, musician, and entomologist best known for his work with North American Lepidoptera, but who also made important contributions about North American Ephemeroptera.
Diocese of Yuanling
The Diocese of Yuanling (Latin: Iuen-limen(sis), Chinese: 沅陵, 辰州) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in the county of Yuanling (Hunan), China. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Changsha, yet depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

It is episcopal seat is vacant since 1968, but has had an apostolic administrator since 2012.

Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
A metropolis, metropolitanate or metropolitan diocese is an episcopal see whose bishop is the metropolitan bishop or archbishop of an ecclesiastical province. Metropolises, historically, have been important cities in their provinces.
Merthyr Tydfil (Cilsanws) Golf Club
Merthyr Tydfil Golf Club (also known as Cilsanws Golf Course; Welsh: Clwb Golff Merthyr Tydfil (Cilsanws)) is a golf club based just outside Merthyr Tydfil at Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, Wales. Also known by the name "Cilsanws", this is an 18-hole mountain course. Their "Pay and Play" course  is available to non-members.

Merthyr Tydfil County Borough
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough (Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful) is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. In 2024, it had an estimated population of 58,972, making it the smallest local authority in Wales by population. It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and takes its name from the town with the same name. The county borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley. It borders the counties of Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west, Caerphilly County Borough to the east, and Powys to the north. The area was awarded county borough status in 1908 until the original county borough was abolished in 1974. In 1996, Merthyr Tydfil became a principal area and one that is styled as a "county borough" in recognition of its historical status.
Ptahmose (treasurer)
Ptahmose was Overseer of the seals (Treasurer) under Amenhotep III, during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt.

He probably officiated at the very end of the reign of Amenhotep III and was the successor of Meryre in his office.

Ptahmose is attested only by a dark granite statue from Thebes, dedicated to him by his son Hj and now in Florence (inv. 1791), and by an inscription on a vessel from Malkata.
This inscription proves that he was treasurer at the time of the first Sed festival of Amenhotep III (i.e. the Year 30 of this pharaoh).

The location of Ptahmose's tomb is unknown.

Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (Egyptian Arabic: طيبه), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about 800 kilometers (500 mi) south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (Sceptre nome) and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras.

The city was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. It was a religious center and the most venerated city during many periods of ancient Egyptian history.

The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and where the city was situated; and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
Ingleby Barwick
Ingleby Barwick is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire, England. It is south of the River Tees and north-east of the River Leven.

Large scale development of the town started in the late 1970s on farm land south-west of Thornaby,  the first development being officially opened on 30 July 1981 by the mayor of Stockton-on-Tees. The parish gained town status in 2007.

In 2011, the population of the civil parish of Ingleby Barwick was 20,378, its two electoral wards (which also include the settlements of Hilton, Maltby, High Leven and Low Leven) had a population of 21,045.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough
The Diocese of Middlesbrough (Latin: Dioecesis Medioburgensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church based in Middlesbrough, England and is part of the province of Liverpool. It was founded on 20 December 1878, with the splitting of the Diocese of Beverley which had covered all of Yorkshire. The Bishop's See is in Coulby Newham, Middlesbrough, at St Mary's Cathedral. Catholic schools in the diocese are run by the Nicholas Postgate Catholic Academy Trust as well as St Cuthbert's Roman Catholic Academy Trust.
Naugatuck River Valley
The Naugatuck River Valley is the watershed area of the Naugatuck River in  the western part of Connecticut. The Naugatuck Valley straddles parts of Litchfield County, New Haven, and Fairfield counties. The Route 8 corridor and Waterbury Branch of the Metro-North railroad line run along the river valley.  Geographically, it comprises the municipalities located within the Naugatuck River basin. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the area was one of the main manufacturing centers in New England, and most of the communities around the river were emblematic New England mill towns.

Plymouth, Connecticut
Plymouth is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States, located within the Naugatuck Valley Planning Region. It is named after Plymouth, Devon, England. The population was 11,671 at the 2020 census, down from 12,243 at the 2010 census. The town of Plymouth includes the villages of Plymouth Center, Terryville and Pequabuck.
12 Bar Club
The 12 Bar Club was a music venue in London that opened in 1994 on Denmark Street – known as Britain's "Tin Pan Alley" – just off Charing Cross Road and close to Soho.

Some of the most famous musicians and groups to play at the 12 Bar before they reached a wider audience include Adele, Martha Wainwright, Joanna Newsom, KT Tunstall (all of whose first London dates were at the 12 Bar), Damien Rice, Rolf Harris, Regina Spektor, The Libertines, Keane, Seasick Steve and Jamie T. Jeff Buckley also played an impromptu set at the 12 Bar before the launch of his debut album Grace.

The Denmark Street venue officially closed 16 January 2015 as part of a redevelopment for the area, despite a lengthy battle to keep it open. Shortly after its closure, activists occupied the building and re-opened it to live music. Property owners attempted to evict the activists. The club relocated to Islington, shutting for good a year later. The original Denmark Street venue reopened as The Lower Third in 2022.

Jamie T
Jamie Alexander Treays, better known by his stage name Jamie T, is an English singer, songwriter, rapper, guitarist and record producer from Wimbledon, South London.

Jamie T released his debut album, Panic Prevention, in 2007, and his second studio album, Kings and Queens, in 2009. In 2014, he released his third studio album, Carry on the Grudge, followed by a fourth studio album, Trick, in 2016. In 2018, he released B Sides (06-17), which was a compilation album of B-Sides from 2006 to 2017. He released his fifth studio album, The Theory of Whatever, in July 2022.
2016 Chinese Taipei Masters
The 2016 Chinese Taipei Masters Grand Prix was the 16th grand prix's badminton tournament of the 2016 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. The tournament was held at the Xinzhuang Gymnasium in New Taipei City, Taiwan on October 11–16, 2016 and had a total prize of USD $55,000.

Liao Min-chun
Liao Min-chun (Chinese: 廖敏竣; pinyin: Liào Mǐnjùn; born 27 January 1988) is a Taiwanese badminton player. In 2013, he won the men's doubles title at the Vietnam International tournament partnered with Yang Po-han. Teamed-up with Su Ching-heng in the men's doubles, he won the International Challenge title at the 2016 Welsh International, 2017 Orleans International, and 2017 Finnish Open tournament. He announced retirement on January 20, 2023.
Daniel Flickinger
Daniel N. Flickinger was an audio engineer in the late 1960s and 1970s, who designed and manufactured some of the era's most important music recording consoles.  He designed recording consoles for Sly Stone, Curtis Mayfield, The Association, Ike Turner's Bolic Sound, Johnny Cash, and Funkadelic, Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, Cinderella Records, and United Sound Systems among many others.

Flickinger revolutionized recorded music through the sweepable EQ, an original equalization scheme. Many credit Flickinger with the first design of a working sweepable EQ, while others contend he was one of many who did important work in early EQ innovations. Either way, Flickinger's design of these EQ's would influence his circuit design, and the work of others worldwide.

Funkadelic
Funkadelic was an American funk rock band formed in Plainfield, New Jersey in 1968 and active until 1982. As one of the two flagship groups of George Clinton's P-Funk collective, they helped pioneer the funk music culture of the 1970s. Funkadelic initially formed as a backing band for Clinton's vocal group the Parliaments (later the full-fledged band Parliament), but eventually pursued a heavier, psychedelic rock-oriented sound in their own recordings. They released acclaimed albums such as Maggot Brain (1971) and One Nation Under a Groove (1978).
Sharptor
Sharptor is a hamlet west of Henwood in the civil parish of Linkinhorne in east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is named after Sharp Tor on Bodmin Moor. Sharptor is close to Minions to the south, Kingbeare in the north and Darleyford to the east. Sharptor is around 280 metres (920 ft) above sea level.

Caradon Hill, standing at 371 metres (1,217 ft) high, on which there is a TV transmission mast on the summit is visible from Sharptor looking south. Kit Hill standing at 334 metres (1,096 ft), which is topped with the stack of South Kit Hill mine, is visible due east from Sharptor. On a clear day, east and just to the right of Kill Hill, Dartmoor can be seen.

Ficaria
Ficaria is a small genus of several species of plants in the family Ranunculaceae, which were previously grouped with Ranunculus. The genus includes Ficaria verna, known as fig buttercup or lesser celandine, and related species. The name "Ficaria" is Classical Latin for fig. Plants in the genus are closely related to true buttercups, but generally have only three sepals and swollen smooth achenes.
Momo Kapor
Momčilo "Momo" Kapor (Serbian Cyrillic: Момчило Момо Капор; 8 April 1937 – 3 March 2010) was a Serbian novelist and painter.

He authored several screenplays, over forty novels, short stories, travel and autobiographic books and essays. He was introduced to the literary circles as the author of radio, TV and theater drama at the beginning of the sixties. His books have been translated to twenty languages. The shorts stories collection Kinoteka at three and novels The Green Felt of Montenegro and The Last Flight to Sarajevo were published in French by L'Age d'homme in Lausanne while The Mastery of Šlomović was published by Xenie in Vevey.

His paintings were exhibited in New York, Boston, Geneva, Frankfurt, London and other cities. He was also known as an illustrator, illustrating his own and numerous books by other authors. He was a regular member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Republika Srpska.

Vevey
Vevey (/vəˈveɪ/; French pronunciation: [vəvɛ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Vevê; former German: Vivis) is a town in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, on the north shore of Lake Geneva, near Lausanne.  The German name Vivis is no longer commonly used.

It was the seat of the district of the same name until 2006, and is now part of the Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District. It is part of the French-speaking area of Switzerland.

Vevey is home to the world headquarters of the international food and beverage company Nestlé, founded here in 1867. Milk chocolate was invented in Vevey by Daniel Peter in 1875, with the aid of Henri Nestlé. The English actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin resided in Vevey from 1952 until his death in 1977.
It Could Happen to You (1937 film)
It Could Happen to You is a 1937 American drama film directed by Phil Rosen and written by Samuel Ornitz and Nathanael West. The film stars Alan Baxter, Andrea Leeds, Owen Davis Jr., Astrid Allwyn, Walter Kingsford and Al Shean. It was released on June 28, 1937 by Republic Pictures.

Nathanael West
Nathanael West (born Nathan Weinstein; October 17, 1903 – December 22, 1940) was an American writer and screenwriter. He is remembered for two darkly satirical novels: Miss Lonelyhearts (1933) and The Day of the Locust (1939), set respectively in the newspaper and Hollywood film industries.
Junie Anthony
Junie Massiah Anthony (born 29 November 1968) is a former West Indian cricketer. Anthony was a right-handed batsman.

In February 2006, Anthony played for the United States Virgin Islands in the 2006 Stanford 20/20, whose matches held official Twenty20 status. He made two appearances in the tournament, in a preliminary round victory against St Maarten and in a first-round defeat against St Vincent and the Grenadines. He later played for the United States Virgin Islands in their second appearance in the Stanford 20/20 in 2008, making two appearances in a preliminary round victory against St Kitts and in a first-round defeat against Antigua and Barbuda. In his four Twenty20 matches, he scored a total of 72 runs at an average of 36.00 and a high score of 32 not out.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national cricket team
The Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national cricket team is a cricket team representing Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and is a member of the Windward Islands Cricket Board of Control. For cricketing purposes, players from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines generally represent the Windward Islands at domestic level and the West Indies at international level. However, the St Vincent & Grenadines team did appear four times in its own right at List A level in the 2002–03 Red Stripe Bowl, the domestic one day competition.  The team had also played as a separate entity in matches which held Twenty20 status (Stanford 20/20) and they continues to compete in domestic Windward Islands cricket competitions including the Windward Islands two-day and Twenty20 cricket championships.
Sarpsborg BK
Sarpsborg Bandyklubb are a bandy club from Sarpsborg, Norway, formed on 14 June 1989.

They have finished in lowly positions in the Premier League in recent seasons.  They have only competed in a major international tournament once since the turn of the century when they finished bottom of their group, where there three opponents were Swedish clubs Sandvikens AIK, IFK Vänersborg and BS BolticGöta in the Bandy World Cup in the 2003-04 season.

Bandy World Cup
The Bandy World Cup is an international bandy competition played in Sweden at the beginning of the bandy season every year, in autumn. The participating teams qualify based on their results in the previous bandy season.

The World Cup is not played by national teams but is for bandy clubs from around the world, and should therefore not be confused with the Bandy World Championship. It is usually considered to be "the world championship for clubs". The tournament has been dominated by the Swedish and Russian teams.
Mussel Rock
Mussel Rock is a rock formation on the coast of San Mateo County, California, offshore from Daly City. It consists of one large and numerous smaller rocks of a type known as a stack, where a headland is eroded unevenly, leaving small islands. The rock itself is located 15 meters from the shore of Mussel Rock Park and stands 18 meters tall.

The coastal area adjacent to the rock is Mussel Rock Park, consisting of 250 acres of land stretching along the coastline. The park includes a beach area, a paragliding launch pad, hiking trails, and a parking lot.

It is best known for being the closest point to the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and where the San Andreas Fault enters the San Francisco Peninsula from the northwest. An additional minor fault, the Mussel Rock Fault, was identified in 2000.

The area above Mussel Rock consists of steep cliffs with frequent landslides, threatening homes in a subdivision above.

1906 San Francisco earthquake
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a major earthquake which struck the coast of Northern California at 05:12 am Pacific Standard Time on Wednesday, April 18, 1906. With an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), it created high-intensity shaking from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Extensive fires soon broke out in San Francisco and lasted for several days. More than 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city was destroyed. The event is remembered as the deadliest earthquake in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history and high on the list of worst American disasters, natural or man-made.
Madhu Road railway station
Madhu Road railway station (Tamil: மடு றோட் தொடருந்து நிலையம் Maṭu ṟōṭ toṭaruntu nilaiyam) (Sinhala: ගිලෙන්න පාර අඛණ්ඩ ස්ථානය) is a railway station in the town of Madhu in northern Sri Lanka. The station serves pilgrims visiting the Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu. Owned by Sri Lanka Railways, the state-owned railway operator, the station is part of the Mannar Line which links Mannar Island with the capital Colombo. The station was not functioning between 1990 and 2013 due to the civil war. The Mannar Line between Medawachchiya and Madhu Road was re-opened on 14 May 2013.

Mannar line
The Mannar line is a railway line in Sri Lanka. Branching off the northern line at Medawachchiya Junction, the line heads north-west through North Central and Northern provinces before terminating at the town of Talaimannar. The line is 106 kilometres (66 mi) long and has 11 stations. The line opened in 1914.
Xiongnu language
Xiongnu, also referred to as Xiong-nu or Hsiung-nu, is the language(s) presumed to be spoken by the Xiongnu, a people and confederation which existed from the 3rd century BCE to 100 AD. It is sparsely attested, and the extant material available on it comprises about 150 words, as well as what may be a two-line text transcribed using Chinese characters, which the Xiongnu may have used themselves for writing their language.

Göktürks
The Göktürks (Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, romanized: Türük Bodun; Chinese: 突厥; pinyin: Tūjué; Wade–Giles: T'u-chüeh), also known as Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks, were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples.
Thomas McClure
Sir Thomas McClure, 1st Baronet, DL (4 March 1806 – 21 January 1893) was an MP for Belfast from 1868 to 1874. MP for Londonderry County 1878–1885.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Down for 1864 and later served as vice-lieutenant of the county.

McClure was created a baronet, of Belmont, County Down, on 20 March 1874. This title became extinct on his death.  Belmont, his home – bought from Lord Ranfurley – stood on the site of Campbell College.

McClure married at Dreghorn Castle, Colinton, Scotland on the 18 October 1877. He married Ellison Thorburn Macfie (1842–1906) daughter of Robert Andrew Macfie of Dreghorn, a wealthy sugar refiner.

Colinton
Colinton is a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland situated 3+1⁄2 miles (5.5 kilometres) southwest of the city centre. Up until the late 18th century it appears on maps as Collington. It is bordered by Dreghorn to the south and Craiglockhart to the north-east. To the north-west it extends to Lanark Road (the A70) and to the south-west to the City Bypass. Bonaly is a subsection of the area on its southern side.

Colinton is a designated conservation area.
1992–93 Czechoslovak First League
The 1992–93 season of the Czechoslovak First League was the last in which teams from the Czech Republic and Slovakia competed together. Peter Dubovský was the league's top scorer with 24 goals. The league was succeeded at the end of the season by the Czech First League and the Slovak Super Liga.

Slovak First Football League
The Slovak First Football League (Slovak: 1. slovenská futbalová liga), officially known as Niké liga for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Slovakia and the highest level of the Slovak football league system. It was formed in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The record for most titles is fifteen, held by Slovan Bratislava, who are the current title holders.