hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kasalia
Kasalia is a village in Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, part of Muksudpur Upazila. The village covers an area of 4 km2, and is bordered by the villages of Nanikhir, Gunohar, Nawkhanda and Mosna, Goinary.  Pathorghata's main canal is the Hatashe Channel and flow up to Kasalia . The Bil Rout Canal at Jalirpar joins with the Hatashe Canal to the river Padma

Kasalia also is a Union Parishad under was established in 1634 consist of eight number of villages. The village consists of three wards and few mahallas. The village has a high school, a primary school, seven mosques, a government hospital, and few community schools.

Non-governmental organizations operating in Pathorghata include BDAO (the Bangladesh Development Acceleration Organisation), BRAC, CCDB, ASA, World Vision, and HCCB.

BRAC (organisation)
BRAC is an international development organisation based in Bangladesh. In order to receive foreign donations, BRAC was subsequently registered under the NGO Affairs Bureau of the Government of Bangladesh. BRAC is the largest non-governmental development organisation in the world, in terms of the number of employees, as of September 2016. Founded by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed in 1972, shortly after the independence of Bangladesh, BRAC now operates in all 64 districts of Bangladesh and in 16 other countries across Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

BRAC states that it employs over 90,000 people, roughly 70 percent of whom are women, and that it reaches more than 126 million people with its services. BRAC has operations in 12 countries.
Huprine X
Huprine X is a synthetic cholinergic compound developed as a hybrid between the natural product Huperzine A and the synthetic drug tacrine. It is one of the most potent reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase known, with a binding affinity of 0.026nM, as well as showing direct agonist activity at both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In animal studies it has nootropic and neuroprotective effects, and is used in research into Alzheimer's disease, and although huprine X itself has not been researched for medical use in humans, a large family of related derivatives have been developed.

Nootropic
Nootropics (/noʊ.əˈtroʊpɪks/ noh-ə-TROHP-iks or /noʊ.əˈtrɒpɪks/ noh-ə-TROP-iks; colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, memory enhancers, or brain boosters) are chemical substances which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, wakefulness, and self-control.

In the United States, nootropics can be over-the-counter drugs and commonly advertised with unproven claims of effectiveness for improving cognition. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have warned manufacturers and consumers about possible advertising fraud and marketing scams concerning nootropic supplements. Nootropics include both prescription drugs and dietary supplements marketed to enhance brain function, but while FDA-approved drugs have proven benefits and oversight, many dietary supplements lack evidence, may contain unapproved or hidden drugs, and pose safety and regulatory risks.
Roller sports at the 2023 Pan American Games
Roller sports competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile were held at the Velodrome (artistic), Skating rink (speed skating) and Urban Sports Esplanade (skateboarding).

The artistic competitions started on November 3 and finished on the 4th. Speed skating competitions took place on the 4th and 5 November. Skateboarding made its debut at this edition of the games, with competitions on October 21 and 22.

14 medal events were contested, two in artistic, eight in speed skating and four in skateboarding. A total of 96 qualified to compete at the games.

Roller sports
Roller sports are sports that use human powered vehicles which use rolling either by gravity or various pushing techniques. Typically ball bearings and polyurethane wheels are used for momentum and traction respectively, and are attached to devices or vehicles that the roller puts his weight on. The international governing body is World Skate.
Joseph Lebon
Joseph Lebon (Tamines, 1879–1957) was a Belgian priest and professor of theology at the University of Louvain.

He is best known for his immense work devoted to the reception of the Council of Chalcedon in the Syriac and Armenian domains. His 1909 thesis devoted to Monophysite resistance to the Chalcedonian definition or horos centred on the writings of Severus of Antioch and the influence of Cyril of Alexandria. Editions of the surviving Syriac translations of Severus in the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium and ground-breaking articles in Le Muséon followed at regular intervals. The climax of Lebon's work in this area consisted in a contribution to the commemorative volumes for the fifteen hundredth anniversary of the Council (Das Konzil von Chalkedon I-III, eds. Alois Grillmeier, Heinrich Bacht, Wuerzburg 1951-1954). He also edited an early Sources Chrétiennes volume of Athanasius' Letter to Serapion.

Severus of Antioch
Severus of Antioch (Greek: Σεβῆρος; Syriac: ܣܘܝܪܝܘܣ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ), also known as Severus of Gaza, or the Crown of Syrians (Syriac: ܬܓܐ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ, romanized: Tagha d'Suryoye; Arabic: تاج السريان, romanized: Taj al-Suriyan), was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 512 until his death in 538. He is venerated as a saint in the Oriental Orthodox Church, and his feast day is 8 February.
Scattering from rough surfaces
Surface roughness scattering or interface roughness scattering is the elastic scattering of particles against a rough solid surface or imperfect interface between two different materials.  This effect has been observed in classical systems, such as microparticle scattering, as well as quantum systems, where it arises electronic devices, such as field effect transistors and quantum cascade lasers.

Microparticle
Microparticles are particles between 0.1 and 100 μm in size. Commercially available microparticles are available in a wide variety of materials, including ceramics, glass, polymers, and metals. Microparticles encountered in daily life include pollen, sand, dust, flour, and powdered sugar. The study of microparticles has been called micromeritics, although this term is not very common.

Microparticles have a much larger surface-to-volume ratio than at the macroscale, and thus their behavior can be quite different. For example, metal microparticles can be explosive in air.

Microspheres are spherical microparticles, and are used where consistent and predictable particle surface area is important.

In biological systems, a microparticle is synonymous with a microvesicle, a type of extracellular vesicle (EV).
Papyrus 2
Papyrus 2 (𝔓2) is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek and Coptic. It is a papyrus fragment of a copy of the Gospel of John dating to the sixth century. It is currently housed at the Egyptian Museum, Florence (Inv. no. 7134). There is a portion of Luke 7:22-26.50 in Coptic on the reverse of the fragment.

The fragment appears to be from a lectionary. The text type is a mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.

The name of Jerusalem (usually ιεροσολυμα, Ierosolyma) is given the variant spelling ιερου[σο]λ̣υ̣[μα] (Ierousolyma).

Ermenegildo Pistelli dated the manuscript to the 5th or 6th century; Ernst von Dobschütz to the 6th or 7th century.

Lectionary
A lectionary (Latin: lectionarium) is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Jewish worship on a given day or occasion. There are sub-types such as a "gospel lectionary" or evangeliary, and an epistolary with the readings from the Epistles of the New Testament.
Patricia Schmid
Patricia Schmid (born 23 January 1985) is a Swiss fashion model.  She has appeared on the cover of i-D and French Vogue, and in advertisements for the Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido. She has also walked in shows for Marc Jacobs and Jean Paul Gaultier.

Patricia has also been named one of Models.com top 50 models. She was quoted saying, 'I'm extremely honored to be one of the top 50 models on models.com. It certainly did not harm my career in any way!' in an interview with Pony Ryder.

Marc Jacobs
Marc Jacobs (born April 9, 1963) is an American fashion designer. He is the head designer for his own fashion label, Marc Jacobs, and formerly Marc by Marc Jacobs, a diffusion line, which was produced for approximately 15 years, before it was discontinued after the 2015 fall/winter collection. At its peak, it had over 200 retail stores in 80 countries. He was the creative director of the French design house Louis Vuitton from 1997 to 2014. Jacobs was on Time magazine's "2010 Time 100" list of the 100 most influential people in the world, and was #14 on Out magazine's 2012 list of "50 Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America". He married his longtime partner Charly Defrancesco on April 6, 2019.
Felix von Eckardt
Felix von Eckardt (18 June 1903 – 11 May 1979) was a Nazi propagandist, plenipotentiary of the West German government, and editor of Weser-Kurier. Before 1945 he wrote and co-wrote 19 Nazi propaganda films including Weisse Sklaven, Kopf hoch, Johannes!, and Menschen im Sturm, all of which were prohibited by Allied authorities after 1945. Shortly after the war he became editor of the West German newspaper Weser-Kurier.

In 1952 he became head of the Press and Information Agency of the Federal Government in West Germany. Following that, in 1956, he became the West German observer in the United Nations, in 1963 he returend to West Berlin to direct federal authorities in the border area. and in 1965 he was elected as a politician of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany into  the Bundestag.

In 1962 he won the Federal Distinguished Service Cross with star and shoulder ribbon.

People in the Storm
Menschen im Sturm (English: People in the Storm) is a 1941 German film directed by Fritz Peter Buch. It was an anti-Serbian propaganda and part of a concerted propaganda push against Serbs, attempting to split them from the Croats.
Stephen D. Barnett
Stephen D. Barnett (born c. 1969) is an active duty United States Navy officer and career naval flight officer who most recently served as the commander of Navy Region Hawaii from 2022 to 2025, and commander of Navy Closure Task Force – Red Hill from 2023 to 2025. He served as the commander of Navy Region Southwest from 2021 to 2022, and before that as commander, Navy Region Northwest from March to June 2021.

Navy Region Southwest
The Navy Region Southwest is one of eleven current naval regions responsible to Commander, Navy Installations Command for the operation and management of Naval shore installations in California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico. It is headquartered across from Broadway Pier in downtown San Diego. The command also serves as the regional coordinator for the Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, headquartered in Hawaii, coordinating support for bases in Southern California and Nevada.

The Commander also serves as regional environmental coordinator for California, Arizona and Nevada and coordinates and oversees environmental compliance actions with local, state and federal regulatory agencies. Additionally, COMNAVREGSW is responsible for planning and coordinating Department of the Navy response to civil emergencies within the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and California.
Germa Museum
The Germa Museum is an archaeological museum located in Fezzan, Libya. It contains old objects excavated at Germa, the seat of the ancient Garamantian Kingdom. The Garamantian Kingdom flourished between 400 BC and 600 AD.

Archaeology museum
An archaeology museum is a museum that specializes in the display of archaeological artifacts.

Many archaeology museum are in the open air, such as the Ancient Agora of Athens and the Roman Forum. Others display artifacts inside buildings, such as National Museum of Beirut and Cairo's Museum of Egyptian Antiquities. Some display artifacts both outside and inside, such as the Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center.

Some archaeology museums, such as the Western Australian Museum, may also exhibit maritime archaeological materials. These appear in its Shipwreck Galleries, a wing of the Maritime Museum. This last museum has also developed a 'museum-without-walls' through a series of underwater wreck trails.

An outside museum was erected at an active archaeological dig site in Nyaung-gan cemetery in Myanmar.
Ghanaian passport
Ghanaian passports are issued exclusively by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration to Ghanaians granted citizenship in accordance with the Ghanaian nationality law. There are three types of passport booklets –  contemporary (regular), service, and diplomatic passports. Ghanaian passport booklets are valid for travel by Ghanaians anywhere in the world, although the holder may need to obtain a visa from the destination country when travelling for some purposes. More than one valid Ghanaian passport of the same type may not be held.

Cadet grey
Cadet grey (also spelled gray in American English) is a somewhat blue-greyish shade of the colour grey. The first recorded use of cadet grey as a colour name in English was in 1912. Before 1912, the phrase cadet grey was used as a name for a type of military issue uniform.
F200DB-045
F200DB-045 is a candidate high-redshift galaxy, with an estimated redshift of approximately z = 20.4, corresponding to 168 million years after the Big Bang. If confirmed, it would be one of the earliest and most distant known galaxies observed.

F200DB-045 would have a light-travel distance (lookback time) of 13.7 billion years, and, due to the expansion of the universe, a present proper distance of 36.1 billion light-years.

Nonetheless, the redshift value of the galaxy presented by the procedure in one study may differ from the values presented in other studies using different procedures.

Distance measure
Distance measures are used in physical cosmology to generalize the concept of distance between two objects or events in an expanding universe.  They may be used to tie some observable quantity (such as the luminosity of a distant quasar, the redshift of a distant galaxy, or the angular size of the acoustic peaks in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum) to another quantity that is not directly observable, but is more convenient for calculations (such as the comoving coordinates of the quasar, galaxy, etc.). The distance measures discussed here all reduce to the common notion of Euclidean distance at low redshift.

In accord with our present understanding of cosmology, these measures are calculated within the context of general relativity, where the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker solution is used to describe the universe.
Welrod
The Welrod is a British bolt-action, magazine-fed pistol with an integrated suppressor that was devised for covert operations during the Second World War by Major Hugh Reeves at the Inter-Services Research Bureau (later Station IX).

Station IX was based in Welwyn, and gave the Welrod its unusual name. It is derived from "Wel" from "Welwyn" (a prefix used by covert equipment designed by Station IX) and "rod", gangland slang for gun, as a way to obscure its purpose.

The Welrod is designed for use by irregular forces and resistance groups, and is an extremely quiet gun due to its integrated silencer. Approximately 2,800 were made in wartime and perhaps 14,000 in total when post-war examples are included.

Irregular military
Irregular military is any military component distinct from a country's regular armed forces, representing non-standard militant elements outside of conventional governmental backing. Irregular elements can consist of militias, private armies, mercenaries, or other non-state actors, though no single definition exists beyond exclusion from national service.  Without standard military unit organization, various more general names are often used; such organizations may be called a troop, group, unit, column, band, or force. Irregulars are soldiers or warriors that are members of these organizations, or are members of special military units that employ irregular military tactics.  This also applies to irregular infantry and irregular cavalry units.

Irregular warfare is warfare employing the tactics commonly used by irregular military organizations. This often overlaps with asymmetrical warfare, avoiding large-scale combat and focusing on small, stealthy, hit-and-run engagements.
All the Young Dudes
"All the Young Dudes" is a song written by the English singer-songwriter David Bowie, originally recorded and released as a single by the English rock band Mott the Hoople in 1972 by Columbia Records. Bowie produced the song, which he had given to the band after they rejected his "Suffragette City". Bowie would subsequently record the song himself. Regarded as an anthem of glam rock, the song has received acclaim and was a commercial success. In 2021, Rolling Stone ranked "All the Young Dudes" number 166 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.

Dale Griffin
Terence Dale "Buffin" Griffin (24 October 1948 – 17 January 2016) was an English drummer and a founding member of 1970s rock band Mott the Hoople. Later, he worked as a producer, and produced many of the BBC Radio 1 John Peel sessions from 1981 to 1994.
Great Requin River
The Great Requin River is a river of Grenada. It is located in the parish of Saint David, in the southern part of the country, 11 km east of the capital Saint George's. The Great Requin River is located on the island of Grenada .

St. George's, Grenada
St. George's (Grenadian Creole French: Sen Jòj) is the capital and largest city of Grenada. The city is surrounded by a hillside of an old volcano crater and is located on a horseshoe-shaped harbour.

St. George's is a popular Caribbean tourist destination. The town has witnessed an economic boom from 2014 to 2016, and also improved its tourism and various other sectors in 2022 while preserving its history, culture, and natural environment. The parish in which St George's is located, is the home of St. George’s University School of Medicine and Maurice Bishop International Airport. The main exports are cocoa bean (cacao), nutmeg, and mace spice.

It has a moderate tropical climate that ensures the success of spice production. Nutmeg is a key crop, followed by spices such as cocoa, mace, cloves, vanilla, cinnamon and ginger.
Magrath Ó Fionnachta
Magrath Ó Fionnachta (died 1361) was an Irish musician.

Ó Fionnachta was a member of one of several families that claimed descent from the Síol Muireadhaigh dynasty of the Ui Briuin of Connacht. They generally resided along the banks of the River Suck, on the border of what is now County Roscommon and County Galway.

Under the year 1361, The Annals of the Four Masters preserve his obituary:

Magrath Ó Fionnachta, Chief Musician and Tiompanist to the Sil-Murray, died.

The instrument he played was an tiompan Gàidhealach, not the timpani.

The surname is now generally rendered as Finnerty.

Uí Briúin
The Uí Briúin were a royal dynasty of Connacht. Their eponymous apical ancestor was Brión, son of Eochaid Mugmedon and Mongfind, and an elder half brother of Niall of the Nine Hostages. They formed part of the Connachta, along with the Uí Fiachrach and Uí Ailello, putative descendants of Eochaid Mugmedon's sons Fiachra and Ailill. The Uí Ailello were later replaced as the third of the Three Connachta, through genealogical sleight of hand, by the Uí Maine.
Zimbabwe Craton
The Zimbabwe craton is an area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust, being a part of the ancient continent of Western Gondwana, with rocks dating back to the early Archean Eon, possibly as early as 3.46 billion years ago (Ga.). The craton is named after the country of Zimbabwe where the majority of the craton is. The rocks of the Zimbabwe Craton are separated from the rocks of the Kaapvaal craton to the southeast by the 250 kilometres (160 mi) wide Limpopo Belt of granulite facies tectonites.  The Limpopo belt formed contemporaneously with the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons, but remained geologically active until much later. It was only in the late Archean, ca. 2.8-2.5 Ga., that the two cratons were stabilized together and that high-grade metamorphism ceased in the Limpopo Belt. North of the Zimbabwe Craton is the Zambezi Belt.

Metamorphic facies
A metamorphic facies is a set of mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks formed under similar pressures and temperatures. The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram in Figure 1). Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain tectonic settings, times and places in the geological history of the area. The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph) are wide because they are gradational and approximate. The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure is the range of formation of sedimentary rocks, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called diagenesis.
Grupos Armados Españoles
The Grupos Armados Españoles (GAE) (English: Spanish Armed Groups) was a Spanish neo-fascist paramilitary organisation active from 1979 to 1980, primarily in the Basque Country. A report by the Office for Victims of Terrorism of the Basque Government in June 2010 attributed six murders to the group, and linked it to the National Police Corps, SECED and the Civil Guard.

Centro Superior de Información de la Defensa
The Centro Superior de Información de la Defensa (English: Superior Center of Defense Information; CESID) was the Spanish intelligence agency before the current Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI) took over as its successor in 2002.
The Cedars (Sonoma County, California)
The Cedars is an unincorporated area containing a serpentine canyon and ecological preserve located in northwestern Sonoma County, California adjacent to the Austin Creek. The canyon system and surrounding ultramafic mass spans approximately 7,500 acres in a remote area of the county, north of Cazadero. The area is formed from a chunk of peridotite rock from the Earth's mantle. When the Farallon plate subducted under the North American plate around 40 million years ago, an accretionary wedge formed from fractured peridotite chunk mixed with uplifted sea crust. This reaction hydrated the peridotite, triggering serpentinization.

Accretionary wedge
An accretionary wedge or accretionary prism forms from sediments accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary. Most of the material in the accretionary wedge consists of marine sediments scraped off from the downgoing slab of oceanic crust, but in some cases the wedge includes the erosional products of volcanic island arcs formed on the overriding plate.

An accretionary complex is a current (in modern use) or former accretionary wedge. Accretionary complexes are typically made up of a mix of turbidites of terrestrial material, basalts from the ocean floor, and pelagic and hemipelagic sediments. For example, most of the geological basement of Japan is made up of accretionary complexes.
Apostolic Vicariate of Caroní
The Apostolic Vicariate (or Vicariate Apostolic) of Caroní (Latin: Apostolicus Vicariatus Caronensis) is a Latin Church missionary jurisdiction or apostolic vicariate of the Catholic Church in Venezuela.

It is immediately exempt to the Holy See and not part of any ecclesiastical province. Its cathedral, Catedral de Santa Elena, is located in the episcopal see of Santa Elena de Uairén in Venezuela's landlocked Bolívar state.

Exemption (Catholic canon law)
In the Catholic Church, an exemption is the full or partial release of an ecclesiastical person, corporation, or institution from the authority of the ecclesiastical superior next higher in rank. For example, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg, and the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem are exempt, being directly subject to the Holy See.

See exempt dioceses for a list of exempt entities.