hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of sex-determining mechanisms
The evolution of sex-determining mechanisms, characterized by the evolutionary transition to genetic sex determination or temperature-dependent sex determination from the opposite mechanism, has frequently and readily occurred among multiple taxa across a transitionary continuum.

Sex-determining mechanisms include genetic sex determination, where sex is determined by genes on sex chromosomes, and environmental sex determination/temperature-dependent sex determination, where sex is permanently fixed by environmental cues after fertilization. Evolutionary transitions between these mechanisms are frequently driven by sex reversal, a phenomenon where environmental overrides produce organisms with discordant genotypic and phenotypic sex.

Fertilisation
Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a zygote and initiate its development into a new individual organism or offspring. While processes such as insemination or pollination, which happen before the fusion of gametes, are also sometimes informally referred to as fertilisation, these are technically separate processes. The cycle of fertilisation and development of new individuals is called sexual reproduction. During double fertilisation in angiosperms, the haploid male gamete combines with two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus by the process of vegetative fertilisation.
Phantasy Theater
The Phantasy Entertainment Complex was a staple in the Cleveland music scene since the early 1980s. The Phantasy helped launch nationally recognized bands Anne E. DeChant, Devo, Exotic Birds, Filter, Lucky Pierre, the Adults, The Pagans, Stabbing Westward, and was the debut location for Nine Inch Nails. It was also a stopover for other major acts like Iggy Pop, Jesus and Mary Chain, The Pogues, The Psychedelic Furs, the Ramones and Psychic TV and has hosted reunion shows for bands including Lestat, among others.

The Adults
The Adults is a "collaborative name" used for two different recording projects led by New Zealand musician and Shihad frontman Jon Toogood. The first iteration of the Adults was a New Zealand rock supergroup that released a self-titled album in 2011. In 2018 a completely different set of musicians (other than Toogood) performed on Haja, an album that blended Aghani Al-Banat (a Sudanese style that translates to "girls' music" and is performed at weddings) with New Zealand hip hop.
Lincoln Bank Tower
The Lincoln Bank Tower in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States, is an Art Deco highrise building. Construction started in late 1929 with the building's opening on November 16, 1930. For decades, it was the tallest building in the state. The building was also known as "Lincoln Bank Tower" to distinguish it from the building at 215 Berry Street, which had been known as the "Lincoln Life Building" from 1912 until 1923. Today, the other building is commonly known by its original name, the Elektron Building.

Indiana limestone
Indiana limestone (also known as Bedford limestone) is a form of limestone used as a building material, particularly for monumental public structures. Some 35 of the 50 state capitol buildings in the United States are made of Indiana limestone, as are the Empire State Building, Biltmore Estate, the Pentagon and National Cathedral in Washington, D.C..

Indiana limestone is a more common term for Salem Limestone, a geological formation primarily quarried in south central Indiana, USA, between the cities of Bloomington and Bedford. It has been called the best quarried limestone in the United States.

Indiana limestone, like all limestone, is a rock primarily formed of calcium carbonate. It was deposited over millions of years as marine fossils decomposed at the bottom of a shallow inland sea which covered most of the present-day Midwestern United States during the Mississippian Period.
Chris Saari
Chris Saari is an American retired soccer midfielder who played professionally in the American Professional Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League.

Saari graduated from Nathan Hale High School.  He then played soccer at The Evergreen State College from 1986 to 1989.  In 1990, he played for the Seattle Storm of the American Professional Soccer League.  In the fall of 1990, he signed with the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League.  He played one game, scoring one goal, for the Stars in January 1991.

In 2004, Saari became the Port Angeles High School boys' soccer coach.

Port Angeles High School
Port Angeles High School (PAHS) is a public high school in Port Angeles, Washington, United States. It is part of the Port Angeles School District. It is the largest high school in the North Olympic Peninsula region.

Built in 1953, the facilities are located on 33 acres within a block of Olympic National Park borders. The school has views of the Olympic Mountain Range and the Salish Sea from the campus buildings. The school's mascot is the Roughrider, depicting Theodore Roosevelt on a horse in his role as commander of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry. The school's colors are green and white.
IEC 61850
IEC 61850 is an international standard defining communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations. It is a part of the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) Technical Committee 57 reference architecture for electric power systems. The abstract data models defined in IEC 61850 can be mapped to a number of protocols. Current mappings in the standard are to Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS), Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) [see section 3, Terms and definitions, term 3.65 on page 14], SV (Sampled Values) or SMV (Sampled Measure Values), and so on to web services. In the previous version of the standard, GOOSE stood for "Generic Object Oriented Substation Event", but this old definition is still very common in IEC 61850 documentation.

IEC TC 57
IEC Technical Committee 57 is one of the technical committees of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). TC 57 is responsible for development of standards for information exchange for power systems and other related systems including Energy Management Systems, SCADA, distribution automation & teleprotection.
Abydos graffiti
The Abydos graffiti is Phoenician and Aramaic graffiti found on the walls of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos, Egypt. The inscriptions are known as KAI 49, CIS I 99-110 and RÉS 1302ff.

Much of the graffiti represents prayers and votive dedications.

Prior to the discovery of the Abydos graffiti, very few Semitic inscriptions had been found in Egypt – a few Aramaic texts, the Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti (published by Ampère, Lepsius, and Graham), and an engraved sphinx found in the Serapeum of Saqqara. Abydos was considered to contain the tomb of Osiris, the god of the afterlife, hence it was considered a holy burial place and attracted pilgrimage.

Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, are the primary extra-Biblical sources for understanding of the societies and histories of Phoenicia, the Israelites, and the Arameans, which includes groups within the Northwest Semitic languages. Northwest Semitic contains the Aramaic and Canaanite languages; the latter groups includes Phoenician—Punic, the Ammonite language, and Hebrew.

Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, ostraca, and ornaments and range from simple names to full texts.

The oldest inscriptions form a dialect continuum that includes Canaanite languages and Aramaic, exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla inscription.
Forty Shades of Blue
Forty Shades of Blue is a 2005 independent drama film directed by Ira Sachs. Starring Rip Torn, Dina Korzun, and Darren R. Burrows, the film follows a young Russian woman living in Memphis with an aging music producer who comes to question her life when his adult son comes to visit.

Sachs, who co-wrote the script with musician Michael Rohatyn, was inspired by the works of Ken Loach, including Kes, Family Life, and Looks and Smiles, as well as Satyajit Ray's Charulata. A native of Memphis, Sachs based the character of Alan on his father. The film was workshopped at the Sundance Institute's Writers and Filmmakers Lab and premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Grand Jury Prize. It received a limited theatrical release on September 28, 2005.

Looks and Smiles
Looks and Smiles is a 1981 British drama film directed by Ken Loach and starring Graham Green and Carolyn Nicholsom. It was written by Barry Hines based on his 1981 novel of the same name.

In an interview for the book Loach on Loach, the director said that the title of the film is taken from a line from Anton Chekhov: "How did girls attract boys when they were young? In the usual way – with looks and smiles."
Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate
Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3. It is the one of simplest dithiocarbamic esters. It is a white volatile solid that is poorly soluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It was once used as a pesticide.

Methyl dimethyldithiocarbamate can be prepared by methylation of salts of dimethyldithiocarbamate:

(CH3)2NCS−2Na+ + (CH3O)2SO2 → (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3 + CH3OSO−3Na+

It can also be prepared by the reaction of a tetramethylthiuram disulfide with methyl Grignard reagents:

[(CH3)2NC(S)S]2 + CH3MgBr → (CH3)2NC(S)SCH3 + (CH3)2NCS2MgBr

Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom.  These terms are commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science, and biology.

In biological systems, methylation is catalyzed by enzymes; such methylation can be involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expression, regulation of protein function, and RNA processing. In vitro methylation of tissue samples is also a way to reduce some histological staining artifacts. The reverse of methylation is demethylation.
Vitebsky Central Sport Complex
Vitebsk Central Sport Complex (Belarusian: Віцебскі цэнтральны спартыўны комплекс, romanized: Viciebski centraĺny spartyŭny komplieks, also known as Vitebsky CSK / Vitsyebski CSK in short) is a multi-use sports complex in Vitebsk, Belarus. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Vitebsk. The stadium holds 8,144 people.

Vitebsk
Vitebsk or Vitsyebsk is a city in north-eastern Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Vitebsk Region and Vitebsk District, though it is administratively separated from the district. As of 2025, it has 358,927 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base.
Ranchi–Varanasi Express
The Ranchi–Varanasi Express is an express train belonging to South Eastern Railway zone that runs between Ranchi Junction and Varanasi Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 18611/18612 train numbers on four days in a week basis.

South Eastern Railway zone
The South Eastern Railway (abbreviated SER) is one of the 19 railway zones in India. It is headquartered at Garden Reach, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It comprises Adra railway division, Chakradharpur railway division, Kharagpur railway division and Ranchi railway division.
Giro Next Gen
Giro Next Gen, also known as Baby Giro, Girobio, Giro d'Italia Giovani Under 23 or Giro Ciclistico d'Italia, is an Italian road bicycle racing amateur stage race created in 1970.

The race is considered to be the most important race on Italy's U23 calendar, the analogue of the Giro d'Italia. The list of winners includes renowned riders like Francesco Moser, Marco Pantani, Gilberto Simoni, Leonardo Piepoli and Danilo Di Luca.

After the 2012 edition, the race was not held for a few years, but it was announced that in 2017 it would return as a U23 race.

Leonardo Piepoli
Leonardo Piepoli (born 29 September 1971) is a former Italian professional road racing cyclist. He most recently rode for Saunier Duval–Scott on the UCI ProTour, but had his contract suspended in July 2008 during the Tour de France amid allegations of the use of the blood boosting drug EPO in the team. He was later suspended for two years, which effectively ended his career.
Wheelchair fencing at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's sabre A
The men's sabre A wheelchair fencing competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 6 September at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.

The tournament started with a group phase round-robin followed by a knockout stage.

During a qualification round-robin, bouts lasted a maximum of three minutes, or until one athlete had scored five hits. There was then a knockout phase, in which bouts lasted a maximum of nine minutes (three periods of three minutes), or until one athlete had scored 15 hits.

The event was won by Chen Yijun, representing  China.

Wheelchair fencing
Wheelchair fencing (also called Parafencing) is a version of fencing for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair fencing is governed by the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation, which is a federation of the International Paralympic Committee, and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games take place every four years in different countries.
Kayin
Kayin can refer to:

Kayin State, an administrative division of Myanmar (Burma)

Kayin or Karen people, a minority ethnic group in Myanmar

Kayin, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran

alternative spelling for Cain

Kayin Amoh, a character in the Battle Arena Toshinden fighting game series

Kayin, alias of the creator of the indie video game I Wanna Be The Guy

Kayin, Iran
Kayin (Persian: كايين, also Romanized as Kāyīn) is a village in Gevar Rural District, Sarduiyeh District, Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 43, in 8 families.
Lord of Combourg
The Lordship of Combourg, after 1575 the County of Combourg, was a barony centred on Combourg in the east of the Duchy of Brittany in France during the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

The lordship was created by Junguené, bishop of Dol, before 1040. It originated in fifteen parishes detached from the episcopal régaire, the temporal jurisdiction of the bishopric, for the benefit of Junguené's brother, Riwallon. The latter was invested with it as a fief of the bishopric with the title of signifer Sancti Samsonis, that is, the standard-bearer of Saint Samson, patron of the diocese. Riwallon was thus placed in charge of the defence of the diocese and its régaire. He controlled the tower of Dol and commanded the garrison in the city.

Feudal baron
A feudal baron is a vassal holding a heritable fief called a barony, comprising a specific portion of land, granted by an overlord in return for allegiance and service. Following the end of European feudalism, feudal baronies have largely been superseded by baronies held as a rank of nobility, without any attachment to a fief.
Tsiningia
Tsiningia is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of  Boriziny, which is a part of Sofia Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 16,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 66% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 27% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava.  Additionally fishing employs 7% of the population.

The town lies at the Sofia River.

Sofia River
The Sofia is a river of northwestern Madagascar. It flows through the Sofia Region. The source is at the Tsaratanana Massif at an altitude of 1784 metres. It has a length of 328 kilometres (204 mi).

Its mouth is in the Indian Ocean in the Boriziny-Vaovao District (Port-Bergé).
Wes Lieberher
Wesley Lieberher (born April 1, 1979) is an American executive chef, known for his work with Beer Belly and Whiz in Los Angeles. Lieberher is also frontman of national music act Kill Verona. He has appeared on Travel Channel's Food Paradise, Food Network's Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives, Esquire Network's Knife Fight, ABC's The Taste, and Food Network's Super Chef Grudge Match in 2023. In 2024, he won the AHF National Culinary Championship in San Antonio, TX.
He is the father of American actor Jaeden Martell.

Chef de cuisine
A chef de cuisine (French pronunciation: [ʃɛf.də.kɥi.zin], French for head of kitchen) also called CDC or head chef, is a chef who leads a kitchen and its cooks. A chef patron (feminine form chef patronne) (French for boss chef) or executive chef is a chef that manages multiple kitchens and their staff.
The Great Gabbo
The Great Gabbo is a 1929 American Pre-Code early sound musical drama film directed by James Cruze, based on Ben Hecht's 1928 short story "The Rival Dummy", and starring Erich von Stroheim and Betty Compson. The film features songs by Lynn Cowan, Paul Titsworth, Donald McNamee and King Zany.

Originally released by Sono Art-World Wide Pictures, certain sequences were presented in Multicolor. However, current prints, restored by the Library of Congress and released by Kino International on DVD, exist only in black-and-white.

Kino Lorber
Kino Lorber is an international film distribution company based in New York City. Founded in 1976, it was originally known as Kino International until it was acquired by and merged into Lorber HT Digital in 2009. It specializes in art house films, such as documentary films, classic and rarely seen films from earlier periods in the history of cinema, and world cinema. In addition to theatrical distribution, Kino Lorber releases films in the home entertainment market and has its own streaming services for its digital library.
Lucídio Vimaranes
Lucídio Vimaranes (died c. 922) was the second count of Portugal within the Kingdom of Asturias, which was divided internally into several provinces called "counties". Portus Cale was one of these counties which was incorporated in the Kingdom as a new land conquered from the moors. Although Lucídio's parentage is not confirmed in any source, all historians agree that based on his uncommon patronymic, he was most probably the son of Vímara Peres.

Upon the death of his father, King Alfonso III of Asturias entrusted him with the government of the County of Portugal jointly with Count Hermenegildo Gutiérrez.

He governed as tenant-in-chief part of the territory of Lugo in 910, and in the following year appears as a previsor in Dume. Lucídio was a member of the Curia Regis and as such, confirmed several royal charters between 887 and 917.

Alfonso III of Asturias
Alfonso III (c. 848 – 20 December 910), called the Great (Spanish: el Magno), was king of Asturias from 866 until his death. He was the son and successor of Ordoño I. After his death, the Kingdom of Asturias was split between his sons, with García inheriting León, Ordoño inheriting Galicia, and Fruela inheriting Asturias.

In later sources, he is the earliest to be called "Emperor of Spain." He was also titled "Prince of all Galicia" (Princeps totius Galletiae).
Nortjé
Nortjé or Nortje is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anrich Nortje (born 1993), South African cricketer

Arthur Nortje (1942–1970), South African poet

Christoffel Nortje, South African dentist and emeritus professor

Jan Nortje (born 1975), South African kickboxer

Obert Nortjé (born 1997), Namibian rugby union player

Ossie Nortjé (born 1990), South African rugby union player

Piet Nortje, South African author of 32 Battalion: The Inside Story of South Africa's Elite Fighting Unit

Ruan Nortjé (born 1998), South African rugby union player

Ruth Nortje (born 1967), South African-born, American canoer

Obert Nortjé
Obert Daniell Nortjé (born 17 April 1997) is a Namibian rugby union player for the Namibian national team and for the Welwitschias in the Currie Cup and the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is hooker.
Tenor cornett
The tenor cornett or lizard was a common musical instrument in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. This instrument was normally built in C and the pedal (lowest) note of the majority of tenor cornetts was the C below middle C. A number of surviving instruments feature a key to secure the lowest note. The instrument has a useful range of approximately two and a half octaves, however, an experienced player with a strong embouchure may be able to push the instrument higher.

The tenor cornett was used by composers like Giovanni Gabrieli, Heinrich Schütz and Orlando di Lasso as an alto or tenor voice in an ensemble of cornetts and trombones.

Like most specimens of treble cornetts, tenor cornetts were usually pitched in Chorton or Cornettton, ca. a' = 466 Hz – around a semi-tone higher than modern concert pitch, which is a' = 440 Hz.

Christopher Monk
Christopher Monk (28 December 1921 – 17 July 1991) was an English musicologist, early music specialist, performer, and musical instrument maker. He was prominent in the mid-20th century revival of interest in Renaissance period wind instruments, particularly the cornett and serpent, and was involved in the historically informed performance movement.
Teenage Boss
Teenage Boss is an Australian reality television series which originally aired on ABC ME which is based on a Norwegian format. Teenage Boss is originally hosted by mathematician Eddie Woo and produced by McAvoy Media.

The series sees a range of teenagers from diverse families put in charge of the monthly budget to teach them valuable lessons about financial responsibility and planning. The first season premiered on 24 June 2018 and a second season premiered on 31 August 2020. Emma Watkins hosts the third season, titled Teenage Boss: Next Level. All episodes of the third season premiered on ABC iview on the 11th of October 2024. Weekly episodes were aired from the 12 October 2024 on ABC Family. A fourth season with Watkins returning as host will air on 25 July 2025.

ABC Family (Australian TV channel)
ABC Family is an Australian free-to-air television channel owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and part of its ABC Television network. The channel broadcasts a range of family and teen entertainment programming. The channel operates between the hours of 7:30pm and 4:00am AEST/AEDT daily. The channel's bandwidth is used for the ABC Kids channel for young children during the remaining hours of the day. There are also shows for older kids broadcast on the ABC Entertains channel.

The channel was launched on 7 March 2005 as ABC2. It was rebranded as ABC Comedy on 4 December 2017, with a format focused on comedy programming. On 1 January 2021, it was rebranded as ABC TV Plus and returned to a general entertainment format. In May 2024, it was announced that the channel would rebrand as ABC Family on 3 June 2024, with general entertainment being moved to the new ABC Entertains.