hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Martin Guardado
Martin Guardado (born 1962) is a Salvadoran-born Canadian sociocultural linguist and professor of linguistics at the University of Alberta. He is known for his research on heritage language socialization, multilingualism, and language ideologies, contributing to the understanding of how families and communities maintain heritage languages in multilingual societies.

Heritage language
A heritage language is a minority language (either immigrant or indigenous) learned by its speakers at home as children, and difficult to be fully developed because of insufficient input from the social environment. The speakers grow up with a different dominant language in which they become more competent. Polinsky and Kagan label it as a continuum (taken from Valdés definition of heritage language) that ranges from fluent speakers to barely speaking individuals of the home language. In some countries or cultures which determine a person's mother tongue by the ethnic group they belong to, a heritage language would be linked to the native language.

The term can also refer to the language of a person's family or community that the person does not speak or understand, but identifies with culturally.
Michel Jansen
Michel Jansen (born 3 March 1966) is a Dutch football manager and former player. He played for DETO Twenterand, Heracles Almelo, STEVO and Excelsior '31.

Jansen received the Rinus Michels Award in 2007 while coaching HHC Hardenberg.

Jansen became manager of FC Twente during the 2013–14 season because current manager Alfred Schreuder was not a qualified coach at that time. During the 2014–15 season he was the assistant manager of Alfred Schreuder, then he became coach of Jong Twente. Starting 2018 he is the assistant coach of SC Heerenveen.

Excelsior '31
Sportvereniging Excelsior '31 is a football club from Rijssen, Netherlands. It was founded on 31 May 1931. It plays Hoofdklasse since 2014, when it relegated from the Topklasse. Excelsior'31 became champions in the Hoofdklasse in 2019 and got promoted to the derde divisie, the fourth tier of Dutch Football. It had been promoted to the Topklasse in 2010.
Your Everything
"Your Everything" is a song written by Chris Lindsey and Bob Regan and recorded by Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released in May 2000 as the second single from Urban's first American self-titled album. The song became his first Top 5 hit on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, with a peak at number four.

Chris Lindsey
Christopher Marsh Lindsey is a Grammy nominated American country music songwriter and record producer. He has created major hits for Taylor Swift, The Civil Wars, Adam Lambert, Carrie Underwood, Kenny Chesney, Kellie Pickler, Keith Urban, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Sara Evans, Lonestar, and many others. Lindsey has over 250 commercial recordings of his songs selling 90 Million records and counting.
V. R. Panchamukhi
V. R. Panchamukhi (also referred as Vadiraj Panchamukhi, and Vachaspati V. R. Panchamukhi), is an Indian Economist and Sanskrit scholar. He was born on September 17, 1936, in Dharwad, Karnataka. He is the eldest son of Vidyaratna Shri R. S. Panchamukhi, an archaeologist and indologist and Sanskrit Scholar. V. R. Panchamukhi has been honored with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award, for his contributions to the literature and education on 26 January 2025 by the Government of India.

Dharwad
Dharwad (Kannada pronunciation: [d̪ʰäːɾɐʋäːɖɐ] ⓘ), also known as Dharwar, is a city located in the northwestern part of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Dharwad district of Karnataka and forms a contiguous urban area with the city of Hubballi. It was merged with Hubballi in 1962 to form the twin cities of Hubballi-Dharwad. It covers an area of 213 km2 (82 sq mi) and is located 430 km (270 mi) northwest of Bangalore, on NH-48, between Bangalore and Pune.

In 2016, Hubli-Dharwad was selected for solar city / green city master plans. In 2017, government of India included Hubli-Dharwad city for a smart city project, a flagship scheme for overall development of infrastructure in the twin-cities.
Mount Tennent
Mount Tennent (Aboriginal: Tharwa) is a mountain with an elevation of 1,375 metres (4,511 ft) AHD in the southern part of the Australian Capital Territory in Australia. The Gudgenby River flows at the base of the mountain.

Australian Height Datum
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height measurements are referred. The Australian Height Datum is an amalgamation of decades of spirit levelling work conducted by numerous state and territory authorities across the country, and was corrected to align with the mean sea level observations of thirty tide gauges positioned around the entire coastline. While it remains the published vertical datum for all surveying and engineering operations performed throughout Australia, newer technologies have uncovered numerous deficiencies, offsets and distortions within the Australian Height Datum, leading to discussions about defining a new Australian vertical datum.
Kantorovich theorem
The Kantorovich theorem, or Newton–Kantorovich theorem, is a mathematical statement on the semi-local convergence of Newton's method. It was first stated by Leonid Kantorovich in 1948. It is similar to the form of the Banach fixed-point theorem, although it states existence and uniqueness of a zero rather than a fixed point.

Newton's method constructs a sequence of points that under certain conditions will converge to a solution  of an equation  or a vector solution of a system of equation . The Kantorovich theorem gives conditions on the initial point of this sequence. If those conditions are satisfied then a solution exists close to the initial point and the sequence converges to that point.

Limit of a sequence
In mathematics, the limit of a sequence is the value that the terms of a sequence "tend to", and is often denoted using the  symbol (e.g., ). If such a limit exists and is finite, the sequence is called convergent. A sequence that does not converge is said to be divergent. The limit of a sequence is said to be the fundamental notion on which the whole of mathematical analysis ultimately rests.

Limits can be defined in any metric or topological space, but are usually first encountered in the real numbers.
Drug Trafficking Act 1994
The Drug Trafficking Act 1994 (c. 37) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It largely replaced the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986.

Where the defendant is convicted of a drug trafficking offence and the  prosecutor applies to the  Crown Court for a confiscation order the court must determine whether the defendant has benefited from drug trafficking.

If at any time the defendant has received any payment or other reward in connection with drug trafficking carried out by him or another he will be deemed to have benefited from drug trafficking and the court must make a confiscation order.  The Drug Trafficking Act 1994 came into force on 3 February 1995 and any benefit received by the defendant in connection with drug trafficking prior to that date must be included when calculating the defendant's benefit.

The Act embraces 69 sections and is divided into 4 Parts with 3 schedules

Crown Court
The Crown Court is the criminal court of first instance in England and Wales responsible for hearing all indictable offences, some either way offences and appeals of the decisions of magistrates' courts. It is one of three Senior Courts of England and Wales.

The Crown Court sits in around 92 locations in England and Wales, divided into Circuits.  When sitting in the City of London, it is known as the Central Criminal Court or "Old Bailey".

The  Crown Court is administered by HM Courts and Tribunals Service, an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice.
Suze (film)
Suze is a 2023 Canadian comedy-drama film, written and directed by Dane Clark and Linsey Stewart. The film stars Michaela Watkins as Suze, a woman whose feelings of empty nest syndrome after her daughter Brooke (Sara Waisglass) moves away to attend university lead her to become a doting mother figure to Brooke's ex-boyfriend Gage (Charlie Gillespie) even though she never liked him at all when he and Brooke were dating.

The film entered production in fall 2022 in Hamilton, Ontario.

The film premiered at the Atlantic International Film Festival on September 16, 2023, and was screened at the 2023 Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival, and the 2023 Calgary International Film Festival. It was released theatrically by Tribeca Films in the U.S. in February 2025.

2023 Calgary International Film Festival
The 2023 edition of the Calgary International Film Festival, the 24th edition in the event's history, took place from September 21 to October 1, 2023 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

The festival opened with Geoff McFetridge: Drawing a Life, a documentary film by Dan Covert about Calgary-born artist Geoff McFetridge, and closed with Cody Lightning's comedy film Hey, Viktor!.
Nipun Malinga
Lamahewage Nipun Malinga (born 27 February 2000) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut on 14 December 2019, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament. Prior to his List A debut, he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his first-class debut on 7 February 2020, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2019–20 Premier League Tournament. He made his Twenty20 debut on 6 March 2021, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2020–21 SLC Twenty20 Tournament.

In April 2022, Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) named him in the Sri Lanka Emerging Team's squad for their tour to England. In July 2022, he was signed by the Galle Gladiators for the third edition of the Lanka Premier League.

Sri Lanka Cricket
Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) is the governing body for cricket in Sri Lanka. It was first registered with the Sri Lankan Ministry of Sports as the Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka on 30 June 1975 as a national sports body. The board was renamed in 2003.

The SLC operates all of the Sri Lankan national representative cricket sides, including the Men's, Women's, Under-19 and Under-17 sides. The SLC is also responsible for organising and hosting Test tours and one day internationals with other nations, and scheduling the home international fixtures.
Norden Farm Centre for the Arts
Norden Farm Centre for the Arts is a multi form arts centre located in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England providing a 225-seat theatre and 100-seat studio space. Following calls for an arts centre in Maidenhead since the 1970s, Norden Farm eventually opened in September 2000.

Under the direction of Annabel Turpin, the art centre built up an outstanding reputation within the South of England, with a number of top professionals from the worlds of theatre, spoken word, cabaret, comedy, jazz, classical music and literature performing there. Annabel moved in May 2008 to ARC, Stockton Arts Centre, on Teesside. Jane Corry, previously producer of the People Show, one of the UK's longest running theatre companies joined Norden Farm in December 2008 and continues to develop the programme.

Teesside
Teesside (/ˈtiːsaɪd/) is an urban area around the River Tees in North East England. Straddling the border between County Durham and North Yorkshire, it spans the boroughs of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees and Redcar and Cleveland. In 2011, it was the eighteenth-largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It forms part of the wider Tees Valley area, which also includes the boroughs of Darlington and Hartlepool.

Towns on Teesside include Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, Billingham, Redcar, Thornaby-on-Tees, and Ingleby Barwick. The local economy was once dominated by heavy manufacturing until deindustrialisation in the latter half of the 20th century.
1960 Hunter by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Hunter on 9 April 1960. This was triggered by the resignation of Labor MP and former Opposition Leader H. V. Evatt. A by-election for the seat of La Trobe was held on the same day.

The seat was won by Labor candidate Bert James, the son of Evatt's predecessor Rowley James. The governing Liberal Party did not field a candidate, leaving as James' main opposition independent labor candidate Bob Brown, a shop-keeper and councillor on Cessnock City Council. He was apparently not related to the Bob Brown, who would win the seat as the endorsed Labor candidate twenty years later.

City of Cessnock
The City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle. The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock.

The mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr. Jay Suvaal, a member of Country Labor.
Deaths in April 2007
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2007.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

The Wizard of Id
The Wizard of Id is a daily newspaper comic strip created by American cartoonists Brant Parker and Johnny Hart. Beginning November 9, 1964, the strip follows the antics of a large cast of characters in a shabby medieval kingdom called "Id". The title is a play on The Wizard of Oz, combined with the Freudian psychological term id, which represents the instinctive and primal part of the human psyche.

In 1997, Brant Parker passed his illustrator's duties on to his son, Jeff Parker, who had already been involved with creating Id for a decade. In 2002, the strip appeared in some 1,000 newspapers all over the world, syndicated by Creators Syndicate. Hart's grandson Mason Mastroianni took over writing duties on the strip after Hart's death in 2007. The new byline, "B.C. by Mastroianni and Hart," appeared for the first time in another of their strips on January 3, 2010. On December 14, 2015, Jeff Parker also passed his duties on to Mastroianni.
Envia garciai
Envia garciai is a small (3 mm) pale yellow species of mygalomorph spider from Brazil. It is one of only two described species in the genus Envia.

They live in soil and litter of undisturbed rainforest, where they reach up to 17% of the local spider abundance, with 37 individuals found in one square metre.

According to the authors, the genus name is an arbitrary combination of letters. The species name is in honor of researcher Marcos Garcia.

Mygalomorphae
The Mygalomorphae, or mygalomorphs, are an infraorder of spiders, and comprise one of three major groups of living spiders with over 3,000 species, found on all continents except Antarctica. Many members are known as trapdoor spiders due to their creation of trapdoors over their burrows. Other prominent groups include Australian funnel web spiders and tarantulas, with the latter accounting for around one third of all mygalomorphs.
Liga 4 (Georgia)
Liga 4 (Georgian: ლიგა 4), organized by the Georgian Football Federation, is the fourth tier of the national football league.
It was founded in 2019 as a part of comprehensive reorganization of the league system.

As of the 2026 season, Algeti hold the longest tenure in this division. They have been in Liga 4 since its inaugurating season.

There will be two former top-division teams in the 2026 season: Borjomi (2005–09) and Mertskhali (1990–92, 2003–04). Eight junior teams of higher league members are also represented in the division this year.

Football in Georgia (country)
Football is the most popular sport in Georgia. It is governed by the Georgian Football Federation (GFF). Approximately 30% of the Georgian people are interested in football The GFF organises the men's, women's, and futsal national teams.

Georgian Football Federation was established in 1936 and remained a member of the USSR Football Federation from then until 1989. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Football Federation of Independent Georgia was founded on February 15, 1990. It is believed that modern Georgian football was introduced by English sailors who played in Poti at the beginning of the 20th century.
Yunnan bush rat
The Yunnan bush rat (Hadromys yunnanensis) is a species of rodent from the family Muridae. It has just recently been released from synonymy with the Manipur bush rat, and so there is very little information about it. It was recognized as a separate species due to its much larger body size in comparison to the Manipur bush rat, relatively shorter tail, pure white underparts as opposed to gray, significantly shorter diastema, and shorter palate in relation to its skull. It is located only in Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China, where it known only from Tongbiguan Nature Reserve in Ruili City.

Muridae
The Muridae, or murids, are either the largest or second-largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 870 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

The name Muridae comes from the Latin mus (genitive muris), meaning "mouse", since all true mice belong to the family, with the more typical mice belonging to the genus Mus.
Zingara (song)
"Zingara" (Italian for Gypsy woman) is a song composed by Enrico Riccardi and Luigi Albertelli. The song won the nineteenth edition of the Sanremo Music Festival 1969, with a double performance by Bobby Solo and Iva Zanicchi. The Solo's version  peaked at first place  for two weeks on the Italian hit parade.

The song also named a musicarello film with the same name, directed by Mariano Laurenti and starred by the same Bobby Solo and by Loretta Goggi.

Musicarello
The musicarello (pronounced [muzikaˈrɛllo]; pl.: musicarelli) is a film subgenre which emerged in Italy and which is characterised by the presence in main roles of young singers, already famous among their peers, and their new record album. In the films there are almost always tender and chaste love stories accompanied by the desire to have fun and dance without thoughts. Musicarelli reflect the desire and need for emancipation of young Italians, highlighting some generational frictions. The genre began in the late 1950s, and had its peak of production in the 1960s.
Canadian patent law
Canadian patent law is the legal system regulating the granting of patents for inventions within Canada, and the enforcement of these rights in Canada.

A patent is a government grant that gives the inventor—as well as their heirs, executors, and assignees—the exclusive right within Canada to make, use, and/or sell the claimed invention during the term of the patent, subject to adjudication.

In general, Canadian patent law is administered by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office. The granting of Canadian patents is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Canadian federal government and is governed by the federal Patent Act, the Patent Rules, and various international treaties and the regulations thereunder. The enforcement of Canadian patents is the responsibility of the Canadian Federal Court and the provincial/territorial Courts.

Executor
An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty. The feminine form executrix is sometimes seen in historical documents. The term usually means an executor of a dead person's estate, which is someone whom a will and testament appoints to administer the dead person's estate and dispose of their property as the will and testament directs.
Lowengart
Lowengart or Löwengart; is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Assaf Lowengart, Israeli professional baseball player

Oded Lowengart, Israeli professor of marketing

Sally Lowengart Cohen Hellyer,  American nuclear disarmament activist

Oded Lowengart
Oded Lowengart (Hebrew: עודד לוונגרט) is Professor of Marketing at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) in Israel, where he holds the Ernest Scheller Jr. Chair in Innovative Management and is Head of the Department of Business Administration. His two terms as Dean of the Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management (2013–18) saw to opening the International MBA Program, expanded global programs, and increased Journal Citation Reports-ranked research publications.
2003 Czech Indoor Open – Doubles
The 2003 Czech Indoor Open Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Průhonice, Czech Republic, and was part of the 2003 ATP Challenger Series.

This was the second edition of the event and was held from 17 to 23 November 2003.

Karol Beck and Jaroslav Levinský were the defending champions, the first decided not to participate in this edition, the second lost in quarterfinals.

Martin Štěpánek and  Igor Zelenay won the title, defeating Karsten Braasch and Jean-Claude Scherrer 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 in the final.

Jaroslav Levinský
Jaroslav Levinský (born 11 February 1981) is a former Czech professional doubles tennis player and coach.

Levinsky reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 239, achieved on 23 September 2002. He also reached a career-high doubles ranking of World No. 24, achieved on 16 July 2007.

Levinsky reached 6 singles finals throughout his career, with a record of 1 win and 5 losses. Additionally he reached 57 doubles finals in his career, with a record of 35 wins and 22 losses which includes a 5–10 record at the ATP Tour level and a 23–9 record in doubles finals at the ATP Challenger Tour level.
Kinderzimmer Productions
Kinderzimmer Productions is a German hip hop band from Ulm (in the jargon of the band, "U-Stadt").  They consist of Quasi Modo (Sascha Klammt, DJ) and Textor (Henrik von Holtum, MC). They released their first album in 1994.  Their name is both a tribute to the early hip hop group Boogie Down Productions and a reference to the child's play room (German: Kinderzimmer) in the parental house of von Holtum, in which the first two albums were conceived. In 2007 they announced their disbandment. Nevertheless, in 2019, they have paused their hiatus, releasing a record named 'Es kommt in Wellen'.

Boogie Down Productions
Boogie Down Productions (BDP) was an American hip-hop group formed in the Bronx, New York City, in 1986. It originally consisted of KRS-One, D-Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. DJ Scott La Rock was murdered on August 27, 1987, five months after the release of BDP's debut album, Criminal Minded. The name of the group, Boogie Down, derives from a nickname for the South Bronx.

The group pioneered the fusion of dancehall reggae and hip-hop music, and their debut LP Criminal Minded contains frank descriptions of life in the South Bronx during the late 1980s.
The Bane of Yoto
The Bane of Yoto is a science-fantasy novel by Josh Viola (creator) and Nicholas Karpuk, first published in June 2012 by music label FiXT Music owned by electronic rocker Klayton of Celldweller.

The transmedia project also includes an audiobook read by film/TV actors JD Hart and Deb Thomas with music by Celldweller, a 3D Comic Book App developed by Leviathan Games and featuring music by Celldweller as well as merchandise that includes sculptures, PlayStation 3 Dynamic Themes, T-shirts, posters and more.

The novel has won thirteen awards, including wins from the IPPY's, the International Book Festival, USA Best Book Awards, the 2012 New York Book Festival, 2012 Hollywood Book Festival, 2012 Halloween Book Festival (two awards) and the 2012 London Book Festival.

Hollywood Book Festival
The Hollywood Book Festival is an annual book festival in Hollywood, California (LA).  Honored, are books that deserve more attention from television,  video gaming, and multimedia communities. The book festival is one of the only publishing festivals geared toward adapting print into different media. The Hollywood Book Festival includes an awards ceremony and a daytime festival. It has been commemorated since the year 2006.