hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fred Nordgren
Frederic Marvin Nordgren (born December 11, 1959) is an American former professional football defensive tackle who played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Portland State University.

Nordgren also played for the Toronto Argonauts in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and for the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL); he also had a stint with the Houston Oilers. While with the Bandits in 1983, he was selected All-USFL after totaling 15 sacks and an interception returned for a touchdown.

Portland State University
Portland State University (PSU) is a public research university in Portland, Oregon, United States. It was founded in 1946 as a post-secondary educational institution for World War II veterans. It evolved into a four-year college over the next 20 years and was granted university status in 1969. It is one of two public universities in Oregon that are in a large city. It is governed by a board of trustees. PSU is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

Portland State comprises seven constituent colleges, offering undergraduate degrees in 123 fields and postgraduate degrees in 117 fields. As of 2023, the university had a total enrollment of approximately 21,000 students. Its athletic teams are known as the Portland State Vikings, with school colors of green and white. They compete at the NCAA Division I level, primarily in the Big Sky Conference.
Fixed-point index
In mathematics, the fixed-point index is a concept in topological fixed-point theory, and in particular Nielsen theory. The fixed-point index can be thought of as a multiplicity measurement for fixed points.

The index can be easily defined in the setting of complex analysis: Let f(z) be a holomorphic mapping on the complex plane, and let z0 be a fixed point of f. Then the function f(z) − z is holomorphic, and has an isolated zero at z0. We define the fixed-point index of f at z0, denoted i(f, z0), to be the multiplicity of the zero of the function f(z) − z at the point z0.

In real Euclidean space, the fixed-point index is defined as follows: If x0 is an isolated fixed point of f, then let g be the function defined by

Then g has an isolated singularity at x0, and maps the boundary of some deleted neighborhood of x0 to the unit sphere. We define i(f, x0) to be the Brouwer degree of the mapping induced by g on some suitably chosen small sphere around x0.

Degree of a continuous mapping
In topology, the degree of a continuous mapping between two compact oriented manifolds of the same dimension is a number that represents the number of times that the domain manifold wraps around the range manifold under the mapping. The degree is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientations.

The degree of a map between general manifolds was first defined by Brouwer, who showed that the degree is homotopy invariant and used it to prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Less general forms of the concept existed before Brouwer, such as the winding number and the Kronecker characteristic (or Kronecker integral).

In modern mathematics, the degree of a map plays an important role in topology and geometry. In physics, the degree of a continuous map (for instance a map from space to some order parameter set) is one example of a topological quantum number.
High Speed (video game)
High Speed is a pinball simulation video game developed by Rare for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and published by Tradewest in 1991. High Speed employs the game engine that Rare previously developed for Pin*Bot (1990).

Rare adapted the game from the pinball machine High Speed, which was designed by Steve Ritchie and released by Williams Electronics in 1986.

In 1995, Williams Entertainment published a sequel, The Getaway, for the Game Boy, based on Ritchie's pinball machine The Getaway: High Speed II.

Simulation video game
Simulation video games are a diverse super-category of video games, generally designed to closely simulate real world activities. A simulation game attempts to copy various activities from real life in the form of a game for various purposes such as training, analysis, prediction, or entertainment. Usually there are no strictly defined goals in the game, and the player is allowed to control a character or environment freely. Well-known examples are war games, business games, and role play simulation. From three basic types of strategic, planning, and learning exercises: games, simulations, and case studies, a number of hybrids may be considered, including simulation games that are used as case studies. Comparisons of the merits of simulation games versus other teaching techniques have been carried out by many researchers and a number of comprehensive reviews have been published.
Dubrovin
Dubrovin (masculine, Russian: Дубровин) or Dubrovina (feminine, Russian: Дубровина) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexander Dubrovin (1855–?), Russian politician

Boris Dubrovin (mathematician) (1950–2019), Russian mathematician

Boris Dubrovin (poet) (1926–2020), Russian poet and songwriter

Elizaveta Dubrovina (born 1993), Russian acrobatic gymnast

Evgeny Dubrovin (born 1986), Russian ice hockey player

Konstantin Dubrovin (born 1977), Ukrainian swimmer

Stanislav Dubrovin (born 1974), Russian–Uzbekistani soccer coach and former player

Sergei Dubrovin (born 1982), Russian soccer coach and former player

Serghei Dubrovin (born 1952), Moldovan soccer manager and former player

Yuri Dubrovin (born 1984), Russian soccer player

Konstantin Dubrovin
Konstantin Dubrovin (born January 4, 1977, in Kyiv, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union) is a former freestyle swimmer, who represented Germany at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He took part in the preliminary heats of the Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay, which eventually won the bronze medal in the final.
Amto language
Amto (also known as Ki) is an Amto–Musan language spoken in Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea.

Amto is spoken in Amanab and Rocky Peak Districts, south of the Upper Sepik River, toward the headwaters of the Left May River on the Samaia River. It is spoken in three villages, Amto (4°03′11″S 141°19′42″E﻿ / ﻿4.052936°S 141.328446°E﻿ / -4.052936; 141.328446﻿ (Amto 1)), Amu, and Habiyon of Green River Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.

Sepik
The Sepik (/ˈsiːpɪk/) is the longest river on the island of New Guinea, and the third largest in Oceania by discharge volume after the Fly and Mamberamo. The majority of the river flows through the Papua New Guinea (PNG) provinces of Sandaun (formerly West Sepik) and East Sepik, with a small section flowing through the Indonesian province of Papua.

The Sepik has a large catchment area, and landforms that include swamplands, tropical rainforests and mountains. Biologically, the river system is often said to be possibly the largest uncontaminated freshwater wetland system in the Asia-Pacific region. But, in fact, numerous fish and plant species have been introduced into the Sepik since the mid-20th century.
2015 J&T Banka Prague Open
The 2015 J&T Banka Prague Open was a professional women's tennis tournaments played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 6th edition of the tournament which was an International tournament on the 2015 WTA Tour. It took place at the TK Sparta Prague in Prague, Czech Republic, from 27 April to 2 May 2015. This was the event's first edition as a WTA International tournament. First-seeded Karolína Plíšková won the singles title, defeating Lucie Hradecká in an all-Czech final.

TK Sparta Prague
TK Sparta Prague (Czech: TK Sparta Praha) is a tennis club and training center located in Bubeneč, Prague, Czech Republic. Located near Stromovka on the left bank of the Vltava, it is one of the most prestigious tennis clubs in the country.
Hydroxylysine kinase
In enzymology, a hydroxylysine kinase (EC 2.7.1.81) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

GTP + 5-hydroxy-L-lysine  GDP + 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are GTP and 5-hydroxy-L-lysine, whereas its two products are GDP and 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is GTP:5-hydroxy-L-lysine O-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include hydroxylysine kinase (phosphorylating), and guanosine triphosphate:5-hydroxy-L-lysine O-phosphotransferase.  This enzyme participates in lysine degradation.

Guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of a pyrophosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine.

GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g., the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.

GDP is converted into GTP with the help of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate.
Charlie Ross (Mississippi politician)
Charlie Ross is an American politician and attorney who lives in Brandon, Mississippi. He served as Senator from District 20 in the Mississippi Senate until 2007. District 20 comprises parts of Madison and Rankin Counties.  Ross was first elected to the Senate in 1997 after serving as the representative from District 59 in the Mississippi House of Representatives. Prior to his legislative service, he served as the Chairman of the Rankin County Republican Executive Committee. In 2008, Ross ran for Congress in Mississippi's 3rd congressional district, but was defeated in the primary by Rankin County Republican Chairman Gregg Harper.

Brandon, Mississippi
Brandon is a city in and the county seat of Rankin County, Mississippi, United States. It was incorporated on December 19, 1831. The population was 25,138 as of the 2020 census. A suburb of Jackson, Brandon is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Area, and is located east of the state capital.
Arthur H. Livermore
Arthur Hamilton Livermore (August 14, 1915 – October 12, 2009) was a science educator.  He was educated at Reed College in Portland and in the University of Rochester in New York, where he worked on the synthesis of penicillin under Vincent du Vigneaud, who won the 1955 Nobel Prize in chemistry. He obtained a PhD in Chemistry in 1944. He taught biochemistry at Cornell University and Reed College to 1963. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1954 for work in Molecular & Cellular Biology.

He worked for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, D.C. from 1963 to 1981. For 18 months, he worked in Penang, Malaysia, training educators from Asian countries. In the 1970s, he directed a program for a university science lecturers' exchange between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. He was a member of the Cosmos Club.

After retirement, he continued as a science adviser, teacher and volunteer in Washington.

Reed College
Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1908, Reed is a residential college with a campus in the Eastmoreland neighborhood, Tudor-Gothic style architecture, and a forested canyon nature preserve at its center. Reed alumni include 123 Fulbright Scholars, 73 Watson Fellows, and three Churchill Scholars.
A New Tide
A New Tide is the sixth studio album by the English indie rock band Gomez released on 30 March 2009 by ATO Records. The album was produced by the band as well as Brian Deck and received average reviews from music critics.

Brian Deck
Brian Deck is an American music producer and member of the band Red Red Meat. He co-founded Idful Music Corporation in 1988. Since becoming a full-time producer, Deck has worked with bands and artists including Modest Mouse, Iron & Wine, Califone, All Smiles, Fruit Bats, Gomez, The Grates, Holopaw, Baby & Hide, David Singer and David Berkeley. Brian currently works at Narwhal Studios (formerly Engine Studios) in Chicago.
Reginald Bainbrigge
Reginald Bainbrigge, D.D. was an academic in the sixteenth century.

Bainbrigge was born in Middleton, and educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1508, M.A in 1510 and B.D in 1526. He held Livings at Downham, Stambourne, Brightlingsea, Steeple Bumpstead and Great Oakley. He was Fellow then Master of St Catharine's, holding office from 1529 until 1547. He died in 1555.

Stambourne
Stambourne is a village and civil parish in the Braintree District in north Essex, England. It lies 8 miles (13 km) north-west of Halstead, its post town. Stambourne's closest neighbouring villages are Ridgewell, Toppesfield, Cornish Hall End and Great Yeldham. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 421.
Novokulevo
Novokulevo (Russian: Новокулево; Bashkir: Яңы Күл, Yañı Kül) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Novokulevsky Selsoviet, Nurimanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,465 as of 2010. There are 28 streets.

Nurimanovsky District
Nurimanovsky District (Russian: Нурима́новский райо́н; Bashkir: Нуриман районы, Nuriman rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic and borders with Karaidelsky District in the north, Chelyabinsk Oblast in the east, Iglinsky District in the south, and with Blagoveshchensky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,634 square kilometers (1,017 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Krasnaya Gorka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 20,824, with the population of Krasnaya Gorka accounting for 20.6% of that number.
Birdsong (surname)
Birdsong is an English surname.  Notable people with the surname include:

Bob Birdsong (born 1948), American former bodybuilder

Carl Birdsong (born 1959), American former professional footballer

Cindy Birdsong (born 1939), American singer

Craig Birdsong (born 1964), American former professional footballer

Edwin Birdsong (1941–2019), American keyboardist and organist

Gary Birdsong, American fundamentalist preacher

Hayden Birdsong (born 2001), American professional baseball player

Jimmy Birdsong (1925–2013), American politician

Joseph Birdsong (born 1988), American singer, songwriter, member of electropop duo Candy Coded

Joyce Birdsong (Joyce Beatty, born 1950), American politician

Keith Birdsong (1959–2019), Native American illustrator

Larry Birdsong (1934–1990), American R&B singer

Mary Birdsong (born 1968), American actress

Mia Birdsong, American activist

Otis Birdsong (born 1955), American former professional basketball player

Keith Birdsong
Keith Birdsong (July 14, 1959 – June 4, 2019) was an American illustrator, known best for illustrating covers of Star Trek novels, which usually depicted the various characters of the Star Trek television series and movies in a realistic manner.
Blankenburg (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft)
Blankenburg was a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft was in Blankenburg am Harz. It was disbanded on 1 January 2010.

The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Blankenburg consisted of the following municipalities:

Blankenburg am Harz

Cattenstedt

Heimburg

Hüttenrode

Timmenrode

Wienrode

Wienrode
Wienrode (German pronunciation: [viːnˈʁoːdə]) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

Since 1 January 2010, it is part of the town Blankenburg am Harz.
Trimenia malagrida
Trimenia malagrida (scarce mountain copper) is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa, where it is found from Beaufort West to the Roggeveld escarpment in the Western Cape.

The wingspan is 24–29 mm for males and 29–33 mm females. Adults are on wing from late January to March. There is one generation per year.

The larvae of ssp. maryae are attended to by Anoplolepis custodiens ants.

Anoplolepis custodiens
Anoplolepis custodiens, commonly known as the common pugnacious ant, is a species of ant in the genus Anoplolepis, native to central and southern Africa. Individual ants may come in a range of colors and sizes. Found in dry and cultivated areas, it is an important source of prey for some pangolins and aardvarks. Although generally aggressive, ants from other colonies of Anoplolepis custodiens are not attacked.
Code page 1046
Code page 1046 (CCSID 1046 and euro sign extended CCSID 9238), also known as Arabic Extended-Euro, is used by IBM platforms in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria for Arabic. It is similar to the DOS code page 1127.

Euro sign
The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone. The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. It consists of a stylized letter E (or epsilon), crossed by two lines instead of one. Depending on convention in each nation, the symbol can either precede or follow  the value, e.g., €10 or 10 €, often with an intervening space.
Josep Trueta University Hospital
The Josep Trueta University Hospital (Catalan: Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Spanish: Hospital Universitario Doctor Josep Trueta) is a public hospital in the city of Girona in Catalonia. It was opened on 13 April 1956 in honour of the Catalan surgeon Josep Trueta. The hospital has several departments, but most notably an emergency department, an ICU with almost 100 beds and its own oncology wing.

The hospital is managed by the Catalan public health authority, CatSalut.

Intensive care unit
An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) or critical care unit (CCU), is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive care medicine.

An intensive care unit was defined by the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine as "an organized system for the provision of care to critically ill patients that provides intensive and specialized medical and nursing care, an enhanced capacity for monitoring, and multiple modalities of physiologic organ support to sustain life during a period of life-threatening organ system insufficiency."

Patients may be referred directly from an emergency department or from a ward if they rapidly deteriorate, or immediately after surgery if the surgery is very invasive and the patient is at high risk of complications.
1902 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1902 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1902 college football season. The team finished with an 8–1 record under first-year head coach Garrett Cochran.  The Tigers won their first eight games, including seven shutouts, and outscored their opponents by a total of 164 to 17.  The team's only loss was in the last game of the season by a 12–5 score against Yale. Princeton guard John DeWitt, who later won the silver medal in the hammer throw at the 1904 Summer Olympics, was selected as a consensus first-team honoree on the 1902 College Football All-America Team.

1902 All-America college football team
The 1902 All-America college football team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various individuals who chose All-America college football teams for the 1902 college football season.  The only two individuals who have been recognized as "official" selectors by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1902 season are Walter Camp and Caspar Whitney, who had originated the All-America concept 14 years earlier in 1889.  Camp's 1902 All-America team was published in Collier's Weekly, and Whitney's selections were published in Outing magazine.
Reinhard Todt
Reinhard Todt (22 January 1949 – 20 January 2025) was an Austrian politician and from 2001 a member to the Federal Council from Vienna. He was President of the Federal Council from 1 July 2013 to 31 December 2013 and from 1 January 2018 to 30 June 2018. Todt died on 20 January 2025, at the age of 75.

Federal Council (Austria)
The Federal Council (German: Bundesrat, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁaːt]) is the upper house of the Austrian Parliament, representing the nine States of Austria at the federal level. As part of a bicameral legislature alongside the National Council, it can be compared with an upper house or a senate. It is far less powerful than the National Council: although it has to approve every new law decided for by this lower chamber, the latter can – in most cases – overrule the Federal Council's refusal to approve.

The Bundesrat has its seat at the Austrian Parliament Building in Vienna. Since 2023, it meets in a chamber formerly used by the National Council's budget committee. During a major renovation of the parliament building from 2017 until 2023, the Federal Council met in the Hofburg Palace.
Lee Conklin
Lee Conklin is an artist best known for his psychedelic poster art of the late 1960s, and his iconic album cover for Santana's debut album.

Conklin was born in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in 1941 and graduated from Spring Valley High School in New York in 1959. He attended Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He worked as a cartoonist for the college newspaper. He was married in 1965. He served in the United States Army and was stationed in South Korea as a cook, where he painted murals on mess halls. He was discharged from the Army in May 1967. He moved to San Francisco began creating concert posters for the growing music scene from 1968 to 1970. He moved to New York in 1972, working at various jobs to support his family. Conklin returned to creating art full-time in 1990. He currently lives in Central California with his wife.

Calvin University
Calvin University is a private Christian university in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1876, Calvin University is an educational institution of the Christian Reformed Church and stands in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition. Known as Calvin College for most of its history, the school is named after John Calvin, the 16th-century Protestant Reformer.
Coppenrath Verlag
Coppenrath Verlag GmbH & Co KG is a German publishing house based in Münster, in the North Rhine-Westphalia region of Germany. It publishes primarily children's and young people's literature, together with various non-book and marketing products. Coppenrath is known for the children's book series Felix (children's books) by Annette Langen, and Princess Lillifee by Monika Finsterbusch. The publisher has also worked with Rolf Zuckowski in 2001. Coppenrath is known for its production of Advent calendars.

Advent calendar
An Advent calendar, from the German word Adventskalender, is used to count the days of Advent in anticipation of Christmas. Since the date of the First Sunday of Advent varies, falling between November 27 and December 3 inclusive, many reusable Advent calendars made of paper or wood begin on December 1. Others start from the First Sunday of Advent.

The Advent calendar was first used by German Lutherans in the 19th and 20th centuries, and has since then spread to other denominations.
Lalamdesar Chhota
Lalamdesar Chhota is a small village located in the Bikaner District, Rajasthan, India.

Inhabitants of this village majorly depend on agriculture which includes both irrigated and non-irrigated farming. Although, there're a number of population, who also involves in running other businesses.

Bikaner district
Bikaner district is a district of the state of Rajasthan in western India. The historic city of Bikaner is the district headquarters. The district is located in Bikaner Division along with the three other districts of Churu, Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh.