hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Xanthoparmelia tumidosa
Xanthoparmelia tumidosa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Southern Africa, it was formally described as a new species in 1986 by the American lichenologist Mason Hale. The type specimen was collected about 1 km (0.6 mi) south of Nuwerus on R363 (Cape Province) at an elevation of about 500 m (1,600 ft), where it was found in a pasture growing on a large sandstone ledge. The lichen thallus, leathery in texture and tightly attached to its rock substrate, is bright yellowish green and measures 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) wide. It comprises short, somewhat linear lobes that are 1.5–2.0 mm wide and become crowded and bullate (blistered) at the thallus center. X. tumidosa contains protocetraric acid and usnic acid.

Usnic acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Frank H. Curd and Alexander Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.

At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).
2011 Portuguese Socialist Party leadership election
The 2011 Portuguese Socialist Party leadership election was held on 22 and 23 July 2011. The leadership ballot was called after former Prime Minister and Socialist Party Secretary-General José Sócrates resigned as leader of the PS, following the party's defeat on the 2011 legislative elections.

The declared candidates included the former Minister in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister António José Seguro and Member of Parliament Francisco Assis. Seguro won and became the 7th Secretary-General of the Socialist Party.

Francisco Assis
Francisco José Pereira de Assis Miranda (born 8 January 1965) is a Portuguese politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Socialist Party. He was part of the Party of European Socialists from 2004 to 2009, and again from 2014 until 2019. He is also a former mayor of Amarante, having been in office from 1989 to 1995, and member of the Assembly of Republic on two occasions, the first from 1995 to 2004 and the second from 2009 to 2014.

Assis was elected a Member of the European Parliament in the 2024 European election, and is expected to be sworn-in in the upcoming Tenth European Parliament.
Thanikachalam Sadagopan
Thanikachalam Sadagopan is an Indian cardiologist, medical academic, and former Vice-Chancellor at the Sri Ramachandra University. He is the chairman and director of the Cardiac Care Centre at Sri Ramachandra University and an adjunct professor at the Biomedical Engineering Group of the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai. He is known for research on preventive cardiology and has published several articles on the subject. He has been involved in several multinational multicentric drug trials including the PURSE-HIS Epidemiological Study of the Tufts University School of Medicine and the study on Nuna Kadugu, a Siddha medicine used to treat various skin diseases. He is a recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award of the Medical Council of India, the highest Indian award in the medical category. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2009, for his contributions to Medicine.

Dr. B. C. Roy Award
The Bidhan Chandra Roy Award is an award instituted in 1962 in memory of Bidhan Chandra Roy by the National Medical Commission. It is presented by the President of India in New Delhi every year on July 1, the National Doctors' Day. It is also the highest honour that can be achieved by a doctor in India.

The award is given annually in each of the following categories:

Statesmanship of the Highest Order in India.

Medical Statesman,

Eminent Medical Person,

Eminent person in Philosophy,

Eminent person in Science

Eminent person in Arts.

It was first awarded in 1971 to Dr. M.N. Sarkar of Calcutta National Medical Medical College, Calcutta (earlier referred to as the Calcutta National Medical Institute), by V. V. Giri, the then President of India.
Whitfield (given name)
Whitfield is a masculine given name borne by:

Whitfield Connor (1916–1988), American actor, director and producer

Whitfield Cook (1909–2003), American writer of screenplays, stage plays, short stories and novels

Whitfield Crane (born 1968), American rock singer

Whitfield Daukes (1877–1954), Anglican bishop

Whitfield Diffie (born 1944), American cryptographer and mathematician

Whitfield Jack (1906–1989), US Army officer

Whitfield Lovell (born 1959), African-American artist

Whitfield Crane
William Whitfield Crane IV (born January 19, 1968) is an American singer and founding member and lead vocalist of the rock band Ugly Kid Joe, which was formed in 1989. He has also worked in music outside his band, from performing guest vocals on numerous songs to contributing to musical efforts with other rock bands such as Life of Agony, Another Animal, and Richards/Crane.
Fatal Misconception
Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population is a 2008 book by Matthew Connelly, an associate professor of history at Columbia University.

Efforts to control population have been controversial, and Connelly argues that "the road to controlling population growth in the 20th century was paved with good intentions and unpleasant policies that did not work". For example, millions of intrauterine contraceptive devices were exported to poor countries although they were known to cause infections and sterility.

Human population planning
Human population planning is the practice of managing the growth rate of a human population. The practice, traditionally referred to as population control, had historically been implemented mainly with the goal of increasing population growth, though from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about overpopulation and its effects on poverty, the environment and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates in many countries. More recently, however, several countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Iran, Italy, Spain, Finland, Hungary and Estonia have begun efforts to boost birth rates once again, generally as a response to looming demographic crises.

While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, a few programs, such as the Chinese government's "one-child policy and two-child policy", have employed coercive measures.
Wetter (surname)
Wetter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ernst Wetter (1877–1963), Swiss politician

Fabian Wetter (born 1989), German footballer

Friedrich Wetter (born 1928), German cardinal archbishop of Munich and Freising

Harry Wetter (1882–1934), Welsh international rugby union player

Herbert Wetter (1891–1966), Norwegian Olympic swimmer in Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle

Jack Wetter (1887–1967), Welsh international rugby union player

Paul Alan Wetter, American medical doctor

Harry Wetter
Harry Wetter (3 February 1882 – 4 February 1934) was an English-born international, rugby union centre who played club rugby for Newport and county rugby with Glamorgan and Monmouthshire. He won just two caps for Wales but is most notable for being a member of the Newport team that beat the 1912 touring South African team. He was also a member of the Wales bowls and baseball team.
The Doctor (nickname)
Doctor or The Doctor is the nickname or stagename for:

The Doctor (Doctor Who)

The Doctor (Star Trek) the Emergency Medical Hologram

Clive Jackson, aka "The Big Doctor", lead singer of Doctor and the Medics

W. G. Grace (1848–1915), English cricketer

Doctor Khumalo (born 1967), South African footballer

Lindsay McDougall (born 1978), Australian radio host

Valentino Rossi (born 1979), Italian motorcycle racer

Roland Rotherham, British historian and lecturer

Julius Erving (born 1950), American basketball player known as "Doctor J"

The Doctor
The Doctor, sometimes known as Doctor Who, is the protagonist of the long-running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. An extraterrestrial Time Lord, the Doctor travels the universe in a time travelling spaceship called the TARDIS, often with companions. Since the show's inception in 1963, the character has been portrayed by fourteen lead actors. The transition to each succeeding actor is explained within the show's narrative through the plot device of regeneration, a biological function of Time Lords that allows a change of cellular structure and appearance with recovery following a mortal injury.

A number of other actors have played the character in stage and audio plays, as well as in various film and television productions. The Doctor has also been featured in films and a vast range of spin-off novels, audio dramas and comic strips.

Ncuti Gatwa most recently portrayed the Fifteenth Doctor from "The Giggle" (2023) up to "The Reality War" (2025).
Laura Recovery Center
The Laura Recovery Center (LRC) is a non-profit organization that worked to prevent kidnappings and abductions and to recover victims of such events. The center was located in Friendswood, Texas, and was named for Laura Kate Smither (April 23, 1984 – April 3, 1997), a 12-year-old girl who was abducted near her Friendswood home and murdered.

Friendswood, Texas
Friendswood is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is part of the Greater Houston metropolitan area.  The city lies in Galveston and Harris counties.  As of the 2020 census, the population of Friendswood was 41,213.
Miami River Greenway
The Miami River Greenway is an urban greenway project in Miami, Florida located along both banks of the Miami River. The plan is for it to eventually form an uninterrupted walkway from the mouth of the river in Downtown Miami to the Dolphin Expressway near the Civic Center area, and in the long term all the way to Miami International Airport. On the north bank the walkway is currently known as the Miami Riverwalk which currently extends beyond the river through Bayfront Park along Biscayne Bay where it is known as the Bay Walk. Plans are to extend this as far north and south as the Julia Tuttle and Rickenbacker Causeways, respectively.

Biscayne Bay
Biscayne Bay is a lagoon with characteristics of an estuary located on the Atlantic coast of South Florida. The northern end of the lagoon is surrounded by the densely developed heart of the Miami metropolitan area while the southern end is largely undeveloped with a large portion of the lagoon included in Biscayne National Park.

The part of the lagoon that is traditionally called "Biscayne Bay" is approximately 35 miles (56 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with a surface area of 221 square miles (570 km2). Various definitions may include Dumfoundling Bay, Card Sound, and Barnes Sound in a larger "Biscayne Bay", which is 60 miles (97 km) long with a surface area of about 271 square miles (700 km2).
Wall Around a Star
Wall Around a Star is a science fiction novel by American writers Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson, the second book of the Saga of Cuckoo series, following Farthest Star.  The book was published by Del Rey Books on January 12, 1983, with cover art by David Mattingly.

In this novel linguist Jen Babylon is called on to translate alien records which may explain the nature of "Cuckoo", a sphere built around a star, and thus save the galaxy.

Del Rey Books
Del Rey Books is an imprint of the Random House Group, a division of Penguin Random House.  The imprint was established in 1977 under the editorship of Judy-Lynn del Rey and her husband, author Lester del Rey.  Today, the imprint specializes in science fiction, fantasy, horror, and fantasy romance.

The first new novel published by Del Rey was The Sword of Shannara by Terry Brooks in 1977. Del Rey formerly published Star Wars novels under the Lucasbooks sub-imprint (licensed from Lucasfilm, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios division of The Walt Disney Company) that are now published by its sister imprint, Random House Worlds.
Quest of the Space Beagle
Quest of the Space Beagle is an action-adventure game written by Scott Lamb for Atari 8-bit computers and published by Avalon Hill Microcomputer Games in 1984. It is the sequel to Jupiter Mission 1999. A Commodore 64 port followed in 1985.

Avalon Hill
Avalon Hill Games Inc. is a game company that publishes wargames and strategic board games. It has also published miniature wargaming rules, role-playing games and sports simulations. It is a subsidiary of Hasbro, and operates under the company's "Hasbro Gaming" division.

Avalon Hill introduced many of the concepts of modern recreational wargaming, including the use of a hexagonal grid (a.k.a. hexgrid) overlaid on a flat folding board, zones of control (ZOC), stacking of multiple units at a location, and board games based upon historical events.
Bobbie Hagelin
Bobbie Hagelin (born 1 February 1984) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player. He played for Södertälje SK in the Swedish Elite League and for Rødovre Mighty Bulls in the Danish AL-Bank Ligaen.

He is the elder brother of ex-Michigan Wolverines ice hockey player and current Washington Capitals forward Carl Hagelin. In three seasons with Södertälje SK from 2001 to 2004 he played 45 games, scoring two goals and one assist. In two seasons with Rødovre Mighty Bulls from 2007 to 2009 he played 73 games, scoring 27 goals and 27 assists.

Metal Ligaen
The Superisligaen, known as the Metal Ligaen for sponsorship reasons, is the highest-level ice hockey league in Denmark. The league consists of 9 professional teams.

Teams from the Superisligaen can participate in the IIHF's annual Champions Hockey League (CHL), competing for the European Trophy. Participation is based on the strength of the various leagues in Europe (excluding the European/Asian Kontinental Hockey League). Going into the 2022–23 CHL season, the Superisligaen was ranked the No. 13 league in Europe, allowing them to send their top team to compete in the CHL.
Gem Valley
Gem Valley is a rural valley in Caribou County, Bannock, and Franklin counties in Idaho, United States, so named for its local gemstones which can be found throughout the valley. It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) wide at its widest point east to west, and 60–70 miles (97–113 km) long north to south. By local definition, Gem Valley originates at the Chesterfield Reservoir to the north, and terminates at the Oneida Narrows Reservoir to the south.

Franklin County, Idaho
Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 Census the county had a population of 14,194. The county seat and largest city is Preston. The county was established in 1913 and named after Franklin D. Richards, an Apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the only Franklin County in the United States that is not named after Benjamin Franklin. Franklin County is part of the Logan, UT-ID Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Michael Tims
Sir Michael David Tims, KCVO (born 1931) is a retired British courtier. He served as Serjeant-at-Arms to the Queen from 1987 to 1992. After completing National Service, Tims joined the Royal Household in 1953 as Deputy Comptroller of Supply. Between 1968 and 1992, he served as Assistant to the Master of the Household. He was appointed a Member (Fifth Class) of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1963 New Year Honours, and promoted to Member (Fourth Class) in the 1974 New Year Honours, then Commander in the 1984 Birthday Honours, and finally, in December 1992, to Knight Commander. He was also made a Freeman of the City of London in 1986.

Master of the Household
The Master of the Household is the operational head (see Chief operating officer) of the "below stairs" elements of the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. The role has charge of the domestic staff, from the Royal Kitchens, the pages and footmen, to the porters, housekeeper and their staff. The appointment has its origin in the household reforms of 1539-40; it is under the (now purely nominal) supervision of the Lord Steward.

Since 2004 the Office of the Prince of Wales has included a Master of the Household.
Anja Røyne
Anja Røyne (born 1981) is a Norwegian physicist and popular science writer.

She graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in 2003, a master's degree in physics from the University of Sydney in 2005, and a PhD at the University of Oslo in 2011. She was hired as a lecturer at the University of Oslo, teaching physics and science communication.

Having kept a science blog, she made her non-fiction writing debut with Menneskets grunnstoffer, a popular science book about the elements present in humans, published by Kagge Forlag in 2018. The book earned her a Brage Prize in the open class.

She followed with the book Varm klode, kaldt hode. Løsninger på klimakrisen (2020) about solutions to the climate crisis, as well as the physics textbooks Fysikk - enkelt forklart (2020) and Klimaendringer - enkelt forklart (2023), both on Universitetsforlaget. Varm klode, kaldt hode received positive reviews.

Popular science
Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.

It may be written by scientists themselves or by professional journalists. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging.
The Samuel Project
The Samuel Project is a 2018 family comedy drama film directed by Marc Fusco and written by Fusco, Chris Neighbors and Steven Mark. The film stars Hal Linden, Ryan Ochoa and was shot in San Diego, California.

AARP
AARP, formerly the American Association of Retired Persons, is an interest group in the United States focusing on issues affecting those 50 and older. The organization, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C., said it had more than 38 million members as of 2018. The magazine and bulletin it sends to its members are the two largest-circulation publications in the United States.

AARP was formed in 1958 by Ethel Percy Andrus, a retired educator from California, and Leonard Davis, who later founded Colonial Penn's insurance companies. It is an influential lobbying group in the United States. AARP sells paid memberships, and markets insurance and other services to its members.
Hilary Summers
Hilary Summers is a Welsh lyric contralto. She was trained at Reading University, the Royal Academy of Music, and the National Opera Studio in London. She has performed on soundtracks such as The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, The Libertine, and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. She has created roles for composers Péter Eötvös and Elliott Carter, and is known to have a close working relationship with Michael Nyman. She created the leading role of the Art Banker in Nyman's opera Facing Goya. In 2000 she performed the role of Mars in the first modern revival of Giovanni Legrenzi's La divisione del mondo at the Schwetzingen Festival. Her discography includes, for Chandos, Handel's Partenope and Semele. She sang the Sorceress in Dido and Aeneas at the Opéra-Comique (2008, William Christie).

Giovanni Legrenzi
Giovanni Legrenzi (baptized August 12, 1626 – May 27, 1690) was an Italian composer of opera, vocal and instrumental music, and organist, of the Baroque era. He was one of the most prominent composers in Venice in the late 17th century, and extremely influential in the development of late Baroque idioms across northern Italy.
Bundesvision Song Contest 2012
The Bundesvision Song Contest 2012 was the eighth edition of the annual Bundesvision Song Contest musical event. The contest was held on 28 September 2012 at the Max-Schmeling-Halle, Berlin, following Tim Bendzko's win in the 2011 contest in North Rhine-Westphalia with the song "Wenn Worte meine Sprache wären". This was the second time that the Max-Schmeling-Halle arena had hosted the contest after previously hosting in 2010, and Berlin's third time of hosting the contest, after previously hosting in 2007, and 2010. The contest was hosted by Stefan Raab, Sandra Rieß, and Elton in the green room.

Elton (television presenter)
Alexander Duszat (born 2 April 1971), known professionally as Elton, is a German television presenter and comedian who gained recognition as Stefan Raab's sidekick in the long-running late-night comedy show TV total.
Theo Archibald
Theodore Valentine Archibald (born 5 March 1998) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for EFL League One club Leyton Orient.

Archibald is a product of the Celtic academy. Following two seasons with Brentford B, he began his senior career in earnest with Macclesfield Town in 2019. He subsequently played for Lincoln City, before transferring to Leyton Orient in 2022. Archibald was capped by Scotland at youth level.

Middlesex Senior Cup
The Middlesex Senior Cup is the most prestigious football cup competition in the historic county of Middlesex, England. The competition is run mainly for non-League clubs in the region, although league clubs have been known to enter the competition, including Brentford, Barnet and Chelsea. In order to be eligible to play in the Middlesex Senior Cup, clubs have to play at step 5 or above of the National League System.
2007 Davidoff Swiss Indoors
The 2007 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 38th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors, and was part of the International Series of the 2007 ATP Tour. It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, from 22 October through 28 October 2007.

The singles field was led by World No. 1, Australian Open, Wimbledon and US Open winner, Basel defending champion Roger Federer, Australian Open runner-up, Beijing titlist, and 2005 Basel winner Fernando González, and US Open semifinalist, Auckland, Tokyo and Båstad champion David Ferrer. Also competing were Sydney and New Haven titlist James Blake, Halle winner Tomáš Berdych, Guillermo Cañas, Juan Ignacio Chela and Paul-Henri Mathieu.

2007 Medibank International
The 2007 Medibank International was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that was part of the 2007 ATP Tour and 2007 WTA Tour. It was the 115th edition of the annually-held Medibank International and was played on outdoor hard courts in Sydney, Australia from 7 to 13 January 2007.

The event was notable as being the last tournament Kim Clijsters won, before her first retirement from the sport. James Blake defended his title from the previous year.
Bhimrao Keram
Bhimrao Ramji Keram is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Kinwat in the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election representing Bharatiya Janata Party and retained it in the 2024 Assembly election.

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra Vidhānasabhā) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India. It consists of 288 members directly elected from single-seat constituencies. The Assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan in Mumbai, though the winter session is held in Nagpur. Along with the Maharashtra Legislative Council, it constitutes the legislature of Maharashtra. The presiding officer of the Assembly is the Speaker. Members of the Assembly are directly elected by the people of Maharashtra through elections held every five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved earlier. The current Assembly was elected in November 2024.