hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sphenostylis
Sphenostylis is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes seven species of prostrate, climbing or erect herbs or subshrubs. They are native to sub-Saharan Africa, where they grow in seasonally-dry tropical and subtropical open forest, woodland, bushland and thicket, wooded grassland, and grassland, mainly in the Zambezian and Sudanian regions. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Sphenostylis contains several species useful as food sources including Sphenostylis stenocarpa. Sphenostylis stenocarpa is characterized by its fruit (legume) and stipulated leaves.

Sudanian savanna
The Sudanian savanna or Sudan region is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent, from the Ethiopian Highlands in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. It represents the central bioregion within the broader tropical savanna biome of the Afrotropical realm. The Sahel acacia savanna, a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Sahara Desert phytochorion. To the Sudan's south, the more humid  forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Guineo-Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator.
The Vagabond Queen
The Vagabond Queen is a 1929 sound British comedy film directed by Géza von Bolváry and starring Betty Balfour, Glen Byam Shaw, and Ernest Thesiger.  While the film has no audible dialog, it features a synchronized musical score, singing and sound effects on the soundtrack. This film was the final film directed in Britain by Bolváry before he returned to Germany. It was made by British International Pictures.

Glen Byam Shaw
Glencairn Alexander "Glen" Byam Shaw, CBE (13 December 1904 – 29 April 1986) was an English actor and theatre director, known for his dramatic productions in the 1950s and his operatic productions in the 1960s and later.

In the 1920s and 1930s Byam Shaw was a successful actor, both in romantic leads and in character parts. He worked frequently with his old friend John Gielgud. After working as co-director with Gielgud at the end of the 1930s, he preferred to direct rather than act. He served in the armed forces during the Second World War, and then took leading directorial posts at the Old Vic, the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre and Sadler's Wells (later known as the English National Opera).
Proskurov uezd
The Proskurov uezd was a county (uezd) of the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire, with its administrative centre in Proskurov (contemporary Khmelnytskyi). It border the Starokonstantinov uezd of the Volhynian Governorate to the north, the Letichev uezd to the east, the Kamenets-Podolsky uezd to the south, and Austria to the west. The area of the uezd covered most of Ukraine's Khmelnytskyi Raion.

Starokonstantinovsky Uyezd
Starokonstantinovsky Uyezd (Староконстантиновский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Starokostiantyniv.
Poland at the 2008 UEFA European Championship
Poland at the 2008 UEFA European Championship was the first-ever appearance of Poland national football team in the UEFA European Championship.

The Poland national football team qualified for the UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland by finishing first in qualifying Group A, ahead of teams such as Portugal. In the tournament, Poland was placed in Group B, where they lost 0–2 to Germany in their first match. In the second match, they drew 1–1 with the host nation Austria, with a goal scored by Roger Guerreiro. In the final group match, Poland was defeated 0–1 by Croatia. Finishing last in the group with one point, Poland was eliminated from further competition.

Tomasz Zahorski
Tomasz Zahorski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtɔmaʐ zaˈxɔrskʲi]; born 22 November 1984) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He currently serves as an assistant coach for the Poland national under-19 team.
National Traffic System
The National Traffic System (NTS) is an organized network of amateur radio operators sponsored by the American Radio Relay League for the purpose of relaying messages throughout the U.S. and Canada.

During normal times, these messages are routine greetings ("Happy birthday Aunt Mary") and keep the system well oiled and the operators trained so that everything works when needed. When there is an emergency or disaster, NTS works closely with the Amateur Radio Emergency Service to provide emergency communications. The most common types of disaster-related messages are "health and welfare" inquiries and notifications into and out of the area affected by the disaster.

In time of disaster, it is easy to expand the system by simply creating additional meeting times for the nets with high volume, or by setting up a specific "trunk line" between two points.

Amateur radio operator
An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.

Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was, in the 1920s, adopted by amateur radio operators.
Hele's School
Hele's School, formerly Plympton Grammar School, is a co-educational secondary school and sixth form located in Plympton, Plymouth, England. It is a comprehensive school for pupils aged 11 to 18 and is part of the Westcountry Schools Trust (WeST).  The school has around 1,350 students on roll, including around 210 in the sixth form.  Hele's School has an eight-form entry system, with a published admission number of 240 per year group.

The school offers a broad curriculum at Key Stages 3 and 4, with students ordinarily choosing GCSE options in Year 9.  Post-16 education is delivered through a dedicated sixth form centre.  Alongside academic provision, the school runs a Combined Cadet Force (CCF) with Army, Royal Navy, and Royal Air Force sections, as well as an established Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme.

The current Acting Principal is Emma Clapham, since 1 September 2025.

Key Stage
A key stage is a stage of the state education system in England, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar setting the educational knowledge expected of students at various ages. The term is also used in some other autonomous territories such as Hong Kong, and countries such as Australia (some states), although the ages at which each key stage applies differ between countries.

Key Stages in England are often abbreviated as KS (eg KS1). Each key stage consists of a certain range of school years so there is no key stage for higher education.

In Wales, the new curriculum replaces key stages with "progression steps" at ages 5, 8, 11, 14 and 16, "relating to broad expectations of a child’s progress".
Gracemont (microarchitecture)
Gracemont is a microarchitecture for low-power processors used in systems on a chip (SoCs) made by Intel, and is the successor to Tremont. Like its predecessor, it is also implemented as low-power cores in a hybrid design of the Alder Lake, Raptor Lake and Raptor Lake Refresh processors.

Microarchitecture
In electronics, computer science and computer engineering, microarchitecture, also called computer organization and sometimes abbreviated as μarch or uarch, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented in a particular processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures; implementations may vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.

Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set architecture.
Liberty Theater (Murphysboro, Illinois)
Liberty Theater is a historic movie theater located at 1333 Walnut St. in Murphysboro, Illinois. Built in 1913 as the Tilford Theatre, the theater was one of the first five movie theaters in Murphysboro. The theater's name was changed in 1918 during a wave of patriotism inspired by World War I. In 1938, the theater was remodeled in the Art Deco style. During the remodeling, the theater's neon marquee was installed and the building's exterior walls were faced with black vitrolite. The theater continued to show films until 1998 and was the last of the original five theaters to close. After a renovation in 2002, the theater was reopened by a not-for-profit group; it currently hosts community events and is available for rent.

The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 2012.

Neon sign
In the signage industry, neon signs are electric signs lighted by long luminous gas-discharge tubes that contain rarefied neon or other gases. They are the most common use for neon lighting, which was first demonstrated in a modern form in December 1910 by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.

While they are used worldwide, neon signs were popular in the United States from about the 1920s to 1950s. The installations in Times Square, many originally designed by Douglas Leigh, were famed, and there were nearly 2,000 small shops producing neon signs by 1940. In addition to signage, neon lighting is used frequently by artists and architects, and (in a modified form) in plasma display panels and televisions. The signage industry has declined in the past several decades, and cities are now concerned with preserving and restoring their antique neon signs.

Light emitting diode arrays can be formed and covered with a light diffuser to simulate the appearance of neon lamps.
15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)
The 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis) was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army which existed from 1858 to 1921. Raised during the 1857 uprising, the regiment later saw service in the Second Afghan War of 1878–80 and the First World War. The regiment was one of the single class regiments, with all troops being recruited from the Punjab.

Cureton's Multanis had a blue uniform with scarlet facings. The badge comprised two crossed lances and a pennon with a star and crescent. The star was placed over the point of crossing of the lances and was inscribed with "XV". The crescent was placed lower down and had the words "CURETON"S MOOLTANEES" inscribed upon it.

The regiment had a tradition of giving a Muslim salute, i.e. salaam, a gesture of obeisance, instead of the regulation military salute. This departure from military regulations was permitted them by the Lord Napier of Magdala.

Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala
Field Marshal Robert Cornelis Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, GCB, GCSI, FRS (6 December 1810 – 14 January 1890) was a British Indian Army officer. He fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Second Anglo-Sikh War before seeing action as chief engineer during the second relief of Lucknow in March 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He also served in the Second Opium War as commander of the 2nd division of the expeditionary force which took part in the Battle of Taku Forts, the surrender of Peking's Anting Gate and the entry to Peking in 1860. He subsequently led the punitive expedition to Abyssinia in July 1867, defeating the Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia with minimal loss of life among his own forces and rescuing the hostages of Tewodros.
Johnny Ng
Johnny Ng Kit-chong, MH, JP (Chinese: 吳傑莊, born 1974) is a Hong Kong politician. Ng has been a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference since 2018 and being elected as a member of the seventh Legislative Council in 2021, elected from the Election Committee. He was re-elected in 2025 through the same constituency.

Ng has also been appointed as an Independent Director, serving on the boards of China Unicom as well as Chuang's China.

Ng previously served as a Council Member of the Baptist University, member of Advisory Committee of Arts Development, member of Employees Retraining Board, Past Chairman of Hong Kong Youth United Association, Honorary Chairman of YELITES.

In 2010, Ng established the "Hong Kong Youth Synergy Foundation Ltd." and has since served as its convener.

Medal of Honour (Hong Kong)
The Medal of Honour (Chinese: 榮譽勳章; MH) is part of the honours system in Hong Kong. It was created in 1997 to replace the British honours system after the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Medal of Honour is the entry level award under the Hong Kong honours system and is awarded for community service in a district or in a particular area for a long period of time. It may also be awarded to civil servants for serving with distinction.

This medal essentially replaced the Order of the British Empire prior to 1 July 1997.
Michael Naranjo
Michael Naranjo is a Native American blind sculptor. Born in Santa Clara Pueblo in Northern New Mexico in 1944, he is a member of the Tewa Tribe. He was raised in Taos, New Mexico. The son of the ceramic artist Rose Naranjo, he made first contact with pottery and art by the side of his mother. He was drawn into the army and served in Vietnam War. During the patrol the Viet Cong soldier threw the grenade that took his sight and maimed his right hand. During the convalescence period he started sculpting in clay. Gradually sculpting became his passion and profession. The first models were made in clay, wax and papier-mache, some were cast in bronze. Later, he used stone in his art. His favorite topics are Native American warrior, a hoop dancer, a female nude, a child, a soldier, a bear or fish or bird.

Tewa
The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture.  Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe.  They comprise the following communities:

Nambé Pueblo

Pojoaque Pueblo

San Ildefonso Pueblo

Ohkay Owingeh

Santa Clara Pueblo

Tesuque Pueblo

The Hopi Tewa, descendants of those who fled the Second Pueblo Revolt of 1680–1692, live on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona, mostly in Tewa Village and Polacca on the First Mesa. Other Hopi clans are known to be descendants of Tewa people.

Tewa is one of five Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people of New Mexico. Though these five languages are closely related, speakers of one cannot fully understand speakers of another (similar to German and Dutch speakers). The six Tewa-speaking pueblos are Nambe, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, Ohkay Owingeh, Santa Clara, and Tesuque.
René de La Croix de Castries
René de La Croix, count de Castries (French pronunciation: [ʁəne də la kʁwa də kastʁ]; 6 August 1908 – 17 July 1986) was a French historian and a member of the House of Castries. He was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 2 of the Académie française in 1972. He wrote under the pen name Duc de Castries, a courtesy title drawn from his family’s extinct dukedom.

Courtesy title
A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but is rather used by custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title).

In some contexts, courtesy title is used to mean the more general concept of a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Madam, Sir for those who have not been awarded a knighthood or a baronetcy, as well as Dr. for physicians who have not actually achieved a doctorate.
Leptothorax duloticus
Leptothorax duloticus is a species of especially hostile slave-maker ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is endemic to the United States.

It has been observed to engage in a behavior known as alloparental care, which is seen in many other animal species, like the fathead minnow.

Fathead minnow
Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), also known as fathead or tuffy, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows.  The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States.  This minnow has also been introduced to many other areas via bait bucket releases. Its golden, or xanthic, strain, known as the rosy-red minnow, is a very common feeder fish sold in the United States and Canada. This fish is also known for producing Schreckstoff (a distress signal).
2025 Netball World Youth Cup qualification – Africa
The 2025 Netball World Youth Cup qualification – Africa organised by Africa Netball was the latest edition in the international competition to determine the youth national teams that will represent Africa at the 2025 Netball World Youth Cup. The competition was hosted by the City of Tshwane from 16 March 2024 to 23 March 2024 at the University of Pretoria.

South Africa, Malawi, and Zambia qualified for the 2025 Netball World Youth Cup.

City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (Afrikaans: Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit; Tswana: Mmasepala wa Toropokgolo ya Tshwane; Northern Sotho: Mmasepala wa Toropokgolo ya Tshwane), also known as the City of Tshwane (/tswɑːnɪ/), is the metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of northern Gauteng in South Africa. The metropolitan area is centred on the city of Pretoria with surrounding towns and localities included in the local government area.
The Call Up (song)
"The Call Up" is a song by the English punk rock group the Clash. It was released as the first single from the band's fourth studio album, Sandinista!. The single was released in November 1980, in advance of the release of Sandinista!, with "Stop the World" as its B-side.

Joe Strummer
John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), known professionally as Joe Strummer, was a British musician. He was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist, and lead vocalist of punk rock band the Clash.

Strummer's other career highlights included stints with the 101ers, the Latino Rockabilly War, the Mescaleros and the Pogues, as well as solo music, acting, scoring television shows and films, and hosting the BBC Radio show London Calling. Strummer and the Clash were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 2003. In his remembrance, Strummer's friends and family established The Joe Strummer Foundation (initially known as Strummerville), a non-profit organisation that gives opportunities to musicians and supports projects around the world that create empowerment through music.
Lordly (song)
"Lordly" is a song recorded by French DJ and producer Feder featuring the vocals of Alex Aiono. The song was released as a digital download on 20 August 2016 through Atlantic Records UK. The song was written by Hadrien Federiconi and Tienus Konijnenburg. The song has peaked to number 10 on the French Singles Chart and also achieved success in Poland and CIS countries (mostly in Russia, when topped the Tophit chart). The song featured as the theme song of the 2017 World Men's Handball Championship.

SNEP
SNEP (French: Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique, in English National Syndicate of Phonographic Publishing) is the inter-professional organisation that protects the interests of the French record industry. Originally known under the acronym SNICOP, the organisation was established in 1922 and has 48 member companies.

SNEP's responsibilities include collecting and distributing royalty payments for broadcast and performance, preventing copyright infringement of its members' works (including music piracy), and sales certification of silver, gold, platinum and diamond records and videos. SNEP also compiles weekly official charts of France's top-selling music, including singles and albums.
TM-46 mine
The TM-46 mine is a large, circular, metal-cased Soviet anti-tank mine. It uses either a pressure or tilt-rod fuze, which is screwed into the top. Anti-tank mines with this type of fuze were capable of inflicting much more damage to armored vehicles, when compared to a typical anti-personnel mine.

Because the TM-46 has a metal casing, it is very easy to detect with a metal detector. However, mine-fields containing TM-46s may have also been sown with minimum metal mines, e.g. the PMA-2.

Kilogram-force
The kilogram-force (kgf or kgF), or kilopond (kp, from Latin: pondus, lit. 'weight'), is a non-standard gravitational metric unit of force. It is not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI) and is deprecated for most uses. The kilogram-force is equal to the magnitude of the force exerted on one kilogram of mass in a 9.80665 m/s2 gravitational field (standard gravity, a conventional value approximating the average magnitude of gravity on Earth). That is, it is the weight of a kilogram under standard gravity. One kilogram-force is defined as 9.80665 N. Similarly, a gram-force is 9.80665 mN, and a milligram-force is 9.80665 μN.
Gardenology.org
Gardenology.org is a wiki, launched in 2007, meant to serve as a free, "complete plant and garden wiki encyclopedia."  There are over 19,000 articles on the site, and a plant search box.  Gardenology.org is a "reference database with botany basics, cultivation, propagation, plant maintenance, glossary of botanical names and glossary of gardening terms".

The site runs on MediaWiki as well as the Semantic MediaWiki extension.

Gardenology.org uses the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license for its content. Articles can cover an individual species or cultivar, a family, a gardening term or gardening topic. The site has message forums for gardening-related discussions.

Plant propagation
Plant propagation is the process by which new plants grow from various sources, including seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant propagation can refer to both man-made and natural processes.

Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall cycle of plant growth. For seeds, it happens after ripening and dispersal; for vegetative parts, it happens after detachment or pruning; for asexually-reproducing plants, such as strawberry, it happens as the new plant develops from existing parts.

Countless plants are propagated each day in horticulture and agriculture.

Plant propagation is vital to agriculture and horticulture, not just for human food production but also for forest and fibre crops,  as well as traditional and herbal medicine. It is also important for plant breeding.