hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Environment (Colombia)
The Ministry of Environment was the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia charged with determining and regulating the standards and guidelines for the protection of the environment, investigate and implement environmental policies. As part of a wider cabinet reshuffle in 2002, the ministry was given the housing and land management portfolios, becoming the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development.

As of 2010, President Juan Manuel Santos talked about the need to separate the Ministry again to once again bring environmental protection and sustainability in par with the needs of the nation and its importance to government.

Land management
Land management is the process of managing the use and development of land resources. Those resources are used for a variety of purposes for example agriculture, forestry, water resource management, human settlements and tourism. One aim of land management is to prevent or reverse land degradation. Another aim is to ensure water security by increasing soil moisture availability, decreasing surface runoff, and decreasing soil erosion. Unsustainable land managements leads to land being over- or misused which in turn degrades the land, reduces productivity and disrupts natural equilibriums.
Daveyton
Daveyton is a township in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality of Gauteng in South Africa. It borders Etwatwa to the north-east, Springs to the south and Benoni to the south-west. It is approximately 18 kilometres north-east of Benoni and 45 kilometers east of Johannesburg.

Township (South Africa)
In South Africa, the terms township and location usually refer to an under-developed, racially segregated urban area, from the late 19th century until the end of apartheid, which were reserved for non-whites, namely Black Africans, Coloureds and Indians. Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities. The term township also has a distinct legal meaning in South Africa's system of land title, which carries no racial connotations.

Townships for non-whites were also called locations or lokasies in Afrikaans and are often still referred to as such in the smaller towns. The slang term "kasie / kasi", a popular short version of "lokasie" is also used. Townships sometimes have large informal settlements nearby.
Marklowice
Marklowice [marklɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Marklowice. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Wodzisław Śląski and 43 km (27 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice. Between 1975 and 1994 Marklowice was part of the town Wodzisław Śląski.

In 2005 the village had a population of 5,180. The football club Polonia Marklowice, founded in 1922, plays in the village.

The village was first mentioned in a Latin document of Diocese of Wrocław called Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis from around 1305 as item in Merclini villa debent esse XXXIII) mansi.

Wodzisław County
Wodzisław County (Polish: powiat wodzisławski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Czech border. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Wodzisław Śląski, which lies 49 kilometres (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice. The county contains three other towns: Rydułtowy, 7 km (4 mi) north of Wodzisław Śląski, Radlin, 4 km (2 mi) north-east of Wodzisław Śląski, and Pszów, 7 km (4 mi) north-west of Wodzisław Śląski.

The county covers an area of 286.92 square kilometres (110.8 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 157,346, out of which the population of Wodzisław Śląski is 47,992, that of Rydułtowy is 21,616, that of Radlin is 17,776, that of Pszów is 13,896, and the rural population is 56,066.
Every Letter I Sent You
Every Letter I Sent You is the first studio album and the first double album by South Korean singer-songwriter and record producer Yerin Baek. It was released through Blue Vinyl and published by Dreamus on December 10, 2019. It features 18 tracks, with "Popo (How Deep Is Our Love?)", "0310" and "Square (2017)" simultaneously released as the album's three singles. The physical album comes in a CD and LP format.

This is her first release under her new label, Blue Vinyl, after leaving JYP Entertainment in September 2019.

Every Letter I Sent You was met with generally positive reviews from music critics and debuted at number two in South Korea, selling over 35,000 copies. The album received nominations for Album of the Year at 12th Melon Music Awards, while its single "Square (2017)" won Best R&B/Soul award, and was also nominated for Song of the Year award.

2020 Melon Music Awards
The 2020 Melon Music Awards ceremony, organized by Kakao M through its online music store, Melon, took place virtually from December 2 through December 5, 2020 (dubbed as "MMA Week") in South Korea, with the main ceremony taking place on December 5 at 19:00 KST. This is the twelfth ceremony in the show's history, and the first to be held online and over a span of four days. It was held without an audience due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

BTS won 6 awards during the ceremony, sweeping all three Grand Awards (Daesangs) including Artist of the Year for the second consecutive year.
Church cantatas of Bach's third to fifth year in Leipzig
On Trinity Sunday 27 May 1725 Johann Sebastian Bach had presented the last cantata of his second cantata cycle, the cycle which coincided with his second year in Leipzig. As director musices of the principal churches in Leipzig he presented a variety of cantatas over the next three years. New cantatas for occasions of the liturgical year composed in this period, except for a few in the chorale cantata format, are known as Bach's third cantata cycle. His next cycle of church cantatas, the Picander cycle, did not start before St. John's Day 24 June 1728.

Sacred music of this period by Bach that does not belong to a cantata cycle includes council election cantatas, Passion music for Good Friday, and music for weddings and funerals.

Director musices
Director musices, Latin for director of music, was a title held by music directors especially at European universities or cathedrals; sometimes also at cathedral schools. The title is still used at universities in Sweden. In Finland it is an honorary award granted by the President of the Republic.

Today directores musices are primarily responsible for music activities at a university and choral and/or orchestra conductors.
Doug Hogland
Matthew Douglas Hogland (May 8, 1931 – March 4, 2017) was an American professional football guard and tackle who played college football for Oregon State (1950–1952) and professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers (1953–1955), Chicago Cardinals (1956–1958), and Detroit Lions (1958). He appeared in a total of 72 NFL games, 58 of them as a starter.

Oregon State Beavers football
The Oregon State Beavers football team represents Oregon State University in NCAA Division I FBS college football. The team first fielded an organized football team in 1893 and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference.

Their home games are played at Reser Stadium in Corvallis, Oregon.
Silhouettea
Silhouettea is a genus of gobies native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. The name of this genus refers to the island of Silhouette in the Seychelles where the type specimens of the type species, Silhouettea insinuans, were collected.

Silhouette Island
Silhouette Island lies 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Mahé in the Seychelles. It is the third largest granitic island in the Seychelles. It has an area of 20.1 km2 and has a population of 200, mostly workers on the island. The main settlement is La Passe, where Hilton Hotel is located. The name Silhouette was given after Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), the French minister of finances under Louis XV.
3rd federal electoral district of Nayarit
The 3rd federal electoral district of Nayarit (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 03 de Nayarit) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of three such districts in the state of Nayarit.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the first region.

Suspended in 1930,
the 3rd district was restored as part of the 1977 political reforms and was contended again in the 1979 election; between 1930 and 1979, Nayarit comprised only two federal electoral districts.

The current member for the district, re-elected in the 2024 general election, is Jorge Armando Ortiz Rodríguez of the Labour Party (PT).

1979 Mexican legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 1 July 1979. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) won 296 of the 400 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Voter turnout was 49%.

They were the first national elections held after the approval of the political reforms of 1977, which allowed the Mexican Communist Party, Mexican Democratic Party and the Workers' Socialist Party to obtain legal registration and compete in elections for the first time, as well as increasing the size of the Chamber of Deputies from 237 seats to 400.

The elected deputies served during the 51st session of Congress (1979–1982).
Narratology
Narratology is the study of narrative and narrative structure and the ways that these affect human perception. The term is an anglicisation of French narratologie, coined by Tzvetan Todorov (Grammaire du Décaméron, 1969). Its theoretical lineage is traceable to Aristotle (Poetics) but modern narratology is agreed to have begun with the Russian formalists, particularly Vladimir Propp (Morphology of the Folktale, 1928), and Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of heteroglossia, dialogism, and the chronotope first presented in The Dialogic Imagination (1975).

Cognitive narratology is a more recent development that allows for a broader understanding of narrative. Rather than focus on the structure of the story, cognitive narratology asks "how humans make sense of stories" and "how humans use stories as sense-making instruments".

Roland Barthes
Roland Gérard Barthes (/bɑːrt/; French: [ʁɔlɑ̃ baʁt]; 12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. His work engaged in the analysis of a variety of sign systems, mainly derived from Western popular culture. His ideas explored a diverse range of fields, including structuralism, anthropology, literary theory, and post-structuralism, and influenced the development of multiple schools of theory.

Barthes is particularly notable for his 1957 essay collection Mythologies, which contained reflections on popular culture, and the 1967/1968 essay "The Death of the Author", which critiqued traditional approaches in literary criticism. During his academic career he was primarily associated with the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) and the Collège de France.
Saint-Lucien, Seine-Maritime
Saint-Lucien (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ lysjɛ̃]) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Between 1973 and 2017 it was part of the commune Sigy-en-Bray.

Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime (French pronunciation: [sɛn maʁitim] ⓘ) is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure. It had a population of 1,255,633 in 2019.
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 4th Plymouth district
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 4th Plymouth district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Plymouth County. Democrat Patrick Kearney of Scituate has represented the district since 2019.

Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Plymouth County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, south of Boston. As of the 2020 census, the population was 530,819.  Its county seats are Plymouth and Brockton. In 1685, the county was created by the Plymouth General Court, the legislature of Plymouth Colony, predating its annexation by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Plymouth County is part of the 
Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Stephen of Besançon
Stephen of Besançon, O.P., (ca. 1250, Free Imperial City of Besançon—22 November 1294, Republic of Lucca) was a French Dominican friar, who served briefly as the Master General of the Order.

Stephen began his studies in 1273 and graduated as Baccalaureus biblicus (Bachelor of Theology in Biblical Studies) in 1286. Two years later he obtained his Master's degree (Magister) from the Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris. A popular collection of sermons entitled Alphabetum narrationum was once thought to be attributable to him, but later research has shown that it was by Arnoldus Leodiensis.

First as Prior Provincial of northern France (1291) and then as Master General of the Order of Preachers (in 1292) he tried to lead the Order back to the original severity of its ideal. He died in Lucca in Tuscany, while on the way back to Rome from a journey of canonical visitations of the priories of the Order.

Free Imperial City of Besançon
The Free Imperial City of Besançon was a self-governing free imperial city that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Its capital was Besançon.

From 1184 until 1654 the city of Besançon was a free imperial city (German: Freie Reichsstadt) as shown by the coat of arms until today and called Bisanz. The city was first separated from the governance of the County of Burgundy in 1034 as a prince-bishopric, an ecclesiastical state in the Holy Roman Empire. The city was governed by the Prince-Archbishopric of Besançon, although later most of his power would devolve to a council within the town. The free imperial city enclosed only the city of Besançon in the Franche-Comté so for a large part of the time it was controlled those who controlled access across the surrounding land, first by the dukes of Burgundy, and then by the Habsburgs. Finally, it lost its imperial status but remained a free city.
Khirbat al-Buwayra
Khirbat al-Buwayra was a Palestinian Arab  village in the Ramle Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on July 15, 1948, under the second phase of Operation Dani. It was located 15 km southeast of Ramla.

Operation Dani
Operation Dani, also spelled Danny, was an Israeli military offensive launched on July 9–19, 1948 at the end of the first truce of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The objectives were to capture territory east of Tel Aviv and then to push inland and relieve the Jewish population and forces in Jerusalem. The main forces fighting against the IDF were the Arab Legion and Palestinian irregulars

On 10 July, Glubb Pasha ordered the defending Arab Legion troops to "make arrangements ... for a phony war".

The operation commander was Yigal Allon and his deputy was Yitzhak Rabin. The total force numbered around 6,000 soldiers.
1992 Sacramento Attack season
The 1992 Sacramento Attack season was the first season for the Arena football franchise, and its only season in Sacramento, California. The Attack finished 4–6 and lost in the playoffs to the Detroit Drive. The franchise was originally going to be located in Los Angeles, California and be called the Los Angeles Wings, but the franchise never came into existence in Los Angeles, and moved to Sacramento as the Attack.

1992 Arena Football League season
The 1992 Arena Football League season was the sixth season of the Arena Football League (AFL). The league champions were the Detroit Drive, who defeated the Orlando Predators in ArenaBowl VI.

It is during the 1992 season that the first shutout in AFL history occurred.  On June 13, the Orlando Predators defeated the San Antonio Force by a score of 50–0.  To date, this remains the only shutout in AFL history, though there were other shutouts in the former AF2 after this. It also marked the first appearance of separate divisions in Arena football history.
Malcom Glenn
Malcom Glenn (born February 6, 1987, in Denver, Colorado) is an American writer and speaker and was The President of Harvard Crimson, the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, in 2008. He made national news as the first African American president of The Crimson in over a half-century.

Upon his election in November 2007, Glenn was featured in numerous publications, including The Denver Post, Essence Magazine, and The New York Observer. His term as president ended at the conclusion of Harvard's fall semester in January 2009.

The Denver Post
The Denver Post is a daily newspaper and website published in the Denver metropolitan area. In 2016, its website received roughly six million monthly unique visitors generating more than 13 million page views, according to comScore.
Monte Alto, Texas
Monte Alto is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,930 at the 2020 census. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Mission, Texas
Mission is a city in Hidalgo County, in the US state of Texas, United States. Its population was 85,778 at the 2020 census and an estimated 86,635 in 2022. Mission is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
Diniyar Bilyaletdinov
Diniyar Rinatovich Bilyaletdinov (Russian: Динияр Ринатович Билялетдинов, Tatar: Динияр Ринат улы Билалетдинев; born 27 February 1985) is a Russian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He began his career at Lokomotiv Moscow, where he made 185 appearances and scored 38 goals across six seasons, winning four major honours. In August 2009 he was signed by Everton of the Premier League for a reported £9 million fee. He returned to Russia in January 2012 when he signed for Spartak Moscow, who loaned him out several times.

Bilyaletdinov played for Russia from 2005 to 2012, earning 46 caps and scoring 6 goals. He was part of their team which reached the semi-finals at Euro 2008.

Russian Super Cup
The Russian Super Cup (Russian: Суперкубок России) is a one-match football annual competition. Its official sponsored name is OLIMPBET Russian Supercup (Russian: ОЛИМПБЕТ Суперкубок России). The two participating clubs are the Russian Premier League champions and the Russian Cup winners. If the Premier League and the Cup are won by the same team, then the other participant is the league runners-up. The match is played at the beginning of the season, typically in July.

The trophy has been contested since 2003.
Hédard Albert
Hédard Albert (born in Saint-Simon, New Brunswick), is a New Brunswick politician.

Albert worked for 35 years at the CCNB (francophone branch of the New Brunswick Community College system) fisheries school where he taught, conducted research and served as school administrator.  He was also involved in Canadian International Development Agency programs to develop fisheries abroad.

He was elected as a Liberal to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 2003 general election to represent the riding of Caraquet and was re-elected in 2006.

Following the 2003 election, he served in the opposition shadow cabinet as critic for Intergovernmental and International Relations, Official Languages and Culture & Sport.

Following the 2006 election, he became a cabinet minister.

Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (French: Assemblée législative du Nouveau-Brunswick) is the deliberative assembly of the New Brunswick Legislature, in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The assembly's seat is located in Fredericton. It was established in Saint John de jure when the colony was created in 1784 but came into session only in 1786, following the first elections in late 1785. The legislative assembly was originally the lower house in a bicameral legislature. Its upper house counterpart, the Legislative Council of New Brunswick, was abolished in 1891.  Its members are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly", commonly referred to as "MLAs".
1995 Baku Metro fire
On 28 October 1995, a fire broke out in the subway system of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, between the Ulduz and Nariman Narimanov stations. According to official figures, the fire killed 289 people: 286 passengers (including 28 children) and three rescue workers,  while 270 people were injured. The fire was deemed to have been caused by an electrical malfunction, but the possibility of sabotage was not excluded.

Although a number of people who evacuated the train survived, the fire remains the world's deadliest subway disaster. One person, Chingiz Babayev, was posthumously awarded the title of the National Hero of Azerbaijan for saving passengers' lives.

National Hero of Azerbaijan
The National Hero of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan milli qəhrəmanı) is the highest national title in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The title was named on 25 March 1992, and the "Qizil Ulduz" Medal awarded as a sign of receiving this title was established by a separate law on 15 July 1992. The law on the title has been in effect since 25 December 1995. It can only be awarded once to the same person.

The title is awarded for outstanding services of national importance to Azerbaijan in defence and strengthening of the state system and creation of important national values.
Ontario Retirement Pension Plan
The Ontario Retirement Pension Plan (ORPP) was a proposed social insurance program for Ontario, Canada to complement the national Canada Pension Plan. It was intended to cover the 3.5 million workers in Ontario who would not receive a comparable workplace pension after their retirement. Plans to implement the ORPP were cancelled in 2016 following an agreement between the federal government and the provinces to expand the Canada Pension Plan.

Social insurance
Social insurance is a form of social welfare that provides insurance against economic risks. The insurance may be provided publicly or through the subsidizing of private insurance. In contrast to other forms of social assistance, individuals' claims are partly dependent on their contributions, which can be considered insurance premiums to create a common fund out of which the individuals are then paid benefits in the future.

Types of social insurance include:

Public health insurance

Social Security

Public Unemployment Insurance

Public auto insurance

Universal parental leave
Court of Appeal of Lithuania
Court of Appeal of the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos Apeliacinis Teismas) is the Appeal Court of the Republic of Lithuania, established by the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania of 1992. it commenced its operations on January 1, 1995, following the enactment of the Law on Courts on May 31, 1994, which restructured the Lithuanian judicial system. The court is located in Vilnius. The current President of the Court is Nerijus Meilutis.

Judiciary
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.