hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of rail transport in Japan
This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series.

The  history of rail transport in Japan began in the late Edo period. There have been four main stages:

Stage 1, from 1872, the first line, from Tokyo to Yokohama, to the end of the Russo-Japanese war;

Stage 2, from nationalization in 1906-07 to the end of World War II;

Stage 3, from the postwar creation of Japanese National Railways to 1987;

Stage 4, from privatization to the present, with JNR split among six new railway operators for passengers and one for freight.

Yokohama Station
Yokohama Station (横浜駅, Yokohama-eki) is a major interchange railway station in Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan. It is the busiest station in Kanagawa Prefecture and the fifth-busiest in the world as of 2013, serving 760 million passengers a year.
Joseph S. Davis
Joseph Stancliffe Davis (November 5, 1885 – April 23, 1975) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at Stanford University and a long-time director of the newly established Food Research Institute. In 1944, he served as president of the American Economic Association. He was a member of President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers.

He was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Harvard University 1908 and was awarded the Doctorate of Philosophy in 1913.

American Economic Association
The American Economic Association (AEA) is a learned society in the field of economics, with approximately 23,000 members. It publishes several peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Review, and the Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Abies sachalinensis
Abies sachalinensis, the Sakhalin fir, is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is found in Sakhalin island and southern Kurils (Russia), and also in northern Hokkaido (Japan). 
The first discovery by a European was by Carl Friedrich Schmidt (1832-1908), the Baltic German botanist, on the Russian island of Sakhalin in 1866, but he did not introduce it to Europe. The plant was re-discovered by the English plant-collector, Charles Maries in 1877 near Aomori on the main Japanese island of Honshū, who initially thought it to be a variety of Abies veitchii. Abies nephrolepis (khingan fir) is known to be the closest relative, which exists on the mainland just west of the range of Sakhalin fir.

Aomori
Aomori (青森, Aomori; IPA: [aoꜜmoɾi]), officially Aomori City (青森市, Aomori-shi), is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of Japan. As of 1 August 2023, the city had an estimated population of 264,945 in 136,781 households, and a population density of 321 people per square kilometer spread over the city's total area of 824.61 km2 (318.38 sq mi). Aomori is one of Japan's 62 core cities and the core of the Aomori metropolitan area.
Israeli land and property laws
Land and property laws in Israel are the property law component of Israeli law, providing the legal framework for the ownership and other in rem rights towards all forms of property in Israel, including real estate (land) and movable property. Besides tangible property, economic rights are also usually treated as property, in addition to being covered by the law of obligations.

Property law
Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership in real property (land) and personal property. Property refers to legally protected claims to resources, such as land and personal property, including intellectual property. Property can be exchanged through contract law, and if property is violated, one could sue under tort law to protect it.

The concept, idea or philosophy of property underlies all property law. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch and it devolved through feudal land tenure or other feudal systems of loyalty and fealty.
Craig McKay (film editor)
Craig McKay (born in New York's Hudson Valley) is an American feature film editor, story consultant, director, and executive producer.  Recognized with two Academy Award nominations for editing Reds and The Silence of the Lambs, and an Emmy Award for editing the NBC miniseries Holocaust, he has edited more than forty films including Philadelphia, The Manchurian Candidate, Cop Land and Maid in Manhattan.

His directing credits include Bubbe Meises, Bubbe Stories for PBS and HBO's The Red Shoes, written by John Guare.  Story consultant credits include Bravo's Haiti: Dreams of Democracy, Academy Award-nominated Mandela, and PBS's award-winning Witness: Voices from the Holocaust.

McKay has served as a creative advisor at the Sundance Institute Filmmaker's Lab and is also an executive producer on the award-winning feature-length documentary A Normal Life.

He is a member of the DGA, AMPAS, WGAE and Local 700. McKay has been elected to membership in the American Cinema Editors.

Cop Land
Cop Land is a 1997 American crime drama film written and directed by James Mangold. It stars Sylvester Stallone, Harvey Keitel, Ray Liotta and Robert De Niro, with Peter Berg, Janeane Garofalo, Robert Patrick, Michael Rapaport, Annabella Sciorra, Noah Emmerich and Cathy Moriarty in supporting roles. Stallone portrays the sheriff of a small New Jersey town who comes into conflict with the corrupt New York City police officers living in the community. The film received positive reviews and grossed $63.7 million on a $15 million budget.
Ontario International Airport
Ontario International Airport (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT, FAA LID: ONT) is an international airport 2 mi (3.2 km) east of downtown Ontario, in San Bernardino County, California, United States, about 38 mi (61 km) east of downtown Los Angeles and 18 mi (29 km) west of downtown San Bernardino. It is owned and operated under a joint-powers agreement with the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County.

The airport covers 1,741 acres (705 ha) and has two parallel runways. It is the West Coast air and truck hub for UPS Airlines and is a major distribution point for FedEx Express. As of September 2018, ONT has more than 64 daily departures and arrivals. Since Ontario's longest runway (runway 8L/26R) is longer than three of the four runways at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), it is an alternate landing site for large aircraft destined for LAX. It is the 8th-busiest airport in the United States by cargo carried, as of 2024.

Volaris
Concesionaria Vuela Compañía de Aviación S.A.B. de C.V., operating as Volaris, is a Mexican low-cost airline based in Santa Fe, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City, with its operating bases in Cancún, Culiacán, Guadalajara, León/Del Bajío, Mexicali, Mexico City, Monterrey, and Tijuana. It is Mexico's largest airline by transported passengers and serves domestic and international destinations within the Americas. It is the leading airline in the Mexican domestic airline market with a market share of 42%.
Bagalkot railway station
Bagalkot Junction railway station (station code: BGK) is a railway station in the Hubli railway division of South Western Railway in Bagalkote district, Karnataka, India. The station lies on the Gadag–Hotgi railway line, which serves Bagalkote and nearby towns with 3 platforms and was converted from meter gauge to broad gauge in December 2008.  A new line is being constructed between Bagalkote and Kudachi. Railway stations have amenities such as a computerized reservation office, waiting room, retiring room book stall. It is a B category railway station.

Mumbai CSMT–Gadag Express
The Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus–Gadag Junction Express is an express train belonging to Central Railway zone, Mumbai CSMT Division that runs between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and Gadag Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 11139/11140 train numbers on six days a week basis.
Kamen Rider Build the Movie: Be the One
Kamen Rider Build the Movie: Be the One (劇場版 仮面ライダービルド Be The One, Gekijōban Kamen Raidā Birudo Bī Za Wan) is a 2018 Japanese superhero film, serving as the film adaptation of the 2017-2018 television series Kamen Rider Build, taking place between Episodes 45 and 46 of the TV series and featuring the debut of Kamen Rider Zi-O's titular protagonist.

Superhero film
The superhero film is a film genre categorized by the presence of superhero characters, individuals with extraordinary abilities who are dedicated to fighting crime, saving the world, or helping the innocent. It is sometimes considered a sub-genre of the action film genre and has evolved into one of the most financially successful film genres worldwide. These films focus on superhuman abilities, advanced technology, mystical phenomena, or exceptional physical and mental skills that enable these heroes to fight for the common good or defeat a supervillain antagonist.

Superhero films typically include genre elements of romance, comedy, fantasy, and science fiction, with large instances of the superhero genre predominantly occupied and produced by American media franchises DC and Marvel, originally adaptations of their existing works of superhero comic books. Individual superhero films frequently contain a character's origin story.
Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol
Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP) is described by the informational RFC 8894. Older versions of this protocol became a de facto industrial standard for pragmatic provisioning of digital certificates mostly for network equipment.

The protocol has been designed to make the request and issuing of digital certificates as simple as possible for any standard network user. These processes have usually required intensive input from network administrators, and so have not been suited to large-scale deployments.

Network administrator
A network administrator is a person designated in an organization whose responsibility includes maintaining computer infrastructures with emphasis on local area networks (LANs) up to wide area networks (WANs). Responsibilities may vary between organizations, but installing new hardware, on-site servers, enforcing licensing agreements, software-network interactions as well as network integrity and resilience are some of the key areas of focus.
F-coalgebra
In mathematics, specifically in category theory, an -coalgebra is a structure defined according to a functor , with specific properties as defined below. For both algebras and coalgebras, a functor is a convenient and general way of organizing a signature.  This has applications in computer science: examples of coalgebras include lazy evaluation, infinite data structures, such as streams, and also transition systems.

-coalgebras are dual to -algebras.  Just as the class of all algebras for a given signature and equational theory form a variety, so does the class of all -coalgebras satisfying a given equational theory form a covariety, where the signature is given by .

Signature (logic)
In mathematical logic, a signature is a description of the non-logical symbols of a formal language. In universal algebra, a signature lists the operations that characterize an algebraic structure. In model theory, signatures are used for both purposes. They are rarely made explicit in more philosophical treatments of logic.
1957 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 25th running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 22 and 23 June 1957, on the Circuit de la Sarthe.  It was also the fifth round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. Some 250,000 spectators had gathered for Europe's classic sports car race, around an 8.38-mile course. The prospect of an exciting duel between Ferrari, Maserati, Jaguar, Aston Martin and Porsche was enough to draw large crowds to the 24 Hours race, now back at its usual date and reintegrated into the World Championship.

Never before had a single nation swept the board so completely as Britain did in 1957. The great success of the Jaguars in taking the first four and sixth places became all the more significant when it is considered that all of the cars were privately entered (albeit with some factory support), and matched against the works entries of some of the greatest sport car manufacturers.

Maserati
Maserati S.p.A. (Italian: [mazeˈraːti]) is an Italian luxury car manufacturer. Established on 1 December 1914 in Bologna, Italy, the company's headquarters are now in Modena, and its emblem is a trident. The company has been owned by Stellantis since 2021.
Utsunomiya Brex
Utsunomiya Brex is a Japanese professional basketball team based in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. After winning the JBL 2 in 2008, the team  played in the National Basketball League. The team was founded as Tochigi Brex in 2007 and was later named Link Tochigi Brex.

In July 2015, it was announced that the team would compete in the first division of the new Japan Professional Basketball League (B.League), which started in October 2016. Brex has won three B.League championships, in 2007, 2022 and 2025. They also won the continental title once, winning the Basketball Champions League Asia in 2025.

B.League
The B.League is a men's professional basketball league in Japan. The league is operated by the Japan Professional Basketball League and was formed as a result of a merger between the National Basketball League that was operated by the FIBA-affiliated Japan Basketball Association and the independently operated bj league. The merger had been mandated by FIBA as a condition to Japan having its membership resumed following suspension in November 2014. The league began play in September 2016.
Sammel
Sammel is the surname of:

David Sammel (born 1961), South African tennis coach and author

Gwynn Sammel, South African tennis player, runner-up at 1977 Surrey Championships

Hans-Joachim Sammel, German footballer in 1. FC Union Berlin in 1970–1971

Kadri Sammel, Estonian musician in industrial band Forgotten Sunrise

Jutta Sammel, child actor in French-Swiss film Let's Dance (2007)

Mary D. Sammel, American biostatistician

Richard Sammel (born 1960), German actor

Mary D. Sammel
Mary Dupuis Sammel is a biostatistician, who works as a professor in the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. As well as doing research on theoretical statistics[JRSS] and reproductive health,[JAMA][OG][AGP]
she also raises guide dogs and has published research on their upbringing.[PNAS]
Ilia Uzun
Ilia Uzun (born on 16 May 1967) is a Moldovan politician who is currently the acting Governor of Gagauzia since August 2025.

He had been the First Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of UTA Gagauzia.

He had also been the deputy of several convocations of the People's Assembly of Gagauzia (the region's parliament).

He was a veterinarian by education. According to autobiographical data, he lives in the village of Chioselia Rusă (Gagauz: Köseli Rus).

Uzun has pro-Russian views, and supports Moldovan pro-Russian fugitive oligarch Ilan Shor. He is currently under European Union sanctions.

People's Assembly of Gagauzia
The People's Assembly of Gagauzia (Gagauz: Gagauziyanin Halk Topluşu, Romanian: Adunarea Populară a UTA Găgăuzia, Russian: Народное Собрание Гагаузии) is the representative and legislative body of Gagauzia, an autonomous territorial unit of Moldova.
Mozammel Haque (politician, born 1928)
Md. Mozammel Haque (1928–2017) was a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician, industrialist, and member of parliament for Chuadanga-2. He is credited to have founded one of Bangladesh's first automated spinning mills, Tallu Spinning Mills. He was the chairman of Bangas-Tallu Group, one of Bangladesh's largest conglomerates and founded Bangladesh's first privately held radio station, Radio Today. Haque held considerable influence in the Bangladeshi Private Sector during the administration of Khaleda Zia.

Radio Today
Radio Today is a 24 hours radio station in Bangladesh that started airing in May 2006. It is currently available in Dhaka, Chittagong, Cox's Bazar, Khulna, Bogra, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Barishal, Kushtia, Comilla.
Patrick Burns (businessman)
Patrick Burns (July 6, 1856 – February 24, 1937) was a Canadian politician, rancher, meat packer, businessman, and philanthropist. A self-made man of wealth, he built one of the world's largest integrated meat-packing empires, P. Burns & Co., becoming one of the wealthiest Canadians of his time. He is honoured as one of the Big Four western cattle kings who started the Calgary Stampede in Alberta in 1912.

He made his fortune in the meat industry, but ranching was his true passion. Burns's 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of cattle ranches covered so vast an area of Southern Alberta that he boasted about being able to travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land.

In 1931, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate as a representative for Alberta. On October 16, 2008, the Calgary Herald named Burns as Alberta's Greatest Citizen.

Southern Alberta
Southern Alberta is a region located in the Canadian province of Alberta.  In 2016, the region's population was approximately 291,112. The primary cities are Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. The region is known mostly for agricultural production, but other sectors, such as alternative energy, film production and tourism, are emerging.
Bielefelder Kennhuhn
The Bielefelder Kennhuhn or Bielefelder is a German breed of domestic chicken. It was developed in the area of Bielefeld in the 1970s by Gerd Roth, who cross-bred birds of Malines and Welsumer stock with American Barred Rocks to create the breed.: 95 : 6  Like other breeds with Barred Rock parentage, it is auto-sexing – chicks of different sexes can be distinguished by their colour. There is a bantam version, the Bielefelder Zwerg-Kennhuhn.

Bantam (poultry)
A bantam is any small variety of fowl, usually of chicken or duck. Most large chicken breeds and several breeds of duck have a bantam counterpart, which is much smaller than the standard-sized fowl, but otherwise similar in most or all respects. A true bantam chicken is naturally small and has no large counterpart.
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (L)
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam. Founded in 1808, members are appointed for life by co-optation.

Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbr. KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed in the Trippenhuis in Amsterdam.

In addition to various advisory and administrative functions it operates a number of research institutes and awards many prizes, including the Lorentz Medal in theoretical physics, the Dr Hendrik Muller Prize for Behavioural and Social Science and the Heineken Prizes.
The Rich-Tone Chorus
The Rich-Tone Chorus is an all-female, barbershop chorus, located in northern Texas in the United States. The group was founded in 1968 in the city of Richardson. Dale Syverson was musical director from 1976 until her death in November 2024.

The Rich-Tone Chorus is a chapter, located in Northern Texas, of a worldwide non-profit organization known as Sweet Adelines International. This is a group of over 30,000 women committed to advancing the musical art form of barbershop harmony through education and performance.

The members of the Rich-Tone Chorus range in age from 23 to 89 and are from all over the North Texas area.
The membership is drawn from a cross-section of society; including accountants, doctors, engineers, homemakers, nurses, and teachers.

The Rich-Tones' musical repertoire includes contemporary hits, big band, Broadway and American classics.

Hit parade
A hit parade is a ranked list of the most popular recordings at a given point in time, usually determined either by sales or airplay. The term originated in the 1930s; Billboard magazine published its first music hit parade on January 4, 1936.  It has also been used by broadcast programs which featured hit (sheet music and record) tunes such as Your Hit Parade, which aired on radio and television in the United States from 1935 through the 1950s.
Lavinia Masters
Lavinia Masters is an American advocate for survivors of sexual assault and rape. She is the namesake of the Lavinia Masters Act, passed in Texas in 2019. She was named to the Texas Women's Hall of Fame in 2023.

Effects and aftermath of rape
Rape is the penetration of the vagina or the anus through a body part, object, or the sex organ of the individual without the consent of the victim. There are multiple types of rape that an individual can experience such as acquaintance rape, martial rape, stranger rape, gang rape, drug-facilitate rape, incest rape, and child sexual abuse and assault. When an individual has suffered a traumatic experience like rape, the person can be affected physically, psychologically, and sociologically. The effects of rape and its aftermath differs among the victims.
Louisburg
Louisburg is the name of some places in the United States and Canada:

Louisburg, Kansas

Louisburg, Minnesota

Louisburg, Missouri

Louisburg, North Carolina

Louisburg, Wisconsin

Louisbourg, Nova Scotia (often spelled "Louisburg")

Louisburg, Wisconsin
Louisburg is an unincorporated community in Grant County, Wisconsin, United States, located within the town of Jamestown. The zipcode is 53807. Louisburg Creek flows through the area.

Louisburg is located 1.5 miles east of Kieler, 2.5 miles southeast of Dickeyville, eight miles west of Cuba City and 10 miles northeast of Dubuque, Iowa. There are approximately 30 residences and seven rental properties in Louisburg which are home to an estimated 110 people.
Trancam
Trancam is a typical dish of Central Java which is similar to urap, consisting of bean sprouts, long beans, lemon basil leaves and finely sliced napa cabbage. Everything is served fresh, stirred with grated coconut and seasoned with garlic, chili pepper and kencur.

According to sajiansedap.com via Kompas.com, trancam is one of urap variants. Most of the ingredients are still raw including vegetables and seasonings, except the coconut which is steamed.

Sprouting
Sprouting is the natural process by which seeds or spores germinate and put out shoots, and already established plants produce new leaves or buds, or other structures experience further growth.

In the field of nutrition, the term signifies the practice of germinating seeds (for example, mung beans or sunflower seeds) to be eaten raw or cooked, which is considered more nutritious.