hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Complimentary language and gender
Complimentary language is a speech act that caters to positive face needs.   Positive face, according to Brown and Levinson, is "the positive consistent self-image or 'personality' (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactions".  Many studies examine complimentary language in relation to gender because of the noticeable differences in compliment topic, explicitness, and response depending on gender of the speaker as well as the gender of the addressee. Analysts use these studies to demonstrate their theories about inherent differences between the genders and the societal impact of gender roles.

Face (sociological concept)
In sociology, face refers to a class of behaviors and customs, associated with the morality, honor, and authority of an individual (or group of individuals), and their image within social groups. Face is linked to the dignity and prestige that a person enjoys in terms of their social relationships. This idea, with varying nuances, is observed in many societies and cultures, including Chinese, Arab, Indonesian, Korean, Malaysian, Laotian, Indian, Japanese, Vietnamese, Filipino, Thai, Persian, Russian and other East Slavic cultures.

The usage of "face" in the English language is borrowed from Chinese. Face has particularly complex dynamics and meanings within the context of Chinese culture and is closely associated with Confucianism. The Chinese concept of face has also heavily influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea.
Montaudran
Montaudran (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃todʁɑ̃]) is a suburb of Toulouse situated to the south east of the city (secteur 5), by the Hers-Mort river. It is notable thanks to the Aéropostale company and its aerodrome which was the base for the aeronautical pioneers between 1917 and 1933 who established the first commercial air routes with postal flights to Casablanca, Dakar... and on to South America.

500 m further north is a group of two primary schools (originally one boys', one girls') and a nursery school named after one of the Aéropostale pilots, Henri Guillaumet.

Montraudan is also the home of a well-frequented sports association with a rugby section.

Hers-Mort
The Hers-Mort (French pronunciation: [ɛʁs mɔʁ]; Occitan: Èrs Mòrt; the "Dead Hers", as opposed to the faster-flowing Hers-Vif, or "Live Hers") is a 89.3-kilometre (55.5 mi) long river in southern France, a right-bank tributary of the Garonne. Its average flow rate is 4 cubic metres per second (140 cu ft/s). The Hers-Mort rises in the Lauragais region, near the village Fonters-du-Razès, in the Aude department. It flows northwest through the following departments and towns:

Aude: Payra-sur-l'Hers, Salles-sur-l'Hers

Haute-Garonne: Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Baziège, Toulouse, Saint-Jory

It flows into the Garonne near Grenade-sur-Garonne. Its waters, augmented by the Girou which flows into its right bank, irrigate the market gardens around Toulouse. The Canal du Midi crosses the Hers-Mort near Villefranche-de-Lauragais via the Hers Aqueduct.
1994 Malta International Football Tournament
The 1994 Malta International Football Tournament  (known as the Rothmans Tournament for sponsorship reasons) was the seventh edition of the Malta International Tournament. The competition was played between 8 and 12 February, with games hosted at the National Stadium in Ta' Qali.

Rothmans International
Rothmans International PLC was a British tobacco manufacturer. Its brands included Rothmans, Player's and Dunhill, all of which are still sold (mainly by British American Tobacco). Its international headquarters were in Hill Street, Mayfair, London, and its international operations were run from Denham Place in Denham Village, Buckinghamshire.

The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, but it was acquired by British American Tobacco in 1999. Its business was the strongest in the whole of Europe.
Khokhlovka
Architectural and ethnographic museum Khokhlovka (Russian: Архитектурно-этнографический музей «Хохловка») is an open-air museum in Perm Krai, Russia. It is located in the Perm municipal district, on the right bank of the Kama River, 43 km from Perm. It was founded in 1969 and opened for visitors in 1980. It is the first open-air architectural museum of wooden architecture in the Ural.

Khokhovka includes 23 unique monuments from the 17th – early 20th centuries. The territory is about 35 ha with many wooden constructions and buildings that were moved here from different places of the Perm Krai.

It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Perm Krai.

Perm, Russia
Perm (Russian: Пермь, IPA: [pʲermʲ] ⓘ, IPA: [pʲerʲmʲ]; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.
Brevisomabathynella cooperi
Brevisomabathynella cooperi is a species of crustacean. It was first found in Western Australia. It stands out within its family by its pygmoid body and its long head. At the same time, its mouthparts show: a very large labrum with a great number (over 30) of teeth; its incisor process with four main teeth and three very small other teeth, arranged in two groups; and the distal-inner spines of the farthermost endite of its maxillule being longer than its terminal spines. These distinct characters appear to have developed due to its predatory habits, which in turn are evidenced by the presence of an ostracod prey in the gut of B. cunyuensis, its sister species. This genus closely resembles the genus Notobathynella.

Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)
The labrum is a flap-like structure that lies immediately in front of the mouth in almost all extant Euarthropoda. The most conspicuous exceptions are the Pycnogonida, which are probably chelicerates. In entomology, the labrum amounts to the "upper lip" of an insect mouth, the corresponding "lower lip" being the labium.

The evolutionary origin, embryogenesis, and morphological development of the labrum have proved to be some of the most controversial and challenging topics in the study of arthropod head structures.
Hoberman
Hoberman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ben Hoberman (1922–2014), American radio executive

Brent Hoberman (born 1968), British entrepreneur and investor

Chuck Hoberman (born 1956), American designer and architect

David Hoberman (born 1952), American film producer

Gary Hoberman (born 1972),

American entrepreneur and technologist

Haggai Hoberman (born 1959), Israeli journalist and author

J. Hoberman (born 1949), American film critic

John Hoberman, Professor of Germanic languages at the University of Texas at Austin

Mary Ann Hoberman (born 1930), American writer

Nicky Hoberman (born 1967), South African artist

Perry Hoberman (born 1954), American artist

Perry Hoberman
Perry Hoberman (born 1954), is an installation artist who has worked extensively with machines and media. His career has included stints with Laurie Anderson and the USC Interactive Media Division.

He has taught at the Cooper Union School of Art, the San Francisco Art Institute, and the graduate Computer Art Department in the school of Visual Arts in New York.  He is currently an Associate Research Professor in the Interactive Media Division at the University of Southern California School of Cinema-Television, as well as a visiting artist at the California Institute of the Arts.

His work is included in collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Pir Ali Bayandur
Pir Ali Bayandur was a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu in the area of Kiğı, where he had his summer encampment in Arminiya.  Pir Ali was a son of the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Fakhr ad-Din Qutlu by his Pontic wife Maria Comnena, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond.

His wife was one of his nieces, a daughter of Ahmad b. Qutlu. He had several sons, and a daughter named Sara Khatun, who married Ali Aq Qoyunlu, and became the mother of Uzun Hasan.

Pir Ali was allied with Timur in the offensive against the Ottomans in 1402–03. Later, his son Piltan was involved in the pillage of Timur's spoils of war, which led to their imprisonment by Timur. Pir Ali was later released, and returned to his dominion in Kiğı, where he died circa 1413.

His son Piltan succeeded him in Kiğı, under the suzerainty of Qara Osman.

Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg
Uthman Beg or Osman Beg (Ajami Turkic and Persian: قارا یولوق عثمان بیگ; 1356 – 1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.
Homolovi State Park
Homolovi State Park is a state park of Arizona, United States, preserving over 300 Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites. Homolovi or Homol'ovi (the Hopi spelling of the word) is a Hopi word meaning "place of the little hills". The park is located just over a mile north of Winslow, Arizona, and features historical exhibits, interpretive programs, birdwatching, and hiking. There is a year-round campground, restrooms with showers  and an RV dump station. The park was closed to visitors from February 22, 2010 to March 18, 2011 due to state budget cuts.

From 1986 to its 2011 reopening, the name of the park was Homolovi Ruins State Park. The Hopi tribe lobbied the Arizona parks board to remove "Ruins" from the name, as the Hopi tribe considers them spiritually alive. During a meeting in Winslow on March 17, 2011, the board unanimously voted to change the name and to add the tagline "ancestral Hopi villages" to the park.

Little Colorado River
The Little Colorado River (Hopi: Paayu) is a tributary of the Colorado River in the U.S. state of Arizona, providing the principal drainage from the Painted Desert region. Together with its major tributary, the Puerco River, it drains an area of about 26,500 square miles (69,000 km2) in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico. Although it stretches almost 340 miles (550 km), only the headwaters and the lowermost reaches flow year-round. Between St. Johns and Cameron, most of the river is a wide, braided wash, only containing water after heavy snowmelt or flash flooding.

The lower 57.2 miles (92.1 km) is known as the Little Colorado River Gorge and forms one of the largest arms of the Grand Canyon, at over 3,000 feet (910 m) deep where it joins the Colorado near Desert View in Grand Canyon National Park. An overlook of the gorge is a Navajo Nation Tribal Park.
Paul Flory
Paul John Flory (June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist and Nobel laureate who was known for his work in the field of polymers, or macromolecules. He was a pioneer in understanding the behavior of polymers in solution, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules".

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass." Polymers are physical examples of macromolecules. Common macromolecules are biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates), polyolefins (polyethylene) and polyamides (nylon).
Sir William Godfrey, 1st Baronet
Sir William Godfrey, 1st Baronet (1739–1817) was an Anglo-Irish member of the Irish House of Commons.

Godfrey was the son of John Godfrey, Esquire and Barbara, the daughter of Reverend Hathway. He was a great-grandson of Thomas Coningsby, 1st Earl Coningsby and his family owned a sizeable estate in County Kerry.

He served as High Sheriff of Kerry in 1780. He was Member of Parliament for Tralee between 1785 and 1790. On 17 June 1785, he was created a baronet, of Bushfield in County Kerry. He subsequently served as MP for Belfast between 1792 and 1797. Godfrey rebuilt the family home at Bushfield House near Milltown, County Kerry, renaming it Kicolman Abbey in reference to the family's ownership of Killagha Abbey.

Godfrey married Agnes, the only daughter of William Blennerhassett, on 15 August 1761. Together they had nine children. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son, John.

Thomas Coningsby, 1st Earl Coningsby
Thomas Coningsby, 1st Earl Coningsby PC (2 November 1656 – 1 May 1729) of Hampton Court Castle, Herefordshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times from 1679 until 1716 when he was created a peer and sat in the House of Lords
PS Princess Elizabeth
PS Princess Elizabeth is a passenger-carrying paddle steamer which was built by Day, Summers and Company in 1927 for Southampton, Isle of Wight and South of England Royal Mail Steam Packet Company Limited, that is noted for being one of the Little Ships of Dunkirk, and is now a static floating restaurant in Dunkirk.

Named for the then newborn Princess Elizabeth the paddle steamer Princess Elizabeth originally entered service to carry passengers from Southampton and Bournemouth to Cowes on the Isle of Wight.

Red Funnel
Red Funnel, the trading name of the Southampton Isle of Wight and South of England Royal Mail Steam Packet Company Limited, is a ferry company that carries passengers, vehicles and freight on routes between the English mainland and the Isle of Wight. High-speed foot passenger catamarans, known as Red Jets, run between Southampton and Cowes, while vehicle ferries run between Southampton and East Cowes. It also runs the ferry between Southampton and Hythe.

Red Funnel's main competitor is Wightlink whose services operate from Portsmouth to Fishbourne and Ryde, and from Lymington to Yarmouth. The other major Solent ferry company, Hovertravel, operates between Southsea and Ryde. Both provide a frequent service to the Isle of Wight, but neither normally serve Southampton, Cowes or East Cowes.
Pripyatsky National Park
Pripyatsky National Park or Pripyat National Park, is a natural reserve in Gomel Region, Belarus. Before becoming a national park in 1996, the area operated as the Pripyatsky Landscape-Hydrological Zapovednik starting in 1969. It was created for preservation of natural landscapes within the floodplain of the Pripyat River, from which it takes its name. Much of the park's area is occupied by turf swamps. BThe transition to national park status was controversial among environmental organizations because it legally permitted business activities, such as logging and hunting, which began immediately after the reclassification.

Its territory is within the Pyetrykaw District, Lyelchytsy District, and Zhytkavichy District.

Zhytkavichy district
Zhytkavichy district or Žytkavičy district (Belarusian: Жыткавіцкі раён; Russian: Житковичский район) is a district (raion) of Gomel region in Belarus. Its administrative center is Zhytkavichy. As of 2024, it has a population of 32,740.

The third largest lake in the country, Lake Chervonoye, is situated in the district.
Cowslip (bovine podiatry)
In bovine podiatry, a cowslip is a tough plastic shoe used to treat lameness in cattle. It is applied onto the healthy claw (one side of the cloven hoof) with glue and allowed to set. The cowslip will raise the damaged claw off the ground and allow it to heal. The cowslip will slough in about 4–6 weeks and this is a principal advantage over a nail-on shoe which needs to be actively removed.

Cowslips need to be applied to a clean claw. An angle grinder is sometimes used to clean off debris from the claw. The outer layer of the healthy and clean claw can also be ground lightly to provide a rough surface for the glue to adhere to. In cold climates, a hairdryer can be used whilst applying the glue to allow it to set quicker ( 1–2 minutes). While setting the glue, the shoe needs to be held in place. After 4–6 weeks natural hoof growth will slough off the shoe.

Hair dryer
A hair dryer (the handheld type also referred to as a blow dryer) is an electromechanical device that blows ambient air in hot or warm settings for styling or drying hair. Hair dryers enable better control over the shape and style of hair, by accelerating and controlling the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds within each strand. These bonds are powerful, but are temporary and extremely vulnerable to humidity. They disappear with a single washing of the hair.

Hairstyles using hair dryers usually have volume and discipline, which can be further improved with styling products, hairbrushes, and combs during drying to add tension, hold and lift. Hair dryers were invented in the late 19th century. The first model was created in 1912 by Gabriel Kazanjian. Handheld, household hair dryers first appeared in 1920. Hair dryers are used in beauty salons by professional stylists, as well as by consumers at home.
Limnochromis abeelei
Limnochromis abeelei is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it occurs in deeper waters in the southern portion of the lake.  This species can reach a length of 23.5 centimetres (9.3 in) TL. Some authorities place this species in the genus Greenwoodochromis. The specific name honours the Belgian colonial administrator M.M. van den Abeele who supported the Belgian Hydrobiological Mission to Lake Tanganyika (1946-1947), on which type was collected.

Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen [ˈbɛlɣə(n)] ⓘ; French: Belges [bɛlʒ] ⓘ; German: Belgier [ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ] ⓘ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
NATO Science, Technology and Research Network
The NATO Science, Technology and Research Network (STARNET) was developed to deal with the vast and rapidly growing amount of data relevant and vital to the success of the research and development process and the overall advancement and enhancement of technology innovation and development.

The STARNET facilitates access to World Wide Web resources and information elements in terms of science, technology, and overall research. STARNET provides a virtual library; a "one-stop" source for policy makers, program managers, scientists, engineers, researchers and others for relevant information resources.

Digital library
A digital library, also referred to as an online library, an internet library, a digital repository,  a library without walls, or a digital collection, is an online database of digital resources that can include text, still images, audio, video, digital documents, or other digital media formats or a library accessible through the internet. Objects can consist of digitized content, such as print or photographs, as well as originally produced digital content, including word processor files or social media posts. In addition to storing content, digital libraries provide mechanisms for the organization, searching, and retrieving of content from the collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals or organizations. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. These information retrieval systems are able to exchange information with each other through interoperability and sustainability.
Steáfán Hannigan
Steáfán Hannigan is an Irish musician, author, composer, audio engineer, musicologist and instrument maker. Since 2008, he has made his home in Canada.

Hannigan is a multi-instrumentalist. Some of the instruments he plays are the uilleann pipes, Bodhrán tin whistle, low whistle, bouzouki, guitar, tenor banjo, flute, mandolin and various percussion instruments.

Bouzouki
The bouzouki (/buːˈzuːki, bʊˈ-/, also US: /bəˈ-/; Greek: μπουζούκι [buˈzuki]; plural. bouzoukis or bouzoukia, μπουζούκια) is a musical instrument popular in Greece.

It is a member of the long-necked lute family, with a round body and a long neck with a fretted fingerboard. It has steel strings and is played with a plectrum, producing a sharp metallic sound, reminiscent of a mandolin but pitched lower. It is the precursor to the Irish bouzouki, an instrument derived from the Greek bouzouki that is popular in Celtic, English, and North American folk music. Instruments similar to the bouzouki (like buzuq and Balkan tempura) are also common in West Asia (Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Cyprus), Balkans and Turkey.

The instrument was brought to Greece in the early 1900s by Greek refugees from Anatolia, and quickly became the central instrument to the rebetiko genre and its music branches. It is now an important element of modern Laïko pop Greek music.
Rinchenpong Monastery
Rinchenpong Monastery is situated above the twin villages of Rinchenpong (Richenpong) and Kaluk in West Sikkim, at a height of over 1,700 metres (5,500 ft) in the northeastern state of Sikkim, India. This 18th century monastery is a popular tourist attraction in West Sikkim.

Kaluk
Kaluk is a small village located in the Himalayan foothills of West Sikkim, near the West Sikkim capital of Gyalshing in East India. Kangchenjunga, the world's third highest peak, is visible from Kaluk. It is one of the windiest places in Sikkim and noted for destinations like the Durga Mandir, Rinchenpong Gumba, and Megi Dara. The people of this area are dependent on agriculture and horticulture for their livelihood. Tourism also plays an economic role in the region.
Nathaniel Clarke Wallace
Nathaniel Clarke Wallace (21 May 1844 – 8 October 1901) was a Canadian politician and Orangeman.

Born in Burwick, Canada West, the third son of the Nathanael Wallace and Ann Wallace, natives of County Sligo, Ireland, who came to Canada in 1834 and 1833 respectively. He was educated in Woodbridge Public School and at the Weston Grammar School. A merchant and flour miller, he was reeve of Vaughan from 1874 to 1879 and warden of the County of York in 1878.

Wallace was elected as the Liberal-Conservative candidate to the House of Commons of Canada for York West in 1878, 1882, 1887, 1891, 1896, and 1900. He was controller of customs of Canada from 1892 until 1895.

He was grand master of the Loyal Orange Association of British America and was president of the Triennial Council of the Orangemen of the World.

He died in office in 1901.

1896 Canadian federal election
The 1896 Canadian federal election was held on June 23, 1896, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 8th Parliament of Canada. Though the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Charles Tupper, won a plurality of the popular vote, the Liberal Party, led by Wilfrid Laurier, won the majority of seats (with only 41 percent of the vote) to form the next government. The election ended 18 years of Conservative rule. Laurier became the first leader of a political party to win an election after losing in their first bid, a feat only accomplished by Stephen Harper in 2006.

This was first election in Canada to produce a House of Commons with elected members of four parties. The Liberals and Conservative shared the chamber with elected members of the farmer-based Patrons of Industry and McCarthyites.