hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mostow–Palais theorem
In mathematics, the Mostow–Palais theorem is an equivariant version of the Whitney embedding theorem.  It states that if a manifold is acted on by a compact Lie group with finitely many orbit types, then it can be embedded into some finite-dimensional orthogonal representation. It was introduced by Mostow (1957) and Palais (1957).

Whitney embedding theorem
In mathematics, particularly in differential topology, there are two Whitney embedding theorems, named after Hassler Whitney:

The strong Whitney embedding theorem states that any smooth real m-dimensional manifold (required also to be Hausdorff and second-countable) can be smoothly embedded in the real 2m-space, ⁠⁠ if m > 0. This is the best linear bound on the smallest-dimensional Euclidean space that all m-dimensional manifolds embed in, as the real projective spaces of dimension m cannot be embedded into real (2m − 1)-space if m is a power of two (as can be seen from a characteristic class argument, also due to Whitney).

The weak Whitney embedding theorem states that any continuous function from an n-dimensional manifold to an m-dimensional manifold may be approximated by a smooth embedding provided m > 2n.  Whitney similarly proved that such a map could be approximated by an immersion provided m > 2n − 1. This last result is sometimes called the Whitney immersion theorem.
Elizabeth Whittingham
Elizabeth Whittingham is a former lecturer in English at the State University of New York College, Brockport, New York. She is known for her Tolkien studies research, including her 2008 book The Evolution of Tolkien's Mythology, which examines the development of his legendarium as published in the 12-volume The History of Middle-earth.

A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien is a 2014 book edited by Stuart D. Lee and published by Wiley-Blackwell. It is a part of the Blackwell Companions to Literature series, which have been described as prestigious reference works, and features authors well known in the field of Tolkien studies.

Reviewers praised the book as a careful work and a valuable guide to the topic area. Andrew Higgins writing for the Journal of Tolkien Research noted the distinguished line-up of scholarly contributors, and called it "joyous indeed" that Tolkien had finally attained acceptance by the literary establishment as measured by having a Blackwell Companion to his name.
Dater Glacier
The Dater Glacier is a steep valley glacier in Antarctica, 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi) long and from 1 to 3 nautical miles (2 to 6 km; 1 to 3 mi) wide, flowing northeast in a sinuous course from the eastern slopes of the Vinson Massif between Sullivan Heights and Veregava Ridge to Rutford Ice Stream which borders the eastern flank of the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains. At the lower end the Dater Glacier coalesces with the terminus of the Ellen Glacier, the two emerging from the Sentinel Range as one stream just north of the Flowers Hills.

The glacier was discovered by U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6 on photographic flights of 14–15 December 1959, and mapped from these photographs by the United States Geological Survey. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Henry M. Dater, a historian on the staff of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer and the U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica.

Glacier morphology
Glacier morphology, or the form a glacier takes, is influenced by temperature, precipitation, topography, and other factors. The goal of glacial morphology is to gain a better understanding of glaciated landscapes and the way they are shaped. Types of glaciers can range from massive ice sheets, such as the Greenland ice sheet, to small cirque glaciers found perched on mountain tops. Glaciers can be grouped into two main categories:

Ice flow is constrained by the underlying bedrock topography

Ice flow is unrestricted by surrounding topography
Milt Graham
Milton Russell Graham  (July 28, 1934 – December 13, 2021) was an American and Canadian football player who played for the Ottawa Rough Riders. He won the Grey Cup with Ottawa in 1960. Graham played college football at Colgate University and was drafted in the 1956 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears (Round 14, #167). He also played basketball at Colgate, after which he was also drafted in the 13th round of the 1956 NBA draft by the Syracuse Nationals (now Philadelphia 76ers), but focused on football instead. He later played in American Football League for the Boston Patriots.

Ottawa Rough Riders
The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario, founded on September 19, 1876. Formerly one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America, the Rough Riders won the Grey Cup championship nine times. Their most dominant era was the 1960s and 1970s,  in which they won five Grey Cups. The team's fortunes waned in the 1980s and 1990s, and they ultimately ceased operations following the 1996 season. Five years later, a new CFL team known as the Ottawa Renegades was founded, though they suspended operations in 2006. The Ottawa Redblacks, which own the Rough Riders and Renegades intellectual properties, joined the league in 2014.
The Meadows (Fletcher, North Carolina)
The Meadows, also known as The Blake House, is a historic home located near Fletcher, Henderson County, North Carolina. It was built about 1860, and is a two-story, granite rubble stone dwelling in the Italianate style.  It has a low hipped roof pierced with three interior chimneys and a two-story rear extension.  The front facade features a one-bay porch flanked by semi-hexagonal bays.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Henderson County, North Carolina
Henderson County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 116,281. Its county seat is Hendersonville. Henderson County is part of the Asheville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2010 Guzzini Challenger – Doubles
Frederik Nielsen and Joseph Sirianni were the defenders of championship title.
Jamie Delgado and Lovro Zovko became the new champions, after their won 7–6(6), 6–1, against Charles-Antoine Brézac and Vincent Stouff.

Joseph Sirianni
Joseph Sirianni (born 17 January 1975) is a former Australian tennis player from Melbourne, Victoria. Sirianni was born to father Joseph and mother Ida. Sirianni turned professional in 1996 and he plays right-handed. He achieved his career-high singles ranking of World Number 138 on 20 October 2008. Sirianni has participated in the Australian Open on five occasions (1999, 2000, 2003, 2008, 2009).
Hazlewood Castle
Hazlewood Castle is a country residence, now a hotel, in North Yorkshire, England, by the A1 and A64 between Aberford and Tadcaster. It is one of the oldest fortified houses to survive in the whole of Yorkshire.

The site overlooked the battlefield for the Battle of Towton in 1461, and during the persecution of Catholics through the reign of Henry VIII provided refuge for Catholic priests.

Persecution
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms are religious persecution, racism, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. The inflicting of suffering, harassment, imprisonment, internment, fear or pain are all factors that may establish persecution, but not all suffering will necessarily establish persecution. The threshold of severity has been a topic of much debate.
Cannibal (Static-X album)
Cannibal is the fifth studio album by American industrial metal band Static-X, released on April 3, 2007. This is the first album from the band to contain guitar solos; every song with the exception of "Goat" has one. Cannibal was the first album to be produced by John Travis, and the first album to not feature Ulrich Wild, who produced and/or mixed the band's first four albums, as well as the first not to feature a song with "Otsego" in the title. Lasting 37 minutes, it is the band's shortest album.

Industrial metal
Industrial metal is the fusion of heavy metal and industrial music, typically employing repeating metal guitar riffs, sampling, synthesizer or sequencer lines, and distorted vocals. Prominent industrial metal acts include Ministry, Nine Inch Nails, Fear Factory, Rammstein, KMFDM, and Godflesh.

Industrial metal developed in the late 1980s, as industrial and metal began to fuse into a common genre.  Industrial metal did well in the early 1990s, particularly in North America, with the success of groups such as Nine Inch Nails, but its popularity began to fade in the latter half of the 1990s.
Doc Shanley
Harry Root "Doc" Shanley (January 30, 1889 – December 13, 1934) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop. He played for the St. Louis Browns in 1912. In 5 career games, he had no hits in 8 at-bats. He batted and threw right-handed.

Before he joined the Browns in 1912, he spent the season with the D-Class Burlington Pathfinders. After hitting .370 for the season to lead the Central Association, his contract was purchased in late August by the Browns. After the season, he continued playing in the minor leagues until 1924.

Shanley was born in Granbury, Texas and died in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Central Association
The Central Association was an American minor league baseball league.  The Central Association began play in 1908, evolving from the 1907 Iowa State League. The Central Association played continuously through 1917 before folding. The league reformed in 1947, operating as a Class C level league from 1947 to 1949, with major league affiliates for most teams.

Baseball Hall of Fame members Grover Cleveland Alexander (Galesburg), Jake Beckley (Hannibal), Burleigh Grimes (Ottumwa) and Sam Rice (Galesburg and Muscatine) are league alumni.
2017 national road cycling championships
The 2017 national road cycling championships will be held throughout the year and are organised by the UCI member federations. They began in Australia with the time trial event (both men and women) on 5 January, as is tradition.

National road cycling championships
National road cycling championships are held annually by host nations in each cycle racing discipline. The annual events can take place at any time of the year. European nations usually holds their annual events in June, during a designed break in the professional calendar.

In road racing, winning riders of national championships are crowned as:

Men's Elite Road Race Champion

Men's Elite Time Trial Champion

Women's Road Race Champion

Women's Time Trial Champion

Men's Under-23 Road Race Champion

Men's Under-23 Time Trial Champion
Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a National Wildlife Refuge complex in the state of New York.  All of the component refuges are located on Long Island.

The Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex consists of seven national wildlife refuges, two refuge sub-units and one wildlife management area, all managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Collectively, the ten units are approximately 6,500 acres (26 km2) in size.  Each unit is unique and provides wildlife habitat amongst Long Island's urban settings essential for the livelihood of migratory birds, threatened and endangered species, fish and other wildlife. The strategic location of Long Island in the Long Island Pine Barrens and along the Atlantic Flyway make it an important nesting, wintering and migratory stop over area for hundreds of species of birds.

Atlantic Flyway
The Atlantic Flyway is a major north-south flyway for migratory birds in North America. The route generally starts in Greenland, then follows the Atlantic coast of Canada, then south down the Atlantic Coast of the United States to the tropical areas of South America and the Caribbean. Every year, migratory birds travel up and down this route following food sources, heading to breeding grounds, or traveling to overwintering sites.

This route is used by birds typically because no mountains block most of this path, though birds cross the Appalachian Mountains to join the flyway. Good sources of water, food, and cover exist over its entire length. The warm climates found in the southern portion of the region are home to many northern birds in winter, while in summer the region is home to many bird species from South America.

Land located within the Atlantic Flyway is the most densely populated land out of the four major flyways crossing the United States.
Romance of the Western Chamber
Romance of the Western Chamber (traditional Chinese: 西廂記; simplified Chinese: 西厢记; pinyin: Xīxiāng Jì; Wade–Giles: Hsi-hsiang-chi), also translated as The Story of the Western Wing, The West Chamber, Romance of the Western Bower and similar titles, is one of the most famous Chinese dramatic works. It was written by the Yuan dynasty playwright Wang Shifu (王實甫), and set during the Tang dynasty.  Known as "China's most popular love comedy," it is the story of a young couple consummating their love without parental approval, and has been seen both as a "lover's bible" and "potentially lethal," as readers were in danger of pining away under its influence.
It is based on Yuan Zhen's short story Yingying's Biography.

Foreign Languages Press
Foreign Languages Press is a government publishing house located in China.

Based in Beijing, it was founded in 1952 and currently forms part of the China International Communications Group, which is owned and controlled by the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.

The press publishes books on a wide range of topics in eighteen languages spoken primarily outside China. Much of its output is aimed at the international community – its 1960s editions of works by Marx and Lenin are still widely circulated – but it also publishes some material aimed at foreign language students within China.
Clapton Girls' Academy
Clapton Girls' Academy (formerly Clapton Girls Technology College) is a secondary school with academy status located in Lower Clapton, in the London Borough of Hackney, London, England.

The school is situated on the A102 a few hundred metres west of Homerton University Hospital. It lies in the parish of St James, Clapton.

A102 road
The A102 is a road starting in Clapton, east London, and ends by merging into the A2 road just south of the Sun in the Sands roundabout in Blackheath, south-east London. The total length of the road (including both sections) is approximately 4.4 miles (7.1 km).
Producer Entertainment Group
Producer Entertainment Group (PEG), also affiliated with Producer Entertainment Group Records (PEGR), is an American talent management firm and production company based in Burbank, California. The group manages LGBTQ+ talent across the globe, including past competitors from the Drag Race franchise.

Ginger Minj
Joshua Allen Eads, better known by the stage name Ginger Minj (born September 11, 1984), is an American drag queen, actor, singer-songwriter, and reality television personality. After achieving recognition for placing as the runner-up on the seventh season of the reality television competition series RuPaul's Drag Race, Minj returned to compete on the second, sixth, and tenth seasons of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, winning the latter on July 18, 2025. Minj has acted in three Netflix productions (the comedy feature film Dumplin' (2018), the animated series Super Drags, and RuPaul's fictional series AJ and the Queen), and has acted in numerous theatrical productions. Minj appeared in the 2022 film Hocus Pocus 2, the sequel to Hocus Pocus. Minj has released three studio albums—Sweet T (2016), Gummy Bear (2021), and Double Wide Diva (2021).
Tsaryov
Tsaryov or Tsarev (Russian: Царёв, from царь meaning czar) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Tsaryova or Tsareva. Notable people with the surname include:

Galina Tsareva (born 1950), Soviet sprint cyclist

Larisa Tsaryova (born 1958), Russian swimmer

Michail Tsarev (born 1986), Russian mixed martial artist

Oleg Tsaryov (born 1970), Ukrainian businessman

Valentina Tsaryova (1926–2015), Soviet cross country skier

Viktor Tsaryov (1931–2017), Russian football player

Viktor Tsaryov (1939–2020), Soviet sprint canoeist

Vyacheslav Tsaryov (1971–2010), Russian football player

Andrei Tsaryov (1977) (born 1977), Russian former professional ice hockey forward

Andrei Tsaryov (1975) (born 1975), Russian former professional ice hockey goaltender

Andrei Tsaryov (born 1975), Russian science fiction author

Oleg Tsaryov
Oleg Anatolyevich Tsaryov (Russian: Олег Анатольевич Царёв; Ukrainian: Олег Анатолійович Царьов, romanized: Oleh Anatoliiovych Tsariov; born 2 June 1970) is a Ukrainian and Russian businessman, politician and former separatist official in eastern Ukraine.

Tsaryov is a former People's Deputy of Ukraine elected for the Party of Regions in 2002, who was expelled from the party on 7 April 2014.

On 26 July 2014, he became the speaker of the Parliament of Novorossiya, a confederation that included the separatist Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, and served until its dissolution on 18 May 2015. He has been wanted by Ukrainian police since June 2014 for promoting separatism and violence.
2010 Speedway Grand Prix of Europe
The 2010 FIM OtoMoto.pl European Speedway Grand Prix was the first race of the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 24 April at the Alfred Smoczyk Stadium in Leszno, Poland.

The Grand Prix was won by defending world champion Jason Crump from Australia, who beat Pole Jarosław Hampel, Russian Emil Sayfutdinov and Polish wild card Janusz Kołodziej.

Australia national speedway team
The Australia national speedway team is one of the leading teams in international motorcycle speedway, with the country regarded as the birthplace of the sport in the 1920s. The team are six-times champions of the world having won the sports premier team competition in 1976, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2022 and 2025.
Edith E. Sproul
Edith E. Sproul, M.D. (October 17, 1907 – January 19, 1999) was an American pathologist whose work with Georgios Papanikolaou of the Cornell University Medical School in New York led to the development of the pap smear. Sproul described the relationship between thrombophlebitis and pancreatic cancer and characteristics of early prostatic cancer.

Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis is a phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) related to a thrombus (blood clot). When it occurs repeatedly in different locations, it is known as thrombophlebitis migrans (migratory thrombophlebitis).
Anton Giulio Barrili
Anton Giulio Barrili (14 December 1836 in Savona – 14 August 1908 in Carcare) was an Italian novelist. He was educated for the legal profession, which he abandoned in Genoa for journalism. He was a volunteer in the campaign of 1859 and served with Garibaldi in 1866 (Austro-Prussian War, Third Italian War of Independence) and 1867. From 1865 onwards he published a large number of books of fiction, which had wide popularity, his work being commonly compared with that of Victor Cherbuliez.

Some of the best of the later ones are Santa Cecilia (1866), Come un sogno (1875), and L'olmo e l'edera (1877). His Raggio di Dio appeared in 1899. Barrili also wrote two plays and various volumes of criticism, including Il rinnovamento letterario italiano (1890). He was elected to the Italian chamber of deputies in 1876; and in 1889 became professor of Italian literature at the University of Genoa.

Victor Cherbuliez
Charles Victor Cherbuliez (German: [ʃɛʁbylje]; 19 July 1829 – 1 or 2 July 1899) was a Swiss, and then (1879) French novelist and author. He was born at Geneva, Switzerland and died at Combs-la-Ville. He was the eleventh member elected to occupy seat 3 of the Académie Française in 1881.
Sin Kwangsu
Sin Kwangsu (Korean: 신광수; Hanja: 申光洙; 1712–1775) was a poet of the late Joseon Dynasty. Living in the time of King Yeongjo, he was unable to attain a position of rank because his family was aligned with the Southerners faction. He married the daughter of Yun Tusŏ and became associated with Silhak. At 39, Sin finally passed the higher exam of the kwagŏ and was sent to Jeju Island as an official. He wrote a description of the island. His famed words from later life include the Kwan sang yung ma (관산융마; 關山戎馬) and Kwansŏ akbu (관서악부; 關西樂府).

Yun Tusŏ
Yun Tusŏ (Korean: 윤두서; Hanja: 尹斗緖; 28 July 1668 – 21 December 1715) was a painter and scholar of the Joseon period. He is the grandson of Yun Sŏndo, a great scholar in Korean history. He passed the gwageo exam, but did not enter government service. Rather, he devoted his whole life to painting and studying Confucianism. 
His self-portrait is regarded as one of the many masterpieces of Korean art. Yun Tusŏ is also known for his yeongmohwa (animal-and-bird painting). He was a member of the Haenam Yun clan (해남 윤씨; 海南 尹氏).
Korea Baduk Association
The Korea Baduk Association, also known as Hanguk Kiwon (Korean: 한국기원), is the organization that oversees Go (baduk) and Go tournaments in South Korea. It was founded in 1945 by Cho Namchul as the Hanseong Kiwon.

Baduk is a game which was present in Korea by the 5th century. It originated in China, but the West is more familiar with the Japanese name Go. This is because the Japanese were the first to introduce it to the West. Japan was introduced to the game in the 7th century AD. Initially, most Korean players followed the sunjang style of beginning by placing sixteen stones—eight white and eight black—on the board in a preset pattern. Cho Namchul, who had studied in Japan, knew that the international players began with an empty board like Japan since Japan was the first to introduce the game to the West. By forming the association, he set about convincing Koreans players to use the "modern" style.

Go variants
There are many variations of the simple rules of Go. Some are ancient digressions, while other are modern deviations. They are often side events at tournaments, for example, the U.S. Go Congress holds a "Crazy Go" event every year.
Hilmar Reksten
Hilmar August Reksten (29 October 1897 – 1 July 1980) was a Norwegian shipping magnate. In the autumn of 1973 he was counted among the world's richest men, possessing a fleet worth about £300 million. At his death in 1980, all was lost; he left behind a debt of about £100 million.

Bergens Tidende
Bergens Tidende is Norway's fifth-largest newspaper, and the country's largest newspaper outside Oslo.

Bergens Tidende is owned by the public company Schibsted ASA. Norwegian owners held a mere 42% of the shares in Schibsted at the end of 2015.
Ballyroney Castle
Ballyroney Castle was a castle situated at Ballyroney, County Down, Northern Ireland. Originally constructed sometime in the 12th century as a motte and bailey castle, it was rebuilt by Justiciar of Ireland, John FitzGeoffrey in 1248.

John Fitzgeoffrey
John Fitzgeoffrey, Lord of Shere and Justiciar of Ireland (1205? – 23 November 1258) was an English nobleman and Crown official.

John Fitzgeoffrey was born in Shere, Surrey, son of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex and Aveline de Clare, daughter of Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford and his wife, Maud de Saint-Hilaire.
Hablitzia
Hablitzia tamnoides, or Caucasian spinach, the sole species in the genus Hablitzia, is an edible herbaceous perennial plant, native to the Caucasus region. It is in the family Amaranthaceae and the subfamily of Betoideae. It is related to the genus Beta, but unlike Beta, it is a vine. It is also likely one of the longest lived plants in its family - one plant growing in Norrtälje, Sweden is reported to be over 50 years old.

Vine
A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word vine can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.

In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines, while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.