hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
28th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment
The 28th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment was a Confederate cavalry unit from Mississippi. The 28th Cavalry fought in numerous battles of the Western theater of the American Civil War before surrendering in Alabama on May 4, 1865.

Mississippi in the American Civil War
Mississippi was the second southern state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on January 9, 1861. It joined with six other southern states to form the Confederacy on February 4, 1861. Mississippi's location along the lengthy Mississippi River made it strategically important to both the Union and the Confederacy; dozens of battles were fought in the state as armies repeatedly clashed near key towns and transportation nodes.

Mississippian troops fought in every major theater of the American Civil War, although most were concentrated in the Western Theater. Confederate president  Jefferson Davis was a Mississippi politician and operated a large cotton plantation there. Prominent Mississippian generals during the war included William Barksdale, Carnot Posey, Wirt Adams, Earl Van Dorn, Robert Lowry, and Benjamin G. Humphreys.
Four big families of the Republic of China
The four big families (Chinese: 四大家族; pinyin: sì dà jiāzú) are four politically influential families in the Republic of China, first in Mainland China, then Taiwan. The concept was believed to be coined by Chen Boda, a political figure and political theorist of the People's Republic of China. Chen alleged that the four families amassed approximately 20 billion US dollars during the Second Sino-Japanese War, a claim that gained traction in Chinese society, particularly during major political and economic crises. This perception was encapsulated in a popular saying:

T. V. Soong
Soong Tse-vung (Chinese: 宋子文; pinyin: Sòng Zǐwén; 4 December 1894 – 25 April 1971), more commonly known as T. V. Soong, was a Chinese businessman and politician who served as Premier of China in 1930 and from 1945 to 1947.
David John Douglass
David John Douglass, sometimes known as Dave or "Danny the Red", is a political activist in Tyneside and Yorkshire. He is a member of the IWW, the NUM and Class War, and was formerly in the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) and the Socialist Union (Internationalist), of which he was a leading member. He is a regular contributor to the Weekly Worker, the newspaper of the Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee). He has also written Pit Talk in County Durham (1973), a book about the dialect Pitmatic.

He holds an MA in Industrial Relations and Law.

Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)
The Communist Party of Great Britain is a political group which publishes the Weekly Worker newspaper. The CPGB (PCC) claims to have "an internationalist duty to uphold the principle, 'One state, one party'. To the extent that the European Union becomes a state then that necessitates EU-wide trade unions and a Communist Party of the EU". In addition, it is in favour of the unification of the entire working class under a new Communist International. It is not to be confused with the former Communist Party of Great Britain, the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist), or the current Communist Party of Britain.
USS Skipjack (SS-184)
USS Skipjack (SS-184), was a Salmon-class submarine, the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the skipjack tuna. She earned multiple battle stars during World War II and then was sunk, remarkably, by an atomic bomb during post-World War II testing in Operation Crossroads. Among the most "thoroughly sunk" ships, she was refloated and then sunk a second time as a target ship two years later.

Skipjack tuna
The skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) is a perciform fish in the tuna family, Scombridae, and is the only member of the genus Katsuwonus. It is also known as cakalang, katsuo, arctic bonito, mushmouth, oceanic bonito, striped tuna or victor fish. It grows up to 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in length. It is a cosmopolitan pelagic fish found in tropical and warm-temperate waters. It is a very important species for fisheries.
Hans Rösch
Hans Rösch (24 December 1914 – 14 May 1980) was a West German bobsledder who competed from the early 1950s to the early 1960s. He won four medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold (1958), two silvers (1954, 1960), and one bronze (1953, tied with Sweden).

Rösch also finished sixth in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.

FIBT World Championships 1958
The FIBT World Championships 1958 took place in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany for the fourth time. The West German city had hosted the event previously in 1934 (Four-man), 1938 (Four-man), and in 1953.
Ammaiyappan (film)
Ammaiyappan is a 1954 Indian Tamil-language film written by M. Karunanidhi and directed by A. Bhimsingh in his directorial debut. The film stars S. S. Rajendran, G. Sakunthala and S. Varalakshmi. It was released on 24 September 1954 and became a major breakthrough in the career of Bhimsingh.

S. Varalakshmi
Saridey Varalakshmi (13 August 1925 – 22 September 2009) was an Indian actress and singer who worked in Telugu and Tamil-language films. She was popular for her roles and songs in Telugu films like Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam (1960) and  Mahamantri Timmarasu (1962) and Tamil films like Veerapandiya Kattabomman (1959) and in Poova Thalaiya (1969).
Ludwig Elster
Ludwig Elster (26 March 1856 – 30 December 1935) was a Prussian economist and university lecturer.   He also worked, between 1897 and 1916, as a senior officer in the Prussian Ministry for Religion, Education and Medical affairs.

University of Wrocław
The University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UWr; Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis) is a public research university in Wrocław, Poland. It is the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945, including some 1,900 researchers, among whom many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.

The university was established in 1701 and reconstituted in its current form in 1945, as a direct successor to the previous German University of Breslau. Following the territorial changes of Poland's borders, academics primarily from the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów restored the university building, which had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau.
USS Sea Fox
USS Sea Fox (SS-402), a Balao-class submarine, was a vessel of the United States Navy named for the sea fox, a large shark, also called the thresher shark, which frequents the coast of Europe and the Americas.

Sea Fox was laid down on 2 November 1943 at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine; launched on 28 March 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Robert N. Robertson, widow of Lieutenant Robert N. Robertson, who survived the sinking of USS Squalus only to be lost during the war as executive officer of USS Argonaut. The submarine was commissioned on 13 June 1944.

Thresher shark
Thresher sharks are large mackerel sharks of the family Alopiidae found in all temperate and tropical oceans of the world; the family contains three extant species, all within the genus Alopias.

All three thresher shark species have been listed as vulnerable by the World Conservation Union since 2007 (IUCN). All three are popular big-game sport fish, and additionally they are hunted commercially for their meat, livers (for shark liver oil), skin (for shagreen) and fins (for use in delicacies such as shark-fin soup).

Despite being active predatory fish, thresher sharks do not appear to be a threat to humans.
Tula Mountains
66°54′S 51°6′E﻿ / ﻿66.900°S 51.100°E﻿ / -66.900; 51.100
The Tula Mountains are a group of extensive mountains lying immediately eastward of Amundsen Bay in Enderby Land, Antarctica. They were discovered on January 14, 1930, by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Mawson and named "Tula Range" by him after John Biscoe's brig, the Tula, from which Biscoe discovered Enderby Land in 1831. The term "mountains" was recommended for the group following an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) sledge survey in 1958 by G.A. Knuckey.

John Biscoe
John Biscoe (28 April 1794 – 1843) was an English mariner and explorer who commanded the first expedition known to have sighted the areas named Enderby Land and Graham Land along the coast of Antarctica. The expedition also found a number of islands in the vicinity of Graham Land, including the Biscoe Islands that were named after him.
David Scarpa
David Scarpa is an American screenwriter. He is best known for his collaborations with director Ridley Scott, writing the screenplays for All the Money in the World (2017), about the John Paul Getty III kidnapping, Napoleon (2023), a historical biopic centered on Napoleon Bonaparte, and Gladiator II (2024), a sequel to the 2000 film Gladiator.

John Paul Getty III
John Paul Getty III (/ˈɡɛti/; born Eugene Paul Getty II; November 4, 1956 – February 5, 2011) was the grandson of the American-born British oil tycoon J. Paul Getty, who was once the richest man in the world. While living in Rome in 1973, he was kidnapped by the 'Ndrangheta, an Italian criminal organization based in Calabria, and held for a $17 million ransom. His grandfather initially refused to pay, but, after John Paul Getty III's severed ear was received by a newspaper, his grandfather relented to a new, lower demand, and Getty was released five months after being kidnapped. Getty subsequently developed an addiction to alcohol and other drugs, leading to an overdose and stroke in 1981 at the age of 25, which left him severely disabled for the rest of his life.
German submarine U-677
German submarine U-677 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 13 June 1942 at the Howaldtswerke yard at Hamburg, launched on 6 July 1943, and commissioned on 20 September 1943 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Paul Weber.

Attached to 5th U-boat Flotilla based at Kiel, U-677 completed her training period on 31 May 1944 and was assigned to front-line service.

5th U-boat Flotilla
The 5th U-boat Flotilla (German 5. Unterseebootsflottille), also known as Emsmann Flotilla, was a U-boat flotilla of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

The flotilla was formed in December 1938 in Kiel under the command of Korvettenkapitän Hans-Rudolf Rösing. It was named in honour of Oberleutnant zur See Hans Joachim Emsmann, a U-boat commander during World War I, who died on 28 October 1918 after his U-boat UB-116 was sunk by a mine. The flotilla was disbanded in January 1940 and the boats were all transferred to 1st Flotilla.

The flotilla was re-formed as "5th U-boat Flotilla" in June 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Karl-Heinz Moehle as a training flotilla with her base in Kiel. In 1946 Moehle was sentenced to five years in prison, after being found guilty of passing the Laconia Order to new U-boat commanders before they went out on patrol. He was released in November 1949.
Fred Kajoba
Fred Kisitu Kajoba (1969 – 13 May 2024) was a Ugandan football player and coach, known for his contributions to Ugandan football both on and off the field. He died at the age of 54 in Tanzania due to heart failure.

UPDF FC
Uganda Peoples’ Defence Force Football Club (commonly known as UPDF FC) is a Ugandan professional football club based in Bombo, Luweero District. The club currently plays in the Uganda Premier League, the country’s top division.

UPDF FC has played in many leagues since 1980 but as Simba FC.
Steele County Courthouse (North Dakota)
Steele County Courthouse in Finley, North Dakota was built in 1925. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

It was designed in very pure Classical Revival style by architects Braseth & Houkum.  It is a three-story 89 feet (27 m) by 64 feet (20 m) brick building.

Its construction ended contention between Finley and Hope, North Dakota claimants for the county seat.

Finley, North Dakota
Finley is a city in Steele County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Steele County. The population was 401 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 391 in 2024. Finley was founded in 1897.
Melissa F. Olson
Melissa F. Olson is an American comic book writer and author, primarily in the urban fantasy genre. She is known for her "Old World" books, which consist of the Scarlett Bernard series, the Boundary Magic series, a number of short stories, and two novellas. She is also the author of Nightshades, a Tor.com trilogy that is unrelated to her other urban fantasy books. Her comics work includes the story "The Tall Tale Tour" in Project: Cryptid and Archaic a 2025 series from Ahoy Comics.

Ahoy Comics
Ahoy Comics is an American comic book publisher. It was founded in 2018 by publisher Hart Seely, editors Tom Peyer and Stuart Moore, and chief creative officer Frank Cammuso. At its launch, Ahoy sought to distinguish itself from other comics publishers by including additional "backup material" in each periodical issue, such as prose and poetry features.
1782 English cricket season
Having abandoned Broadhalfpenny Down, the Hambledon Club moved to Windmill Down as their new home venue ahead of the 1782 English cricket season. The great fast bowler David Harris made his first known appearance in an important match. Details of 13 matches are known.

Pelham Warner
Sir Pelham Francis Warner, MBE (2 October 1873 – 30 January 1963), affectionately and better known as Plum Warner or "the Grand Old Man" of English cricket, was a Test cricketer and cricket administrator.

He was knighted for services to sport in the 1937 Coronation Honours.
1997 Copa Libertadores finals
The 1997 Copa Libertadores final was a two-legged football match-up to determine the 1997 Copa Libertadores champion. It was contested by Peruvian club Sporting Cristal and Brazilian club Cruzeiro. The first leg was played on August 6 at Peru's National Stadium, with the second leg played on August 13 at Cruzeiro's venue, Mineirão in Belo Horizonte.

Cruzeiro and Sporting Cristal were in their 3rd and 1st Copa Libertadores finals, respectively. Cruzeiro's last appearance had been in 1977, in which they lost to Argentine club Boca Juniors.

1977 Copa Libertadores
The 1977 Copa Libertadores was the 18th edition of CONMEBOL's top club tournament. The tournament was won by Boca Juniors after defeating defending champions Cruzeiro for their first Copa Libertadores title in a third decisive game. In the two-game finals, both finalists won one game each. A third match therefore had to be played, which remained goalless and Boca Juniors won 5–4 on penalties.
HMS Bulldog (Type 31 frigate)
HMS Bulldog is a Type 31 frigate of the Royal Navy and the eighth vessel named Bulldog. The name was selected to represent key themes that represent the future plans of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines.

Bulldog, named after the Second World War B-class destroyer HMS Bulldog (H91), which escorted convoys in the Atlantic, was chosen to represent operations in the North Atlantic.  Bulldog  captured a German Enigma machine and associated codebooks that were on board U-boat U-110.  Its capture enabled British intelligence to decipher German naval messages. The plan for the Type 31 project envisages all five units of the class being in service by February 2030.

HMS Bulldog (H91)
HMS Bulldog (H91) was a B-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy (RN) between 1929 and 1931. Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, she transferred to the Home Fleet in 1936. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the ship spent considerable time in Spanish waters, enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict. Bulldog saw service throughout World War II on convoy escort duty during the Battle of the Atlantic and in the Arctic. Her most notable actions were the capture of an Enigma machine and codebooks from the U-110 in 1941, sinking another German submarine in 1944 and taking the surrender of the German garrisons on the Channel Islands on 9 May 1945. Surplus after the war, she was broken up for scrap in 1946.
Francis Ingoldsby
Francis Ingoldsby (1615 – 1 October 1681) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1654 and 1659.

Ingoldsby was the son of Sir Richard Ingoldsby of Lenborough, Buckinghamshire and his wife Elizabeth Cromwell. He matriculated at Lincoln College, Oxford on 25 November 1631, aged 16. He sold his estate of Lenborough to his steward. In 1654 he was elected Member of Parliament for Buckingham for the First Protectorate Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Buckingham in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament and again in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. On the Restoration, he was one of those nominated for the projected title of Knight of the Royal Oak.

Ingoldsby died a pensioner of the Charterhouse, London in 1681.

Ingoldsby was the brother of Richard Ingoldsby who was one of the few regicides to be pardoned.

Third Protectorate Parliament
The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an Upper House having a power of veto over the Commons.
Tijs Tinbergen
Tijs Tinbergen (Dutch pronunciation: [tɛis ˈtɪmbɛrɣə(n)]; born c. 3 July 1947 in Hulshorst)  is a Dutch filmmaker.

Tinbergen graduated with honors from the Netherlands Film Academy in 1975. He primarily produces documentaries, usually in collaboration with the producer Jan Musch. In 2009, he won the Golden Calf award for his film Rotvos.

Tinbergen is the son of Tilde Frensdorf (1922–2014) and the ornithologist Luuk Tinbergen (1915–1955). He is the nephew of the Nobel Prize-winning brothers Jan and Niko Tinbergen.

Nikolaas Tinbergen
Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen FRS (/ˈtɪnbɜːrɡən/ TIN-bur-gən, Dutch: [ˈnikoː(laːs) ˈtɪmbɛrɣə(n)]; 15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning the organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns in animals. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behavior.

In 1951, he published The Study of Instinct, an influential book on animal behaviour.
In the 1960s, he collaborated with filmmaker Hugh Falkus on a series of wildlife films, including The Riddle of the Rook (1972) and Signals for Survival (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.
Poruthathu Pothum
Poruthathu Pothum (transl. Enough is enough) is a 1989 Indian Tamil-language action film directed by P. Kalaimani. The film stars Vijayakanth, Nirosha and Ranjini, with Jaishankar, Ravichandran, S. S. Chandran, Vennira Aadai Moorthy and Major Sundarrajan in supporting roles. It was released on 15 July 1989.

Major Sundarrajan
Srinivasan Sundarrajan (17 March 1935 – 28 February 2003), popularly known as Major Sundarrajan, was an Indian actor and film director who performed predominantly in Tamil language films and plays. He was well known for his sophisticated and urbane way of delivering dialogues, often mixing Chinglish and Tamil sentences.
Darren Hawco
Vice-Admiral Darren Carl Hawco CMM MSM CD is a former officer in the Royal Canadian Navy.  He commanded HMCS Ottawa between 2006 and 2007.  Later in his career he was Commander, Canadian Fleet Atlantic from 2012 to 2013, Director General of Cyber Warfare from 2013 to 2015, Chief of Force Development from 2015 to 2018, and Canada's Military Representative to NATO from 2018 to 2020. He retired from the navy in 2020.

HMCS Ottawa (FFH 341)
HMCS Ottawa is a Royal Canadian Navy Halifax-class frigate. Ottawa is the twelfth and final ship of the Halifax class that were built as part of the Canadian Patrol Frigate Project. She is the fourth vessel to carry the name HMCS Ottawa. The first three were named for the Ottawa River. This ship is the first named for Canada's national capital, the City of Ottawa. She is assigned to Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) and is homeported at HMC Dockyard, CFB Esquimalt. Ottawa serves on MARPAC missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Pacific Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone. Ottawa has also been deployed on missions throughout the Pacific and to the Indian Ocean; specifically the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea on anti-terrorism operations.
2020 Summer Paralympics medal table
The medal table of the 2020 Summer Paralympics ranks the participating National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) by the number of gold medals that are won by their athletes during the competition. The 2020 Paralympics were the sixteenth Games to be held, a quadrennial competition open to athletes with physical and intellectual disabilities. The games were held in Tokyo, Japan from 24 August to 5 September 2021. There were 539 medal events.

Athletes from Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Montenegro, and Oman won their first Paralympic medals. El Salvador and Oman had never won an Olympic medal. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka won their first Paralympic gold medals.

National Paralympic Committee
A National Paralympic Committee (NPC) is a national constituent of the worldwide Paralympic movement. Subject to the controls of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), NPCs are responsible for organizing their people's participation in the Paralympic Games.
Dumraon Raj
The Dumraon Raj was  a feudal principality in the Bhojpur region ruled by the Ujjainiya dynasty. The principality was founded when Raja Horil Singh founded a separate capital for himself in the town of Dumraon. The name Dumraon Raj came from its capital town.

It was a zamindari state during British era. During the time of Indian independence, Dumraon Raj covered an area of 2,330 km2 which stretched from Buxar district in west Bihar to Ballia district in the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh. In Ballia district, Dumraon Raj covered rights of more than 70 villages which are located on the banks of the Ganga river.

The royal family of Dumraon is also the main patron of the famous Brahampur fair.

Bhojpuri region
Bhojpuri region, or simply Bhojpur, is an ethnolinguistic and cultural area in the Indian subcontinent where the Bhojpuri language is spoken as a mother tongue. The Bhojpuri region encompasses parts of the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand, and the Madhesh, Gandaki and Lumbini provinces of Nepal.
Steve Orens
Steve Orens is a Paralympian athlete from Belgium competing mainly in category T52 long-distance events.

Steve competed in the 1992 Paralympics in Barcelona in the TW3 class 400m and 800m and the combined TW3-4 1500m and 5000m. It was in the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta that he won his medals, a gold in the T52 800m and silvers in the T52-53 5000m and 10000m.

1996 Summer Paralympics
The 1996 Summer Paralympic in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, were held from August 15 to 25. It was the first Paralympics to get mass media sponsorship, and had a budget of USD $81 million.

It was the first Paralympic Games where International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability athletes were given full medal status.
1990 Kremlin Cup – Doubles
In this first edition of the annual Kremlin Cup tennis competition, the doubles category winners were H. J. Davids and P. Haarhuis with winning scores of 6-4 and 7–6. This team became the first winner of the Kremlin Cup for doubles.

Hendrik Jan Davids
Hendrik Jan Davids (born 30 January 1969) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands.

During his career, Davids won seven doubles titles and finished as a runner-up 12 times. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of World No. 26 in 1994.