hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ali ibn Ridwan
Abu'l Hassan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن رضوان بن علي بن جعفر المصري) (c. 988 - c. 1061) was an Arab of Egyptian origin who was a physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza.

He was a commentator on ancient Greek medicine, and in particular on Galen; his commentary on Galen's Ars Parva was translated by Gerardo Cremonese. However, he is better known for providing the most detailed description of the supernova now known as SN 1006, the brightest stellar event in recorded history, which he observed in the year 1006. This was written in a commentary on Ptolemy's work Tetrabiblos.

He was later cited by European authors as Hali, Haly, or Haly Abenrudian. According to Alistair Cameron Crombie he also contributed to the theory of induction. He engaged in a celebrated polemic against another physician, Ibn Butlan of Baghdad.

Ancient Greek medicine
Ancient Greek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials. The Greek term for medicine was iatrikē (Ancient Greek: ἰατρική). Many components were considered in ancient Greek medicine, intertwining the spiritual with the physical.  Specifically, the ancient Greeks believed health was affected by the humors, geographic location, social class, diet, trauma, beliefs, and mindset. Early on the ancient Greeks believed that illnesses were "divine punishments" and that healing was a "gift from the Gods". As trials continued wherein theories were tested against symptoms and results, the pure spiritual beliefs regarding "punishments" and "gifts" were replaced with a foundation based in the physical, i.e., cause and effect.
Cascade (grape)
Cascade is a red complex hybrid grape variety that was created by French viticulturist Albert Seibel in the early 20th century in Aubenas, Ardèche, in the Rhône Valley. It has been commercially available in North America since 1938 and has since been planted in Canada and the United States (particularly New York). However, in warmer climates, the grape is highly susceptible to a number of grapevine viruses, which has discouraged plantings of the variety.

Aubenas
Aubenas (French pronunciation: [ob(ə)na]; Occitan: Aubenàs) is a commune in the southern part of the Ardèche department in Southern France. It is the seat of several government offices. The mountainous and rugged countryside is popular for vacation homes. The river Ardèche flows through the commune. Aubenas is the second-most populous communes in the Ardèche department with 12,416 inhabitants as of 2023, after Annonay and before Guilherand-Granges and Tournon-sur-Rhône.

Aubenas is the centre of an urban area, composed of 22 towns and villages including Vals-les-Bains, with 41,568 inhabitants (2018). Aside from its long-year commercial activity, it has a good strategic position on the tourist field, at crossroads of a regional natural park, the zone of the Ardèche river canyon and the start of mountains. The chestnut industry is one testimony of the intense agricultural activity earlier in time.
Sous expedition
The Sous expedition were a series of military expeditions conducted by Sultan Moulay Hassan of Morocco in the Sous region between 1882 and 1895. As a result of these campaigns, a series of Moroccan posts were established to the south of Agadir: at Tiznit, Kasbah Ba Amrane, Assaka and at Guelmim. In addition to these posts, the more obvious and more commanding points of governmental control, Moulay Hassan also invested with official authority many of the local qaids in southwestern Morocco—such as the Qaid of Oued Noun, Dahman ben Bayruk, and the Qaid of Tazerwalt. An investiture of Moroccan authority was as well accorded to the qaids of the Ait Oussa and the Tajakant.

Qaid
Qaid (Arabic: قَائِد qāʾid, "commander"; pl. قَادَة qāda, or قُوَّاد quwwād), also spelled Quaid, kaid or caïd, is a word meaning "commander" or "leader." It was a title in the Norman kingdom of Sicily, applied to palatine officials and members of the curia, usually to those who were Muslims or converts to Islam. The word entered the Latin language as gaitus or gaytus. Later the word was used in North Africa for the governor of a fortress or the warden of a prison, also in Spain and Portugal in the form with the definite article "alcayde" or "alcaide". It is also used as a male Arabic given name.
C-Block (Chinese group)
C-Block is a Chinese hip-hop music group from Changsha City (or CSC as it is also known), formed in 2007 and currently consisting of Damnshine (Yu Sheng), Kungfu-Pen (Yifan Shi) and Key.L (Cong Liu). They have been in the Hip Hop music scene since their high school days and have experimented with songwriting. In their early years, they mainly wrote humorous and reflective songs in Changsha dialect, and became a popular group among local youths, with "Changsha Ce Changsha" being the most famous song among them. The group insisted to write, releasing classic albums such as "Spit Out" and "Power to the people". After gradually gaining national fame, they also made a name for themselves in Chinese showbiz after 2018 by taking part in talent shows including The Rap of China. With a unique "Flow of Jiang-hu" style, C-Block's music is independent and powerful. C-Block is a highly influential and iconic rap group, and is considered to be the longest running hip-hop group in mainland China.

Jianghu
Jianghu (江湖; jiānghú; gong1wu4; 'rivers and lakes') is a Chinese term that generally refers to the social environment in which many Chinese wuxia, xianxia, and gong'an stories are set. The term is used flexibly, and can be used to describe a fictionalized version of imperial China (usually using loose influences from across the 221 BC – 1912 AD period of time); a setting of feuding martial arts clans and the people of that community; a secret and possibly criminal underworld; a general sense of the "mythic world" where fantastical stories happen; or some combination thereof. A closely related term, wulin (武林; wǔlín; 'martial forest'), refers exclusively to the community of martial artists that inhabit a jianghu setting. The term wulin has been borrowed into Korean as murim (무림) to refer to fiction set in Chinese-inspired martial arts worlds.
Tangut script
The Tangut script is a logographic writing system, formerly used for writing the extinct Tangut language of the Tanguts. It was widely used during the Tangut-founded Western Xia dynasty, and fell into obscurity after its extinction. According to a 2004 count, 5,863 Tangut characters are known, excluding variants. The Tangut characters are similar in appearance to Chinese characters, with the same type of strokes, but the methods of forming characters in the Tangut writing system are significantly different from those of forming Chinese characters. As with Chinese, regular, running, cursive and seal scripts were used in Tangut writing.

Chinese character classification
Chinese characters are generally logographs, but can be further categorized based on the manner of their creation or derivation. Some characters may be analysed structurally as compounds created from smaller components, while some are not decomposable in this way. A small number of characters originate as pictographs and ideographs, but the vast majority are what are called phono-semantic compounds, which involve an element of pronunciation in their meaning.

A traditional six-fold classification scheme was originally popularized in the 2nd century CE, and remained the dominant lens for analysis for almost two millennia, but with the benefit of a greater body of historical evidence, recent scholarship has variously challenged and discarded those categories. In older literature, Chinese characters are often referred to as "ideographs", inheriting a historical misconception of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Bridgeport, Union County, Ohio
Bridgeport is an unincorporated community in far western Darby Township, Union County, Ohio, United States.  It lies at the intersection of State Route 38 with Orchard Road, midway between the villages of Milford Center and Unionville Center.  At Bridgeport, Buck Run meets the Big Darby Creek, which meets the Scioto River at Circleville.: 68   It is located 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Marysville, the county seat of Union County.

Marysville, Ohio
Marysville is a city in Union County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The population was 25,571 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb approximately 27 miles (43 km) northwest of Columbus. Marysville's longtime slogan is "Where the Grass is Greener". In 2008, the city was designated as a "Preserve America Community" by U.S. First Lady Laura Bush.
Abingdon (1922 automobile)
The Abingdon was an English assembled car built in small numbers in 1922 and 1923 in a factory in Tyseley, Birmingham.  It used an 11-9hp 1490 cc 4-cylinder Dorman engine and a 3-speed gearbox. Only 12 were made. Production was hampered by financial difficulties for the Wrigley company, who supplied key components such as the steering gear and three-speed gearbox.

The company also produced Abingdon Motorcycles until 1925. In 1905 and 1906, it had produced the 5 hp (4 kW) AKD tricar.

W. H. Dorman & Co
W. H. Dorman & Co was a company formed by William Henry Dorman in 1870 making cutting tools for the footwear industry. It diversified into other tools including grinders, and in 1903 into internal combustion engines. This was to be its main product up to the point where it was taken over by the English Electric Company in 1961, though the Dorman name continued as a diesel engine trademark until 1995 (from 1968 under the ownership of the General Electric Company plc, and later by Broadcrown Ltd). William Henry Dorman retired in 1911, and died in 1926.
Bassenge
Bassenge (French pronunciation: [basɑ̃ʒ]; Dutch: Bitsingen, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbɪtsɪŋə(n)] ⓘ; Walloon: Bassindje) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Bassenge had a total population of 8,335. The total area is 38.17 km2 which gives a population density of 218 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bassenge, Boirs, Ében-Émael, Glons, Roclenge-sur-Geer, and Wonck.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Jo Anne Worley
Jo Anne Worley (born September 6, 1937) is an American actress, comedian, and singer. Her work covers television, films, theater, game shows, talk shows, commercials, and cartoons. Worley is widely known for her work on the comedy-variety show Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.

McFarland & Company
McFarland & Company, Inc., is an American independent book publisher based in Jefferson, North Carolina, that specializes in academic and reference works, as well as general-interest adult nonfiction.

Its president is Rhonda Herman. Its current Editor-in-Chief is Steve Wilson. Its former president and current President Emeritus is Robert Franklin, who founded the company in 1979.

McFarland employs a staff of about 50, and as of 2019 had published 7,800 titles. McFarland's initial print runs average 600 copies per book.
Danny Williams (rugby)
Daniel Williams (born 26 September 1986) is an English rugby league footballer who last played for the Bradford Bulls in the Championship.

Williams played for Leeds, and spent 2007 on loan at Castleford, and, due to injuries to first choice wingers Gareth Raynor and Matt Sing, has moved to Hull FC for the start of 2008's Super League XIII.

After returning from loan at Hull F.C. to Leeds Rhinos, it was announced that Williams was switching codes, to join Guinness Premiership side, Newcastle Falcons, in time for the start of their 2008/09 campaign. On 11 January he scored a try for the Falcons in their shock victory over Gloucester RFC.

On 7 June 2011, Williams took a route back into rugby league by agreeing a one-month trial period with Super League club Hull Kingston Rovers

Williams signed a 2½-year deal with Super League club Salford City Reds on 8 July 2011.

Workington Town
Workington Town  is a semi-professional rugby league club based in Workington, West Cumbria, England. The club plays home games at Derwent Park and competes in the RFL Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Workington have won the League Championship once in 1951 and Challenge Cup in 1952.

The club's traditional home colours are white shirt with a blue band. Their main rivals are Whitehaven, while they also have a Cumbrian rivalry with Barrow Raiders.
1990 City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council election
The 1990 City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council elections were held on Thursday, 4 May 1990, with one third of the council up for election as well as vacancies in Great Horton & Ilkley to be elected. Labour had suffered a defection prior to the election in the University ward, with the sitting councillor attempting, unsuccessfully, to defend it as a Conservative. Labour regained control of the council from no overall control following numerous gains from the Conservatives.

University of Bradford
The University of Bradford is a public research university located in the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. A plate glass university, it received its royal charter in 1966, making it the 40th university to be created in Britain, but can trace its origins back to the establishment of the industrial West Yorkshire town's Mechanics Institute in 1832.

The student population includes 7,923 undergraduate and 3,742 postgraduate students. Mature students make up around a third of the undergraduate community. A total of 22% of students are foreign and come from over 110 countries. There were 14,406 applications to the university through UCAS in 2010, of which 3,421 were accepted.

It was the first British university to establish a Department of Peace Studies in 1973, which is currently the world's largest university centre for the study of peace and conflict.
Caught in the Game
Caught in the Game is the fourth album by American rock band Survivor, released on September 29, 1983. It features guest appearances by Mr. Mister's Richard Page and REO Speedwagon's Kevin Cronin. It is the band's last album to-date to feature lead vocalist Dave Bickler, who left due to vocal surgery. Bickler rejoined the band from 1993 to 2000, and again from 2013 to 2016. The first single "Caught in the Game" went to #77 at Billboard Hot 100 chart and later "I Never Stopped Loving You" failed to hit the Hot 100 reaching only #104.

The hard to find 1999 Pony Canyon Japanese release on CD featured an insert with lyrics in English and Japanese and an OBI strip. The album was one of the many Survivor albums briefly taken out of print in 2009. However, it was remastered and reissued in 2010, distributed by Rock Candy Records.

REO Speedwagon
REO Speedwagon (originally stylized as R.E.O. Speedwagon), or simply REO, was an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois.

Formed in 1966, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. Their best-selling album, Hi Infidelity (1980), contained four US Top 40 hits and sold more than 10 million copies.

REO Speedwagon sold more than 40 million records and charted 13 Top 40 hits, including the number ones "Keep On Loving You" and "Can't Fight This Feeling".
Otis K. Rice
Otis Kermit Rice (June 6, 1919 – September 22, 2003) was an American academic historian specializing in West Virginia history. His career was mostly at the West Virginia Institute of Technology (1957–87) at Montgomery where he was chairman of the history department and dean of the School of Human Studies. In 2003 he became West Virginia’s first Historian Laureate.

West Virginia University Institute of Technology
West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech, WVIT, WVU Beckley, or West Virginia Tech) is a public college in Beckley, West Virginia. It is a divisional campus of West Virginia University.
Cornell Borchers
Cornell Borchers (16 March 1925 – 12 May 2014) was a Lithuanian-German actress and singer, active in the late 1940s and 1950s. She is best remembered for her roles opposite Montgomery Clift in The Big Lift (1950) and Errol Flynn and Nat King Cole in Istanbul (1957). She was said to resemble Ingrid Bergman in mid-1950s reviews.

Errol Flynn
Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959) was an Australian and American actor who achieved worldwide fame during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He was known for his romantic swashbuckler roles, frequent partnerships with Olivia de Havilland and reputation for his womanising and hedonistic personal life.

Flynn's roles include Robin Hood in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), which was later named by the American Film Institute as the 18th-greatest hero in American film history; the lead role in Captain Blood (1935); Major Geoffrey Vickers in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936); and as the hero in a number of Westerns such as Dodge City (1939), Santa Fe Trail, Virginia City (both 1940) and San Antonio (1945).

Flynn was posthumously awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture and television industries in 1960.
Wendreda
Wendreda, also known as Wendreth, was an Anglo-Saxon nun, healer, and saint, perhaps of the 7th century. She was uncertainly reported as a daughter of King Anna of East Anglia, a Christian king, which would make her a sister of Etheldreda, abbess of Ely, Sexburgha, abbess of Minster-in-Sheppey, and Ethelburga, abbess of Faremoutiers, who are all better-known saints, and a half-sister of Sæthryth, also an abbess of Faremoutiers.

Wendreda is associated with March, in the Isle of Ely, and Exning, Suffolk.

Minster, Swale
Minster is a town on the north coast of the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, south-east England. It is in the Swale administrative district, and within that, in the parish of Minster-on-Sea. According to the 2021 Census, the population of Minster was 17,389.
Steinsfurt–Eppingen railway
The Steinsfurt–Eppingen railway, which opened in 1900, is a 12.9 km long, single-track and electrified branch line along the Elsenz river in the Kraichgau region of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, between the Sinsheim district of Steinsfurt and Eppingen, connecting the Elsenz Valley Railway and the Kraichgau Railway. Since 2006, the Baden-Württemberg Regional Transport Company (German: Nahverkehrsgesellschaft Baden-Württemberg) has marketed the line as the Kraichgau–Stromberg Railway (Kraichgau-Stromberg-Bahn, after two nearby regions). The line is part of line S5 of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn, opened between Heidelberg and Eppingen on 12 December 2009.

Steinsfurt
Steinsfurt is a village in southwestern Germany, in the Rhine Neckar Area of the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg between Heidelberg and Heilbronn in the district Rhein-Neckar. It is one of the 13 Stadtteile of Sinsheim, of which it is part since 1973. It has a total population of 3,269 (as of December 2017).
Croaked: Frog Monster from Hell
Croaked: Frog Monster from Hell (also known as Rana: The Legend of Shadow Lake) is a 1980 American monster movie  directed by Bill Rebane. The plot of Croaked involves a group of loggers terrorized by a vicious half-man/half-frog creature. The film was distributed by Troma Entertainment and aired first on television before going to video.

In his book All I Need to Know About Filmmaking I Learned from The Toxic Avenger, Troma president Lloyd Kaufman lists this film as one of the five worst Troma films ever made (along with The Capture of Bigfoot, also directed by Bill Rebane).

Monster movie
A monster movie, monster film, or creature feature is a film that focuses on one or more characters struggling to survive attacks by one or more antagonistic monsters. Such may be man-sized, like the Creature from the Black Lagoon, or abnormally large ones, like King Kong or Godzilla. The film may also fall under the horror, comedy, fantasy, or science fiction genres. Monster movies originated with adaptations of horror folklore and literature.
Ó Chlúmháin
Ó Cluanáin was the name of a brehon family from what is now County Galway - MacLysaght calls it "Essentially a Co. Galway name."

Joseph Mannion notes that in 1551 one Nicholas O Clowan, an official of Tuam, was granted custody of the Franciscan friary at Clonkeenkerrill, County Galway. A townland in the area, now called Colmanstown, was originally Baile Uí Chlúmháin. The poet Antoine Ó Raifteiri (1784–1835) died at the house of a Diarmaid Cloonan, beside Killeenen church and graveyard, where he was buried. This is situated on the north bank of Rahasane turlough, in the parish of Craughwell.

In the early medieval era members of the family spread into what is now County Mayo and County Sligo. It is found in all three counties as Cloonan.

Cloonan
Cloonan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Becky Cloonan (born 1980), American comic book creator

Diarmuid Cloonan (born 1980), Irish hurler, brother of Eugene

Eugene Cloonan (born 1978), Irish hurler

Jarlath Cloonan (born 1953), Irish hurler
Martin County, Kentucky
Martin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,287. Its county seat is Inez. The county was founded in 1870 and is named for Congressman John Preston Martin.

Federal Bureau of Prisons
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) is a federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Justice that is responsible for all federal prisons in the country and provides for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.
Martin K. Solomon
Martin K. Solomon is a professor of computer science at Florida Atlantic University since 1981, and is currently Assistant Chair for the Computer Science and Engineering Department. He authored two books on Oracle8i and one on Oracle9i that were published by McGraw-Hill. Dr. Solomon is also a noted scholar on Kurt Gödel, the Austrian logician and philosopher.

McGraw Hill Education
McGraw Hill, Inc. is an American education science company that provides educational content, software, and services for students and educators across various levels—from K-12 to higher education and professional settings. They produce textbooks, digital learning tools, and adaptive technology to enhance learning experiences and outcomes. It is one of the "big three" educational publishers along with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Pearson Education. McGraw Hill also publishes reference and trade publications for the medical, business, and engineering professions. Formerly a division of The McGraw Hill Companies (later renamed McGraw Hill Financial, now S&P Global), McGraw Hill Education was divested and acquired by Apollo Global Management in March 2013 for $2.4 billion in cash. McGraw Hill was sold in 2021 to Platinum Equity for $4.5 billion. The company is based in Columbus, Ohio.