hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quidditism
In metaphysics, quidditism is the perspective implied by the belief that nomological roles do not supervene on causal properties. Quidditism endorses the existence of quiddities (the existence of "whatness" of properties) and is typically characterized in opposition to causal essentialism.

Property (philosophy)
In philosophy and logic (especially metaphysics), a property is a characteristic of an object; for example, a red object is said to have the property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other properties. A property, however, differs from individual objects in that it may be instantiated, and often in more than one object. It differs from the logical and mathematical concept of class by not having any concept of extensionality, and from the philosophical concept of class in that a property is considered to be distinct from the objects which possess it. Understanding how different individual entities (or particulars) can in some sense have some of the same properties is the basis of the problem of universals.
Ed Gallagher (actor)
Edward Francis Gallagher (1873 – May 28, 1929) was a vaudeville actor and half of the comedy act Gallagher and Shean. Their story was told in an animated movie Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean (1931) by Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer, who also created Koko the Clown and Betty Boop. Gallagher and Shean also reportedly made an early sound film at the Theodore Case studio in Auburn, New York, in 1925.

Max Fleischer
Max Fleischer (born Majer Fleischer /ˈflaɪʃər/; July 19, 1883 – September 11, 1972) was an American animator and studio owner. Born in Kraków, in Austrian Poland, Fleischer immigrated to the United States where he became a pioneer in the development of the animated cartoon and served as the head of Fleischer Studios, which he co-founded with his younger brother Dave. He brought such comic characters as Koko the Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye, and Superman to the movie screen, and was responsible for several technological innovations, including the Rotoscope, the "Follow the Bouncing Ball" technique pioneered in the Ko-Ko Song Car-Tunes films, and the "Stereoptical Process". Film director Richard Fleischer was his son.
Factorization algebra
In mathematics and mathematical physics, a factorization algebra is an algebraic structure first introduced by Beilinson and Drinfel'd in an algebro-geometric setting as a reformulation of chiral algebras and applied in a more general setting by Costello and Gwilliam to formalize quantum field theory.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Physics Forums
Physics Forums is a question and answer Internet forum that allows users to ask, answer and comment on grade-school through graduate-level science questions. In addition, Physics Forums hosts the Insights Blog which is a collaborative blog sourced from verified experts on the community.

Authors of scientific papers have used Physics Forums to write popular explanations of their research. In turn, this forum entries have been referenced by popular science news websites. Notable members and blog authors past and present include John C. Baez, Urs Schreiber, Antony Garrett Lisi. Physics Forums entries have also been cited in scientific papers.

John C. Baez
John Carlos Baez (/ˈbaɪ.ɛz/ BY-ez; born June 12, 1961) is an American mathematical physicist and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in Riverside, California. He has worked on spin foams in loop quantum gravity, applications of higher categories to physics, and applied category theory. Additionally, Baez is known on the World Wide Web as the author of the crackpot index.
The Brits Who Built the Modern World
The Brits Who Built the Modern World is a British factual television series that was first broadcast on BBC Four from 13 to 27 February 2014. The three-part series tells the story of British architects Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, Nicholas Grimshaw, Michael Hopkins and Terry Farrell.

Terry Farrell (architect)
Sir Terence Farrell CBE FRIBA FRSA FCSD (12 May 1938 – 28 September 2025) was a British architect and urban designer.

In 1980, after working for 15 years in partnership with Nicholas Grimshaw, Farrell founded his own firm, Farrells. He established his reputation with three completed projects in London in the late 1980s: Embankment Place, 125 London Wall and the SIS Building. He created contextual urban design schemes, as well as works of postmodernism such as the MI6 Building. In 1991, his practice opened an office in Hong Kong. In Asia his firm designed KK100 in Shenzhen and Guangzhou South railway station in Guangzhou.
1927 Ball Teachers Hoosieroons football team
The 1927 Ball Teachers Hoosieroons football team was an American football team that represented Ball Teachers College, sometimes referred to as Muncie Normal School (later renamed Ball State University), during the 1927 college football season. In its second and final season under head coach Norman G. Wann, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 151 to 108. The team played its home games at the North Walnut Street Ball Park in Muncie, Indiana.

The team's high scorer was Gerald "Jack" Liggett who played at both the halfback and fullback positions. Other players included Robert Walburn, George Smith, Maurice Mitchell, Robert Harper, Leonard Newman, Wayne Shields, Ivan Roetken, Herbert Faris, Robert Ziegler, James Leaky, and Earl Martin.

Coach Wann left the school in June 1928 in order to pursue a master's degree at the University of Wisconsin.  In two seasons under Wann, the Hoosieroons compiled a record of 10–3–2.

1927 college football season
The 1927 college football season ended with the Illini of the University of Illinois (7–0–1) being recognized as champion under the Dickinson System. At season's end, the Rissler Cup was awarded to the team that finished first in the "Dickinson ratings", which considered strength of schedule. In the final week, Georgia's "Dream and Wonder team" was upset by Georgia Tech. Georgia had upset Eastern power Yale 14–10. Though most selectors retrospectively named either Illinois or Georgia as their 1927 national champions, over a half-century later Jeff Sagarin, a computer-based selector, named the Texas Aggies as the No. 1 team.

In the Rose Bowl, the Pittsburgh Panthers (8–0–1) were invited to play against the Pacific Coast Conference champion.  Though USC and Stanford had identical records in conference play, Stanford was given a chance to "avenge" its 7–7 tie against Alabama in the previous year's Rose Bowl. Stanford won 7–6.
William McLennan (politician)
William Alexander McLennan (10 April 1903 – 28 December 1980) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Paisley, Ontario, he was a lumber merchant by career.

He was first elected at the New Westminster riding in the 1958 general election. He served one term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, until his defeat at New Westminster in the 1962 federal election. He was defeated again on another attempt in the 1963 election.

1958 Canadian federal election
The 1958 Canadian federal election was held to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 24th Parliament of Canada on March 31, 1958, just nine months after the 23rd election. It transformed Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's minority into the largest majority government in Canadian history and the second-largest percentage of the popular vote; only Unionist Prime Minister Robert Borden’s triumph in the 1917 federal election, at 56.93 percent, was higher. Although the Tories would surpass their 1958-seat total in the 1984 election, the 1958 result (achieved in a smaller House) remains unmatched both in terms of percentage of seats (78.5%) and the size of the government majority over all opposition parties (a 151-seat majority). Voter turnout was 79.4%, the highest percentage of eligible electors to cast a ballot in Canadian federal election history.
Cooper's Mill
Cooper's Mill, also known as Tom Cooper Mill, is a historic grist mill located of County Route 27 near Jumping Branch, Summers County, West Virginia.

The original mill was built in 1869, and was an 18 feet long by 16 feet wide building constructed of squared logs with "V"-notched corners. In 1930, the original superstructure was dismantled down to the last five log courses, and a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame building was erected over the logs and the original sandstone foundation. The mill is sheathed in board and batten siding and topped by a gable roof.

In 1930, a new waterwheel by the Fitz Water Wheel Company of Hanover, Pennsylvania was added to the mill. Also on the property is a blacksmith's shop dated to about 1900.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Summers County, West Virginia
Summers County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,959. Its county seat is Hinton. The county was created by an act of the West Virginia Legislature on February 27, 1871, from parts of Fayette, Greenbrier, Mercer and Monroe counties and named in honor of George W. Summers (1804–1868).
Houko Kuwashima
Houko Kuwashima (桑島 法子, Kuwashima Hōko; born 12 December 1975) is a Japanese voice actress and singer. She is capable of playing a variety of roles, ranging from young boys to feminine women. She is affiliated with Aoni Production. Her first major role was as Yurika Misumaru in Martian Successor Nadesico and she has had lead or major roles in a number of others.

She has voiced characters in several video games. On film, she has had voice roles as the title character in Princess Arete and in Space Battleship Yamato 2199, Fullmetal Alchemist: Conqueror of Shamballa and Doraemon: Nobita in the Robot Kingdom.

She has performed songs for anime, such as "Tokihanate!" (解き放て), which was used as the opening theme to Blue Gender.

Star Blazers: Space Battleship Yamato 2199
Star Blazers 2199, known in Japan as Space Battleship Yamato 2199 (宇宙戦艦ヤマト2199, Uchū Senkan Yamato Ni-ichi-kyū-kyū), is a 2012–2013 Japanese military science fiction anime television series that is a remake of the first Space Battleship Yamato television series created by Yoshinobu Nishizaki and Leiji Matsumoto in 1974, known in the United States as Star Blazers. The series is a space opera, and was originally screened back-to-back in theaters across Japan, a few episodes at a time prior to release on home video, and aired on television from April 7, 2013, to September 29, 2013. Voyager Entertainment currently licensed the series outside Japan, with Funimation streaming their English dub of the series starting on November 8, 2017.

Two movies based on the series were released in 2014: A Voyage to Remember and Odyssey of the Celestial Ark. A sequel series, Star Blazers: Space Battleship Yamato 2202, was released in theaters from 2017 to 2019.
Northern Michigan Wildcats men's ice hockey statistical leaders
The Northern Michigan Wildcats men's ice hockey statistical leaders are individual statistical leaders of the Northern Michigan Wildcats men's ice hockey program in various categories, including goals, assists, points, and saves. Within those areas, the lists identify single-game, single-season, and career leaders. The Wildcats represent Northern Michigan University in the NCAA's Central Collegiate Hockey Association.

Northern Michigan began competing in intercollegiate ice hockey in 1976.  These lists are updated through the end of the 2022–23 season.

Save (goaltender)
In ice hockey and association football, a goaltender is credited with a save when they prevent a shot by the opponent from entering the net. A goaltender's efficiency in stopping shots, the save percentage, is calculated as a percentage of shots stopped divided by the total number of shots on goal. If a goaltender makes all the saves within a game it is called a shutout. In association football this is called a clean sheet.
Linda Voortman
Linda Voortman (born 27 June 1979 in Enschede) is a Dutch politician and former trade unionist. Representing GreenLeft, she was a Dutch member of parliament between 2010 and 2018 with interruptions. Since 7 June 2018, she has been an alderwoman of Utrecht.

Enschede
Enschede (Dutch: [ˈɛnsxədeː] ⓘ; local Twents: Eanske [ˈɛːnskə]) is a city and municipality in the province of Overijssel and the Twente region of the eastern Netherlands. The east of the urban area reaches the border of the German city of Gronau.

Enschede began as a small settlement in the Middle Ages and was granted city rights in 1325. It grew as a regional centre for trade and agriculture before becoming a major hub of the textile industry in the 18th and 19th centuries. Until 1935, the municipality of Enschede consisted only of the city of Enschede, when the rural municipality of Lonneker, which surrounded the city, was annexed after the rapid industrial expansion of Enschede that began in the 1860s and involved the building of railways and the digging of the Twentekanaal.

Enschede is home to the football club FC Twente, a one-time Dutch champion; the University of Twente; Saxion University of Applied Sciences and the last Polaroid film factory.
Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers
Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers is an 1856 history painting by the Irish artist Jerry Barrett. It depicts a visit paid on 3 March 1855 by Queen Victoria to Fort Pitt in Chatham to see the wounded British Army soldiers of the Crimean War. She is accompanied by her husband Prince Albert and her two eldest sons Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Prince Alfred as well as senior military figures including the Duke of Cambridge, Charles Grey and Commander-in-Chief Lord Hardinge.

The art collector William Agnew acquired the picture for £420. Today the painting forms part of collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, having been acquired for the collection in 1993

Jerry Barrett
Jerry Barrett (1824–21 January 1906) was an English painter of the Victorian era. His most notable work was the Crimean War depiction The Mission of Mercy: Nightingale receiving the wounded at Scutari (1858) which is in the National Portrait Gallery (London), paired with Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers.

There is documentation to suggest that Barrett traveled to the Crimea to obtain sketches for his pictures. Queen Victoria's First Visit to Her Wounded Soldiers was exhibited at the Royal Exhibition Gallery in Piccadilly in May, 1856, and engraved by Agnews. It was Thomas Agnew who purchased The Mission of Mercy from the artist in August 1857, and exhibited it at Leggatt and Hayward Gallery in Cornhill in the summer of 1858 at the height of the Indian Mutiny.
Karka
Karka (Urdu: کارکا) is a summit in the Hindu Raj range in Northern Pakistan and has a peak elevation of 6,222 m (20,413 ft).

Multiple Italian expeditions have been exploring the area from a geographic and ethnographic point of view.
A group of climbers from Vicenza successfully climbed Karka for the first time in August 2007 during the expedition "La Gata - Karka 2007". In the course of the same expedition 4 other first ascents were performed in the Chiantar Glacier basin, while the trekking group set the route of what local guides already name "Trekking of the Italians".

Northern Pakistan
Northern Pakistan (Urdu: شمالی پاکستان ALA-LC: śimālī Pākistān) is a tourism region in the northern and north-western parts of Pakistan, comprising the administrative units of Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly known as Northern Areas), Azad Kashmir, Malakand and Hazara Division in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamabad Capital Territory and the Murree District in Punjab. The first two territories are Pakistani-administered sectors of the wider Kashmir region. Northern Pakistan is a mountainous region straddling the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush mountain ranges, containing  many of the highest peaks in the world and some of the longest glaciers outside polar regions. Northern Pakistan accounts for a high level of Pakistan's tourism industry.
Naky Sy Savané
Naky Sy Savané (born 1970) is a film, television, and stage actress from Côte d'Ivoire.

The granddaughter of an imam, Naky Sy Savané became an actress despite conservative Muslim prejudice against the profession.  She played numerous stage roles, including in Jean Racine's Britannicus and the title role in Jean Anouilh's Antigone.  She credits film director Henri Duparc for discovering her in the theater and starting her film career.  For her performance in Au Nom du Christ (1993), she was awarded Best Actress at the 1994 Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga.  In Fanta Régina Nacro's La Nuit de la vérité (2004), she plays Emma, the wife of the president of a fictional country in the midst of a civil war who loses her young son in a massacre.

In 2023, she starred as Mariama Diop, the mother of the protagonist Assane Diop, in the third season of the French television show Lupin.

Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga
The Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga (FCAK) or African Film Festival in Khouribga is a film festival for African cinema held in Khouribga in Morocco. Established in 1977, it is one of the oldest and most important film festivals in Morocco.
Muhammad Izhar Asfi
Muhammad Izhar Asfi is an Indian politician from Bihar and a Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly. Izhar Asfi won the Kochadhaman Assembly constituency on AIMIM ticket in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He along with other three AIMIM MLAs  joined Rashtriya Janata Dal in June 2022. He had served much longer as Mukhiya of Kathamatha Panchayat in Kishanganj. He is father in law of former Bahadurganj MLA Md. Tauseef Alam.

Izhar Asfi, joined RJD by deserting AIMIM in June 2022. He blamed Bihar State AIMIM president Akhtarul Iman for leaving the AIMIM. Mr. Asfi also claimed in an interview with Seemanchal based news website Main Media that he had worked very hard in Kochadhaman after 2019 Lok Sabha defeat of Akhtarul Iman and used crores of rupees from his pocket for local work.

Main Media
Main Media is a hyper-local news platform based in the Seemanchal region, an area located at the border of Bihar and West Bengal. Main Media was founded by Tanzil Asif, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Delhi in 2018. With the tagline "Patna se door waala Bihar, Kolkata se door waala Bengal (The Bihar far away from Patna", The Bengal far away from Kolkata), the organisation aims to bring the focus of the media to the historically neglected Seemanchal region of Bihar and West Bengal. Main Media was formally launched on 18 February 2018.
Juan Díaz (tennis)
Juan Díaz is an American former professional tennis player.

Díaz was raised in Cuba, where he was the nation's top ranked junior in 1968 and 1969.

Moving to Tampa, Florida in 1969, Díaz played on the varsity team for the University of Florida and was SEC champion at No. 1 singles in 1975, as well as a three-time All-SEC.

After graduating from college in 1975 he competed briefly on tour, reaching a best singles world ranking of 310. He made a main draw appearance as a qualifier at the 1976 US Open.

1976 US Open (tennis)
The 1976 US Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor Har-Tru clay courts at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, in New York City, New York. The tournament was held from September 1 until September 12, 1976. It was the 96th staging of the US Open, and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of 1976. It was the second year in which this tournament was played on clay courts. Jimmy Connors and Chris Evert won teh singles titles.
Alexander Pypin
Alexander Nikolayevich Pypin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Пы́пин; 6 April 1833 – 9 December 1904) was a Russian literary historian, ethnographer, journalist and editor; a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and (briefly, in 1904), its vice-president. Nikolai Chernyshevsky was his cousin on the maternal side.

Pypin actively contributed to Sovremennik (which he edited in 1863–1866), Vestnik Evropy, and Otechestvennye Zapiski. Among his most acclaimed works are the History of Slavic Literatures (Vols. 1–2, 1879–1881, with Vladimir Spasovich), the History of Russian Ethnography (Vols. 1890–1892) and the History of Russian Literature (Vols. 1–4, 1911–1913, posthumously).

History of literature
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment or education to the reader, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.
Jean-Pierre Klein
Jean-Pierre Klein (born 24 January 1944 in Heisdorf) is a Luxembourgish politician for the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) and jurist.  He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Centre constituency from 1994 to 2013, and as mayor of Steinsel from 1987 to 2021. Upon his retirement from the latter, he was the longest serving mayor in Luxembourg.

Klein was not elected at the 2004 election, falling just short (in 5th place on the LSAP list, which won 4 seats in Centre).  However, Robert Goebbels, who had placed third, resigned his office before the new Chamber was sworn in, allowing the next-placed Klein to take his place.

Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)
The Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourgish: Chamber vun den Deputéierten or simply D'Chamber, French: Chambre des Députés, German: Abgeordnetenkammer), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. The metonym Krautmaart (French: Marché aux herbes, English: "Herb Market") is sometimes used for the Chamber, after the square on which the Hôtel de la Chambre is located.

The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to serve five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.
2022–23 Lebanese Second Division
The Lebanese Second Division (Arabic: الدوري اللبناني الدرجة الثانية) is the second division of Lebanese football. It is controlled by the Lebanese Football Association. The top two teams qualify for the Lebanese Premier League and replace the relegated teams, while the bottom two are relegated to the Lebanese Third Division.

It was the third season to feature a "split" format, following its introduction in 2020–21, where the season was divided into two phases. The league was played between 2 September 2022 and 4 March 2023; Racing Beirut and Ahli Nabatieh, who finished first and second respectively, were promoted to the Premier League, while Shabab Bourj, who withdrew, and Ahli Saida were relegated to the Third Division.

Lebanese Third Division
The Lebanese Third Division (Arabic: الدوري اللبناني الدرجة الثالثة) is the third division of Lebanese football, and is controlled by the Lebanese Football Association.

The 23 teams are divided into four groups of six teams each (one group has 5 teams); the first two teams of each group qualify to the playoffs and the first two teams of these playoffs qualify to the Lebanese Second Division and replace the relegated teams. On the other hand, the last two teams will be submitted to the playoffs that will decide which two of these four teams will be relegated to the Lebanese Fourth Division.