hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Parthon de Von family
The Parthon de Von family is a noble family stemming from Châteauroux in France.

Its filiation goes back to Étienne Parthon, born in 1575 and married in 1608 to Marguerite Bilhon who were the parents of Étienne Parthon, born and baptized on May 28, 1610 in Châteauroux. In the 16th century, its members held offices in the judiciary and in the Waters and Forests of the Duchy of Châteauroux. Sulpice Étienne Parthon (1714-1793), counsel and King's lawyer of the bailiwick of Châteauroux became in 1786 advocate general of the requests of the King's Hotel in Paris.

The family was naturalized Belgian and received in 1845 in Belgium a confirmation of nobility and an ennoblement as needed. The surviving branch received the title of Knight in 1845.

Châteauroux
Châteauroux (/ˌʃætoʊˈruː/ SHAT-oh-ROO; French pronunciation: [ʃɑtoʁu] ⓘ; Occitan: Chasteurós) is the capital city of the French department of Indre, central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges. Its residents are called Castelroussins (pronounced [kastɛlʁusɛ̃]) in French.
Salonika Incident
The Salonika Incident was a major diplomatic incident that broke out on 6 May 1876 after a mob murdered the consuls of France and German Empire in the Ottoman city of Salonica, Jules Moulin and Henry Abbott. After a young Orthodox Christian woman of Bulgarian origin attempted to convert to Islam to marry a Turk against the will of her family, she was detained by the US Consul at Thessaloniki. An enraged mob attempted to retrieve the woman, and murdered Moulin and Abbott when it failed to find her. A diplomatic backlash ensued, leading to displays of force and to reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonians (Bulgarian: македонци), or Macedonian Bulgarians (Bulgarian: македонски българи), sometimes also referred to as Macedono-Bulgarians, Macedo-Bulgarians, or Bulgaro-Macedonians, are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia. This is how the majority of Slavic-speaking population of Macedonia had been referred to by most of the national conscious minority among them and by outside observers, from the 10th until the early 20th century in a sense of a demonym at first, and later as an social class synonym mainly, and as an ethnonym. Since 1913, the Macedonian Bulgarian population is largely concentrated in Pirin Macedonia but much is spread across the whole of Bulgaria and the diaspora.
McAleese
McAleese or McGillis is an Irish and Scottish surname and is an anglicisation of the Irish Mac Giolla Íosa from the Irish given name Giolla Íosa (Servant of Jesus). This name is common in Derry and in Antrim.

Notable people with the surname include:

Jack McAleese, Major League Baseball player

John McAleese, MM (1949–2011), British Army soldier who led an SAS team against the Iranian embassy in London in May 1980 to end the siege

Martin McAleese, member of Seanad Éireann and the husband of the former President of Ireland, Mary McAleese

Mary McAleese (born 1951), eighth President of Ireland from 1997 to 2011

Peter McAleese, British ex-paratrooper, ex-member of the SAS and author

Peter McAleese
Peter McAleese (7 September 1942 – 18 March 2024) was a Scottish soldier and mercenary.

McAleese served in the British Army's Parachute Regiment and Special Air Service (SAS), the Rhodesian Special Air Service and British South Africa Police, and South Africa's 44 Parachute Brigade. As a mercenary or contractor, he worked in countries including South Africa, Angola, Colombia, Russia, Algeria and Iraq.

McAleese was the author of the book No Mean Soldier.
Abutilon × milleri
Abutilon × milleri, also known as Miller abutilon, is a hybrid species, the result of cross of A. megapotamicum and possibly A. pictum, in the family Malvaceae. It is an evergreen species of flowering plant. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.

Hybrid speciation
Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, reproductively isolated from the parent species. Previously, reproductive isolation between two species and their parents was thought to be particularly difficult to achieve, and thus hybrid species were thought to be very rare. With DNA analysis becoming more accessible in the 1990s, hybrid speciation has been shown to be a somewhat common phenomenon, particularly in plants. In botanical nomenclature, a hybrid species is also called a nothospecies. Hybrid species are by their nature polyphyletic.
Herschel wedge
A Herschel wedge or Herschel prism is an optical prism used in solar observation to refract most of the light out of the optical path, allowing safe visual observation. It was first proposed and used by astronomer John Herschel in the 1830s.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
George M. Byse
George Milton Byse (September 15, 1858 – December 1, 1936) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in Wautoma, Waushara County, Wisconsin, Byse was a farmer and was involved with the creamery company and the  farmers union. He was president of the Waushara County Agricultural Society. Byse served as supervisor and chairman of the Wautoma Town Board and on the board of education. He also served on the Waushara County Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. Byse also served as the Waushara County treasurer and was involved with the Republican Party, In 1915, Byse served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Byse moved to Neillsville, Wisconsin. He died in Neillsville, Wisconsin.

Waushara County, Wisconsin
Waushara County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,520. Its county seat is Wautoma.

Waushara County is located in central Wisconsin, about 80 miles (130 km) north of Madison.
Aldan Airport
Aldan Airport (IATA: ADH, ICAO: UEEA) is a civilian airport in Russia located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Aldan, Aldansky District in the Sakha Republic of Russia. It is 450 kilometres (280 mi) away from Yakutsk.

Yakutsk
Yakutsk is the capital and largest city of Sakha, Russia, located about 450 km (280 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one of Russia's most rapidly growing regional cities, with a population of 355,443 at the 2021 census.

Yakutsk has an average annual temperature of −8.0 °C (17.6 °F), winter high temperatures consistently well below −20 °C (−4 °F), and a record low of −64.4 °C (−83.9 °F) has been recorded.

As a result, Yakutsk is the coldest major city in the world (although a number of smaller towns in that region are slightly colder). Yakutsk is also the largest city located in continuous permafrost; the only other large city is Norilsk, also in Siberia. Yakutsk is in the Central Yakutian Lowland and is a major port on the Lena River. It is served by the Yakutsk Airport as well as the smaller Magan Airport.
Binocular disparity
Binocular disparity is the difference between the images from the left and right eyes. This difference can be caused by one or more of the following:

horizontal disparity: a difference caused by the left and right eyes looking from slightly different directions, which can cause depth differences between objects to be perceived;

vertical disparity, which is associated with vertical misalignments and tilting the head; and

cyclodisparity which is associated with unequal rotations of the two eyes around their visual axes;

aniseikonia: a significant difference in the size of the retinal images in the two eyes.

Vertical disparity, cyclodisparity and aniseikonia can impair depth perception and may cause double vision (diplopia).

The horopter is used in research to describe the relationship between disparity and depth perception (stereopsis), and between disparity and double images.

Aniseikonia
Aniseikonia is an ocular condition where there is a significant difference in the perceived size of images. It can occur as an overall difference between the two eyes, or as a difference in a particular meridian. If the ocular image size in both eyes are equal, the condition is known as iseikonia.
Westbourne Woods
Westbourne Woods is an area of exotic tree plantings in the Canberra suburb of Yarralumla in the Australian Capital Territory.

The woods were established by Thomas Weston as an experimental planting area in 1913 and cover 120 hectares (300 acres). The names of the woods comes from Walter Burley Griffin's original name for the area. Trees were planted in holes blasted with dynamite, and Weston discovered that trees planted in blasted holes did much better than those planted in hand dug holes, probably due to the fracturing effect of the blast. By the end of 1920, George Weston's team of planters had put in 44,900 exotic trees. The woods is on the ACT Heritage Register.

Walter Burley Griffin
Walter Burley Griffin (November 24, 1876 – February 11, 1937) was an American architect and landscape architect. He designed Canberra, Australia's capital city,  the New South Wales towns of Griffith and Leeton, and (with his wife) the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag.

Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a unique modern style in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin. In 28 years they designed over 350 buildings, landscape and urban-design projects as well as designing construction materials, interiors, furniture and other household items.
1,3-Diaminopropane
1,3-Diaminopropane, also known as trimethylenediamine, is a simple diamine with the formula H2N(CH2)3NH2. A colourless liquid with a fishy odor, it is soluble in water and many polar organic solvents. It is isomeric with 1,2-diaminopropane.  Both are building blocks in the synthesis of heterocycles, such as those used in textile finishing, and coordination complexes. It is prepared by the amination of acrylonitrile followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aminopropionitrile.

The potassium salt was used in the alkyne zipper reaction.

Known uses of 1,3-diaminopropane are in the synthesis of piroxantrone and losoxantrone.

Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperatures. Hydrogenation reduces double and triple bonds in hydrocarbons.
Hownam
Hownam or Hounam is a small village and parish situated 8 miles east of Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, near the Anglo-Scottish border, in the former Roxburghshire.

Hownam lies south of Morebattle on the Kale Water. The parish borders England and has, within its boundaries, the Roman road of Dere Street and the Pennymuir Roman camps. Hownam first appears in the written charters in the 12th century. The origin of the name is uncertain, but may indicate a tribal name, "the Hunas". The village itself is a small group of houses in a row on one side of the road. The village church is at the north end of the village. The church was reshaped in the 1750s and further modernised in the 1840s, and again following a fire in 1907.

Local nurseryman George Taylor was born at Hounam Grange in 1803. He emigrated to Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1855, and became known as George "Celery" Taylor because he introduced commercial celery growing to the United States.

Dere Street
Dere Street or Deere Street is a modern designation of a Roman road which ran north from Eboracum (York), crossing the Stanegate at Corbridge (Hadrian's Wall was crossed at the Portgate, just to the north) and continuing beyond into what is now Scotland, later at least as far as the Antonine Wall. It was the Romans' major route for communications and supplies to the north and to Scotland. Portions of its route are still followed by modern roads, including the A1(M) (south of the River Tees), the B6275 road through Piercebridge, where Dere Street crosses the River Tees, and the A68 north of Corbridge in Northumberland.
William Lord Wright
William Lord Wright (November 14, 1879 Bellefontaine, Ohio – April 21, 1947 Hollywood, California) was an American screenwriter and film producer.

Wright was a newspaper reporter in his hometown of Bellefontaine, Ohio, before going to Hollywood in 1917 where he wrote film scripts for Selig Studios for many years. He then went to work for Pathé Exchange as chief story editor. Later he went to work for Universal Studios as head of the scenario department.

He wrote the book Photoplay Writing (1922), published by Falk Publishing Co., New York which was used by the New York Institute of Photography.

Wright died in Hollywood, California, on April 21, 1947. He was survived by Sarah Wright of 1741½ N. Van Ness Avenue, Hollywood, California. He was buried at Hollywood Park Cemetery on April 24, 1947.

Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Hollywood Forever Cemetery is a full-service cemetery, funeral home, crematory, and cultural events center which regularly hosts community events such as live music and summer movie screenings. It is one of the oldest cemeteries in Los Angeles, California and is located at 6000 Santa Monica Boulevard in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood. It was founded in 1899 as Hollywood Cemetery, and starting in 1939 was known as Hollywood Memorial Park, until 1998, when it was given its current name. The studios of Paramount Pictures are located at the south end of the same block, on 40 acres (16 ha) that were once an undeveloped part of the cemetery.

Individuals interred in the cemetery include many prominent people from the entertainment industry, as well as people who played vital roles in shaping Los Angeles.
George A. Batchelder
George A. Batchelder (July 24, 1907 – February 21, 1975) was an American pharmacist and politician

George A. Batchelder was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, on July 24, 1907. The family moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where his father, George P. ran a pharmacy. The younger Batchelder trained as a pharmacist at a school in Los Angeles, and alongside his father, who retired in 1942. George A. Batchelder operated the Indian School Pharmacy, also in Phoenix, from 1924 to 1974. He married Joyce A. Davis in 1934, with whom he had one daughter. Batchelder was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives from Maricopa County between 1935 and 1941. He sat in the 12th, 13th, and 14th Arizona State Legislatures as a Democrat. Batchelder died in a Phoenix nursing home on February 21, 1975, and was buried at St. Francis Catholic Cemetery.

13th Arizona State Legislature
The 13th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted in Phoenix from January 1, 1937, to December 31, 1938, during Rawghlie Clement Stanford's first and only term as Governor of Arizona. The number of senators and representatives remained constant, with 19 and 51 members respectively. While the Democrats regained one hundred percent of the senate seats, the Republicans broke the Democrats complete domination in the house, managing to obtain a single seat, one of the two from Navajo County.
Queen Elizabeth Oak
The Queen Elizabeth Oak is a large sessile oak tree (Quercus petraea) in Cowdray Park near the village of Lodsworth in the Western Weald, West Sussex, England. It lies within the South Downs National Park.  It has a girth of 12.5–12.8 metres (41–42 ft), and is about 800–1,000 years old. According to this estimate it began to grow in the 11th or 12th century AD.  In June 2002, The Tree Council designated the Queen Elizabeth Oak, one of fifty Great British Trees, in recognition of its place in the national heritage.  According to the Woodland Trust, the tree is the third largest sessile oak tree to be recorded in the United Kingdom after the Pontfadog Oak in Wales and the Marton Oak in Cheshire, although this tree is now fragmented.

According to legend, Queen Elizabeth I stood near the tree with an arrow ready in her bow waiting for a stag to be driven within range for her to shoot it, although she was unsuccessful.

Woodland Trust
The Woodland Trust is the largest woodland conservation charity in the United Kingdom and is concerned with the creation, protection, and restoration of native woodland heritage. It has planted over 68 million trees since 1972. The Woodland Trust has three aims: to protect ancient woodland which is rare, unique and irreplaceable, to promote the restoration of damaged ancient woodland, and to plant native trees and woods to benefit people and wildlife.

The charity maintains ownership of over 1,000 sites covering over 33,000 hectares (330 square kilometres; 130 square miles) of which 8,070ha (33%) is ancient woodland. It ensures public access to its woods.
The Romancers
The Romancers were an American Chicano rock band from the Eastside Los Angeles who were active in the 1960s. The Romancers were the first East L.A. Chicano band to record an album and were the main influence of the mid-sixties East L.A. sound. The band made two albums on Del-Fi Records and a string of singles for Eddie Davis' Linda label. Max Uballez was the group's leader, chief songwriter, and rhythm guitarist.

Del-Fi Records
Del-Fi Records was an American record label based in Hollywood, California, founded in 1958 and owned by Bob Keane. The label's first single released was "Caravan" by Henri Rose in 1958, but the label was most famous for signing Ritchie Valens. Valens' first single for the label was "Come On Let's Go", which was a hit. His next single, "Donna"/"La Bamba", was an even bigger hit, and brought national notoriety to the label. Johnny Crawford, the co-star of the television series The Rifleman, was the Del-Fi artist who recorded the most hit singles.
Matt Faessler
Matt Faessler (born 21 December 1998 in Australia) is an Australian rugby union player who plays internationally for the Wallabies and for the Reds in Super Rugby. His playing position is hooker. He was named in the Reds squad for the 2021 Super Rugby AU season. He previously represented the Queensland Country in the 2019 National Rugby Championship.

Faessler's grandfather Vince Bermingham played for the Wallabies in the 1930s.

2019 National Rugby Championship
The 2019 National Rugby Championship was the sixth season of the top flight of Australian domestic rugby union. The competition began on 31 August and concluded on 26 October. The match of the round was broadcast live each week on Fox Sports and Kayo Sports, with all matches streamed on rugby.com.au live. The championship featured eight professional teams, seven from Australia and one from Fiji.
Botteri's sparrow
Botteri's sparrow (Peucaea botterii) is a medium-sized sparrow.

This passerine bird is primarily found in Mexico, with a breeding range that extends into the southeastern tip of the U.S. state of Arizona, and a small non-migratory population in the Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas, which is threatened by loss of habitat.

It was not found in Arizona between the 1890s and the mid-20th century due to excessive grazing of livestock; now it is locally common in its Arizona range due to recovery of vegetation. Juvenile birds apparently need dense vegetation to hide in during fledging; the uncommon native sacaton grass Sporobolus wrightii is preferred, but stands of introduced non-native Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) and Boer lovegrass (E. curvula var. conferta) are also successfully utilized, though at lower population densities.

The name of this species commemorates the ornithologist Matteo Botteri (1808–1877).

Eragrostis curvula
Eragrostis curvula is a species of grass known by the common name weeping lovegrass. Other common names include Boer lovegrass, curved lovegrass, Catalina lovegrass, and African lovegrass.

It is native to southern Africa. It is an introduced species on other continents.
José María Larocca
José Maria Larocca Jr. (born 1 January 1969) is an Argentinian show jumper.

Larocca began his show-jumping career at age thirty-four. Larocca left Argentina for Europe to focus on other forms of work until his love of horses returned him to the sport. His first major competition was the Lyon Grand Prix in 2008 when he completed the course with no faults, he was inspired to continue. Larocca has represented Argentina four times in the FEI World Equestrian Games, four times at the PanAmerican Games and five times at the Summer Olympic Games. Larocca became the first Argentinian in 50 years to win a five-star Grand Prix in 2024 (CSI05* 1.60m Rolex Grand Prix at Brussels Stephex MastersRolex Masters

Argentine Olympic Committee
The Argentine Olympic Committee (Spanish: Comité Olímpico Argentino, COA; IOC Code: ARG) is the National Olympic Committee representing Argentina's athletes in the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Pan American Games and the South American Games.

It is based in Buenos Aires.
Democratic Forum of the Romanians of Moldova
The Democratic Forum of the Romanians of Moldova (Romanian: Forumul Democrat al Românilor din Moldova) is a civic movement, which brings together over 120 NGOs, several leading public organizations of Moldova and a whole number of academicians, writers, journalists. In 2006, the organization claimed 100,000 members.

Moldova State University
Moldova State University (USM; Romanian: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova) is a university located in Chișinău, Moldova. It was founded in 1946, and initially had five faculties, Physics and Mathematics, Geology and Pedology, History and Philology, Biology, and Chemistry.  It became a plenipotentiary member of the International Association of Universities  in 1969. Notable faculty include mathematicians Valentin Belousov and Israel Gohberg. Notable alumni include gender studies scholar Valentina Bidrug-Lungu.
Welkom mining explosion
At least 31 people are suspected to have died in a methane gas explosion at a disused gold mine in South Africa around the third week of May in 2023.

The Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) reported late on 22 June 2023 that the miners had died in a mining shaft at the abandoned Virginia mine in Welkom, Free State.  The miners, believed to be foreign nationals from Lesotho who were there mining illegally, may have died on or around 18 May 2023.

Free State (province)
The Free State is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later the Orange Free State Province.