hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stefania Gnesi
Stefania Gnesi (born 1954) is an Italian software engineer whose work focuses on formal methods, and the use of natural language and natural language processing in requirements analysis. She is a director of research at the Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), where she heads the Formal Methods and Tools group.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
Betgara railway station
Betgara Railway Station serves the town of Betgara which lies on the bank of river River Jaldhaka near Maynaguri, Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
The station lies on the New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section of Barauni–Guwahati line of Northeast Frontier Railway. This station falls under Alipurduar railway division.

Mainaguri
Mainaguri (also spelled Maynaguri) is a town and a municipality in the Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision of the Jalpaiguri district in the state of West Bengal, India. The town is located on the banks of the Jarda River. It is known as the "Gateway of the Dooars" and is a regionally significant tourist destination for Jalpesh Temple of Lord Shiva and nearby Gorumara National Park.
Sergey Ivanov (Russian historian)
Sergey Arkadievich Ivanov FBA (Russian: Сергей Аркадьевич Иванов; born 5 October 1956) is a Russian Historian and Byzantinist, expert in the Middle Ages culture. Sergey Ivanov is professor at the Higher School of Economics. He is best known as the author of the books Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond (2006) and In Search of Constantinople (2022).

Ivanov is a corresponding fellow of the British Academy.

In 2012 Ivanov was awarded the Enlightener Prize, nomination "Humanities".

Byzantine studies
Byzantine studies is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, demography, dress, religion/theology, art, literature/epigraphy, music, science, economy, coinage and politics of the Eastern Roman Empire. The German Humanist, Hieronymus Wolf is often credited with applying the name "Byzantine" to describe the Eastern Roman Empire first, which continued after the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD. About 100 years after the final conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans, Wolf began to collect, edit, and translate the writings of Byzantine philosophers. Other 16th-century humanists introduced Byzantine studies to Holland and Italy. The subject may also be called Byzantinology or Byzantology, although these terms are usually found in English translations of original non-English sources. A scholar of Byzantine studies is called a Byzantinist.
Von Bergen
von Bergen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Diego von Bergen (1872–1944), German ambassador

Drew Von Bergen (1940–2017), American journalist

John von Bergen (born 1971), American artist

Karl August von Bergen (1704–1759), German anatomist and botanist

Maria von Bergen (1840–1927), Swedish school director

Nora von Bergen (born 1990), Swiss ice dancer

Pennie Von Bergen Wessels (born 1949), American Democratic politician

Steve von Bergen (born 1983), Swiss footballer

Nora von Bergen
Nora von Bergen (born April 19, 1990, in Münsingen, Canton of Bern) is a former Swiss ice dancer and actress. She competed with her first partner from 2001 to 2006. She teamed up with David DeFazio in 2006. They are the 2007 Swiss national champions. Von Bergen and Defazio ended their partnership after one year.

After her skating career, she decided to study acting in Switzerland at the drama school SAMTS in Adliswil. In 2021, the first web series "CTRL ALL DEL" (produced by the Zurich University of the Arts) with her as a performer appeared. Among others, the Swiss actors Reto Stalder and Sandro Stocker acted there.
Empress of Australia
Three ships have borne the name Empress of Australia:

RMS Empress of Australia (1919), a 21,560-ton ocean liner launched in 1913 by Vulcan AG shipyard in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) for the Hamburg America Line as SS Tirpitz. She was taken as a war reparation in 1919 and sold to Canadian Pacific Steamships and was renamed firstly Empress of China in 1921 and then Empress of Australia in 1922.

RMS Empress of Australia (1924), an ocean liner launched in 1924 by Cammell Lairds at Birkenhead as the 17,759-ton De Grasse.  She was renamed Empress of Australia in 1953 and served with Canadian Pacific Steamships until 1956, when she was renamed Venezuela.  She was wrecked off Cannes on 16 March 1962 and broken up at La Spezia in August the same year.

MS Empress of Australia, a 12,037-ton ferry which was launched in 1964 at Cockatoo Island Dockyard and operated by the Australian National Line until 1985.

SS De Grasse
SS De Grasse was a transatlantic liner built in 1921 by Cammell Laird, Birkenhead, United Kingdom for Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, and launched in February 1924. In August 1924 De Grasse set sail on her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York. After the fall of France to Nazi Germany, the ship was used as a barracks ship. Sunk at Bordeaux, France, during the German retreat, she was refloated, repaired, and put back into service. Over the years, she became Empress of Australia and then Venezuela. She ran aground off Cannes, France, in 1962 and was scrapped at La Spezia, Italy.
Sang Hyang Adi Buddha
Sanghyang Adi Buddha is a concept of God in Indonesian Buddhism. This term was used by Ashin Jinarakkhita at the time of Buddhist revival in Indonesia in the mid-20th century to reconcile the first principle of the official philosophical foundation of Indonesia (Pancasila), i.e. Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa (lit. "Recognition of the Divine Omnipotence") that requires the belief in a supreme God, which Buddhism, strictly speaking, does not believe in. This concept is used by the Indonesian Buddhist Council, an organization that seeks to represent all Buddhist traditions in Indonesia such as Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.

Adi-Buddha is a term used in Tantric Buddhism to refer to the Primordial Buddha. The term Sanghyang Adi Buddha is agreed upon and used by the Indonesian Supreme Sangha and the Indonesian Buddhist Council as the designation for God Almighty. This term is not found in Pāli Canon, but used in some old Indonesian Vajrayana texts such as Sanghyang Kamahayanikan.

Classical Tibetan
Classical Tibetan is a liturgical language of Tibetan Buddhism that dates from the 9th century. It particularly refers to the language of early canonical texts translated from other languages, especially Sanskrit. It is one of the handful of 'living' classical languages along with Arabic, Ge'ez, and New Persian, though it meaningfully differs from Modern Standard Tibetan.
Pangburn School District
Pangburn School District is a small school district based in rural north-central White County, Arkansas, United States, with portions in southeastern Cleburne County. Enrollment is less than 1,000 students. The school serves students in Pangburn and the surrounding area. The district is currently separated into four schools: preschool, elementary (kindergarten through fourth grade), middle school (grades five through eight), and high school (grades nine through twelve). All schools are located on the same campus, located in the town of Pangburn.

The district's mission statement is "All students are expected to learn, create, achieve, and succeed in education, community, and life. As educators, we should strive to motivate, encourage, and inspire young people to overcome obstacles and achieve lifelong goals."

Cleburne County, Arkansas
Cleburne County (/ˈkliːbɜːrn/ KLEE-burn, historically /ˈkleɪbɜːrn/ KLAY-burn) is a county located in the north-central portion of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,711. The county seat and most populous city is Heber Springs. The county was formed on February 20, 1883, making it the youngest of Arkansas's 75 counties. It is named for Confederate Major-General Patrick Cleburne. Cleburne is an alcohol-prohibition or dry county.
Diploschistes scruposus
Diploschistes scruposus (crater lichen) is a pale gray to white, warty to cracked (areolate) crustose lichen with black, urn-shaped (urceolate) fruiting bodies (apothecia). It is found worldwide on growing on rock (saxicolous) that is siliceous, in open areas in Mediterranean, temperate and polar areas, from the low tropics to high altitudes.: 265  It is in the family Graphidaceae. In California, it is the most common member of the Diploschistes genus. It is not covered in a powdery white coating (epruinose), which distinguishes it from other members of the genus.

Glossary of mycology
This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found in glossary of biology and glossary of botany, among others. List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names and Botanical Latin may also be relevant, although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity.
Donald River (Hawke's Bay)
The Donald River is a river in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand. It flows southeast from the Kaweka Ranges in the Kaweka Forest Park, reaching the Tutaekuri River 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Napier.

The New Zealand Department of Conservation maintains a tramping track alongside the river.

Hiking in New Zealand
Tramping, known elsewhere as backpacking, rambling, hill walking or bushwalking, is a popular activity in New Zealand.

Tramping is defined as a recreational activity involving walking over rough country. Trampers often carry a backpack and wet-weather gear, and may also carry equipment for cooking and sleeping.
Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu
Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu (pronounced [majaŋɡukiraːɭ oɾu maːðuː] transl. A woman falls in love) is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language film directed by S. P. Muthuraman and produced by S. Baskar. The film stars Muthuraman and Sujatha, with Thengai Srinivasan, Vijayakumar and Fatafat Jayalaxmi in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who must try to keep a one-night stand that she had in college a secret from her husband, and thwart a persistent blackmailer's intent on collecting money from her to keep quiet about it.

Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu was released on 30 May 1975. The film was remade in Kannada as Baalu Jenu (1976), in Telugu as Yavvanam Katesindi (1976), and in Hindi as Bezubaan (1982).

Sujatha (actress)
Sujatha (10 December 1952 – 6 April 2011) was an Indian actress who worked in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films in addition to few in Kannada and Hindi languages as well. The actress was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions. After starring in numerous Malayalam films in her mother-tongue, Sujatha later got introduced to the Tamil film industry by veteran director K. Balachander and as a protagonist in her first Tamil film, Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974).
WATE-TV
WATE-TV (channel 6) is a television station in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Nexstar Media Group. The station's studios are located in the Greystone mansion on North Broadway/SR 33/SR 71/US 441, and its transmitter is located on Sharp's Ridge in North Knoxville.

Tennessee State Route 71
State Route 71 (SR 71) is a north–south state highway in Tennessee. For most of the length it is a "hidden" route, as it coincides with US 441 in all but a short section in Knoxville. The road begins at the North Carolina state line in Sevier County within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park at Newfound Gap and ends at an intersection with US 25W, SR 116, and SR 9 (hidden) in Rocky Top. Along its length SR 71 passes through Sevier County, a small portion of Blount County, Knox County, Anderson County, and in and out of Campbell County. Despite being signed on Hall of Fame Parkway in Knoxville, Tennessee, the Knox County TDOT map ignores SR 71 while SR 33 has a concurrency with US 441.
Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.  Among some phoneticians, phonation or phonating is the process by which the vocal cords, or vocal folds, produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Phoneticians in other subfields, such as linguistic phonetics, call this process voicing, and use the term phonation to refer to any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is just one example. Voiceless and supra-glottal phonations are included under this definition.

Quasiperiodicity
Quasiperiodicity is the property of a system that displays irregular periodicity. Periodic behavior is defined as recurring at regular intervals, such as "every 24 hours". Quasiperiodic behavior is almost but not quite periodic. The term used to denote oscillations that appear to follow a regular pattern but which do not have a fixed period. The term thus used does not have a precise definition and should not be confused with more strictly defined mathematical concepts such as an almost periodic function or a quasiperiodic function.
Lukáš Krejčík
Lukáš Krejčík (born October 15, 1990) is a Czech professional ice hockey player currently playing for LHK Jestřábi Prostějov in the Chance Liga.

He made his Czech Extraliga debut with BK Mladá Boleslav during the 2009–10 Czech Extraliga season. He also played for HC Bílí Tygři Liberec and PSG Berani Zlín.

1st Czech Republic Hockey League
The Maxa liga is the second-highest level of professional ice hockey in the Czech Republic, after the Extraliga. It began in 1993 and is run and administered by Czech Ice Hockey Association.

Until 2015, the league was known as the 1st Czech National Hockey League. It was then known as the WSM Liga until 2018, and the Chance Liga until 2024.
Tayva Patch
Tayva Patch (née Rhoton; February 18, 1953 – November 21, 2015) was an American actress who played the role of Lucy Mack Smith in many films. She also played the role of the FBI agent Meredith in the film Brigham City (2001).

Tayva Rhoton was born in Winslow, Arizona. She studied acting at Brigham Young University. She married Brian Patch in 1972. The couple  had four children and remained married until Tayva's death. She was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Other roles played by Tayva Patch include Mary Magdalene in The Testaments (2000). Patch played several roles alongside Rick Macy, both in several films where he has played Joseph Smith Sr. and also in Out of Step (2002).

In the early years of Mormon cinema (through June 2002), Patch was the only actress who had been cast in a top-billed role in more than one film in the genre.

Lucy Mack Smith
Lucy Mack Smith (July 8, 1775 – May 14, 1856) was the mother of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. She is noted for writing the memoir, Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith, the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations and was an important leader of the movement during Joseph's life.
Nix Creek
Nix Creek is a creek in the Texarkana metropolitan area. The creek is mainly situated in Texarkana, Arkansas, but briefly crosses the border into Texarkana, Texas where it meets Days Creek alongside Swampoodle Creek. The creek passes under U.S. Route 82.

U.S. Route 82 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 82 (US 82) is a major east–west arterial highway across Arkansas's lowest tier of counties.  It enters Arkansas from Texas, concurrent with US 67, at a junction with US 71 on the border between Texarkana, Texas and Texarkana, Arkansas. The route leaves Arkansas on the Lake Village Bridge over the Mississippi River near Lake Village, crossing into Mississippi.
Henry William Wolff
Henry William Wolff (30 December 1840 – 7 March 1931) was a British co-operative activist.

Wolff's father ran the Hunslet Flax Mill, and Henry was born in Leeds.  He worked in agriculture, spending some in the Vosges and Black Forest.  Returning to England, he worked in journalism, and wrote books on a wide variety of subjects.  In the 1880s, he was active in the Liberal Party, and became honorary secretary of the London and Counties Liberal Union.

Wolff became active in the co-operative movement, and in 1895 was a founder of the International Co-operative Alliance, serving as its joint president until 1907.  He was also a founder of the Agricultural Organisation Society, an advisor to the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society, and to the Imperial government in India on co-operatives.

Black Forest
The Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald [ˈʃvaʁtsvalt] ⓘ) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland. It is the source of the Danube and Neckar rivers.

Its highest peak is the Feldberg with an elevation of 1,493 metres (4,898 ft) above sea level. Roughly oblong in shape, with a length of 160 kilometres (100 miles) and breadth of up to 50 km (30 mi), it has an area of about 6,009 km2 (2,320 sq mi).

Historically, the area was known for forestry and the mining of ore deposits, but tourism has now become the primary industry, accounting for around 300,000 jobs. There are several ruined military fortifications dating back to the 17th century.
West London Business
West London Business (WLB) is a UK non-profit business leadership forum, founded in 1994. It represents businesses and enterprises with a presence in the seven 'West London Alliance' boroughs: Barnet, Brent, Ealing, Hammersmith & Fulham, Harrow, Hillingdon, and Hounslow.

The boroughs have a combined population of 2.1 million people, 1.1 million economically active people and 109,000 active businesses.

Now 3 decades on, WLB seeks to represent the interests of 100,000+ businesses, from small to multinational, located in West London, which contribute an estimated (in 2016) £50 billion (GVA) to the economy of the United Kingdom.

The organisation's mission is to ensure West London stays the best place to do business.

London Borough of Harrow
The London Borough of Harrow (/ˈhæroʊ/) is a borough in west and north-west London, England; it forms part of Outer London. It borders four other London boroughs – Barnet to the east of ancient Watling Street (now the A5 road), Brent to the southeast, Ealing to the south and Hillingdon to the west and the Hertfordshire districts of Three Rivers and Hertsmere to the north. The local authority is Harrow London Borough Council. The London borough was formed in 1965, based on boundaries that had been established in 1934. The borough is made up of three towns: Harrow, Pinner and Stanmore, but also includes western parts of Edgware.
Critical Rescue
Critical Rescue is an American docudrama television series that is produced by New Dominion Pictures and ran on the Discovery Channel from February 2, 2003 to August 24, 2003.
The series is streaming on Tubi TV, Pluto TV and Amazon Prime Video.

Tubi
Tubi (stylized as tubı) is an American over-the-top ad-supported streaming television service owned by Fox Corporation since 2020. The service was launched on April 1, 2014, and is based in San Francisco, California. In 2023, Tubi, Credible Labs, and a few other Fox digital assets were placed into a new division known as the Tubi Media Group.

In May 2024, it was reported to have 80 million monthly active users. In January 2025, Tubi reported to have 97 million monthly active users, and reached 100 million monthly active users in June 2025. The service was ranked 33rd in Fast Company's "The World's 50 Most Innovative Companies of 2025".
Solar eclipse of August 10, 1915
An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit between Tuesday, August 10 and Wednesday, August 11, 1915, with a magnitude of 0.9853. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring 5.8 days after apogee (on August 5, 1915, at 2:40 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

Annularity was visible from the Pacific Ocean, with the only land being Haha-jima Group in Japan, where the eclipse occurred on August 11 because it is west of International Date Line. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Northeast Asia, northern Oceania, and Hawaii.

Magnitude of eclipse
The magnitude of eclipse is the fraction of the angular diameter of a celestial body being eclipsed. This applies to all celestial eclipses. The magnitude of a partial or annular solar eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while the magnitude of a total solar eclipse is always greater than or equal to 1.0, and has a theoretically maximum value of around 1.12.

This measure is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with the covered fraction of the apparent area (disk) of the eclipsed body. Neither should it be confused with the astronomical magnitude scale of apparent brightness.
Peter Milobar
Peter Gordon Milobar MLA (born February 13, 1970) is a Canadian politician who has served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (MLA) representing the electoral district of Kamloops Centre since 2024. He was elected as a member of the BC Liberal Party (later BC United), and represented Kamloops-North Thompson in Legislature from 2017 to 2024.  He crossed the floor to the Conservative Party in 2024.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
24 Hours of Le Mans (motorcycle race)
The 24 Heures Motos (often called in English the 24 Hours of Le Mans motorcycle race) is a motorcycle endurance race held annually since 1978 on the Bugatti Circuit, Le Mans, Sarthe, France. The race is organized by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and is part of the Endurance FIM World Championship.

Le Mans
Le Mans (/ləˈmɒ̃/; French: [lə mɑ̃] ⓘ) is a city in northwestern France on the Sarthe River where it meets the Huisne. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.

Its inhabitants are called Manceaux (male) and Mancelles (female). Since 1923, the city has hosted the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the world's oldest active endurance sports car race. The event is among the most attended and prestigious motor sports events in the world.