hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Salvo combat model
The salvo combat model provides a mathematical representation of anti-ship missile battles between modern warships. It was developed  by Wayne Hughes at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, and published in 1995. The salvo model describes the basic elements of modern missile combat in a very simple manner. This is similar to how Lanchester's square law provides a simple model of modern gun combat.

Naval Postgraduate School
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a Naval command with a graduate university mission, operated by the United States Navy and located in Monterey, California.

The NPS mission is to provide "defense-focused graduate education, including classified studies and interdisciplinary research, to advance the operational effectiveness, technological leadership and warfighting advantage of the Naval service."

It offers master's and doctoral degrees in more than 70 fields of study to the U.S. Armed Forces, Department of Defense civilians and international partners. Established in 1909, the school also offers research fellowship opportunities at the postdoctoral level through the National Academies' National Research Council research associateship program.
Geography of Moldova
Located in Eastern Europe, Moldova is bordered on the west and southwest by Romania and on the north, south, and east by Ukraine. Most of its territory lies in the Bessarabia region, between the area's two main rivers, the Nistru and the Prut. The Nistru forms a small part of Moldova's border with Ukraine in the northeast and southeast, but it mainly flows through the eastern part of the country, separating Bessarabia and Transnistria. The Prut River forms Moldova's entire western boundary with Romania. The Danube touches the Moldovan border at its southernmost tip, and forms the border for 200 metres (656 ft).

Răut
Răut, also referred to as Reut (Romanian: Răut, Ukrainian and Russian: Реут (Reut), Yiddish: רעװעט (Revet)) is a river in Moldova, a right tributary of Dniester. Răut, generally navigable until the 18th-19th century, is navigable today only by small recreational boats.

The towns Bălți, Orhei, and Florești are located by the river.
Bizkaiko Bira
Bizkaiko Bira was a multi-day road cycling race held annually in Biscay, Spain. It was regarded as one of the  most prestigious amateur races in the world. Many winners became professional after winning the race including Erik Dekker, Roberto Heras, Igor González de Galdeano and Julián Gorospe.

The race started in 1981 and lasted until 2009. The organizer was the Amorebieta Txirrindulari Elkartea (Cyclist Association of Amorebieta). They also organize the Klasika Primavera cyclist race. In 2005 due to economical problems, they refused to organize the race and Iñaki Barrenetxea Giraldez, a former professional rider took over for the next years. The race was supported by El Correo local newspaper, BBK. In 2010 the race was permanently canceled.

The first winner was the local cyclist Julián Gorospe.

Biscay
Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, ˈbɪski/ BISK-ay, BISK-ee; Basque: Bizkaia [bis̻kai.a]; Spanish: Vizcaya [biθˈkaʝa]) is a province of the Basque Autonomous Community, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao.

Biscay is one of the most renowned and prosperous provinces of Spain, historically a major trading hub in the Atlantic Ocean since medieval times and, later on, one of the largest industrial and financial centers of the Iberian Peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.
1996–97 Illinois State Redbirds men's basketball team
The 1996–97 Illinois State Redbirds men's basketball team represented Illinois State University during the 1996–97 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Redbirds, led by fourth year head coach Kevin Stallings, played their home games at Redbird Arena and were a member of the Missouri Valley Conference.

The Redbirds finished the season 24–6, 14–4 in conference play to finish in first place. They were the number one seed for the Missouri Valley Conference tournament. They won their quarterfinal game versus Indiana State University, semifinal game versus the University of Northern Iowa, and final game versus Southwest Missouri State University to earn the championship title.

The Redbirds received the conference automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. They were assigned to the Midwest Regional as the number eleven seed where they lost to Iowa State University in the first round.

1997 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1997 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament was played after the conclusion of the 1996–1997 regular season at the Kiel Center in St. Louis, Missouri.

The Illinois State Redbirds defeated the Southwest Missouri State Bears in the championship game, 75–72, and as a result won their 3rd MVC Tournament title and earned an automatic bid to the 1997 NCAA tournament. Rico Hill of Illinois State was named the tournament MVP.
Brakpan (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Brakpan was a constituency in the Transvaal Province of South Africa, which existed from 1915 to 1994. It covered a part of the East Rand centred on the town of Brakpan. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Transvaal Provincial Council.

East Rand
26°10′38″S 28°13′19″E﻿ / ﻿26.17722°S 28.22194°E﻿ / -26.17722; 28.22194

The East Rand is a major urban area located in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It is the urban eastern part of Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. The region extends from Alberton in the west to Springs in the east, and south down to Nigel. It includes the towns of Bedfordview, Benoni, Boksburg, Brakpan, Edenvale, Germiston, Kempton Park, Linksfield Modderfontein and Thembisa The East Rand is known as the transport hub of Johannesburg and includes Africa's largest and second busiest airport, OR Tambo International Airport.

After the end of apartheid, the municipal governments of the towns of the East Rand were combined (excluding Modderfontein and Linksfield), and eventually merged into a single administration: the City of  Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality.
Barfoed's test
Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides.  It is based on the reduction of copper(II) acetate to copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), which forms a brick-red precipitate.

RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 2H2O →  RCOOH + Cu2O↓ + 4H+

(Disaccharides may also react, but the reaction is much slower.) The aldehyde group of the monosaccharide which normally forms a cyclic hemiacetal is oxidized to the carboxylate.  A number of other substances, including sodium chloride, may interfere.

Its author is the Danish chemist Christen Thomsen Barfoed and it is primarily used in botany.

The test is similar to the reaction of Fehling's solution to aldehydes.

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
Rodrigo Medellín
Rodrigo A. Medellín is a Mexican ecologist and Senior Professor of Ecology at the Institute of Ecology, University of Mexico (UNAM). Known for his work in bat, jaguar, bighorn sheep and other species conservation, his research has always been designed and conducted to advice conservation policy and conservation decision-making processes in Mexico and 16 other countries for over 40 years.

Medellín uses community ecology, plant-animal interactions, population biology, and molecular ecology to solve conservation problems. He and his team have designed and implemented a three-pronged strategy where research, environmental education, and conservation actions feed back into each other and contribute to the development of activities in his projects. He is known as a very active professor, directing theses and teaching constantly, and is regarded as a charismatic communicator and lecturer who is sought worldwide.

Bighorn sheep
The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) or bighorn is a species of sheep native to North America. It is named for its large horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to 14 kg (30 lb); the sheep typically weigh up to 143 kg (315 lb). Recent genetic testing indicates three distinct subspecies of Ovis canadensis, one of which is endangered: O. c. sierrae.

Sheep originally crossed to North America over the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia; the population in North America peaked in the millions, and the bighorn sheep entered into the mythology of Native Americans. By 1900, the population had crashed to several thousand due to diseases introduced through European livestock and overhunting.
Dale Foster
Dale Foster (born 7 May 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played three games for Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League in 1980. He was recruited from Churchill, Victoria and played for Yallourn/Yallourn North in the Mid Gippsland Football League.

Churchill, Victoria
Churchill is a town in the Latrobe Valley, located in central Gippsland in the east of Victoria, Australia. The town had a population of 4,924 at the 2021 census, and is part of the Latrobe City local government area. The town was named in honour of former British prime minister Sir Winston Churchill, who had died earlier in the year the town's establishment was announced.
Acetyl-CoA C-myristoyltransferase
In enzymology, an acetyl-CoA C-myristoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.155) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

myristoyl-CoA + acetyl-CoA  3-oxopalmitoyl-CoA + CoA

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are myristoyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, whereas its two products are 3-oxopalmitoyl-CoA and CoA.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is myristoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-myristoyltransferase.

Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. Every genome sequenced to date encodes enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester) as a substrate. In humans, CoA biosynthesis requires cysteine, pantothenate (vitamin B5), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

In its acetyl form, coenzyme A is a highly versatile molecule, serving metabolic functions in both the anabolic and catabolic pathways. Acetyl-CoA is utilised in the post-translational regulation and allosteric regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and carboxylase to maintain and support the partition of pyruvate synthesis and degradation.
Blepharidium
Blepharidium is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Blepharidium guatemalense, which is native to Guatemala, Honduras and southern Mexico (Chiapas, Campeche, Tabasco). Older works might mention two species (viz. B. guatemalense and B. mexicanum).

Tabasco
Tabasco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco, is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa.

It is located in southeast Mexico and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the northeast, Veracruz to the west, and Chiapas to the south and the Petén department of Guatemala to the southeast. It has a coastline to the north with the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico, it has plentiful rainfall year-round. The state is also home to La Venta, the major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican cultures. It produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas.
Ernie Flatt
Ernest Orville Flatt (October 30, 1918 – June 10, 1995) was an American choreographer and dancer. He won a Primetime Emmy Award and was nominated for six more in the category Outstanding Choreography for his work on the television program The Carol Burnett Show. As a choreographer he also won a Christopher Award and a Golden Rose. Flatt was also nominated for two Tony Awards in the categories Best Direction of a Musical and Best Choreography.

Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical
The Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical has been given since 1960.  Before 1960 there was only one award for both play direction and musical direction, then in 1960 the award was split into two categories: Dramatic and Musical.
1946–47 FA Cup
The 1946–47 FA Cup was the 66th season of the world's oldest football cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup. Charlton Athletic, the previous season's runners-up, won the competition for the first time, beating Burnley 1–0 after extra time in the final at Wembley.

Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. Some matches, however, might be rescheduled for other days if there were clashes with games for other competitions or the weather was inclement. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.

1947 FA Cup final
The 1947 FA Cup final was the 66th final of the FA Cup. It took place on 26 April 1947 at Wembley Stadium and was contested between Charlton Athletic and Burnley. Charlton were appearing in their second consecutive final after losing to Derby County the previous year, while Second Division Burnley were appearing in their first final since 1914.

Charlton won the match 1–0 after extra time, with Chris Duffy scoring the winning goal. For the second consecutive year, the ball burst during the match; both incidents were later put down to the poor quality of leather available after World War II.
Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency
The tactics of the Iraqi insurgency have varied widely. Insurgents have targeted U.S. forces and Iraqi government forces using improvised explosive devices, ambushes, snipers, and mortar and rocket fire, in addition to using car bombs, kidnappings or hostage-taking, and assassinations.

For most attacks, the Iraqi guerrillas operate in small teams of five to ten men in order to maintain mobility and escape detection. Larger attacks involving as many as 150 men have appeared on occasion since April 2004 (although larger units had also appeared in a few instances beforehand, such as a battle near the Syrian border town of Rawa on June 13, 2003, and a large ambush of a U.S. convoy in the town of Samarra on November 30, 2003).

All of the following methods of attack are designed to allow insurgent teams to strike quickly and escape detection afterwards.

Wartime collaboration
Wartime collaboration is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. As historian Gerhard Hirschfeld says, it "is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory".

The term collaborator dates to the 19th century and was used in France during the Napoleonic Wars. The meaning shifted during World War II to designate traitorous collaboration with the enemy. The related term collaborationism is used by historians who restrict the term to a subset of ideological collaborators in Vichy France who actively promoted German victory.
Michael Russo (sportswriter)
Michael Russo is an American sports journalist for The Athletic. His primary beat is the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Minnesota Wild. He previously worked for the Minneapolis Star Tribune from 2005 to 2017.

Minnesota Wild
The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Wild compete in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Central Division in the Western Conference. The team plays its home games at the Grand Casino Arena, and is owned by Craig Leipold. The Wild are affiliated with the Iowa Wild of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Iowa Heartlanders of the ECHL.

The Wild were founded on June 25, 1997, and began play in the 2000–01 season. The team was founded following the departure of the Minnesota North Stars, who were based in Minnesota from 1967 to 1993, when they relocated to Dallas, Texas, and became the Dallas Stars. The Wild made their first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance in 2003, making a surprise run to the Western Conference finals, but ultimately losing to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The team have appeared in the playoffs a total of 14 times, and have won one division championship, in 2008.
Katrine Conroy
Katrine Conroy  (née Thor-Larsen; born 1957) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 2005 provincial election and served until 2024. She represented the electoral district of Kootenay West as a member of the British Columbia New Democratic Party (BC NDP). She served in the cabinet of British Columbia from 2017 until 2024, most recently  as Minister of Finance.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
A. N. Rai
Amar Nath Rai (born 1 November 1955) is an Indian educator. He is a professor of biochemistry at the North Eastern Hill University. He had served as Vice Chancellor of Mizoram University and North Eastern Hill University. Between 2013 and 2015, he was Director of the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) of India.

He had been a visiting professor at Uppsala University and Stockholm University. His research in nitrogen fixation and symbiosis in cyanobacteria are internationally acclaimed. He is an elected Fellow of the Linnean Society of London.

North-Eastern Hill University
North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) is a Central University established on 19 July 1973 by an Act of the Indian Parliament. The university is in the suburb of Shillong, the state capital of Meghalaya, India. The university has two campuses, in Shillong and Tura. Both campuses are in Meghalaya state. The first pro-vice chancellor was Early Rising Singha

It is the University Grants Commission's University with Potential for Excellence (conferred in 2006). It was established as a regional university for the states of northeast India, including Meghalaya, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, and had given birth to Nagaland University in 1994 and Mizoram University in 2001.
Jeanne Omelenchuk
Jeanne Marie Omelenchuk (March 25, 1931 – June 26, 2008) was an American speed skater. She competed at the 1960, 1968 and the 1972 Winter Olympics. As a cyclist, she won the 1952 and 1955 amateur women's United States National Championship.

1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France. Thirty-seven countries participated.

The 1968 Winter Games marked the first time the IOC permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.

Norway won the most gold and overall medals, the first time since the 1952 Winter Olympics that the Soviet Union did not top the medal table by both parameters.
Seriate
Seriate (Italian pronunciation: [seˈrjaːte] Bergamasque: Seriàt [seˈrjaːt] ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Milan and about 4 kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Bergamo. As of 31 August 2020, it had a population of 25,200 and an area of 12.4 square kilometres (4.8 sq mi).

Seriate borders the following municipalities: Albano Sant'Alessandro, Bagnatica, Bergamo, Brusaporto, Calcinate, Cavernago, Gorle, Grassobbio, Orio al Serio, Pedrengo.
Seriate received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 2, 1989.

Bagnatica
Bagnatica (Bergamasque: Bagnàdega) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Milan and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Bergamo.
Eureka station
Eureka station was a station on the Great Northern Railway's Empire Builder in Eureka, Montana. It closed in 1970 when Lake Koocanusa was made, flooding The Kootenai River as well as Rexford, MT, where the lines used to run from Eureka to Libby. Around Stryker, the Flathead Tunnel was constructed to bypass Eureka and go to Libby.

Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
The Great Northern Railway (reporting mark GN) was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, it was the creation of 19th-century Canadian-American railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern's route made it the northernmost transcontinental railroad in the U.S.

In 1970, the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which merged in 1996 with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway.
Spherical coordinate system
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system specifies a given point in three-dimensional space by using a distance and two angles as its three coordinates. These are

the radial distance r along the line connecting the point to a fixed point called the origin;

the polar angle θ between this radial line and a given polar axis; and

the azimuthal angle φ, which is the angle of rotation of the radial line around the polar axis.

(See graphic regarding the "physics convention".)

Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical polar coordinates.
The plane passing through the origin and perpendicular to the polar axis (where the polar angle is a right angle) is called the reference plane (sometimes fundamental plane).

Angular displacement
The angular displacement (symbol θ, ϑ, or φ) – also called angle of rotation, rotational displacement, or rotary displacement – of a physical body is the angle (with the unit radian, degree, turn, etc.) through which the body has rotated (revolved or spun) around a centre or axis of rotation. Angular displacement may be signed, indicating the direction of rotation (e.g., clockwiseverses counterclockwise); it may also be greater (in absolute value) than a full turn if the rotation was.