hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Literal contracts in Roman law
Literal contracts (contractus litteris) formed part of the Roman law of contracts. Of uncertain origin, in terms of time and any historical development, they are often seen as subsidiary in the Roman law to other forms. They had developed by at the latest 100 BC, and continued into the Late Roman Empire.

The form itself was a written entry in some form of account book, which Gaius describes as either replacing an existing obligation from another source, or transferring a debt from one person to another. At least the second form was unavailable to peregrines. It seems to have been limited to certain sums which were unconditional and which had the consent of the debtor. Its later development was shaped by changes in the oral contract, the stipulatio.

Later Roman Empire
In historiography, the Late or Later Roman Empire, traditionally covering the period from 284 CE to 641 CE, was a time of significant transformation in Roman governance, society, and religion. Diocletian's reforms, including the establishment of the tetrarchy, aimed to address the vastness of the empire and internal instability. The rise of Christianity, legalized by Constantine the Great in 313 CE, profoundly changed the religious landscape, becoming a central force in Roman life. Simultaneously, barbarian invasions, particularly by the Goths and the Huns, weakened the Western Roman Empire, which collapsed in 476 CE. In contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire endured, evolving into the Byzantine Empire and laying the foundations for medieval Europe.

This article ends with the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641 CE and the beginning of the Byzantine Dark Ages.
Mary Sherman Morgan
Mary Sherman Morgan (November 4, 1921 – August 4, 2004) was an American rocket fuel scientist credited with the invention of the liquid fuel Hydyne in 1957, which powered the Jupiter-C rocket that boosted the United States' first satellite, Explorer 1.

North American Aviation
North American Aviation (NAA) was a major American aerospace manufacturer that designed and built several notable aircraft and spacecraft. Its products included the T-6 Texan trainer, the P-51 Mustang fighter, the B-25 Mitchell bomber, the F-86 Sabre jet fighter, the X-15 rocket plane, the XB-70 bomber, the B-1 Lancer, the Apollo command and service module, the second stage of the Saturn V rocket, and the Space Shuttle orbiter.

Through a series of mergers and sales, North American Aviation became part of North American Rockwell, which later became Rockwell International, and is now part of Boeing.
TSS Princess Maud (1934)
TSS Princess Maud was a ferry that operated from 1934 usually in the Irish Sea apart from a period as a troop ship in the Second World War and before being sold outside the United Kingdom in 1965.  She was built by William Denny and Brothers of Dumbarton on the Firth of Clyde for the London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). When the LMS was nationalised in 1948 she passed to the British Transport Commission and onward to British Rail in 1962.  She was sold to Lefkosia Compania Naviera, Panama in 1965.  Renamed Venus she was for service in Greek waters. It is understood she saw use as an accommodation ship in Burmeister & Wain, Copenhagen.

Firth of Clyde
The Firth of Clyde is the estuary of the River Clyde, on the west coast of Scotland. The Firth has some of the deepest coastal waters of the British Isles and is sheltered from the Atlantic Ocean by the Kintyre Peninsula.  The Firth lies between West Dunbartonshire in the north, Argyll and Bute in the west, and Inverclyde, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire in the east. Kilbrannan Sound is a large arm of the Firth, separating the Kintyre Peninsula from the Isle of Arran. The Kyles of Bute separates the Isle of Bute from the Cowal Peninsula. The Sound of Bute separates the islands of Bute and Arran.

The Highland Boundary Fault crosses the Firth.  The Firth also played a vital military role during World War II.

The Firth is sometimes called the Clyde Waters or Clyde Sea. It is customarily considered to be part of the Irish Sea.
Empress Yan
Empress Yan is the name of:

Empress Yan Ji (died 126), Han dynasty empress

Empress Yan (Li Qi's wife) (fl. 334), Cheng-Han empress, married to Li Qi

Empress Yan (Li Shou's wife) (fl. 338–343), Cheng-Han empress, married to Li Shou

Yan Ji
Yan Ji (閻姬) (died 28 February 126), formally Empress Ansi (安思皇后, literally "the peaceful and deep-thinking empress"), was an empress during the Eastern Han dynasty. Her husband was Emperor An. She was known for her conspiratorial and nepotistic behavior, both as empress and (briefly) as empress dowager regent. She ruled as Regent for seven months during the rule of Marquess of Beixiang in 125. However, her plan, along with her brothers, to hold on to power for a long time ultimately resulted in failure and the deaths of her clan members.
SS Scythia
SS Scythia was a British steam passenger ship that sailed on the trans-Atlantic route between Liverpool and New York City, and later Boston. The ship was built by James & George Thomson of Clydebank, and launched on 28 October 1874 for the British & North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, which became the Cunard Line in 1879.

Scythia was built with an iron hull, with a gross register tonnage of 4,557, and a length of 420.8 feet long. She was powered by a single 600 hp 2-cylinder compound steam engine and had a top speed of 13 knots.

Scythia sailed on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York via Queenstown on 1 May 1875, and made her first voyage from Liverpool to Boston on 13 June 1884. She was retired from service in 1898, and was scrapped in Genoa, Italy in 1899.

Cobh
Cobh (/ˈkoʊv/ KOHV, Irish: An Cóbh), known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown, is a seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland. With a population of 14,148 inhabitants at the 2022 census, Cobh is on the south side of Great Island in Cork Harbour and home to Ireland's only dedicated cruise terminal. Tourism in the area draws on the maritime and emigration legacy of the town.

Facing the town are Spike and Haulbowline islands. On a high point in the town stands St Colman's, the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cloyne. It is one of the tallest buildings in Ireland, standing at 91.4 metres (300 ft).
Luke Fleming
Luke Fleming (born June 17, 1987) is an American professional stock car racing driver who competed in the now defunct NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour from 2009 to 2015. He is the son and nephew of fellow racing drivers Chris Fleming and Frank Fleming respectively.

Fleming has previously competed in series such as the SMART Modified Tour, the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour, the Mid-East Modified Tour, and the World Series of Asphalt Stock Car Racing.

NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour
The NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour (NWMT) (previously the NASCAR Winston Modified Tour and NASCAR Featherlite Modified Series from 1985 until 2005) is a modified stock car racing series owned and operated by NASCAR in the Modified Division.  The Modified Division is NASCAR's oldest division, and is the only open-wheeled division that NASCAR sanctions. NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour events are mainly held in the northeastern United States, but the 2007 and 2008 tours expanded to the Midwest with the addition of a race in Mansfield, Ohio. The tour races primarily on short oval paved tracks, but the NWMT also has made appearances at larger ovals and road courses.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3929
POxy 3929 (or P. Oxy. LVIII 3929) is one of four examples of libelli found at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. It is a certificate of sacrifice, serving as proof that the recipient satisfied the pagan commissioners during the Decian persecution of Christians. It was issued in the year 250.

Oxyrhynchus
Oxyrhynchus (/ˌɒksɪˈrɪŋkəs/ OK-sih-RINK-əs; Ancient Greek: Ὀξύῤῥυγχος, romanized: Oxýrrhynkhos, lit. 'sharp-nosed', Koine Greek: [okˈsyr̥r̥yŋkʰos]; Ancient Egyptian: pr mꜥḏ; Coptic: ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ or ⲡⲙ̅ϫⲏ, romanized: Pemdje), also known by its modern name Al-Bahnasa (Arabic: البهنسا, romanized: el-Bahnasa), is a city in Middle Egypt located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo in Minya Governorate. It is also an important  archaeological site. Since the late 19th century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been excavated almost continually, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. They also include a few vellum manuscripts, and more recent Arabic manuscripts on paper (for example, the medieval P. Oxy. VI 1006).
Mitoizumi Masayuki
Mitoizumi Masayuki (born 2 September 1962 as Masato Koizumi) is a former sumo wrestler from Mito, Ibaraki, Japan. His professional career spanned 22 years, from 1978 until 2000. The highest rank he reached was sekiwake. He won over 800 career bouts and took the yūshō or championship in the top makuuchi division in 1992. Mitoizumi was nicknamed the "Salt Shaker", due to his habit of throwing enormous quantities of purifying salt onto the ring (dohyō) during the pre-match preliminaries. He is now a coach, and is known as Nishikido Oyakata.

Dohyō
A dohyō (土俵, Japanese pronunciation: [doçoː]) is the space in which a sumo wrestling bout occurs. A typical dohyō is a circle 4.55 m (15 ft) in diameter, bounded by partially buried rice-straw bales. In official professional tournaments (honbasho), it is mounted on a square platform of clay 66 cm (26 in) high and 6.7 m (22 ft) wide on each side.
Atikameg, Alberta
Atikameg is a settlement in Alberta, Canada. It is located along Highway 750, 92 km (57 mi) north-east from High Prairie. It lies on the north-western shore of Utikuma Lake at an elevation of 685 m (2,247 ft).

Atikameg means little whitefish in Cree. The settlement is home to the Whitefish Lake First Nation and is the centre of the Utikoomak Lake 155 Indian Reserve. The Whitefish Lake Band is affiliated to the Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council.

The postal code for Atikameg is T0G 0C0.

Utikoomak Lake 155
Utikoomak Lake 155 is an Indian reserve of the Whitefish Lake First Nation in Alberta, located within Northern Sunrise County and Big Lakes County. It is 61 kilometers north of High Prairie. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 723 living in 158 of its 193 total private dwellings.
Piper hederaceum
Piper hederaceum, commonly known as the giant pepper vine, is a species of plants in the pepper family Piperaceae. It is a twining climber with a stem diameter up to 15 cm (5.9 in) which is endemic to eastern Australia, found from Lockhart River, Queensland, to Bermagui, New South Wales. It inhabits tropical, subtropical and temperate rainforest at altitudes from sea level to about 1,200 m (3,900 ft).

Bermagui, New South Wales
Bermagui (/bɜːrməɡjui/) is a town on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, in the Bega Valley Shire. It lies on the shores of the southern end of Horseshoe Bay. The name is derived from the Dyirringanj word, permageua, possibly meaning "canoe with paddles".
Zimino
Zimino (Russian: Зимино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Ziminsky Selsoviet, Rebrikhinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 997 as of 2013. There are 11 streets.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Old River Dove
Old River Dove is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in Derbyshire, England. It was designated as a protected area in 1986 because of the site's accommodations of dragonflies and also the plant species, Butomus umbellatus.

Part of the land is owned by the Diocese of Derby.

Butomus umbellatus
Butomus umbellatus is a Eurasian plant species in the family Butomaceae. It is the only species in the family. Common names include flowering rush or grass rush. Introduced into North America as an ornamental plant it has now become a serious invasive weed in the Great Lakes area and in parts of the Pacific Northwest. In Israel, one of its native countries, it is an endangered species due to the habitat loss. It can also be found in Great Britain locally, for example at the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels. The plant is a rhizomatous, hairless, perennial aquatic plant. Its name is derived from Greek bous, meaning "cow", "ox" etc. and tome, a cut (the verb 'temnein' meaning "to cut"), which refers to the plant's swordlike leaves.
Non-belligerent
A non-belligerent is a person, a state, or other organization that does not fight in a given conflict. The term is often used to describe a country that does not take part militarily in a war.

A non-belligerent state differs from a neutral one in that it may support certain belligerents in a war but is not directly involved in military operations.
The term may also be used to describe a person not involved in combat or aggression, especially if combat or aggression is likely. In a situation of civil unrest such as a riot, civilians may be divided into belligerents, those actually fighting or intending to fight, and non-belligerents who are merely bystanders.

Combat
Combat is a purposeful violent conflict between multiple combatants with the intent to harm the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed (not using weapons). Combat is resorted to either as a method of self-defense or to impose one's will upon others. An instance of combat can be a standalone confrontation or part of a wider conflict, and its scale can range from a fight between individuals to a war between organized groups. Combat may also be benign and recreational, as in the cases of combat sports and mock combat.

Combat may comply with, or be in violation of, local or international laws regarding conflict. Examples of rules include the Geneva Conventions (covering the treatment of people in war), medieval chivalry, the Marquess of Queensberry Rules (covering boxing), and the individual rulesets of various combat sports.
Capitoline Wolf, Timișoara
Capitoline Wolf is a statue located in Timișoara's Victory Square, between the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Palace of Culture. Copy of the famous Capitoline Wolf, the statue was donated by the municipality of Rome in 1926 as a symbol of Latinity that glorifies the Roman Empire culture of that period. The statue depicts the legend of the founders of Rome, the brothers Romulus and Remus, suckled by a she-wolf. The statue is inscribed in the list of historical monuments with the code TM-III-m-B-06314.

Statue
A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as colossal statues.

Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity, is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.
Richard Poole (character)
Detective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series Death in Paradise, portrayed by Ben Miller. Poole also appears in novels based on the TV series written by Robert Thorogood.

Robert Thorogood
Robert Thorogood (born 18th January 1972 in Colchester, Essex) is an English screenwriter and Sunday Times and USA Today Bestselling novelist. He created the BBC One murder mystery series Death in Paradise as well as co-created two spin-off shows from it, Beyond Paradise and Return to Paradise. Since then, he's written The Marlow Murder Club series of murder mystery novels, which he turned into a TV series for PBS and UKTV.

He won France Film's "En Route to France" award in 2012.
The Baphomet
The Baphomet is a transgressive piece of experimental fiction authored by Pierre Klossowski. Klossowski wrote his original French novel in 1965, but it was not available in English until 1988, when a translation by Sophie Hawke and Stephen Sartorelli was published by Eridanos Press.

The Baphomet was awarded the 1965 Prix des Critiques. In protest of the award, Roger Caillois resigned from the jury, citing his disapproval of the work's organization, style, and grammar.

Roger Caillois
Roger Caillois (French: [ʁɔʒe kajwa]; 3 March 1913 – 21 December 1978) was a French intellectual and prolific writer whose original work brought together literary criticism, sociology, poetry, ludology and philosophy by focusing on very diverse subjects such as games, surrealism, south-American literature, the mineral world, dreams and images, ethnology, the history of religions and the sacred. He was also instrumental in introducing Latin American authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda and Miguel Ángel Asturias to the French public. After his death, the French Literary award Prix Roger Caillois was named after him in 1991.
Algorithmic composition
Algorithmic composition is the technique of using algorithms to create music.

Algorithms (or, at the very least, formal sets of rules) have been used to compose music for centuries; the procedures used to plot voice-leading in Western counterpoint, for example, can often be reduced to algorithmic determinacy. The term can be used to describe music-generating techniques that run without ongoing human intervention, for example through the introduction of chance procedures. However through live coding and other interactive interfaces, a fully human-centric approach to algorithmic composition is possible.

Some algorithms or data that have no immediate musical relevance are used by composers as creative inspiration for their music. Algorithms such as fractals, L-systems, statistical models, and even arbitrary data (e.g. census figures, GIS coordinates, or magnetic field measurements) have been used as source materials.

Voice leading
Voice leading (or part writing) is the linear progression of individual melodic lines (voices or parts) and their interaction with one another to create harmonies, typically in accordance with the principles of common-practice harmony and counterpoint. These principles include voices sounding smooth and independent, generally minimising movement to common tones as well as steps to the closest chord tone possible, therefore minimising leaps where possible. As a result, different voicings and inversions of chords may provide smoother voice leading.

Rigorous concern for voice leading is of greatest importance in common-practice music, although jazz and pop music also demonstrate attention to voice leading to varying degrees.

The style of voice leading will depend on the performing medium; for example, singing a large leap may be harder than playing it on piano.
Mary Holland (activist)
Mary Holland  (fl. 1922) of Galway was an Irish anti-treaty supporter.

Holland was a native of Lackagh, County Galway, and friendly with a number of people active in the Anti-Treaty IRA, one of whom was Christy Courtney of Athenry. Members of the Holland family and Courtney were attending a dance at the Hangar Ballroom, Salthill, when it was surrounded by Free State troops, who were searching for Courtney. The women were allowed to leave; Courtney took advantage of this by borrowing the shawl of his wife's sister, Kate Holland, and escaping. The ruse was discovered and the officer in charge began shouting with Mary Holland; the officer lost his temper and shot Holland in the chest. The bullet was too high to kill her, though she bore the scars on her chest (entry wound) and back (exit wound) for the rest of her life.

Salthill
Salthill (Irish: Bóthar na Trá, meaning 'road of the strand') is a seaside area to the southwest of Galway city centre in the west of Ireland. The area is home to a number of tourist amenities and there is a 2 km long promenade, locally known as "the Prom", which overlooks Galway Bay.
Built to Spill Plays the Songs of Daniel Johnston
Built to Spill Plays the Songs of Daniel Johnston is a 2020 tribute album by indie rock band Built to Spill covering the works of outsider musician Daniel Johnston. It was released on June 12, 2020, by Ernest Jenning. The album was conceived after the band completed touring with Johnston during his final two concerts in November 2017. The album received mostly positive reviews.

Outsider music
Outsider music (from "outsider art") is music created by self-taught or naïve musicians. The term is usually applied to musicians who have little or no traditional musical experience, who exhibit childlike qualities in their music, or who have intellectual disabilities, mental illnesses or a nerve disorder. The term was popularized in the 1990s by journalist and WFMU DJ Irwin Chusid.

Outsider musicians often overlap with lo-fi artists, since their work is rarely captured in professional recording studios. Examples  include Daniel Johnston, Wesley Willis, and Jandek, who each became the subjects of documentary films in the 2000s.
Kallitechnis
Cassandra Kouremenos, known professionally as Kallitechnis (stylised in all caps), is a Canadian musician from Montreal, Quebec, whose single "Gifted" received a Juno Award nomination for Contemporary R&B/Soul Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2022.

After releasing music independently to SoundCloud, she first became known when she was a featured artist on Lou Phelps's 2016 single "Average". She released her debut EP Wet Paint in 2017, and followed up with Chromatic in 2019, Because It Feels Good in 2021, It's Not Personal in 2022, and Mood Ring in 2024.

Juno Award for Contemporary R&B/Soul Recording of the Year
The Juno Award for Contemporary R&B/Soul Recording of the Year is an annual Canadian music award, presented as part of the Juno Awards to honour the year's best Canadian recordings in contemporary rhythm and blues and soul music. The award was presented for the first time at the Juno Awards of 2021, after the splitting of the former R&B/Soul Recording of the Year into new categories for contemporary and traditional music.
Seabra (surname)
Seabra is a Portuguese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Antero Frederico de Seabra (1874–1952), Portuguese naturalist

António Luís de Seabra, 1st Viscount of Seabra (1798–1895), Portuguese magistrate and politician

Antônio Luiz Seabra, Brazilian billionaire businessman

Augusto M. Seabra, Portuguese film critic

Jose Luiz Seabra (born 1974), Brazilian-born Trinidad and Tobago football defender

Manuel de Seabra (1932–2017), Portuguese writer, journalist, translator

Maria do Carmo Seabra (born 1955), Portuguese politician

Renato Seabra (born 1978), Brazilian cyclist

Renato Seabra, Portuguese former model and convicted murderer

Roberto Seabra (born 1976), Brazilian water polo player

Ruy Seabra (born 1947), Portuguese lawyer and football manager

Daniel R. Seabra (born 1981), Portuguese Comedian

Vasco Seabra (born 1983), Portuguese football manager

Veríssimo Correia Seabra (1947–2004), Guinea-Bissau general

Zita Seabra (born 1949), Portuguese politician

Augusto M. Seabra
Augusto Manuel Seabra (9 August 1955 – 5 September 2024) was a Portuguese music and film critic who was active from 1977. He wrote many articles to the Portuguese newspaper Público. Seabra had a regular presence at many film festivals, such as Cannes, San Sebastian and Turin. He was president of Saldanha Cultural Association and director of programme of Monumental Festivals 1995 and 1996. Seabra was also responsible for a lot of cinema cycles such as Riscos from Doclisboa, from 2007. He was also a music consultant for the Seixas Santos film E o tempo passa. He was also commissioner of  OrquestrUtópica concerts – “Metropolis – Música e Política” e “BMC – NYC, Black Mountain College – New York City”. Seabra died on 5 September 2024, at the age of 69.