hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
K-trivial set
In mathematics, a set of natural numbers is called a K-trivial set if its initial segments viewed as binary strings are easy to describe: the prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity is as low as possible, close to that of a computable set. Solovay proved in 1975 that a set can be K-trivial without being computable.

The Schnorr–Levin theorem says that random sets have a  high initial segment complexity. Thus the K-trivials  are far  from random. This is why these sets  are studied in the field of algorithmic randomness, which is a subfield of Computability theory  and related to  algorithmic information theory in computer science.

At the same time, K-trivial sets are close to computable. For instance,   they are all superlow, i.e. sets whose Turing jump is computable from the Halting problem, and form a Turing ideal, i.e. class of sets closed under  Turing join and closed downward under Turing reduction.

Upper set
In mathematics, an upper set (also called an upward closed set, an upset, or an isotone set in X) of a partially ordered set  is a subset  with the following property: if s is in S and if x in X is larger than s (that is, if ), then x is in S. In other words, this means that any x element of X that is greater than or equal to some element of S is necessarily also an element of S, or,

The term lower set (also called a downward closed set, down set, decreasing set, initial segment, or semi-ideal) is defined similarly as being a subset S of X with the property that any element x of X that is  to some element of S is necessarily also an element of S.
Banlieue Sale Music
"Banlieue Sale Music" is a song by French rapper La Fouine featuring fellow French rapper Nessbeal. It was released on 18 December 2009 by La Fouine's record label Banlieue Sale as the lead single from his fourth mixtape Capital du crime, Vol. 2, and peaked at number 15 on the Belgian Ultratip 50 Singles Chart in Wallonia.

Ultratop
Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium. Ultratop is a non-profit organization, created in 1995 on the initiative of the Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA), the Belgian member organization of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Two parallel sets of charts are concurrently produced and published: one is on behalf of Belgium's mainly Dutch-speaking Flanders region, and the other caters to the nation's mainly French-speaking region of Wallonia.
World Bank Director-General Evaluation
The World Bank Director-General Evaluation (DGE) oversees the work of three units of the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG): IEG-World Bank evaluates IBRD and IDA support to countries' overall development; IEG-IFC evaluates Bank Group activities that focus on contributions to private sector development and on strengthening the business climate; and IEG-MIGA evaluates the impact of Bank Group political risk guarantees and technical assistance aimed at improving foreign direct investment to developing countries. These three units, under the overall guidance of the Director-General, disseminate their findings with the aim of enhancing the Bank Group's development effectiveness. The Director-General also works closely with development partners to foster international evaluation harmonization, strengthen evaluation capacity in developing countries, and encourage evaluations of the international development system.

This position is currently held by Caroline Heider as of October 2011.

International Finance Corporation
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution headquartered in Washington, D.C., and a member of the World Bank Group. Established in 1956 as the private-sector arm of the World Bank Group, the IFC provides investment, advisory, and asset-management services to support private-sector development in developing countries. Its goal is to help people achieve better living standards by mobilizing financial resources for private enterprises.
Tlyarata
Tlyarata is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Tlyarata, Gumbetovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, a selo in Gumbetovsky District of the Republic of Dagestan

Tlyarata, Tlyaratinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, a selo in Tlyaratinsky District of the Republic of Dagestan

Gumbetovsky District
Gumbetovsky District (Russian: Гумбе́товский райо́н; Avar: Бакълъул мухъ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is 730 square kilometers (280 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Mekhelta. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,046, with the population of Mekhelta accounting for 15.0% of that number.
Oceans (Esprit D'Air album)
Oceans is the second studio album by London-based Japanese rock band Esprit D'Air. It was released on 18 February 2022, through the band's own Starstorm Records with a distribution partnership with AWAL and Plastic Head Distribution. Work on the album began in 2018, but was halted due to the theft of producer and singer Kai's laptop and backups in 2019, which delayed new singles and the album releases.

Esprit D'Air completed the album in late in 2021 after successfully crowdfunding the album. Oceans is a very genre-fluid album containing various metal and rock genres with elements of electronics and piano. It was produced entirely by Kai with collaborations from session musicians and featured artists including Ben Christo from the Sisters of Mercy and Ryo Kinoshita from Crystal Lake, and Japanese vocaloid artist UmiKazeTaiyou.

AWAL
AWAL (an initialism of Artists Without a Label) is a global recording business that serves as an alternative to the traditional record label, offering deal structures that provide artists with the resources and expertise of a global label while allowing them to retain ownership and control of their music.

Since 2021, AWAL has been owned by Sony Music, following its acquisition from Kobalt Music Group for $430 million.
White Skin (film)
White Skin (French: La Peau blanche) is a 2004 Canadian horror film directed by Daniel Roby and starring Marc Paquet and Marianne Farley. It was released on video in the United States under the title Cannibal.  The film won the award for Best Canadian First Feature Film at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival, and the Claude Jutra Award for best feature film by a first-time director at the 25th Genie Awards.

John Dunning Best First Feature Award
The John Dunning Best First Feature Award is a special Canadian film award, presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the year's best feature film by a first-time film director. Under the earlier names Claude Jutra Award and Canadian Screen Award for Best First Feature, the award has been presented since the 14th Genie Awards in 1993.

Formerly a juried prize whose winner was announced in advance of the ceremony, the award is now presented as a conventional category with a full shortlist of nominees.

To date six films, The Confessional (Le Confessionnal), Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner, Away from Her, A Colony (Une colonie), Beans and Scarborough, have won both the Best First Feature and Best Picture awards in the same year; the directors of Le Confessionnal, Atanarjuat, Away from Her and Scarborough also won the award for Best Director for the same films.
Sampson Lort
Sampson Lort was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1659.

Lort was the second son of Henry Lort of Stackpole, Pembrokeshire and his wife Judith White, daughter of Henry White of Henllam, Pembrokeshire. In 1659, he was elected Member of Parliament for Pembroke in a double return for the Third Protectorate Parliament which was never resolved.

Lort married  a daughter of Sir John Philipps, 1st Baronet, of Picton. He was the brother of Sir Roger Lort, 1st Baronet.

Third Protectorate Parliament
The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an Upper House having a power of veto over the Commons.
Military Ordinariate of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The  Military Ordinariate of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croatian: Vojni ordinarijat u Bosni i Hercegovini) is a Latin Church military ordinariate of the Catholic Church. Immediately exempt to the Holy See, it provides pastoral care to Catholics serving in Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and their families.

Pastoral care
In healthcare settings, pastoral care refers to the provision of emotional and spiritual support to patients, visitors, and staff. Services may include listening to life stories, conducting memorial services, providing companionship, or offering one-on-one time with patients. The specific activities vary depending on whether the care provider follows a religious tradition or operates from a secular framework.
New York Brass Quintet
The New York Brass Quintet, founded in 1954 by Robert Nagel and Harvey Phillips, was the first brass quintet to regularly perform on the concert stage. The ensemble is credited with popularizing the modern brass quintet in its most common form: 2 trumpets, 1 horn, 1 trombone, and 1 tuba. While the NYBQ most frequently performed transcriptions, they also commissioned prominent works for the brass quintet by Alec Wilder (1959), Malcolm Arnold (1961), Gunther Schuller (1961), Alvin Etler (1963), Vincent Persichetti (1968), and Jan Bach (1971). The quintet disbanded in 1985.

Jan Bach
Jan Bach (December 11, 1937 – October 30, 2020) was an American composer. He taught at the University of Tampa (Florida) from 1965 to 1966 and at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois (music theory and composition) from 1966 to 2002. His primary performing instrument was the horn, and he was renowned among hornists for his horn pieces. He also played the piano.

Bach died on October 30, 2020, at age 82.
Suzanne Lohnes-Croft
Suzanne Lohnes-Croft is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2013 provincial election and was re-elected in 2017. A member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party, she represented the electoral district of Lunenburg until her defeat in the 2021 Nova Scotia general election.

Lunenburg (provincial electoral district)
Lunenburg is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. From 1867 to 1956, the district included all of Lunenburg County. In 1956, the district was abolished into Lunenburg Centre, Lunenburg East and Lunenburg West. The riding was re-created in 1993 with nearly identical boundaries to Lunenburg Centre, except it lost the area west of the LaHave River (except New Germany) to Lunenburg West. The district also lost the Tancook Islands to Chester-St. Margaret's.

The riding includes the towns of Lunenburg and Mahone Bay.
Campylobacter upsaliensis
Campylobacter upsaliensis is a gram-negative bacteria in the Campylobacter genus. C. upsaliensis is found worldwide, and is a common cause of campylobacteriosis in humans, as well as gastroenteritis in dogs and cats. Human infections are primarily associated with raw or undercooked meat and contaminated water sources, however there is some zoonotic risk associated with the spread from dogs and cats. C. upsaliensis primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract as it damages gastrointestinal epithelial cells. There are many methods for detecting C.upsaliensis including PCR and ELISA, however there is no current gold standard in detection techniques. Infection is typically self limiting, however there is antimicrobial therapy available.

Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second.

Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four iron-containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to react with hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7, and has a fairly broad maximum: the rate of reaction does not change appreciably between pH 6.8 and 7.5. The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species. The optimum temperature also varies by species.
Darginskiy okrug
The Darginskiy okrug was a district (okrug) of the Dagestan Oblast of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The area of the Darginskiy okrug is included in contemporary Dagestan of the Russian Federation. The district's administrative centre was Levashi.

Dagestan Oblast
The Dagestan Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southeastern Dagestan within the Russian Federation. The Dagestan oblast was created in 1860 out of the territories of the former Caucasian Imamate, bordering the Terek Oblast to the north, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the west, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and Baku Governorate to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Temir-Khan-Shura (present-day Buynaksk).
Michael Echanis
Michael Dick Echanis (November 16, 1950 – September 8, 1978) was an American enlisted soldier and self-styled "soldier of fortune". In 1970, he served briefly in "C" Company, 75th Ranger Regiment Infantry in Vietnam. Echanis then made his living as a martial artist, writer and editor. He was the martial arts editor for the magazine Soldier of Fortune (SOF) from 1974 to 1976. He died while working as a private security contractor in Nicaragua at the behest of the Nicaraguan National Guard. This was reported by SOF in an article published after the incident.

National Guard (Nicaragua)
The Nicaraguan National Guard (Spanish: Guardia Nacional, otherwise known as la Guardia) was a militia and a gendarmerie created in 1925 during the occupation of Nicaragua by the United States. It became notorious for human rights abuses and corruption under the regime of the Somoza family (1936–1979). The National Guard was disbanded when the Sandinistas came to power in 1979.
Colosseum Mall
Colosseum is a retail park in Bucharest, Romania, located in the northwestern part of the city, near Chitila. There were also plans for the construction of a shopping mall from 2014 and this was finally opened in March 2022.

Retail park
A retail park is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom and other European countries. Retail parks form a key aspect of European retail geographies, alongside indoor shopping centres, standalone stores like hypermarkets and more traditional high streets. They are a similar retail model to the North American power centers, neighborhood shopping centers and strip malls.

Cushman & Wakefield define a retail park as any shopping centre with mostly retail warehouse units, of a size 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger.

Retail parks have a number of retailers in a single location, but as opposed to an indoor centre, there is no roof, and they are therefore not weatherproof.
Bruno Cipolla
Bruno Cipolla (24 December 1952 – 15 February 2026) was an Italian rowing coxswain who had his best achievements in the coxed pairs, together with Renzo Sambo and Primo Baran. They won a European title in 1967 and an Olympic gold medal in 1968, for which Cipolla received a car from the Fiat company. His career was interrupted for six months by a motorcycle collision after the Olympics. He retired in 1971.

Cipolla died on 15 February 2026, at the age of 73.

Coxswain (rowing)
In a rowing crew, the coxswain (/ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən or /ˈkɒksweɪn/ KOK-swayn; colloquially known as the cox or coxie) is a crewmember who does not row but directs the boat. The coxswain sits facing the bow, unlike the rowers, and is responsible for steering the boat and coordinating the power and rhythm of the rowers. The coxswain's role while on the water is similar to that of an assistant coach or team captain, and they are sometimes also called upon to implement the training regimen or race plan.

In most racing, coxswains may be of either sex regardless of the sex of the rowers. Often they are women, since women are more likely to be near the ideal weight of a cox, which is 110 lbs or 120 lbs for USRowing and 55 kg for World Rowing (see Sex, and Weight, below).
Marion Hellmann
Marion Hellmann (née Goldkamp; born 6 April 1967 in Linnich, Nordrhein-Westfalen) is a retired German high jumper, who competed for her native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

She finished fifth at the 1992 European Indoor Championships, twelfth at the 1993 World Indoor Championships and tenth at the 1994 European Indoor Championships.

Her personal best jump was 1.94 metres, achieved in May 1992 in Ahlen.

1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships
The 1992 European Athletics Indoor Championships were held in 1992 in Genoa, Italy. This was the first edition to be held biannually and not annually and also the first to be held over three days as opposed to two. It also marked the debut of the combined events at the championships.
Sari Ohhara
Sari Ohhara (大原 沙莉, Ōhara Sari; born 21 April 1995) is a Japanese bodyboarder from Ichinomiya, Japan. She is the third ranked top female bodyboarder in the world. She won first place in the 2015 APB Tahara Pro in Japan, her first win in the APB World Tour. She won the 2019 World Title after competing in the Gran Canaria Fronton King Pro 2019.

She first bodyboarded at the age of 11 and joined the World Tour in 2011.

Ichinomiya
Ichinomiya (一宮, also 一の宮 or 一之宮; first shrine) is a Japanese historical term referring to the Shinto shrines with the highest rank in a province. Shrines of lower rank were designated ninomiya (二宮, second), sannomiya (三宮, third), shinomiya (四宮, fourth), and so forth.

The term gave rise to modern place names, such as the city of Ichinomiya, Aichi, named after Masumida Shrine in the former Owari Province.
X-ray absorption near edge structure
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected atomic core level ionization energy, where the wavelength of the photoelectron is larger than the interatomic distance between the absorbing atom and its first neighbour atoms.

Core electron
Core electrons are the electrons in an atom that are not valence electrons and do not participate as directly in chemical bonding. The nucleus and the core electrons of an atom form the atomic core. Core electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus. Therefore, unlike valence electrons, core electrons play a secondary role in chemical bonding and reactions by screening the positive charge of the atomic nucleus from the valence electrons.

The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group of the element (see valence electron):

For main-group elements, the number of valence electrons ranges from 1 to 8 (ns and np orbitals).

For transition metals, the number of valence electrons ranges from 3 to 12 (ns and (n−1)d orbitals).

For lanthanides and actinides, the number of valence electrons ranges from 3 to 16 (ns, (n−2)f and (n−1)d orbitals).

All other non-valence electrons for an atom of that element are considered core electrons.
White Site
The White Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located northeast of Hickman in Fulton County in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Kentucky. Discovered in the 1980s, it was occupied during a long period of time by peoples of multiple cultures, and it has been named a historic site.

Historic site
A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with official historic status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, national, or global significance. Usually this also means the site must be at least 50 years or older.
Northington Down
Northington Down is a hamlet in the civil parish of Northington in the City of Winchester district of Hampshire, England. Its nearest town is New Alresford, which lies approximately 4.2 miles (6.8 km) south-east from the hamlet.

City of Winchester
Winchester (/ˈwɪntʃɪstər/), or the City of Winchester, is a local government district with city status in Hampshire, England.

The district is named after its main settlement of Winchester, which is where the council is based and is also the county town of Hampshire. The city boundaries also encompass a large surrounding rural area, including the towns of New Alresford and Whiteley and numerous villages.

Parts of the district lie within the South Downs National Park. The neighbouring districts are Basingstoke and Deane, East Hampshire, Havant, Portsmouth, Fareham, Eastleigh and Test Valley.
Nevada State Route 860
State Route 860 (SR 860) is a state highway in southern Pershing County, Nevada. It runs 1.888 miles (3.038 km) from a cattle guard at Derby Field to a frontage road along Interstate 80 (FR PE01/Old U.S. Route 40). Between its two termini, SR 860 intersects with the southern terminus of SR 397.

Cattle grid
A cattle grid – also known as a stock grid in Australia; cattle guard, or cattle grate in American English; vehicle pass, or stock gap in the Southeastern United States; Texas gate in western Canada and the northwestern United States; and a cattle stop in New Zealand English – is a type of obstacle used to prevent livestock, such as sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, or mules from passing along a road or railway which penetrates the fencing surrounding an enclosed piece of land or border. It consists of a depression in the road covered by a transverse grid of bars or tubes, normally made of metal and firmly fixed to the ground on either side of the depression, so that the gaps between them are wide enough for an animal's feet to enter, but sufficiently narrow not to impede a wheeled vehicle or human foot. This provides an effective barrier to animals without impeding wheeled vehicles, as the animals are reluctant to walk on the grates.
Harmankaya Nature Park
Harmankaya Nature Park (Turkish: Harmankaya Tabiat Parkı) is a nature park located in Termal district of Yalova Province, northwestern Turkey.

Harmanlı Nature Park is located 18 km (11 mi) to Yalova, 6 km (3.7 mi) to Termal and 5 km (3.1 mi) to Üvezpınar village, and situated south of Termal district on the road between Üvezpınar  and Sudüşen Waterfall close to the provincial border to Bursa. The area covering 1 ha (2.5 acres), which formerly had a registered recreational area status, was declared a nature park by the Ministry of Environment and Forest on July 11, 2011.

Yalova Province
Yalova Province (Turkish: Yalova ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey, on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. Its adjacent provinces are Bursa to the south and Kocaeli to the east. Its area is 798 km2 (making it the smallest province of Turkey), and its population is 296,333 (2022). Prior to 1930, the area around Yalova constituted a district of Kocaeli Province; from 1930 to 1995, it was part of Istanbul Province; in 1995, the area was separated and made into the current Yalova Province. The provincial capital is the city of Yalova.