hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Linear network coding
In computer networking, linear network coding is a program in which intermediate nodes transmit data from source nodes to sink nodes by means of linear combinations.

Linear network coding may be used to improve a network's throughput, efficiency, and scalability, as well as reducing attacks and eavesdropping.  The nodes of a network take several packets and combine for transmission. This process may be used to attain the maximum possible information flow in a network.

It has been proven that, theoretically, linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems with one source. However linear coding is not sufficient in general; even for more general versions of linearity such as convolutional coding and filter-bank coding. Finding optimal coding solutions for general network problems with arbitrary demands is a hard problem, which can be NP-hard
and even undecidable.

Undecidable problem
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly determines whether an arbitrary program eventually halts when run.
Botello
Botello is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ángel Botello (1913–1986), Spanish-Puerto Rican painter

Feliciano de la Mota Botello (1769–1830), Argentine politician

Javier Botello (born 1976), Spanish swimmer

Jose Botello (born 1976), American soccer player

José Alfredo Botello (born 1956), Mexican politician

Kate Botello, American television personality

Narciso Botello (c. 1815–1889), American politician

Narciso Botello
Narciso Botello (about 1813–1889) was a Californio politicians and military officer who served as chief of staff for Mexican General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma before the Mexican–American War and was the first Southern California member of the California State Assembly after California organized its legislature.
Melvin Gordon (businessman)
Melvin J. Gordon (November 26, 1919 – January 20, 2015) was an American business executive and businessman. He served as the chairman and CEO of Tootsie Roll Industries for fifty-three years, from 1962 until January 2015. Gordon, who was 95 years old, was the oldest CEO of a company trading on a major American stock exchange at the time of his death in 2015. He oversaw the day-to-day production of the company's trademark brands, including Tootsie Rolls, Tootsie Pops, Junior Mints, and Charleston Chews. As of 2015, the company manufactures approximately sixty-four million Tootsie Rolls per day.

Tootsie Roll
Tootsie Roll (/ˈtʊtsi/) is a chocolate taffy candy that has been manufactured in the United States since 1907. The candy has qualities similar to both caramels and taffy without being exactly either confection. The manufacturer, Tootsie Roll Industries, is based in Chicago, Illinois. It was the first penny candy to be individually wrapped in America.

Tootsie Roll Industries (name adopted in 1966) is one of the largest candy manufacturers in the world. Over 65 million Tootsie Rolls are made daily. According to the company website, the original recipe calls for the inclusion of the previous day's batch, "a graining process that Tootsie continues to this day."
1990 Birthday Honours
The Birthday Honours 1990 for the Commonwealth realms were announced on 15 June 1990, to celebrate the Queen's Birthday of 1990.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged firstly by the country whose ministers advised the Queen on the appointments, then by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Regional health authority (United Kingdom)
Regional health authorities (RHAs) were National Health Service (NHS) organisations set up in 1974 by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973 to replace regional hospital boards and to manage a lower tier of area health authorities (AHAs) in England. AHAs were created for Wales but not RHAs. Separate legislation was passed for Scotland. In 1996, the regional health authorities were abolished and replaced by eight regional offices of the NHS Executive as a result of the Health Authorities Act 1995.
145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF
The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF was a unit of about 600 men in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Kent, Albert and Westmorland counties. After sailing to England in September 1916, most members of the battalion were absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion on October 6, 1916. The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF, had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. E. Forbes.

The 145th Battalion (New Brunswick), CEF is perpetuated by the Royal New Brunswick Regiment.

Kent County, New Brunswick
Kent County (2021 population 32,169) is located in east-central New Brunswick, Canada. The county features a unique blend of cultures including Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and English. Some larger tourist attractions include the dune de Bouctouche, Kouchibouguac National Park, and Bonar Law Commons.

Federally, it is split between the ridings of Beauséjour, represented by Dominic LeBlanc of the Liberal Party of Canada and Miramichi—Grand Lake, represented by Jake Stewart of the Conservative Party of Canada. Provincially, it is split between the electoral districts of Kent North and Kent South.
Sully Díaz
Sully Díaz is a Puerto Rican actress and singer. Sully's career started in Puerto Rican television with her first starring role as Coralito in the telenovela Coralito. Sully was invited to star in various soap operas in Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Argentina.

Sully later returned to New York to study at the Actors Studio, Hebert Berghoff Studio and Ann Reinken Steps Studio.

In February 2012, Diaz was featured in the Spanish-language production of The Vagina Monologues, a play written by Eve Ensler, an American feminist who fights against gender violence worldwide. It has been translated into 49 languages and performed in over 120 countries. The 2012 cast also included Ivy Queen, Eileen Navarro, Lourdes De Jesús, Roxana Laborde, Yasmin Pietri, and sexologist, Carmita Laboy. This version was presented in Orlando, Florida.

Eileen Navarro
Eileen Navarro (born 28 September 1958) is a Puerto Rican actress who has been in several well known telenovelas in her country, as well as the 1984 film production "Coneccion Caribe", where a young Navarro shared credits with Puerto Rican boy band "Los Chicos de Puerto Rico" (which, at the time included the now international singing star "Chayanne") and with Juan Manuel Lebron and Otilio "Bizcocho" Warrington, among others.
Mert Lawwill
Mert Lawwill (Born September 25, 1940) is an American professional motorcycle racer, race team owner and mountain bike designer. He competed in the AMA Grand National Championship from 1962 to 1977. Lawwill is notable for winning the 1969 AMA Grand National Championship as a member of the Harley-Davidson factory racing team. After his motorcycle racing career, Lawwill became one of the top motorcycle racing frame designers and builders. Lawwill then used his experience as a motorcycle frame builder to become an innovative mountain bike designer, developing one of the first bicycle suspensions. He also developed prosthetic limbs for amputees. Lawwill was inducted in the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998.

Motorcycle racing
The motorcycle sport of racing (also called moto racing and motorbike racing) includes motorcycle road racing and off-road racing, both either on circuits or open courses, and track racing. Other categories include hill climbs, drag racing and land speed record trials.
Kulm Hotel St. Moritz
The Kulm Hotel St. Moritz is a historic 5-star luxury hotel located in the Engadin valley in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Founded in 1856 by Johannes Badrutt, it played a key role in the development of Alpine winter tourism. The hotel is situated near the St. Moritz–Corviglia funicular and Lake St. Moritz, offering views of the Albula Alps and access to hiking trails such as the Via Alpina. The name "Kulm" derives from the Latin culmen, meaning "hill".

The hotel’s interiors reflect a combination of its 19th-century heritage and modern luxury. Public areas feature high ceilings, marble pillars, chandeliers, and red velvet furnishings, while corridors display artefacts related to the hotel’s sporting history and former royal guests. The hotel grounds were used during the 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympic Games.

Via Alpina
The Via Alpina is a network of five long-distance hiking trails across the alpine regions of Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Italy, France, and Monaco. The longest of trails is the red trail, whose termini are in Trieste and Monaco.

The Via Alpina was created by a group of public and private organisations from the 8 Alpine countries in 2000, receiving EU funding from 2001 until 2008. It was initiated by the Association Grande Traversée des Alpes in Grenoble, which hosted the Via Alpina international secretariat until January 2014, when it was transferred to the International Commission for the Protection of the Alps CIPRA (Liechtenstein). There are national secretariats (hosted by public administrations or hiking associations) in each country. Its aim is to support sustainable development in remote mountain areas and promote the Alpine cultures and cultural exchanges.
Looking Back to See
"Looking Back to See" is a song written and originally performed by Jim Ed Brown and Maxine Brown of The Browns. In June 1954, the Browns' version of the song reached No. 8 on the Billboard country and western chart.

The song was covered by Goldie Hill and Justin Tubb in a record released on the Decca label (catalog no. 29145). In July 1954, the Hill/Tubb version peaked at No. 4. The Hill/Tubb version was also ranked as the No. 8 record on Billboard's 1954 year-end country and western juke box chart.

Goldie Hill
Argolda Voncile "Goldie" Hill (January 11, 1933 – February 24, 2005) was an American country music singer. She was one of the first women in country music and became one of the first women to reach the top of the country music charts with her number-one 1953 hit, "I Let the Stars Get in My Eyes". Along with Kitty Wells and Jean Shepard, she helped set the standard for later women in country music.
Frank Koon
James Frank Koon (December 31, 1908 – January 9, 1987) was an American football and basketball coach and college athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at the College of the Ozarks—now known as the University of the Ozarks—in Clarksville, Arkansas from 1946 to 1954 and Arkansas State Teachers College—now known as University of Central Arkansas—in Conway, Arkansas from 1955 to 1964. Koon was also the head basketball coach at Ozarks from 1947 to 1955.

Koon died on January 9, 1987, in Conway.

Clarksville, Arkansas
Clarksville is a city in Johnson County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 9,381, up from 9,178 in 2010. The city is the county seat of Johnson County. It is nestled between the Arkansas River and the foothills of the Ozark Mountains, and Interstate 40 and US Highway 64 intersect within the city limits. Clarksville-Johnson County is widely known for its peaches, scenic byways and abundance of natural outdoor recreational activities.
Walter McFadden
Walter McFadden Jr. (born January 21, 1987) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL draft. He played college football for the Auburn Tigers and high school football at Ely High School in Pompano Beach, Florida.

Pompano Beach, Florida
Pompano Beach (/ˈpɒmpənoʊ/ POM-pə-noh) is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, just north of Fort Lauderdale and 36 miles north of Miami. The nearby Hillsboro Inlet forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6.14 million people in 2020. As of the 2020 census, the population was 112,046, making it the sixth-largest city in Broward County, the ninth-largest city in the South Florida metropolitan area, and the 20th-largest city in Florida.

Pompano Beach Airpark, located within the city, is the home of the Goodyear Blimp Spirit of Innovation.
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), E476, is an emulsifier made from glycerol and fatty acids (usually from castor bean, but also from soybean oil). In chocolate, compound chocolate and similar coatings, PGPR is mainly used with another substance like lecithin to reduce viscosity. It is used at low levels (below 0.5%), and works by decreasing the friction between the solid particles (e.g. cacao, sugar, milk) in molten chocolate, reducing the yield stress so that it flows more easily, approaching the behaviour of a Newtonian fluid. It can also be used as an emulsifier in spreads and in salad dressings, or to improve the texture of baked goods. It is made up of a short chain of glycerol molecules connected by ether bonds, with ricinoleic acid side chains connected by ester bonds.

PGPR is a yellowish, viscous liquid, and is strongly lipophilic: it is soluble in fats and oils and insoluble in water and ethanol.

Cocoa solids
Dry cocoa solids are the components of cocoa beans remaining after cocoa butter, the fatty component of the bean, is extracted from chocolate liquor, roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state. Cocoa butter is 46% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans and gives chocolate its characteristic melting properties. Cocoa powder is the powdered form of the dry solids with a small remaining amount of cocoa butter. Untreated cocoa powder is bitter and acidic. Dutch process cocoa has been treated with an alkali to neutralize the acid.

Cocoa powder contains flavanols, amounts of which are reduced if the cocoa is subjected to acid-reducing alkalization.

Other definitions of cocoa solids, especially legal ones, include all cocoa ingredients (cocoa mass, cocoa powder and cocoa butter). In this case, cocoa solids without cocoa butter are specified as non-fat cocoa solids.
Creaghduff South
Creaghduff South is a townland in County Westmeath, Ireland. The townland is in the civil parish of St. Mary's.

The townland stands to the north of Athlone, on the shores of Coosan Lough. The townland is bordered by Creaghduff to the north, Coosan to the west and Tullin to the east.

County Westmeath
County Westmeath (/wɛstˈmiːð/; Irish: Contae na hIarmhí or simply An Iarmhí) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. It formed part of the historic Kingdom of Meath, which was named Mide because the kingdom was located in the geographical centre of Ireland (the word Mide meaning 'middle'). Westmeath County Council is the administrative body for the county, and the county town is Mullingar. At the 2022 census, the population of the county was 95,840.
B. F. Keith Circuit
The B. F. Keith Circuit was a chain of vaudeville theaters in the United States and Canada owned by Benjamin Franklin Keith for the acts that he booked. Known for a time as the United Booking Office, and under various other names, the circuit was managed by Edward Franklin Albee, who gained control of it in 1918, following the death of Keith's son A. Paul Keith.

Bijou Theatre (Boston)
The Bijou Theatre (1882–1943) in Boston, Massachusetts, occupied the second floor of 545 Washington Street near today's Theatre District. Architect George Wetherell designed the space, described by a contemporary reviewer as "dainty." Proprietors included Edward Hastings, George Tyler, and B.F. Keith. Around the 1900s, it featured a "staircase of heavy glass under which flowed an illuminated waterfall."
The Bijou "closed 31 December 1943 and was razed in 1951." The building's facade still exists. It is currently a pending Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission.
Tetulia Corridor
The Tetulia Corridor is a proposed 4 to 6 kilometres (2.5 to 3.7 mi) passage that would connect the political subdivision of Chopra in North Dinajpur district to the towns of Jalpaiguri and Mainaguri in Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal, through Tetulia Upazila Debangarh Union in Rangpur Division, Bangladesh.  The government of India has taken up the opening of the corridor with the government of Bangladesh. The corridor would reduce the travel distance by about 84 km (52 mi) and facilitate easier access to Northeast India.

Uttar Dinajpur district
Uttar Dinajpur (Bengali pronunciation: [utːor dinad͡ʒpur]), also known as North Dinajpur, is one of the 23 districts of the state of West Bengal in India. The district is the part of Malda Division. Raiganj city is the headquarters of the district. This district bifurcated on 1 April 1992 from the erstwhile West Dinajpur district.
Ferić
Ferić is a surname, an Italianised version of the Croatian Gvozdenica. Notable people with the surname include:

Đuro Ferić (1739–1820), Croatian poet and Jesuit

Nikola Ferić (1736–1819), Croatian Catholic bishop

Mirosław Ferić (1915–1942), Polish World War II flying ace

Zoran Ferić (born 1961), Croatian writer and columnist

Đuro Ferić
Đuro Ferić, also Giorgio Ferrich, (May 5, 1739 – 1820) was a poet and a Jesuit vicar general of the Republic of Ragusa.

As a poet, he belonged to the Illyrian circle in Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia). Illyrian (Slavic) was synonymous with the Croatian language at that time.  His Latin-language collection of Illyrian fables, published in Ragusa in 1794, bore the title Fabulae ab Illyricis adagiis disumptae, and a second similar text, existing only in manuscript, was titled: Adagia illirycae linguae fabulis explicata. An unpublished collection of his own Slavic poems was titled in Latin: Slavica Poematia Latine reddita.

In the second decade of the 19th century he published in Ragusa two further works in Croatian (Slovinski). Ferić put together a collection of short poems in praise of those Ragusan poets who wrote in the Illyrian language, such as Dominko Zlatarić's translation of Sophocles and Ivan Gundulić's Osman.
Winlink
Winlink, or formally, Winlink Global Radio Email (registered US Service Mark), also known as the Winlink 2000 Network, is a worldwide radio messaging system that uses amateur-band radio frequencies and government frequencies to provide radio interconnection services that include email with attachments, position reporting, weather bulletins, emergency and relief communications, and message relay. The system is built and administered by volunteers and is financially supported by the Amateur Radio Safety Foundation.

Email attachment
An email attachment is a computer file sent along with an email message. One or more files can be attached to any email message, and be sent along with it to the recipient. This is typically used as a simple method to share documents and images.
East Coast Heat F.C.
East Coast Heat Futsal Club is an Australian futsal club based in Sydney, NSW. They play in the F-League which is the top tier of Australian Futsal. The club was founded by Jamie Amendolia and Futsalroo Peter Spathis in 2012.

Australia men's national futsal team
The Australia national futsal team, nicknamed the Futsalroos, represents Australia in men's international futsal. The team is controlled by the governing body for soccer in Australia, Football Australia, which is currently a member of both the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) since leaving the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) in 2006.

Australia was a five-time OFC champion. The team has represented Australia at the FIFA Futsal World Cup tournaments on 7 occasions, but have never advanced beyond the group stage of the competition. After the 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup, Football Australia decided not to continue investing and developing futsal in Australia. The F-League was disbanded in 2017, and Australia national futsal team is quickly becoming weaker than before.
S. N. Parvathy
S. N. Parvathy is an Indian actress who appears in supporting roles in Tamil films and serials. She often plays roles of a mother in films. She has worked in popular movies like Anubavi Raja Anubavi, Pasi, Palaivana Solai, Agaya Gangai, Enga Ooru Pattukaran, Anna Nagar Muthal Theru and Chinna Mapillai. Her debut movie was Panam Tharum Parisu, released in 1965. She has acted in more than 200 films and 5000 dramas. She won the Kalaimamani award in 1985.

Annanagar Mudhal Theru
Annanagar Mudhal Theru (transl. Anna Nagar First Street) is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film directed by Balu Anand. The film stars Sathyaraj, Ambika, and Radha. It is a remake of the 1986 Malayalam film Gandhinagar 2nd Street. The film was released on 14 January 1988.
Théodore Steeg
Théodore Steeg (French: [teodɔʁ stɛɡ]; 19 December 1868 – 19 December 1950) was a lawyer and professor of philosophy who became Prime Minister of France.

Steeg entered French politics in 1904 as a radical socialist, although his views were generally moderate. He was a Deputy of the Seine from 1904 to 1914 and Senator from 1914 to 1944. At different times he was Minister of Higher Education, Interior, Justice and Colonies. In the 1920s he was in charge of the colonial administrations first of Algeria and then of Morocco.  He encouraged irrigation projects to provide land for French colons at a time of growing demands for political and economic rights from the indigenous people, accompanied by growing unrest. Steeg was briefly prime minister in 1930–1931.

Chamber of Deputies (France)
The Chamber of Deputies (French: Chambre des députés, [ʃɑ̃bʁ de depyte]) was the lower house of parliament in France at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries:

1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament, elected by census suffrage.

1875–1940 during the French Third Republic, the Chamber of Deputies was the legislative assembly of the French Parliament, elected by two-round system with universal male suffrage. When reunited with the Senate in Versailles, the French Parliament was called the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) and carried out the election of the president of the French Republic.
Chance Marsteller
Chandler Shane "Chance" Marsteller (born July 9, 1995) is an American freestyle wrestler and graduated folkstyle wrestler. In college, he competed at Oklahoma State, before transferring to Lock Haven. While at Lock Haven, he was a two-time NCAA Division I All-American. On the senior level circuit, Marsteller represented the United States at the 2023 World Championships in men's freestyle wrestling at 79 kg.

Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling
The Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling team is the most successful NCAA Division I athletic program of all time in any sport. As of 2024–25, Oklahoma State wrestling has won 34 team NCAA national championships, 145 individual NCAA national championships, and 494 All-American honors. The Cowboys have also won 56 conference titles, coming in the Southwest, Missouri Valley, Big Eight and Big 12 conferences. The all-time dual record for the program is 1185–140–23.