hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marquess Cheng of Zhao
Marquess Cheng of Zhao (?–350 BCE), personal name Zhao Zhong, was a marquess of the Zhao state. He was the son of Marquess Jing, whom he succeeded.

In 372 BCE, Marquess Cheng built a wooden lookout tower, known as a "tantai" (檀臺) at Xingdi (modern-day Xingtai City, Hebei Province) facing the other Warring States; because of the structure, the location later took on the name "Xingtai". General Pang Juan of the Wei state brought troops and surrounded the Zhao capital Handan in 353 BCE in preparation for an attack. The Qi state sent envoys Tian Ji and Sun Bin along with troops to assist the Zhao state and they later defeated the forces of Wei at the Battle of Guiling. Afterwards, in the twenty-fourth year of his reign (351 BCE), Marquess Cheng forced King Hui of Wei into a humiliating peace treaty at the Zhang River near Handan.

Wei (state)
Wei (/weɪ/; Chinese: 魏; pinyin: Wèi) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang (Chinese: 梁; pinyin: Liáng).

It should not to be confused with the smaller central Wey state 衞, which is still sometimes only differentiated by its Chinese character.
Homatropine methylbromide
Homatropine methylbromide (INN; also known as methylhomatropine bromide) is a quaternary ammonium salt of methylhomatropine. It is a peripherally acting anticholinergic medication that inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and thus the parasympathetic nervous system.  It does not cross the blood–brain barrier. It is used to effectively relieve intestinal spasms and abdominal cramps, without producing the adverse effects of less specific anticholinergics.
It is used, in addition to papaverine, as a component of mild drugs that help "flush" the bile.

Certain preparations of drugs such as hydrocodone are mixed with a small, sub-therapeutic amount of homatropine methylbromide to discourage intentional overdose.

Bile
Bile (from Latin bilis), also known as gall, is a yellow-green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is primarily composed of water, is produced continuously by the liver, and is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After a human eats, this stored bile is discharged into the first section of the small intestine, known as the duodenum through the ampulla of vater in the duodenal wall .
Hypostrotia
Hypostrotia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1926. Its only species, Hypostrotia cinerea, was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. The species is found in Japan, Korea and Russia.

Arthur Gardiner Butler
Arthur Gardiner Butler F.L.S., F.Z.S. (27 June 1844 – 28 May 1925) was an English entomologist, arachnologist and ornithologist. He worked at the British Museum on the taxonomy of birds, insects, and spiders.
Mining industry of Romania
Romania ranks tenth in the world in terms of the diversity of minerals produced in the country. Around 60 different minerals are currently produced in Romania. The richest mineral deposits in the country are halite (sodium chloride).

Other natural resources include: coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, uranium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestine (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur) and clay.

Roșia Montană area is the largest gold deposit in continental Europe, estimated at over 300 tons of gold and 1,600 tons of silver, having a value of $3 billion.

Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride /ˌsoʊdiəm ˈklɔːraɪd/, commonly known as table salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is transparent or translucent, brittle, hygroscopic, and occurs as the mineral halite. In its edible form, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. Another major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
Anjra
Anjra (Arabic: أنجرة) is a town and rural commune in Fahs-Anjra Province of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco. It is the prefecture's capital created by Royal decree in 2003. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 15,035 people living in 2,681 households.

Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima (Arabic: طنجة - تطوان - الحسيمة, romanized: ṭanja - tiṭwān - al-ḥusayma) is the northernmost of the twelve regions of Morocco. It covers an area of 15,090 km2 and recorded a population of 4,030,222 in the 2024 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Tangier.
Jen Gross
Jen Gross is a Democratic member of the Montana Senate, where she represents District 25. She was first elected in 2016. Gross was re-elected to the state senate in 2020.

Gross has worked as a community organizer and on political campaigns since 2008. She was the manager of field operations at Planned Parenthood of Montana when she was appointed as the replacement candidate for SD 25 in August 2016.

In December 2019, The Washington Post detailed how an editorial in the Billings Gazette against Medicare-for-all by Gross was drafted with the help of a lobbying group, Partnership for America's Health Care Future. Gross said she writes less than half of her op-eds.

Montana Senate
The Montana State Senate is, along with the Montana House of Representatives, one of the two houses that composes the Montana Legislature, the state legislative branch of the U.S. state of Montana. The body is composed of 50 senators elected for four years. Half of the Senate is up for election every two years.
Trimmatothele
Trimmatothele is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. It has five species. The genus was formally published by lichenologist Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903. The type species, Trimmatothele perquisita, was originally collected from Norway by Johannes M. Norman, who placed it in the genus Coniothele in 1868. Diagnostic characteristics of Trimmatothele include a thin thallus with a smooth surface; small perithecia that are partially immersed in the substrata and have an involucrellum; asci that contain multiple ascospores; and small, simple ascospores (i.e., without any septa). Trimmatothele has been described as one of the most poorly known genera of lichens due to the rarity of its species, the few available herbarium specimens, and some missing type specimens.

Johannes M. Norman
Johannes Musæus Norman (1823–1903) was a Norwegian botanist, trained as a medical doctor.

Norman was the son of a priest, took artium in 1840 and graduated in medicine in 1847. After a short time as a military doctor in the First Schleswig War, he worked from 1849–1857 exclusively with botany. Partly on exploration trips in Gudbrandsdalen, in Western Norway and in Western Finnmark; partly during further education in Paris and Vienna and partly as a research fellow at University of Oslo. He also completed this chapter of his life, and trained as a forester in 1858–1860, in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. Upon his return, he was appointed Forester in Troms and Finnmark, a position he held from 1860–1876. He is credited for introducing the lichen term campylidium in an 1872 publication.
Guertler House
The Guertler House is a historic house located at 101 Blair St. in Alton, Illinois. Stonemason Ignaz Bruch built the house in 1854. Bruch, who immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1846, was a prominent Illinois stonemason who constructed buildings in cities ranging from Chicago to St. Louis, Missouri. The Guertler House is a Federal building with three bays. The front door and windows have a pointed arch design, while the second story of the house's west side has a single Gothic arch window.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1974.

Alton, Illinois
Alton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a city on the Mississippi River in Madison County, Illinois, United States, about 18 miles (29 km) north of St. Louis, Missouri. The population was 25,676 at the 2020 census. It is a part of the River Bend area in the Metro-East region of the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area.

It is well known for its limestone bluffs along the river north of the city. It's the former location of an historical state penitentiary, and played a significant role preceding and during the American Civil War. It was the site of the last Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debate in October 1858. The former state penitentiary in Alton was used during the Civil War to hold up to 12,000 Confederate prisoners of war.
Blissus leucopterus
Blissus leucopterus, also known as the true chinch bug, is a small North American  insect in the order Hemiptera and family Blissidae. It is the most commonly encountered species of the genus Blissus, which are all known as chinch bugs. A closely related species is B. insularis, the southern chinch bug.

The name of the chinch bug is derived from the Spanish chinche, which refers to the bed bug and is in turn derived from the Latin cimex. The chinch bug is not related to the bed bug, but took this name on account of producing a similar smell to that of bed bugs when crushed.

These bugs tend to gather on sunny, open patches of turfgrass. Due to their small size, chinch bugs are hardly noticeable, so they become problems, since they are considered pests that feed on stems of turfgrass and grain crops.

Cimex lectularius
Cimex lectularius, or the common bed bug, is a species of Cimicidae. Its primary hosts are humans, and it is one of the world's major "nuisance pests."

Although bed bugs can be infected with at least 28 human pathogens, no studies have found that the insects are capable of transmitting any of these to humans. They have been found with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), but the significance of this is still unknown.

Investigations into potential transmission of HIV, MRSA, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis E have not shown that bed bugs can spread these diseases. However, there is some evidence that arboviruses may be transmissible.

Bed bug bites or cimicosis may lead to a range of skin manifestations from no visible effects to prominent blisters. Effects include skin rashes, psychological effects, and allergic symptoms.
New production
In biological oceanography, new production is supported by nutrient inputs from outside the euphotic zone, especially upwelling of nutrients from deep water, but also from terrestrial and atmosphere sources (as opposite to regenerated production, which is supported by recycling of nutrients in the euphotic zone). New production depends on mixing and vertical advective processes associated with the circulation.

Photic zone
The photic zone (or euphotic zone, epipelagic zone, or sunlight zone) is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis. It undergoes a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that supply nutrients into the upper water column. The photic zone is home to the majority of aquatic life due to the activity (primary production) of the phytoplankton. The thicknesses of the photic and euphotic zones vary with the intensity of sunlight as a function of season and latitude and with the degree of water turbidity. The bottommost, or aphotic, zone is the region of perpetual darkness that lies beneath the photic zone and includes most of the ocean waters.
Wairoa River (Northland)
The Wairoa River in Northland, New Zealand, sometimes referred to as the Northern Wairoa River, runs for 150 kilometres through the northern part of the North Auckland Peninsula and is the longest river in the Northland Region. It is formed by the confluence of the Mangakāhia River and the Wairua River to the northeast of Dargaville.

The river flows from here firstly southwest (as far as Dargaville) and then southeast for 40 kilometres in a wide navigable estuary which flows into the northern end of the Kaipara Harbour.  For most of its length, the river is tidal.

In the 19th century, the river's swamplands near Dargaville were the most popular location for kauri gum digging.

36°11′05″S 174°03′30″E﻿ / ﻿36.1846°S 174.0583°E﻿ / -36.1846; 174.0583

Kauri gum
Kauri gum is resin from kauri trees (Agathis australis), which historically had several important industrial uses. It can also be used to make crafts such as jewellery. Kauri forests once covered much of the North Island of New Zealand, before early settlers caused the forests to retreat, causing several areas to revert to weeds, scrubs, and swamps. Even afterwards, ancient kauri fields and the remaining forests continued to provide a source for the gum. Between 1820 and 1900, over 90% of Kauri forests were logged or burnt by Europeans.

Kauri gum forms when resin from kauri trees leaks out through fractures or cracks in the bark, hardening upon exposure to air. Lumps commonly fall to the ground and can be covered with soil and forest litter, eventually fossilising. Other lumps form as branches forked or trees are damaged, releasing the resin.
Mawson Coast
The Mawson Coast is that portion of the coast of Mac. Robertson Land, Antarctica, lying between William Scoresby Bay, at 59°34′E, and Murray Monolith, at 66°54′E. The coast was sighted during the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE), 1929–30, under Sir Douglas Mawson. Further exploration and landings at Cape Bruce and Scullin Monolith were made during BANZARE, 1930–31. Mawson Coast was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia after Mawson in recognition of his great contribution to Antarctic exploration.

Trethewry Point is a rocky promontory 120 m (390 ft) high, projecting from the coast 4 nmi (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east of William Scoresby Bay on the Mawson Coast. It was discovered and named in February 1936 by DI personnel on the William Scoresby.

British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, involving two voyages over consecutive Austral summers. The expedition was led by Australian geologist Sir Douglas Mawson.
Willy Braque
Willy Braque (born Guy Francisque Peyraud, 28 June 1933 – 26 May 2022) was a French actor, director, producer and writer. He was perhaps best known for his roles in Jean Rollin classics Les démoniaques (The Demoniaques) and Lèvres de sang (Lips of Blood) Braque also appeared in Rollin's more erotic films, such as Jeunes Filles Impudiques (Shameless Young Schoolgirls) and Tout le Monde il en a Deux. He worked with directors including Jess Franco, José Bénazéraf, Robert Hossein, Jean-Pierre Mocky and Lasse Braun.

Lasse Braun
Lasse Braun (born Alberto Ferro; April 8 1936 – February 16 2015) was an Italian pornographer, film director, producer, screenwriter, novelist and researcher.

He initially produced so-called loops, ten-minute hardcore movies that he sold to Reuben Sturman, who distributed them to 60,000 American peep show booths.

Braun is the father of Axel Braun.
1907 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
May Sutton defeated Constance Wilson 6–4, 6–2 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6–1, 6–4 in the challenge round to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1907 Wimbledon Championships.

Dorothea Lambert Chambers
Dorothea Lambert Chambers (née Dorothea Katherine Douglass; 3 September 1878 – 7 January 1960) was a British tennis player. She won seven Wimbledon women's singles titles and a gold medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
King Street, Essex
King Street is a hamlet in the High Ongar civil parish of the Epping Forest district of Essex, England. The hamlet, a linear development along King Street road, is 300 yards (274 m) south of the A414 Harlow-Chelmsford road. King Street is 1.5 miles (2 km) east of the parish village of High Ongar, and less than 1 mile north of the hamlet of Nine Ashes. The county town of Chelmsford is 8 miles (13 km) to the east.

County town
In Great Britain and Ireland, a county town is usually the location of administrative or judicial functions within a county, and the place where public representatives are elected to parliament. Following the establishment of county councils in England in 1889, the headquarters of the new councils were usually established in the county town of each county; however, the concept of a county town pre-dates these councils.

The concept of a county town is ill-defined and unofficial. Some counties in Great Britain have their administrative bodies housed elsewhere. For example, Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, but the county council is in Preston. Owing to the creation of unitary authorities, some county towns in Great Britain are administratively separate from the county. For example, Nottingham is separated from the rest of Nottinghamshire, and Brighton and Hove is separate from East Sussex. On a ceremonial level, both are in their own respective counties geographically.
Côte de Jade
The Jade Coast (French: Côte de Jade [kot də ʒad]) constitutes the coastal fringe of the Pays de Retz in Loire-Atlantique, extending from the Loire estuary in the north to the Marais breton in the south, thus bordering the Bay of Bourgneuf on its southern part. Its jagged coasts and its numerous beaches are of summer tourist interest.

La Bernerie-en-Retz
La Bernerie-en-Retz (French pronunciation: [la bɛʁnəʁi ɑ̃ ʁɛ], literally La Bernerie in Retz; Gallo: La Bèrneriy or La Bèrneri, Breton: Kerverner-Raez) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department, western France.
Filippo Leutenegger
Filippo Franz Saverio Leutenegger (born 25 November 1952) is a Swiss journalist, economist and politician. He currently serves as a member of the City Council of Zürich for The Liberals where he serves as the Head of the Department of Education and Schools. He is a former member of the National Council (Switzerland) from 2003 to 2014. He is the former Editor-in-chief of Swiss Radio and Television (SRF).

National Council (Switzerland)
The National Council (German: Nationalrat; French: Conseil national; Italian: Consiglio nazionale; Romansh: Cussegl naziunal) is a house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, representing the people. The other house, the Council of States, represents the states. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfect bicameralism. Both houses meet in the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Bern.

The National Council consists of 200 members. Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are called national Councillors, for four year terms. Members are apportioned to the cantons in proportion to their population.
Shudhijon Shono
"Shudhijon Shono" ("Listen, Gentlemen") is a song by Bengali rock band Moheener Ghoraguli, featured on their 1978 maxi single, Ajaana UDonto bostu ba Aw-Oo-Baw. Written by Ranjon Ghoshal, composed by Gautam Chattopadhyay, and sung by Tapesh Bandyopadhyay, Tapas Das and Ranjon. The lyrics is a call to the people of the city, while bass guitar carry the music. It was one of the band's initial songs such as "Haay, Bhalobasi" and "Bheshe Ashey Kolkata".

Ranjon Ghoshal
Ranjon Ghoshal (Bengali: রঞ্জন ঘোষাল; 7 June 1955 – 9 July 2020) was an Indian theatre director and musician. He was a member of the Bengali band Moheener Ghoraguli, and ran an advertising agency, Mareech Advertising in Bangalore, apart from Forum Three, a theatre group.
Rivka Yahav
Rivka Yahav (Hebrew: רבקה יהב; born 4 September 1950) is an academic psychotherapist, an academic faculty member of the School of Social Work, Head of the Psychotherapy Training Programme at Haifa University, and Head of the Interdisciplinary Clinical Center of the Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences at Haifa University. She was awarded the Prime Minister's Prize for Initiatives and Innovation in 2012.

University of Haifa
The University of Haifa (Hebrew: אוניברסיטת חיפה, Arabic: جامعة حيفا) is a public research university located on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel. Founded in 1963 as a branch of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the University of Haifa received full academic accreditation as an independent university in 1972, becoming Israel's sixth academic institution and the fourth university. The university has the largest university library in Israel. As of 2019, approximately 18,000 students were enrolled at the University of Haifa. Among Israeli higher education institutions the University of Haifa has the largest percentage (41%) of Arab-Israeli students.
Bartholomäus Bernhardi of Feldkirchen
Bartholomäus Bernardi (1487–1551) was the rector and a professor of physics and philosophy at the University of Wittenberg during the time of Martin Luther. He was a student of Luther's.

He was born in Schlins in Vorarlberg (Austria) and studied at Erfurt in Germany.

He became a Protestant reformer. He was pastor of the congregation in Kemberg, Saxony (15.2 kilometers (9.4 miles) south of Wittenberg). He was the first Lutheran provost in Kemberg.

He was the third Lutheran priest to marry (after Jacob Knabe of Danzig and Nicholas Brunner of Nesselbach).

After his marriage, the Archbishop of Magdeburg, Elector Albrecht of Mainz, demanded that the Elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise, extradite Bernardi to the ecclesiastical court; the Elector refused to do so.

Wittenberg (district)
Wittenberg is a district (German: Kreis) in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in Saxony. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Direzione Investigativa Antimafia
The Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (DIA), also known as the Anti-Mafia Investigation Division, is an Italian multi-force investigation body under the Department of Public Security of the Ministry of the Interior. Its main task is the fight against the mafia-related organized crime in Italy.

Polizia Penitenziaria
The Polizia Penitenziaria (lit. 'Penitentiary Police'  or 'Prison Police'), formally the Corpo di Polizia Penitenziaria, is a law enforcement agency in Italy which is subordinate to the Italian Ministry of Justice and operates the Italian prison system as corrections officers. Vatican City, an independent state, does not have a prison system, so the Vatican sends convicted criminals to the Italian prison system.

According to Interpol, this force (as part of the Ministry of Justice) has a "nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and transportation".