hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Old Ride School
51°21′32″N 2°15′25″W﻿ / ﻿51.359°N 2.257°W﻿ / 51.359; -2.257

The Old Ride School (previously called The Old Ride Preparatory School) was an independent school in England, first at Canford Cliffs just outside Bournemouth, then Little Horwood, Buckinghamshire, and later at Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire.

Little Horwood
Little Horwood is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England, within the Buckinghamshire Council unitary authority area. The village is about four miles east-south-east of Buckingham and two miles north-east of Winslow.
Cham dance
The cham dance (Tibetan: འཆམ་, Wylie: 'cham) is a lively masked and costumed dance associated with some sects of Tibetan Buddhism and Buddhist festivals. The dance is accompanied by music played by monks using traditional Tibetan musical instruments. The dances often offer moral instruction relating to karuṇā (compassion) for sentient beings and are held to bring merit to all who perceive them.

Chams are considered a form of meditation and an offering to the gods. The leader of the cham is typically a musician, keeping time with a percussion instrument like cymbals, the one exception being Dramyin Cham, where time is kept using dramyin.

The term "devil dance" was an early 20th century description of the performance, derived from Western perceptions of the costumes worn by performers.

Cymbal
The cymbals (/ˈsɪm.bəl/ ⓘ) are common percussion instruments. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various copper alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs (such as crotales) sound a definite note. Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra and percussion ensembles to jazz bands, rock bands, and marching bands. Drum kits usually incorporate at least a crash, a ride, or a crash/ride cymbal and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. A player of cymbals is known as a cymbalist.
Mordechai Piron
Mordechai Piron (Hebrew: מרדכי פירון; born Egon Pisk; 28 December 1921 – 28 May 2014) was the second chief military rabbi in the history of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), after his predecessor, Rabbi Shlomo Goren, created the position in 1948. Rabbi Piron served in the position from 1969 to 1980, with a rank of general. Upon his retirement from his IDF position, he relocated to Zürich, to serve till 1992 as rabbi of the Israelitische Cultusgemeinde Zürich (ICZ), the biggest Jewish congregation in Switzerland.

Rabbi Piron has published several books on Jewish philosophy and theology and was the head of the Sapir Center for Jewish Education and Culture in Jerusalem. He was an advocate of interfaith dialogue among world religions, chaired The Israel Jewish Council for Interreligious Relations (IJCIR), and sat on the board of world religious leaders for The Elijah Interfaith Institute.

Elijah Interfaith Institute
Elijah Interfaith Institute is a nonprofit, international, UNESCO-sponsored interfaith organization  founded by Alon Goshen-Gottstein in 1997. Headquartered in Jerusalem, Elijah has offices and representatives in different countries, and holds its activities in multiple international settings.
Divide-and-conquer eigenvalue algorithm
Divide-and-conquer eigenvalue algorithms are a class of eigenvalue algorithms for Hermitian or real symmetric matrices that have recently (circa 1990s) become competitive in terms of stability and efficiency with more traditional algorithms such as the QR algorithm.  The basic concept behind these algorithms is the divide-and-conquer approach from computer science.  An eigenvalue problem is divided into two problems of roughly half the size, each of these are solved recursively, and the eigenvalues of the original problem are computed from the results of these smaller problems.

This article covers the basic idea of the algorithm as originally proposed by Cuppen in 1981, which is not numerically stable without additional refinements.

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
The Blotting Book
The Blotting Book is a 1908 mystery crime novel by the British writer E. F. Benson, later better known as the author of the Mapp and Lucia series. It was one of only two ventures he made into the genre during his prolific career along with The Luck of the Vails (1901). It takes place in Brighton and the nearby South Downs.

Martin Edwards included it in his list of a hundred classic crime novels amongst a group of Edwardian mystery novels that served as a precursor to the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.

Martin Edwards (author)
Kenneth Martin Edwards (born 7 July 1955) is a British crime novelist, whose work has won multiple awards including lifetime achievement awards for his fiction, non-fiction, short fiction, and scholarship in the UK and the United States. In addition to translations into various European languages, his books have been translated into Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese. As a crime fiction critic and historian, and also in his career as a solicitor, he has written non-fiction books and many articles. He is the current President of the Detection Club  and in 2020 was awarded the Crime Writers' Association's Diamond Dagger, the highest honour in British crime writing, in recognition of the "sustained excellence" of his work in the genre.
Women in telegraphy
Women in telegraphy have been evident since the 1840s. The introduction of practical systems of telegraphy in the 1840s led to the creation of a new occupational category, the telegrapher, telegraphist or telegraph operator. Duties of the telegrapher included sending and receiving telegraphic messages, known as telegrams, using a variety of signaling systems, and routing of trains for the railroads. While telegraphy is often viewed as a males-only occupation, women were also employed as telegraph operators from its earliest days. Telegraphy was one of the first  communications technology occupations open to women.

Telegram
A telegram is a written or printed message, originally sent through telegraphy. The use of the telegrams was popular for social and business correspondence in the latter half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Even in the telephone age, the telegram remained popular, and spawned its own style of writing that in turn persisted in other media. Telegram services still exist today, though the popularity has largely waned, replaced by other forms of text communication.
Punia
Punia can refer to:

Settlements

Punia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, a city
Punia Airport
Punia Territory

Punia, Lithuania, a town

People

Bajrang Punia (born 1994), an Indian politician and former freestyle wrestler

Deepak Punia (cricketer) (born 1993), an Indian former cricketer

Deepak Punia (wrestler) (born 1999), an Indian freestyle wrestler

K. R. Punia (1936–2025), an Indian politician

Mandeep Punia, an Indian freelance journalist

P. L. Punia (born 1945), an Indian politician

Pavitra Punia (born 1986), an Indian actress

Priya Punia (born 1996), an Indian cricketer

Sapana Punia (born 1988), an Indian racewalker

Savita Punia (born 1990), an Indian field hockey player

Seema Punia, (born 1983), an Indian discus thrower

Tanuj Punia (born 1985), an Indian politician

Other

Punia (cicada), a genus of cicadas 
Punia hyas, a species of cicada
Punia minima, a species of cicada
Punia kolos, a species of cicada

Puniya, a surname

Mandeep Punia
Mandeep Punia is a freelance journalist based in Haryana. He was arrested by Delhi Police during 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest, India. He was sent to Tihar Jail for 14 day. Indian journalists protested against Punia's arrest in the front of Delhi Police headquarter.
Alta Murgia National Park
The Parco Nazionale dell'Alta Murgia is a national park in Puglia, southern Italy, established in 2004. It lies in the Murgia geographical area, with its headquarters in the town of Gravina in Puglia, and has an area of 677.39 square kilometres. It is part of a larger Special Protection Area established to protect the grass steppe, lesser kestrel's habitat (Site of Community Importance).

Site of Community Importance
A Site of Community Importance (SCI) is defined in the European Commission Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) as a site which, in the biogeographical region or regions to which it belongs, contributes significantly to the maintenance or restoration at a favourable conservation status of a natural habitat type or of a species and may also contribute significantly to the coherence of Natura 2000, and/or contributes significantly to the maintenance of biological diversity within the biogeographic region or regions concerned.

They are proposed to the Commission by the State Members and once approved, they can be designated as SACs by the State Member.
The Sweeter Side of Life
The Sweeter Side of Life is a 2013 American made-for-television romantic comedy film starring Kathryn Morris and James Best. The film was co-written and co-produced by Michael Damian and his wife Janeen Damian. The Sweeter Side of Life is the seventh film by the husband and wife team; continuing in the family film genre, and with family involvement, James Best, Janeen Damian's father, plays the father of the protagonist. Michael Damian's newest single, "Rock My Heart", is also featured in the film.

Children's film
A children's film, or family film, is a film genre that generally relates to children in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind. Children's films come in several major genres like realism, fantasy, adventure, war, musicals, comedy, and literary adaptations.
Canadians in the United Kingdom
Canadians in the United Kingdom, or Canadian Britons, are people from Canada living in the United Kingdom and their descendants. In 2001 some 72,518 people born in Canada were living in the UK according to the UK census. Of the ten census tracts with the highest Canadian-born populations, nine were in London, with the other being Cambridge West. The Office for National Statistics estimates that, in 2009, 82,000 Canadian-born people were living in the UK. In 2011 this was the third largest community in the Canadian diaspora after Canadians in the United States and Canadians in Hong Kong.

Canadians in Hong Kong
Like their American counterparts, a significant number of Canadians live and work in Hong Kong. In February 2011 research from the Asia Pacific Foundation, conducted with Hong Kong Baptist University, suggests there are at least 295,000 Canadians in Hong Kong, which is more than the population of places like Regina or Saskatoon. Nearly 85% of Canadians in Hong Kong were born in Canada, a figure higher than in Canada itself (80.2%). This represents the third largest community of Canadians, after Canada itself and the United States. The overwhelming majority of these are ethnic Chinese.

The government of Hong Kong does not recognise dual nationals originally from Hong Kong as Canadian citizens, so that government circa 2014 counted about 16,000 Canadians in Hong Kong, while the Consulate-General of Canada in Hong Kong counted 300,000 Canadians.
William Borthwick, 6th Lord Borthwick
William Borthwick, 6th Lord Borthwick (died 1582) was a Scottish landowner.

William Borthwick was the son of John, 5th Lord Borthwick and Isobel Lindsay, daughter of David Lindsay, 8th Earl of Crawford.

Borthwick first attended the Privy Council of Scotland on 22 August 1567, when the act of abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots was read out by Lord Lindsay and James, Earl of Moray was appointed Regent of Scotland.

Accession and Coronation Act 1567
The Accession and Coronation Act 1567 (December c. 1) was an act of the Parliament of Scotland passed on 12 December 1567. It confirmed the abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots, in favour of her son, James VI.
Battle of Hims (1832)
The Battle of Homs was fought on 8 or 9 July 1832 as part of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833) at the eponymous Syrian town of Homs (also known as Hims and Emesa), 140 km north of Damascus, then in Ottoman territory. Ibrahim's Ottoman Egyptian troops routed the troops of Pasha of Aleppo, who lost all their artillery and transports.

Having triumphed in Homs, Ibrahim occupied Hama and Aleppo, heading for the Belen Pass, situated between Antakiyah and Scanderoon. This pass was the key to the heart of Ottoman Turkey, Asia Minor.

Pasha
Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: پاشا; Turkish: paşa; Arabic: باشا, romanized: basha) was a high rank, aristocratic title in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others  issued by the Sultan carrying the tughra (imperial seal). Pasha, in one of its various ranks, is equivalent to the British title of Lord. Pasha was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt and it was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.
Volkmar Weber
Volk-Man (civilname: Volkmar Weber, born 9 January 1974 in Weimar) is a German bassist and vocalist. He plays for Die Apokalyptischen Reiter and writes for the German metal magazines Legacy (formerly Deftone) and Rock Hard. He was also the main editor of the (in-)famous German underground fanzine Cothurnus.

Rock Hard (magazine)
Rock Hard (also RockHard) is a German music magazine published in Dortmund, with additional language editions in various countries worldwide, including France, Spain, Brazil, Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Slovenia. The magazine focuses on hard rock and heavy metal, offering content such as reports, interviews, specials, reviews, and news.
Madigan Shive
Madigan Shive, also known as Bonfire Madigan Shive, is an American songwriter, performing artist, community organizer, and musician.

Shive is a cellist, singer and guitarist, formerly of the band Tattle Tale and now fronting her own ensemble, Bonfire Madigan. She composes symphonic pieces and performs for live theatre and film. She was a part of the riot grrrl movement of the 1990s and her songs have been included in independent feature and documentary films.

Kill Rock Stars
Kill Rock Stars is an independent record label founded in February 1991 by Slim Moon and Tinuviel Sampson, and based in both Olympia, Washington, and Portland, Oregon. The label has released a variety of work in different genres, but it was originally known for its commitment to underground punk rock bands and the Olympia area music scene.
Aesopida malasiaca
Aesopida malasiaca is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by James Thomson in 1864. It is known from Borneo, Java, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Sumatra. It feeds on Bombax ceiba, Mallotus philippensis, and Kydia calycina.

James Thomson (entomologist)
James Livingston Thomson (March 15, 1828 –  December 9, 1897) was an American entomologist who studied Coleoptera independently and mostly lived in France. A member of the Société entomologique de France, his collections of Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Cetoniinae and Lucanidae were eventually sold to René Oberthür.
Edward Whitlow
Edward Hardmond Whitlow (c. 1832 – 29 November 1870) was an English cricketer who emigrated to Australia. Born in Broughton, Salford, he was a member of Manchester Cricket Club, playing in two first-class cricket matches for them between 1852 and 1854. He emigrated to Australia and played one first-class match for Victoria in 1859. Whitlow was a medium pace right arm roundarm bowler. He took four wickets with a best return of two for 60. He scored 32 runs with a highest innings of 10.

Broughton, Salford
Broughton is a suburb and district of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. Located on the east bank of the River Irwell, it is 1 mile (1.6 km) northwest of Manchester and 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Prestwich.

Historically in Lancashire, the former manor house, Broughton Hall, belonged to the Chethams and the Stanleys, both distinguished local families, and later passed, by marriage, to the Clowes family. Part of Broughton was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Salford in 1844, and the remaining area in 1853.

In the 21st century, parts of Lower Broughton and Higher Broughton have been redeveloped with a mixture of town houses and flats. Together with neighbouring Whitefield, Prestwich and Crumpsall, Broughton is home to a large Jewish community.
Farma season 15
Farma 15 (The Farm 15) is the fifteenth season of the Slovak reality television series Farma. This season goes back to the regular format of the show where 15 ordinary Slovaks live on a farm like it was a century ago and complete tasks for the farm mentor to try and win €75,000. The main twist this season is that contestants are divided up into three teams, corresponding to the generation they belong to, Generation Z, Generation Y and Generation X. The season is presented by Marek Fašiang and premieres on 4 September 2023 on Markíza.

Markíza
Markíza (also known as Televízia Markíza) is a Slovak television channel launched on August 31, 1996. The channel was founded by a later politician Pavol Rusko, and is now part of the Central European Media Enterprises (CME). It also operates television channels Doma (since 2009), Dajto (since 2012), Markíza International (since 2016), Markíza KRIMI (since 2022), and Markíza Klasik (since 2024).
In 2020, CME was bought out by Peter Kellner's investment group PPF. PPF is therefore the new owner of TV Markíza.

In addition to its news and local programs, TV Markíza has secured exclusive broadcast rights to a variety of popular American and European films and series

TV Markíza's programming is also available through the Slovak streaming service Voyo, mobile applications

The General Director of CME's operations in Slovakia is Peter Gažík.
Zan languages
The Zan languages, or Zanuri (Georgian: ზანური ენები) or Colchidian, are a branch of the Kartvelian languages constituted by the Mingrelian and Laz languages. The grouping is disputed as some Georgian linguists consider the two to form a dialect continuum of one Zan language. This is often challenged on the most commonly applied criteria of mutual intelligibility when determining borders between languages, as Mingrelian and Laz are only partially mutually intelligible, though speakers of one language can recognize a sizable amount of vocabulary of the other, primarily due to semantic loans, lexical loans and other areal features resulting from geographical proximity and historical close contact common for dialect continuums.

The term Zan comes from the Greco-Roman name of one of the chief Colchian tribes, which is almost identical to the name given to the Mingrelians by the Svans (მჷ-ზა̈ნ mə-zän). Georgian linguist Akaki Shanidze proposed the name "Colchidian" for Zan.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Kansai Super
Kansai Super Market Ltd. (株式会社関西スーパーマーケット, Kabushiki-gaisha Kansai Sūpā Māketto) is a supermarket chain named for the Kansai region of Japan where its stores are located. Its logo is a bird in the shape of a K. According to the Kansai Super website (http://www.kansaisuper.co.jp/index.php?mode=tenpo), as of 2011 it has 60 stores: 11 in Kōbe city, 17 in the greater Hanshin area of Hyōgo Prefecture, 9 in the northern part of Ōsaka Prefecture, 14 in Ōsaka city, 5 in eastern Ōsaka, 3 in southern Ōsaka, and one in Nara, Nara Prefecture.

Hanshin Industrial Region
The Hanshin Industrial Region (阪神工業地帯, Hanshin Kōgyō Chitai) is one of the largest industrial regions in Japan. Its name comes from the on-reading of the kanji used to abbreviate the names of Osaka (大阪) and Kobe (神戸), the two largest cities in the megalopolis. The GDP of this area (Osaka and Kobe) is $341 billion, one of the world's most productive regions.
2014 Osaka and Kobe's GDP per capita (PPP) was US$35,902.
Oraste
Oraste  is a village development committee in Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 3515 people living in 835 individual households.

2011 Nepal census
Nepal conducted a widespread national census in 2011 by the Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics. Working in cooperation with the 58 municipalities and the 3,915 Village Development Committees at a district level, they recorded data from all the municipalities and villages of each district. The data included statistics on population size, households, sex and age distribution, place of birth, residence characteristics, literacy, marital status, religion, language spoken, caste/ethnic group, economically active population, education, number of children, employment status, and occupation.
Capital punishment in Libya
Capital punishment in Libya remains a legal practice in the region and is implemented in both civil and military law. Libyan law states that every person sentenced to death will be executed by a firing squad. It was commonly used by the government of Muammar Gaddafi (who was himself ultimately summarily executed). However, the application of the death penalty in Libya has been inconsistent due to political uncertainty and conflict starting in 2011. The death penalty makes up more than 30 articles of Libya's penal code, providing a wide array of offenses punishable by death, including some that are related to freedom of speech and association.

Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi, the former leader of Libya, was killed by the National Transitional Council (NTC) on 20 October 2011 after the Battle of Sirte. Gaddafi was captured by NTC forces and summarily executed shortly afterwards.

The NTC initially claimed Gaddafi succumbed to injuries sustained in a firefight when loyalist forces attempted to free him, although a video of his last moments shows rebel fighters dragging Gaddafi out of a drainage pipe, beating him and one of them sodomizing him with a bayonet before he was shot several times.

The killing of Gaddafi was criticized as a violation of international law. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch called for an independent autopsy and an investigation into how Gaddafi died.