hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bent Coppers
Bent Coppers: The Inside Story of Scotland Yard's Battle Against Police Corruption is a non-fiction book by award-winning British journalist Graeme McLagan. First published in the United Kingdom in 2003 by Orion Publishing Group, the book examines police corruption within the Metropolitan Police Service and South Eastern Regional Crime Squad—with particular focus on the 1990s and early 2000s—and the establishment and activities of the force's anti-corruption "Ghost Squad". Its publication led to a 4-year legal case resulting in a landmark ruling in English defamation law.

Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd
Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd was a House of Lords case in English defamation law concerning qualified privilege for publication of defamatory statements in the public interest. The case provided the Reynolds defence, which could be raised where it was clear that the journalist had a duty to publish an allegation even if it turned out to be wrong.

In adjudicating on an attempted Reynolds defence a court would investigate the conduct of the journalist and the content of the publication. The subsequent case of Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe affirmed the defence, which was subsequently raised successfully in several defamation proceedings. The defence was abolished by s4(6) Defamation Act 2013, being replaced with the statutory defence of publication on a matter of public interest.
Mesen
Mesen (Dutch: [ˈmeːsə(n)] ⓘ; French: Messines [mɛsin], historically used in English) is a municipality and city located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. On 1 January 2006, Mesen had a total population of 988. The total area is 3.58 km2 which gives a population density of 276 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality comprises only one main settlement, the town of Mesen proper. An exclave to the west of the main territory is surrounded by the municipalities of Heuvelland and Comines-Warneton.

Villages neighbouring the municipality:

a. Wijtschate (in the municipality of Heuvelland)

b. Warneton (in the municipality of Comines-Warneton)

c. Ploegsteert (in the municipality of Comines-Warneton)

Mesen is the smallest city in Belgium. It is a municipality with language facilities.

Mesen is twinned with Featherston in New Zealand in part due to the location of the New Zealand World War I Memorial, which has annual Anzac Day commemorations on 25 April.

Anzac Day
Anzac Day is a national day of remembrance in Australia, New Zealand and Tonga that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served". Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918).
Mounia Gasmi
Mounia Gasmi (born 2 May 1990) is a Paralympian athlete from Algeria competing mainly in F32 classification throwing events.

Gasmi represented her country at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, entering both the F32-34 shot put and the F31/32/51 club throw events. She finished seventh in the shot put, but a best distance of 22.51 metres in the club throw saw her take the silver medal. As well as her Paralympic success Gasmi has qualified for four consecutive IPC World Championships winning one gold and three silver medals, two silvers in the shot put and a gold and silver in the club throw. Her distance of 25.07m at the 2017 World ParaAthletics Championships in London gave Gasmi her first World title.

She won the bronze medal in the women's club throw F32 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

2017 World Para Athletics Championships
The 2017 World Para Athletics Championships were a Paralympic track and field meet organized by World Para Athletics, a subcommittee of the International Paralympic Committee. It was held at London Stadium in London from 14 to 23 July 2017. It was the 8th edition of the event, the first to be held after being renamed from IPC Athletics World Championship, and featured 213 medal events.

They preceded the 2017 IAAF World Championships also held in London, marking the first time that a single city hosted both the IAAF and IPC athletics championships in the same year; London previously hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.
Pączki
Pączki (Polish: [ˈpɔ̃t͡ʂkʲi] ⓘ; sg.: pączek, Polish: [ˈpɔ̃t͡ʂɛk]; Kashubian: pùrcle Kashubian: [ˈpwʉrt͡slɛ]; Old Polish and Silesian: kreple Silesian: [ˈkrɛplɛ]) are filled doughnuts found in Polish cuisine.

Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras (UK: /ˌmɑːrdi ˈɡrɑː/; US: /ˈmɑːrdi ɡrɑː/), also known as Shrove Tuesday, is the final day of Carnival (also known as Shrovetide or Fastelavn); it thus falls on the day before the beginning of Lent on Ash Wednesday. Mardi Gras ([maʁdi ɡʁa]) is French for "Fat Tuesday", referring to it being the last day of consuming rich, fatty foods, most notably red meat, in preparation for the Christian fasting season of Lent, during which such foods are avoided.

Related popular practices are associated with Carnival celebrations before the fasting and religious obligations associated with the penitential season of Lent. In countries such as the United Kingdom, Mardi Gras is more usually known as Pancake Day or (traditionally) Shrove Tuesday, derived from the word shrive, meaning "to administer the sacrament of confession to; to absolve".
Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's flyweight
The women's flyweight boxing competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held from 5 to 9 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.

For the first time at an Olympic Games, the 10 men's boxing events was joined by three women's events: flyweight, middleweight, and lightweight.

Nicola Adams from Great Britain won the gold medal — the first Olympic gold ever awarded in women's boxing. Adams beat China's Ren Cancan by 16 points to seven in the final.

Women's boxing
Although women have participated in boxing for almost as long as the sport has existed, female fights have been effectively outlawed for most of boxing's history until recently, with athletic commissioners refusing to sanction or issue licenses to women boxers, and most nations officially banning the sport. Reports of women entering the ring go back to the 18th century.
Divine Oduduru
Ejowvokoghene Divine Oduduru (born 7 October 1996) is a Nigerian sprinter specializing in the 100-meter and 200-meter dash. He holds personal bests of 9.86 seconds for the 100 m and 19.73 seconds for the 200 m. The latter is a Nigerian national record.

In age category competitions, he was a twice-champion at the African Youth Athletics Championships, a five-time African Junior Champion in the sprints and the 200 m silver medallist at the 2014 World Junior Championships. He represented his country as a senior athlete at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and 2014 African Championships in Athletics, before winning 200 m silver medals at the 2015 and 2019 African Games as well as the 2018 African Championships.

He is a two-time Nigerian national champion and is a four-time NCAA champion in American collegiate competition, running for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. He is sponsored by Puma.

Oduduru is currently serving a six-year ban set to expire in February 2029 for anti-doping rule violations.

2018 African Championships in Athletics
The 21st African Championships in Athletics was held in Asaba, Nigeria from 1 to 5 August 2018 at the Stephen Keshi Stadium. It was the second time that Nigeria hosted this competition. 800 athletes from 52 African countries participated.
Jennifer Skeem
Jennifer Lynne Skeem is an American psychologist and the Mack Distinguished Professor in the UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare, where she is also the Associate Dean of Research. She is also a professor at the University of California, Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy. Her research focuses on criminal justice and behavioral science, including how to improve the ways that the criminal justice system treats people with mental illness. From 2013 to 2014, she was the president of the American Psychology-Law Society. Since 2013, she has been a fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.

Criminal justice
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice when a crime is committed. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include retribution, reformation and rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and the prison system.
Carsten Dethlefsen
Carsten Dethlefsen (born 18 January 1969) is a Danish former professional footballer, who played as a defender for Odense BK. He played a single match for the Danish national team, against England in 1994. He was the male Denmark team's first black player.

Professional sports
In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, enabling sports organizations and teams to command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally, there are many more amateurs than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.
Dmitry Maltsev
Dmitry Olegovich Maltsev (Мальцев, Дмитрий Олегович; born January 20, 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently playing with Metallurg Novokuznetsk of the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).

Maltsev made his Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) debut playing with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl during the 2012–13 KHL season.

Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
Hockey Club Lokomotiv (Russian: ХК Локомотив, English: Locomotive HC), also known as Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, is a professional ice hockey club based in Yaroslavl, Russia. It is a member of the Tarasov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The name of the team is derived from its owner, Russian Railways, the national railroad operator.

On 7 September 2011, nearly the entire team perished in a plane crash. The team's flight to a game in Minsk crashed during takeoff, killing all of the team's roster (except forward Maxim Zyuzyakin, who was not on the flight), all coaching staff (except goaltending coach Jorma Valtonen, not on the flight) and four players from the Loko 9 juniors squad of the Minor Hockey League (MHL). The tragedy forced Lokomotiv Yaroslavl to cancel their participation in the 2011–12 KHL season. In their 16th season in the KHL in 2024–25, Lokomotiv captured the Gagarin Cup, their first in franchise history.
Lucia Kupčíková
Lucia Kupčíková (born 28 August 1984) is a Slovak former professional basketball player who played as small forward.

Kupčíková was born on 28 August 1984 in Poprad. She started her professional career at ŽBK Poprad in 2003. In 2006 she joined MBK Ružomberok, where she became the team captain. In 2009 she joined the Slovak champions Good Angels Košice to be able to play the EuroLeague.

Kupčíková stayed at Košice until her retirement in 2017, with a break in 2014 due to pregnancy. In 2018 she shortly returned to professional basketball to help her home team ŽBK Poprad in the playoffs.

Kupčíková was named Best Female Basketball Player in Slovakia in 2011, 2012 and 2013.

MBK Ružomberok
MBK Ružomberok is a women's basketball club in Ružomberok, Slovakia. It was established in 1941 and plays in the elite leagues since 1979 (then in Czechoslovakia). It is the most successful female basketball team in Slovak history. It won three Czechoslovak and 14 Slovak league titles and two EuroLeague Women titles in 1999 and 2000 when Natália Hejková was with the team as its manager (trainer).
USS Grand Rapids (PG-98)
The second USS Grand Rapids (PGM-98/PG-98) was an Asheville-class gunboat in the United States Navy during the Vietnam War.

On 13 June 1968, the Tacoma Boatbuilding Company, Tacoma, Washington laid down Grand Rapids, the eleventh Asheville-class gunboat built by Tacoma. In August 1968, however, the Tacoma shipyard suffered a severe fire that destroyed the under-construction Grand Rapids (together with sister ship Benicia). A new Grand Rapids, with the same hull number, was laid down again by Thursday Tacoma Boat on 20 May 1969. The ship was launched on 20 December 1969 and commissioned on 5 September 1970.

Grand Rapids was homeported in San Diego and later Naples, Italy,

Grand Rapids was decommissioned on 1 October 1977 and transferred to the Naval Sea Systems Command where she was renamed research vessel Athena II.

In September 2016, Athena II was stricken from the US Navy.

In 2020 the Grand Rapids was listed for sale on Facebook Marketplace for $350,000.

Naval Sea Systems Command
38°52′26.1″N 76°59′44.1″W﻿ / ﻿38.873917°N 76.995583°W﻿ / 38.873917; -76.995583
The Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) is the largest of the United States Navy's five "systems commands," or materiel (not to be confused with "material") organizations. From a physical perspective, NAVSEA has four shipyards for shipbuilding, conversion, and repair, ten "warfare centers" (two undersea and eight surface), the NAVSEA headquarters, located at the Washington Navy Yard, in Washington D.C., and other locations in 15 states and 3 overseas continents.

NAVSEA's primary objective is to engineer, build, buy, and maintain the U.S. Navy's fleet of ships and its combat systems. NAVSEA's budget of almost $30 billion accounts for nearly one quarter of the Navy's entire budget, with more than 80,200 personnel and 150 acquisition programs under its oversight.
Antonio Peña Díaz
Antonio Peña Díaz (born in 1936) is a Mexican biochemist who received the Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology (UNESCO, 2003) and chaired both the Mexican Academy of Sciences (1992–93) and the Mexican Society of Biochemistry (1981–83).

Peña Díaz holds a bachelor's degree in Medicine and both a master's and a doctorate degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He is currently an emeritus professor of the Institute for Cellular Physiology of the same university and has worked as a visiting scholar at the University of Rochester.

Mexican Academy of Sciences
The Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias) is a non-profit organization comprising over 1800 Mexican scientists, attached to various institutions in the country, as well as a number of foreign colleagues, including various Nobel Prize winners.
Henry Osborn (politician)
Henry Osborn (2 June 1859 – 22 July 1937) was an Australian politician, and a member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly from 1908 until 1911 representing the seat of Roebourne, as well as the mayor of two different municipalities in Western Australia.

Western Australian Legislative Assembly
The Western Australian Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia, an Australian state. The Parliament sits in Parliament House in the Western Australian capital, Perth.

The Legislative Assembly today has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts.  Members are elected using the preferential voting system. As with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18.
Virginia Livingston
Virginia Livingston (1906–1990) was an American physician and cancer researcher who advocated the unsupported theory that a specific species of bacteria she named Progenitor cryptocides was the primary cause of cancer in humans.  Her theories about P. cryptocides have not been duplicated by researchers, and a clinical trial of her therapy did not show any efficacy in the treatment of cancer. The American Cancer Society, which did not support Livingston's treatment protocol for cancer, categorically denied her theory of cancer origins.

Actinomycetales
The Actinomycetales is an order of Actinomycetota. A member of the order is often called an actinomycete. Actinomycetales are generally gram-positive and anaerobic and have mycelia in a filamentous and branching growth pattern. Some actinomycetes can form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms, while others can form spores on aerial hyphae. Actinomycetales bacteria can be infected by bacteriophages, which are called actinophages. Actinomycetales can range from harmless bacteria to pathogens with resistance to antibiotics.
Eretis djaelaelae
Eretis djaelaelae, commonly known as the marbled elf, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found from Somalia southwards to South Africa. The habitat consists of savanna woodland and sometimes also grassland. Similar to Eretis umbra but has white forelegs.

The wingspan is 31–35 mm for males and 34–36 mm for females. Adults are on wing year-round, and it is more common in warmer areas. Peaks occur from September to March in southern Africa.

The larvae feed on Phaulopsis imbricata, Chaetacanthus setiger, Dyschoriste and Justicia species (including Justicia protracta).

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Santiago Omar Riveros
Santiago Omar Riveros (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtjaɣo oˈmar riˈβeɾos]; 4 August 1923 – 24 May 2024) was an Argentinian military officer who served in the Argentine Army, in which he bore the rank of divisional general and between 1976 and 1978 held the post of Commander of Military Institutes (Comandante de Institutos Militares) during Argentina's so-called Dirty War in the 1970s and 1980s, waged by the self-styled "National Reorganization Process" (Spanish: Proceso de Reorganización Nacional), which was in fact a military dictatorship. Riveros played a prominent role during the dictatorship's repression, for which he later faced proceedings in which he was found guilty and sentenced for crimes against humanity. At the time of his death at the age of 100, Riveros was still serving his sentence at his home.

Military dictatorship
A military dictatorship is a type of dictatorship where supreme power is held and exercised by the armed forces. Military dictatorships are usually led by the commander-in-chief of the military or the leading figure in military junta. They are most often formed by military coups or by the empowerment of the military through a popular uprising in times of domestic unrest or instability. The military nominally seeks power to restore order or fight corruption, but the personal motivations of military officers will vary.

Modern military dictatorship developed in Latin America during the 19th century, and it expanded in Europe during the early-20th century. It saw a resurgence during the Cold War, and new military dictatorships were established in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 1960s. Some scholars have asserted that the number of military dictatorships has declined since the end of the Cold War.
Agave salmiana
Agave salmiana (also known as maguey pulquero and  green maguey) is a species of the family Asparagaceae, native to central and southern Mexico. It is also reportedly naturalized in South Africa, Italy, Spain, especially in the Canary Islands, and southern Portugal.

This species, also called agave of Salm or Salm-Dick, is dedicated to the German prince and botanist Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1773-1861).

Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck
Joseph Franz Maria Anton Hubert Ignatz Fürst und Altgraf zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (4 September 1773 at Castle Dyck near Neuss – 21 March 1861 in Nice) was a German aristocrat, amateur botanist and owner of Castle Dyck.
John Gerald Driscoll III
John Gerald "Gerry" Driscoll III (1924 – March 12, 2011) was an international yachting champion and businessman from San Diego, California. He competed in the defense portion of four America's Cup races (1964, 1967, 1970, and 1974), and was part of the organizational effort for two others. His innovative year-round training regimen for the 1974 race permanently changed the way teams prepare for the America's Cup. As a competitor, organizer, ambassador and businessman, he is credited with helping to put San Diego on the sailing map internationally, and as one of the first San Diegans to compete in the America's Cup races, he raised the profile of the America's Cup on the West Coast.

Yachting
Yachting is recreational boating activities using medium/large-sized boats or small ships collectively called yachts. Yachting is distinguished from other forms of boating mainly by the priority focus on comfort and luxury, the dependence on marinas for docking, and being typically only for exclusive social leisures such as cruising, fishing trips or racing.

The term "yacht" derives from the Dutch word jacht, meaning "hunt". When yachting with sailboats, the activity is simply called sailing; and with motorboats, it is called powerboating. A boat club that only services yachting participants is known as a yacht club.
Erwin Lutwak
Erwin Lutwak (born 9 February 1946, Chernivtsi, now Ukraine), is a mathematician. Lutwak is professor emeritus at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University in New York City.  His main research interests are convex geometry and its connections with analysis and information theory.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
Račeva
Račeva (pronounced [ˈɾaːtʃɛʋa]) is a dispersed settlement in a valley of the same name southeast of Žiri in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. Račeva Creek runs along the valley and is a tributary of the Poljane Sora River (Slovene: Poljanska Sora).

Upper Carniola
Littoral

Carniola: 2a Upper, 2b Inner, 2c Lower

Carinthia

Styria

Prekmurje

Upper Carniola (Slovene: Gorenjska pronounced [ɡɔˈɾèːnska]; Italian: Alta Carniola; German: Oberkrain) is a traditional region of Slovenia, the northern mountainous part of the larger Carniola region. The largest town in the region is Kranj, and other urban centers include Kamnik, Jesenice, Domžale and Škofja Loka. It has around 300,000 inhabitants or 14% of the population of Slovenia.