hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
AINUR
The Atlas of Images of NUclear Rings (AINUR) is a catalogue of nuclear rings, which are enormous star-forming ring-shaped regions that circle certain galactic nuclei. The first edition of the atlas was published in 2010 in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, and includes 113 such rings in 107 galaxies. The catalogue resulted from a joint study by researchers from the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC) and the universities of La Laguna, Oulu and Alabama led by Sébastien Comerón from the IAC.

Nuclear rings are star-forming configurations around galactic nuclei. They may vary in diameter from 500 to 3,000 light years, and are relatively bright due to an abundance of young stars, some of which are extremely massive and consequently enjoy short, very bright lives before ending as supernovae. Most of these rings are associated with Lindblad resonance (after Bertil Lindblad) which is a gravitational effect that nudges matter into preferred orbits.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in astronomy, astrophysics and related fields. It publishes original research in two formats: papers (of any length) and letters (limited to five pages). MNRAS publishes more articles per year than any other astronomy journal.

The learned society journal has been in continuous existence since 1827 and became online only in 2020. It operates as a partnership between the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), who select and peer-review the contents, and Oxford University Press (OUP), who publish and market the journal. Despite its name, MNRAS is no longer monthly, nor does it carry the notices of the RAS. In 2024 MNRAS became a purely gold open access journal.
Incremental decision tree
An incremental decision tree algorithm is an online machine learning algorithm that outputs a decision tree. Many decision tree methods, such as C4.5, construct a tree using a complete dataset. Incremental decision tree methods allow an existing tree to be updated using only new individual data instances, without having to re-process past instances. This may be useful in situations where the entire dataset is not available when the tree is updated (i.e. the data was not stored), the original data set is too large to process or the characteristics of the data change over time.

Concept drift
In predictive analytics, data science, machine learning and related fields, concept drift or drift is an evolution of data that invalidates the data model. It happens when the statistical properties of the target variable, which the model is trying to predict, change over time in unforeseen ways. This causes problems because the predictions become less accurate as time passes. Drift detection and drift adaptation are of paramount importance in the fields that involve dynamically changing data and data models.
Hugh Lytton
Hugh Lytton (September 26, 1921 – April 16, 2002) was a Canadian psychologist who specialized in developmental and educational psychology. He earned his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of London in 1966. In 1969, he became an associate professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Calgary. He became a full professor at the University of Calgary in 1973, and continued to hold this position until his retirement in 1988. He was officially named Professor Emeritus of Educational Psychology at the University of Calgary in 1991. He was a fellow of the British Psychological Society and the Canadian Psychological Association, and he became a member of the Society for Research in Child Development in 1970.

Society for Research in Child Development
The Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) is a professional society for the field of human development, focusing specifically on child development.  It is a multidisciplinary, not-for-profit, professional association with a membership of approximately 5,500 researchers, practitioners, and human development professionals from over 50 countries.  The purposes of the society are to promote multidisciplinary research in the field of human development, to foster the exchange of information among scientists and other professionals of various disciplines, and to encourage applications of research findings.
Tajikistan International
The Tajikistan International is an international badminton tournament held in Tajikistan. The event is part of the Badminton World Federation's International Series and part of the Badminton Asia circuit. It will be held for the first time in 2023.

Badminton Asia
Badminton Asia is the governing body of badminton in Asia. It is one of the five continental bodies under the flag of the Badminton World Federation. Established in 1959, it was headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia until it moved to Maldives briefly in 2021. In 2023, it was announced that it would be moved back to Malaysia. It aims to maintain Asia as the benchmark for world badminton in many years to come. It now has 43 member federations. At the Annual General Meeting in July 2006, the name of the confederation was changed from Asian Badminton Confederation to Badminton Asia Confederation.

During Badminton Asia Extraordinary General Meeting on 16 October 2015 in Kuwait, the organization re-branded itself by unveiling the new logo for the confederation renaming the organization as Badminton Asia.
Western Province Open
The Western Province Open was a golf tournament in South Africa as part of the Southern Africa Tour. In the early years of the tournament, Bobby Locke and Harold Henning had much success, winning the event multiple times each. During the middle and later phase of the tournament legend Gary Player had much success, ultimately winning the event five times.

Sunshine Tour
The Sunshine Tour is a men's professional golf tour based in Southern and East Africa. For much of its early history it was known either as the Southern Africa Tour or Sunshine Circuit; through sponsorship deals, it has also been known as the FNB Tour and the Vodacom Tour. For the 2000–01 season the tour rebranded itself as the Sunshine Tour in an attempt to broaden its appeal. A large majority of the tour events are still staged in South Africa.
1992 Volvo International – Doubles
Petr Korda and Wally Masur were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Korda with Jim Pugh and Masur with Mark Kratzmann.

Korda and Pugh lost in the first round to Mark Knowles and Alex O'Brien.

Kratzmann and Masur lost in the quarterfinals to Stefan Edberg and John McEnroe.

Kelly Jones and Rick Leach won in the final 7–6, 6–7, 6–2 against Patrick McEnroe and Rick Leach.

Jim Pugh
Jim Pugh (born February 5, 1964) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. He grew up in Palos Verdes, California and at age 10 began taking tennis lessons from John Hillebrand. He played tennis at UCLA.  He became a doubles specialist on the ATP Tour and won three Grand Slam men's doubles titles (two Australian Open, one Wimbledon) and five Grand Slam mixed doubles titles (three Australian Open, one Wimbledon, one US Open). Pugh reached the world No. 1 doubles ranking in 1989.
Battle of the Bridge (Canisius–Niagara)
The Battle of the Bridge is the name of the all-sports rivalry between the Canisius Golden Griffins and the Niagara Purple Eagles. Both schools are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. The two teams compete every school year in 14 sports; men's baseball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's golf, men's ice hockey, women's lacrosse, men's and women's soccer, women's softball, men's and women's swimming & diving, and women's volleyball. The overall winner of the annual series receives the Canal Cup trophy. The two long-time Western New York rivals created the trophy in 2007 to enhance the historic rivalry between the two schools. The name of the series is a reference to the Grand Island Bridge, which each team crosses when traveling along I-190 to the other's campus. The name of the trophy is a reference to the Erie Canal, which separates Erie County, where Canisius is located, and Niagara County, where Niagara is located.

Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC, /mæk/) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I. Its current 13 full members are located in five Northeastern states: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York.

Members are all relatively small private institutions, a majority Catholic or formerly Catholic, with the only exceptions being two secular institutions: Rider University and Quinnipiac University.

The MAAC currently sponsors 25 sports and has 17 associate member institutions.
All Funked Up
All Funked Up is the third album by British rock/R&B band Snafu, released on Capitol in 1975.

The band's line-up for this album included keyboardist Brian Chatton, who had previously played with the Warriors, Flaming Youth, and Jackson Heights.

Jackson Heights (band)
Jackson Heights were a British progressive rock band from England. It formed in 1970 after The Nice organist and pianist, Keith Emerson, decided to leave the trio to form another band, Emerson, Lake and Palmer, leaving bassist-vocalist Lee Jackson and drummer Brian Davison on their own.

Thus Jackson then formed Jackson Heights, during their brief career which spanned four years they published four albums, King Progress, The Fifth Avenue Bus, Ragamuffin's Fool and Bump n' Grind. Brian himself formed the short-lived Brian Davison's Every Which Way, which released only one self-titled album, then joined Gong on tour. Lee Jackson and Brian Davison then reunited briefly with Swiss keyboardist Patrick Moraz as part of the trio Refugee which released only one self-titled album in 1974, before Moraz left to join Yes. Then in 2002 when Keith Emerson reformed The Nice for a short tour of a few concerts in England, Vivacitas a double live album, was then published.
Žiburėlis
Žiburėlis (diminutive of žiburys meaning 'light', 'beacon') later Lietuvos žiburėlis was a charitable society providing financial aid to gifted Lithuanian students. The society grew out of the Lithuanian National Revival, hopes of creating Lithuanian intelligentsia, and frustration over financial hardships faced by many young students. It was established in 1893 by Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė and Jadvyga Juškytė, and led by Felicija Bortkevičienė from 1903 until its dissolution in 1940.

Diminutive
A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment, and sometimes to belittle something or someone. A diminutive form (abbreviated DIM) is a word-formation device used to express such meanings. A double diminutive is a diminutive form with two diminutive suffixes rather than one.
Battle of Cape St. George
The Battle of Cape St. George was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on 25 November 1943, between Cape St. George, New Ireland, and Buka Island (now part of the North Solomons Province in Papua New Guinea). It was the last engagement of surface ships in the Solomon Islands campaign. During the engagement, a force of five US Navy destroyers led by Captain Arleigh Burke intercepted a similar sized Japanese force that was withdrawing from Buka towards Rabaul, having landed reinforcements on the island. In the ensuing fight, three Japanese destroyers were sunk and one was damaged, with no losses amongst the US forces.

Naval warfare
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

The armed forces branch designated for naval warfare is a navy. Naval operations can be broadly divided into riverine/littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), between riverine/littoral and open-ocean applications (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division. The strategic offensive purpose of naval warfare is projection of force by water, and its strategic defensive purpose is to challenge the similar projection of force by enemies.
Mason Transit Authority
The Mason Transit Authority (MTA), formerly the Mason County Transportation Authority, is the public transit authority of Mason County, Washington, United States. It operates free bus service within the county, connecting the city of Shelton, Hoodsport, Grapeview, Allyn, Belfair, the native tribal reservations of the Skokomish and Squaxin people, and paid commuter service to Olympia in Thurston County, Brinnon in Jefferson County, and Bremerton in Kitsap County. The agency also provides general public dial-a-ride service, operates a vanpool fleet, a worker/driver program that provides commuter service to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility, volunteer driver program for senior transportation, a supplemental service that is an after school activity bus and a community van program.

Thurston County, Washington
Thurston County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2020 census, its population was 294,793. The county seat is Olympia, the state capital.

Thurston County was created out of Lewis County by the government of Oregon Territory on January 12, 1852. At that time, it covered all of the Puget Sound region and the Olympic Peninsula. On December 22 of the same year, Pierce, King, Island, and Jefferson counties were split off from Thurston County. It is named after Samuel R. Thurston, the Oregon Territory's first delegate to Congress. Today, the county includes the southernmost part of the South Puget Sound and areas south along the I-5 corridor.

Thurston County comprises the Olympia–Lacey–Tumwater, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Seattle–Tacoma, WA Combined Statistical Area.
Waverley Province
Waverley Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council. It existed as a two-member electorate from 1976 to 2006, with members holding alternating eight-year terms. It was a marginal seat for its entire existence, often changing parties according to who held government at the time. It was abolished from the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council.

It was located in the south-east suburbs of Melbourne. In 2002, when it was last contested, it covered an area of 107km2 and included the suburbs of Carnegie, Clayton, Glen Waverley, Mount Waverley, Mulgrave, Noble Park, Oakleigh and Springvale.

Carnegie, Victoria
Carnegie is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 12 km south-east of Melbourne's central business district, on the railway line between Caulfield and Oakleigh, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Carnegie recorded a population of 17,909 at the 2021 census.

The suburb's main shopping precinct is a well-regarded 'eat street,’ with cafes and restaurants lining Koornang Road from Dandenong Road to Neerim Road. Koornang Park and the neighbouring Carnegie Swim Centre are located between Koornang Road, Munro Avenue and Lyons Street.

Originally called Rosstown, after William Murray Ross, a prominent property developer and entrepreneur, a name change came about due to Ross' failed speculative developments.
In 1909 it was renamed Carnegie. It has been suggested that this was done in an unsuccessful attempt to secure funds for a library from the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie but there is no contemporary evidence supporting this.

Its postcode is 3163.
Willoughby Sharp
Willoughby Sharp (January 23, 1936 – December 17, 2008) was an American artist, independent curator, independent publisher (he was co-founder and co-editor of Avalanche Magazine with Liza Béar), gallerist, teacher, author, and telecom activist. Avalanche published interviews they conducted with contemporary artists such as Vito Acconci, Dennis Oppenheim and Yvonne Rainer. Sharp also was contributing editor to four other publications: Impulse (1979–1981); Video magazine (1980–1982); Art Com (1984–1985), and the East Village Eye (1984–1986). He published three monographs on contemporary artists, contributed to many exhibition catalogues, and wrote on art for Artforum, Art in America, Arts magazine, Laica Journal, Quadrum and Rhobo. He was editor of the Public Arts International/Free Speech documentary booklet in 1979. 
Sharp received numerous grants, awards, and fellowships; both as an individual or under the sponsorship of non-profit arts organizations.

East Village Eye
The East Village Eye was a cultural magazine, published by editor-in-chief Leonard Abrams, in circulation from May 1979 until January 1987. Based in the East Village section of New York City, the publication covered a range of locally focused topics, including art, politics and gentrification. The East Village Eye, colloquially referred to as The Eye, covered topics such as the emergence of punk rock, hip hop,  and fashion as fringe pop culture, as well as the burgeoning art and nightlife scenes that highlighted NYC's East Village neighborhood during the 1980s.
Wihtlæg
Wihtlæg, Whitlæg, Wighlek, Wiglecus, Wiglek, Witlac or Viglek is a legendary king of either Denmark or Angeln in Germanic legends. He is known in Saxo's kings of Denmark by the name of Vigletus.

In the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies, Whitlæg is a descendant of Woden. According to the genealogies in the Anglian collection, Woden's son Weothulgeot was ancestor to the royal house of Mercia and the father of Whitlæg. According to the Historia Britonum, Weothulgeot was father of Weaga who was father of Whitlæg. But the two Anglo-Saxon Chronicle versions of this genealogy include neither Weothulgeot nor Weaga but make Whitlæg himself the son of Woden. In all versions Whitlæg is father of Wermund, father of Offa of Angel. According to the Old English poem Widsith Offa ruled over the continental Angles.

Historia Brittonum
The History of the Britons (Latin: Historia Brittonum) is a purported history of early Britain written around 829-30 that survives in numerous recensions from after the 11th century. The Historia Brittonum is commonly attributed to Nennius, as some recensions have a preface written in that name. Some experts have dismissed the Nennian preface as a late forgery and argued that the work was actually an anonymous compilation.
Homer Airport
Homer Airport (IATA: HOM, ICAO: PAHO, FAA LID: HOM) is a state-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) east of the central business district of Homer, a town in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska.

Pacific Northern Airlines
Pacific Northern Airlines (PNA) was a jet Alaska carrier, a category of airline certificated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the Federal agency that, at the time, tightly regulated US air transportation. The airline started in 1932 as Woodley Airways, a sole proprietorship of founder Arthur G. Woodley, who remained in control of the airline through its sale to Western Air Lines in 1967, by which time it had extended its service beyond southern Alaska to Seattle.
3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi
The 3rd Filmfare Marathi Awards is a ceremony, presented by Jio, honored the best Indian Marathi-language films of 2016.

Sairat led the ceremony with 22 nominations, followed by Ventilator with 16 nominations and Natsamrat with 13 nominations.

Sairat won a record 11 awards, the most awards for a single film in a year, including Best Film, Best Director (for Nagraj Manjule), Best Actress and Best Female Debut (both for Rinku Rajguru), Best Male Debut (for Akash Tosar) and Best Music Director (for Ajay-Atul).

Rinku Rajguru set an unmatched record of Filmfare, becoming the only actress to win both Best Actress and Best Debut Female for her performance in Sairat. Jitendra Joshi received dual nominations for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Ventilator and Poshter Girl respectively. Sai Tamhankar earned dual nominations for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Vazandar and Family Katta, winning for latter.

Poshter Girl
Poshter Girl is a 2016 Indian Marathi-language drama film directed by Sameer Patil and written by Hemant Dhome, the film was produced by Chalo Film Banaye and Viacom18 Motion Pictures, it stars Sonalee Kulkarni, Jitendra Joshi, Hrishikesh Joshi, Aniket Vishwasrao, Hemant Dhome, Siddharth Menon, Sandeep Pathak, Akshay Tanksale, Anand Ingale and Vaibhav Mangale. The film was theatrically released on 12 February 2016.
Chen Shi-chang
Chen Shi-chang (Chinese: 陳錫章; pinyin: Chén Xīzhāng; 6 May 1934 – 25 December 2014) was a Taiwanese politician.

Chen served on the Huwei Township Council before he was elected to the Yunlin County Council. From 1977 to 1987, he was a member of the Taiwan Provincial Consultative Council, when he was named to the Control Yuan. Chen then served as a member of the Legislative Yuan between 1993 and 1996. He was elected to the fourth National Assembly in 2005.

Chen was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2013, but refused treatment. He died of multiple organ failure at home, aged 80, on 25 December 2014.

Yunlin County Council
The Yunlin County Council (YLCC; traditional Chinese: 雲林縣議會; simplified Chinese: 云林县议会; pinyin: Yúnlín Xiàn Yìhuì) is the elected county council of Yunlin County, Republic of China. The council is composed of 43 councilors, last elected at the 2022 Republic of China local election on 26 November 2022.
CPN-AMI
CPN-AMI is a computer-aided software engineering environment based on Petri Net specifications. It provides the ability to specify the behavior of a distributed system—and to evaluate properties such as invariants (preservation of resources), absence of deadlocks, liveness, or temporal logic properties (relations between events in the system).

CPN-AMI relies on AMI-Nets, that are well-formed Petri nets with syntactic facilities. Well Formed Petri nets were jointly elaborated between the University of Paris 6 (Université P. & M. Curie) and the University of Torino in the early 1990s. This Petri net class supports symbolic techniques for model checking, and thus provides a very compressed way to store all states of a system.

Since 2016 CPN-AMI has been listed by the owners as "still available but not maintained any more" (Lib6/MoVe Software at the Wayback Machine (archived May 5, 2016)).

University of Turin
The University of Turin (Italian: Università degli Studi di Torino, UNITO) is a public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the oldest universities in Europe and continues to play an important role in research and training.