hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
De Vries–Rose law
The De Vries–Rose law or Rose–de Vries law is a principle of vision science named after Hessel de Vries and Albert Rose. De Vries discovered it in 1943 from considerations of quantum efficiency, and Rose developed the idea substantially a few years later. The law says that for visual targets seen against a background luminance , subject to certain assumptions, the threshold contrast should be inversely proportional to  (i.e. contrast sensitivity is directly proportional to ). In reality it holds only approximately, at luminance levels between the regimes of "dark light" and Weber's Law.

Luminance
Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.

The procedure for conversion from spectral radiance to luminance is standardized by the CIE and ISO.

Brightness is the term for the subjective impression of the objective luminance measurement standard (see Objectivity (science) § Objectivity in measurement for the importance of this contrast).

The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). A non-SI term for the same unit is the nit. The unit in the Centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS) (which predated the SI system) is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2.
Geoffrey Kiprotich Rono
Geoffrey Kiprotich Rono (born 23 November 1997) is a Kenyan track and field sprinter. He finished fourth in the 400 metres at the 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships at Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Stadium in Poland. He also competed at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics in the 200 metres and the 2017 IAAF World Relays in the 4 × 400 metres relay.

Stadion Miejski im. Zdzisława Krzyszkowiaka
The Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Municipal Stadium (Polish: Stadion Miejski im. Zdzisława Krzyszkowiaka) is a multi-use stadium in Bydgoszcz, Poland. It was completed in 1960 with a capacity of about 35,944 on wooden benches. The stadium was completely rebuilt in 2007–2008, and the current seating capacity is 20,187 people. It is currently used for football matches and track and field events. The stadium is named after Polish Olympic gold medal-winning runner Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak.
Drift Sight
The Drift Sight was a bombsight developed by Harry Wimperis in 1916 for the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). It used a simple mechanical device to measure the wind speed from the air, and used that measurement to calculate the wind's effects on the trajectory of the bombs. The Drift Sight eliminated the need for a stopwatch to perform this calculation, as on earlier devices, and greatly eased the bomb aimer's workload.

The Drift Sight was quickly introduced into RNAS service and quickly thereafter by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) as well. In British service, Wimperis' Course Setting Bomb Sight (CSBS) started replacing the Drift Sight in 1917, but it remained in widespread use in the US Army Air Service into the 1920s. In US use the Drift Sight is often referred to as the Wimperis sight, but this name is more commonly applied to the CSBS, especially in Commonwealth air forces.

Royal Naval Air Service
The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force (RAF), the world's first independent air force.

It was replaced by the Fleet Air Arm, initially consisting of those RAF units that normally operated from ships, but emerging as a separate unit similar to the original RNAS by the time of the Second World War.
GRACILE syndrome
GRACILE syndrome is a very rare lethal autosomal recessive genetic disorder, one of the Finnish heritage diseases. GRACILE syndrome has also been found in the UK and Sweden, but not nearly as much as in Finland. It is caused by a mutation in the BCS1L gene and it occurs in approximately 1 out of 50,000 live births in Finnish people. To date, there have only been 32 cases of GRACILE syndrome reported.

GRACILE is an acronym for growth retardation, aminoaciduria (amino acids in the urine), cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis and early death. Prior to birth, the growth of the fetus is abnormally slow. This slow growth leads to a smaller than average newborn that has difficulty growing at a normal rate.

Aminoaciduria
Aminoaciduria occurs when the urine contains abnormally high amounts of amino acids. In the healthy kidney, the glomeruli filter all amino acids out of the blood, and the renal tubules then reabsorb over 95% of the filtered amino acids back into the blood.

In overflow aminoaciduria, abnormally high concentrations of amino acids in the blood plasma overwhelm the resorptive capacity of the renal tubules, resulting in high concentrations of amino acids in the urine. This may be caused by congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism, for example, phenylketonuria, or may be secondary to liver disease.

In renal aminoaciduria, the renal tubules are unable to reabsorb the filtered amino acids back into the blood, causing high concentrations of amino acids in the urine. This may be caused by a defect in the transport proteins in the renal tubule, for example, as occurs in Hartnup disease, or may be due to damage to the kidney tubule, for example, as occurs in Fanconi syndrome.
1999 Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela
The Constituent National Assembly (Spanish: Asamblea Nacional Constituyente) or ANC was a constitutional convention held in Venezuela in 1999 to draft a new Constitution of Venezuela, but the assembly also gave itself the role of a supreme power above all the existing institutions in the republic. The Assembly was endorsed by a referendum in April 1999 which enabled Constituent Assembly elections in July 1999. Three seats were reserved for indigenous delegates in the 131-member constitutional assembly, and two additional indigenous delegates won unreserved seats in the assembly elections.

The constitution was later endorsed by the referendum in December 1999, and new general elections were held under the new constitution in July 2000. This ended the bipartisanship and ushered in the Bolivarian Revolution.

2000 Venezuelan general election
General elections were held in Venezuela on 30 July 2000, the first under the country's newly adopted 1999 constitution. Incumbent President Hugo Chávez ran for election for a full six-year term under the new constitution. He was challenged by another leftist and former ally, Zulia Governor Francisco Arias Cárdenas. Chávez won the election with almost 60% of the popular vote, increasing his vote share over the previous elections and managing to carry a larger number of states. Arias Cárdenas only managed to narrowly carry his home state of Zulia.
E. Jacquelin Dietz
E. Jacquelin Dietz (1951–2020) was an American statistician, interested in nonparametric and multivariate statistics and in statistics education. She was a professor at North Carolina State University until 2004, when she moved to Meredith College.  At Meredith, she was head of the mathematics and computer science department for five years, from approximately 2007 to 2012, and taught statistics for 10 years. Dietz was the founding editor-in-chief of Journal of Statistics Education.

Nonparametric statistics
Nonparametric statistics is a type of statistical analysis that makes minimal assumptions about the underlying distribution of the data being studied. Often these models are infinite-dimensional, rather than finite dimensional, as in parametric statistics. Nonparametric statistics can be used for descriptive statistics or statistical inference. Nonparametric tests are often used when the assumptions of parametric tests are evidently violated.
Kumbo
Kumbo, also known as Kimbo, is the second-largest city in the North West Province of Cameroon and the capital of Bui Division. It lies about 2000m above sea level and is situated approximately 110 km away from Bamenda (the provincial capital of the North West Province), on the Bamenda Highlands Ring Road. Kumbo has a population of 80,212 (at the 2005 Census) and is split into three distinctive hilly settlements of Tobin, Mbveh, and Squares. The town is known for horse racing (Tobin Stadium ) and traditional medicine, and also for its palace (Nso Palace), a market and two hospitals (Shisong Hospital  & Banso Baptist Hospital ). Kumbo is the capital city of the Nso Kingdom of the Nso people. The lingua franca is Lamnso but
Pidgin,
English,
Oku,
Djottin,
Fulfulde, French and
Hausa are spoken.

Hausa language
Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; in Hausa: Harshen/Halshen Hausa listenⓘ /hawˈsa/; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا‎) is a Chadic language spoken primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having replaced French in 2025) and in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo and the southern parts of Chad. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Ivory Coast and a small number of speakers in Sudan.

Hausa is a member of the Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Hausa is tonal, using relative pitch both to distinguish words, and mark grammatical categories. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 94 million.

In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood.
LPRadicals
Libertarian Party Radical Caucus (sometimes abbreviated as "LPRadicals") is a caucus formed in 2006 within the United States Libertarian Party by Susan Hogarth and other party members who opposed removal of much of the material in the party platform during the  2006 national party convention. The caucus generally subscribes to an ideology of anarcho-capitalism. The caucus was active at the 2008 and 2010 Libertarian National Conventions.  The radical caucus was revived and was extraordinarily active during the 2016 Libertarian National Convention.

2016 Libertarian National Convention
The 2016 Libertarian National Convention was the gathering at which delegates of the Libertarian Party chose the party's nominees for president and vice president in the 2016 national election. The party selected Gary Johnson, a former Governor of New Mexico, as its presidential candidate, with Bill Weld, a former Governor of Massachusetts as his running mate. The convention was held from May 26–30, 2016, in Orlando, Florida.
Max Rose (film)
Max Rose is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Daniel Noah, and distributed by Paladin Films. The film stars Jerry Lewis, Kevin Pollak, Kerry Bishé, Claire Bloom and Dean Stockwell. Its story follows a jazz pianist who suspects that his wife of 65 years may have been unfaithful.

The film was among the last released for Jerry Lewis, Dean Stockwell and Mort Sahl, before their passings in 2017 and 2021 respectively, although Lewis and Stockwell filmed scenes for other films later that were released before Max Rose, including The Trust, Persecuted, and Entertainment.

The film was produced by Lightstream Entertainment and Rush River Entertainment. The film premiered at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. It was released theatrically on September 2, 2016.

Entertainment (2015 film)
Entertainment is a 2015 American drama film directed by Rick Alverson, starring Gregg Turkington, Tye Sheridan, and John C. Reilly. It is loosely based on Turkington's Neil Hamburger character. The plot follows a stand-up comedian as he performs in various locations where the audience is either hostile or indifferent to him. Alverson, Turkington and Tim Heidecker co-wrote the film.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 2015. It was released in a limited theatrical release by Magnolia Pictures in North America, and through video on demand in November 2015, receiving a generally positive reception from film critics. This is the final film to star Dean Stockwell prior to his retirement and death.
My Patricia
My Patricia (Patricia mía, also known as Punto y banca )  is a 1961 romantic comedy film directed by Enrique Carreras, with a screenplay by Emilio Villalba Welsh based on an idea by Enrique Carreras. It stars Carlos Estrada and Susana Canales and features the musical group Los Cinco Latinos. It was partially filmed in Mar del Plata and is the posthumous film of Francisco Álvarez who died in April 1960.

Enrique Carreras
Enrique Carreras (6 January 1925 – 29 August 1995) was a Peruvian-born Argentine film director, screenwriter and film producer. He was one of the most prolific film directors in the history of the cinema of Argentina and a prominent figure of the classical era of Argentine cinema.
Edgar Pick
Edgar Pick (Hebrew: אדגר פיק) is an Israeli immunologist who is Professor Emeritus of Immunology in the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences at Tel Aviv University, Israel.

University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences
The University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (FMHS; Māori: Mātauranga Hauora) was established in 1968 as The University of Auckland School of Medicine at its present site in Grafton, Auckland. Prior to this, the University of Otago had taught some students from the final years of its medical course in Auckland through a branch faculty of the Dunedin School of Medicine.
Czech Republic at the 2026 Winter Olympics
The Czech Republic, officially named Czechia by the IOC, competed at the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, from 6 to 22 February 2026, with 115 competitors in 14 sports.

Hockey player David Pastrňák and biathlete Lucie Charvátová were the country's flagbearer during the opening ceremony. Meanwhile, speed skaters Metoděj Jílek and Martina Sáblíková were the country's flagbearer during the closing ceremony.

Lucie Charvátová
Lucie Charvátová (Czech pronunciation: [ˈlutsɪjɛ ˈxarvaːtovaː]; born 1 February 1993) is a Czech biathlete. She was born in Hradec Králové. She has competed in the Biathlon World Cup, and represented the Czech Republic at the Biathlon World Championships 2016.
The Scavenger Bride
The Scavenger Bride is the eighth studio album by the Darkwave band Black Tape for a Blue Girl. It was released in America in 2002 by Projekt Records. It was subsequently released in Mexico on Samadhi and in Russia on Irond Records.

Black Tape for a Blue Girl
Black Tape for a Blue Girl (often stylized as black tape for a blue girl) is an American neoclassical dark wave band formed in 1986 by keyboardist/songwriter Sam Rosenthal, the founder of Projekt Records. The band's fans include director David Lynch, Sasha Grey, Poppy Z. Brite, and Caitlín R. Kiernan.

Their music has elements of dark wave, ethereal, ambient, neoclassical, and dark cabaret music. 1986’s debut The Rope was listed at #169 in Uncut’s Ultimate Record Collection: 200 Greatest Goth Albums.Their 13th album, The Cleft Serpent, was released on October 1, 2021 on Projekt Records.
Siasi
Siasi, officially the Siasi City, Province of Sulu (Tausūg: Kawman sin Siasi; Filipino: lungsod ng Siasi), is a City in the province of Sulu, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 100,076 people.

Sulu
Sulu ([sʊˈlu]), officially the Province of Sulu (Tausūg: Wilaya' sin Lupa' Sūg; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Sulu; Chavacano: Provincia de Sulu); is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Zamboanga Peninsula region.

It was part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), until the Supreme Court of the Philippines on September 9, 2024, declared its inclusion to be unconstitutional because of the province's simple majority vote against it during the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite.

Its capital is Jolo on the island of the same name. Maimbung, the royal capital of the Sultanate of Sulu, is also located in the province. Sulu is along the southern border of the Sulu Sea and the northern boundary of the Celebes Sea.
The Hermitage, Denistone
The Hermitage is a heritage-listed residence, former research institute and government office located at 1–13 Pennant Avenue, Denistone, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It was possibly designed by architect John Bibb and built from 1838 to 1842 in the Australian colonial Victorian era style. It is also known as The Hermitage and Garden. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Gregory Blaxland
Gregory Blaxland (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was an English pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia, noted especially for initiating and co-leading the first successful crossing of the Blue Mountains by European settlers.
Deren Ney
Deren Michael Ney is an American musician, songwriter and filmmaker from San Francisco, California. He performed with Nicki Bluhm and The Gramblers before making his solo debut in 2019 with "West Coast Mama" on Volplane Records.

A multi-instrumentalist, Guitar World editor and The Allman Brothers Band biographer Alan Paul described him as "a secret weapon of sorts."

In recent years Ney has directed music videos for Amanda Shires, Marcus King, Animal Liberation Orchestra, Jaime Wyatt and Greg Loiacono.

Nicki Bluhm and the Gramblers
Nicki Bluhm and the Gramblers were an American band, formed in 2008 in San Francisco. Band members included Nicki Bluhm, Steve Adams and formerly Tim Bluhm. The band has released four albums: Toby's Song, Driftwood, Self-Titled, and Loved Wild Lost, and their "Van Sessions" videos have been popular on YouTube. Most of their songs are written by Nicki Bluhm and other members.
P.'s Correspondence
"P.'s Correspondence" is an 1845 sketch by the 19th century American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne.

"P.'s Correspondence" is presented as an epistolary sketch featuring a lengthy letter dated February 29, 1845, and addressed to an unnamed friend who is publishing it. P. has possibly lost his sanity and, despite not leaving his room, has met a wide variety of famous 19th century figures whom he describes. Some of the people he meets were already dead and P. confuses past and present. Among those he encounters in his imagination or claims friendship with are Lord Byron, Napoleon, John Greenleaf Whittier, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Brockden Brown, and Joel Barlow.

The sketch was first published in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review in April 1845 before being collected with other Hawthorne stories in Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846.

Charles Brockden Brown
Charles Brockden Brown (January 17, 1771 – February 22, 1810) was an American novelist, historian, and editor of the Early National period.

Brown is regarded by some scholars as the most important American novelist before James Fenimore Cooper. Although Brown was not the first American novelist, as some early criticism claimed, the breadth and complexity of his achievement as a writer in multiple genres (novels, short stories, essays and periodical writings, poetry, historiography, and reviews) makes him a crucial figure in literature of the early republic. His best-known works include Wieland and Edgar Huntly, both of which display his characteristic interest in Gothic themes. He has been referred to as the "Father of the American Novel."
Moin Khan (Bangladeshi cricketer)
Moin Khan (born 24 October 1995) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Barisal Division in the 2016–17 National Cricket League on 27 December 2016. He made his List A debut for Khelaghar Samaj Kallyan Samity in the 2016–17 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League on 15 May 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut on 31 May 2021, for Partex Sporting Club in the 2021 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League.

Barisal Division cricket team
The Barisal Division cricket team or Barisal Blazers is a Bangladeshi first-class team representing the Barisal Division, one of the eight administrative regions in Bangladesh. The team competes in the National Cricket League and was formerly a participant in the now-defunct National Cricket League One-Day. In the short-lived National Cricket League Twenty20 competition, played in the 2009–10 season only, Barisal played in their official green and black colors. The equivalent team in the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) is the Fortune Barishal.

Barisal's home ground is the Barisal Divisional Stadium, also known as the Abdur Rab Serniabad Stadium, which has a 30,000 capacity. They have only won one competition in their history, the 2008–09 National Cricket League One-Day.
Barbora Balážová
Barbora Balážová (born 18 March 1992 in Topoľčany) is a Slovak table tennis player. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's singles event, in which she was eliminated in the second round by Li Fen.

Topoľčany
Topoľčany ([ˈtɔpɔʎtʂani] ⓘ; Slovak: Veľké Topoľčany before 1920; Hungarian: Nagytapolcsány) is a town in the Nitra Region of Slovakia. The population is around 25,000 in total. The town's population is nicknamed Žochári (singl. Žochár) (producers, or owners of "mosses").

The Nitra River flows through a wide valley between the two mountain ranges that are visible from the town: Tribeč (to the east) and Považský Inovec (to the west). It is best known for the birthplace of the current prime minister of Slovakia, Robert Fico.
Stupid Little Golf Video
Stupid Little Golf Video (released as Leslie Nielsen's Stupid Little Golf Video in the United States) is the third and last of the how-to-golf-badly trilogy, following Bad Golf Made Easier and Bad Golf My Way. As of 2019 it is the only one that has been released on DVD. Nielsen's wife Barberee Earl Nielsen makes a cameo as a lady golfer. The film was shot at the Banff Springs Hotel & Golf Course in Banff, Alberta, Canada, and Los Angeles, California.

Banff, Alberta
Banff is a resort town in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, 126 km (78 mi) west of Calgary, 58 km (36 mi) east of Lake Louise, and 1,400 to 1,630 m (4,590 to 5,350 ft) above sea level.

Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within a Canadian national park. The town is a member of the Calgary Regional Partnership.

Banff is one of Canada's most popular tourist destinations. Known for its mountainous surroundings and hot springs, it is a destination for outdoor sports and hiking, biking, scrambling and skiing. Sunshine Village, Ski Norquay and Lake Louise Ski Resort are nearby ski resorts within the national park.
French classical music
French classical music began with the sacred music of the Roman Catholic Church, with written records predating the reign of Charlemagne. It includes all of the major genres of sacred and secular, instrumental and vocal music.  French classical styles often have an identifiably national character, ranging from the clarity and precision of the music of the late Renaissance music to the sensitive and emotional Impressionistic styles of the early 20th century. Important French composers include Pérotin, Machaut, Du Fay, Ockeghem, Josquin, Lully, Charpentier, Couperin, Rameau, Leclair, Grétry, Méhul, Auber, Berlioz, Alkan, Gounod, Offenbach, Franck, Lalo, Saint-Saëns, Delibes, Bizet, Chabrier, Massenet, Widor, Fauré, d'Indy, Chausson, Debussy, Dukas, Vierne, Duruflé, Satie, Roussel, Hahn, Ravel, Honegger, Milhaud, Poulenc, Auric, Messiaen, Françaix, Dupré, Dutilleux, Xenakis, Boulez, Guillou, Grisey, and Murail.

Jean-Marie Leclair
Jean-Marie Leclair l'aîné  (Jean-Marie Leclair the Elder) (10 May 1697 – 22 October 1764) was a French Baroque violinist and composer. He is considered to have founded the French violin school. His brothers, the lesser-known Jean-Marie Leclair the younger (1703–77) as well as Pierre Leclair (1709–84) and Jean-Benoît Leclair (1714–after 1759), were also musicians.