hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dieter Haidt
Dieter Haidt (born 1940) is a German physicist, known for his contribution to the 1973 discovery of weak neutral currents. The discovery was made in the Gargamelle experiment, which used a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector in operation at CERN from 1970 to 1979.

Bubble chamber
A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it. It was invented in 1952 by Donald A. Glaser, for which he was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physics. Supposedly, Glaser was inspired by the bubbles in a glass of beer; however,  in a 2006 talk, he refuted this story, although saying that while beer was not the inspiration for the bubble chamber, he did experiments using beer to fill early prototypes.

While bubble chambers were extensively used in the past, they have now mostly been supplanted by wire chambers, spark chambers, drift chambers, and silicon detectors. Notable bubble chambers include the Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) and Gargamelle.
Certification of Italian as a Foreign Language
The Certification of Italian as a Foreign Language (Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera or CILS) is a qualification offered by the Foreigners University of Siena for foreign speakers of the Italian language, recognizing various levels of language proficiency.  The qualification is recognized by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is often used to grant acceptance in any Italian university or higher education institution in Italy.

Professional certification
Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply certification or qualification, is a designation earned by a person to assure qualification to perform a job or task. Not all certifications that use post-nominal letters are an acknowledgement of educational achievement, or an agency appointed to safeguard the public interest.
Yorkey Crossing
Yorkey Crossing or Yorkeys Crossing is a ford in the Australian state of  South Australia located at the head of Spencer Gulf in the gazetted locality of Emeroo about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) north of Port Augusta.  As of 2014, it is the site of an unsealed road that serves as a by-pass route around the head of the gulf for 'over dimensional vehicles' (i.e. greater than 4 m (13 ft) wide and 5.8 m (19 ft) high), which are not permitted to cross the gulf using the Joy Baluch AM Bridge.  It is also near the location of the crossing (also known as Yorkey Crossing) for the Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta Railway (now called the Trans-Australian Railway) built after 1911.  It is considered to be the most north easterly part of Eyre Peninsula and is popular with railway enthusiasts.

It is commonly known by the possessive 'Yorkey's Crossing', such as when mentioned in episode 3 of the 2020 ABC television drama Stateless.

Ford (crossing)
A ford is a shallow section of a river or stream where it may be crossed by wading, on horseback, or inside a vehicle. A ford may occur naturally or be constructed. Fords may be impassable during high water. A low-water crossing is a low bridge that allows crossing over a river or stream when water is low but may be treated as a ford when the river is high and water covers the crossing.

The word ford is both a noun (describing the water crossing itself) and a verb (describing the act of crossing a ford).
Aarhus Air Raid
The Aarhus Air Raid took place on 31 October 1944, when 25 Mosquitoes from 140 Wing Royal Air Force (RAF) of the 2nd Tactical Air Force, bombed the Gestapo headquarters at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. After the Second World War, the RAF called the mission the most successful of its kind during the war.

No. 140 Expeditionary Air Wing
No. 140 Expeditionary Air Wing is a deployable Expeditionary Air Wing of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Lossiemouth, Moray, Scotland, UK.

The current wing was established on 1 April 2006 the wing has history dating back to May 1944:
Adam Badowski
Adam Konrad Badowski (born October 19, 1975) is a Polish video game director, entrepreneur, and joint CEO of CD Projekt. Badowski has been a chief contributor to the visuals, narrative, and design of The Witcher and Cyberpunk video game series.

The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings
The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings (Polish: Wiedźmin 2: Zabójcy królów) is a 2011 action role-playing game developed by CD Projekt Red, based on The Witcher series of fantasy novels authored by Andrzej Sapkowski. It is a sequel to the 2007 game, The Witcher and the second main installment in The Witcher's video game series. It was released for Windows, Xbox 360, OS X, and Linux.

The player directs the actions of Geralt of Rivia, a monster hunter known as a Witcher. The fantasy world in which his adventures take place owes much to Polish history and Slavic mythology. The game was both a critical and commercial success, selling over eight million copies by September 2014. The third installment in the series, The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, was released in 2015.
Blaine McLeod
Blaine McLeod is a Canadian politician from the Saskatchewan Party, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in the 2023 Lumsden-Morse provincial by-election.

Born and raised in rural Saskatchewan, McLeod has operated Caroncrest Dairy Farms for over 40 years.  He has previously served as the Saskatchewan director of Dairy Farmers of Canada.

McLeod is married to his wife Marlie and has two sons and one daughter.

Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (French: Assemblée législative de la Saskatchewan) is the legislative chamber of the Saskatchewan Legislature in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan, in the name of the King of Canada. The assembly meets at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina.

There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). All are single-member districts, though the cities of Regina, Saskatoon and Moose Jaw were in the past represented through multi-member districts, with members elected through block voting.

The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house.

The 30th Saskatchewan Legislature was elected at the 2024 Saskatchewan general election.
Simone Dell'Acqua
Simone Dell'Acqua (born 22 November 1989) is an Italian footballer.

He mostly spent his career at Lombardy region (2004–2013) and Italian Lega Pro divisions (the third and fourth division, from 2007 to 2014).

Lega Pro
The  Lega Italiano Calcio Professionistico (Italian for Professional Football Italian League), commonly known as Lega Pro (Pro League), is the league that runs the third tier of professional football competitions in Italy, the Serie C; the third division of Italian football. It used several names in the past, including Lega Professionisti Serie C. It is a full member of European Leagues.
Herman Simm
Herman Simm (born 29 May 1947) is a former chief of the Estonian Defence Ministry's security department and a convicted Russian spy.

The Simm case became the first since the restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991 in which an actual agent was identified, tried, and convicted of treason.

Minister of Defence (Estonia)
The Minister of Defence (Estonian: Kaitseminister) is the senior minister at the Ministry of Defence (Estonian: Kaitseministeerium) in the Estonian Government. The minister is one of the most important members of the Estonian government, with responsibility for coordinating the governments policies on national defence and the military forces. The defence minister is chosen by the prime minister as a part of the government.

When the position was originally established in 1918, it was called the minister of war (Sõjaminister). The post was renamed minister of defence on April 1, 1929, but would change back to minister of war in 1937. Though the name of the position, and subsequently the ministry, was changed, the main responsibilities of the position remained virtually same.

Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991 the post has been known as the minister of defence.
Acute esophageal necrosis
Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), black esophagus, or Gurvits syndrome is a rare esophageal disorder. AEN defines itself with dark pigmentation of the esophagus, found during an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Pigmentation is usually black friable mucosa. The disorder is extremely rare, as only 89 patients over a span of 40 years have received this diagnosis. Specific study of the disorder's mortality rate is mentioned at 31.8%, but new research suggests mortality rates vary from 30 to 50%. The exact triggering mechanism for this disorder is still unknown, but is likely multifactorial.

Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue known as the lamina propria. It is mostly of endodermal origin and is continuous with the skin at body openings such as the eyes, eyelids, ears, inside the nose, inside the mouth, lips, the genital areas, the urethral opening and the anus. Some mucous membranes secrete mucus, a thick protective fluid. The function of the membrane is to stop pathogens and dirt from entering the body and to prevent bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated.

Amphibians, fish, snails, slugs, and some other invertebrates also produce external mucus from their epidermis as protection against pathogens, to help in movement, and to line fish gills. Plants produce a similar substance called mucilage that is also produced by some microorganisms.
IYogi
iYogi is a remote technical support firm based in Gurgaon, India, with customers in the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Australia, Canada, and India. It has been the subject of lawsuits and numerous claims of misconduct.

Sequoia Capital
Sequoia Capital Operations, LLC, doing business as Sequoia Capital or simply Sequoia, is an American venture capital firm headquartered in Menlo Park, California. It specializes in seed stage, early stage, and growth stage investments in private companies across technology sectors. As of January 2025, the firm had approximately US$56 billion in assets under management (AUM).

The firm operates three regionally-focused venture entities, as Sequoia in Europe, Peak XV Partners in Southeast Asia, and formerly HongShan in China. Sequoia has made a wide variety of venture investments since inception, including in Apple, ByteDance, and Cisco, among many others.
Elranatamab
Elranatamab, sold under the brand name Elrexfio, is a medication used for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Elranatamab is a bispecific B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed CD3 T-cell engager. Elranatamab is given by subcutaneous injection.

The most common side effects include cytokine release syndrome, fatigue, injection site reaction, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, musculoskeletal pain, pneumonia, decreased appetite, rash, cough, nausea, and pyrexia (fever).

Elranatamab was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2023, in the European Union in December 2023, and in Canada in December 2023.

Musculoskeletal disorder
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck and back. MSDs can arise from a sudden exertion (e.g., lifting a heavy object), or they can arise from making the same motions repeatedly (repetitive strain), or from repeated exposure to force, vibration, or awkward posture. Injuries and pain in the musculoskeletal system caused by acute traumatic events like a car accident or fall are not considered musculoskeletal disorders. MSDs can affect many different parts of the body including upper and lower back, neck, shoulders and extremities (arms, legs, feet, and hands). Examples of MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis, tendinitis, back pain, tension neck syndrome, and hand-arm vibration syndrome.
1950–51 in Israeli football
The 1950–51 season was the third season of competitive football in Israel and the 25th season under the Israeli Football Association, established in 1928, during the British Mandate.

During this season not league football was played, as Hapoel and Maccabi factions in the IFA argued over the composition of the top division, and whether to include Maccabi Nes Tziona in Liga Alef. The disagreement was settled towards the end of the season, allowing league operation to renew at the start of the next season.

Israel Football Association
The Israel Football Association (IFA; Hebrew: ההתאחדות לכדורגל בישראל HaHiṯəʼaḥăḏūṯ ləKaddūreḡel bəYiśrāʼēl, lit. 'The Association of Football in Israel') is the governing body of football in Israel. It organizes a variety of association football leagues where the highest level is the Israeli Premier League; as well as national cups such as the Israel State Cup, the Toto Cup, and the Israel Super Cup; also, the Israel national football team. The IFA was originally founded in 1928, in Mandatory Palestine, and is based in Ramat Gan.
Prawdzinski
Prawdzinski (Belarusian: Праўдзінскі, romanized: Praŭdzinski; Russian: Правдинский, romanized: Pravdinsky) is an urban-type settlement in Pukhavichy District, Minsk Region, Belarus. As of 2025, it has a population of 2,123.

Minsk region
Minsk region, also known as Minsk oblast or Minsk voblasts, is one of the six regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Minsk, although it is a separate administrative territorial entity of Belarus. The region's population was recorded at 1,411,500 in 2011.
Lake Guntersville State Park
Lake Guntersville State Park is a public recreation area located on the far north side of the city of Guntersville in Marshall County, Alabama. The state park occupies 5,909 acres (2,391 ha) on the eastern shore of Guntersville Lake, a 69,000-acre (28,000 ha) impoundment of the Tennessee River. The park features resort facilities and is managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.

Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is a 652 mi (1,049 km) long river located in the southeastern United States. Flowing through the Tennessee Valley in the states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, it begins at the confluence of French Broad and Holston rivers at Knoxville, and drains into the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky. It is the largest tributary of the Ohio, and drains a basin of 40,876 sq mi (105,870 km2).

Its tributary, the Little Tennessee River, flows into it from Western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia.
Yum Balam
Yum Balam Flora and Fauna Protection Area (Spanish: Área de protección de flora y fauna Yum Balam) is a Mexican Flora and Fauna Protection Area located in the state of Quintana Roo in southeastern Mexico. Established in 1994, the nature reserve was the first protected area in Mexico to be created at the request of local communities. The reserve includes wetlands along the north shore of the Yucatán Peninsula and adjacent Isla Holbox and has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2004.

Ramsar site
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, also known as "The Convention on Wetlands",  an international environmental treaty signed on 2 February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, under the auspices of UNESCO. It came into force on 21 December 1975, when it was ratified by a sufficient number of nations. It provides for national action and international cooperation regarding the conservation of wetlands, and wise sustainable use of their resources. Ramsar treaty participants meet regularly to identify and agree to protect "Wetlands of International Importance", especially those providing waterfowl habitat.

As of January 2026, there are 2,520 Ramsar sites around the world, which protect 253,075,668 hectares (625,363,590 acres), and 172 national governments participate in the convention.
Neoclassical realism
Neoclassical realism is a theory of international relations and an approach to foreign policy analysis. Initially coined by Gideon Rose in a 1998 World Politics review article, it is a combination of classical realist and neorealist – particularly defensive realist – theories.

Neoclassical realism holds that the actions of a state in the international system can be explained by intervening systemic variables, such as the distribution of power capabilities among states; cognitive variables, such as the perception and misperception of systemic pressures, other states' intentions, or threats; and domestic variables, such as state institutions, elites, and societal actors that affect the power and freedom of action of the foreign policy decision-makers.

Foreign policy analysis
Foreign policy analysis (FPA) is a technique within the international relations sub-field of political science dealing with theory, development, and empirical study regarding the processes and outcomes of foreign policy.

FPA is the study of the management of external relations and activities of state. Foreign policy involves goals, strategies, measures, management methods, guidelines, directives, agreements, and so on. National governments may conduct international relations not only with other nation-states but also with international organizations and non-governmental organizations.

Managing foreign relations need carefully considered plans of actions that are adapted to foreign interests and concerns of the government.
Kirov, Kaluga Oblast
Kirov (Russian: Ки́ров) is a town and the administrative center of Kirovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Bolva River (Desna's tributary) 160 kilometers (99 mi) southwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 28,097 (2021 Census); 31,882 (2010 Census); 38,893 (2002 Census); 35,962 (1989 Soviet census). 29,000 (1970).

Desna (river)
The Desna (Russian and Ukrainian: Десна) is a river in Russia and Ukraine, a major left-tributary of the Dnieper. Its name in Old East Slavic: деснъ means lit. "right hand". It has a length of 1,130 km (702 mi), and its drainage basin covers 88,900 km2 (34,324 sq mi).

In Ukraine, the river's width ranges from 60 to 250 metres (200 to 820 ft), with its average depth being 3 m (10 ft). The mean annual discharge at its mouth is 360 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s). The river freezes over from early December to early April, and is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, a length of about 535 km (332 mi).

The water level of the river reached its lowest recorded point in 140 years in June 2020. This water level was 5 m (16 ft) below normal for that time of year.
Michael Kelly (Illinois politician)
Michael Kelly (born June 23, 1975) is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 15th district since his appointment on November 23, 2021. The 15th district, located in the Chicago area, includes parts of Glenview, Morton Grove, Niles, Park Ridge, and Skokie and includes parts of the Chicago neighborhoods of Albany Park, Forest Glen, Irving Park, Jefferson Park, North Park, and Norwood Park.

He was appointed in 2021 to succeed longtime Democratic State Representative John C. D'Amico, who retired earlier in November that year.

Jefferson Park, Chicago
Jefferson Park is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States, located on the northwest side of the city. The neighborhood of Jefferson Park occupies a larger swath of territory. It is also named after Thomas Jefferson, the third U.S. president and the Founding Father who was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence.

Jefferson Park is bordered by the community areas of Norwood Park to the northwest, Forest Glen to the northeast, Portage Park to the south, and the suburb of Harwood Heights to the west. The Guatemalan consulate is located in Jefferson Park at 5559 North Elston Avenue.
HMS Curlew (1812)
HMS Curlew (1812) was a Royal Navy Cruizer class brig-sloop built by (William) Good & Co., at Bridport and launched in 1812. She served with the Navy for only 10 years. During the War of 1812 she sailed from Halifax and captured several American privateers. Her greatest moment was her role in the 1819 British occupation of Ras Al Khaimah, leading to the signature of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820, which established the Trucial States, today the United Arab Emirates. Curlew was sold in 1822 in Bombay. She then had a 13 or so year career as an opium runner for James Matheson, one of the founders of the firm Jardine Matheson.

General Maritime Treaty of 1820
The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 was initially signed between the rulers of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah and Great Britain in January 1820, with the nearby island state of Bahrain acceding to the treaty in the following February. Its full title was the "General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea, Dated February 5, 1820".

The treaty was signed following decades of maritime conflict in the Persian Gulf, with British, French, and Omani flagged ships involved in a series of disputes and actions that were characterized by officials of the British East India Company as acts of piracy on the part of the dominant local maritime force, the Qawasim. It led to the establishment of the British protectorate over the Trucial States, which would last until the independence of the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971.
Yelena Pershina
Yelena Pershina (born 24 December 1963, in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian-born retired female long jumper who represented Kazakhstan. Her personal best jump was 6.91 metres, achieved in August 1992 in Alma Ata (now Almaty).

She competed at the World Championships in 1997 and 1999 as well as the Olympic Games in 1996 and 2000 without reaching the final round.

On the regional level she won a gold medal at the 1995 Asian Championships and bronze medals at the 1998 Asian Championships and the 1998 Asian Games. At the 1995 Asian Championships she also won a bronze medal in the triple jump.

Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump
The Women's long jump competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia was held at the Stadium Australia on 29 September 2000. The winning margin was 7 cm.

In the final, German Heike Drechsler finished in first place, with a jump distance on 6.99 metres (22 ft 11 in). Italian Fiona May finished in second, while American Marion Jones claimed the third place. On 5 October 2007, Jones admitted that she had taken performance-enhancing drugs. As a result, she was disqualified and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) stripped her of bronze medal on 9 December. Russian Tatyana Kotova, who originally finished in fourth place, was instead awarded the bronze. Kotova was later found guilty of doping, but her Olympic results were unaffected.