hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Burst switching
In a packet switched network, burst switching is a capability in which each network switch extracts routing instructions from an incoming packet header to establish and maintain the appropriate switch connection for the duration of the packet, following which the connection is automatically released.

In concept, burst switching is similar to connectionless mode transmission, but differs in that burst switching implies an intent to establish the switch connection in near real time, so that only minimum buffering is required at the node switch.

A variant of burst switching used in optical networks is optical burst switching.

Header (computing)
In information technology, header is supplemental data placed at the beginning of a block of data being stored or transmitted. In data transmission, the data following the header is sometimes called the payload or body.

It is vital that header composition follows a clear and unambiguous specification or format, to allow for parsing.
Voiceless dental and alveolar trills
Voiceless dental and alveolar trills are a type of consonantal sound. They differ from their cognate /r/ only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

Proto-Indo-European *sr developed into a sound written as ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.

*Proto-Indo-European *srew- > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly [r̥é.ɔː]

Intercostal muscles
The intercostal muscles comprise many different groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity.
Chandrachur Singh
Chandrachur Singh (born 11 October 1968) is an Indian actor, who mainly works in Hindi cinema. He is the recipient of a Filmfare Award, in addition to receiving nomination for an IIFA Award and a Screen Award.

International Indian Film Academy Awards
The International Indian Film Academy Awards (IIFA Awards) is an annual awards ceremony for Hindi cinema. Produced by Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd, the winners of the awards are decided by fans, who vote online for their favourite actors from the Indian Hindi film industry. Instituted in 2000, the ceremony is held in different countries around the world every year.

The IIFA Utsavam is the South Indian segment of the annual IIFA Awards. The awards were introduced in 2016, around the films released in 2015. The 1st IIFA Utsavam was held on 24 and 25 January 2016 at the Gachibowli Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad, India.
German submarine U-651
German submarine U-651 was a German Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. She was ordered just after the war started in 1939, laid down on 16 January 1940, launched on 21 December that year and commissioned the following 21 February. She was commanded by Kapitänleutnant Peter Lohmeyer.

Her career was a short one. She took part in only one patrol and sank two ships in convoy Convoy HX 133: the merchantmen Brockley Hill and Grayburn. On 29 June 1941, she was sunk by the escort for the same convoy but 45 of her crew were rescued by the Royal Navy and interrogated by the Admiralty.

Convoy HX 133
Convoy HX 133 was the 133rd of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from HalifaX to Liverpool. The ships departed Halifax on 16 June 1941, and were found on 23 June by U-boats of the 1st U-boat Flotilla, operating out of Brest, France.
U-boats sank six ships before the convoy reached Liverpool on 3 July. There was strong criticism of the RCN corvette's signalling capabilities as borne out by the number of collisions that occurred.
Waldeck Rousseau law (1884)
The Law on the Creation of Professional Syndicates, known as the Waldeck-Rousseau Law, allowed legalised trade unions in France. Passed on March 21, 1884, it repealed the Le Chapelier Law and defined the scope of union competencies. It is now integrated into the Labor Code.

The Law on the Creation of Professional Syndicates, known as the Waldeck-Rousseau Law after Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, the republican Minister of the Interior who advocated for its adoption, is a French law passed on 21. It followed the Ollivier law of the Second French Empire of 25 May 1864 which decriminalized workers' coalitions.

The law authorized the establishment of trade unions in France, repealing the restrictive Le Chapelier Law, and defined their competencies. The text applies to all professional groups, encompassing both employee unions and employer unions. It has since been incorporated into the French Labour Code.

Minister of the Interior (France)
The Minister of the Interior (French: Ministre de l'Intérieur, pronounced [ministʁ d(ə) lɛ̃teʁjœʁ]) is the interior minister of the government of France, traditionally responsible for internal security and territorial administration. The minister ensures the maintenance and cohesion of the country's institutions throughout its national territory.

The current Minister of the Interior is Laurent Nuñez, who has held the position since 12 October 2025 under Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu.
Stan Getz Meets João & Astrud Gilberto
Stan Getz meets João & Astrud Gilberto: New York 1964 is a live recording of bossa nova in the making. In 1990, the Giants of Jazz label released a live recording of a 1964 New York City performance featuring Stan Getz, João Gilberto and Astrud Gilberto, the latter's then-wife. The album, entitled Stan Getz meets João & Astrud Gilberto is actually misleading: the trio had met previously in 1963 for the recording of the wildly successful album Getz/Gilberto, which was released in 1964 and set off the bossa nova frenzy in the U.S. As a result of that album’s success, the Brazilian Gilbertos and the American Getz played a number of shows in the U.S., such as the one recorded here. Released as part of the “Immortal Concerts” series, this recording exhibits the chemistry the three obviously shared and captures bossa nova in its infancy, as it was still being created and defined.

Stan Getz
Stan Getz (born Stanley Gayetski; February 2, 1927 – June 6, 1991) was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as "The Sound" because of his warm, lyrical tone, with his prime influence being the wispy, mellow timbre of his idol, Lester Young. Coming to prominence in the late 1940s with Woody Herman's big band, Getz is described by critic Scott Yanow as "one of the all-time great tenor saxophonists". Getz performed in bebop and cool jazz groups. Influenced by João Gilberto and Antônio Carlos Jobim, he also helped popularize bossa nova in the United States with the hit 1964 single "The Girl from Ipanema".
William J. Brodie
William J. Brodie (born c. 1840) was an American legislator in South Carolina during the Reconstruction era. He was identified as a mullato bricklayer who was literate. Another document lists him as a carpenter. He served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1876 until 1880.

A native of South Carolina, he represented Charleston County. A Republican, he was listed with other candidates of the Union Republican ticket for the 1878 election.

In 1876, he was appointed to a committee investigating the South Carolina Supreme Court members for possible actions warranting impeachment.

Charleston County, South Carolina
Charleston County is located in the U.S. state of South Carolina along the Atlantic coast. As of the 2020 census, the population was 408,235, making it the third-most populous county in South Carolina (behind Greenville and Richland counties). Its county seat is Charleston. It is also the largest county in the state by total area, although Horry County has a larger land area. The county was created in 1800 by an act of the South Carolina State Legislature. Charleston County is included in the Charleston-North Charleston, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina.
Braille ASCII
Braille ASCII (or more formally The North American Braille ASCII Code, also known as SimBraille) is a subset of the ASCII character set which uses 64 of the printable ASCII characters to represent all possible dot combinations in six-dot braille.  It was developed around 1969 and, despite originally being known as North American Braille ASCII, it is now used internationally.

Graphic character
A graphic character, also known as a printing character or a printable character, is a grapheme intended to be rendered in a form that can be read by a human. In other words, it is any encoded character that is associated with one or more glyphs. (It is thus distinct from a control character, one that is acted upon and not displayed.)
Jacques du Plessis
Willem Hendrik Jacques "Sheep" du Plessis (born 12 August 1993) is a South African rugby union player. He plays for the Bulls in the United Rugby Championship and for the Blue Bulls in the Currie Cup. His regular playing positions are flanker or lock.

Currie Cup
The Currie Cup (Afrikaans: Curriebeker) is South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. The Currie Cup dates back to 1891.
Denan Kemp
Denan Kemp is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s in the National Rugby League (NRL) and a current online sports content creator. Kemp played in the NRL for the Brisbane Broncos and the New Zealand Warriors, usually on the wing. He also had a brief stint in rugby union in 2011, playing for Southern Districts in the Shute Shield competition.

Post football Kemp launched his own podcast and beer company, which has seen him described as "one of the most influential, Rugby League online content creators."

Queensland Cup
The Queensland Cup, currently known as the Hostplus Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the highest-level regional rugby league football competition in Queensland, Australia. It is run by the Queensland Rugby League (QRL)  and is contested by fifteen teams, thirteen of which are based in Queensland, with one based in New South Wales and one in National Capital District, Papua New Guinea.

The competition is the present-day embodiment of Queensland's top-level club competition. It replaced the Winfield State League in 1996 and accompanied the Brisbane Rugby League, before becoming the premier competition in 1998, following the disbanding of the Brisbane Rugby League.
WVUM
WVUM (90.5 FM) is a non-commercial alternative and electronic music college radio station at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida in the United States and broadcasting over-the-air to the Miami metropolitan area and streaming online via Internet radio.

The station is owned by WVUM, Inc., a corporation owned by an advisory board composed of faculty and students at the University of Miami. Air talent and station management are University of Miami students.  Most positions are volunteer but some management positions are paid.

WVUM is the flagship station of Miami Hurricanes sports, airing most events live with color commentary by the station's sports staff. In February 2011, WVUM's Sports Department was invited to be the broadcasters on the University of Miami's web stream broadcasts on hurricanesports.com. The station has been a featured presence at local Miami arts festivals, including Art Basel in Miami Beach, Ultra Music Festival, and Miami Music Week.

Miami Music Week
Miami Music Week (MMW) is a weeklong marathon of electronic dance music that takes place in Miami, Florida during the last week of March. The event is attended by hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world. In 2015, over 1,000 artists performed at over 260 events hosted at a myriad of venues across Miami. Venues include nightclubs, pools, boats, and pop-up spaces/venues in areas such as Wynwood, Downtown Miami, Miami Beach, and Little Haiti. Miami Music Week also leads up to the Ultra Music Festival, which is attended by 165,000 people over three days.
Nova N 176
Nova N 176 is an undeciphered manuscript codex held at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (IOM) of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg, Russia.  The manuscript, of uncertain provenance, entered the collection of the IOM in 1954, and for more than fifty years nobody was able to identify with certainty what language or script the text of the manuscript was written in.  It was only in 2010 that IOM researcher Viacheslav Zaytsev was able to demonstrate that the manuscript is written in the Khitan large script, one of two largely undeciphered writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language during the 10th–12th centuries by the Khitan people, who founded the Liao Empire in north-eastern China.

Khitan language
Khitan or Kitan ( in large script or  in small, Khitai; Chinese: 契丹語, Qìdānyǔ), also known as Liao, is an extinct language once spoken in Northeast Asia by the Khitan people (4th to 13th century CE). It was the official language of the Liao Empire (907–1125) and the Qara Khitai (1124–1218). Owing to a narrow corpus of known words and a partially undeciphered script, the language has yet to be completely reconstructed.
Helvesiek
Helvesiek is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Helvesiek belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Bishopric was transformed into the Principality of Verden, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Principality, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Principality was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Principality in a real union and the Princely territory, including Helvesiek, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Prince-Bishopric of Verden
The Prince-Bishopric of Verden was an ecclesiastical principality or Hochstift of the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Saxony, Germany. Established as a diocese of the Catholic Church in the middle of the 8th century, it was officially dissolved by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, and replaced by the Duchies of Bremen-Verden.
Burnelli GX-3
The Burnelli GX-3, also known as Uppercu-Burnelli UB-SS. was an American twin-engined, mid-wing experimental aircraft which first flew in 1929. Work commenced on this aircraft during development of the Burnelli CB-16. Soon after, Daniel Guggenheim announced the Guggenheim Safe Aircraft Competition. Many manufacturers brought aircraft to this competition. The GX-3 was built in New Jersey, but did not arrive at the competition in time to participate. However, it was reported to have good short take-off and landing capabilities and was able to operate at 200 km/h. The GX-3 had wings which were able to change their shape using flaps. The front wheels were smaller than the rear ones, and the aircraft was powered by two 90 hp (67 kW) engines. The pilots sat in an open cockpit. The aircraft also incorporated Burnelli's lifting-body feature.

Experimental aircraft
An Experimental aircraft is an aircraft intended for testing new aerospace technologies and design concepts.

The term research aircraft or testbed aircraft, by contrast, generally denotes aircraft modified to perform scientific studies, such as weather research or geophysical surveying, similar to a research vessel.

The term "experimental aircraft" also has specific legal meaning in Australia, the United States and some other countries; usually used to refer to aircraft flown with an experimental certificate. In the United States, this also includes most homebuilt aircraft, many of which are based on conventional designs and hence are experimental only in name because of certain restrictions in operation.
Thomas Burgess (died 1623)
Thomas Burgess (ca. 1540 – 13 August 1623), of Truro in Cornwall, was an English merchant, and was Mayor of Truro in 1589 and an alderman of the town at the time its coat of arms was confirmed in 1620. He was Member of Parliament for Truro in the Parliament of 1604–1611.

Truro
Truro (/ˈtrʊəroʊ/ ⓘ; Cornish: Truru) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Cornwall, England. It is the southernmost city in the United Kingdom, and lies 232 miles (373 km) west-south-west of London. It is Cornwall's county town, only city, and a centre for administration, leisure and shopping. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 21,046 and the population of the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which included the Gloweth and Treliske areas in the neighbouring parish of Kenwyn) was 23,060.

Truro grew as a trade centre through its port and as a stannary town for tin mining. It was awarded city status in 1877 following the creation of the Diocese of Truro the previous year. Truro Cathedral was built between 1880 and 1910. Truro is home to Cornwall Council, the Royal Cornwall Museum, the Hall for Cornwall and Cornwall's Courts of Justice. People from Truro are called Truronians.
Sophia Institute Press
Sophia Institute Press is a non-profit Catholic publishing company based in Nashua, New Hampshire, United States.

It publishes Catholic books, the online opinion journal Crisis Magazine, the traditionalist Catholic website OnePeterFive, the Tridentine Mass missalette Benedictus, the website CatholicExchange.com, and catechetical materials for teachers. It also operates a music division, Sophia Music Group, via its 2021 acquisition of the De Montfort Music and AimHigher Recordings labels.

Catechesis
Catechesis (/ˌkætəˈkiːsɪs/; from Greek: κατήχησις, 'instruction by word of mouth', generally 'instruction') is basic Christian religious education of children and adults, often from a catechism book. It started as education of converts to Christianity, but as the religion became institutionalized, catechesis was used for education of members who had been baptized as infants. As defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 5 (quoting Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Exhortation Catechesi tradendae, §18):

Catechesis is an education in the faith of children, young people and adults which includes especially the teaching of Christian doctrine imparted, generally speaking, in an organic and systematic way, with a view to initiating the hearers into the fullness of Christian life.
There's a Hole in My Bucket
"There's a Hole in My Bucket" (or "...in the Bucket") is a "humorous", classic children's folk song based on a protracted dialogue between two characters, Henry and Liza, about a leaky bucket. Various versions exist but they differ only slightly, all describing a "deadlock" situation essentially as follows: Henry's bucket leaks, so Liza tells him to repair it. To fix the leaky bucket, he needs straw. To cut the straw, he needs a knife. To use the knife, he needs to sharpen it. If the sharpening stone must be damp, he needs water. But to fetch water, he needs the bucket... which has a hole in it.

To commemorate the song, the National Day Calendar organization in Mandan, North Dakota, claims that May 30 every year is "Hole in My Bucket Day".

Straw
Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield by weight of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making.

Straw is usually gathered and stored in a straw bale, which is a bale, or bundle, of straw tightly bound with twine, wire, or string. Straw bales may be square, rectangular, star shaped or round, and can be very large, depending on the type of baler used.
Brochis pantanalensis
Brochis pantanalensis is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging the family Callichthyidae, the armored catfishes, and the subfamily Corydoradinae, the corys. This fish is found in the Cusis and Las Petas River basins, in the Paraguay River system in Bolivia and in the Miranda River in Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil.

Paraguay River
The Paraguay River (Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Río Paraguay in Spanish) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil and Paraguay and forming parts of the Paraguay-Argentina, Brazil-Bolivia, and Brazil-Paraguay borders. It flows about 2,621 kilometres (1,629 mi) from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia.
Edward Muallem
Edward Muallem (born 1958 in Mi'ilya) is a Palestinian actor, director, and drama trainer specialized in Theatre of the Oppressed. He holds a degree in Theatre Studies and co-founded El-Hakawati Theatre Company in Jerusalem in 1977 and ASHTAR Theatre in 1991, serving as its General Director until 2021. Muallem conducted drama workshops for children and youth since 1994. Beginning in 2004, he expanded his work internationally, leading Forum Theatre workshops in several countries.

In 2007, he received the Grozdanin Kikot International Award from the Mostar Youth Theatre in Bosnia and Herzegovina for his contributions to drama education. He also served as the director of the International Theatre of the Oppressed Festival in Palestine from 2007 to 2015. In 2024, the Palestinian Ministry of Culture recognized Muallem as the Cultural Personality of the Year for his work in theatre and education.

Forum theatre
Forum theatre is a type of theatre created by Brazilian theatre director Augusto Boal. It is one of the techniques under the umbrella term of Theatre of the Oppressed (TO). This relates to the engagement of spectators influencing and engaging with the performance as both spectators and actors, termed "spect-actors", with the power to stop and change the performance. As part of TO, the issues dealt with in forum theatre are often related to areas of social justice, with the aim of exploring solutions to oppression featured in the performance.
Ethinylestriol
Ethinylestriol (EE3), or 17α-ethynylestriol, also known as 17α-ethynylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol, is a synthetic estrogen which was never marketed. Nilestriol, the 3-cyclopentyl ether of ethinylestriol, is a prodrug of ethinylestriol, and is a more potent estrogen in comparison, but, in contrast to ethinylestriol, has been marketed. Ethinylestriol has been found to reduce the risk of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer when given as a prophylactic in animal models, while other estrogens like ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol were ineffective.

Prodrug
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME).

Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target.  This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects.