hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Credo Reference
Credo Reference or Credo (formerly Xrefer) is an American company that offers online reference content by subscription and partners with libraries to develop information-literacy programs or produce library marketing plans and materials.  Founded in 1999, Credo Reference provides full-text online versions of over 3,500 published reference works from more than 100 publishers in a variety of major subjects.  These include general and subject dictionaries as well as encyclopedias. The company's customers are libraries, library systems, k-12 schools, and universities, which subscribe to the service for their patrons' use.

In 2010, a review of general reference sources by Library Journal focused on Credo Reference and three similar services. The review noted Credo Reference's internal linking within the site from one reference work to another.

Subscription business model
The subscription business model is a business model in which a customer must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a product or service. The model was pioneered by publishers of books and periodicals in the 17th century. It is particularly common now for digital products, which lend themselves more naturally toward a subscription model.

Subscriptions can be a more convenient, hassle-free transaction for consumers. However, due to inertia among some consumers, they may inadvertently pay for subscriptions that they no longer value because they do not realize that they are subscribed.
Blacksmith (character)
Blacksmith (Amunet Black) is a DC Comics supervillain and a rogue to the Flash III (Wally West). Blacksmith first appeared in Flash: Iron Heights (2001) and was created by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver. She is the ex-wife of Goldface.

Blacksmith made her live action debut as a recurring character on season 4 of The Flash, portrayed by Katee Sackhoff.

Supervillain
A supervillain, supervillainess or supercriminal is a variant of the villainous stock character. The character is a common archetype in comic books and other popular culture, often acting as the primary adversary of superheros.

Supervillains are often noted for their ability to foil heroes through the use of superpowers, their mental or physical capabilities, or their criminal influence, often creating grandiose schemes for nefarious purposes, such as world domination.
Margaret Maclay Bogardus
Margaret Maclay Bogardus (1804 – 1878) was an American miniature painter.

Scottish by birth, the daughter of the Reverend Archibald Maclay, Margaret Maclay emigrated to the United States in 1805, marrying James Bogardus in 1831.

For awhile after their marriage, Bogardus' paintings supported her husband, an inventor who would become known for his cast-iron buildings. In 1942, she became one of the first female members of the National Academy of Design, where she would exhibit until 1846.

Her work is included in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and the National Portrait Gallery, Washington.

She was interred with her husband at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

National Portrait Gallery (United States)
The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded in 1962 and opened in 1968, it is part of the Smithsonian Institution. Its collections focus on images of American artists, politicians, scientists, inventors, activists, and performers who have contributed to the nation's history, development, and culture. Along with the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the museum is housed in the historic Old Patent Office Building.
An Imperial Disaster
An Imperial Disaster: The Bengal Cyclone of 1876 is a work of history by the New Zealand scholar Benjamin Kingsbury. Originally formulated as the author's PhD thesis at Victoria University of Wellington in 2016, the book was published in 2018 to critical acclaim. It was published by C. Hurst & Co. in the UK and by Speaking Tiger in India. It deals with the 1876 Bengal cyclone, which was one of the worst natural disasters of the 19th century and claimed up to 300,000 lives, but is almost completely forgotten today. Kingsbury's book is the first single-volume modern work entirely dedicated to the disaster. It has been praised by South Asian scholars such as Sunil Amrith (Harvard), Chandrika Kaul (St Andrews), Nandini Gooptu (Oxford), Peter Robb (SOAS), and Rochona Majumdar (Chicago).

It has also received positive reviews in mainstream Indian papers such as The Telegraph (Calcutta) and The Sunday Guardian.

Speaking Tiger Books
Speaking Tiger Books (informally Speaking Tiger) is an independent publishing and book distribution company based in New Delhi, India. It was founded in 2014 by Ravi Singh and Manas Saikia, former heads of Penguin India and Cambridge University Press India, respectively. The company focuses on maintaining a diversity of genres and publishes Indian and international literary fiction and non-fiction.
Abolfazl Akasheh
Abolfazl Babadi Akasheh (Persian: ابوالفضل بابادی عکاشه; born 9 March 1999) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a forward for Sanat Naft in the Azadegan League.

On 16 August 2020 and as a loan player from Sepahan, he scored the Iran Pro League promotion goal for Aluminium Arak against Damash Gilan in Azadegan League.

On 21 Sepetmer 2020, he made his AFC Champions League debut for Sepahan against Al Ain.

Aluminium Arak F.C.
Aluminium Arak Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال آلومینیوم اراک, Bashgah-e Futbal-e Aluminium Arak), commonly known as Aluminium Arak, is an Iranian football club based in Arak, Markazi, that competes in the Persian Gulf Pro League. The club was founded as PAS Arak Football Club in 2001. The club is part of Aluminium Arak Sport and Cultural Club.

The football team plays their home games at the Imam Khomeini Stadium which has a seating capacity of 15,000. The club is owned and supported by the IRALCO (Iranian Aluminium Company).
Avare
Avare is a free open source "moving map" aviation GPS, A/FD and EFB app for phones or tablets using the Android Operating System. The app uses any internal Android or compatible external GPS receiver to determine location, allowing real-time display of location, heading, speed, distance, time, and altitude on free U.S. FAA IFR or VFR aviation charts; or on select topographic charts. Included are 3D, ADSB-In and other advanced options. The user can access all relevant static current FAA official data and some non-FAA maps and data in flight without data connection (and without GPS for VFR), once data has been downloaded to the device. With an aircraft ADSB-Out transmitter and inexpensive ADSB-In receiver Avare can also display any available FAA live ADSB data in flight. Some advanced users also interface Avare with an auto-pilot or flight simulator.

Autopilot
An autopilot is a system used to control the path of an aircraft without requiring constant intervention by a human operator. The autopilot does not replace human operators, but it assists them allowing them to focus on broader aspects of operations (for example, monitoring the trajectory, weather and on-board systems).

When present, an autopilot is often used in conjunction with an autothrottle, a system for controlling the power delivered by the engines.
Zhang Zhiyun
Zhang Zhiyun (traditional Chinese: 張織雲; simplified Chinese: 张织云; pinyin: Zhāng Zhīyún, fl. 1923–1953) was a Chinese actress. Born in Panyu County, Guangdong, she moved to Shanghai in her youth. Hired by the Greater China Film Company through a general casting call, she later transferred to Mingxing, with whom she made the commercially successful Lonely Orchid (1926) and was crowned "movie queen" in a newspaper poll. She left the film industry after beginning a relationship with Tang Jishan, and when they severed ties she was unable to regain her stardom despite making several films. Zhang moved to British Hong Kong in her later years.

Casting (performing arts)
In the performing arts industry such as theatre, film, or television, casting, or a casting call, is a pre-production process for selecting a certain type of actor, dancer, singer, or extra to land the role of a character in a script, screenplay, or teleplay. This process may be used for a motion picture, television program, documentary film, music video, play, or advertisement intended for an audience.
Federico Alonso (sailor)
Federico Alonso Tellechea (born August 15, 1981 in Buenos Aires) is a Spanish sailor.

Alonso won the Cadet class World Championships in 1998. In the 49er class, he won the silver medal at the 2008 European Championships, the gold medal at the 2009 ISAF Sailing World Cup, and the bronze medal at the 2015 World Championships.

49er & 49er FX World Championships
The 49er World Championships are international sailing regattas in the 49er and 49er FX classes organized by the class association and recognised by World Sailing. The 49er Worlds were first held in 1997 with the class making its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games with the class being used as an open or male event. In 2013 the 49erFX held it first world championship with the class being used for the female discipline since 2016 Games.
Bay Lake Tower
Bay Lake Tower at Disney's Contemporary Resort, commonly known as Bay Lake Tower, is a Disney Vacation Club resort located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. It opened in 2009 and is located in the Magic Kingdom Resort Area, adjacent to Disney's Contemporary Resort, Bay Lake, and Magic Kingdom.

While the tower is designated as a standalone Disney Vacation Club resort hotel, it is considered an addition to Disney's Contemporary Resort, as they both share the same theme. It occupies the land formerly occupied by the North Garden Wing, a building that was adjacent to the main tower and mirrored the still-standing South Garden Wing.

Bay Lake, Florida
Bay Lake is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 29 at the 2020 census. It is named after a lake that lies east of Magic Kingdom. All four of the Walt Disney World Resort theme parks, and one of Walt Disney World's two water parks, are in Bay Lake, though all Disney parks in the region have mailing addresses in nearby Lake Buena Vista.

Bay Lake is one of two Florida municipalities inside the Central Florida Tourism Oversight District (formerly the Reedy Creek Improvement District) which also includes Walt Disney World, the other being Lake Buena Vista. Bay Lake is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Nishinomiya Station (Hanshin)
Nishinomiya Station (西宮駅, Nishinomiya eki; station number: HS-178)  is a passenger railway station  located in the city of   Nishinomiya Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hanshin Electric Railway. The station is called "Hanshin Nishinomiya" or "Han-Nishi" to distinguish the name from Nishinomiya Station on the JR West Tōkaidō Line (JR Kōbe Line) and Nishinomiya-kitaguchi Station on Hankyu Railway.

JR Kōbe Line
The JR Kōbe Line (JR神戸線, JR Kōbe sen) is the nickname of portions of the Tokaido Main Line and the Sanyo Main Line, between Osaka Station in Osaka, Osaka Prefecture and Himeji Station in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture. The line, along with the JR Kyoto Line and the Biwako Line, forms a contiguous service that is the main trunk of West Japan Railway Company's Urban Network commuter rail network in the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Metropolitan Area. The line also offers continuous service to the Gakkentoshi Line via the JR Tōzai Line.
Ozicrypta noonamah
Ozicrypta noonamah is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologists Robert Raven and Tracey Churchill. The specific epithet noonamah refers to the type locality.

Arachnology
Arachnology (from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē), meaning "spider", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study") is the scientific study of arachnids, which comprise spiders and related invertebrates such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. More narrowly, the study of spiders alone (order Araneae) is known as araneology.

The word "arachnology" from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē), meaning "spider", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study". The Ancient Greek word for "spider" itself refers to Arachne, the female protagonist of an ancient tale of the Greek Mythology.
Judith Beheading Holofernes (Finson, Naples)
Judith Beheading Holofernes is a 1607 oil on canvas painting by Louis Finson, now owned by the Banco di Napoli and hanging in the Palazzo Zevallos Stigliano in Naples.

Finson stayed in Naples from 1604 to 1612. and there became a Caravaggist before Caravaggio's departure from the city in 1607. Finson then stayed in Provence on the way back to the Netherlands (1613-1615). The work is a copy of Caravaggio's work on the same subject, one of several of Finson's works on that subject. A work rediscovered in Toulouse in 2014 is thought to either be an earlier version of that work by Caravaggio or an earlier version of Finson's work now in Naples.

Banco di Napoli
Banco di Napoli S.p.A., among the oldest banks in the world, was an Italian banking subsidiary of Intesa Sanpaolo group, as one of the 6 retail brands other than "Intesa Sanpaolo". It was acquired by the Italian banking group Sanpaolo IMI (the predecessor of Intesa Sanpaolo) in 2002 and ceased being an independent bank. In February 2018, Intesa Sanpaolo announced their new business plan, which would retire Banco di Napoli and other brands; the legal person of Banco di Napoli would be absorbed into Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A.
Varkaus railway station
The Varkaus railway station (abbrev. Var) is located in the town of Varkaus, Finland, in the region of North Savo. The distance from the Helsinki Central railway station is 424.7 kilometres, via the Pieksämäki and Kouvola stations. By rail, the distance to Pieksämäki is 49 kilometres (30 mi) and to Joensuu 133 kilometres (83 mi).

The track from Huutokoski to Varkaus was built in 1914. It was then extended to Vihtari in 1939 and to Viinijärvi in 1940.

In addition to the Varkaus railway yard, the station contains links to the Kommila and Akonniemi trackyards.

Pieksämäki
Pieksämäki (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpie̯ksæˌmæki]) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the South Savo region, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of Mikkeli, 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Jyväskylä and 95 kilometres (59 mi) south of Kuopio. The town has a population of 17,243 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,836.22 square kilometres (708.97 sq mi) of which 266.76 km2 (103.00 sq mi) is water. The population density is 10.99 inhabitants per square kilometre (28.5/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Kangasniemi, Leppävirta, Mikkeli, Rautalampi and Suonenjoki.
Fee Fee Creek
Fee Fee Creek is a stream in St. Louis County in the U.S. state of Missouri.

Fee Fee Greenway, a wildlife corridor created by Great Rivers Greenways, runs along the creek from Maryland Heights Community Center to Creve Couer Lake Memorial Park.

Fee Fee Creek derives its name from Nicholas Beaugenou Jr., nicknamed "Fifi," a pioneer citizen who established a farm on the creek bank in 1795.

Creve Coeur Lake Memorial Park
Creve Coeur Lake Memorial Park (also called Creve Coeur County Park) is a 2,145-acre (8.68 km2) St. Louis County park located in Maryland Heights, Missouri, United States. The park is the largest in the St. Louis County Parks system and includes Creve Coeur Lake, an oxbow lake that is one of the largest natural lakes in Missouri.
Valdera
Valdera is the name of an area in the Province of Pisa in Tuscany.

It comprises the following municipalities:

Capannoli

Casciana Terme Lari

Chianni

Crespina

Lajatico

Palaia

Peccioli

Ponsacco

Terricciola

The Valdera area usually also includes the following municipalities for social and economical reasons. They are all located near the lower part of the Arno river valley and near the Lucca plain.

Pontedera

Bientina

Buti

Calcinaia

Santa Maria a Monte

Calcinaia
Calcinaia  (Latin: Vicus Vitri) is a comune (municipality) and town in the province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Florence and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Pisa.

Calcinaia borders the following municipalities: Bientina, Cascina, Pontedera, Santa Maria a Monte, Vicopisano. The town of Fornacette is included in the municipality of Calcinaia.
Bavarian BB I
The BB I was a steam locomotive with the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn).

This one-off loco would have been given the operating number 55 7101 by the Reichsbahn in their initial renumbering plan, but in the final one it did not appear as it had been retired in 1924. It can be seen in section today in the Nuremberg Transport Museum.

The engine was initially equipped with a Bavarian 3 T 13,8 tender, later replaced by a Class 2'2' T 18.

Tender (rail)
A tender is a special rail vehicle hauled by a steam locomotive containing its fuel (wood, coal, oil or torrefied biomass) and water. Steam locomotives consume large quantities of water compared to the quantity of fuel, so their tenders are necessary to keep them running over long distances. A locomotive that pulls a tender is called either a tender locomotive or a tender engine. Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board are called tank locomotives or tank engines.

A corridor tender is a locomotive tender with a passageway to one side, allowing crew changes on the fly.

A brake tender is a tender that is heavy and used (primarily) to provide greater braking efficiency.
2019 Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open
The 2019 Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 6th edition of the event, and part of the International category of the 2019 WTA Tour. It took place in Nanchang, China, from September 9 – 15, 2019.

WTA International tournaments
The WTA International tournaments was a category for tennis tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association from the 2009 WTA Tour until 2020, which replaced the previous Tier III and Tier IV categories. As of 2021, these events have been reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments. The winner of a WTA 250 tournament adds 250 points to her WTA ranking.

For the 2025 season, there were 21 WTA 250, all knock-out tournaments with a prize money for every event at $275,094.
Chinese mitten crab
Eriocheir sinensis, the Chinese mitten crab (simplified Chinese: 大闸蟹; traditional Chinese: 大閘蟹; pinyin: dàzháxiè; Jyutping: daai6 zaap6 haai5; Shanghainese: du6-zaq8-ha5, lit. 'big sluice crab'; Korean: 참게) or Shanghai hairy crab (上海毛蟹, p Shànghǎi máoxiè), is a medium-sized burrowing crab that is named for its furry claws, which resemble mittens. It is native to rivers, estuaries, and other coastal habitats of East Asia; from Korea in the north to Fujian in the south. It has also been introduced to Europe and North America, where it is considered an invasive species. The species features on the list of invasive alien species of Union concern. This means that the import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union.

Mitten
A mitten is a type of glove that covers the hand but does not have separate finger openings or sheaths. Generally, mittens still separate the thumb from the other four fingers. They have different colours and designs. Mittens provide greater thermal insulation than gloves as they have a smaller surface area exposed to the cold, but have a trade-off in dexterity.

Mittens are associated with cold weather, children's clothing, comfort and various occupational uses. In the English-speaking world, they also have a cultural association with domestic cats, as in the "Three Little Kittens".

Mittens are a common sight on ski slopes, as they not only provide extra warmth but extra protection from injury. They are also recommended as part of extreme cold weather clothing. Oven mitts are worn in the kitchen to protect the hands from hot objects.: 197
NYPD Blue season 12
The twelfth and final season of NYPD Blue premiered on ABC on September 21, 2004, and concluded on March 1, 2005.

Note: Garcelle Beauvais-Nilon, Jessalyn Gilsig, and John F. O'Donohue did not return for the twelfth season. With the exception of Eddie Gibson being replaced as squad commander, their absences are not explained to the audience.

Jessalyn Gilsig
Jessalyn Sarah Gilsig (born November 30, 1971) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles as Meredith Gordon in Heroes, Kayley in Quest for Camelot, Lauren Davis in Boston Public, Gina Russo in Nip/Tuck, Det. Kelly Ronson in NYPD Blue, Terri Schuester in Glee, and as Siggy Haraldson in Vikings.
Frederick Arthur MacKenzie
Frederick Arthur MacKenzie (1869–1931) was a Canadian journalist that covered several geopolitical developments in East Asia in the early 20th century. He was one of the few Western journalists to cover the Russo-Japanese War from the Japanese side and the Korean resistance against Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

He briefly contributed to the Pall Mall Gazette, and then for several years he worked with the Daily Mail as a travelling correspondent in East Asia. His last book was on religious persecution in Soviet Russia.

In 2014, he was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation by the Korean Government.

The Pall Mall Gazette
The Pall Mall Gazette was an evening newspaper founded in London on 7 February 1865 by George Murray Smith; its first editor was Frederick Greenwood. In 1921, The Globe merged into The Pall Mall Gazette, which itself was absorbed into The Evening Standard in 1923.

Beginning late in 1868 and continuing at least through the 1880s, a selection or digest of its contents was published as the weekly Pall Mall Budget.
Coat of arms of East Java
The Coat of arms of East Java is a shield with a pentagonal base shape. This symbol consists of images of stars, hero monuments, volcanoes, temple gates, rice fields and fields, rice and cotton, rivers, wheels and chains, with a white ribbon bearing the regional motto written in Old Javanese: Jer Basuki Mawa Beya.

Old Javanese
Old Javanese or Kawi is an Austronesian language and the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language. It was natively spoken in the central and eastern part of Java Island, what is now Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java Provinces, Indonesia. 
As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islands of Madura, Bali, and Lombok.
Zion Canyon
Zion Canyon (also called Little Zion, Mukuntuweap, Mu-Loon'-Tu-Weap, and Straight Cañon; weap is Paiute for canyon) is a deep and narrow gorge in southwestern Utah, United States, carved by the North Fork of the Virgin River. Nearly the entire canyon is located within the eastern half of Zion National Park.

Zion – Mount Carmel Highway
The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is a 25-mile (40 km) long road in Washington and Kane counties in southern Utah that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.