hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lactaldehyde reductase
In enzymology, lactaldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.77) is an enzyme that catalyzes two chemical reactions

Each individual reaction is stereospecific so that when the substrate of the enzyme is (R)-propane-1,2-diol it produces (R)-lactaldehyde but the enantiomeric substrate (S)-propane-1,2-diol gives only (S)-lactaldehyde. The enzyme's cofactor is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which is converted to NADH, and also releases a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)[or (S)]-propane-1,2-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include propanediol:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) oxidoreductase, and L-lactaldehyde:propanediol oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.

Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH3COCOO−, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell.

Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation.

Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking.
Culture of Pittsburgh
The culture of Pittsburgh stems from the city's long history as a center for cultural philanthropy, as well as its rich ethnic traditions.  In the 19th and 20th centuries, wealthy businessmen such as Andrew Carnegie, Henry J. Heinz, Henry Clay Frick, and nonprofit organizations such as the Carnegie Foundation donated millions of dollars to create educational and cultural institutions.

Henry J. Heinz
Henry John Heinz (October 11, 1844 – May 14, 1919) was an American entrepreneur who co-founded the H. J. Heinz Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was involved in the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. Many of his descendants are known for philanthropy and involvement in politics and public affairs. His fortune became the basis for the Heinz Foundations.
Vegaskarð
Vegaskarð (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈvɛːɣaˌskarθ], "Road Pass") is a mountain pass in Norður-Múlasýsla county, Iceland, between Víðidalur valley, and Möðrudalur and Möðrudalsöræfi wilderness. The Ring Road runs through the pass roughly midway between Akureyri and Egilsstaðir.

Just east of the pass, the old unpaved portion of the Ring Road continues to the mountain settlement of Möðrudalur, while the newer paved road winds north to Langidalur valley on its way to Háreksstaðaleið. Beneath the west slopes of the pass runs Skarðsá river.

South of the pass is the cone-shaped reddish mountain peak Vegahnjúkur (783 m); north of the pass stands Sauðahnjúkur peak (641 m). Gunnuklettur, a myth-surrounded rock in the middle of the pass opening into a tiny cave shelter, is believed to be the death place of a woman named Gunna, after whom the rock is named.

Counties of Iceland
Iceland was historically divided into 23 counties known as sýslur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈsistlʏr̥]), and 23 independent towns known as kaupstaðir ([ˈkʰœypˌstaːðɪr̥]). Iceland is now split up between 24 sýslumenn (magistrates) that are the highest authority over the local police (except in Reykjavík where there is a special office of police commissioner) and carry out administrative functions such as declaring bankruptcy and marrying people outside of the church. The jurisdictions of these magistrates often follow the lines of the historical counties, but not always. When speaking of these new "administrative" counties, the custom is to associate them with the county seats rather than using the names of the traditional counties, even when they cover the same area.
Sycamore Smith
Sycamore Smith is the stage name of Marc Smith, a musician from Marquette, Michigan.  Smith, formerly of The Muldoons, has toured the United States with his comic brand of folk music, complete with derby hat, guitar, and gold-plated resonator kazoo. He is signed to the Pentimento Music Company.

Though still little known outside of the Michigan area, since his stint as lead singer of The Muldoons, Smith has built a reputation as an accomplished lyricist.

Smith writes folk songs in an old-fashioned, vaudevillian rural style; songs about heroes and swindlers where characters including Wolfskin Rosie, Legless Paul, and Bobo have adventures that are at times triumphant and other times melancholic. Sycamore uses his first name when referring to himself in his songs (as in The Razor Ball).

Most recently, Smith appeared on an episode of The Happy Birthday Podcast in which he revealed that he would never change his birthday for anything in the whole world.

Kazoo
The kazoo is a musical instrument that adds a buzzing timbral quality to a player's voice when the player vocalizes into it. It is a type of mirliton (itself a membranophone), one of a class of instruments that modify the player's voice by way of a vibrating membrane of goldbeater's skin or material with similar characteristics. There is a smaller version of the kazoo, known as a humazoo.
Chilochromis
Chilochromis duponti is a species of cichlid endemic to riverine habitats in the Chiloango River basin of Cabinda Province of Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Kouilou-Niari River and lower Loeme River in the Republic of Congo, and the Nyanga basin and upper Ngounie River which is part of the Ogooué system in Gabon. The main part of its diet is aquatic vegetation, largely algae, but small amounts of invertebrates are eaten. It is spawns on to the substrate. This species reaches a length of 30 centimetres (12 in) SL.  It is the only currently known member of its genus. The specific name honours Édouard Dupont (1841-1911), a Belgian geologist who was a pioneer of the geological exploration of the Congo Basin and a director of the Brussels Museum.

Nyanga River
2°58.0′S 10°15′E﻿ / ﻿2.9667°S 10.250°E﻿ / -2.9667; 10.250

The Nyanga River, 600 km, (French: Rivière Nyanga) is a river that runs through southern Gabon and northern Republic of the Congo. It is the second most important river in Gabon after the Ogooue. It is well known for the numerous rapids that break up its otherwise smooth course.
Prattipadu railway station
Prattipadu is a defunct Indian Railways station near Prattipadu, a village in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. It lies on the Vijayawada–Chennai section and is administered under Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone. No train halts in this station every day.

West Godavari district
West Godavari district is a coastal district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh with an administrative headquarters in Bhimavaram. It is bounded by the Krishna district and Bay of Bengal to the south, East Godavari district to the east, and Eluru district, Kolleru Lake and Upputeru Drain to the northwest.
South Dakota's 29th legislative district
South Dakota's 29th legislative district is one of 35 districts in the South Dakota Legislature. Each district elects one senator and two representatives. In the state senate, it has been represented by Republican Dean Wink since 2023. In the state house, it has been represented by Republicans Gary Cammack since 2023 and Kirk Chaffee since 2019.

South Dakota House of Representatives
The South Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Dakota Legislature. It consists of 70 members, two from each legislative district. Two of the state's 35 legislative districts, Districts 26 and 28, are each subdivided into two single-member districts (26A/26B and 28A/28B). The South Dakota House of Representatives meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Symphony No. 3 (Schuman)
American composer William Schuman's Symphony No. 3 was completed on January 11, 1941, and premiered on October 17 of that year by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Serge Koussevitsky, to whom it is dedicated.

Serge Koussevitzky
Serge Koussevitzky (born Sergey Aleksandrovich Kusevitsky; Russian: Сергей Александрович Кусевицкий, IPA: [sʲɪrˈɡʲej ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕ kʊsʲɪˈvʲitskʲɪj];  26 July [O.S. 14 July] 1874 – 4 June 1951) was a Russian and American conductor, composer, and double-bassist, known for his long tenure as music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1924 to 1949.
NGC 498
NGC 498 is a lenticular galaxy located about 260 million light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Pisces. NGC 498 was discovered by astronomer R. J. Mitchell  on October 23, 1856.

NGC 498 is a member of the NGC 507 Group which is part of the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster.

R. J. Mitchell (astronomer)
R. J. Mitchell, active in astronomy in the 1850s, was an assistant to William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse. He studied at Queen's College, Galway and was employed as a scientific assistant to Lord Rosse in 1853. He also taught the sons of Lord Rosse.

Mitchell was a talented observer and drawer who made many discoveries with Lord Rosse's 72-inch telescope, and it has been suggested that many of the discoveries claimed by Lord Rosse were actually made by Mitchell. After leaving the employ of Lord Rosse in May 1858, Mitchell began a career in the Irish civil service.
Luwang
Luwang (Meitei: ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ) is a group of people, which is recognized as one of the seven Yek Salai clans of the composite Meitei confederacy. Luwang consists of several Yumnaks which are native peoples of ancient Kangleipak (now Manipur), one of the States of India.

Kangleipak
Kangleipak was an ancient, lesser known civilisation, consisting of the modern day Manipur, India which is still known to some residents as Kangleipak, and other neighbouring regions. The Kangla served as the foremost capital city of this realm from the 15th century BCE, up to medieval times.
Essonodon
Essonodon is a mammal genus from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata and lived towards the end of the "age of the dinosaurs." It is within the suborder Cimolodonta and perhaps the family Cimolomyidae. It contains a single species, Essonodon browni, formerly also known as Cimolodon nitidus (Marsh 1889).

The genus Essonodon was named by Simpson G.G. in 1927, and is also partly known as Cimolodon. The inclusion of this taxon within Cimolomyidae is tentative. (Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001, p. 408).

Fossils are known from the late Campanian to the end of the Maastrichtian. They are known from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana & North Dakota (USA), the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan (Canada), and the Fruitland & Ojo Alamo Formations of New Mexico (USA).

This species was a relatively large multituberculate that weighed around 1.18 kilograms.

Frenchman Formation
The Frenchman Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It is present in southern Saskatchewan and the Cypress Hills of southeastern Alberta. The formation was defined by G.M. Furnival in 1942 from observations of outcrops along the Frenchman River, between Ravenscrag and Highway 37. It contains the youngest of dinosaur genera, much like the Hell Creek Formation in the United States.
Charles D. Palmer
General Charles Day Palmer, Jr. (20 February 1902 – 7 June 1999) was a senior United States Army officer who served as Deputy Commander in Chief, United States European Command from 1959 to 1962. His brother, Williston B. Palmer, was also a four-star general, and his grandfather, William E. Birkhimer, was a general and Medal of Honor recipient.

United States European Command
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21,000,000 square miles (54,000,000 km2) and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, the Caucasus, and Russia. The Commander of the United States EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) within NATO, a military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base.
Acropteroxys gracilis
Acropteroxys gracilis, the slender lizard beetle, is a species of lizard beetle in the family Erotylidae. It is found in Central America and North America, including into Canada.

With a body length range of 6-12mm, it is narrower and shorter than its relative, A. lecontei, the only other currently described species within this genus.

It is reported to feed upon ambrosia plant species such as the common ragweed. Members of this plant genus are serious agricultural pests and so this insect species has been investigated for potential use as a biocontrol agent. However, A. gracilis is considered an economic pest due to its activity boring into the stems of Trifolium pratense (red clover), Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and Melilotus spp. (sweet clover) as well as a number of other plants in the Asteraceae, Poaceae and Urticaceae families.

Alfalfa
Alfalfa (/ælˈfælfə/; in North America), lucerne (in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand), Medicago sativa is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world and is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. It has also been cultivated as livestock fodder since at least the era of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Alfalfa has clusters of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiraled in two to three turns containing 10–20 seeds. It is native to warmer temperate climates.
Harry Johnson (boxer)
Herbert Henry Johnson (10 August 1887 – 16 December 1947) was a British lightweight professional boxer who competed in the early twentieth century. He won a bronze medal in Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics losing against Frederick Spiller in the semi-finals.

Boxing at the 1908 Summer Olympics
At the 1908 Summer Olympics, five boxing events were contested. All of the boxing was conducted on 27 October. The event was held in the Northampton Institute in Clerkenwell, East London.

There were three rounds in each bout, with the first two rounds being three minutes long and the last one going four minutes. Two judges scored the match, giving 5 points to the better boxer in each of the first two rounds and 7 to the better boxer in the third round. Marks were given to the other boxer in proportion to how well he did compared to the better. If the judges were not agreed on a winner at the end of the bout, the referee could either choose the winner or order a fourth round.
Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance
The Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance (MESA) is an organization founded on the research carried out by the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA). "malERA" was a project carried out by the scientific community to identify the steps and future research that must be done in order to eradicate malaria. It was created after the Malaria Forum in 2007, hosted by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, reestablished malaria eradication as a long-term goal. "malERA" first launched in 2008, and resulted in a research and development agenda which was published in a PLoS Medicine magazine in 2011. MESA was formed in 2012 to continue the goals of malERA through research and development of methods to fight malaria.  Its secretariat is located in the Barcelona Institute for Global Health.

PLOS Medicine
PLOS Medicine (formerly styled PLoS Medicine) is a peer-reviewed weekly medical journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences. It began operation on October 19, 2004, as the second journal of the Public Library of Science (PLOS), a non-profit open access publisher. All content in PLOS Medicine is published under the Creative Commons "by-attribution" license. To fund the journal, the publication's business model requires in most cases that authors pay publication fees. The journal was published online and in a printed format until 2005 and is now only published online. The journal's acting chief editor is Clare Stone, who replaced the previous chief editor, Larry Peiperl, in 2018.
Aviatour Air
Aviatour's Fly'n, Inc., operating as Aviatour, was a charter airline with its corporate headquarters in the general aviation area of Mactan–Cebu International Airport, Lapu-Lapu, Central Visayas, Philippines. It operates air taxi services and charter flights in the Visayas. Its charter service includes sightseeing tours among islands in the Visayas and Mindanao.

The company experienced two plane crashes in 2012. The first crash occurred early in 2012. One of its planes, a Cessna 172 aircraft, crashed in Mambajao, Camiguin, while flying tourists from Mactan in Cebu. A pilot and a passenger were killed in the accident. The second accident occurred on 18 August 2012 which killed 3 including Jesse Robredo.

Jesse Robredo
Jesus "Jesse" Manalastas Robredo QSC CCLH (Tagalog: [ˈdʒɛsi ɾɔˈbɾɛdɔ]; Chinese: 林炳智; pinyin: Lín Bǐngzhì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm Péng-tì; May 27, 1958 – August 18, 2012) was a Filipino politician who served as 23rd Secretary of the Interior and Local Government in the administration of President Benigno Aquino III from 2010 until his death in 2012. Robredo was a member of the Liberal Party.

Beginning in 1988, Robredo served six terms as Mayor of Naga in Camarines Sur. In recognition of his achievements as Naga mayor, Robredo was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2000, the first Filipino mayor so honored. He was appointed to the Cabinet of President Aquino in July 2010.

Robredo died on August 18, 2012, when the light aircraft he was traveling in crashed off the coast of Masbate after suffering an engine failure.
1908 Republican National Convention
The 1908 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, Illinois on June 16 to June 19, 1908. It convened to nominate successors to President Theodore Roosevelt and Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks.

U.S. Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio won Roosevelt's endorsement and received the presidential nomination. The convention nominated New York Representative James S. Sherman to be his vice presidential running mate.

Curtis Guild Jr.
Curtis Guild Jr. (February 2, 1860 – April 6, 1915) was an American journalist, soldier, diplomat and politician from Massachusetts.  He was the 43rd governor of Massachusetts, serving from 1906 to 1909. Prior to his election as governor, Guild served in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, seeing active duty in Cuba during the Spanish–American War.  He was publisher of the Boston Commercial Bulletin, a trade publication started by his father.

Educated at Harvard, where he became a close friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Guild was like Roosevelt, a progressive Republican, active in the party organization from 1881.  During his tenure as governor, a number of social, labor, and government reforms were enacted.  After leaving that office, he was considered a potential candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1908, and served for two years as United States Ambassador to Russia.
Kraks Fond
Kraks Fond is a foundation based in Copenhagen, Denmark. The foundation was established in 1924 as the owner of the publishing house Kraks Forlag. In 2007, Kraks Forlag was sold to Eniro. The foundation is today based in Fæstningens Materialgård at Frederiksholms Kanal.

Fæstningens Materialgård
Fæstningens Materialgård is a former military storage facility at 30 Frederiksholms Kanal in Copenhagen, Denmark. Arranged around a central courtyard, the individual buildings have been built to a homogeneous design, all with yellow-washed facades, green doors and gates, white window frames and red tile roofs, but they have in fact been accumulated over an extended period of time, mainly between 1740 and 1925. They also integrate visually and physically with the adjacent Civiletatens Materialgård, a storage facility associated with the royal palaces, and the Royal Horse Guards Barracks, together forming an area of low, yellow buildings surrounded on three sides by Frederiksholm Canal, Bryghusgade and Vester Voldgade.

The International Federation for Housing and Planning was one of the first tenants moving into 30 Frederiksholms Kanal in December 2012.
Magiriopsis
Magiriopsis is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. Its only species, Magiriopsis denticosella, was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1912, as a species of Sematoneura, but was reassigned to Magiriopsis by Heinrich in 1956. It is found in Mexico.

Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.
Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of insect parts, is named after him. He was also noted for eccentric pursuits which included digging tunnels under his home. He had a complicated personal life and along with his second wife he adopted the Baháʼí Faith.
TRIM16
Tripartite motif-containing protein 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM16 gene.

This gene was identified as an estrogen and anti-estrogen regulated gene in epithelial cells stably expressing estrogen receptor. The protein encoded by this gene contains two B box domains and a coiled-coiled region that are characteristic of the B box zinc finger protein family.

The proteins of this family have been reported to be involved in a variety of biological processes including cell growth, differentiation and pathogenesis. Recent research has showed that TRIM16 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and molecular scaffold that participates in protein-quality control, tumor suppression, and protection against cardiac hypertrophy. TRIM16 is expressed in many tissues and participates in cellular pathways that maintain proteostasis and regulate stress responses.

Pathogenesis
In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes from Ancient Greek  πάθος (pathos) 'suffering, disease' and  γένεσις (genesis) 'creation'.
Katharine Waldo Douglas
Katharine Waldo Douglas, CBE, (1870 – April 7, 1939) was an American novelist and translator. She was born in New York City, the daughter of Henry Livingston Douglas and Hortense Pauline Armstrong. Katharine married Francis Hunter in 1894. She later married the artist Romilly Fedden. They lived in Chantemesle, France; their son, Robin Fedden, later wrote a well-regarded memoir titled Chantemesle.

Douglas wrote several books in the early 20th century, among them The Sign (1912), The Spare Room (1913), Shifting Sands (1914), The Rock (1915), The Basque Country (1921), and The Peacock's Tail (1925). She also published Manor Life in Old France; From the Journal of Sire de Gouberville in 1933.

Douglas was actively involved in relief work in London during World War I and was decorated by King George V for her efforts.

Douglas died of injuries received in the crash of the Sud Express near Tolosa on March 29, 1939. Romilly Fedden died in the same crash.

Tolosa, Spain
Tolosa (Spanish and Basque: [toˈlosa]) is a town and municipality in the Basque province of Gipuzkoa, in northern Spain. It is located in the valley of the river Oria, next by Uzturre, a local mountain topped by a white cross.

Its economy relies primarily on the industrial sector, specifically papermaking.