hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ernest C. Pasour
E. C. Pasour, Jr. (born 1932) is an American economist and Professor Emeritus of Agricultural and Resource Economics at North Carolina State University. He received a PhD in agricultural economics from Michigan State University and spent a sabbatical at the University of Chicago on a NSF Fellowship.

He is the author of books oriented towards the Austrian school of economics.

He received a Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge Leavey Award for Excellence in Private Enterprise Education.

The Freeman
The Freeman (formerly published as The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty or Ideas on Liberty) was an American libertarian magazine, formerly published by the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). It was founded in 1950 by John Chamberlain, Henry Hazlitt, and Suzanne La Follette. The magazine was purchased by a FEE-owned company in 1954, and FEE took over direct control of the magazine in 1956.

In September 2016, FEE announced it would end print publication of The Freeman.. It was relaunched on Substack as a digital magazine in 2025.
1981 FIA European Formula 3 Championship
The 1981 FIA European Formula 3 Championship was the seventh edition of the FIA European Formula 3 Championship. The championship consisted of 14 rounds across the continent. The season was won by Italian Mauro Baldi, with Alain Ferté second and Philippe Alliot in third.

Alain Ferté
Alain Serge Léon Ferté (born 8 October 1955 in Falaise, Calvados) is a French professional racing driver. He is the elder brother of Michel Ferté, who was also a professional racing driver.

Ferté competed five seasons in Formula 3000 1985–1989. He won the 1979 French Formula Renault Championship and the 1980 French F3 championship.

Ferté has also competed in GT racing for many years, driving cars such as the Porsche 911 GT1, Toyota MR2-based SARD MC8-R, and Maserati MC12 GT1.
Legal system of the United Arab Emirates
The legal system in the United Arab Emirates is based on civil law and Sharia law in the personal status matters of Muslims and blood money compensation. Personal status matters of non-Muslims are based on civil law. The UAE constitution established a federal court system and allows all emirates to establish local courts systems. The emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah have local court systems, while other emirates follow the federal court system. Some financial free trade zones in Abu Dhabi and Dubai have their own legal and court systems based on English common law; local businesses in both emirates are allowed to opt-in to the jurisdiction of common law courts for business contracts.

The justice system in the UAE has been characterized as opaque. International money launderers, criminals, corrupt political figures and sanctioned businesspeople are prevalent in the UAE where it is easy to hide wealth and engage in moneylaundering.

Free-trade zone
A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone. It is a geographic area where goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured and re-exported under specific customs regulation and generally not subject to customs duty. Free trade zones are generally organized around major seaports, international airports, and national frontiers—areas with many geographic advantages for trade.
Charles Bernard Day
Charles Bernard Day (born April 12, 1957) is a former United States magistrate judge and former nominee to be a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. His nomination to a life-tenure, federal district court judgeship during 2010 and 2011 ran aground amid opposition from Republican senators, who objected to moving forward with a United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary hearing on his nomination after what were reported to be "insurmountable concerns" by Republicans over matters raised during Day's background investigation.

United States District Court for the District of Maryland
The United States District Court for the District of Maryland (in case citations, D. Md.)  is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Maryland. Appeals from the District of Maryland are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

Notable past judges of this district include William Paca, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. The United States Attorney for the District of Maryland represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of June 25, 2025, the U.S. attorney is Kelly O. Hayes.
Gottlob Heinrich Curt von Tottleben
Gottlob Curt Heinrich Graf von Tottleben, Herr auf Tottleben, Zeippau und Hansdorf im Saganschen (also Tottleben, Todtleben, or Todleben; Russian: Готлиб-Генрих Тотлебен; 21 December 1715 – 20 March 1773) was a Saxon-born Russian general known for his adventurism and contradictory military career during the Seven Years' War and, then, the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) as a commander of the first Russian expeditionary force in Kartli-Kakheti. His name refers to his domains at Tottleben in Thuringia, Zeippau and Hansdorf of Sagan in Lower Silesia.

Duchy of Żagań
The Duchy of Żagań (Polish: Księstwo Żagańskie, Czech: Zaháňské knížectví) or Duchy of Sagan (German: Herzogtum Sagan) was one of the duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts. Its capital was Żagań in Lower Silesia, the territory stretched to the town of Nowogród Bobrzański in the north and reached the Lusatian Neisse at Przewóz in the west, including two villages beyond the river (Pechern and Neudorf).

It was formed in 1274 from the western part of the Duchy of Głogów and existed under Piast rule until 1304, then again from 1322 to 1394 and from 1413 to 1472. Since 1329 it was under the suzerainty of Bohemia; it was acquired by the Saxon House of Wettin in 1472, before it was finally seized by the Bohemian king in 1549.

The Żagań ducal title later passed to Bohemian and French nobility, in 1742 it was annexed by Prussia. Re-established as a fief of the Prussian throne in 1844, it formally existed until its official termination in 1935.
Clarks Creek (Missouri)
Clarks Creek (also known as Clarks Branch) is a stream in Chariton and Linn counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Mussel Fork.

The stream headwaters arise in southeast Linn County at 39°46′26″N 92°53′56″W﻿ / ﻿39.77389°N 92.89889°W﻿ / 39.77389; -92.89889 on the south side of Bucklin. It flows south-southwest passing under US Route 36 and east of Marceline to enter Chariton County. It flows south generally parallel and east of Missouri Route 5 passing the community of Mike to enter Mussel Fork at 39°32′55″N 92°57′01″W﻿ / ﻿39.54861°N 92.95028°W﻿ / 39.54861; -92.95028 approximately 3.7 miles west of the community of Mussel Fork.

Clarks Creek has the name of Henry Clark, a pioneer citizen.

Musselfork, Missouri
Musselfork (also known as Muscle Fork) is an unincorporated community in Chariton County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is located on Missouri Route DD approximately eight miles (13 km) north-northeast of Keytesville. The stream Mussel Fork flows past approximately two miles to the west.
Kokonozi Mosque
The Kokonozi Mosque, officially the Mosque of Mahmud Agha Kokonozi (Albanian: Xhamia e Mahmut Agë Kokonozit), also known as the New Bazaar Mosque (Albanian: Xhamia e Pazarit të Ri), is a mosque in Tirana, Albania. It is an Ottoman-era mosque built in 1750 CE and one of the few mosques that survived the Communist dictatorship under the Hoxhaist regime. The mosque's official name is derived from the Ottoman-era title of Agha.

In 1966, the Kokonozi Mosque was closed and transformed into a food storehouse, and later it was used as a tobacco store. The Kokonozi Mosque was reopened on February 18, 1991.

Agha (title)
Agha (Turkish: ağa; Ottoman Turkish: آغا; Persian: آقا, romanized: āghā; "chief, master, lord") is an honorific title for a civilian or officer, or often part of such title. In the Ottoman times, some court functionaries and leaders of organizations like bazaar or the janissary units were entitled to the agha title. In rural communities, this term is used for people who own considerable lands and are influential in their community. Regardless of a rural community, this title is also used for any man who is influential or respected.
Fiction (French magazine)
Fiction was a French magazine on speculative fiction, in particular, fantasy and science fiction. First published in October 1953 by French publishing house Éditions OPTA, it was published until 1990 (issue 412). Initially was considered to be the French edition of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction and contained many translations from that magazine, but later it began to publish more independent content. Its principal editor was Alain Dorémieux.

The magazine was described in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, together with Galaxie as "for many years the principal outlet for US stories and a springboard for new French talents, including critics".

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (SFE) is an English language reference work on science fiction, first published in 1979. It has won the Hugo, Locus and British SF Awards. Two print editions appeared in 1979 and 1993. A third, continuously revised, edition was published online from 2011, while the fourth edition was released in 2021 following the change of web host.
Pacific Marine Energy Center
Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC), formerly known as the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC), is a partnership between Oregon State University, the University of Washington, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Oregon State University focuses on wave energy. University of Washington focuses on tidal energy. The three universities collaborate with each other on research, education, outreach, and engagement.

Partners in PMEC include:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Public Utility District of Snohomish County No. 1

BioSonics, Inc.

Electric Power Research Institute

Verdant Power

Pacific Northwest Economic Region

Sound & Sea Technology

National Marine Fisheries Service

Washington Department of Ecology

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is one of the United States Department of Energy national laboratories, managed by the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Science. The main campus of the laboratory is in Richland, Washington, with additional research facilities around the country.

Originally named the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, PNL was established in 1965 when research and development at the Hanford Site was separated from other Hanford operations. In 1995, the laboratory was renamed the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).
2012 UK Open
The 2012 Speedy Hire UK Open was a Darts tournament staged in the UK by the Professional Darts Corporation. It was the tenth year of the tournament where, following numerous regional qualifying heats throughout Britain, players competed in a single elimination tournament to be crowned champion. The tournament was held at the Reebok Stadium in Bolton, England, between 7–10 June 2012, and has the nickname, "the FA Cup of darts" as a random draw is staged after each round until the final.

Robert Thornton won the tournament beating Phil Taylor 11–5 in the final to win his first PDC major.

Speedy Hire
Speedy Hire plc, doing business as Speedy Hire, is a provider of tools and equipment hire, based in the United Kingdom, and also provides services to the construction, infrastructure, industrial markets.
Frederick Deryl Bradley
Frederick Deryl "Fred" Bradley ECA (born September 17, 1949) is a former politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1975 to 1993. He also served as Minister of the Environment from 1982 to 1986 under Premiers Peter Lougheed and Don Getty.

Executive Council of Alberta
The Executive Council of Alberta (the Cabinet) is a body of ministers of the Crown in right of Alberta, who along with the lieutenant governor, exercises the powers of the Government of Alberta. Ministers are selected by the premier and typically (but not always) sit as a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). It is the provincial equivalent to the federal Cabinet of Canada.
2018 Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships – Women's doubles
Priscilla Hon and Vera Lapko were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Hayley Carter and Ena Shibahara won the title, defeating Sanaz Marand and Victoria Rodríguez in the final, 6–3, 6–1.

Hayley Carter
Hayley Nicole Carter (born May 17, 1995) is an American former professional tennis player. She has a career-high WTA doubles ranking of No. 25, which she achieved on 14 June 2021. Carter is primarily a doubles player. Over her career, she won two WTA Tour and two WTA 125 doubles titles, with nine titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
Club Natación Alicante
The Club Natación Alicante was a football team based in Alicante, Spain, which existed from 1919 until its dissolution in 1927, after which its players joined Hércules CF, who adopted their colours and quickly became the best team in the region.

Despite its ephemeral life, Natación was one of the most important clubs in the history of football in Alicante, winning one Levante Championship in 1924, and being the first Alicante team to compete in the Copa del Rey in 1924.

Football team
A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football. Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team, to represent a football club, group, state or nation, an all-star team or even selected as a hypothetical team (such as a dream team or team of the century) and never play an actual match.

The difference between a football team and a football club is incorporation, a football club is an entity which is formed and governed by a committee and has members which may consist of supporters in addition to players. The benefit of club formation is that it gives teams access to additional volunteer or paid support staff, facilities and equipment.
Birkenhead North railway station
Birkenhead North railway station serves the town of Birkenhead, in Merseyside, England. The station is situated on the Wirral Line of the Merseyrail network, close to the junction of the New Brighton and West Kirby branches.  Birkenhead North TMD, situated just to the west of the station, is the main traction maintenance depot for the Merseyrail fleet.

British Rail Class 777
The British Rail Class 777 METRO is a class of electric multiple unit passenger trains currently being delivered by the Swiss rolling stock manufacturer Stadler Rail, being used on the Merseyrail network in the Liverpool City Region and adjacent areas of Cheshire and Lancashire. The trains have the ability to operate on the third rail-powered sections of the network, with some units carrying onboard batteries to allow use on unpowered track. Ordered in 2016, construction of the units began in 2018. The first unit entered service on 23 January 2023, following delays to the deployment programme. The Class 777 replaced Merseyrail's Class 507 and Class 508 units, which were built between 1978 and 1980. Seven units of the total 53 ordered are being configured as battery electric multiple units (BEMUs) for use on non-electrified lines, being designated subclass 777/1.
Cédric Vial
Cédric Vial (French pronunciation: [sedʁik vjal]; born 25 March 1978) is a French politician who has served as a Senator for Savoie since 2020. A former member of The Republicans (LR), which he left in 2017, he sits with the Senate Republicans. Since 2018 and the resignation of Patrick Mignola, he has also been a member of the Regional Council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Previously, Vial held the mayorship of Les Échelles from 2008 to 2020, after one term as deputy mayor (2001–2008). From July to October 2020, he briefly presided over the Communauté de communes Cœur de Chartreuse.

Savoie
Savoie (French pronunciation: [savwa]; Arpitan: Savouè or Savouè-d'Avâl, lit. 'Lower Savoy'; Italian: Savoia; Occitan: Savòia; English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a department in the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. Located in the French Alps, its prefecture is Chambéry. In 2019, Savoie had a population of 436,434.

Together with Haute-Savoie, it is one of the two departments of the historical region of Savoy; the Duchy of Savoy was annexed by France in 1860, following the signing of the Treaty of Turin. The area is known for its numerous ski resorts and contribution to French cuisine, with culinary specialities such as fondue savoyarde, tartiflette, génépi, as well as various sorts of saucisson.
Fabian de Freitas
Fabian de Freitas (born 28 July 1972) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He notably played in the Premier League for Bolton Wanderers and in La Liga for CA Osasuna. He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion and in his native country for FC Volendam, SC Cambuur, FC Den Bosch and NEC.

FC Den Bosch
FC Den Bosch (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛfˈseː dɛmˈbɔs]) is a professional football club from 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. They currently compete in the Eerste Divisie.

They were founded 18 August 1965, as FC Den Bosch/BVV. They are the successor of BVV (1906) and Wilhelmina (1890). Their stadium is called 'De Vliert', an 6,500 all-seater. Ruud van Nistelrooy started his professional career at this club. In 2005 they finished bottom of the Eredivisie and were relegated and currently compete in the Eerste Divisie.
Head of local state administration
In Ukraine, the title head of local (regional) state administration (Ukrainian: Голова місцевої державної адміністрації, romanized: Holova mistsevoi derzhavnoi administratsii, IPA: [ɦoloˈwɑ misˈtsɛwoji derˈʒɑu̯noji ɐd⁽ʲ⁾min⁽ʲ⁾iˈstrɑts⁽ʲ⁾iji]) refers to the chief executive of each of the administrative divisions of Ukraine: region (includes autonomous republic, oblasts), raion (district) or city, in case of Kyiv and Sevastopol.

Informally the position of the head of regional state administration or more commonly oblast state administration (for oblasts) is referred to as governor. However, its function is very different from a traditional gubernatorial position.

The heads of local state administrations are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine on the submission of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine for the term of office of the head of the state.

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровська область, romanized: Dnipropetrovska oblast), also commonly known as Dnipropetrovshchyna (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровщина), is an oblast (province) in southeastern Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about 3,096,485 (2022 estimate), approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative centers: Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast.
2024 Seoul Open Challenger – Doubles
Max Purcell and Yasutaka Uchiyama were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Saketh Myneni and Ramkumar Ramanathan won the title after defeating Vasil Kirkov and Bart Stevens 6–4, 4–6, [10–3] in the final.

Bart Stevens
Bart Stevens (born 29 January 1998) is a Dutch tennis player who specializes in doubles. He reached his career-high Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) doubles ranking of world No. 61 on 10 November 2025. He also has a career high singles ranking of No. 736 achieved on 14 October 2019. Stevens has won ten ITF-Futures, thirteen ATP Challenger Tour titles, has reached three ATP finals and a Wimbledon quarterfinal.
44th Reserve Division (German Empire)
The 44th Reserve Division (44. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.  The division was formed in August 1914 and organized over the next two months. It was part of the first wave of new divisions formed at the outset of World War I, which were numbered the 43rd through 54th Reserve Divisions.  The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.  The division was part of the XXII Reserve Corps and was recruited primarily in the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, but the 208th Reserve Infantry Regiment was raised in the Province of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick.

Duchy of Brunswick
The Duchy of Brunswick (German: Herzogtum Braunschweig) was a historical German state that ceased to exist in 1918. Its capital was the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig). It was established as the successor state of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In the course of the 19th-century history of Germany, the duchy was part of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation and from 1871 the German Empire. It was disestablished after the end of World War I, its territory incorporated into the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Brunswick.
Abnormal grain growth
In materials science, abnormal or discontinuous grain growth, also referred to as exaggerated or secondary recrystallisation grain growth, is a grain growth phenomenon in which certain energetically favorable grains (crystallites) grow rapidly in a matrix of finer grains, resulting in a bimodal distribution of grain size.

In ceramic materials, this phenomenon can result in the formation of elongated prismatic, acicular (needle-like) grains in a densified matrix. This microstructure has the potential to improve fracture toughness by impeding the propagation of cracks.

Grain size
Grain size (or particle size) is the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks.  The term may also be applied to other granular materials. This is different from the crystallite size, which refers to the size of a single crystal inside a particle or grain. A single grain can be composed of several crystals. Granular material can range from very small colloidal particles, through clay, silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles, to boulders.
TSS Dover
TSS Dover, (later the Earl Siward, Sol Express and now the Tuxedo Royale), was a British ferry. Built in 1965 as a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry, she spent much of her later life as one of the permanently moored Tuxedo floating nightclubs before being laid up, latterly on the River Tees in Middlesbrough.

TSS Dover was built on the River Tyne in England by Swan Hunter in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear. She was launched on 17 March 1965 and completed by June 1965. In 1977 she was renamed Earl Siward, and again in 1982 as the Sol Express. In 1993 she became the nightclub the Tuxedo Royale.

Entered the National Historic ships register in 2016 and spent a period waiting to be restored by the Tuxedo Royale Restoration project.

On 1 June 2017 Tuxedo Royale was badly damaged by fire.

On 18 January 2018 Able UK announced that seven years after the owners went into administration, and with the lack of "any credible plans to move and restore the ship" the dismantling had begun.

River Tees
The River Tees (/tiːz/), in England, rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines and flows eastwards for 85 miles (137 km) to reach the North Sea in the North East of England. The modern-day history of the river has been tied with the industries on Teesside in its lower reaches, where it has provided the means of import and export of goods to and from the North East England. The need for water further downstream also meant that reservoirs were built in the extreme upper reaches, such as Cow Green.