hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erich Fellgiebel
Fritz Erich Fellgiebel (4 October 1886 – 4 September 1944) was a German Army general of signals and a resistance fighter, participating in both the 1938 September Conspiracy to topple dictator Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and the 1944 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler. In 1929, Fellgiebel became head of the cipher bureau (German: Chiffrierstelle) of the Ministry of the Reichswehr, which would later become the OKW/Chi. He was a signals specialist and was instrumental in introducing a common enciphering machine, the Enigma machine. However, he was unsuccessful in promoting a single cipher agency to coordinate all operations, as was demanded by OKW/Chi and was still blocked by Joachim von Ribbentrop, Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring  until autumn 1943. It was not achieved until General Albert Praun took over the post following Fellgiebel's arrest and execution for his role in the 20 July attempted coup.

Oster conspiracy
The Oster Conspiracy of 1938, also called the September Conspiracy (German: Septemberverschwörung), was a proposed plan to overthrow German Führer Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime if Germany went to war with Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland. It was led by Oberstleutnant Hans Oster, deputy head of the Abwehr, and other high-ranking conservatives within the Wehrmacht who opposed the regime for behavior that was threatening to bring Germany into a war that they believed it was not ready to fight. They planned to overthrow Hitler and the Nazi regime through a storming of the Reich Chancellery by forces loyal to the plot to take control of the government, who would either arrest or assassinate Hitler, and restore the Monarchy under Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the grandson of Wilhelm II.
Ipoh white coffee
Ipoh white coffee (Chinese: 怡保白咖啡, Tamil: ஒயிட் காபி) is a popular coffee drink which originated in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, resulting in Ipoh being named one of the top three coffee towns by Lonely Planet. The coffee beans are roasted with palm oil margarine, and the resulting coffee is served with condensed milk.

Condensed milk
Condensed milk is cow's milk from which water has been removed (roughly 60% of it). It is most often found with sugar added, in the form of sweetened condensed milk, to the extent that the terms "condensed milk" and "sweetened condensed milk" are often used interchangeably today. Sweetened condensed milk is a very thick, sweet product, which when canned can last for years without refrigeration if not opened. The product is used in numerous dessert dishes in many countries.

A related product is evaporated milk, which has undergone a lengthier preservation process because it is not sweetened.
Sovetskaya Latviya
Sovetskaya Latviya (Russian: Советская Латвия, lit. 'Soviet Latvia', ISSN 0233-3643) was a major Russian-language newspaper in the Latvian SSR.

It was an official publication of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia and the sister newspaper to the Latvian-language daily, Cīņa. From 1969 onwards, it was also styled as an official organ of the Council of Ministers of the Latvian SSR as well.

Central committee
A central committee is a political-executive organ designated as the highest organ of a communist party between two congresses. Per the principles of democratic centralism, a central committee is empowered to deal with any issue that falls under the party's purview. While formally retaining this role in socialist states, commonly referred to as communist states by outside observers, in practice, it delegates this authority to numerous smaller internal organs due to the infrequency of its meetings.

The term of a central committee of a ruling communist party is usually five years. The party congress elects individuals to the central committee and holds it accountable. At the first central committee session held immediately after a congress, it elects the party leader, an office usually titled general secretary of the central committee, a political organ, commonly known as the politburo, and an executive organ, customarily named the secretariat.
Lucio Lombardo-Radice
Lucio Lombardo-Radice (Catania, 10 July 1916; Brussels, 21 November 1982) was an Italian mathematician. A student of Gaetano Scorza, Lombardo-Radice contributed to finite geometry and geometric combinatorics together with Guido Zappa and Beniamino Segre, and wrote important works concerning the Non-Desarguesian plane. He was also a leading member of the Italian Communist Party and a member of its central committee. He had a long professional and political friendship with German natural scientist and dissident Robert Havemann.

Lombardo-Radice's parents were Giuseppe Lombardo Radice and Gemma Harasim. His children included the writer Marco Lombardo Radice and actor Giovanni Lombardo Radice.

The Istituto Tecnico Statale Commerciale "Lucio Lombardo Radice" per Programmatori, a school in Rome, Italy, founded in 1982 as the XXV Istituto Tecnico Commerciale per Programmatori, was in 1992 renamed after Lombardo-Radice. It is now named Istituto di Istruzione Superiore Lombardo Radice

Geometric combinatorics
Geometric combinatorics is a branch of mathematics in general and combinatorics in particular.  It includes a number of subareas such as polyhedral combinatorics (the study of faces of convex polyhedra), convex geometry (the study of convex sets, in particular combinatorics of their intersections), and discrete geometry, which in turn has many applications to computational geometry. Other important areas include metric geometry of polyhedra, such as the Cauchy theorem on rigidity of convex polytopes.  The study of regular polytopes, Archimedean solids, and kissing numbers is also a part of geometric combinatorics.  Special polytopes are also considered, such as the permutohedron, associahedron and Birkhoff polytope.
Arthur Hoérée
Arthur Hoérée (16 April 1897 in Brussels – 2 June 1986 in Paris) was a Belgian musicologist, critic, conductor and composer.

He studied at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels from 1908 to 1912, then at the Conservatoire de Paris.

He was a lecturer and a professor at the École normale de musique, École de la radio à Montrouge and the Sorbonne University.

He wrote music reviews in many French periodicals including the prestigious and famous La Revue Musicale of Henry Prunières.

A specialist in French music, Hoérée has transcribed and produced several works by François Couperin, and he has published two monographs on Albert Roussel (Paris, 1938, 1969).

His activities as a composer extend to film and stage music. He often collaborated with Arthur Honegger. He had the composer and organist André Jorrand as student in his course of instrumentation.

François Couperin
François Couperin (French: [fʁɑ̃swa kupʁɛ̃]; 10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was known as Couperin le Grand ("Couperin the Great") to distinguish him from other members of the musically talented Couperin family.
EventManager
EventManager was a commercial event management app, developed, licensed, and supported by UK-based Kent House based at Keele University.

The product was first developed in 2003 for use within the UK National Health Service (NHS). It was adopted widely within the NHS and also by commercial and not-for profit organisations to support their event management activity.

In 2008 EventManager won a Medilink West Midlands award for its contribution to delivering efficiencies in the NHS.

EventManager was featured as a case study in The Internet Case Study Book published in 2010 by Taschen.

The product is no longer available.

Taschen
Taschen is a luxury art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. As of January 2017, Taschen is co-managed by Benedikt Taschen and his eldest daughter, Marlene Taschen.

Taschen focuses on making lesser-seen art and imagery available to bookstores. The firm has brought potentially controversial art and imagery, including fetishistic imagery, queer art, historical erotica, pornography, and adult magazines (including multiple books with Playboy magazine) into broader public view, publishing it alongside its books of comics reprints, art photography, painting, design, fashion, advertising history, film, and architecture.

Taschen publications are available in a various sizes, from oversized tomes and limited editions, to small pocket-sized books. The company has also produced calendars, address books, and postcards sets.
Collapse of the Canadian Women's Hockey League
The collapse of the Canadian Women's Hockey League occurred in the spring of 2019. Previously one of the top women's ice hockey leagues in the world, the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL; French: Ligue canadienne de hockey féminin; LCHF) announced on 31 March 2019, that it would be folding effective 1 May.

The collapse had a major influence on women's professional hockey, leading directly to the creation of the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA), and the subsequent establishment of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL).

Boston Pride
The Boston Pride were a professional ice hockey team based in Boston. It was one of the four charter franchises of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF). The Pride played at Warrior Ice Arena, which is also the practice facility for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. The Pride won the inaugural Isobel Cup in 2016 and became the first professional women's ice hockey team to win three championship titles when they claimed consecutive victories in 2021 and 2022.

The team folded at the end of the 2023 season, when the PHF's assets were purchased and the league dissolved as part of the process of creating a new, unified, women's professional league.
Adventure-class cruiser
The Adventure-class cruisers were a pair of scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. The sister ships spent about half of the first decade of their careers in reserve and were based in home waters when on active duty. During this time Attentive was involved in two collisions. When the First World War began in August 1914 the ships were given coastal defence missions on the English Channel. Attentive was transferred to Ireland in mid-1915, but Adventure remained with the Dover Patrol for another three years. They were assigned convoy escort duties in the Atlantic Ocean in 1918 before being separated when Attentive was transferred to the Mediterranean and Adventure was tasked to support the British intervention in North Russia. The sisters returned home a few months after the end of the war in November 1918 and were sold for scrap in 1920.

North Russia intervention
The North Russia intervention, also known as the Northern Russian expedition, the Archangel campaign, and the Murman deployment, was part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War after the October Revolution. The intervention brought about the involvement of foreign troops in the Russian Civil War on the side of the White movement. The movement was ultimately defeated, while the British-led Allied forces withdrew from Northern Russia after fighting a number of defensive actions against the Bolsheviks, such as the Battle of Bolshie Ozerki. The campaign lasted from March 1918, during the final months of World War I, to October 1919.
Jeju Jwa clan
Jeju Jwa clan (Korean: 제주 좌씨; Hanja: 濟州 左氏) was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Jeju Province. According to the research in 2000, the number of Jeju Jwa clan was 3,130. The name of Jwa clan came from Zuo Qiuming (Hanja: 左丘明) who was a politician in Lu, China. Jeju Jwa clan’s founder was Jwa Hyeong so who was a Cheongwansirang (Hanja: 天官侍郎) in Yuan dynasty. He took his post as government official when Yuan dynasty ruled Goryeo.

Lu (state)
Lu (Chinese: 魯; c. 1042 – 249 BC) was a vassal state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China located around modern southwest Shandong.  Founded in the 11th century BC, its rulers were from a cadet branch of the House of Ji (姬) that ruled the Zhou dynasty. The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou.

Lu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi, and, as such, has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history. The Annals of Spring and Autumn, for instance, was written with the Lu rulers' years as their basis.  Another great work of Chinese history, the Zuo Zhuan or Commentary of Zuo, was traditionally considered to have been written in Lu by Zuo Qiuming.
Gopalgram Union
Gopalgram Union (Bengali: গোপালগ্রাম ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad situated at Magura Sadar Upazila,  in Magura District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 31.40 square kilometres (12.12 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 18,604. There are 8 villages and 8 mouzas in the union.

Khulna Division
Khulna Division (Bengali: খুলনা বিভাগ) is the second largest of the eight divisions of Bangladesh. It has an area of 22,285 km2 (8,604 sq mi) and a population of 17,416,645 at the 2022 Bangladesh census (preliminary returns). Its headquarters and largest city is Khulna city in Khulna District.
Sagol
Sagol (Korean: 사골; Hanja: 四骨), or beef leg bone, is an ingredient in Korean cuisine.  Sagol is often boiled to make a broth, called sagol-yuksu (사골육수; 四骨肉水), or beef leg bone broth, for Korean soups such as gomguk (beef bone soup), galbi-tang (short rib soup), tteokguk (sliced rice cake soup), kal-guksu (noodle soup), or gukbap (soup with rice).

Sagol is rich in the protein collagen and in minerals such as calcium. In traditional Korean culture, it is believed to reinvigorate the body. However, no scientific evidence supports this claim. In the summer, sagol-yuksu (broth) is served to pregnant or breastfeeding mothers and the sick. In the winter, it is served with rice as a warm and nutritious meal.

Gukbap
Gukbap (Korean: 국밥; lit. soup rice) is a Korean dish made by putting cooked rice into hot soup or boiling rice in soup. It is commonly served in a ttukbaegi. Whereas soup and rice is generally eaten separately in Korea, in gukbap, rice is expected to be mixed into the soup.

With jumaks, gukbap became popular especially in the late Joseon period.
Georgi Boyko
Georgi (Yuri) Boyko, or Heorhii Boiko (Ukrainian: Георгій Юхимович Бойко; March 10, 1933 in Boryslav – July 19, 2002 in Lviv) was a Ukrainian and Soviet petroleum geologist, one of the supporters and developers of the abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis.

Boyko graduated from the Lviv Polytechnic Institute in 1955 and received a Ph.D. in Geology and Mineralogy from Lviv University in 1963 and Dr.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy from the Institute of Geology and Development of Fossil Fuels (IGIRGI), Moscow, in 1989. He published five monographs and about 150 research papers, and was a vice president of the Ukrainian Oil and Gas Academy.

University of Lviv
The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, Ukrainian: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, romanized: Lvivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Ivana Franka) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.

The university is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine, dating from 1661 when John II Casimir, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe. The present institution can be dated to 1940.
James L. McCusker
James L. McCusker (b. abt. 1869) was an American swimmer known for his high-profile swims against top competitors in the 1890s and early 1900s.

McCusker was born in Ireland and emigrated to the United States, living in Everett, Massachusetts.   After winning a three-man September 1891 swimming race at Lake Quinsigamond against John Leavitt and Robert Magree for a prize of $750, he was declared the American champion.  He then proceeded to travel to challenge other top swimmers to matches, including James Finney, Joseph Nuttall in England in 1893 and Boston in 1904 and Australian Percy Cavill.

After failing in an attempt to cross the English Channel in 1907, by 1908 McCusker fell on hard times, and was sent to the Massachusetts state mental hospital for two years related to theft charges.

Everett, Massachusetts
Everett is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, directly north of Boston, bordering the neighborhood of Charlestown. The population was 49,075 at the time of the 2020 United States census.

Everett was the last city in the United States to have a bicameral legislature, which was composed of a seven-member Board of Aldermen and an eighteen-member Common Council. On November 8, 2011, the voters approved a new City Charter that changed the City Council to a unicameral body with eleven members – six ward councilors and five councilors-at-large. The new City Council was elected during the 2013 City Election.
Douro Province
Douro is a former province of Portugal, established in 1832. The province encompassed parts of the earlier provinces of Beira and Entre-Douro-e-Minho.

In 1835, the province was dissolved as an administrative division and became a grouping of states for statistical purposes and regional reference, covering the districts of Porto, Aveiro and Coimbra.

When the provinces were restored as administrative divisions in 1936, the old province of Douro was not re-established. Instead, the territory was divided into the new provinces of Douro Litoral and Beira Litoral.

Province
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Turkey. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
Pandula Ravindra Babu
Pandula Ravindra Babu (born 8 November 1955) is an Indian politician and a former Member of Parliament from Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency, Andhra Pradesh. He won the 2014 Indian general election being a Telugu Desam Party candidate. He was elected as Officer of Indian Revenue Service till early 2014, when he resigned to contest Lok Sabha elections. He is a prolific speaker and takes a special interest in debating social issues.

Telugu Desam Party
The Telugu Desam Party (abbr. TDP; transl. Party of the Telugu Land) is an Indian regional political party primarily active in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It was founded by Telugu matinée idol N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) on 29 March 1982 and has focused on supporting Telugu people. The party has won a five-time majority in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly and has emerged as the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the ruling party in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

From 1 September 1995, the TDP was led by N. T. Rama Rao's son-in-law, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu as the national president of the party. The headquarters of the party is called N. T. R. Bhavan, which is located at Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh.
Hadley v Baxendale
Hadley & Anor v Baxendale & Ors [1854] EWHC J70 is a leading English contract law case. It sets the leading rule to determine consequential damages from a breach of contract: a breaching party is liable for all losses that the contracting parties should have foreseen. However, if the other party has special knowledge that the party-in-breach does not, the breaching party is only liable for the losses that he could have foreseen on the information available to them.

Breach of contract
Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance. Breach occurs when a party to a contract fails to fulfill its obligation(s), whether partially or wholly, as described in the contract, or communicates an intent to fail the obligation or otherwise appears not to be able to perform its obligation under the contract. Where there is breach of contract, the resulting damages have to be paid to the aggrieved party by the party breaching the contract.

If a contract is rescinded, parties are legally allowed to undo the work unless doing so would directly charge the other party at that exact time.
Brian Gunning
Brian Edgar Scourse Gunning FAA, FRS is an Australian biologist and Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University.

Born on 29 November 1934, Gunning attended Methodist College Belfast and Queen's University Belfast.

His work involved the study of plant structure and function using electron microscopy. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1980. He now lives (2017) in retirement.

Australian Academy of Science
The Australian Academy of Science is a scientific academy. It was founded in 1954 by a group of distinguished Australians, including Australian Fellows of the Royal Society of London, after its forerunner, the Australian National Research Council had been dissolved.  The Academy Secretariat is in Canberra, at the Shine Dome.
Lightbulb joke
A lightbulb joke is a joke cycle that asks how many people of a certain group are needed to change, replace, or screw in a light bulb. Generally, the punch line answer highlights a stereotype of the target group. There are numerous versions of the lightbulb joke satirizing a wide range of cultures, beliefs, and occupations.

Early versions of the joke, popular in the late 1960s and the 1970s, were used to insult the intelligence of people, especially Poles ("Polish jokes"). Such jokes generally take the form of:

Although lightbulb jokes tend to be derogatory in tone (e.g., "How many drunkards..." / "Four: one to hold the light bulb and three to drink until the room spins"), the people targeted by them may take pride in the stereotypes expressed and are often themselves the jokes' originators. An example where the joke itself becomes a statement of ethnic pride is:

Lightbulb jokes applied to subgroups can be used to ease tensions between them.

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.