hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
French articles and determiners
In French, articles and determiners are required on almost every common noun, much more so than in English. They are inflected to agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they determine, though most have only one plural form (for masculine and feminine). Many also often change pronunciation when the word that follows them begins with a vowel sound.

While articles are actually a subclass of determiners (and in traditional grammars  most French determiners are in turn a subclass of adjectives), they are generally treated separately; thus, they are treated separately here as well.

Grammatical gender
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender. The values present in a given language, of which there are usually two or three, are called the genders of that language. Determiners, adjectives, and pronouns also change their form depending on the noun to which they refer.

According to one estimate, gender is used in approximately half of the world's languages.
Toughman Contest
The Toughman Contest, founded in 1979 in Bay City, Michigan, by late boxing promoter Art Dore (1936–2022), is a chance for the novice amateur boxers (those with no more than five sanctioned wins in the past five years) to test themselves in the ring.

Boxing ring
A boxing ring, often referred to simply as a ring or the squared circle, is the space in which a boxing match occurs. A modern ring consists of a square raised platform with a post at each corner. Four ropes are attached to the posts and pulled parallel under tension with turnbuckles to form the boundary of the competition area. It also traditionally features a red corner for the higher ranked, more experienced, crowds favorite or home boxer and a blue corner for the lower ranked, less experienced or guest boxer.
Aso-Shimodajyō Station
Aso-Shimodajyō Station (阿蘇下田城駅, あそしもだじょうえき) is a railway station on the Minamiaso Railway Takamori Line in Minamiaso Village, Aso District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The station's former name (Aso Shimodajō Fureai Onsen) when written in kana has 16 characters, making it the fifth longest station name in Japan, along with Yanagawa Kibōnomori Kōen-mae Station on the Abukuma Express Line. The station was renamed to Aso-Shimodajyō Station in July 2023, as the hot spring facilities at the station were shut down.

Kumamoto Prefecture
Kumamoto Prefecture (熊本県, Kumamoto-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [kɯ.ma.mo.to, -toꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Kumamoto Prefecture has a population of 1,683,115 (as of 1 October 2025) and has a geographic area of 7,409 square kilometres (2,861 sq mi). Kumamoto Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the north, Ōita Prefecture to the northeast, Miyazaki Prefecture to the southeast, and Kagoshima Prefecture to the south.

Kumamoto is the capital and largest city of Kumamoto Prefecture, with other major cities including Yatsushiro, Amakusa, and Tamana. Kumamoto Prefecture is located in the center of Kyūshū on the coast of the Ariake Sea, across from Nagasaki Prefecture, with the mainland separated from the East China Sea by the Amakusa Archipelago. Kumamoto Prefecture is home to Mount Aso, the largest active volcano in Japan and among the largest in the world, with its peak 1,592 metres (5,223 ft) above sea level.
Trans-Am production cars
Trans-Am production cars were factory-built pony cars based on vehicles raced in the Sports Car Club of America Trans-Am Series. These cars were used largely for homologation purposes, but also as promotional tools for the series. The first Trans-Am street car was Chevrolet's Z/28 Camaro, which entered production in 1967. By 1970 six makes were producing street cars based on their racing vehicles. Due to their low production numbers and high performance, these vehicles are highly collectible today.

Pony car
Pony car is an American car classification for affordable, compact, highly styled coupés or convertibles with a "sporty" or performance-oriented image. Common characteristics include rear-wheel drive, a long hood, a short deck, bucket seats, room for four, a wide range of options to individualize each car and use of mass-produced parts shared with other models. The popularity of pony cars is largely due to the launch of the Ford Mustang in 1964, which created the niche and term.

There is much debate among enthusiasts about the exact definition of a pony car, and what differentiates the vehicle from a muscle car. The general consensus is that pony cars are smaller and more homogeneous in their form than muscle cars. A few intermediate-size vehicles, such as the Dodge Challenger, may be considered to belong to both categories.
Claes Källén
Claes Urban Källén (born 12 May 1943) is a Swedish curler.

He is a 1970 World Men's bronze medallist and a 1970 Swedish men's curling champion.

In 1971 he was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame.

Swedish Men's Curling Championship
The Swedish Men's Curling Championship (Swedish: Svenska mästerskap i curling för herrar, SM lag herrar) is the national championship of men's curling in Sweden. It has been held annually since 1917 (one of the oldest national championship in curling).
Sleight of Heart
Sleight of Heart is the fourth studio album by Scottish singer-songwriter Malcolm Middleton, released on 3 March 2008 on Full Time Hobby. The album was recorded in the summer of 2007 at Chem 19 Studios in Blantyre.

Full Time Hobby
Full Time Hobby is an independent record label formed in London in January 2004. Since its inception it has released records by artists such as Dana Gavanski, Squirrel Flower, Timber Timbre, Tunng, Micah P. Hinson, Michael Nau, Katie Von Schleicher, White Denim, Pale Blue Eyes and GHOSTWOMAN.
Yellow ground squirrel
The yellow ground squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus) is a large and sturdy ground squirrel species native to Afghanistan, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. It inhabits sandy steppes with Artemisia, glasswort and tamarisk.

The yellow ground squirrel has naked soles on the hind feet excluding heels. It lives in large colonies, is strictly diurnal and forages mainly in the morning when the vegetation is still damp. Its diet includes bulbs, seeds, stems and leaves. It hibernates, but it may also aestivate.

Aestivation
Aestivation (Latin: aestas (summer); also estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, which are often the summer months.

Invertebrate and vertebrate animals enter an aestivating state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation. Fossil records suggest that aestivation may have evolved several hundred million years ago.
Heavy Pendulum
Heavy Pendulum is the seventh studio album by American rock band Cave In, released on May 20, 2022, through Relapse Records. This is the band's first album with bassist/backing vocalist Nate Newton, though late bassist/vocalist Caleb Scofield still has a presence on the record.

Kurt Ballou
Kurt Ballou (born February 1, 1974) is an American musician and record producer based in Massachusetts, best known as the guitarist for metalcore band Converge and for his recording and production work at his own GodCity Studio.
Gilmore, Ohio
Gilmore is an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, south of the village of Gnadenhutten. Gilmore sits on Tuscarawas County Road 10 (Gilmore Road) and is intersected by Tuscarawas County Road 14 (River Hill and Fallen Timber Roads) at Gilmore's square.

Gnadenhutten, Ohio
Gnadenhutten (/dʒəˈneɪdənhʌtən/ jə-NAY-dən-hut-ən, meaning "Huts of Grace" in German) is a village located on the Tuscarawas River in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,240 at the 2020 census. It is Ohio's oldest existing settlement, being founded by Moravian Christians in 1772 and was the site of the Gnadenhutten massacre during the American Revolutionary War. It is part of the New Philadelphia–Dover micropolitan area.
RGS-50M
The RGS-50M is a smoothbore single-shot break-action Russian 50 mm (2.0 in) grenade launcher manufactured by Degtyarev Plant.

It is mainly intended for less than lethal (riot gun) and door breaching law enforcement roles, but it is also capable of firing lethal projectiles.

Door breaching
Door breaching is a process used by military, police, or emergency services to force open closed or locked doors. A wide range of methods are available depending on the door's opening direction (inward or outward), construction materials, etc., and one or more of these methods may be used in any given situation. In the United States, residential doors typically open inward while commercial building doors usually open outward. Some breaching methods require specialized equipment and can be categorized as one of the following: mechanical breaching, ballistic breaching, hydraulic breaching, explosive breaching, or thermal breaching.
Ekeremor tribe
The Ekeremor tribe (Operemor, Operemo) of the Ijaw people inhabits Ekeremor Local Government Area, Bayelsa State and Burutu Local Government Area, Delta State in southern Nigeria. Important Ekeremor settlements include: Ekeremor, Ojobo (Ozobo), Amabilo, and Ndoro. The Ekeremor tribe has close historical and kinship ties with the Oporoma, Eastern Olodiama and Ogbe tribes. The worship of the god Egbesu is widespread among the Ekeremor.

Ahiara
5°31′40.2″N 7°16′23.9″E﻿ / ﻿5.527833°N 7.273306°E﻿ / 5.527833; 7.273306

Ahiara is a city in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. The city stands about 16 miles between Owerri and Umuahia. It was the location of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu's Ahiara Declaration during the Nigerian Civil War. It is the location of the Catholic diocese in Mbaise. The first recorded Ahiara contact with Europeans was around 1905 when the British expedition got mixed up in local warfare, of which a British man named Dr. Stewart was a victim. Ahiara people were attacked by British forces in a reprisal invasion which forced many citizens to flee and never return.

The Ahiara Slogan is Decent Dexterity.
Art Keller
Arthur T. Keller (June 11, 1921 – February 3, 1990) was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach.  He was the head football coach at Carthage College in Carthage, Illinois and Kenosha, Wisconsin, serving for 31 seasons, from 1952 until 1982, and compiling a record of 177–87–7. His team had a 19-game winning streak from 1961 to 1963, the longest in the country at the time. Carthage named its football stadium "Keller Field" in his honor.

Keller died at the age of 68 in Racine, Wisconsin.

Carthage College
Carthage College is a private college in Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1847, it is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Carthage awards bachelor's degrees with majors in more than 40 subject areas and master's degrees in three areas. Carthage has 150 faculty and enrolls approximately 2,600 students. It is an affiliate of the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium.
John B. Storm
John Brutzman Storm (September 19, 1838 – August 13, 1901) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

John B. Storm was born in Hamilton Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.  He attended the common schools, and was graduated from Dickinson College, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1861.  He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1863 and commenced practice in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.  He served as county superintendent of public schools for seven years.

Storm was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses.  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1874.  He was again elected to the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses.  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1886.  He resumed the practice of law, and served as president judge of the forty-third judicial district of Pennsylvania.  He died in Stroudsburg in 1901.  Interment in Stroudsburg Cemetery.

Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Stroudsburg is a borough in and the county seat of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, United States. It lies within the Poconos region approximately five miles (8 km) from the Delaware Water Gap at the confluence of Brodhead Creek, McMichaels, and Pocono Creeks in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Stroudsburg is part of the East Stroudsburg, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in turn is part of the New York combined statistical area. The population was 5,927 at the 2020 census.
Irache Quintanal
Irache Quintanal Franco (born 18 September 1978 in Reus, Tarragona) is a female shot putter from Spain.

She finished fifteenth at the 2001 Summer Universiade and eighth at the 2002 IAAF World Cup. She also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games, the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

Her personal best throw is 18.20 metres, achieved in July 2007 in Barcelona. This is the current Spanish record.

Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put
The women's shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held on 18 August 2004 at the Ancient Olympia Stadium. It was originally planned to hold the discus throw at this venue, but it was discovered that the field was not large enough to accommodate the range of modern discus throwers, and would have posed a danger to spectators. As such, it was decided instead to hold the shot put at the site, despite the fact that the shot put was not contested at the Ancient Olympic Games. There were 38 competitors from 28 nations. After a series of doping-related disqualifications, the event was won by Yumileidi Cumba of Cuba, the nation's first medal in the event. All distances are given in metres.
Anne Robertson Cockrill
Anne Gower Cockrill (née Robertson, formerly Johnson (or Johnston); February 10, 1757–October 13, 1821) was an American frontierswoman, teacher, land owner, and one of the first white settlers of the Cumberland Settlement in Tennessee. She became the first woman to receive a land grant in Tennessee. Her first name is sometimes spelled Ann.

Land grant
A land grant is a gift of real estate—land or its use privileges—made by a government or other authority as an incentive, means of enabling works, or as a reward for services to an individual, especially in return for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies as incentives to develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries; the process of awarding land grants are not limited to the countries named below. The United States historically gave out numerous land grants as homesteads to individuals desiring to make a farm. The American Industrial Revolution was guided by many supportive acts of legislatures (for example, the Main Line of Public Works legislation of 1863) promoting commerce or transportation infrastructure development by private companies, such as the Cumberland Road turnpike, the Lehigh Canal, the Schuylkill Canal and the many railroads that tied the young United States together.
Sarah Haffner
Sarah Haffner (born Margaret Pretzel: 27 February 1940 – 11 March 2018) was a German-British painter, author, and active feminist. In West Berlin she engaged with the protest issues of the 1960s, on occasion alongside her father, the journalist and writer Sebastian Haffner. Through a television documentary and a book she was instrumental in the late 1970s in establishing the city's first women's shelter. The range of her painting included portraits, still lifes, landscapes and cityscapes.

David Astor
Francis David Langhorne Astor (5 March 1912 – 7 December 2001) was an English newspaper publisher, editor of The Observer at the height of its circulation and influence, and member of the Astor family, "the landlords of New York".
Lucas Rey
Lucas Rey (born 11 October 1982) is an Argentine field hockey midfielder, who plays club hockey in his native country for San Fernando. He is a member of the Men's National Team since 2002, and finished in 11th position at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Rey was also on the side ended up fifth at the 2003 Champions Trophy in Amstelveen, and won the 2005 Champions Challenge tournament in Alexandria, Egypt.  Lucas has also won the bronze medal at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup, two medals at the Pan American Games and two Champions Challenge. He now works as a physical education teacher at Cardenal Pironio’s school, in Nordelta, Buenos Aires.

2005 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge
The 2005 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge took place in Alexandria, Egypt from April 1–9, 2005.

This was the third edition of the tournament under introduced in 2001 by the International Hockey Federation (FIH) to broaden hockey's competitive base globally.

Argentina earned a spot at the 2006 Champions Trophy in Terrassa, Spain after having defeated Korea in the final.
Calostoma fuhreri
Calostoma fuhreri is a species of gasteroid fungus in the family Sclerodermataceae. Found in Australia, the original specimens were collected by mycologist Bruce Fuhrer, for whom the species is named. Fruit bodies grow to 28 mm (1.1 in) tall, and comprise a pseudostipe that is 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) long by 5–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) thick and supports a roughly spherical peridium (spore sac). Atop the peridium is an irregular stoma (opening) that is red on the inside. Inside the peridium is a white gleba that consists of spores, basidia, and broken hyphae. The spores are oblong to elliptical, hyaline (translucent), and typically measure 20–26 by 9–11 μm.

Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma (pl. basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.
Clostridium uliginosum
Clostridium uliginosum is a mesophilic bacterium oxidizing acetate in syntrophic association with a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic bacterium. It is a spore-forming, gram-positive, rod-shaped organism, with type strain BST. Its genome has been sequenced.

Hydrogenotroph
Hydrogenotrophs are organisms that are able to metabolize molecular hydrogen as a source of energy.

An example of hydrogenotrophy is performed by carbon dioxide-reducing organisms which use CO2 and H2 to produce methane (CH4) by the following reaction:

CO2 + 4H2  →  CH4 + 2H2O

Other hydrogenotrophic metabolic pathways include acetogenesis, sulfate reduction, and other hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Those that metabolize methane are called methanotrophs. Hydrogenotrophs belong to a group of organisms known as methanogens, organisms that carry out anaerobic processes that are responsible for the production of methane through carbon dioxide reduction. Methanogens also include a group of organisms called methylotrophs, organisms that can use single-carbon molecules or molecules with no carbon-carbon bonds.
Greatest Gathering
The Greatest Gathering was an exhibition of railway vehicles hosted at Alstom's Derby Litchurch Lane Works during 1–3 August 2025. It was the world's largest-ever gathering of historic and modern rolling stock.

The event marked 200 years in the history of rail transport since the construction of Locomotion No. 1 and hauling of the world's first passenger train along the Stockton and Darlington Railway on 27 September 1825.

Minister of State for Transport, Lord Peter Hendy stated that The Greatest Gathering "promises to enter the history books as the largest exhibition of railway equipment ever staged in the UK."

Minister of State for Transport
The Minister of State for Rail is a mid-level ministerial position in the Department for Transport of the Government of the United Kingdom. The minister is deputy to the Secretary of State for Transport.
Pikworo Slave camp
The Pikworo Slave Camp was a key transit point in the 18th- and 19th-century slave trade. It was established in 1704 and was active until 1845. It is located in Paga Nania, about 3 kilometers west of Paga in the Upper East Region of Ghana.  It was originally developed and served as a slave transit center where slaves were auctioned and later resold in the Salaga Slave Market. From Pikworo, captives were forced to march approximately 150 kilometers south. They were later moved to the coast for shipment.

Paga
Paga is a town in Upper East Region of Ghana, lying north of Bolgatanga. Paga is the capital of Kassena Nankana West District, a district in the Upper East Region in the northern part of Ghana. The town is located on the border of Burkina Faso and is 166 km south of Ouagadougou via the N5 highway, the main road linking Ghana and Burkina Faso. The majority of the people of Paga are of the Kassena tribe.
Rza Osmanov
Rza Fikrat oglu Osmanov (Azerbaijani: Rza Fikrət oğlu Osmanov; born 26 November 1983) is an Azerbaijani Paralympic athlete competing in the T12 category. He is a bronze medalist in the 400 meters at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and in the 4×100 meters relay at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Osmanov won the 2012 IPC Athletics European Championships in the men's 4×100 meters relay. and earned a bronze medal in the long jump (T12 category) at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships.

In 16 February 2011, Osmanov was awarded the Taraggi Medal by the President of Azerbaijan for his contributions to the development of the Paralympic movement in Azerbaijan.

On 14 September 2012, he was awarded the Honorary Diploma of the President of Azerbaijan by a presidential decree.

Taraggi Medal
The Taraggi Medal ("Progress Medal"; Azerbaijani: "Tərəqqi" medalı) – is the state award of Azerbaijan Republic. The award was created by Heydar Aliyev, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on December 6, 1993 by the Decree No. 758. Recipients of the award include Leyla Aliyeva, the daughter of Azerbaijan's ruler Ilham Aliyev and granddaughter of former ruler Heydar Aliyev.