hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gronówek
Gronówek [ɡrɔˈnuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złoczew, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) east of Złoczew, 21 km (13 mi) south of Sieradz, and 69 km (43 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Sieradz County
Sieradz County (Polish: powiat sieradzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sieradz, which lies 54 kilometres (34 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. The county contains three other towns: Złoczew, lying 23 km (14 mi) south-west of Sieradz, Warta, lying 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and Błaszki, 23 km (14 mi) west of Sieradz.

The county covers an area of 1,491.04 square kilometres (575.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 121,013, out of which the population of Sieradz is 44,045, that of Złoczew is 3,403, that of Warta is 3,388, that of Błaszki is 2,179, and the rural population is 67,998.
Intragroup conflict
In: sociology, group dynamics, intragroup conflict refers to conflict, confrontation, disagreement  between two or more members of the same group or team the consequence or result of which could be either positive (beneficial) or negative. The term infighting has a similar usage of inner-group disagreement but with the combatative connotation, fighting,   the dynamics of which are termed agonistic behaviour. Usage of the term internecine fighting as intragroup includes war.

Dissent
Dissent is an opinion, philosophy or sentiment of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or policy enforced under the authority of a government, political party or other entity or individual. A dissenting person may be referred to as a dissenter.
Meitei script movement
Meitei script movement, also called Meetei script movement (sometimes also referred to as Manipuri script movement), is a series of cultural wars and campaigns, undertaken by various cultural and sociopolitical associations and organisations as well as notable individual personalities, against the Government of Manipur and other authorities concerned, regarding the revivalism and the development of the Meitei script.

Kangla fort
The Kangla (with diacritic, Kanglā), officially known as the Kangla Fort, is an old fortified palace at Imphal, in the Manipur state of India. It was formerly situated on both sides (western and eastern) of the bank of the Imphal River, now remaining only on the western side in ruined conditions. Kangla means "the prominent part of the dry land" in old Meetei. It was the traditional seat of the past Meetei rulers of Manipur.

Kangla (Imphal) was the ancient capital of pre-modern Manipur.
The Kangla is a revered spot for the people of Manipur, reminding them of the days of their independence. It is a sacred place to the Meiteis.

The Kangla is being proposed to be declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, for which there are discussions ongoing in the Indian Parliament.
Hubbard–Stratonovich transformation
The Hubbard–Stratonovich (HS) transformation is an exact mathematical transformation invented by Russian physicist Ruslan L. Stratonovich and popularized by British physicist John Hubbard. It is used to convert a particle theory into its respective field theory by linearizing the density operator in the many-body interaction term of the Hamiltonian and introducing an auxiliary scalar field,  It is defined via the integral identity

where the real constant  For matrix-valued operators, such as on-site electronic density operators

The basic idea of the HS transformation is to reformulate a system of particles interacting through two-body potentials into a system of independent particles interacting with a fluctuating field. The procedure is widely used in polymer physics, classical particle physics, spin glass theory, and electronic structure theory.

Scalar field theory
In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.

The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena.  An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.

Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through.  For this reason, scalar field theories are  often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.

The signature of the metric employed below is (+ − − −).
There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis" is a song by British singer-songwriter Kirsty MacColl, which was released as the lead single from her debut studio album Desperate Character. The song was written by MacColl and Philip Rambow, and produced by Barry Farmer. It reached No. 14 in the UK Singles Chart and remained in the charts for nine weeks. In the US, the song's British chip shop reference was changed to truck stop.

Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreasson covered the song on her 1981 country album Angel of the Morning, with lyrics in Swedish by Hasse Olsson as "Killen ner' på Konsum svär att han är Elvis" ("The guy down Konsum swears he's Elvis").

Fish-and-chip shop
A fish-and-chip shop, sometimes referred to as a chip shop or chippy, is a business which specialises in selling fish and chips. Usually, fish-and-chip shops provide takeaway service, although some have seating facilities. Fish-and-chip shops may also sell other foods, including variations on their core offering such as battered sausage and burgers, to regional cuisine such as Indian food.
HomeBank
HomeBank is a personal accounting software package that runs on BSD Unix, Linux, Windows, macOS (via MacPorts or Homebrew) and AmigaOS.

Released under version 2 or later of the GNU General Public License, HomeBank is free software alternative to popular commercial personal banking offerings. HomeBank can be found in the software repositories of Linux distributions such as Fedora, Ubuntu and Linux Mint. HomeBank is now available as a Flatpak for Linux.

Unlike the more complicated alternatives to HomeBank, you don't have to learn double-entry bookkeeping to use HomeBank.

MacPorts
MacPorts, formerly DarwinPorts, is a package manager for macOS and Darwin. It is an open-source software project that aims to simplify the installation of other open source software. It is similar in function to Fink and the BSD ports collections.

MacPorts supports universal binaries for PowerPC, Intel-based, and Apple silicon versions of macOS, but migrating from a PowerPC installation of MacPorts to a version on an Intel Mac requires reinstalling all installed ports.
Barson
Barson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chad Barson (born 1991), American soccer player

Frank Barson (1891–1968), English footballer

Jessica Barson, American neuroscientist

Mike Barson (born 1958), British musician

Frank Barson
Frank Barson (10 April 1891 – 13 August 1968) was an English footballer from Grimesthorpe who played for several English football clubs including Barnsley, Manchester United, Aston Villa and Watford. He had a reputation for aggressive play, and is regarded as one of the "hard men" of English football.

The third of six children, Barson was born in Sheffield in 1891 to William and Agnes Barson and began his career working as a blacksmith and playing for amateur clubs Albion FC and Cammell Laird's, before joining Barnsley Football Club in 1911. 
He transferred to Aston Villa in 1919, with whom he won the FA Cup in 1920, and to Manchester United in 1922, with a transfer fee of £5,000.

On one occasion, Barson's hard tackling resulted in a seven-month ban; after a game, he often needed a police escort to protect him from angry opposition fans.
Katamenes
Katamenes is a genus of potter wasps with species distributed in Europe and Africa. When originally named by Edmund Meade-Waldo, Katemenes was monotypic, containing only K. watsoni, but other species have since been moved from Eumenes to Katamenes.

Edmund Meade-Waldo
Edmund Gustavus Bloomfield Meade-Waldo (8 February 1855 – 24 February 1934) was an English ornithologist and conservationist. He is probably best known for his efforts to preserve the red kite in Wales.
Cherry blossom scandal
The cherry blossom scandal (Japanese: 桜を見る会問題, romanized: sakura wo miru kai mondai, lit. 'cherry blossom viewing party problem'), also known as the cherry blossom party scandal or the cherry blossom viewing scandal, was a political scandal in Japan involving Shinzo Abe, the then-prime minister of Japan, and the mismanagement of political funds regarding his constituents from Yamaguchi.

Political scandal
In politics, a political scandal is an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage. Politicians, government officials, party officials and lobbyists can be accused of various illegal, corrupt,  unethical or sexual practices. Politicians and officials who are embroiled in scandals are more likely to retire or get lower vote shares.
McNary, Texas
McNary is an unincorporated community (pop. ~250) at the intersection of Interstate 10 and State Highway 20. It is two miles from the Rio Grande and 23 miles west of Sierra Blanca in southwestern Hudspeth County, Texas, United States.

The area was initially settled in 1921, and named Nulo. The town was renamed McNary, after James G. McNary (1877-1962), a local businessman, in September 1923 when the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway established a station in the area. It served as a shipping point for cotton from the Algodon Plantation.

Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway
The Buffalo Bayou, Brazos, and Colorado Railway (B.B.B.C. or B.B.B. & C.), also called the Harrisburg Road or Harrisburg Railroad, was the first operating railroad in Texas. It completed its first segment of track between Harrisburg, Texas (now a neighborhood of Houston) and Stafford's Point, Texas in 1853. The company established a western terminus at Alleyton, Texas prior to the Civil War. The railroad was sold after the war and reincorporated as the Galveston, Harrisburg, & San Antonio Railroad. This right of way was acquired by the Southern Pacific Railroad and is today a property of the Union Pacific Railroad.
Aþena Basketball
Aþena Basketball is an Icelandic basketball club. The club fields junior teams and a senior women's team. The clubs girls junior teams where featured in the 2021 documentary Raise the bar. Its women's senior team will play in the Icelandic top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna in the 2024–25 season.

Raise the Bar (film)
Raise the bar (Icelandic: Hækkum rána) is an Icelandic documentary about the controversial journey of a girls basketball team under the direction of coach Brynjar Karl Sigurðsson.

The film was released at the Sjónvarp Síminn Premium streaming service on 10 February 2021 and immediately raised a controversy in Iceland due to Brynjar's coaching methods.
Auriea Harvey & Michaël Samyn
Auriea Harvey and Michaël Samyn are artists who collaborate on creating art video games, most prominently as Tale of Tales. From 2018 to 2024, Harvey was Professor of Games at the Kunsthochschule Kassel.

The Path (video game)
The Path is a psychological horror art game developed by Tale of Tales originally released for the Microsoft Windows operating system on March 18, 2009, in English and Dutch, and later ported to Mac OS X by TransGaming Technologies.

It is inspired by several versions of the fairy tale Little Red Riding Hood, and by folklore tropes and conventions in general, but set in contemporary times. The player can choose to control one of six different sisters, who are sent one-by-one on errands by their mother to see their sick grandmother. The player can choose whether to stay on the path or to wander, where wolves are lying in wait.
The Woman Who Desires Sin
The Woman Who Desires Sin  (Polish: Kobieta, która grzechu pragnie) is a 1929 Polish silent crime film directed by Wiktor Biegański and starring Carlotta Bologna, Tadeusz Wenden and Stefan Łada. It was less popular with critics than some of Bieganski's earlier films.

Cinema of Poland
The history of cinema in Poland is almost as long as the history of cinematography, and it has universally recognized achievements, even though Polish films tend to be less commercially available than films from several other European nations.

After World War II, the communist government built an auteur-based national cinema, trained hundreds of new directors and empowered them to make films. Filmmakers like Roman Polański, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, Andrzej Żuławski, Andrzej Munk, and Jerzy Skolimowski impacted the development of Polish film-making.  In more recent years, the industry has been producer-led with finance being the key to a film being made.
Drygulec
Drygulec [drɨˈɡulɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojciechowice, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north of Wojciechowice, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Opatów, and 68 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Opatów
Opatów ([ɔˈpatuf] ⓘ; Yiddish: אַפּטאַ, אַפּט, romanized: Apt, Apte) is a town in southeastern Poland, within Opatów County in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Historically, it was part of a greater region called Lesser Poland. In 2012 the population was 6,658. Opatów is located among the hills of Lesser Polish Upland, with the Opatówka river dividing the town into two parts.

A town with a history of some 1,000 years, Opatów is one of the province's best-preserved historic towns and once one of the largest cities in its territory, owing its prosperity to crafts and trade. Its landmarks include the Collegiate Church of St. Martin, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland as one of the most precious examples of Romanesque architecture in Poland, the Baroque Bernardine monastery, town hall and underground tourist routes in late medieval cellars under the old town. Opatów is home to local specialties such as pączki, krówki and kiełbasa.
Arthur Bernède
Arthur Bernède (French pronunciation: [aʁtyʁ bɛʁnɛd]; 5 January 1871 – 20 March 1937) was a French writer, poet, opera librettist, and playwright.

Bernède was born in Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine department, in Brittany. 
In 1919, Bernède joined forces with actor René Navarre, who had played Fantômas in the Louis Feuillade serials, and writer Gaston Leroux, the creator of Rouletabille, to launch the Société des Cinéromans, a production company that would produce films and novels simultaneously. Bernède published almost 200 adventure, mystery, and historical novels. His best-known characters are Belphégor, Judex, Mandrin, Chantecoq, and Vidocq. Bernède also collaborated on plays, poems, and opera libretti with Paul de Choudens; including several operas by Félix Fourdrain.

Bernède also wrote the libretti for a number of operas, among them Jules Massenet's Sapho and Camille Erlanger's L'Aube rouge.

Joseph Rouletabille
Joseph Rouletabille (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf ʁultabij]) is a fictional character created by Gaston Leroux, a French writer and journalist. Rouletabille is an amateur sleuth featured in several novels and other works, often presented as a more capable thinker than the police.

Rouletabille (literally roule ta bille, or "Roll your marble") is French slang  for "globetrotter", one who has been around the world and seen it all. The meaning was later expanded to that of a cool-headed, unfazeable, or nonchalant person.
Steffi Soogrim
Steffi Soogrim is a Trinidadian cricketer who plays for the Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team in the Women's Super50 Cup and the Twenty20 Blaze tournaments. In April 2021, Soogrim was named in Cricket West Indies' high-performance training camp in Antigua. In June 2021, Soogrim was named in the West Indies A Team for their series against Pakistan.

Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team
The Trinidad and Tobago women's national cricket team, also known as Trinidad and Tobago Red Force Divas, is the women's representative cricket team of the country of Trinidad and Tobago. They compete in the Women's Super50 Cup and the Twenty20 Blaze.

In 1973, they competed in the first World Cup, finishing fifth with two victories. Since, the West Indies have competed as a united team, and Trinidad and Tobago have only competed at domestic level.
Gabbinbar Homestead
Gabbinbar is a heritage-listed villa at 344–376 Ramsay Street, Toowoomba, Middle Ridge, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Willoughby Powell for the Rev. Dr. William Lambie Nelson and built in 1876 by Richard Godsall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Toowoomba Region
The Toowoomba Region is a local government area (LGA) on the border of Darling Downs and South East Queensland regions of Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, the LGA was preceded by several other local government authorities with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond.

In 2018–2019, it had a A$491 million budget, of which A$316 million is for service delivery and A$175.13 million capital (infrastructure) budget.

In the 2021 census, the Toowoomba Region had a population of 173,204 people.
Patrick McMath
Patrick McMath is an American politician, businessman, and attorney from the state of Louisiana. A Republican, McMath has represented the 11th district in the Louisiana State Senate since 2020.

Prior to serving in the Senate, McMath worked as an assistant district attorney and started several businesses. In 2017, he was elected as an at-large city councilman in his home of Covington. Two years later, McMath ran for State Senate, defeating State Representative Reid Falconer in the runoff election with 56% of the vote.

Louisiana State Senate
The Louisiana State Senate (French: Sénat d'État de Louisiane; Spanish: Senado del Estado de Luisiana) is the upper house of the Louisiana State Legislature. Senators serve four-year terms and participate in various committees.
Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (8 October – 23 November 2023)
This timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict covers the period from 8 October 2023, when Hezbollah launched rocket strikes on Israel in response to the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, until the beginning of the 2023 Gaza war ceasefire which lasted from 24 November 2023 to 30 November 2023.

Hezbollah began by launching rockets at the Israeli-occupied Shebaa Farms region, and there were a series of retaliatory attacks until the ceasefire began.

Yiftah
Yiftah (Hebrew: יפתח, lit. 'He will open') is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located on the Naftali Mountains of the Upper Galilee, near the Lebanese border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of  649.
Television in Bermuda
Television in Bermuda was introduced in 1958. All broadcast television stations serving the islands of Bermuda operate from the city of Hamilton, Bermuda. The current television stations in Bermuda include:

ZFB-TV, an ABC affiliate owned by Bermuda Broadcasting

ZBM-TV, a CBS affiliate owned by Bermuda Broadcasting

The other television station formerly serving across this country was:

VSB-TV, an NBC affiliate (defunct in 2014)

Hamilton, Bermuda
Hamilton is the capital city of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, and the main settlement of Pembroke Parish. A port city, Hamilton is Bermuda's financial and commercial centre, and a popular tourist destination. Its population of 854 (2016) and its small land area make it one of the smallest capital cities in the world.
Slow Burn (T. G. Sheppard album)
Slow Burn is the eleventh studio album by American country music artist  T. G. Sheppard. It was released in 1983 via Warner Bros. and Curb Records. The album includes the singles "Slow Burn", "Make My Day" and "Somewhere Down the Line." "Make My Day" was not included in the initial 1983 album release, which included the song "How Lucky We Are" instead, but the 1984 novelty song with Clint Eastwood was added with a revised release of the album in that year while "How Lucky We Are" was left off of that release, resulting in two versions of the album with slightly different track listings.

T. G. Sheppard
William Neal Browder (born July 20, 1944) is an American country music singer, known professionally as T. G. Sheppard.  He had 14 number-one hits on the US country charts between 1974 and 1986, including eight consecutive number ones between 1980 and 1982.
Imru al-Qays I ibn Amr
Imru al-Qays ibn Amr ibn Adi (Arabic: امرؤ القيس بن عمرو  بن عدي, romanized: Imruʾ al-Qays ibn ʿAmr ibn ʿAdī), commonly known as Imru al-Qays I, was the second Lakhmid king. His mother was Maria bint 'Amr, the sister of Ka'b al-Azdi.

Al-Tabari states that "he ruled for the Persians in all the land of the Arabs in Iraq, Hejaz and Mesopotamia". Imru al-Qays is called in his epitaph inscription: "The king of all Arabs who owned the crown," while the same title (king of all Arabs) was the title given to the kings of Hatra. The same inscription mentions that Imru al-Qays reached as far as Najran and besieged it from the king, Shammar Yahri'sh. Some scholars have identified "Imru al-Qays ibn Amr" in some South Arabian inscriptions with that one. In those same inscriptions his name is mentioned along with Shammar Yahri'sh, the Himyarite king.

Ancient South Arabian script
The Ancient South Arabian script (Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩯𐩬𐩵, romanized: ms3nd; modern Arabic: الْمُسْنَد musnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic script in about the late 2nd millennium BCE, and remained in use through the late sixth century CE. It is an abjad, a writing system where only consonants are obligatorily written, a trait shared with its predecessor, Proto-Sinaitic, as well as some of its sibling writing systems, including Arabic and Hebrew.  It is a predecessor of the Ge'ez script, and a sibling script of the Phoenician alphabet and, through that, the modern Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets.

The script is really two variants: the monumental and the minuscule script, the former for inscriptions, the latter scratched with wooden sticks. The scripts have a common origin but evolved into separate systems.
Carl M. Cannon
Carl M. Cannon (born 1953) is an American journalist who is the executive editor and Washington, D.C., bureau chief of RealClearPolitics. He describes himself as "a lifelong political independent and nonpartisan journalist."

Cannon, son of Lou Cannon, was born in California and graduated from the University of Colorado. He worked as a reporter in Petersburg, Virginia, Columbus, Georgia, and at The San Diego Tribune, and later the San Jose Mercury News, the Baltimore Sun, and the National Journal before being hired by RealClearPolitics in 2011. At the Mercury News, he was part of the reporting team that was awarded the 1990 Pulitzer Prize in the category of general news reporting for coverage of the Loma Prieta earthquake. In 2003, he was elected president of the White House Correspondents Association. He has also served as a Fellow-in-Residence at the Harvard University Institute of Politics. Cannon is a recipient of the Aldo Beckman Award for Journalistic Excellence.

University of Colorado
The University of Colorado (CU) is a system of public universities in Colorado. It consists of four institutions: the University of Colorado Boulder, the University of Colorado Colorado Springs, the University of Colorado Denver, and the University of Colorado Anschutz. It is governed by an elected nine-member board of regents and led by a system president, currently Todd Saliman.