hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Al Souq (Doha)
Al Souq (Arabic: السوق, romanized: As Sūq; also spelled As Sawq) is a Qatari commercial district in the municipality of Doha. It was named for its high density of souqs (public marketplaces) in the southern section of the district.

Abdullah bin Jassim Street services numerous government buildings and banks in the northern end of the district, including Abdulla Bin Zaid Al Mahmoud Islamic Cultural Center, Qatar Central Bank, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and the Supreme Council for Economic Affairs and Investment. All of the district's souqs are located south of Abdullah bin Jassim Street. Its souqs include Souq Al Badi, Souq Al Faleh, Souq Al Asiery, Souq Al Dira, and Souq Al Jaber.

Doha's largest souq, Souq Waqif, is located to the immediate west of the district in Al Jasrah, which is separated from Al Souq by Grand Hamad Street.

Municipalities of Qatar
Since 2015, Qatar has been divided into eight municipalities. In 2004, a new municipality, Al Daayen, was created under Resolution No. 13, formed from parts of Umm Salal and Al Khawr; at the same time, Al Ghuwariyah was merged with Al Khawr; Al Jumaliyah was merged with Ar Rayyan; Jarayan al Batnah was split between Al Rayyan and Al Wakrah; and Mesaieed was merged with Al Wakrah. In 2014, the western city of Al-Shahaniya split off from Al Rayyan Municipality to form its own municipality.

For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into 98 zones (as of 2015), which are in turn subdivided into districts and blocks, the latter being the lowest subdivision.
Dark Hero
Dark Hero is a 1946 thriller by Peter Cheyney featuring a Chicago gangster involved in the gang wars of the 1930s, who during the Second World War finds himself in Nazi-occupied Norway and becomes a hero of the anti-Nazi resistance - by applying essentially the same skills which had made him a successful and feared gangster.

The book's nonlinear narrative shifts and jumps back and forth between pre-war Chicago, wartime Norway, the Nazi concentration camp where the protagonist ended after being captured by the Gestapo, and London in the immediate aftermath of the war - where he seeks to exact deadly revenge on those who betrayed him to the Nazis. Events and characters from the different periods - and in  particular, the different women in the protagonist's life - constantly interweave and influence each other in unexpected ways.

History of London
The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural centres. It has withstood plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment, terrorist attacks, and riots.

The City of London is the historic core of the Greater London metropolis, and is today its primary financial district, though it represents only a small part of the wider metropolis.
Archives of Appalachia
The Archives of Appalachia are located on the campus of East Tennessee State University (ETSU) in Johnson City, Tennessee. Containing books, rare manuscripts, photographs, and audio and moving-image recordings, the archives serve as a resource for scholarly and creative projects dealing with life in southern Appalachia.

Johnson City, Tennessee
Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, mostly in Washington County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 71,046, making it Tennessee's eighth-most populous city. Johnson City is the principal city of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Carter, Unicoi, and Washington Counties and had a population of 207,285 as of 2020. The MSA is also a component of the Tri-Cities region. This CSA is Tennessee's fifth-largest, with a population of 514,899 as of 2020.
Warrensville–Shaker station
Warrensville–Shaker station is a station on the Green Line of the RTA Rapid Transit in Shaker Heights, Ohio, located in the median of Shaker Boulevard (Ohio State Route 87) on the west side of Warrensville Center Road.

Median strip
A median strip, central reservation, roadway median, or traffic median is the reserved area that separates opposing lanes of traffic on divided roadways such as divided highways, dual carriageways, freeways, and motorways. The term also applies to divided roadways other than highways, including some major streets in urban or suburban areas. The reserved area may simply be paved, but commonly it is adapted to other functions; for example, it may accommodate decorative landscaping, trees, a median barrier, or railway, rapid transit, light rail, or streetcar lines.
Cultural heritage of Greece
The cultural heritage (Greek: πολιτιστική κληρονομιά) of Greece, as defined by Law 4858/2021, includes archaeological sites, historical sites, monuments both immovable and movable, and intangible cultural heritage.

History of Greece
The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation-state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically. The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result, the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes.
GameZnFlix
GameZnFlix was a DVD-by-mail subscription service offering flat rate rental of home videos and video games to customers in the United States. On September 6, 2007, the company did a 1:1000 reverse split of its stock and changed its ticker symbol from "GZFX" to "GMZN." The company's home page went dark in November 2008.

GameZnFlix operated in much the same fashion as other DVD-by-mail subscription services such as Netflix, although it rented both movies and video games and thus also competed with game-only services such as GameFly. Subscribers could also buy selected DVDs or games at a reduced price, should they choose to keep the movie or game. GameZnFlix also acted as a traditional online retailer and offered new copies of DVDs and video games for sale.

Circuit City (now defunct) offered one month prepaid subscriptions of GameZnFlix for new customers, and gift certificates that could be sent to friends and family.

Prepayment for service
Prepaid refers to goods and services paid for in advance. Examples include postage stamps, attorneys, tolls, public transit cards like the Greater London Oyster card, pay as you go cell phones, and stored-value cards such as gift cards and  preloaded credit cards.

Prepaid services and goods are sometimes targeted to marginal customers by retailers.

Unlike postpaid or contract based services, prepaid accounts can be obtained with cash. As a result, they can be established by people who have minimal identification or poor credit ratings. Minors, immigrants, students, defaulters, and those on low incomes are typical prepaid customers.

In accounting terms, a prepayment is treated as an asset by a buyer, and as a liability by a seller.
A Cafe in Cairo
A Cafe in Cairo is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Chester Withey and starring Priscilla Dean, Robert Ellis and Carl Stockdale. Hunt Stromberg produced it for release by the recently established Producers Distributing Corporation. It was part of a wave of films with Middle Eastern settings which followed on from the success of Paramount's The Sheik in 1921.

Robert Ellis (actor, born 1892)
Robert Ellis Reel (June 27, 1892 – December 29, 1974), known professionally as Robert Ellis, was an American film actor, screenwriter and film director. He appeared in more than 160 films between 1913 and 1934. He also wrote for 65 films and directed 61.
1983 Dissolution Honours
The 1983 Dissolution Honours List was gazetted on 21 July 1983 following the advice of the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.

The recipients are shown below as they were styled before their new honour.

Gazette
A gazette is an official journal, a newspaper of record, or simply a newspaper.

In English and French speaking countries, newspaper publishers have applied the name Gazette since the 17th century; today, numerous weekly and daily newspapers bear the name The Gazette.
Leons Briedis
Leons Briedis (16 December 1949 – 1 February 2020) was a Latvian poet, a novelist, an essayist, a literary critic and publisher, translator of prose and poetry from Latin, Russian, English, Romance languages (Romanian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romanic), Swahili (of Bantu peoples), Albanian and other languages. He was also an author of several musicals produced on the radio and staged at the biggest theatres in Latvia, script writer (author of several scripts, one short-length film is produced) wrote much for children (poems, prose, plays), author of song texts (in collaboration with the composer Raimonds Pauls, texts for ~150 songs), translated 10 plays staged at Latvian theatres and rendered in verse opera librettos (e.g., the opera by Benjamin Britten "The Small Chimney-Sweep").

Rhaeto-Romance languages
Rhaeto-Romance, Rheto-Romance, Rhaeto-Italian, or Rhaetian, is a purported subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in south-eastern Switzerland and north-eastern Italy. The name "Rhaeto-Romance" refers to the former Roman province of Raetia. The question of whether these languages actually form a subfamily is called the Questione Ladina. The Italian linguist Graziadio Ascoli, writing in 1873, found them to share a number of intricacies and believed they formed a linguistic group.  The Rhaeto-Romance languages differ from Italian in their evolution from Latin by having passed through a stage with phonemic vowel length, undergone certain consonant developments, and possibly developed a pair of central rounded vowels (now lost everywhere). If the subfamily is genuine, three languages would belong to it: Romansh in Switzerland, and Ladin and Friulian in Italy. Their combined number of speakers is about 660,000; the large majority of these (about 500,000) speak Friulian.
Robert J. Frankel
Robert Julian Frankel (July 9, 1941 – November 16, 2009) was an American thoroughbred race horse trainer whom ESPN called "one of the most successful and respected trainers in the history of thoroughbred racing." He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1995, and was a five-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer. Often referred to as "Bobby" by others, he preferred and always used "Robert". Frankel set the single-season world record for most Grade/Group I victories in 2003 with 25 Grade I wins, a record that stood until it was beaten by Aidan O'Brien in 2017.

Pacific Classic Stakes
The Pacific Classic Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually August or September at the Del Mar Racetrack in Del Mar, California. This Grade I race is open to horses, age three and up, which race one and one-quarter miles on the dirt. The event currently carries a purse of $1,000,000.
Avatar Orchestra Metaverse
The Avatar Orchestra Metaverse (AOM) (founded March, 2007) is a large collaborative group of performers spread across three continents, who incorporate the use of online avatars alongside virtual instruments, to create a variety of audio-visual performances within Second Life.

Audiovisual
Audiovisual (AV) is electronic media possessing both a sound and a visual component, such as slide-tape presentations, films, television programs, corporate conferencing, church services, and live theater productions.

Audiovisual service providers frequently offer web streaming, video conferencing, and live broadcast services. The professional audio visual industry has companies that provide hardware, software and services.  These organizations are commonly referred to as systems integrators and perform both the installation and integration of different types of AV equipment from multiple manufacturers into spaces to create the AV experience for the user or audience.

Computer-based audiovisual equipment is often used in education, with many schools and universities installing projection equipment and using interactive whiteboard technology.
The Turret
The Turret (60°40′S 45°9′W﻿ / ﻿60.667°S 45.150°W﻿ / -60.667; -45.150) is a conspicuous rocky headland, 460 m high, at the south side of the entrance to Gibbon Bay on the east coast of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands. Probably first sighted by Captain George Powell and Captain Nathaniel Palmer who discovered these islands in December 1821. Charted and given this descriptive name by DI personnel on the Discovery II in 1933.

This article incorporates public domain material from "The Turret". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.

Discovery Investigations contributed greatly to knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on and their habitat's oceanography, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. They continued until 1951, with the final report published in 1980.

Collected specimens are in the Discovery Collections.
Pistasus
Pistasus or Pistasos (Ancient Greek: Πίστασος) was a town of the Chalcidice in ancient Macedonia. It belonged to the Delian League since it appears in the tribute records of Athens for 434/3 BCE, where it had to pay a phoros of 500 drachmas. It has been suggested that Pistasus should be identified with another city that appears in another tribute register in Athens called Istasus, a suggestion accepted by the editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World.

Its site is unlocated.

Ancient drachma
In ancient Greece, the drachma (Greek: δραχμή, romanized: drachmḗ, [drakʰmέː]; pl. drachmae or drachmas) was an ancient currency unit issued by many city-states during a period of ten centuries, from the Archaic period throughout the Classical period, the Hellenistic period up to the Roman period. The ancient drachma originated in Greece around the 6th century BC. The coin, usually made of silver or sometimes gold had its origins in a bartering system that referred to a drachma as a handful of wooden spits or arrows.  The drachma was unique to each city state that minted them, and were sometimes circulated all over the Mediterranean. The coinage of Athens was considered to be the strongest and became the most popular.
Aguiar
Aguiar is a surname of Galician-Portuguese origin. Its etymology comes from the Latin word aquilare, translating to "eagle's nest".

Notable people with the surname include:

Antone S. Aguiar Jr. (1930–2014), American judge and politician

Bruno Aguiar, Portuguese footballer

Domingos Malaquias de Aguiar Pires Ferreira, 1st Baron of Cimbres (1788–1859), Brazilian businessman and politician

Ernani Aguiar, Brazilian composer, choral conductor, and musicologist

Fernando Aguiar, Portuguese-born Canadian soccer player

Guma Aguiar, Brazilian-born American energy industrialist

Henry Aguiar (born 1966), Venezuelan sprinter

João Aguiar (writer) (1943–2010), Portuguese writer and journalist

João Aguiar (swimmer) (born 1983),  Angolan swimmer

Joaquim António de Aguiar, Portuguese politician

Joselia Aguiar, Brazilian writer

Luis Aguiar, Uruguayan footballer

Antone S. Aguiar Jr.
Antone S. Aguiar Jr. (January 2, 1930 – February 1, 2014) was an American judge and politician. He spent 18 years as a judge in the Attleboro District Court and two in the Fall River District Court before retiring in late 1999. He previously served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1965 until 1982, when he was appointed to the bench by Governor Edward King. He was a Democrat who spent much of his life in Swansea, Massachusetts, where he graduated from Joseph Case High School in 1948.
Wotao Yin
Wotao Yin is an applied mathematician and professor of Mathematics department at the University of California, Los Angeles in Los Angeles, California. He currently conducts research in optimization, parallel and distributed computing, and inverse problems.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
John Beirne
John Beirne (1 April 1893 – 23 October 1967) was an Irish Clann na Talmhan politician. A shopkeeper and farmer, Beirne was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1943 general election as a Clann na Talmhan Teachta Dála (TD) for the Roscommon constituency.

He was re-elected at the 1944, 1948, 1951, 1954 and 1957 general elections. He lost his seat at the 1961 general election.

1957 Irish general election
The 1957 Irish general election to the 16th Dáil was held on Tuesday, 5 March, following a dissolution of the 15th Dáil on 12 February by President Seán T. O'Kelly on the request of Taoiseach John A. Costello on 4 February. It was the longest election campaign in the history of the state, spanning 30 days. The general election took place in 40 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 147 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas.

The 16th Dáil met at Leinster House on 20 March to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Costello lost office, and Éamon de Valera was appointed Taoiseach, forming the 8th government of Ireland, a single-party majority Fianna Fáil government.
Sookuninga Nature Reserve
Sookuninga Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated in south-western Estonia, in Pärnu County.

Sookuninga nature reserve is situated on the Latvian border of Estonia and comprises a large area of wetlands and woodlands. Sookuninga nature reserve and the Ziemeļu bogs protected area across the border together make out the North Livonian trans-boundary Ramsar protected wetland site. Together, the two sites form one of the largest natural peat bog areas in the Baltic states and constitute an important fresh-water reservoir. Sookuninga is home to many species, including large mammals like Gray wolf, Eurasian lynx and Brown bear. The site is furthermore a refuge for many unusual or threatened species of birds, including three species of eagle. Traditionally, the area has been sparsely populated due to its inaccessibility, and therefore also used as a hiding-place during times of war. Facilities for visitors include a bird-watching tower and a hiking trail.

Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar sites (wetlands). It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the convention was signed in 1971.

Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the policy-making organ of the convention which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP15 was held in Montreal, Canada.
Polycles (155 BC)
Polycles was an ancient Greek sculptor who flourished about the 156th Olympiad (155 BC) and was mentioned in Pliny's Natural History. In Pliny's list, the name of this Polycles is followed by "Athenaeus", either to be taken as the name of another sculptor or as Polycles's birthplace. A Juno by him stood in the Portico of Octavia at Rome. The sculpture principally associated with this sculptor is a Hermaphroditus, of which there are no clues in Pliny as to whether it was standing or reclining, but which the surviving Roman copies are taken to be replicas of Polycles' bronze original.  The Borghese Hermaphroditus is said to be one of these copies.

Porticus Octaviae
The Porticus Octaviae (Latin for the 'Portico of Octavia'; Italian: Portico di Ottavia) is an ancient structure in Rome. The colonnaded walks of the portico enclosed the Temples of Juno Regina (north) and Jupiter Stator (south), as well as a library. The structure was used as a fish market from the medieval period up to the end of the 19th century.
John King (Michigan politician)
John King was a Michigan politician.

In 1839, King served as a justice of the peace in Northfield Township, Michigan alongside Rufus Matthews, Alvin Moe, and Nathan Sutton. In 1842, King served as treasurer of Northfield Township. On November 7, 1842, King was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives where he represented the Washtenaw County district from January 2, 1843 to March 9, 1843. During his term in the legislature, he served on the Banks and Incorporations committee.

Washtenaw County, Michigan
Washtenaw County (/ˈwɔːʃtənɔː/ WAWSH-tə-naw) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census, the population was 372,258. The county seat and largest city is Ann Arbor. The county was authorized by legislation in 1822 and organized as a county in 1826.
Washtenaw County comprises the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The county is home to the University of Michigan, Eastern Michigan University, Washtenaw Community College, and Concordia University Ann Arbor.
Antipodes (story collection)
Antipodes (1985) is a collection of short stories by Australian writer David Malouf. It was published by Chatto and Windus in 1985.

The collection includes 13 stories by the author from a variety of literary magazines.

Chatto & Windus
Chatto & Windus is an imprint of Penguin Random House that was formerly an independent book publishing company founded in London in 1855 by John Camden Hotten. Following Hotten's death, the firm reorganized under the names of his business partner Andrew Chatto and poet William Edward Windus. The company was purchased by Random House in 1987 and is now a sub-imprint of Vintage Books within the Penguin UK division.
Volksmärchen der Deutschen
Volksmärchen der Deutschen ('Folktales of the Germans'; original spelling: Volksmährchen der Deutschen) is an early collection of German folk stories retold in a satirical style by Johann Karl August Musäus, published in five volumes between 1782 and 1787.

Andrew Lang
Andrew Lang FBA (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scottish poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him.