hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Convexity (finance)
In mathematical finance, convexity refers to non-linearities in a financial model. In other words, if the price of an underlying variable changes, the price of an output does not change linearly, but depends on the second derivative (or, loosely speaking, higher-order terms) of the modeling function. Geometrically, the model is no longer flat but curved, and the degree of curvature is called the convexity.

Second derivative
In calculus, the second derivative, or the second-order derivative, of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f. Informally, the second derivative can be phrased as "the rate of change of the rate of change"; for example, the second derivative of the position of an object with respect to time is the instantaneous acceleration of the object, or the rate at which the velocity of the object is changing with respect to time. In Leibniz notation:

where a is acceleration, v is velocity, t is time, x is position, and d is the instantaneous "delta" or change. The last expression  is the second derivative of position (x) with respect to time.

On the graph of a function, the second derivative corresponds to the curvature or concavity of the graph. The graph of a function with a positive second derivative is upwardly concave, while the graph of a function with a negative second derivative curves in the opposite way.
Larchmont, Houston
Larchmont is a neighborhood of single family residences located in Houston (Texas, USA). It is located between Richmond Avenue and Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59 (Southwest Freeway).

Originally built in the mid-1950s, by 2003 the existing single story ranch style homes have begun to be replaced by new construction 2 story homes.  The neighborhood is bordered by Richmond Avenue, Chimney Rock, the Southwest Freeway, and South Rice. Larchmont is located very close to major shopping and business centers such as The Galleria and Greenway Plaza, and is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from downtown Houston.

As of 1997 several streets that used to have through traffic are now dead-ended at Chimney Rock.

The Galleria
The Galleria (stylized theGalleria and also known as the Houston Galleria) is an upscale mixed-use urban development and shopping mall located in the Uptown District of Houston, Texas, United States. The development consists of a retail complex, the Galleria Office Towers complex, two Westin hotels, and a private health club. The office towers and hotels are separately owned and managed from the mall. It features Macy's, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue.

With 3 million square feet (280,000 m2) of space that includes 2,400,838 square feet (223,045.1 m2) of gross leasable area with 400 stores, the Galleria is the largest mall in Texas and tied as the second largest shopping mall in the United States.
A. E. B. Davie ministry
The A. E. B. Davie ministry was the combined Cabinet that governed British Columbia from April 1, 1887, to August 1, 1889. It was led by Alexander Edmund Batson Davie, the eighth premier of British Columbia.

Premier of British Columbia
The premier of British Columbia is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of British Columbia. Until the early 1970s, the title prime minister of British Columbia was often used. The word premier is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word primarius, meaning "primary".
Gestalt qualities
Gestalt qualities (German: Gestaltqualitäten) are concepts found in gestalt psychology which refer to the essential nature of a perceptual experience. An example would be how a melody is perceived, as a whole, rather than merely the sum of its individual notes. A formed Gestalt is an entire, complete structure, with clearly defined contours. The quality “trans – positivity” is manifested in the fact that the image of the whole remains even if all the parts change. Gestalt qualities were introduced by the Austrian philosopher Christian von Ehrenfels in his essay "On Gestalt Qualities," published in 1890.  "Ehrenfels qualities" may be another term for the same phenomena.  The qualities were based on tests done by flashing lights for certain amounts of time. This discovery later led to the famous Gestalt effect discovered by Max Wertheimer.

Max Wertheimer
Max Wertheimer (German: [ˈvɛʁthaɪ̯mɐ]; April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler. He is known for his book Productive Thinking and for conceiving the phi phenomenon as part of his work in Gestalt psychology.

Wertheimer became interested in psychology and studied under Carl Stumpf at the University of Berlin. Wertheimer then went on to obtain his PhD in 1904 under Oswald Külpe, at the University of Würzburg and then began his intellectual career teaching at the Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University. For a short time, he left Frankfurt to work at the Berlin Psychological Institute, but returned in 1929 as a full professor.

Wertheimer eventually joined the faculty of The New School in New York, a position he held until his death. One of Wertheimer's postdoc researchers was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow who greatly admired Wertheimer.
Lord Percy
Lord Percy is the name of:

Baron Percy created firstly in 1066, a title associated though not exclusively with the Earls of Northumberland and their predecessors

Earl Percy, a subsidiary title of the Duke of Northumberland used as a courtesy by the Duke's heir

Eustace Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle (1887–1958), British diplomat

Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland (1742-1817), British general during the American Revolutionary War.

Lord Percy Percy, fictional character in the British comedy series, Blackadder

Lord Henry Percy (1817–1877), VC KCB (22 August 1817 – 3 December 1877) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces

Lord Josceline Percy (1811–1881)

Lord Algernon Percy (1851–1933), British career soldier and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1882 to 1887

Lord Percy Seymour

Eustace Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle
Eustace Sutherland Campbell Percy, 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle PC (21 March 1887 – 3 April 1958), styled Lord Eustace Percy between 1899 and 1953, was a British diplomat, Conservative politician, public servant, and aristocrat from the Percy family. He most notably served as President of the Board of Education under Stanley Baldwin between 1924 and 1929.
Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim
Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim was a short-lived Imperial Estate to the Holy Roman Empire, which was created as a succession of Salm-Reifferscheid-Bedburg in 1803. It was raised to a Principality in 1804, and was mediatised to the Kingdom of Wurttemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806.

Kingdom of Württemberg
The Kingdom of Württemberg (German: Königreich Württemberg [ˌkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk]) was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located within the area that later became Baden-Württemberg. The kingdom was a continuation of the Electorate of Württemberg, which existed from 1803 to 1806.
Rafael Moreno Valle Rosas
Rafael Moreno Valle Rosas (30 June 1968 – 24 December 2018) was a Mexican politician affiliated at different times with both the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the National Action Party (PAN). He was the governor of Puebla from February 2011 through January 2017.

Moreno Valle also served as a deputy during the 59th Congress, representing Puebla's 8th district for the PRI, and as a senator in the 60th, 61st and 64th sessions of Congress for the PAN.

Moreno Valle was the grandson of Rafael Moreno Valle, a doctor and politician who also served as the governor of Puebla from 1969 to 1972. He was also the spouse of Martha Erika Alonso Hidalgo, the first woman governor of Puebla.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
G. W. Watson
George. W. Watson was an American politician. He was a member of the Arkansas Legislature in 1891. He represented Crittenden County as a republican. Watson was included in a photo montage of African American state legislators serving in Arkansas in 1891 published in the Indianapolis Freeman.

Watson was born in 1861 near Holly Springs, Mississippi. He had one brother, and two sisters. After freedom from enslavement, but before becoming a Legislator, Watson worked as a farmer, teacher, Magistrate, and as deputy sheriff. He eventually moved to Hopefield, Arkansas.

Crittenden County, Arkansas
Crittenden County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,163. The county seat is Marion, and the largest city is West Memphis. Crittenden County is part of the Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county's media comes from Memphis, although some Little Rock TV (Arkansas Educational Television Network, KATV) is imported by Comcast Cable. It lies within Arkansas's 1st congressional district.
Ted Barratt
Edward D'Oyley Barratt (21 April 1844 – 27 February 1891) was an English cricketer who primarily played for Surrey in a first-class career that lasted from 1872 to 1886. A left-arm slow roundarm bowler with a remarkable capacity for drift, his most famous achievement was taking all ten wickets in an innings for the Players against the Australians in 1878. On three occasions, he took over 100 wickets in a season. His Wisden obituarist wrote of his bowling, "At his best Barratt was certainly a very fine slow bowler, being able on certain wickets to get more work on the ball than almost any other cricketers of his generation."

Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, or simply Wisden, colloquially the Bible of Cricket, is a cricket reference book published annually in the United Kingdom. The description "Bible of cricket" (or variations thereof) has been applied to Wisden since the early 1900s.

Between 1998 and 2005, an Australian edition of Wisden was published. An Indian version, edited by Suresh Menon, was produced annually from 2013 to 2018, but discontinued following the publication of a combined 2019 and 2020 issue.
Batu Ceper railway station
Batu Ceper Station (BPR) (Indonesian: Stasiun Batu Ceper) is a railway station located at Poris Plawad, Cipondoh, Tangerang, Indonesia. Although named as Batu Ceper, but the location of this station is not in the district of Batuceper, rather it is located at Cipondoh district of Tangerang. The station serves Greater Jakarta commuter rail and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link.

This station is located opposite of Poris Plawad Bus Terminal. Next to the old station building, a new station building is built to serve the Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link service exclusively. The new station is equipped with facilities such as vending machine, turnstiles, escalator, ATM gallery, waiting lounge, commercial area, meeting room, and mosque.

Turnstile
A turnstile (also called a gateline, baffle gate, automated gate, turn gate in some regions) is a form of gate which allows one person to pass at a time. A turnstile can be configured to enforce one-way human traffic. In addition, a turnstile can restrict passage only to people who insert a coin, ticket, transit pass, security credential, or other method of payment or verification.  Modern turnstiles can incorporate biometrics, including retina scanning, fingerprints, and other individual human characteristics which can be scanned.

A turnstile can be used in the case of paid access (sometimes called a faregate or ticket barrier when used for this purpose), for example to access public transport, a pay toilet, or to restrict access to authorized people, for example in the lobby of an office building.
Ahmed Mukhtar Jaff
Ahmed Mukhtar Jaff (1898–1934) was the son of Osman Pasha Jaff, an Ottoman Kurdish ruler of Mosul Vilayet, and Adela Kahnem AKA Adela Jaff (Lady Adela) . He was one of the most prominent leaders of the Jaf family, as well as a poet and a novelist.

Ahmed Mukhtar Jaf was a member of Iraqi parliament and mayor of Halabja. He was born in the year 1898 in the province of Halabja. He had two sons, Afrasiab Jaf and Ghandi Jaf, as well as three daughters, Shamsa Jaff, Roonak Jaff and Hameeda Jaff.

He was a patriot Kurd who called for Kurdistan's independence and opposed the English occupation. He was only 32 when he was killed by the River Meer or River Sirwan in 1934.

Lady Adela
Lady Adela Jaff or Adela Khanem, called the Princess of the Brave by the British was a Kurdish ruler of the Jaff tribe and one of the first famous woman leaders in the history of Kurdistan. The Jaff tribe is the biggest tribe in Kurdistan and is native to the Zagros area, which is divided between Iran and Iraq. Adela Khanem was of the famous aristocratic Sahibqeran family, who intermarried with the tribal chiefs of Jaff. Lady Adela exerted great influence in the affairs of Jaff tribe in the Sharazor plain. The Brits appointed her the title “Lady” due to the restoration of trade and law in the region and succeeded in saving the lives of hundreds of British soldiers.
Stare Gonne
Stare Gonne [ˈstarɛ ˈɡɔnnɛ] (German: bef 1939 Gönne, 1939 Westgönne) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czaplinek, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) north of Czaplinek, 34 km (21 mi) north-east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 114 km (71 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1945/1990 the area was part of Germany.

Drawsko Pomorskie
Drawsko Pomorskie [ˈdrafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] (until 1948 Polish: Drawsko; German: Dramburg) is a town in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Drawsko County and the urban-rural commune of Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 11,292. It is home to the Drawsko Training Ground, one of the largest training areas in Poland.
Duncan G. Stroik
Duncan Gregory Stroik (born January 14, 1962) is an American architect, a professor of architecture at the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture, and founding editor of the Sacred Architecture Journal. His work continues the tradition of classical and Palladian architecture, also known as New Classical Architecture.

Stroik is considered a leading figure in traditional Roman Catholic sacred architecture. In his academic work, Stroik has stressed the importance of tradition, and advocates for beauty as the principal standard of architecture. In 2016 Stroik received the Arthur Ross Award for recognition of excellence in the classical tradition.

Hillsdale College
Hillsdale College is a private, conservative, Christian liberal arts college in Hillsdale, Michigan, United States. It was founded in 1844 by members of the Free Will Baptists. Women were admitted to the college from its foundation, making the college the second-oldest coeducational institution in the United States, after Oberlin College (1837). Hillsdale's required core curriculum includes courses on the Great Books, the U.S. Constitution, theology, biology, chemistry, and physics. The college's mission statement identifies it as a "nonsectarian Christian institution".

Since the late 20th century, in order to opt out of government mandates tied to funding, Hillsdale has declined both state and federal financial support. Instead, Hillsdale depends entirely on private donations to supplement students' tuition.
Mount Mekunnai
Mount Mekunnai (目国内岳, Mekunnai-dake) is an andesitic volcano in the Mount Raiden Volcanic Group on the border between Iwanai and Rankoshi, Hokkaidō, Japan. Mount Mekunnai is a pyroclastic cone. The mountain consists of primarily non-alkali, mafic, volcanic rock. The rock is younger than that of neighboring Mount Raiden, being categorized at 700,000 to 13,000 years old. The rock is older than that of the Niseko Volcanic Group.

Mafic
A mafic mineral or rock is a silicate mineral or igneous rock rich in magnesium and iron. Most mafic minerals are dark in color, and common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. Common mafic rocks include basalt, diabase and gabbro. Mafic rocks often also contain calcium-rich varieties of plagioclase feldspar. Mafic materials can also be described as ferromagnesian.
Michael Gray (game designer)
Michael Gray is an American game designer from rural Massachusetts known for his board game designs for Milton Bradley. He eventually became the senior director of global concept acquisition for Hasbro's games division. Game reviewer Tom Vasel has called him "the wisest man in all of board gaming."

Gray is credited as the designer of over 25 board games or game items including two of the most popular board game for young teenage girls, Mall Madness and Electronic Dream Phone. Games that Gray has designed or co-designed include:

1975 Dungeon!, credited as a co-designer as he worked on a version of this game

1980 Fantasy Forest, a TSR game with artwork by Larry Elmore

1986 Shogun, also known as Samurai Swords or Ikusa (1987 Charles S. Roberts Best Pre-World War II board game nominee)

1986 Fortress America (1986 Charles S. Roberts Best Twentieth Century game winner)

1992 Omega Virus, an electronic talking board game

1993 13 Dead End Drive, a MiltonBradley game

Tom Vasel
Tom Vasel is a podcaster, designer and reviewer of board games, and hosted The Dice Tower podcast from 2003-2022, which has more than 300,000 subscribers. Vasel began publishing board game reviews in 2002 on BoardGameGeek, followed by YouTube, and his Dice Tower website. As of 2021, he has rated over 7000 games and expansions. His first board game review was for The Settlers of Canaan.

Vasel was the designer of the board game Vicious Fishes in 2010, and co-designer for the boardgame Nothing Personal in 2013.

One of his children, Jack Vasel, died in 2011, resulting in Vasel establishing the Jack Vasel Memorial Fund, a not-for-profit fund with the goal of raising and distributing funds to help gamers in their hour of need.
FC Bengaluru United
Football Club Bengaluru United is an Indian professional football club based in Bangalore, Karnataka. The club currently competes in the I-League 2, the third tier of the Indian football league system. Founded in 2018, the club mainly participated in local competitions, including the BDFA Super Division.

Bengaluru United took part in the I-League 2nd Division for the first time in 2019–20 season.

2020–21 BDFA Super Division
The 2020–21 BDFA Super Division was the 18th season of the BDFA Super Division, the fourth tier of the Indian association football system and the top tier of the Karnataka football system. The season started on 12 January 2021. Bengaluru FC 'B' were the defending champions. All games were played at Bangalore Football Stadium. The league was contested by top 12 teams from 2019–20 season as well as Young Challengers and FC Deccan who were promoted from 2019–20 BDFA 'A' division. AGORC were relegated to 2020–21 BDFA A Division.
Goods and Services Tax 2.0
Goods and Services Tax 2.0, also known as GST 2.0 is a upgraded version of the original Indian GST system, officially launched in 22 September 2025 to streamline indirect taxation across the country. The reform was introduced to simplify the tax structure, reduce compliance burdens for businesses, and make taxation more transparent for consumers.

The initiative was led by the Ministry of Finance, aiming to modernize the tax administration system using digital tools and data-driven monitoring. GST 2.0 maintained the core principles of a unified tax on goods and services while revising tax rates, removing unnecessary exemptions, and ensuring smoother inter-state trade.

The profile of GST 2.0 highlights its focus on technological integration, fair taxation, and fostering a business-friendly environment while maintaining revenue efficiency for the government.

Tax rate
In a tax system, the tax rate is the ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed. The tax rate that is applied to an individual's or corporation's income is determined by tax laws of the country and can be influenced by many factors such as income level, type of income, and so on. There are several methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, flat, and effective.  These rates can also be presented using different definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive.
1995 Monte Carlo Open – Doubles
Nicklas Kulti and Magnus Larsson were the defending champions, but lost in second round to Lan Bale and John-Laffnie de Jager.

Jacco Eltingh and Paul Haarhuis won the title by defeating Luis Lobo and Javier Sánchez 6–3, 6–4 in the final.

John-Laffnie de Jager
John-Laffnie de Jager (born 17 March 1973) is a South African former tour professional tennis player.  A doubles specialist, de Jager reached the semi-finals for three different grand slam tournaments three times in three different years partnering three different fellow South African players.  de Jager is the current non-playing captain of the South Africa Davis Cup team.
Conor Martin (Tipperary hurler)
Conor Martin (born 2005) is an Irish hurler. At club level he plays with Cappawhite and at inter-county level he was included, in December 2024, in the "training panel" of the Tipperary senior hurling team.

2022 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 2022 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 92nd staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship began on 5 March 2022 and ended on 3 July 2022.

Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Clare in the Munster semi-final.

The All-Ireland final was played at Nowlan Park in Kilkenny on 3 July 2022 between Tipperary and Offaly, in what was their first meeting in a final in 35 years. Tipperary won the match by 1-17 to 1-16 to claim a record-equalling 21st championship title overall and their first title since 2016.

Ben Deegan from Laois was the championship's top scorer with 4-63.
Wójcza
Wójcza [ˈvui̯t͡ʂa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pacanów, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) west of Pacanów, 21 km (13 mi) south-east of Busko-Zdrój, and 61 km (38 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

Busko County
Busko (Polish: powiat buski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Busko-Zdrój, which lies 47 kilometres (29 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

The county covers an area of 967.39 square kilometres (373.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 67,821, out of which the population of Busko-Zdrój is 15,832 and the rural population is 51,989.