hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Model solid approximation
The model solid approximation is a method used for determining the extrema of energy bands in semiconductors.  The method was first proposed for silicon-germanium alloys by Chris G. Van de Walle and Richard M. Martin in 1986 and extended to several other semiconductor materials by Van de Walle in 1989.  It has been used extensively for modelling semiconductor heterostructure devices such as quantum cascade lasers.

Although the electrostatic potential in a semiconductor crystal fluctuates on an atomic scale, the model solid approximation averages these fluctuations out to obtain a constant energy level for each material.

Silicon–germanium
SiGe (/ˈsɪɡiː/ or /ˈsaɪdʒiː/), or silicon–germanium, is an alloy with any molar ratio of silicon and germanium, i.e. with a molecular formula of the form Si1−xGex. It is commonly used as a semiconductor material in integrated circuits (ICs) for heterojunction bipolar transistors or as a strain-inducing layer for CMOS transistors.  IBM introduced the technology into mainstream manufacturing in 1989. This relatively new technology offers opportunities in mixed-signal circuit and analog circuit IC design and manufacture. SiGe is also used as a thermoelectric material for high-temperature applications (>700 K).
Pence-Carmichael Farm, Barn and Root Cellar
The Pence-Carmichael Farm, Barn and Root Cellar are a pair of historic farm outbuildings in rural western White County, Arkansas.  They are located just east of the hamlet of Romance, off Arkansas Highway 31 on Carmichael Lane.  The barn is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a weatherboarded exterior and stone pier foundation.  It has an unusual internal layout, with a transverse crib plan that has a cross-gabled drive, and a side shed extension.  The root cellar is a single-story stone structure with a flat roof; it is one of the county's rare early 20th-century stone farm outbuildings.

The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

White County, Arkansas
White County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,822. The county seat is Searcy. White County is Arkansas's 31st county, formed on October 23, 1835, from portions of Independence, Jackson, and Pulaski counties and named for Hugh Lawson White, a Whig candidate for President of the United States. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county, though a few private establishments (such as the Searcy Country Club, and Veterans of Foreign Wars posts in Searcy and Beebe) can serve alcohol. White County comprises the Searcy, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR Combined Statistical Area.
Air pressurized water
Air pressurized water (APW) extinguishers are a type of fire extinguisher that use ordinary water (H2O) to suppress fire. The water is propelled by ordinary air (atmosphere), pressurized in the extinguisher. They are also known by the slang term water can. Although only effective on Class A fires, they have the advantages of being inexpensive to build and maintain, and leaving no special chemical residue when used.

Fire classification
Fire classification is a system of categorizing fires with regard to the type(s) of combustible material(s) involved, and the form(s) of suitable extinguishing agent(s). Classes are often assigned letter designations, which can differ somewhat between territories.
Richard Milburn
Richard Milburn, known as Whistling Dick, was an African-American musician in Philadelphia.  He was a great guitarist and whistler and composed bird song themes including the tune Listen to the Mocking Bird which, when arranged with lyrics by Septimus Winner, became one of the most successful ballads of the 19th century, selling over twenty million copies of sheet music.  Milburn made $5 for this while the finished work went on to make over $100,000.

Milburn worked in his father's barber shop in Lombard Street in Philadelphia.  He also gave public performances of his bird whistling tunes which were organised by the Library Company of Philadelphia for the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas.

Library Company of Philadelphia
39°56′52″N 75°09′47″W﻿ / ﻿39.94779°N 75.16306°W﻿ / 39.94779; -75.16306

The Library Company of Philadelphia (LCP) is a non-profit organization located on Locust Street in Center City, Philadelphia. Founded as a library in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin, the Library Company of Philadelphia has accumulated one of the most significant collections of historically valuable manuscripts and printed material in the United States. On December 2, 2025, a majority of the Library Company shareholders voted to pursue an affiliation with Temple University. This affiliation was approved by Temple.

The current collection size is approximately 500,000 books and 70,000 other items, including 2,150 items that once belonged to Franklin, major collections of 17th-century and Revolution-era pamphlets and ephemera, maps, and whole libraries assembled in the 18th and 19th centuries. The collection also includes first editions of Moby-Dick and Leaves of Grass.
Rosemary Hall (Greenwich, Connecticut)
Rosemary Hall was an independent girls school at Ridgeway and Zaccheus Mead Lane in Greenwich, Connecticut. It was later merged into Choate Rosemary Hall and moved to the Choate boys' school campus in Wallingford, Connecticut.

The Greenwich campus of Rosemary Hall was opened in 1900. The oldest surviving building was built in 1909. The Greenwich campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 for its architectural significance. The listing includes 16 contributing buildings and one other contributing structure. The historic site's listing area is 18 acres (7.3 ha).

The Brunswick School now owns the property. It plans to convert the site into a preschool and housing for employees.

Choate Rosemary Hall
Choate Rosemary Hall (/tʃoʊt/ CHOHT) is a private, co-educational, college-preparatory boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1890, it took its present name and began a co-educational system with the 1978 merger of The Choate School for boys and Rosemary Hall for girls. It is part of the Eight Schools Association and the Ten Schools Admission Organization.
2018 Hun Sen Cup
The Hun Sen Cup was the main football knockout tournament in Cambodia. The 2018 Hun Sen Cup was the 12th season of the Hun Sen Cup, the premier knockout tournament for association football clubs in Cambodia involving Cambodian League and provincial teams organized by the Football Federation of Cambodia.

Preah Khan Reach Svay Rieng were the defending champions, having beaten Nagaworld 3–0 in the previous season's final.

Hun Sen Cup 2018 divided into two stages, regional stage and national stage. 22 teams from the Capital and provinces playing in regional stage. 16 teams playing in national stage, 12 teams from Cambodian League with the last four teams from semi-finals of regional stage.

MOI Kompong Dewa FA
MOI Kompong Dewa Football Club (Khmer: អឹម អូ អាយ កំពង់ដេវ៉ា អេហ្វស៊ី) is a professional Cambodian football club based in Sihanoukville, Preah Sihanouk province. Historically known as the National Police (នគរបាលជាតិ), the club changed its name to the Ministry of Interior FA (សមាគមកីឡាបាល់ទាត់ក្រសួងមហាផ្ទៃ) in 2024, under the management of Cambodia's Ministry of Interior. They were renamed again in 2025, to MOI Kompong Dewa. They won their first and only Cambodian League in 2000, as well as one Hun Sen Cup in 2014.
Guinean Handball Federation
The Guinean Handball Federation (French: Fédération Guinéenne de Handball) (FGHB) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Republic of Guinea. Founded in 1972, FGHB is a member of African Handball Confederation (CAHB) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).

Beach handball
Beach handball is a team sport where two teams pass and bounce or roll a ball, trying to throw it in the goal of the opposing team. The game is similar to standard handball, but it is played on sand instead of on a solid floor. Because the ball loses most of its bounce on sand, there is little to no dribbling, and players instead perform more passing as the rules of travelling still apply.
Tagus Basin
The Tagus Basin is the drainage basin of the Tagus River, which flows through the west of the Iberian Peninsula and empties into Lisbon. It covers an area of 78,467 km2, which is distributed 66% (55,645 km2) on Spanish territory and 34% on Portuguese land (22,822 km2).

It is the third-largest basin in the Iberian Peninsula, after the Douro Basin, with 98,258 km2, and the Ebro Basin, with 82,587 km2.

Alberche
The Alberche is a river in the provinces of Ávila, Madrid and Toledo, central Spain. It begins its course at 1,800 m in Fuente Alberche, San Martín de la Vega del Alberche municipal term, Ávila Province. It forms the natural division between the Sierra de Gredos and the Sierra de Guadarrama, in the Sistema Central.

The Alberche flows roughly from NW to SE and bends sharply midway in its course to flow from NE to SW. It meets the Tagus a few kilometres east of Talavera de la Reina. This river has the following dams along its course: Burguillo, Charco del Cura, San Juan, Picadas, and Cazalegas. Alberche Beach is a sandy beach stretch on the banks of the Alberche River, a favorite spot for vacationers from Madrid.
Patrickswell
Patrickswell, historically known as Toberpatrick (Irish: Tobar Phádraig), is a small town in County Limerick, Ireland. It is primarily a commuter village for people working in Limerick, including the nearby industrial suburb of Raheen. The population was 848 at the 2022 census.

2022 census of Ireland
The 2022 census of Ireland was held on Sunday, 3 April 2022. It was organised by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and reported a total population of 5,149,139, or an 8.1% increase since the prior 2016 census. It is the highest population recorded in a census since 1841 and the first time the population exceeded five million since 1851. The census results were released gradually between May and December 2023 in a series of reports organised either as summaries or in-depth results of specific themes, like age, ethnicity, or religion.

A census was originally planned for 18 April 2021, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hells Angels
The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is an international outlaw motorcycle club founded in California whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. Common nicknames for the club are the "H.A.", "Red & White", and "81". With a membership of over 6,000, and 592 charters in 66 countries, the HAMC is the largest outlaw biker club in the world.

The Hells Angels have a history of involvement in organized crime, such as drug trafficking, and engaging in violent conflict with other outlaw motorcycle clubs. Involvement in organized crime and violence has historically extended to the organization's most senior leadership. Many police and international intelligence agencies, including the United States Department of Justice, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, the Australian Federal Police, and Europol, consider the club an organized crime syndicate.

Criminal Intelligence Service Canada
Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC; French: Service canadien de renseignements criminels) is an inter-agency organization in Canada designed to coordinate and share criminal intelligence amongst member police forces. Established in 1970, the CISC has a central bureau in Ottawa and ten bureaus in each province offering services to over 400 law enforcement agencies in Canada.

The CISC also publishes an annual report on organized crime in Canada.
Baciu
Baciu (Hungarian: Kisbács or Bács; German: Botschendorf) is a commune in Cluj County, located in the region of Transylvania, in the northwestern part of Romania. Baciu lies a short distance from the county seat of Cluj-Napoca. It is composed of seven villages: Baciu, Corușu (Nádaskóród), Mera (Méra), Popești (Nádaspapfalva), Rădaia (Andrásháza), Săliștea Nouă (Csonkatelep), and Suceagu (Szucság).

The commune is located in the central part of the county, in the region called Țara Călatei, just west of the county seat, Cluj-Napoca. The river Nadăș (a left tributary of the Someșul Mic) flows through Baciu.

Țara Călatei
Țara Călatei (Hungarian: Kalotaszeg) is a region in Transylvania, Romania. It is one of the many areas in Western Romania with a significant  Hungarian population (30% in 2011), and is a stronghold of old Transylvanian Hungarian folk traditions.
2010 Stroud District Council election
The 2010 Stroud Council election took place on 6 May 2010 to elect members of Stroud District Council in Gloucestershire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was

Conservative 30

Liberal Democrat 7

Labour 7

Green 6

Independent 1

Stroud District
51°44′53″N 2°12′58″W﻿ / ﻿51.748°N 2.216°W﻿ / 51.748; -2.216

Stroud District is a local government district in Gloucestershire, England. The district is named after its largest town of Stroud. The council is based at Ebley Mill in the district of Cainscross, west of central Stroud. The district also includes the towns of Berkeley, Dursley, Nailsworth, Stonehouse and Wotton-under-Edge, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. Over half of the district lies within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Forest of Dean, Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Cotswold and South Gloucestershire.
POST (HTTP)
In computing, POST is a request method supported by HTTP used by the World Wide Web.
By design, the POST request method requests that a web server accepts the data enclosed in the body of the request message, most likely for storing it. It is often used when uploading a file or when submitting a completed web form.

In contrast, the HTTP GET request method retrieves information from the server. As part of a GET request, some data can be passed within the URL's query string, specifying (for example) search terms, date ranges, or other information that defines the query.

As part of a POST request, an arbitrary amount of data of any type can be sent to the server in the body of the request message. A fields header field in the POST request usually indicates the message body's Internet media type.

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
2023 National Bank Open – Women's singles
Jessica Pegula defeated Liudmila Samsonova in the final, 6–1, 6–0 to win the women's singles title at the 2023 Canadian Open. It was her second WTA 1000 title. Due to rain, Samsonova had to play two matches (third round and quarterfinals) on Friday and two matches again (semifinals and final) on Sunday; she only had a two-hour break between the semifinal and final match. Pegula, on the other hand, played one match each day of the tournament from Wednesday through Sunday.

Simona Halep was the reigning champion, but could not defend her title due to a provisional suspension for violations of anti-doping rules.

Iga Świątek and Aryna Sabalenka were in contention for the WTA No. 1 ranking. Świątek retained the top ranking by reaching the quarterfinals.

This tournament marked the return to professional competition of former No. 1 player Caroline Wozniacki, who previously retired from the sport in 2020. She lost to reigning Wimbledon champion Markéta Vondroušová in the second round.

Yulia Putintseva
Yulia Antonovna Putintseva (Russian: Ю́лия Анто́новна Пу́тинцева, pronounced [ˈjʉlʲɪjə ɐnˈtonəvnə pʊˈtʲintsɨvə]; born 7 January 1995) is a Russian-born Kazakhstani professional tennis player. She achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 20 on 27 January 2025, and a best doubles ranking of No. 76 on 17 March 2025.

Putintseva has won three singles titles on the WTA Tour and is a three-time major quarterfinalist (twice at the French Open and once at the US Open).
1993 European Open-Lucerne – Doubles
Amy Frazier and Elna Reinach were the defending champions, but Frazier did not compete this year. Reinach teamed up with Elizabeth Smylie and lost in the semifinals to Lindsay Davenport and Marianne Werdel.

Mary Joe Fernández and Helena Suková won the title by defeating Davenport and Werdel 6–2, 6–4 in the final.

Helena Suková
Helena Suková (Czech pronunciation: [ˈɦɛlɛna ˈsukovaː]) (born 23 February 1965) is a Czech former professional tennis player. She was ranked as the world No. 1 in women's doubles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), and No. 4 in singles. Suková won 14 major titles: nine in women's doubles and five in mixed doubles. She is also a two-time Olympic silver medalist in doubles, a four-time major singles runner-up, and won a total of ten singles titles and 69 doubles titles.
2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres at the 2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships took place on the short track of the Nanjing's Cube at Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park in Nanjing, China, on 21 and 22 March 2025. This was the 21st time the event was contested at the World Athletics Indoor Championships. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standard or by their World Athletics Ranking in the event.

The heats took place on 21 March during the morning session with the semi-finals held in the evening session. The final took place on 22 March during the evening session.

Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park
The Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park (Chinese: 南京青奥体育公园) is a sport complex located in Pukou District, Nanjing, China. Its construction was started in December 2011 as part of the venues used for 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. The complex, which occupies around 1,000,000 m2 of land, consists of a main arena with other smaller sport venues.
An American Tragedy (musical)
An American Tragedy is a 1995 musical with music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Lee Adams and Mark St. Germain, and a libretto by David Shaber and Mark St. Germain. It was based on Theodore Dreiser's 1925 novel An American Tragedy.

An American Tragedy
An American Tragedy is a 1925 novel by American writer Theodore Dreiser. He began the manuscript in the summer of 1920, but a year later, abandoned most of that text. It was based on the notorious murder of Grace Brown in 1906, and the trial of her lover, Chester Gillette. In 1923 Dreiser returned to the project and, with the help of his future wife Helen and editor-secretaries Louise Campbell and Sally Kusell, completed the massive novel in 1925. The book entered the public domain in the United States on January 1, 2021.
Best Male Track Athlete ESPY Award
The Best Male Track Athlete ESPY Award was presented annually between 1993 and 2006 to the male track and field athlete, irrespective of nationality, adjudged to be the best in a given calendar year. Beginning in 2007, this award was combined with the parallel Best Female Track Athlete ESPY Award into the single Best Track and Field Athlete ESPY Award.

Between 1993 and 2004, the award voting panel comprised variously fans; sportswriters and broadcasters, sports executives, and retired sportspersons, termed collectively experts; and ESPN personalities, but balloting thereafter was exclusively by fans over the Internet from amongst choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee.

Through the 2001 iteration of the ESPY Awards, ceremonies were conducted in February of each year to honor achievements over the previous calendar year; awards presented thereafter were conferred in June and reflected performance from the June previous.

Corporate title
Corporate titles or business titles are given to corporate officers to show what duties and responsibilities they have in the organization. Such titles are used by publicly and privately held for-profit corporations, cooperatives, nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, partnerships, and sole proprietorships that also confer corporate titles.
Ada Madssen
Ada Madssen (9 February 1917 – 22 September 2009) was a Norwegian sculptor.

She was born in Kristiania. She studied under Wilhelm Rasmussen and Axel Revold at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1938 to 1940. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design owns three of her works, and she is also known for statues of Queen Maud near the Royal Palace, Oslo (erected 1959) and Camilla Collett at Eidsvoll (erected 1977). In 2007 she was decorated as a Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.

Axel Revold
Axel Revold (24 December 1887 – 11 April 1962) was a Norwegian painter, illustrator, and art professor at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts for twenty years. He was highly decorated for his merits.
Lemon Tree (2008 film)
Lemon Tree (Hebrew: עץ לימון, romanized: 'Etz Limon; Arabic: شجرة ليمون, romanized: 'Shajaret Leimoun) is a 2008 drama film directed by Eran Riklis, co-written by Suha Arraf. Starring Hiam Abbass, Ali Suliman, Danny Leshman and Rona Lipaz-Michael, it follows the legal efforts of a Palestinian widow to stop the Israeli Defense Minister, her new next door neighbor, from destroying the lemon trees in her family farm. At the same time, she develops a human bond with the minister's wife.

The film is loosely based on a true story where trees were finally uprooted in the interest of Shaul Mofaz, Israeli Defense Minister from 2002 to 2006.

The film had its world premiere in the Panorama section of the 58th Berlin International Film Festival, and was theatrically released in Israel on 27 March 2008. It received a tepid response from Israeli audiences, but was well received internationally. It was nominated for Best Actress (Abbass) and Best Screenwriter at the 21st European Film Awards.

European Film Award for Best Screenwriter
The European Film Award for Best Screenwriter is an award given out at the annual European Film Awards to recognize a screenwriter who has delivered an outstanding screenplay in a film industry. The award is presented by the European Film Academy (EFA) and was first presented in 1988 to French director and screenwriter Louis Malle for Goodbye Children.

István Szabó, Agnès Jaoui, Jean-Pierre Bacri, Thomas Vinterberg, Tobias Lindholm, Ruben Östlund  and Paweł Pawlikowski are the only writers who have received this award more than once, with two wins each.
Pełczyska, Łódź Voivodeship
Pełczyska [pɛu̯ˈt͡ʂɨska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wartkowice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-east of Wartkowice, 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Poddębice, and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice County
Poddębice County (Polish: powiat poddębicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Poddębice, which lies 37 kilometres (23 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Uniejów, lying 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Poddębice.

The county covers an area of 880.91 square kilometres (340.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 42,195, out of which the population of Poddębice is 7,875, that of Uniejów is 2,916, and the rural population is 31,404.