hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conjunction introduction
Conjunction introduction (often abbreviated simply as conjunction and also called and introduction or adjunction) is a valid rule of inference of propositional logic. The rule makes it possible to introduce a conjunction into a logical proof. It is the inference that if the proposition  is true, and the proposition  is true, then the logical conjunction of the two propositions  and  is true. For example, if it is true that "it is raining", and it is true that "the cat is inside", then it is true that "it is raining and the cat is inside". The rule can be stated:

where the rule is that wherever an instance of "" and "" appear on lines of a proof, a "" can be placed on a subsequent line.

Formal system
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms.

In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics.
However, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved that any consistent formal system sufficiently powerful to express basic arithmetic cannot prove its own completeness. This effectively showed that Hilbert's program was impossible as stated.

The term formalism is sometimes a rough synonym for formal system, but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation.
Middletown Road station
The Middletown Road station is a local station of the IRT Pelham Line of the New York City Subway. Located at Middletown Road and Westchester Avenue in the Pelham Bay neighborhood of the Bronx, it is served by the 6 train at all times except weekdays in the peak direction, when the <6> train takes over.

Westchester Avenue
Westchester Avenue is a major east–west street in the South and East portions of the Bronx, New York City. It runs from Third Avenue and East 150th Street in the Hub to Pelham Bay Park in the Pelham Bay section. It crosses many neighborhoods of the Bronx, which include Melrose, Longwood, Soundview, Parkchester, and Pelham Bay. Westchester Avenue parallels the Bruckner Expressway until their junction at Pelham Bay Park.
Orion abort modes
The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion MPCV) is equipped with a launch escape system. Orion has several abort modes. Some of these may not use the LAS itself, but would use the second stage of the SLS, or even the Orion vehicle's own propulsion system (the Aerojet AJ10 engine) instead.

Aerojet
Aerojet was an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Rancho Cordova, California, with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange and Gainesville in Virginia, and Camden, Arkansas. Aerojet was owned by GenCorp, Inc., In 2013, Aerojet was merged by GenCorp with the former Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne to form Aerojet Rocketdyne.
Lindsey Robinson
Lindsey Robinson (born 1980) is an English football referee. In 2011, she was one of five referees in the northeastern region of England refereeing matches in the men's Northern Football League Division 2.

Robinson began playing football as a youth and later played for Sunderland and Newcastle United. She earned a degree in sport and exercise development from the University of Sunderland.

In 2018, she was selected to referee the 2018 FA Women's Cup Final. She was an assistant referee at the 2014 and 2016 Finals.

After her appointment as the referee in the 2018 FA Women's Cup Final, she moved to New Zealand to take up the job as Football South's Referee Development Manager. Robinson is now a New Zealand Football appointed referee and often referees games in her home region of Otago

University of Sunderland
The University of Sunderland is a public research university located in Sunderland in the North East of England. Its predecessor, Sunderland Technical College, was established as a municipal training college in 1901. It gained university status in 1992. It now has campuses in Sunderland, London and Hong Kong, and has about 21,000 students as of 2022.
2016 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang
The 2016 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2016 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nanchang, China between 12 and 17 September 2016.

Nanchang
Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi, China. Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland of Poyang Lake Plain, it is bounded on the west by the Jiuling Mountains, and on the east by Poyang Lake. Because of its strategic location connecting the prosperous East and South China, it has become a major railway hub in Southern China in recent decades.

As the Nanchang Uprising in 1927 is distinctively recognized by the ruling Communist Party as "firing the first gunshot against the Nationalists", the current government has therefore named the city since 1949 "the place where the People's Liberation Army was born", and the most widely known "place where the military banner of the People's Liberation Army was first raised".

Nanchang is also a major city, appearing among the top 100 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index and home to Nanchang University.
Joseph M. Margiotta
Joseph M. Margiotta (June 6, 1927 – November 28, 2008) was an American political boss who ran the Nassau County, New York Republican Party, considered "one of the most powerful political organizations in New York State", until his 1983 convictions on federal charges.

Political boss
A party boss is a person who controls a faction or local branch of a political party. They do not necessarily hold public office themselves; most historical bosses did not, at least during the times of their greatest influence. Numerous officeholders in that unit are subordinate to the single boss in party affairs. Bosses may base their power on the support of numerous voters, usually organized voting blocs, and manage a coalition of these blocs and various other stakeholders. When the party wins, they typically control appointments in their unit, and have a voice at the higher levels.

Reformers typically allege that political bosses are corrupt. This corruption is usually tied to patronage: the exchange of jobs, lucrative contracts and other political favors for votes, campaign contributions and sometimes outright bribes.
C. V. A. Strandberg
Carl Vilhelm August Strandberg (16 January 1818– 5 February 1877), also known by his pen name Talis Qualis, was a Swedish poet and journalist. He was member of the Swedish Academy from 1862.

C.V.A. Strandberg was born in Stigtomta into a clerical family. He was active as a student politician at Lund and proponent of Scandinavianism. Under his pen name he published collections of poetry such as Sånger i pansar (1845), Vilda rosor (1848) and Dikter (1854, 1861). In 1844 he wrote the lyrics for the Swedish royal anthem Kungssången (despite previously having identified as republican).

Strandberg also translated some foreign literature, the most notable being Don Juan by Lord Byron. As a journalist he wrote for Skånska Correspondenten in the 1840s and later became chief editor of Post- och Inrikes Tidningar.

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (lit. 'Post and Domestic Times') or PoIT is the government newspaper and gazette of Sweden, and the country's official notification medium for announcements like bankruptcy declarations or auctions. The newspaper also carries advertising, the largest advertiser being the Swedish Patent and Registration Office.

It is the oldest currently published newspaper in the world, although as of the 1 January 2007 edition, it has switched over to an internet-only format. Four copies of each update to PoIT are still printed and archived at the National Library of Sweden, Lund University library and the Swedish Companies Registration Office.
Alley-oop
In basketball, an alley-oop is an offensive play in which one player passes the ball near the basket to a teammate who jumps, catches the ball in mid-air and dunks or lays it in before touching the ground.

The alley-oop combines elements of teamwork, pinpoint passing, timing and finishing.

Jumping
Jumping or leaping is a form of locomotion or movement in which an organism or non-living (e.g., robotic) mechanical system propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory. Jumping can be distinguished from running, galloping and other gaits where the entire body is temporarily airborne by the relatively long duration of the aerial phase and high angle of initial launch.

Some animals, such as the kangaroo, employ jumping (commonly called hopping in this instance) as their primary form of an locomotion, while others, such as frogs, use it only as a means to escape predators. Jumping is also a key feature of various activities and sports, including the long jump, high jump and show jumping.
Birgi
Birgi is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ödemiş, İzmir Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,832 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). Its current name is a turkified version of its medieval Greek name, Pyrgion (Greek: Πυργίον, meaning "Little Tower").

İzmir Province
İzmir Province (Turkish: İzmir ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in western Anatolia, situated along the Aegean coast. Its capital is the city of İzmir, which is in itself composed of the province's central 11 districts out of 30 in total. To the west, it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea, and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir. Its area is 11,891 square kilometres (4,591 square miles), and its population is 4,462,056 (2022). Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north, Manisa to the east, and Aydın to the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.

Major rivers of the province include the Küçük Menderes river, Koca Çay (with Güzelhisar dam), and Bakırçay.
Jón Steinsson
Jón Steinsson (born 1976) is an Icelandic-American economist specializing in macroeconomics and monetary economics. He is the Chancellor's Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley, a research associate and co-director of the Monetary Economics program at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), and serves as an associate editor of both American Economic Review: Insights and the Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Steinsson received his PhD in economics from Harvard University and his AB from Princeton University. His research focuses on monetary and fiscal policy, business cycles, and the impact of government spending on economic activity. Together with his spouse and frequent co-author, Emi Nakamura, he has published widely cited work on price stickiness, fiscal multipliers, and the empirical foundations of New Keynesian models.

The Quarterly Journal of Economics
The Quarterly Journal of Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Oxford University Press for the Harvard University Department of Economics. Its current editors-in-chief are Robert J. Barro, Lawrence F. Katz, Nathan Nunn, Andrei Shleifer, and Stefanie Stantcheva.
Pythopolis (Mysia)
Pythopolis (Ancient Greek: Πυθόπολις) was a town of ancient Mysia or of ancient Bithynia. It was a colony of Athens; in Greek legendary tradition, the hero Theseus founded the city after the death of Solois, one of his crewmates.

Pythopolis was a member of the Delian League, appearing in a tribute decree of Athens of 422/1 BCE.

Its site is located near modern M Sölöz, Turkey.

Mysia
Mysia (UK /ˈmɪsiə/, US /ˈmɪʒə/ or /ˈmiːʒə/; Greek: Μυσία; Latin: Mysia; Turkish: Misya) was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor (Anatolia, Asian part of modern Turkey). It was located on the south coast of the Sea of Marmara. It was bounded by Bithynia on the east, Phrygia on the southeast, Lydia on the south, Aeolis on the southwest, Troad on the west, and the Propontis on the north. In ancient times it was inhabited by the Mysians, Phrygians, Aeolian Greeks and other groups.
Kalbe, Lower Saxony
Kalbe (German pronunciation: [ˈkalbə] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Kalbe belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Kalbe, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
The Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (German: Fürsterzbistum Bremen) was an ecclesiastical principality (787–1566/1648) of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church that after its definitive secularization in 1648 became the hereditary Duchy of Bremen (German: Herzogtum Bremen). The prince-archbishopric, which was under the secular rule of the archbishop, consisted of about a third of the diocesan territory. The city of Bremen was de facto (since 1186) and de jure (since 1646) not part of the prince-archbishopric. Most of the prince-archbishopric lay rather in the area to the north of the city of Bremen, between the Weser and Elbe rivers. Even more confusingly, parts of the prince-archbishopric belonged in religious respect to the neighbouring Diocese of Verden, making up 10% of its diocesan territory.
Ua Huka Airport
Ua Huka Airport is an airport on Ua Huka in French Polynesia (IATA: UAH, ICAO: NTMU). The airport is 2.2 km southwest of the village of Hane. The airport was opened on November 4, 1970, with the first landings made by an Air Tahiti Piper Aztec and an RAI Twin Otter. Commercial flights began in 1971. As of 2021 it received 1600 passengers a year.

Air Tahiti
Air Tahiti is a French regional airline which operates in French Polynesia. Its main hub is Faaʼa International Airport. With 48 destinations, the airline is the largest private employer in French Polynesia.: 22
Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti
Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti (Greek: Νησιά Αιγαίου, Κρήτη), meaning "Aegean Islands, Crete", is a first level NUTS administrative division of Greece created for statistical purposes by the European Union. The NUTS division is not used by Greece for any administrative reasons. It contains the three administrative regions of North Aegean, South Aegean, and Crete. As of 1 January 2019 it had a population of 1,200,055 inhabitants.

Per January 2015, the Greek NUTS regions have been redefined. The first-level region of Nisia Aigaiou, Kriti however wasn't changed.

South Aegean
The South Aegean (Greek: Περιφέρεια Νοτίου Αιγαίου, romanized: Periféreia Notíou Aigaíou [periˈferia noˈtiu eˈʝeu]) is one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It consists of the Cyclades and Dodecanese island groups in the central and southeastern Aegean Sea.
Duodi Hydropower Station
The Duodi Hydropower Station (Chinese: 夺底水电站), also called as Duodigou Hydropower Station (夺底沟水电站), is the first hydropower station in Tibet and the second in China, which was destroyed by a flood and shut down in 1946 and rebuilt in October 1956.

Duodi Hydropower Station is located in the northern suburbs of Lhasa, with a total installed capacity of 660 kilowatts. The hydropower station was commented by some Chinese writers as "the scientific light of Tibet under the theocracy".

Lhasa
Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China.

Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of 3,656 metres (11,990 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. According to the census, the total resident population of the city by the end of 2024 will be 876,400.
The Pinnacle (Bristol, Tennessee)
The Pinnacle is a 240-acre (97 ha) shopping center and commercial development located in Bristol, Tennessee.  Established by Johnson Commercial Development and Oldacre McDonald LLC, its first stores opened in 2014.  It is a mixed-use complex, with 1.3 million square feet (appx. 121,000 square meters) of retail, restaurant, hotel, and office space, as well as recreational areas. The Pinnacle is located off of U.S. Route 11W and Interstate 81. It is adjacent to the Virginia state line and is near the twin city of Bristol, Virginia.

Anchor stores are Bass Pro Shops, Belk, Dick's Sporting Goods, CarMax and Marquee Cinemas. Its junior anchors are Old Navy, Michaels, Ulta Beauty, Kirkland's, and Marshalls.

Kirkland's
Kirkland's, Inc. is an American retail chain that sells home decor, furniture, textiles, accessories and gifts. It operates 317 stores in 35 states as well as an e-commerce enabled website. It is based in Brentwood, Tennessee.
En Uyirinum Melana
En Uyirinum Melana (transl. More than my life) is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by K. R. Jaya. The film stars newcomers Ajith Chander and Radhika Menon, with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Ranjith, Ravikumar, Karunas, Kaka Radhakrishnan, Charuhasan, Fathima Babu and Kamala Kamesh playing supporting roles. The film's musical score was by Deva and was released on 10 August 2007.

Kaka Radhakrishnan
T. V. Radhakrishnan, better known as Kaka Radhakrishnan (c. 1925 – 14 June 2012) was an Indian actor who acted in Tamil language films from the year 1940. He is also notable for having introduced his childhood friend, Sivaji Ganesan, into films.
Monk Gafford
Roy Haynes "Monk" Gafford, Jr. (October 1, 1920 – February 19, 1987) was an American football player.  He played college football for the Auburn Tigers football team and gained 1,004 yards rushing in 1942 with an average of 7.6 yards per carry.  He was selected by the International News Service as a first-team halfback on the 1942 College Football All-America Team.  He was selected by the Steagles with the 17th pick in the 1943 NFL draft.  However, his professional football career was delayed due to military service during World War II.  After the war, Gafford played three seasons in the AAFC with the Miami Seahawks in 1946 and the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1946, 1947 and 1948 seasons.  He was the president of a steel plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for 28 years. He returned to Alabama in his retirement and died of cancer in 1987 at age 66.

Steagles
The Steagles, officially known as the Phil-Pitt Combine, was the team created by the temporary merger of Pennsylvania's two National Football League (NFL) teams, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Philadelphia Eagles, during the 1943 season. The two franchises were compelled to field a single combined team, due to both having many players leave for military service during World War II. The league's official record book refers to the team as the "Phil-Pitt Combine", but the unofficial and portmanteau variation of the "Steagles", despite never being registered by the NFL, has become the enduring moniker.
Schoenoplectus etuberculatus
Schoenoplectus etuberculatus, common name Canby's bulrush, is a plant species native to the United States. It is reported from every state on the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from eastern Texas to Delaware, plus isolated populations in Rhode Island (one population in Town of South Kingstown, Washington County) and Missouri (Oregon County). It is an emergent plant growing in ponds, marshes, stream banks, etc., including in brackish water along the coast.

Schoenoplectus etuberculatus is a mat-forming perennial herb spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Culms are up to 2 m (80 inches)  tall, triangular in cross-section. Leaves are up to 20 cm  (8 inches) long. Inflorescence is branched 2 or 3 times, bearing spikelets that are red, orange or straw-colored. Achenes are egg-shaped, about 4 mm (about 0.16 inches)across.

Washington County, Rhode Island
Washington County, known to Rhode Islanders as South County, is a county located in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. As of the 2020 census, the population was 129,839. Rhode Island counties have no governmental functions other than as court administrative boundaries, which are part of the state government.
RDS-37
RDS-37 (Russian: РДС-37) was the Soviet Union's first two-stage hydrogen bomb, first tested on 22 November 1955. The weapon had a nominal yield of approximately 3 megatons. It was scaled down to 1.6 megatons for the live test.

Yakov Zeldovich
Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich ForMemRS (Russian: Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич, Belarusian: Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч; 8 March 1914 – 2 December 1987), also known as YaB, D.S. was a leading Soviet physicist of Belarusian origin, who is known for his prolific contributions in physical cosmology, physics of thermonuclear reactions, combustion, and hydrodynamical phenomena.

From 1943, Zeldovich, a self-taught physicist, started his career by playing a crucial role in the development of the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons. In 1963, he returned to academia to embark on pioneering contributions on the fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics of black holes and expanding the scope of physical cosmology.
Rahim Sultanov
Rahim Sultanov (1912–2000) was an Iranian-born figure, who moved to Baku after the Soviet takeover of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. In the dawn of the Soviet occupation of Iran (see also: Iran crisis of 1946), Sultanov was ordered to join the pro-Soviet Azerbaijani-language newspaper Vatan/Veten yolunda ("On the Path of the Motherland") and the Soviet Persian-language newspaper Dust-e Iran ("Iran's Friend"). Sultanov was born in Ardabil and was an Iranian Azerbaijani. He was educated within Soviet institutions in Baku, translated the classics of Persian literature into Azerbaijani and contributed to the training of the "first generation of Soviet Azerbaijan-born Iranologists".

Iranian studies
Iranian studies (Persian: ايران‌شناسی Irânšenâsi), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, language, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies.

Iranian studies is broader than Persian studies, which is the study of the Persian language and literature specifically. The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of not only Persians, but also a variety of other contemporary and historical fellow Iranian peoples, such as Kurds, Lurs, Gilakis, Talysh, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Baluchis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, Khwarazmians, and Mazandaranis.
Ikurō Fujiwara
Ikurō Fujiwara (藤原いくろう, Fujiwara Ikurou; born 28 July 1958 in Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese pianist, composer, conductor and musical producer signed under Being Inc. He is Pops Executive Producer in the Pacific Philharmonia Tokyo orchestra.

Aska (singer)
Shigeaki Miyazaki (宮﨑 重明, Miyazaki Shigeaki; born February 24, 1958), known professionally as Aska, is a Japanese singer-songwriter. He is best known for work as part of the music duo Chage and Aska. As a composer, he wrote most of the duo's hit songs, including "Morning Moon", "Love Song", "Say Yes", and "Meguriai". He has also written for many other singers and groups, including Hikaru Genji. He was formerly known as Ryo Aska or Ryō Asuka (飛鳥 涼, Asuka Ryō).