hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
En (typography)
An en (from English en quadrat) is a typographic unit, half of the width of an em.  By definition, it is equivalent to half of the body height of the typeface (e.g., in 16-point type it is 8 points). The en is sometimes referred to as the "nut", to avoid confusion with the similar-sounding "em".

The en dash (–) and en space ( ) are each one en wide. In English, the en dash is commonly used for inclusive ranges (e.g., "pages 12–17" or "August 7, 1988 – November 26, 2005"), to connect prefixes to open compounds (e.g., "pre–World War II").

The en-dash is also increasingly used to replace the long dash ("—", also called an em dash or em rule). When using it to replace a long dash, spaces are needed either side of it – like so. This is standard practice in the German language, where the hyphen is the only dash without spaces on either side (line breaks are not spaces per se).

Newline
A newline (frequently called line ending, end of line (EOL), next line (NEL) or line break) is a control character or sequence of control characters in character encoding specifications such as ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, etc. A newline is used to signify the end of a line of text and the start of a new one.
Battle of Valparaíso
The Battle of Valparaíso, also called the Capture of USS Essex, was a naval action fought during the War of 1812. It took place off Valparaíso, Chile on March 28, 1814, between the frigate USS Essex and the sloop USS Essex Junior of the United States Navy and the frigate HMS Phoebe and sloop HMS Cherub of the Royal Navy. The British ships won the battle, and the American vessels were captured.

HMS Cherub (1806)
HMS Cherub was an 18-gun Royal Navy Cormorant-class sloop built in Dover in 1806. She participated in two major campaigns in the West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars, and one major engagement in the Pacific during the War of 1812, all each of which earned her crews clasps to the Naval General Service Medal. The Navy sold her in 1820.
The Skinny Dip
The Skinny Dip is a half-hour-long Canadian travel and adventure television series hosted by Eve Kelly, and produced by Best Boy Entertainment. The show premiered with two episodes aired together on July 9, 2008 EST on the Travel + Escape Canadian cable channel, which commissioned six new episodes, that aired in October and December 2009. All eight episodes are now available on Amazon Prime.

T+E
T+E is a  Canadian English language cable television specialty channel. Owned by Blue Ant Media, the channel primarily broadcasts paranormal and true crime programming.

This channel was originally established in 2001 as CTV Travel by its original owner Bell Globemedia as an offshoot of CTV Television Network with its programming devoted to travel and adventure. After a number of numerous ownership changes throughout the years, the channel was renamed to its current name in 2018 and adopted its current format.
Camassa–Holm equation
In fluid dynamics, the Camassa–Holm equation is the integrable, dimensionless and non-linear partial differential equation

The equation was introduced by Roberto Camassa and Darryl Holm as a bi-Hamiltonian model for waves in shallow water, and in this context the parameter κ is positive and the solitary wave solutions are smooth solitons.

In the special case that κ is equal to zero, the Camassa–Holm equation has peakon solutions: solitons with a sharp peak, so with a discontinuity at the peak in the wave slope.

Waves and shallow water
When waves travel into areas of shallow water, they begin to be affected by the ocean bottom. The free orbital motion of the water is disrupted, and water particles in orbital motion no longer return to their original position. As the water becomes shallower, the swell becomes higher and steeper, ultimately assuming the familiar sharp-crested wave shape. After the wave breaks, it becomes a wave of translation and erosion of the ocean bottom intensifies.

Cnoidal waves are exact periodic solutions to the Korteweg–de Vries equation in shallow water, that is, when the wavelength of the wave is much greater than the depth of the water.
London from Greenwich Park
London from Greenwich Park is an 1809 landscape painting by the English artist J. M. W. Turner. It looks down from Greenwich Hill towards Greenwich Hospital and the Queen's House. In the distance beyond the River Thames is the City of London with St Paul's Cathedral towering over the other buildings. It emphasises the extent of the capital as an expanding metropolis. It replicates a similar view by the Dutch painter Hendrick Danckerts dating back to 1670.

It was displayed at Turner's own studio in Queen Anne Street in Marylebone. As part of the Turner Bequest in 1856, it came into the hands of the British government. It is now in the Tate Britain collection.

Tate Britain
Tate Britain, known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery, is an art museum on Millbank in the City of Westminster in London, England. It is part of the Tate network of galleries in England, with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives. Founded by Sir Henry Tate, it houses a substantial collection of the art of the United Kingdom since Tudor times, and in particular has large holdings of the works of J. M. W. Turner, who bequeathed all his own collection to the nation. It is one of the largest museums in the country. In 2021, it ranked 50th on the list of most-visited art museums in the world.
A Nice Place to Visit
"A Nice Place to Visit" is  episode 28 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. The episode first aired on CBS on April 15, 1960. The title comes from the saying, "It's a nice place to visit, but I wouldn't want to live there."

In 1965, a slightly modified version of this story was broadcast on the radio program Theater Five. "The Land of Milk and Honey", episode number 154, retained all of the important aspects of this episode, including the innuendos and the surprise ending. On November 14, 1935, the radio program The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour hosted by Rudy Vallee broadcast a play titled The Other Place starring Colin Clive and Leo G. Carroll. It was written by John Balderston and dealt with a similar theme.

The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour
The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour (also known as The Rudy Vallée Show, The Fleischmann Yeast Hour, and The Fleischmann Hour) was a pioneering musical variety radio program broadcast on NBC from 1929 to 1936, when it became The Royal Gelatin Hour, continuing until 1939.  This program was sponsored by Fleischmann’s Yeast, a popular brand of yeast.

The person responsible for this major step ahead in broadcasting was NBC executive Bertha Brainard, who became head of programming for NBC in 1928. She began pushing for singer-bandleader Rudy Vallée to host a variety series by explaining that only a woman could understand the appeal of Vallée's voice.
Lambada
Lambada (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciationⓘ) is a dance from the state of Pará in Brazil. The dance briefly became internationally popular in the 1980s, especially in the Philippines, Latin America and Caribbean countries. It has adopted aspects of dances such as maxixe, carimbó, forró, salsa and merengue.

Lambada is generally a partner dance. The dancers generally dance with arched legs, with the steps being from side to side, turning or even swaying, and in its original form never front to back, with a pronounced movement of the hips. At the time when the dance became popular, short skirts for women were in fashion and men wore long trousers, and the dance has become associated with such clothing, especially for women wearing short skirts that swirl up when the woman spins around, typically revealing 90s-style thong underwear.

Porto Seguro
Porto Seguro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoʁtu siˈɡuɾu], Safe Harbor in English), is a city located in the far south of Bahia, Brazil. The city has an estimated population of 150,658 (2020), covers 2,287 square kilometres (883 sq mi), and has a population density of 52.7 residents per square kilometer. The area that includes Porto Seguro and neighbouring Santa Cruz Cabrália and Eunápolis holds a distinctive place in Brazilian history: in 1500 it was the first landing point of Portuguese navigators, principally Pedro Álvares Cabral.
2018 Girls' Youth NORCECA Volleyball Championship
The 2018 Girls' Youth NORCECA Volleyball Championship was the eleventh edition of the bi-annual volleyball tournament. It was held in Tegucigalpa National Gymnasium, Tegucigalpa, Honduras from 25 August to 2 September among eight countries. The United States won the tournament and qualified for the 2019 FIVB Girls' World Championship along with Canada. United States player Jessica Mzurik won the Most Valuable Player award.

2019 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship
The 2019 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship is the sixteenth edition of the FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship, contested by the women's national teams under the age of 18 of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. The final tournament was held in Egypt from 5 to 14 September 2019. Egypt were chosen as the hosts for this event for the first time.

The finals involve 20 teams, of which 19 came through qualifying competitions, while the host nation qualified automatically. Of the 20 teams, 13 had also appeared in the previous tournament in 2017, while Cameroon and DR Congo made their first appearances at a FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship.

The United States won the first title, after defeated Italy 3–2 in final.
Moving with You
"Moving With You" is a song by Belgian drum and bass producer Netsky, from his debut album Netsky. The song was released on 16 January 2012 as a digital download in the United Kingdom and Belgium. The song features vocals from Jenna G.

Netsky (album)
Netsky is the eponymous debut album from Belgian drum and bass musician Netsky. The album primarily features drum and bass tracks, with various vocalists such as Darrison and Jenna G. It was leaked in early May, a month before the intended mid-June release. The release, however, was brought forward to 31 May 2010.
Depleted community
A depleted community is a place that lacks economic growth mechanisms, but to which people maintain social valuations and place attachment. These are typically areas where the strength of capitalistic relationships has diminished within a developed economy. These locations are products of uneven development, which some consider an inherent feature of capitalism. While some areas experience economic growth, depleted communities experience economic stagnation or decline and a host of associated social problems. According to experts in the field of community economic development, depleted communities can be seen as areas that have lost much of their economic rationale as space, while retaining high attachments and social relations of place.

Economic stagnation
Economic stagnation is a prolonged period of slow economic growth, typically measured in terms of the GDP per capita growth, which is usually accompanied by high unemployment. Under some definitions, slow means significantly slower than potential growth as estimated by macroeconomists, even though the growth rate may be nominally higher than in other countries not experiencing economic stagnation.
William Dow
William Dow (March 27, 1800 – December 7, 1868) was a British-born brewer and financier of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Born at Muthill, Perthshire, he was the eldest son of Dr William Dow (1765–1844), Brewmaster, and Anne Mason. Since 1652, his family had been brewing in Perthshire. Having gained an extensive experience in brewing under his father, he emigrated from the UK to Montreal, Lower Canada in about 1818. He was employed as foreman of Thomas Dunn's brewery in Montreal and quickly became a partner. His younger brother, Andrew, who had also trained as a brewer, joined him, and on the death of Dunn, the company became known as William Dow and Company, later known as Dow Breweries. It soon was a strong competitor to Molson's, the biggest brewery in the city. Dow was also a financier and in 1860 he built his home, Strathearn House, in Montreal's Golden Square Mile.

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
Ritomo Miyata
Ritomo Miyata (Japanese: 宮田 莉朋, Hepburn: Miyata Ritomo; born 10 August 1999) is a Japanese racing driver who is set to compete in the FIA Formula 2 Championship for Hitech TGR as part of the TGR Driver Challenge Program and serves as a reserve driver in the FIA World Endurance Championship for Toyota. In Japanese motorsport, Miyata won the Super Formula Championship and Super GT, both in 2023 with TOM'S.

A member of the TGR Driver Challenge Program from 2017 to 2021 and since 2025, he has been competing in Formula 2 since 2024. He previously won the 2020 Super Formula Lights championship, as well as back-to-back titles in the F4 Japanese Championship.

Sports in Japan
Sports in Japan are a significant part of Japanese culture. Traditional sports, such as sumo and martial arts, as well as Western imports like baseball, association football, basketball and tennis are popular with both participants and spectators.

Sumo is considered Japan's national sport. Baseball was introduced to the country by visiting Americans in the 19th century.  The Nippon Professional Baseball league has been Japan's largest professional sports competition in terms of television ratings and spectators. Martial arts such as judo, karate and modern kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. Association football has gained wide popularity since the founding of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992. Other popular sports include figure skating, rugby union, golf, table tennis and racing, especially auto racing. Some new sports were invented by changing elements of imported sports.
Finnish Food Workers' Union
The Finnish Food Workers' Union (Finnish: Suomen Elintarviketyöläisten Liitto, SEL) is a trade union representing workers in the food industry in Finland.

The Finnish Food and Drink Workers' Union was established in 1905, but banned in 1930.  As a temporary measure, the new Finnish Federation of Trade Unions (SEK) admitted food workers to the Finnish General Workers' Union, but in December 1932, it split them into a new Finnish Food Workers' Union.

From 1945, the union was led by Kalle Lindholm, a member of the Finnish Communist Party.  While a minority of Social Democratic Party supporters left in 1960 to join the rival General and Speciality Workers' Union, this rejoined the SEL in 1970, soon after the SEK merged into the new Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions.  The SEL's membership grew rapidly, and by 1998 had reached 43,497. By 2020, this had fallen to 30,047.

Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions
The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions, usually referred to by the acronym SAK (Finnish: Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö; Swedish: Finlands Fackförbunds Centralorganisation, FFC) is the largest trade union confederation in Finland. Its member organisations have a total of more than one million members, which makes up about one fifth of the country's population.
2013 Girls' Youth Pan-American Volleyball Cup
The 2013 Girls' Youth Pan-American Volleyball Cup takes place April 29 to May 4, in Guatemala City. The top ranked team of Pool B at the end of the round-robin preliminary phase will be granted a ticket to the 2013 Youth World Championship in the city of Nakhon Ratchasima, in Thailand, from July 26 to August 4.

According to the competition format, the top two ranked teams in Pool A, will advance directly to the semifinals, while the third and fourth placed squads will meet in the quarterfinals with the top teams of Pool B in cross-over matches.

Nakhon Ratchasima
Nakhon Ratchasima (Thai: นครราชสีมา, pronounced [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn râːt.t͡ɕʰā.sǐː.māː]) is the capital of Nakhon Ratchasima province, the largest city in Northeastern Thailand and the third-largest city in Thailand. It is 250 kilometres (160 mi) northeast of Bangkok, one of the four major cities of Isan (Northeast Thailand), known as the "big four of Isan", and has a population of 466,098 people as of 2021. The city is commonly known as Korat (โคราช, pronounced [kʰōː.râːt]), a shortened form of its name.

Korat is at the western edge of the Korat Plateau. Historically, it once marked the boundary between Lao and Siam territory. It is the gateway to the Lao-speaking northeast of Thailand.
2024 Xfinity 500
The 2024 Xfinity 500 was a NASCAR Cup Series race held on November 3, 2024, at Martinsville Speedway in Ridgeway, Virginia. Contested over 500 laps on the 0.526 mile (0.847 km) paperclip-shaped short track, it was the 35th race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season, the ninth race of the Playoffs, and final race of the Round of 8. Ryan Blaney won the race. Chase Elliott finished 2nd, and Kyle Larson finished 3rd. Austin Cindric and Denny Hamlin rounded out the top five, and William Byron, Austin Dillon, Ross Chastain, Brad Keselowski, and Joey Logano rounded out the top ten.

Brad Keselowski
Bradley Aaron Keselowski (/kɛzˈlaʊski/; born February 12, 1984) is an American professional stock car racing driver, team owner, and entrepreneur. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 6 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for RFK Racing, a team he also co-owns. He was the owner of Brad Keselowski Racing, which fielded two full-time trucks in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series for 10 years.

Keselowski, who began his NASCAR career in 2004, is the second of only six drivers to win a championship in both the Cup Series and the Xfinity Series and the twenty-fifth driver to win a race in each of NASCAR's three national series.

Keselowski is the owner and founder of Keselowski Advanced Manufacturing, a hybrid manufacturing company based in Statesville, North Carolina, specializing in additive metal technologies as well as CNC machining.
Ferdinand Mülhens
Ferdinand Mülhens (December 23, 1844 – January 15, 1928) was a land owner and entrepreneur in Königswinter, Germany. Mülhens was born in Cologne.

In the 19th century he managed the perfume factory founded by his grandfather Wilhelm Mülhens at Cologne's Glockengasse 4711, producing the original Eau de Cologne. As owner of the 4711 brand, he received an imperial warrant as purveyor to the imperial and royal court in Vienna.

During the years 1912 to 1914, he set up Hotel Petersberg near Bonn, which later become the Guest House of the Federal Government of Germany. Since 1913, he was the owner of the Drachenfelsbahn, a mountain railway line in the North Rhine-Westphalia region of Germany.

From 1922 until his death, Ferdinand Mülhens was an honorary citizen of Königswinter.

Mountain railway
A mountain railway is a railway that operates in a mountainous region. It may operate through the mountains by following mountain valleys and tunneling beneath mountain passes, or it may climb a mountain to provide transport to and from the summit.

Mountain railways often use narrow gauge tracks to allow for tight curves in the track and reduce tunnel size and structure gauge, and hence construction cost and effort. Where mountain railways need to climb steep gradients, they may use steep grade railway technology, or even operate as funicular railways.
Granny Was a Buffer Girl
Granny Was a Buffer Girl is a realistic young-adult novel by Berlie Doherty, published by Methuen in 1986. It recounts stories of love, loyalty and change in several generations of a Sheffield family from the 1930s to the 1980s, linking them to the changing fortunes of that industrial city. Doherty won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject.

The first American edition by Orchard Books in 1988 was Doherty's first book published in the U.S.

Grolier
Grolier is one of the largest American publishers of general encyclopedias, including The Book of Knowledge (1910), The New Book of Knowledge (1966), The New Book of Popular Science (1972), Encyclopedia Americana (1945), Academic American Encyclopedia (1980), and numerous incarnations of a CD-ROM encyclopedia (1986–2003).

As an educational publishing company Grolier was known for its presence in school libraries and its in-home encyclopedia sales. It also had a strong presence among parents of children under six years old, the market for Grolier's direct mail-to-the-home business.

In June 2000, Grolier became part of Scholastic Corporation, which now maintains Scholastic GO, formerly Grolier Online. Since 2007, the Grolier imprint Orchard Books has published the Rainbow Magic and Beast Quest series in the United Kingdom.
Edward Martell
Edward Ambrose Martell (February 23, 1918 – July 12, 1995) was an American radiochemist for the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. He fought fervently throughout his life against the medical establishment and the National Institute of Health for what he perceived to be insufficient research into radiation-induced lung cancer, particularly in regard to cigarette smoking.

Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry is the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable). Much of radiochemistry deals with the use of radioactivity to study ordinary chemical reactions. This is very different from radiation chemistry where the radiation levels are kept too low to influence the chemistry.

Radiochemistry includes the study of both natural and man-made radioisotopes.
Jackson Square (album)
Jackson Square is the first full-length album by Arkells. It is their first non-digital release with Dine Alone Records. The album contains updated versions of the 5 songs found on the Deadlines EP along with 7 additional songs. The album is named after Lloyd D. Jackson Square, a shopping mall in the band's hometown of Hamilton, Ontario. The first single, "Oh, the Boss Is Coming!" was released on October 21, 2008. Lead singer Max Kerman describes Jackson Square as "Road-tested, energetic and soulful." On February 24, 2009, the band set up a webpage for fans to vote for the second single between "Pullin' Punches", "John Lennon" and "The Ballad of Hugo Chavez". Ultimately, "The Ballad of Hugo Chavez" was chosen and released to radio as a single on April 27, 2009.

Lloyd D. Jackson Square
Lloyd D. Jackson Square, or simply Jackson Square, is an indoor shopping mall, commercial, and entertainment complex located in the downtown core of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, which is named after Lloyd Douglas Jackson, who served as mayor of the city from 1950 to 1962. The civic square is located in the centre of the city, bounded by several major roads: King Street (south), Bay Street (west), York Boulevard (north) and James Street (east), with the appointed address being 2 King Street West. The mall opened in 1972.