hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Approximate number system
The approximate number system (ANS) is a cognitive system that supports the estimation of the magnitude of a group without relying on language or symbols. The ANS is credited with the non-symbolic representation of all numbers greater than four, with lesser values being carried out by the parallel individuation system, also called the object tracking system. Beginning in early infancy, the ANS allows an individual to detect differences in magnitude between groups. The precision of the ANS improves throughout childhood development and reaches a final adult level of approximately 15% accuracy, meaning an adult could distinguish 100 items versus 115 items without counting. The ANS plays a crucial role in development of other numerical abilities, such as the concept of exact number and simple arithmetic. The precision level of a child's ANS has been shown to predict subsequent mathematical achievement in school. The ANS has been linked to the intraparietal sulcus of the brain.

Magnitude (mathematics)
In mathematics, the magnitude or size of a mathematical object is a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is the displayed result of an ordering (or ranking) of the class of objects to which it belongs. Magnitude as a concept dates to Ancient Greece and has been applied as a measure of distance from one object to another. For numbers, the absolute value of a number is commonly applied as the measure of units between a number and zero.

In vector spaces, the Euclidean norm is a measure of magnitude used to define a distance between two points in space. In physics, magnitude can be defined as quantity or distance. An order of magnitude is typically defined as a unit of distance between one number and another's numerical places on the decimal scale.
Nutsa Chkheidze
Nina "Nutsa" Platonovna Chkheidze (Russian: Нина "Нуца" Платоновна Чхеидзе; Georgian: ნინო "ნუცა" პლატონის ასული ჩხეიძე, romanized: Nino "Nutsa" P'lat'onis-asuli Chkheidze; 30 September 1881 – 14 August 1963) was a Georgian-born Soviet actress.

She was born in Kutaisi. Her mother and sisters were both actresses.  She was the pupil of Lado Aleksi-Meskhishvili. Chkheidze was the first tragic actress in Georgia at just 13 years old when she first came out on stage. In 1894, she took on the role of a little girl called Emma in a performance of Offender's Family, staged at Kutaisi Theatre and directed by Kote Meskhi. In 1925, she was awarded the title of People's Artist of the Georgian SSR.

Chkheidze died in Tbilisi in 1963 and was buried in the Didube Pantheon.

Kutaisi
Kutaisi (/kuːˈtaɪsiː/ koo-TY-see; Georgian: ქუთაისი pronounced [ˈkʰut̪ʰais̪i] ⓘ) is a city in the Imereti region of the Republic of Georgia. One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, it is the 3rd-largest city in Georgia after Tbilisi and Batumi with a population of 123,000 as of 2025. It lies 221 kilometres (137 miles) west of Tbilisi, on the Rioni River, and is the capital of Imereti.

Historically one of the major cities of Georgia, it served as the political center of Colchis in the Middle Ages as the capital of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and Kingdom of Georgia and later as the capital of the Kingdom of Imereti. From October 2012 to December 2018, Kutaisi was the seat of the Parliament of Georgia as an effort to decentralize the Georgian government.
Charantin
Charantin is a chemical substance obtained from the Asian bitter melon (Momordica charantia), reputed to be responsible for the hypoglycaemic properties of those plants.  It was identified by Lolitkar and Rao in 1960.  It was also found in the similar African species M. foetida, by A. Olaniyi in 1975, under the name foetidin.

Charantin is actually a 1:1 mixture of two steroidal saponins, β-sitosteryl glucoside (C35H60O6) and 5,22-stigmasteryl glucoside (C35H58O6).  It is a whitish crystalline substance, neutral and tasteless, melting at 266–268 °C.  It is 
sparingly soluble in water or other highly polar solvents, as well as in apolar solvents like hexane, but is soluble in ether, ethanol and methanol, and can be efficiently extracted from the plant by pressurized ethanol or acetone at 100 °C.

The name charantin has also been used by A. Parkash and other for a different compound, a peptide with molecular mass 9.7 kDa, also isolated from bitter melon seeds.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
Charles Frederick Barnwell
Charles Frederick Barnwell FRS (1781 in Lawshall – 22 March 1849 in St Giles, London) was an English museum curator and antiquary.

The second son of Frederick Barnwell, Barnwell was christened on 12 March 1781 in Lawshall. He matriculated at age 16 on 25 May 1797 at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (11th Wrangler) 1802 and M.A. 1805. He was a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College from 1803 to 1805. He was elected F.R.S. in 1809. Barnwell resided at Brentwood, Essex and then at Bath, Somerset until 1823. He was Assistant Keeper of the Department of Antiquities, British Museum from 1826 to 1844. In 1827 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

Barnwell married Jane Lowry, who was a daughter of Rev. John Lowry, Anglican Rector of Clogherny Parish in County Tyrone and had connections with the Anglo-Irish aristocracy and the Perrot family of Herefordshire. Their marriage produced seven children, one of whom was Edward Barnwell.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Gonville and Caius College, commonly known as Caius (/kiːz/ KEEZ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and one of the wealthiest. In 1557, it was refounded by John Caius, an alumnus and English physician.

The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fifteen Nobel Prize winners, the second-largest number of any Oxbridge college.

Several streets in the city, including Harvey Road, Glisson Road, and Gresham Road, are named after Gonville and Caius alumni. The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university, including in the founding of other colleges, including Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on Sidgwick Site on which the Faculty of Law was built.
Ani (musical)
Ani: A Parody is a play written by Matt Lang and Nick Lang with music by Clark Baxtresser and Pierce Siebers.

The musical parodies Star Wars. "Ani" was the childhood nickname of Anakin Skywalker; it also alludes to the musical Annie and The Who's concept album Tommy.

Annie (musical)
Annie is a musical with music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin, and a book by Thomas Meehan. It is based on the 1924 comic strip Little Orphan Annie by Harold Gray (which in turn was inspired from the poem Little Orphant Annie by James Whitcomb Riley). The original Broadway production opened in 1977 and ran for nearly six years, setting a record for the Alvin Theatre (now the Neil Simon Theatre). It spawned numerous productions in many countries, as well as national tours, and won seven Tony Awards, including for Best Musical. The musical's songs "Tomorrow" and "It's the Hard Knock Life" are among its most popular musical numbers.
Andrea Lindlohr
Andrea Lindlohr (born 19 February 1975 in Königswinter) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg since 2011. She has served as state secretary of regional development and housing since 2021.

Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
The Landtag of Baden-Württemberg is the diet of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It convenes in Stuttgart and currently consists of 154 members of five political parties. The majority before the 2021 election was a coalition of the Alliance 90/The Greens and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), supporting the cabinet of Green Minister-President Winfried Kretschmann, who has served since 2011.
Santragachi–Pune Humsafar Express
The 20821/20822 Santragachi - Pune Humsafar Express  is a Premium Humsafar Express train of the Indian Railways connecting Santragachi in Howrah near Kolkata in West Bengal and Pune in Maharashtra . It is currently being operated with 20821/20822 train numbers on a weekly basis.

Howrah
Howrah (/ˈhaʊrə/; Bengali: [ˈɦao̯ɽa]) is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of West Bengal. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River, opposite to its twin city of Kolkata. Administratively Howrah lies within Howrah district and is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision. It is also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Howrah is an important industrial and transportation hub, and is also a gateway to Kolkata via Howrah railway station and Howrah Bridge.
Whitford Development Scheme
Whitford (or Whitfords) is a metropolitan area north of Perth, that loosely comprises four suburbs: Hillarys, Kallaroo, Craigie and Padbury. Whitford is not in itself a 'suburb', though Hillarys, Kallaroo, Craigie and Padbury share the same postcode of 6025. Whitford was also the former electorate name of this area. The seat was renamed Hillarys at the 1996 election.

The 'centre' of the Whitford area could be seen as the main road intersection of the east–west Whitfords Avenue (Route 83) and the north–south Marmion Avenue (Route 71). Many businesses and locations (shops, schools, churches etc.) in the surrounding suburbs use either 'Whitford' or 'Whitfords' in its name. Some examples include Westfield Whitford City (formerly Whitford City Shopping Centre), Whitford Catholic Primary School, Whitford Church, and Whitfords railway station.

Craigie, Western Australia
Craigie is a northern suburb of Perth. Craigie was chosen as a suburb name in 1970 and honours an early councillor of the City of Wanneroo who did work in developing the City. Craigie is one of the four "Whitfords" suburbs that resulted from the State Government rezoning a large area of coastal land for development in 1969.

The suburb once had a senior high school, Craigie Senior High School, which was opened in 1976 only to be closed again in 2003 following a decline in student enrolments. Students were shifted into Padbury Senior High School or Belridge Senior High School. Padbury itself closed in 2011.
Joe Brooks (footballer, fl. 1902–1915)
Joe Brooks was a footballer from Stalybridge, England. He played in the Football League for Glossop and Sheffield United, and the Southern League for Watford and Stalybridge Celtic. Early in his career, Brooks also played for his hometown's previous club, Stalybridge Rovers prior to its dissolution.

Stalybridge Celtic F.C.
Stalybridge Celtic Football Club is an English football club based in Stalybridge, Greater Manchester. They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Division One West and play at Bower Fold. The team traditionally plays in a blue and white strip.

In 1921, Stalybridge Celtic became a founder member of the Football League's Third Division North. After only two seasons in the new league, they became the first club to leave the new division.
David L. Bassett
David Lee Bassett (December 31, 1913 – November 17, 1966) was an American physician and academic.

Bassett was born in Palo Alto, California, the son of Stanford University speech professor Lee Emerson Bassett. He graduated from Stanford University School of Medicine in 1939. He was an expert of anatomy and dissection at the University of Washington and best known for creating, in collaboration with William Gruber, the 25-volume "Stereoscopic Atlas of Human Anatomy" in 1962.  The atlas is a series of paired slides that use Gruber's View-Master three-dimensional viewing system to display a perception of depth and levels of detail that made Bassett's work pioneering. Bassett died in Seattle soon after from amyloid disease; his materials were used in revisions and other works with permission of his widow Lucille F. Bassett.

Stanford University School of Medicine
The Stanford University School of Medicine is the medical school of Stanford University and is located in Stanford, California, United States. It traces its roots to the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific, founded in San Francisco in 1858. This medical institution, then called Cooper Medical College, was acquired by Stanford in 1908. In 1959, the medical school moved to the Stanford campus near Palo Alto, California.

The School of Medicine, along with Stanford Health Care and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, is part of Stanford Medicine.
Punctelia tomentosula
Punctelia tomentosula is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Peru, it was described as a new species in 1999 by Japanese lichenologist Syo Kurokawa.

The lichen has dense, dimorphous rhizines, a medulla that produces a rose colour with a C+ lichen spot test (caused by the presence of lecanoric acid), and short-filiform (threadlike) conidia that measure 7–9 μm long. It has abundant pseudocyphellae and soralia on the thallus surface, and a brown lower surface. Punctelia osorioi, found in South Brazil, is somewhat similar in appearance – particularly the dense rhizines. However, it does not have soralia, it has short, hook-like (unciform) conidia that are shorter than those in P. tomentosula (5−6 μm), and it does not have lecanoric acid in the medulla.

Calcium hypochlorite
Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with chemical formula Ca(OCl)2. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. This compound is relatively stable as a solid and solution and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite. "Pure" samples have 99.2% active chlorine. Given common industrial purity, an active chlorine content of 65-70% is typical. It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent.
Loch Skae
Loch Skae is a small, upland freshwater loch to the north of Blackcraig Hill, approximately 18 miles (29 km) west of Dumfries, Scotland, 0.5 mi (0.80 km) east of Loch Howie, and 1 mi (1.6 km) south of the A702. The loch is somewhat circular in shape with a maximum diameter of 0.25 mi (0.40 km) from north to south. It has an average depth of 9.5 ft (2.9 m) and is 35 ft (11 m) at its deepest point. The loch was surveyed on 29 July 1903 by James Murray as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

Loch
Loch (/lɒx/ LOKH) is a word meaning "lake" or "sea inlet" in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, subsequently borrowed into English. In Irish contexts, it often appears in the anglicized form "lough". A small loch is sometimes called a lochan. Lochs which connect to the sea may be called "sea lochs" or "sea loughs".
Bijelo Dugme (album)
Bijelo Dugme (transl. "White Button") is the seventh studio album by the Yugoslav rock band Bijelo Dugme, released in 1984. Due to Bijelo Dugme's usage of Uroš Predić's famous painting Kosovo Maiden for the album cover, the album is unofficially known as Kosovka devojka (Kosovo Maiden).

Bijelo Dugme is the band's only album recorded with vocalist Mladen Vojičić "Tifa", who came to the band as the replacement for Željko Bebek. The album is also notable for featuring the band's former member Laza Ristovski on keyboards, who, after the album was released, became an official member of the band once again.

Bijelo Dugme was listed in 1998 as the 28th on the list of 100 Greatest Yugoslav Rock and Pop Albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best Albums of Yugoslav Pop and Rock Music).

Kosovo Maiden
The Kosovo Maiden or Maiden of the Blackbird's Field (Serbian: Косовка девојка / Kosovka devojka) is the central figure of a poem with the same name, part of the Kosovo cycle in the Serbian epic poetry. In it, a young beauty searches the battlefield for her betrothed fiancé and helps wounded Serbian warriors with water, wine and bread after the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. She finally finds the wounded and dying warrior Pavle Orlović who tells her that her fiancé Milan Toplica and his blood-brothers Miloš Obilić and Ivan Kosančić are dead. Before the battle they had given her a cloak, golden ring and veil for the wedding as a promise of safe return, but they were slain and Pavle pointed to the direction of the bodies. The poem finishes with:

"O wretch! Evil is your fortune!If I, a wretch, were to grasp a green pine,Even the green pine would wither."

The poem became very popular as a symbol of womanly compassion and charity.
2001–02 Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball team
The 2001–02 Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball team represented Southern Illinois University Carbondale during the 2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Salukis were led by fourth-year head coach Bruce Weber and played their home games at the SIU Arena in Carbondale, Illinois as members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 28–8, 14–4 in MVC play to finish tied for first place. They lost in the championship game of the MVC tournament to Creighton, but still received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 11 seed in the East region. The Salukis upset Texas Tech and Georgia to reach the Sweet Sixteen, but fell to Connecticut in the regional semifinal round.

2002 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2002 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament was played from March 1-4, 2002 at the Savvis Center in St. Louis, Missouri at the conclusion of the 2001–2002 regular season. The Creighton won their 7th MVC tournament title to earn an automatic bid to the 2002 NCAA tournament.
Frank Leeflang
Franklin Juliaan "Frank" Leeflang (20 July 1936 – 5 May 2024) was a Surinamese jurist, diplomat, and politician. A member of the National Democratic Party, he served as Minister of the Interior from 1980 to 1985 and Minister of Justice from 1982 to 1985.

Leeflang died on 5 May 2024, at the age of 87.

National Democratic Party (Suriname)
The National Democratic Party (Dutch: Nationale Democratische Partij, NDP) is a political party in Suriname. It was founded on 4 July 1987 by Surinamese leader Dési Bouterse, and was one of the first parties in the country to have a stable base of support across different ethnic groups. In the 2015 general election the party scored 45.56% of the vote and 26 of 51 seats in parliament.

NDP chairman Bouterse was elected President of Suriname on 19 July 2010, after he won the 2010 elections with his Mega Combination of which the NDP was the dominant party. The party won the 2015 elections as well, winning 26 seats against an alliance of 7 (later 6) opposition parties.

In the 2020 elections, the NDP won 16 of the 51 seats. Dési Bouterse lost the presidency and he was succeeded by opposition leader Chan Santokhi. The opposition parties formed a new coalition government. The NDP subsequently became the main opposition party.
Venezuela–Iran ghost flights
The Venezuela–Iran ghost flights are clandestine and irregular flight routes from Venezuela to Iran and back. Some flights would pass through Syria and Paraguay. These flights, known as "aeroterror", were closed to the public and operated by sanctioned airlines such as Conviasa, Emtrasur Cargo, and Mahan Air. Due to their alleged role in facilitating the transport of weapons, gold, sanctioned cargo, and personnel linked to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Hezbollah, these flights raised international concern.

Mahan Air
Mahan Airlines, operating under the name Mahan Air (Persian: هواپیمایی ماهان, romanized: Havâpeymâyi-ye Mâhân), is a privately owned Iranian airline based in Tehran, Iran. It operates scheduled domestic services and international flights to the Far East, Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Europe. Its main home bases are Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport and Mehrabad International Airport. Mahan Air is affiliated with the Quds Force of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.

Mahan Airlines was banned between 2019-2020 from Germany, France, Italy and Spain due to its involvement with the Maduro government in Venezuela and the Assad regime in Syria. In 2024 the airline was sanctioned by the European Union for transporting weaponry to Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian War. It was also suspected of transferring money to Hezbollah, in Lebanon. The airline is also sanctioned by the United States.
Trinidad
Trinidad is the largest and most populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies 11 km (6.8 mi) off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in the Caribbean. With an area of 4,768 km2 (1,841 sq mi), it is also the fifth-largest in the Caribbean.

Arima
Arima, officially The Royal Chartered Borough of Arima is the easternmost and second largest in area of the three boroughs of Trinidad and Tobago. It is geographically adjacent to Sangre Grande and Arouca at the south central foothills of the Northern Range. To the south is the Caroni–Arena Dam. Coterminous with Town of Arima since 1888, the borough of Arima is the fourth-largest municipality in population in the country (after Port of Spain, Chaguanas and San Fernando). The census estimated it had 33,606 residents in 2011.

In 1887, the town petitioned Queen Victoria for municipal status as part of the celebration for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. This was granted in the following year, and Arima became a Royal Borough on 1 August 1888. Historically the third-largest town of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima is fourth since Chaguanas became the largest town in the country.
Ali Kemal Denizci
Ali Kemal Denizci (born 1 March 1950) is a Turkish football manager and former player. A winger, he played for Trabzonspor, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş. He was nicknamed Fırtına Kemal (English: Storm Kemal) because of his lightning pace.

TSYD Cup
The TSYD Cup (Turkish: Türk Spor Yazarları Derneği Kupası, Turkish Sports Writers Association Cup) was a friendly football competition in Turkey. The tournament started in 1963. It was played throughout six regions in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Istanbul, İzmir, Konya, and Trabzon. The competition's major leg which was played between the "Big Three"; Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, and Beşiktaş became defunct in 1999. The competition is still running in Ankara with four clubs, prior to the first week of each season.

The TSYD Challenge Cup (Turkish: Çalenç Kupası) was awarded to clubs which won the TSYD Cup three times within a five-year span.