hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Irvin Studer
Irvin William Studer (15 November 1900 – 1 June 1997) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States and became a farmer by career.

Studer was elected at the Maple Creek riding in the 1949 general election, after a previous unsuccessful attempt there in 1945. He was re-elected there in 1949. After electoral district changes, Studer became the Liberal candidate in the merged Swift Current—Maple Creek riding where he was returned to Parliament in 1953 and 1957. In the 1958 election, Studer was defeated by Jack McIntosh of the Progressive Conservative party. Studer made two further unsuccessful attempts to unseat McIntosh in the 1962 and 1963 elections.

1953 Canadian federal election
The 1953 Canadian federal election was held on August 10, 1953, to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 22nd Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent led his Liberal Party of Canada to its second consecutive majority government, although the party lost seats to the other parties.

The Progressive Conservative Party, led by former Premier of Ontario, George Drew, formed the official opposition, but for the last time until 1993, the party was unable to win the popular vote in any of Canada's provinces or territories.

This was the last election until 1988 in which any party won back-to-back majorities, and the last until 1997 in which the Liberals would accomplish this feat. This election is the last time that the Liberals would win more seats in Alberta than the largest right-of-centre party in Canada, and the last time they would win more seats than the Tories in Alberta until 1993.
Rutherglen High School
Rutherglen High School is a non-denominational, co-educational secondary school in Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, for pupils with additional support needs.

The school was established in August 1999 and has shared a campus with Cathkin High School in the neighbourhood of Whitlawburn since the opening of new buildings in October 2008; prior to this, it occupied the vacated annexe of Stonelaw High School (originally Gallowflat School) in central Rutherglen, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further north, with the relocation met with opposition by some parents and board members due to the anticipated disruption to the pupils' routines. A nursing home now occupies the Rutherglen site.

Special education in the United Kingdom
Special educational needs (SEN), also known as special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) in England refers to the education of children who require different education provision to the mainstream system.
Hokowhitu
Hokowhitu is a riverside suburb of the New Zealand city of Palmerston North, with some of the highest property values in the city.

The Hokowhitu Lagoon, Caccia Birch House, Jickell Street Reserve and Manawatu Golf Course are located next to the former education campus. Wallace Park, the home of the Ruahine Association Football Club and local cricket teams, is located nearby. Other local features include the Hokowhitu Domain, Crewe Crescent Reserve, Franklin Reserve, Fitzroy Bend Park, Milverton Park and playground, Awatea Reserve and stream, Hardie St Park and Centennial Drive Reserve.

Hokowhitu is part of the Palmerston North and Te Tai Hauāuru electorates.

Until 2013, it had its own ward councilors on the Palmerston North City Council.

Palmerston North City Council
The Palmerston North City Council is the territorial authority for the city of Palmerston North in New Zealand.

The council is made up of a mayor elected at-large and 15 councillors, with 13 elected from a city-wide general ward (Te Hirawanui Ward) and 2 from a city-wide Māori ward (Te Pūao Ward). They are elected using a single transferable voting system in triennial elections, with the most recent elections having been held in 2022.

The current mayor is Grant Smith.
Vermont wine
Vermont wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Vermont. The first commercial winery in Vermont, Snow Farm Winery, opened in 1997.  Vermont is a very cold climate for viticulture.  Vermont wineries have focused on using cold-hardy French hybrid grapes, but have been experimenting with some Vitis vinifera varieties.  Some Vermont wineries produce wine made from grapes grown in other states, especially New York.

Vermont is a center for natural wine and biodynamic wine production.

New York wine
New York wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of New York. New York ranks second in grape production by volume after California, having produced 27.9 million US gallons (106 million litres) in 2024. The majority of New York's grape area is Vitis labrusca varieties (mostly Concord). The rest is equally divided between Vitis vinifera and French hybrids.
Odyssey House
Odyssey House is the name of private not-for-profit organization established in 1967 in East Harlem to provide treatment and education for drug and alcohol addiction and victims of child abuse. While additional centres have since opened in the US, Australia and New Zealand, each centre has operated as an independent organisation since the 1980s.

Not-for-profit organization
A not-for-profit organisation (NFPO) is a legal entity that does not distribute surplus funds to its members and is formed to fulfill specific objectives.

While not-for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations (NPO) are distinct legal entities, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. An NFPO must be differentiated from a NPO as they are not formed explicitly for the public good as an NPO must be, and NFPOs are considered "recreational organizations", meaning that they do not operate with the goal of generating revenue as opposed to NPOs.
Lincegrove and Hackett's Marshes
Lincegrove and Hackett's Marshes is a 37.8-hectare (93-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the west bank of the River Hamble between Southampton and  Fareham in Hampshire. It is part of Solent and Southampton Water Ramsar site and  Special Protection Area, and of Solent Maritime Special Area of Conservation. Hackett's Marsh is a 20.4 hectares (50 acres) Local Nature Reserve.

This site is one of the best examples of saltmarshes on the south coast. It is dominated by sea purslane and common cordgrass, with other flora including sea lavender, thrift, sea aster and sea clubrush.

Bolboschoenus maritimus
Bolboschoenus maritimus is a species of flowering plant from family Cyperaceae. Common names for this species include sea clubrush, cosmopolitan bulrush, alkali bulrush, saltmarsh bulrush, and bayonet grass. It is found in seaside wetland habitats over much of the world. It is widespread across much of temperate and subtropical Africa, Asia,  Europe,  North America, South America and various islands.
Lynchius parkeri
Lynchius parkeri, also known as Parker's Andes frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in northern Peru (Cordillera de Huancabamba, Department of Piura) and southern Ecuador (Yacurí National Park, Loja Province). The specific name parkeri honors Hampton Wildman Parker, English zoologist and herpetologist.

Strabomantidae
The Strabomantidae, sometimes called cloud forest landfrogs, are a family of frogs native to South America. These frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature "froglets". This family includes Pristimantis, the most speciose genus of any vertebrate. Based on molecular dating, the Holoadeninae in particular appears to have originated in the Eocene. The Oligocene-Miocene transition was also found to be important to their biogeographical history. However, the lack of Holoadeninae fossils and limited nucleotide data ambiguates the results, by the authors' admission.
Mijić
Mijić is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ana Mijic, Serbian hydrologist

Dušan Mijić (born 1953), Serbian publisher and political figure

Dušan Mijić (born 1965), Bosnian Serb football coach and player

Karlo Mijić (1887–1964), Yugoslav painter

Marjan Mijić, former member of Serbian progressive metal band Draconic

Miloš Mijić (born 1989), Serbian football player

Predrag Mijić (born 1970), Serbian politician

Predrag Mijić (footballer) (born 1984), Serbian footballer

Snježana Mijić (born 1971), Croatian volleyball player

Vasa Mijić (born 1973), Serbian volleyball player

Ana Mijic
Ana Mijic is a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Imperial College London who works in systems water management. She has expertise in advanced modelling of integrated water systems, as well as the analysis of processes, planning, resilience and economics.
Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Middleweight
The men's middleweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1976 Summer Olympics. The weight class allowed boxers of up to 75 kilograms to compete. The competition was held from 19 to 31 July 1976. 19 boxers from 19 nations competed.

Luis Martínez (Cuban boxer)
Luis Felipe Martínez Sánchez (born May 26, 1955) is a retired Cuban boxer, who represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There he won the bronze medal in the middleweight division (– 71 kg) after being defeated in the semifinals by Rufat Riskiyev from the Soviet Union. Two years later he won the silver medal at the second World Championships in Belgrade.
St. Johns Town Center
The St. Johns Town Center is a super-regional open-air mall in southeast Jacksonville, Florida. It opened its doors on March 18, 2005 with over 167 stores, many of which were new to the Jacksonville market at the time. The 51.2-acre (0.207 km2) mall is located at the intersection of J. Turner Butler Boulevard and the Interstate 295 East Beltway, with the University of North Florida's campus situated across I-295 from the center. The mall is anchored by Nordstrom, Dillard's, Target, and a flagship Dick's Sporting Goods.

The mall was and continues to be a huge catalyst for new retailers to enter the market. Many high-end retailers have their sole location in Northeast Florida at St. Johns Town Center. Some of these stores include Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Tiffany & Co., Lilly Pulitzer, Tory Burch, Vineyard Vines, Psycho Bunny, Free People, Lucky Brand Jeans, Banana Republic, J.Crew, Oakley, Steve Madden, UNTUCKit, Sephora, Apple, and Anthropologie.

Lucky Brand Jeans
Lucky Brand is an American denim company founded in Vernon, California, in 1990 by Gene Montesano and Barry Perlman. Lucky also produces other apparel, including activewear, outerwear, T-shirts, and professional attire.

In 2020, Lucky Brand filed for bankruptcy and was acquired by SPARC Group, which merged with JCPenney to form Catalyst Brands in 2025.
Gabrielle van Zuylen
Baroness Gabriëlle Andrée van Zuylen van Nyevelt van de Haar (née Iglesias Velayos y Taliaferro; 9 July 1933 – 3 July 2010) was a French landscape architect, garden designer, garden writer and a member of the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List since 1978. "Baroness Gabrielle van Zuylen personifies the charm and elegance", according to the French magazine L'ŒIL.

Landscape architect
A landscape architect is a person who is educated and trained in the field of landscape architecture.

According to the International Federation of Landscape Architects, which draws on International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO/08, 2162), the profession is defined as:

Landscape Architects plan, design and manage natural and built environments, applying aesthetic and scientific principles to address ecological sustainability, quality and health of landscapes, collective memory, heritage and culture, and territorial justice.

Other definitions emphasise the technical and regulatory aspects of practice. For example, landscape architecture may include site analysis and inventory, land and site planning, planting design, grading and earthworks, nature based solutions, stormwater management, sustainable design, engagement, construction specification, and ensuring compliance with building codes, planning policy, and environmental regulation.
Landesliga Bayern-Südwest
The Landesliga Bayern-Südwest (English: State league Bavaria-Southwest) is currently the sixth tier of the German football league system in south western Bavaria and the third tier of the Bavarian football league system.

It is one of five Landesligas in Bavaria, the other four being the Landesliga Südost, Landesliga Mitte, Landesliga Nordost and Landesliga Nordwest. The league champion automatically qualifies for the Bayernliga, the runners-up needs to compete with the runners-up of the other four Landesligas and a number of Bayernliga teams for another promotion spot.

The league replaced the Landesliga Bayern-Süd at this level, with the former having existed from 1963 to 2012. However, while the Landesliga Süd covered all of Bavarian Swabia and Upper Bavaria the new league only covers Bavarian Swabia and western Upper Bavaria.

Bavarian football league system
The Bavarian football league system of the Bavarian Football Association ranks within the German football league system. Its highest division, the Regionalliga Bayern, is currently the fourth tier of German football. The lowest league in Bavaria is currently the C-Klasse, which is the 12th tier of German football.

In 2012, the league system experienced a major overhaul when the Regionalliga Bayern was established, the Bayernliga split into two regional divisions and the Landesliga expanded from three to five divisions.
Applegate Peak
Applegate Peak is an 8,126 feet (2,477 m) summit on the south rim of Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. It ranks as the fourth-highest peak in the park. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,950 feet above the lake in 0.37 mile. Rim Drive traverses the eastern base of the peak. Precipitation runoff from the mountain's north slope drains into Crater Lake whereas the south slope drains to Wood River via Sun and Annie creeks.

Rim Drive
Rim Drive is a scenic highway in Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon, United States. It is a 33-mile (53 km) loop that follows the caldera rim around Crater Lake. Due to its unique engineering and the surrounding park landscape, the drive was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
Mecodema
Mecodema is a genus of large flightless ground beetle (Carabidae) endemic to New Zealand. The genus is very diverse in comparison to the other three New Zealand genera (Diglymma, Oregus, Orthoglymma) within the subtribe Nothobroscina (tribe Broscini). Mecodema is geographically widespread across both the North and South Islands, as well as numerous offshore islands, including the Three Kings Is., Poor Knights Is., Aotea (Great Barrier Is.) and Hauturu (Little Barrier Is.), Kapiti Is., Stephens Is., Stewart Is., Chatham Is., Snares Is.

Stephens Island (New Zealand)
Stephens Island (Māori: Takapourewa) is at the northernmost tip of the Marlborough Sounds in the South Island of New Zealand. It lies two kilometres to the northeast of Cape Stephens, the northernmost point of D'Urville Island. The island is 1.5 square kilometres (0.58 square miles) in size, and rises 283 metres (928 ft) high from the sea.
Department of Mathematics (University of Toronto)
The Department of Mathematics at the University of Toronto is an academic department within the Faculty of Arts and Science, based on the St. George campus. It is located at the Bahen Centre for Information Technology.

The University of Toronto was ranked first in Canada for Mathematics in 2018 by the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and Maclean's University Rankings.

Arthur P. Dempster
Arthur Pentland Dempster (October 8, 1929 – January 30, 2026) was an American mathematician who was professor emeritus in the Harvard University department of statistics. He was one of four faculty members composing the department when it was founded in 1957.
Blue phase mode LCD
A blue phase mode LCD is a liquid crystal display (LCD) technology that uses highly twisted cholesteric phases in a blue phase. It was first proposed in 2007 to obtain a better display of moving images with, for example, frame rates of 100–120 Hz to improve the temporal response of LCDs. This operational mode for LCDs also does not require anisotropic alignment layers (e.g., rubbed polyimide) and thus theoretically simplifies the LCD manufacturing process.

Bragg's law
In many areas of science, Bragg's law — also known as Wulff–Bragg's condition or Laue–Bragg interference — is a special case of Laue diffraction that gives the angles for coherent scattering of waves from a large crystal lattice. It describes how the superposition of wave fronts scattered by lattice planes leads to a strict relation between the wavelength and scattering angle. This law was initially formulated for X-rays, but it also applies to all types of matter waves including neutron and electron waves if there are a large number of atoms, as well as to visible light with artificial periodic microscale lattices.
Real-World Economics Review
Real-World Economics Review is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal of heterodox economics published by the "Post-Autistic Economics Network". It was known formerly as the Post-Autistic Economics Review and the Post-Autistic Economics Newsletter. Previous issues are archived on its website. Two sister journals from the same publisher are Economic Thought and World Economics Review.

First published as a newsletter in September 2000, the journal associated with the World Economics Association in 2011. Presently it publishes articles focused on economic, political, and social issues. As it is part of the post-autistic economics movement, it heavily criticizes neoclassical economics. It accepts contributions from diverse schools of economic thought.

Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation (pricing) of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model. According to this line of thought, the value of a good or service is determined through a hypothetical maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing available information and factors of production. This approach has often been justified by appealing to rational choice theory.

Neoclassical economics is the dominant approach to microeconomics and, together with Keynesian economics, formed the neoclassical synthesis which dominated mainstream economics as "neo-Keynesian economics" from the 1950s onward.
Leonor Cortés Moctezuma
Doña Leonor Cortés Moctezuma (c. 1528 – before 1594) was the out-of-wedlock daughter of Hernán Cortés, conquistador of Mexico, and Doña Isabel Moctezuma, the eldest daughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. She was acknowledged by her father and married Juan de Tolosa, one of the discoverers of the silver mines in Zacatecas.

Don (honorific)
The terms Don (in Spanish and Italian), Dom (in Portuguese), and Domn (in Romanian), are honorific prefixes derived from the Latin Dominus, meaning "lord" or "owner". The honorific is commonly used in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well as in the Spanish-speaking world and Portuguese-speaking world, as well as some other places formerly colonized by Spain or Portugal. The feminine equivalents are Doña (Spanish: [ˈdoɲa]), Donna (Italian: [ˈdɔnna]), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona (Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ]), meaning "lady".

The term is derived from the Latin dominus: a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity. With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages, traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles, in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction.
We the Animals (film)
We the Animals is a 2018 American coming-of-age drama film, directed by Jeremiah Zagar and written by Zagar and Dan Kitrosser, based on the novel of the same name by Justin Torres. The film marks Zagar's first narrative feature film. The film stars Evan Rosado, Raúl Castillo, Sheila Vand, Isaiah Kristian, and Josiah Gabriel. It premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival and was released on August 17, 2018, by The Orchard.

We the Animals
We the Animals (2011) is the debut novel by American author Justin Torres. It is a bildungsroman about three wild brothers of white and Puerto Rican parentage who live a rough and tumble childhood in rural upstate New York during the 1980s. The youngest brother, protagonist of the story, eventually breaks away from the rest of the family.

The novel is semi-autobiographical and is loosely based on Torres's own life growing up in upstate New York.
Pazmany PL-4
The Pazmany PL-4A is a single-seat, single-engine sport aircraft developed in the United States and first flown in 1972. It is marketed for homebuilding from plans, and 686 sets had sold by 1985. The PL-4A is a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with an enclosed cabin and fixed, tailwheel undercarriage. The design features a T-tail, chosen to facilitate folding the wings. Construction throughout is of metal, using standard extruded sections for the longerons and pop rivets as the basic fastener. The standard powerplant is a Volkswagen air-cooled engine of 60 hp (45 kW) Construction time is estimated to be around 1,000–1,500 hours.

The PL-4A won the "Outstanding New Design" and "Outstanding Contribution to Low-Cost Flying" awards at the 1972 EAA Fly-In.  By 2000 more than 50 had been built and flown.

Rivet
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the tail. On installation, the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail.

Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support tension loads.  However, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft).

Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building, such as copper nails and clinch bolts, work on the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term rivet was introduced and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among nails and bolts respectively.
HMS Sealark (1806)
HMS Sealark was a Royal Navy Cuckoo-class schooner armed with four 12-pounder carronades and manned by a crew of 20. She was built by William Wheaton at Brixham  and launched in 1806. Like many of her class and the related Ballahoo-class schooners, she succumbed to the perils of the sea relatively early in her career.

Ballahoo-class schooner
The Ballahoo class (also known as the Fish class) was a Royal Navy class of eighteen 4-gun schooners built under contract in Bermuda during the Napoleonic War. The class was an attempt by the Admiralty to harness the expertise of Bermudian shipbuilders who were renowned for their fast-sailing craft (particularly the Bermuda sloops). The Admiralty ordered twelve vessels on 23 June 1804, and a further six on 11 December 1805.