hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis
Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis, or simply anterior segment dysgenesis, is a failure of the normal development of the tissues of the anterior segment of the eye. It leads to anomalies in the structure of the mature anterior segment, associated with an increased risk of glaucoma and corneal opacity.

Peters' (frequently misspelled as Peter's) anomaly is a specific type of mesenchymal anterior segment dysgenesis, in which there is central corneal leukoma, adhesions of the iris and cornea and abnormalities of the posterior corneal stroma, Descemet's membrane, corneal endothelium, lens and anterior chamber.

Descemet's membrane
Descemet's membrane (or the Descemet membrane) is the basement membrane that lies between the corneal proper substance, also called stroma, and the endothelial layer of the cornea. It is composed of different kinds of collagen (Type IV and VIII) than the stroma.  The endothelial layer is located at the posterior of the cornea.  Descemet's membrane, as the basement membrane for the endothelial layer, is secreted by the single layer of squamous epithelial cells that compose the endothelial layer of the cornea.
Helvy Tiana Rosa
Helvy Tiana Rosa (born 2 April 1970) is an Indonesian playwright and writer. She is notable for founding and being the first chairwoman of the Pen Circle Forum (Indonesian: Forum Lingkar Pena), a well-known Indonesian literary forum.

The Royal Islamic Strategies Studies Centre, of the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, featured her in the 10th anniversary edition of The Muslim 500.

Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought
The Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought  (RABIIT) is an international Islamic non-governmental, independent institute in Amman, Jordan.
It is affiliated with the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre.

The late King Hussein Bin Talal established the Institute in 1980, and entrusted it to Prince Hassan bin Talal. It passed on to Crown Prince Hamzah bin Al Hussein on August 8, 1999, and then to Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad, who is the chair of the board of trustees.

Fellows of the Institute attend a conference every 2–3 years. The last one was held in September 2010, under the title "Islam and the Environment".

The institute was the leading sponsor of the statements, The Amman Message and A Common Word Between Us and You.
2023 AV
2023 AV is a near-Earth object that passed 15,551 ± 400 km (9,663 ± 249 mi) from the centerpoint of Earth around 12 January 2023 20:09 ± 00:05 UT. Since Earth has a radius of about 6,400 km (4,000 mi), it passed about 9,200 km (5,700 mi) from the surface of Earth. The asteroid is about 2–5 meters in diameter. The asteroid came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 3 November 2022 and approached Earth from the direction of the Sun. It was first imaged by the Catalina Sky Survey on 13 January 2023 04:56, nine hours after closest approach. It was confirmed via the Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page and publicly announced by the Minor Planet Center 42.5 hours after closest approach or about 34 hours after the first image. An impact by this object would have been similar to 2008 TC3.

The 2023 Earth approach lifted the orbit and increased the orbital period from 314 days to 440 days. This changed it from an Aten asteroid to an Apollo asteroid.

Aten asteroid
The Aten asteroids are a dynamical group of asteroids whose orbits bring them into proximity with Earth. By definition, Atens are Earth-crossing asteroids (a < 1.0 AU and Q > 0.983 AU). The group is named after 2062 Aten, the first of its kind, discovered on 7 January 1976 by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory. As of January 2025, 2,966 Atens have been discovered, of which 271 are numbered, 14 are named, and 197 are classified as potentially hazardous asteroids.
Tânia Maria
Sebastiana Maria de Medeiros Filha (born January 19, 1947),  better known as Tânia Maria, is a Brazilian actress, artisan, and seamstress. She gained notoriety after appearing in the films Bacurau and The Secret Agent, both by filmmaker Kleber Mendonça Filho.

Dressmaker
A dressmaker, also known as a seamstress, is a person who makes clothing for women, such as dresses, blouses, and evening gowns. Dressmakers were historically known as mantua-makers, and are also known as a modiste or fabrician.
Blidinje Lake
Blidinje Lake (Croatian: Blidinje jezero), is an alpine lake located in Blidinje Nature Park, on karstic Blidinje plateau, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between Jablanica, Tomislavgrad and Posušje, and is largest of its kind in the country. The lake is most important hydrogeological feature of the park and indeed entire Dinaric Alps karst within Bosnia and Hezegovina.

Tomislavgrad
Tomislavgrad (Cyrillic: Томиславград, pronounced [tǒmislaʋgrâːd]), also known by its former name Duvno (Cyrillic: Дувно, pronounced [dǔːʋno]), is a town and the seat of the Municipality of Tomislavgrad in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 5,587 inhabitants.

In the Roman times, it was known as Delminium. During the Middle Ages when it was part of Croatia and Bosnia, the town was known as Županjac. This name remained until 1928 when it was changed to Tomislavgrad. In 1946, communist authorities changed the name again to Duvno, and in 1990, the name was returned to Tomislavgrad.
Stud (animal)
A stud animal is a registered animal retained for breeding. The terms for the male of a given animal species (stallion, bull, rooster, etc.) usually imply that the animal is intact—that is, not castrated—and therefore capable of siring offspring. A specialized vocabulary exists for de-sexed animals (gelding, steer, etc.) and those animals used in grading up to a purebred status.

Stud females are generally used to breed further stud animals, but stud males may be used in crossbreeding programs. Both sexes of stud animals are regularly used in artificial breeding programs.

A stud farm, in animal husbandry, is an establishment for selective breeding using stud animals. This results in artificial selection.

Gelding
A gelding (/ˈɡɛldɪŋ/) is a castrated male horse or other equine, such as a pony, donkey or a mule. The term is also used with certain other animals and livestock, such as domesticated camels. The equivalent terms for castrated male cattle are steer or bullock, and wether for sheep and goats.

Castration renders the male animal calmer, better-behaved, less sexually aggressive, and more responsive to training efforts. This makes the animal generally more suitable as an everyday working animal, or as a pet in the case of companion animals. The gerund and participle "gelding" and the infinitive "to geld" refer to the castration procedure itself.
Poltringen Airfield
Poltringen Airfield is a private airfield located in Poltringen, which belongs to the town of Ammerbuch, Germany. It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) west of Tübingen and 31 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Stuttgart. It is only open to airplanes and gliders of the aviation clubs Ammerbuch, Herrenberg and Unterjesingen. Exceptions must be approved by the administration of the Tübingen region.

The airfield traffic pattern for airplanes is west of the airfield at 2700 ft.

Ammerbuch
Ammerbuch (German pronunciation: [ˈamɐbuːx]) is a municipality in the district of Tübingen of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northwest of Tübingen and 345–551 metres (1,132–1,808 ft) above sea level. The name Ammerbuch is a portmanteau of the two locations between which the municipality is situated — Ammer Valley and the Schönbuch nature park.

The former municipal coat of arms shows, on a gold (yellow) field, a rooted green beech tree with a blue wave across its trunk. The tree symbolizes the Schönbuch park, the blue wave beam the Ammer River. The six aspiring branches and six roots of the beech represent the six villages that form Ammerbuch today.
Sierra Vista Line
The Sierra Vista Line was a streetcar route mostly operated by the Pacific Electric Railway. It ran from 1895 to 1951 as the short turn making local stops along the Pasadena Short Line on the outside tracks of the Northern Division quadruple-track system.

Short turn
In public transport, a short turn, short working or turn-back is a service on a bus route or rail line that does not operate along the full length of the route.: 118  Short turn trips are often scheduled and published in a timetable, but they may also be unscheduled. Public transport operators use short turns for a variety of reasons, including delays, infrastructure limitations, and uneven passenger demand.

Short turn services often require additional infrastructure to turn vehicles around in the middle of a route. Short turn bus services may not require any infrastructure, using streets to turn around. In comparison, short turn tram or streetcar services may have to use a balloon loop, limiting the locations for short turns. Rail services such as rapid transit and commuter rail have similar limits with short turn locations: they need crossovers, loops, or other special tracks when they short turn.
Āgenskalns
Āgenskalns (historically known also as Hāgenskalns or Hagensberg) is a district in Riga, located on the left bank of the Daugava, an old neighbourhood, mainly built in the late 19th to early 20th century. The total area of Āgenskalns is 4,6 km2, which is a lot less than other districts of Riga.

Daugava
The Daugava (/ˈdaʊɡəvə/ DOW-gə-və), also known as the Western Dvina or the Väina River, is a large river rising in the Valdai Hills of Russia that flows through Belarus and Latvia into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The Daugava rises close to the source of the Volga. It is 1,020 km (630 mi) in length, of which 352 km (219 mi) are in Latvia and 325 km (202 mi) in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great south-bending curve as it passes through northern Belarus.

Latvia's capital, Riga, bridges the river's estuary four times. Built on both riverbanks, the city centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the river's mouth and is a significant port.
American Land Rights Association
The American Land Rights Association (ALRA) is a Wise Use organization based in Battle Ground, Washington.  The group describes itself as "dedicated to the wise-use of our resources, access to our Federal lands and the protection of our private property rights."

Property rights (economics)
Property rights are constructs in economics for determining how a resource or economic good is used and owned, which have developed over ancient and modern history, from Abrahamic law to Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Resources can be owned by (and hence be the property of) individuals, associations, collectives, or governments.

Property rights can be viewed as an attribute of an economic good. This attribute has three broad components, and is often referred to as a bundle of rights in the United States:

the right to use the good

the right to earn income from the good

the right to transfer the good to others, alter it, abandon it, or destroy it (the right to ownership cessation)

Economists such as Adam Smith stress that the expectation of profit from "improving one's stock of capital" rests on the concept of private property rights.
Ayman al-Rubo
Ayman al-Rubo (date of birth unknown) - also spelled Al Rubaa - is a Sudanese musician from Omdurman, the second most populated city in Sudan, on the western banks of the River Nile, opposite the national capital Khartoum. Since the late 2000s, he has been considered to be the founder of Zenig (also transliterated Zanig) as a new genre of the contemporary urban music of Sudan.

Al-Rubo arguably played a key role for youth mobilisation and resistance against the Islamist regime of Omar Al Bashir as "an icon of Khartoum’s underclass."

Omdurman
Omdurman (Arabic: أُمّ دُرمان, romanized: Umm Durmān) is a major city in Sudan. It is the second most populous city in the country, located in the State of Khartoum. Omdurman lies on the west bank of the River Nile, opposite and northwest of the capital city of Khartoum. The city acts as an important road hub, with the Nile boosting transportation even further.
Railways in Jharia Coalfield
Jharia Coalfield has a series of railway lines covering the region lying between the Grand Chord line on the north and the Damodar river in the south. It consists of five lines of which four are managed by East Central Railway's Dhanbad railway division and one is managed by the South Eastern Railway's Adra railway division.

Damodar River
Damodar River (Pron: /ˈdʌmoˌdaː/) is a river flowing across the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The valley is rich in mineral resources and is known for large-scale mining and industrial activity. It was also known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of the ravaging floods it caused in the plains of West Bengal. The construction of several dams on the Damodar and its tributaries has helped control some of the flooding.
Ruth Plummer
Elizabeth Ruth Plummer MBE FMedSci is a British oncologist and academic. She is a Professor of Experimental Cancer Medicine at Newcastle University and an oncologist specialising in treating patients with melanoma. Based in Newcastle, she directs the Sir Bobby Robson Cancer Trials Research Centre, set up by the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation to run early-stage clinical trials.v Plummer and the Newcastle team won a 2010  Translational Cancer Research Prize from Cancer Research UK for work using rucaparib to treat ovarian cancer.  Plummer was elected as a fellow of the UK's Academy of Medical Sciences in 2018.

Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
The Academy of Medical Sciences is an organisation established in the UK in 1998. It is one of the four UK National Academies, the others being the British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society.

Its mission is to advance biomedical and health research and its translation into benefits for society. The Academy consists of a group of around 1,400 Fellows elected from fields across the biomedical sciences. The Academy seeks ultimately to advance medical science and improve health by investing in talented researchers, engaging people on health-related issues and providing expert impartial advice. As of April 2024 its president is Professor Andrew Morris CBE FRSE PMedSci, and Vice President is Shakila Thangaratinam.
Alpiq
Alpiq is an internationally active energy group headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. The company was established in 2009 after the merger of Atel Holding AG (Aare-Tessin AG für Elektrizität) and EOS S.A. (Energie Ouest Suisse).

The energy group employs around 1221 people, is active in most European countries and is considered too big to fail in Switzerland.

Aare
The Aare (Swiss Standard German: [ˈaːrɛ] ⓘ) or Aar (Swiss Standard German: [aːr] ⓘ) is the main tributary of the High Rhine (its discharge even exceeds that of the latter at their confluence) and the longest river that both rises and ends entirely within Switzerland.

Its total length from its source to its junction with the Rhine comprises about 295 kilometres (183 mi), during which distance it descends 1,565 m (5,135 ft), draining an area of 17,779 km2 (6,865 sq mi), almost entirely within Switzerland, and accounting for close to half the area of the country, including all of Central Switzerland.

There are more than 40 hydroelectric plants along the course of the Aare.

The river's name dates to at least the La Tène period, and it is attested as Nantaror "Aare valley" in the Berne zinc tablet.

The name was Latinized as Arula/Arola/Araris.
Lionel Blair
Lionel Blair (born Henry Lionel Ogus; 12 December 1928 – 4 November 2021) was a Canadian-born British actor, choreographer, tap dancer, and television presenter. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, he made regular appearances as a dancer and entertainer on British television. He also presented the quiz programme Name That Tune, and was a team captain on the televised charades gameshow Give Us a Clue.

Charades
Charades (UK: /ʃəˈrɑːdz/, US: /ʃəˈreɪdz/) is a parlor or party word guessing game. Originally, the game was a dramatic form of literary charades: a single person would act out each syllable of a word or phrase in order, followed by the whole phrase together, while the rest of the group guessed. A variant was to have teams who acted scenes out together while the others guessed. Today, it is common to require the actors to mime their hints without using any spoken words, which requires some conventional gestures. Puns and visual puns were and remain common.
John Ellis Martineau
John Ellis Martineau (December 2, 1873 – March 6, 1937) was the 28th governor of Arkansas and was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. His term as Governor was marked by the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, with Martineau serving as President of the Tri-State Flood Commission.

Moore v. Dempsey
Moore et al. v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86 (1923), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled 6–2 that the defendants' mob-dominated trials deprived them of due process guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It reversed the district court's decision declining the petitioners' writ of habeas corpus.
KEXS (AM)
KEXS (1090 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Excelsior Springs, Missouri, and serving the Kansas City metropolitan area.  The station is owned by the Catholic Radio Network, and airs a Roman Catholic religious radio format.  The call letters stand for its city of license, EXcelsior Springs.  To support the station, KEXS periodically holds on-air pledge drives.

KEXS broadcasts at 10,000 watts by day.  But because AM 1090 is a clear-channel frequency, reserved for Class A stations WBAL Baltimore and XEPRS Rosarito-Tijuana, the station must reduce power to 4,000 watts during critical hours and sign-off at night, to avoid interference.  Programming is simulcast on sister station 890 KMVG and on FM translator K225CI at 92.9 MHz.  The Catholic Radio Network also owns 1190 KDMR in Kansas City, which airs EWTN Radio Catholic programming.

Pledge drive
A pledge drive is an extended period of fundraising activities, generally used by public broadcasting stations to increase contributions. The term "pledge" originates from the promise that a contributor makes to send in funding at regular intervals for a certain amount of time. During a pledge drive, regular and special programming is followed by on-air appeals for pledges by station employees, who ask the audience to make their contributions, usually by phone or the Internet, during this break.

Pledge drives are typically held two to four times annually, at calendar periods which vary depending on the scheduling designated by the local public broadcasting station.
Microgeneration
Microgeneration is the small-scale production of heat or electric power from a "low carbon source," as an alternative or supplement to traditional centralized grid-connected power.

Microgeneration technologies include small-scale wind turbines, micro hydro, solar PV systems, microbial fuel cells, ground source heat pumps, and micro combined heat and power installations. These technologies are often combined to form a hybrid power solution that can offer superior performance and lower cost than a system based on one generator.

Practical Action
Practical Action (previously known as the Intermediate Technology Development Group, ITDG) is a development charity registered in the United Kingdom which works directly in four regions of the developing world – Latin America, East Africa, Southern Africa and South Asia, with particular concentration on Peru, Bolivia, Kenya, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh and Nepal.

In these countries, Practical Action works with poor communities to develop appropriate technologies in renewable energy, food production, agro-processing, water, sanitation, small enterprise development, building and shelter, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
Vanni (Sri Lanka)
The Vanni, also spelled Wanni, is the name given to the mainland area of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It covers the entirety of Mannar, Mullaitivu and Vavuniya Districts, and most of Kilinochchi District. It has an area of approximately 7,650 square kilometres (2,950 sq mi). The population and infrastructure of the Vanni were devastated by the Sri Lankan Civil War.

Mannar District
Mannar District  (Tamil: மன்னார் மாவட்டம் Maṉṉār Māvaṭṭam; Sinhala: මන්නාරම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is Mannar, which is located on Mannar Island.
Iyunga
Iyunga is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 16,560 people in the ward, from 7,377 in 2012.: 95 : 119

Mbeya Region
Mbeya Region (Mkoa wa Mbeya in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 35,954 km2 (13,882 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Guinea Bissau. Mbeya Region is bordered to the east by Singida Region, Iringa Region and Njombe Region. The region is bordered to the south by Malawi and Lake Nyasa. To the north the region borders southern Tabora Region. Lastly, Mbeya is bordered to the west by Songwe Region. The regional capital is the city of Mbeya. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,343,754.
Zulmasuchus
Zulmasuchus (meaning "Zulma Gasparini's crocodile") is an extinct genus of sebecid sebecosuchian mesoeucrocodylian. Its fossils have been found in Early Paleocene-age rocks (Danian stage) of the Santa Lucía Formation in Bolivia. Zulmasuchus was named in 2007 by Alfredo Paolillo and Omar Linares for fossils originally described by Buffetaut and Marshall in 1991 as Sebecus querejazus. Thus, the type species is Sebecus querezajus and the combinatio nova is Zulmasuchus querejazus.

2007 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2007.