hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Test automation
Test automation is the use of software (separate from the software being tested) for controlling the execution of tests and comparing actual outcome with predicted. Test automation supports testing the system under test (SUT) without manual interaction which can lead to faster test execution and testing more often. Test automation is a key aspect of continuous testing and often for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).

Continuous delivery
Continuous delivery (CD) is a software engineering approach in which teams produce software in short cycles, ensuring that the software can be reliably released at any time. It aims at building, testing, and releasing software with greater speed and frequency. The approach helps reduce the cost, time, and risk of delivering changes by allowing for more incremental updates to applications in production. A straightforward and repeatable deployment process is important for continuous delivery.
Company rule in the Dutch East Indies
Company rule in the Dutch East Indies began when the Dutch East India Company appointed the first governor-general of the Dutch East Indies in 1610, and ended in 1800 when the bankrupt company was dissolved and its possessions were nationalized as the Dutch East Indies. By then it exerted territorial control over much of the archipelago, most notably on Java.

In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Banten, northwest Java. The official East Indies government, however, was not created until Pieter Both was made governor-general in 1610. In that same year, Ambon Island was made headquarters of the VOC's East Indies. Batavia was made the capital from 1619 onward.

Corruption, war, smuggling, and mismanagement resulted in the company's bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was formally dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions were nationalized by the Batavian Republic as the Dutch East Indies.

Pieter Both
Pieter Both (1568 – 6 March 1615) was the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.

Not much is known of his early years. In 1599, Both was already an admiral in the New, or Brabant Company. In that year, he traveled to the East Indies with four ships. When the newly founded Dutch East India Company set up a government for the Dutch East Indies, Pieter Both was invited to become the Governor-General. He held that position from 19 December 1610 to 6 November 1614. During that period he concluded contracts with the Moluccans, conquered Timor, and drove the Spaniards out of Tidore.

After he relinquished his position as Governor-General to Gerard Reynst, he left for the Netherlands with four ships. Two of the ships were shipwrecked in Mauritius at Flic-en-Flac, and Pieter Both drowned.

The second highest mountain of Mauritius is named after him. As well as a mountain peak and associated village in the Cirque de Cilaos on Réunion Island.
Graham Farquharson
Graham Farquharson CM (1940–2022) was a Canadian mining engineer and executive who was inducted into the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame in 2011 and the Order of Canada in 2021. He is known for his work in the development of underground mining methods.

Senior management
Senior management, executive management, or upper management is an occupation at the highest level of management of an organization, performed by individuals who have the day-to-day tasks of managing the organization, sometimes a company or a corporation.
Patrick Haemers
Patrick Haemers (2 November 1952, Schaerbeek – 14 May 1993) was a Belgian criminal who was member of a gang which carried out robberies of security vans and kidnapped former Belgian prime minister Paul Vanden Boeynants.

Schaerbeek
Schaerbeek (French, pronounced [skaʁbek, -bɛk] ⓘ; former Dutch spelling) or Schaarbeek (modern Dutch, pronounced [ˈsxaːrbeːk] ⓘ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the north-eastern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Etterbeek, Evere and Saint-Josse-ten-Noode. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch).

Schaerbeek has a multicultural identity stemming from its diverse population. As of 1 January 2022, the municipality had a population of 130,690 inhabitants. The total area is 7.9 km2 (3.1 sq mi), which gives a population density of 16,540/km2 (42,800/sq mi), twice the average of Brussels.
Oflag XVII-A
Oflag XVII-A was a German Army World War II prisoner-of-war camp for officers (Offizierlager) located between the villages of Edelbach and Döllersheim in the district of Zwettl in the Waldviertel region of north-eastern Austria.

Waldviertel
The Waldviertel (Austrian German: [ˈvaldˌfɪrtl̩] ⓘ; lit. 'Forest Quarter'; Central Bavarian: Woidviadl; Czech: Lesní čtvrť) is the northwestern region of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is bounded to the south by the river Danube, to the southwest by Upper Austria, to the northwest and to the north by the Czech Republic and to the east by the Manhartsberg (537 m, 1,762 ft), which is the survey point dividing the Waldviertel from the Weinviertel region. Geologically it is part of the Bohemian Massif. In the south are the Wachau and Kamptal wine regions.
Ahmed Anarbayev
Akhmed Anarbayev (Russian: Ахмед Анарбаев; 30 May 1948 – 6 August 2023) was a Kyrgyzstani Soviet swimmer who won a silver medal at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. He also competed in the 400 m freestyle at the 1968 Summer Olympics but did not reach the finals.

After retiring from senior swimming Anarbayev continued to compete internationally in the masters category. He was also an experienced open water swimmer who crossed Issyk Kul and took part in a crossborder swimming event in the Bering Strait. From 1992 to 1997 he was the President of the Kyrgyz Republic Swimming Federation.

Anarbayev lived in Bishkek, and worked in the hotel business. He died on 6 August 2023, at the age of 75.

Issyk-Kul
Issyk-Kul (Russian: Иссык-Куль) or Ysyk-Köl (Kyrgyz: Ысык-Көл [ɯsɯ́q kʰɵl]; lit. 'Hot Lake') is an endorheic saline lake in the western Tian Shan mountains in eastern Kyrgyzstan—just south of a dividing range separating Kyrgyzstan from Kazakhstan. It is the eighth-deepest lake in the world, the eleventh-largest lake in the world by volume, and the second-largest saline lake. It is located at an elevation of 1,607 metres (5,272 ft), making it the deepest lake whose deepest point is above sea level at 939 metres (3,081 ft). Despite the elevation and low temperatures during winter, it rarely freezes due to its high salinity.

The lake is a Ramsar site of globally significant biodiversity and forms part of the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve.
Scopula ornata
Scopula ornata, the lace border, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 Entomologia Carniolica. It is found in Europe, North Africa and the Near East.

The wingspan is 21–24 millimetres (0.83–0.94 in). Adults are on wing in May and June, then again from late July to September.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, mainly Thymus, but also Achillea, Mentha, Origanum, Rumex, Taraxacum and Veronica.

Mentha
Mentha, also known as mint (from Greek μίνθα míntha, Linear B mi-ta), is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is estimated that 18 to 24 species exist, but the exact distinction between species is unclear. Hybridization occurs naturally where some species' ranges overlap. Many hybrids and cultivars are known.

The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution, growing best in wet environments and moist soils.
Bernd Marin
Bernd Marin (born 1948 in Vienna) is an Austrian social scientist.

Marin served at the Institute for Conflict Research in Vienna from 1975 to 1984, first as a research fellow and later as a Deputy Director. From 1979 to 1996, he edited the Journal für Sozialforschung. Marin also contributes to civic debates in newspapers and magazines, radio and TV. He has published more than hundred papers in academic journals and collected volumes and has written, edited or co-edited more than twenty books.

From 1984 to 1988, Marin was the chair for comparative political and social research at the European University Institute in Florence and also served as visiting professor at numerous universities. From 1988 to 2015, he was the executive director of the think tank, European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research and the director of Webster Vienna Private University from October 2015 until June 2016.

Labour economics
Labour economics is the subfield of economics concerned with the study of labour as an input to economic production. Broadly, it surveys labor markets and the economic decisions of agents participating in such markets. Topics of study include the labour supply of workers and how it is affected by variables such as age, education, gender and childbearing, as well as the labour demand by firms searching for different forms of labour as an input in the production of goods and services. In addition, labour economics studies, amongst others, phenomena such as schooling, human capital, inequality, unemployment, trade unions, discrimination, technological change, and public policies related to labour markets, such as unemployment benefits, pensions and health care.
Simultaneous editing
In human–computer interaction, simultaneous editing is an end-user development technique allowing a single user to make multiple simultaneous edits of text in a multiple selection at once through direct manipulation.

Multiple selections and cursors are typically created by using a keyboard shortcut to select repeated instances of the same text or text fragments surrounded by the same delimiters, by using a search feature to select all instances of a search term, by selecting the same column in multiple lines, or by selecting text or cursor positions with a mouse. The Lapis experimental web browser and text editor is also able to infer selections based on concept learning from positive and negative examples given by the user during a process known as selection guessing.

Tools for data wrangling (mass reformatting) also sometimes include commands for simultaneous editing of all data in a column or category.

End user
In product development, an end user is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ultimately use a product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product, such as sysops, system administrators, database administrators, information technology (IT) experts, software professionals, and computer technicians. End users typically do not possess the technical understanding or skill of the product designers, a fact easily overlooked and forgotten by designers: leading to features creating low customer satisfaction. In information technology, end users are not customers in the usual sense—they are typically employees of the customer. For example, if a large retail corporation buys a software package for its employees to use, even though the large retail corporation was the customer that purchased the software, the end users are the employees of the company, who will use the software at work.
Liu Shouren
Liu Shouren (Chinese: 刘守仁; 21 March 1934 – 11 June 2023) was a Chinese engineer specializing in wool, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He has been hailed as the "Father of Chinese Fine Wool Sheep".

Liu was a representative of the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 9th and 10th National People's Congress.

10th National People's Congress
The 10th National People's Congress (NPC) was in session from 2003 to 2008. It held five plenary sessions in this period. There were 2,984 deputies to this Congress. It succeeded the 9th National People's Congress.
Renault Master
The Renault Master is a large van produced by the French manufacturer Renault since 1980, now in its fourth generation. It replaced the earlier Renault Super Goélette light trucks. It is also sold as the Nissan Interstar. Opel and Vauxhall have sold versions of the second and third series vans as the Opel Movano in Continental Europe and Vauxhall Movano in the United Kingdom. All four generations have been designed and manufactured by Renault, irrespective of the brand. Renault Trucks markets it as the Renault Trucks Master.

Over its lifetime, several different body styles have been available, from the standard van to bigger models with an increased load area, height, and longer wheelbases with an LWB prefix. Panel vans and crew vans are very common, but pickups are also available. Heavier duty models of the Master were also sold by (now Volvo owned) Renault Trucks as the B series, later as the Messenger and the Mascott.

Panel van
A panel van, also known as a delivery van (United Kingdom), blind van, car-derived van or sedan delivery (United States), is a small cargo vehicle with a passenger car chassis, typically with a single front bench seat and no side windows behind the B-pillar. Panel vans are smaller than panel trucks or cargo vans, both of which use body-on-frame truck chassis.

As they are derived from passenger cars, the development of panel vans is typically closely linked with the passenger car models upon which they depend. North American panel vans were initially based upon the two-door station wagon models, while Europe's narrower roads dictated that panel vans utilize the smaller donor chassis of subcompact cars in that market. In Australia, panel vans were a development of the ute, a small pickup truck based on a passenger car chassis, e.g. Holden Ute, often using the longer wheelbase of a station wagon chassis.
Southern Dairy Compact
The Southern Dairy Compact was an agreement among 13 southern United States states. It was proposed to ensure the continued marketability of dairy producers in the member states and to supply a stable, local supply of milk products to the region. The proposed agreement was modeled on the Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact, which would allow member states to jointly establish a minimum farm price for fluid milk that is above the federally mandated minimum price level in the region.

Many southern state legislatures approved membership in the compact, but the required congressional authority to form a compact was never granted. In the 2002 Farm Bill, a support program, Milk Income Loss Contract Payments, for participating dairy farmers nationwide was enacted, allowing for subsidies when the price falls below 16.94 per cwt.

Milk Income Loss Contract Payments
Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Payments is the name given by USDA to the dairy farmer counter-cyclical payments program, authorized by the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171, Sec. 1502, 7 U.S.C. 7982). Under the program, dairy farmers nationwide are eligible for a federal payment whenever the minimum monthly market price for farm milk used for fluid consumption in Boston falls below $16.94/cwt. A producer potentially can receive a payment equal to 45 percent of the difference between the $16.94 per cwt. target price and the market price, in any month that the Boston market price falls below $16.94. A producer can receive a payment on all milk production during that month, but no payments will be made on any annual production in excess of 2.4 million pounds per dairy operation. On average this limit is reached by a milking herd of 130 cows. MILC payments apply to production beginning December 1, 2002 through September 30, 2012.
Barthélémy de Maraclée
Barthélémy de Maraclée was Lord of Maraclea, also known as Khrab Marqiya, a small coastal Crusader town and a castle in the Levant, between Tortosa and Baniyas (Buluniyas).

In 1271, the city of Maraclea was destroyed by the Mamluks. Barthélémy, one of the vassals of Bohemond VI, is recorded as having fled from the Mamluk offensive, taking refuge in Persia at the Mongol Court of Abagha, where he exhorted the Mongols to intervene in the Holy Land.

In 1285, Qalawun blackmailed Bohemond VII into destroying the last fortifications of the area, where Barthélémy was entrenched, a square tower which had been erected some distance from the shore. Qalawun said he would besiege Tripoli if the Maraclea fort was not dismantled.

Tortosa
Tortosa (Northwestern Catalan: [toɾˈtoza]; Spanish: [toɾˈtosa] ⓘ) is the capital of the comarca of Baix Ebre, in Catalonia, Spain.

Tortosa is located at 12 metres (39 feet) above sea level, by the Ebro river, protected on its northern side by the mountains of the Cardó Massif, of which Buinaca, one of the highest peaks, is located within Tortosa's municipal boundary.

Before Tortosa, across the river, rise the massive Ports de Tortosa-Beseit mountains. The area around Mont Caro and other high summits are often covered with snow in the winter.
Tame topology
In mathematics, a tame topology is a hypothetical topology proposed by Alexander Grothendieck in his research program Esquisse d’un programme under the French name topologie modérée (moderate topology). It is a topology in which the theory of dévissage can be applied to stratified structures such as semialgebraic or semianalytic sets, and which excludes some pathological spaces that do not correspond to intuitive notions of spaces.

Some authors consider an o-minimal structure to be a candidate for realizing tame topology in the real case. There are also some other suggestions.

Dévissage
In algebraic geometry, dévissage is a technique introduced by Alexander Grothendieck for proving statements about coherent sheaves on Noetherian schemes. Dévissage is an adaptation of a certain kind of Noetherian induction. It has many applications, including the proof of generic flatness and the proof that higher direct images of coherent sheaves under proper morphisms are coherent.

Laurent Gruson and Michel Raynaud extended this concept to the relative situation, that is, to the situation where the scheme under consideration is not necessarily noetherian, but instead admits a finitely presented morphism to another scheme. They did this by defining an object called a relative dévissage which is well-suited to certain kinds of inductive arguments. They used this technique to give a new criterion for a module to be flat. As a consequence, they were able to simplify and generalize the results of EGA IV 11 on descent of flatness.

The word dévissage is French for unscrewing.
Rustam Khudiyev
Rustam Ramizovich Khudiyev (Kazakh: Рустам Рамизович Худиев, Rustam Ramizovich Hudiev; born 6 January 1985 in Pavlodar, Kazakh SSR, USSR) is an Olympic butterfly swimmer from Kazakhstan. He swam for Kazakhstan at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics.

His best result was finishing in 41st place in the men's 100m butterfly event in at the 2004 Games.

He also swam for Kazakhstan at the 2007 World Championships.

Swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships
The swimming competition at the 12th FINA World Aquatics Championships was held in Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Australia, from 25 March to 1 April 2007. This portion of the 2007 Worlds featured 40 events (20 for males, 20 for females), all swum in a long course (50 m) pool:

freestyle: 50 m, 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m;

backstroke: 50 m, 100 m and 200 m;

breaststroke: 50 m, 100 m and 200 m;

butterfly: 50 m, 100 m and 200 m;

individual medley (I.M.): 200 m and 400 m; and

relays: 4 × 100 m free, 4 × 200 m free, and 4 × 100 m medley.
Ice fishing
Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish with lines and fish hooks or spears through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water. Ice fishers may fish in the open or in heated enclosures, some with bunks and amenities.

Fisherman
A fisherman or fisher is someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of water, or gathers shellfish.

Worldwide, there are about 38 million commercial and subsistence fishers and fish farmers. Fishermen may be professional or recreational. Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period.
Los herederos del Monte
Los herederos del Monte (The Del Monte Dynasty) is a 2011 Spanish-language telenovela produced by Telemundo and RTI Colombia. Filming took place in Colombia, the series is a remake of the Chilean telenovela Hijos del Monte produced by TVN in 2008. The telenovela stars Marlene Favela, Mario Cimarro, José Luis Reséndez, Margarita Muñoz, Fabián Ríos, Jonathan Islas and Ezequiel Montalt.

José Luis Reséndez
José Luis Reséndez Santos (born October 14, 1978 in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico) is a Mexican actor and model. He won the national male pageant El Modelo México and represented his country in Mister World 2003, held in London, England, where he finished  as the 3rd runner-up. As an actor, he has participated in more than 13 soap operas with international TV companies such as Televisa and Telemundo.
Hong Kyung-suk
Hong Kyung-suk (Korean: 홍경숙, Korean pronunciation: [hoŋ.ɡjʌŋ.suk̚] or [hoŋ] [kjʌŋ.suk̚]; born October 14, 1984) is a South Korean football coach and former player who is currently the coach for the Bhutanese women's national football team. She previously played for WK League side Daekyo Kangaroos.

Bhutan women's national football team
The Bhutan women's national football team represents Bhutan in international women's football. The team is controlled by the governing body for football in Bhutan, the Bhutan Football Federation, which is currently a member of the Asian Football Federation and the regional body the South Asian Football Federation.

Bhutan play their home games at the national stadium, Changlimithang. It is one of the younger national teams in the world having played its first match in 2010.
1949 NCAA baseball tournament
The 1949 NCAA baseball tournament was the third NCAA-sanctioned baseball tournament that determined a national champion. The tournament was held as the conclusion of the 1949 NCAA baseball season. The College World Series was played at Wichita Municipal Stadium in Wichita, Kansas from June 22 to June 25. The third tournament's champion was the Texas Longhorns, coached by Bibb Falk. The Most Outstanding Player was named for the first time, with the inaugural award going to Tom Hamilton of Texas. This was the first of six championships for the Longhorns through the 2023 season.

College World Series Most Outstanding Player
The Men's College World Series Most Outstanding Player is an award for the best individual performance during the NCAA Division I Men's College World Series (MCWS) in Omaha, Nebraska. The recipient of the award is announced at the completion of the MCWS Championship Series. The award is similar to Major League Baseball's World Series Most Valuable Player award. Division II introduced their own Most Outstanding Player award for their inaugural tournament in 1968 while Division III also has their own Most Outstanding Player for their baseball tournament.

Since 1999, the winner of the award has received a miniature replica of "The Road to Omaha" sculpture, which is situated at the current MCWS site of Charles Schwab Field Omaha. The award measures 16 inches high.  There have been 10 recipients of this award who were on not on the winning team of the College World Series. The MCWS started in 1947 as the College World Series, but the award was not given out until 1949.