hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Woolwich Building Society v IRC
Woolwich Equitable Building Society v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1993] AC 70 is an English unjust enrichment law case, concerning to what extent enrichment of the defendant must be at the expense of the claimant.

The case related to tax demands that were later held in judicial review proceedings to be ultra vires, and therefore void. The Inland Revenue repaid the tax, but disputed their liability to pay interest on the money during the time which they had held it.

Ultra vires
Ultra vires is a Latin phrase used in law to describe an act that requires legal authority but is done without it. Its opposite, an act done under proper authority, is intra vires. Acts that are intra vires may equivalently be termed "valid", and those that are ultra vires termed "invalid".

Legal issues relating to ultra vires can arise in a variety of contexts:

Companies and other legal persons sometimes have limited legal capacity to act, and attempts to engage in activities beyond their legal capacities may be ultra vires. Most countries have restricted the doctrine of ultra vires in relation to companies by statute.

Similarly, statutory and governmental bodies may have limits upon the acts and activities which they legally engage in.

Subordinate legislation which is purported passed without the proper legal authority may be invalid as beyond the powers of the authority which issued it.
Amy Steinberg
Amy Steinberg is an American minister, singer, songwriter, musician, playwright and actress. She is an independent artist. Best known for her live performances, she blends together a mixture of music, comedy, and poetry. A student of the Science of Mind movement, her work has included musically directing at spiritual centers, writing songs for the Inspire Choir in Boca Raton, Florida and the One Love Choir in Charlotte, North Carolina which has brought marked spirituality into her work. She has performed at Agape International in Los Angeles, Center for Spiritual Living in Seattle, The Revelation Conference, the Michigan Womyn's Festival, and opening for artists including Alix Olson and Melissa Ferrick.

Agape International Spiritual Center
The Agape International Spiritual Center is a transdenominational congregation currently holding Sunday services at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills, California, founded in 1986 by Michael Bernard Beckwith.  Agape International Spiritual Center is the flagship location of the Agape Movement founded by Beckwith, an international New Thought belief community founded in the tradition of Religious Science, that has expanded into a trans-denominational international community, with members, spiritual practitioners, ministers and ministries across the globe, international live-streaming services, and its affiliate congregations, Agape East Spiritual Center, in Norfolk, Virginia; Agape Bay Area in Oakland, CA; and SoulCenterOC, in Irvine, CA.
69th United States Congress
The 69th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1925, to March 4, 1927, during the third and fourth years of Calvin Coolidge's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1910 United States census.

The Republicans made modest gains in maintaining their majority in both chambers, and with the election of President Calvin Coolidge to his own term in office, the Republicans maintained an overall federal government trifecta.

Ellison D. Smith
Ellison DuRant Smith (August 1, 1864 – November 17, 1944) was an American cotton planter, lobbyist, and Democratic Party politician who represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1909 until 1944.

Smith was widely known for his virulently racist and segregationist views, his advocacy of white supremacy, and his support for the Southern cotton industry, earning him the nickname “Cotton Ed”.
Zittau Reichstag constituency
The Zittau Reichstag constituency was constituency No. 1 in the Kingdom of Saxony which returned a deputy to the German Reichstag. It is based upon the town of Zittau.

Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxon entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Zittau returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.

The deputies elected for Zittau were as follows:

Reichstag (North German Confederation)
The Reichstag (German: [ˈʁaɪçstaːk] ⓘ) of the North German Confederation was the federal state's lower house of parliament. The popularly elected Reichstag was responsible for federal legislation together with the Bundesrat, the upper house whose members were appointed by the governments of the individual states to represent their interests. Executive power lay with the Bundesrat and the king of Prussia acting as Bundespräsidium, or head of state. The Reichstag debated and approved or rejected taxes and expenditures and could propose laws in its own right. To become effective, all laws required the approval of both the Bundesrat and the Reichstag. Voting rights in Reichstag elections were advanced for the time, granting universal, equal, and secret suffrage to men above the age of 25.

When the German Empire was established in 1871, the North German Reichstag formed the basis of the new Reichstag of the German Empire.
Pseudotricholoma
Pseudotricholoma is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus contains three species known from North America. Europe, and the Azores. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) resemble those of the genus Tricholoma, with a dry fibrillose pileus and white to brown lamellae that have adnate to emarginate attachment and stain reddish when damaged, eventually turning black. Microscopically, the basidiospores are smooth, ellipsoid to ellipsoid-oblong, thin-walled and amyloid.   Cheilocystidia are rare to absent and pleurocystidia are absent.  The pileipellis is a cutis and clamp connections are present.  Species in Pseudotricholoma are found on soil in grasslands and woods. They are probably biotrophic, and may be ectomycorrhizal.

Pileus (mycology)
In mycology, the pileus (pl.: pilei) is the cap or cap-like part of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes.

The word pileus comes from the Latin for a type of felt cap.
2024–25 Albanian Cup
The 2024–25 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the seventy-third season of Albania's annual cup competition, the Albanian Cup. There were 42 participating teams. The winners qualified for the 2025–26 UEFA Conference League second qualifying round.

Egnatia were the defending champions, but lost on penalties against Dinamo City in the final after a 2−2 draw. It was the club's fourteenth Albanian Cup title overall.

Kategoria e Dytë
Kategoria e Dytë is the third tier of professional football in Albania’s league system. Known as the Second Division since the 2004–05 season, it consists of 23 teams split into two geographically-based groups. The winners of each group secure promotion to Kategoria e Parë and face off in the final to determine the season’s overall champion. Meanwhile, the last positioned teams in each group are relegated to Kategoria e Tretë.
Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railroad
The Philadelphia and Baltimore Central Railroad (P&BC) was a railroad that operated in Pennsylvania and Maryland in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It operated a 110-mile (180 km) main line between West Philadelphia and Octoraro Junction, Maryland (near Port Deposit), plus several branch lines.

West Philadelphia
West Philadelphia, nicknamed West Philly, is a section of the city of Philadelphia. It has no officially defined boundaries, but is generally considered to be west of the Schuylkill River between City Avenue in the northwest, Cobbs Creek in the southwest, and the SEPTA Media/Wawa Line in the south. An alternate definition includes all city land west of the Schuylkill, thus including Southwest Philadelphia and its neighborhoods.  The eastern side of West Philadelphia is also known as University City.
Eddy Cue
Eduardo H. Cue (born October 23, 1964) is Apple's senior vice president of Services, reporting to CEO Tim Cook. Cue oversees Apple's numerous content stores and products including the iTunes Store, the Apple Books Store, Apple Music, Apple TV, Apple Pay, Siri (until 2017), Maps, iAd, iCloud services, and Apple's productivity and creativity apps. Cue testified in the antitrust case against Apple for conspiring on eBook pricing.

ICloud
iCloud is the personal cloud service of Apple. Launched on October 12, 2011, iCloud enables users to store and sync data across devices, including Apple Mail, Apple Calendar, Apple Photos, Apple Notes, contacts, settings, backups, and files, to collaborate with other users, and track assets through Find My. iCloud's client app is built into iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, macOS, and visionOS, and is available for Microsoft Windows. iCloud may additionally be accessed through a limited web interface.

iCloud offers users 5 GB of free storage which may be upgraded through optional paid plans to up to 12 TB; all paid plans include iCloud+ providing additional features. Optional end-to-end encryption has been available since 2022 for all iCloud data, except Calendar, Contacts, and Mail, which rely on legacy sync technologies for compatibility with third-party apps (CalDAV, CardDAV, IMAP). As of 2018, the service had an estimated 850 million users, up from 782 million users in 2016.
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Tiruchirappalli
Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli (IIIT-T) is a higher education academic and research institute located in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) established under the non-profit Public-Private Partnership and is funded by the Government of India, Government of Tamil Nadu and the Indian industry partners in the ratio of 50:35:15. Industry partners include Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Cognizant Technology Solutions (CTS), Infosys, Ramco Systems, ELCOT, and Navitas (Take Solutions). Together with the other IIITs, it has been granted the status of Institute of National importance in 2017.

Infosys
Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational technology company that offers information technology, business consulting, and outsourcing services. Founded in 1981 by seven engineers, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru and considered one of the Big Six Indian IT companies.

Infosys has also attracted controversies due to allegations of visa and tax fraud in the United States and for creating malfunctioning government websites.
2024 Jinan Open
The 2024 Jinan Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour and the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Jinan, China between 19 August and 1 September 2024.

Guo Meiqi
Guo Meiqi (Chinese: 郭美琪; pinyin: Guō Měiqí; Jyutping: Gwok3 Mei5kei4; born 9 January 2000) is a Chinese tennis player.

She has career-high WTA rankings of 455 in singles achieved on 24 February 2020, and 277 in doubles achieved on 27 January 2025.

Guo made her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the 2017 Guangzhou Open in the doubles draw, partnering Sun Xuliu.
Hardo Saharan
Hardo Saharan (Urdu: ہردو سہارن), also known as Saharan Chattha, is a town and union council in Wazirabad Tehsil, Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan. National Assembly constituency of Hardo Saharan is NA79 (Wazirabad) and Punjab Assembly PP52 (Alipur Chatha). The union council number of Hardo Saharan is 17.

Wazirabad Tehsil
Wazirabad Tehsil  (Urdu: تحصِيل وزِيرآباد), is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Wazirabad District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is headquartered at the city of Wazirabad and is administratively subdivided into 36 Union Councils.
Hedon Racecourse railway station
Hedon Racecourse railway station is a disused railway station on the North Eastern Railway's Hull and Holderness Railway to the west of Hedon in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was opened by the North Eastern Railway on 24 August 1888 to serve the newly opened Hedon Park Racecourse. The station was not timetabled and only operated on race days. The station was closed in 1909 when horse racing was terminated.

The station was briefly re-opened as Hedon Halt between 14 August 1948 and 23 October 1948 to serve speedway meetings at the newly constructed Hedon Stadium.

Hedon
Hedon is a town and civil parish in Holderness in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 5 miles (8 km) east of Hull city centre. It lies to the north of the A1033 road at the crossroads of the B1240 and B1362 roads.
It is particularly noted for the parish church of St. Augustine, known as the 'King of Holderness', which is a Grade I listed building.

In 1991, the town had a population of 6,066, which had risen to 6,332 by the time of the 2001 UK census. By the 2011 UK census, Hedon parish had a population of 7,100,
2009 Valencia GP2 Series round
The 2009 Valencian GP2 round was the seventh round of the 2009 GP2 Series season. It was held on August 22 and 23, 2009 at Valencia Street Circuit at Valencia, Spain. The race was used as a support race to the 2009 European Grand Prix. Last year's race was quite eventful, with championship frontrunners Giorgio Pantano and Bruno Senna retiring on the last lap, with Senna retiring just before the finish line. Past Winners include last year's Campos duo Vitaly Petrov and Lucas di Grassi, who both competed this year. This race saw a driver reshuffle with Davide Valsecchi moving to Barwa Addax Team in place of Romain Grosjean who now races in F1. Formula Three Euroseries Race Winner Stefano Coletti replaces Valsecchi at Durango. The round also saw the departure of FMS, who sold their stake back to Scuderia Coloni.

Bruno Senna
Bruno Senna Lalli (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈbɾunu ˈsenɐ]; born 15 October 1983) is a Brazilian former racing driver who competed in Formula One from 2010 to 2012. In endurance racing, Senna won the 2017 FIA Endurance Trophy in the LMP2 class with Rebellion.

Born and raised in São Paulo, Senna is a nephew of three-time World Drivers' Champion Ayrton Senna. He made his debut in Formula One for HRT in 2010, raced for Renault from August 2011 as a replacement for Nick Heidfeld, and drove for the Williams team in 2012. Between 2014 and 2016, he drove for Mahindra in Formula E.
Arbeter Froyen
Arbeter Froyen (Yiddish: אַרבעטער פֿרױען, lit. 'Working Women') is a Yiddish song by Jacob Glatstein, based on a 1891 poem by David Edelstadt, entitled Tsu Di Arbeter Froyen (Yiddish: צו די אַרבעטער פֿרױען, lit. 'To the Working Women'). The song combines themes of socialist feminism with the ideals of the International Jewish Labor Bund.

The poem was published on May 8, 1891, in American Yiddish-language newspaper Fraye Arbeter Shtime. The song was published in Warsaw in 1918. However, the song had been sung before its first written attribution, as shown by contemporaries to events in the late Russian Empire, such as Anatole Litvak, Shalom Levin, and Abba Levin; who noted that the song was popular in the 1890s amongst strikers.

Jacob Glatstein
Jacob Glatstein (Yiddish: יעקב גלאטשטיין, 20 August 1896 – 19 November 1971) was a Polish-born American poet and literary critic who wrote in the Yiddish language. His name is also spelled Yankev Glatshteyn or Jacob Glatshteyn.
Lindheim Castle
Lindheim Castle (German: Burg Lindheim) is a former medieval castle in Lindheim, in the municipality of Altenstadt, Wetteraukreis county, in the German state of Hesse. In the Middle Ages the castle became a large joint inheritance or Ganerbschaft of lesser noble families, who were an important local power in the eastern Wetterau. In 1697, stately home, Schloss Lindheim, was built. Only a few remnants of both buildings have survived today.

Wetterau
The Wetterau (German pronunciation: [ˈvɛtɐʔaʊ], lit. 'Wetter meadow') is a fertile undulating tract, watered by the Wetter, a tributary of the Nidda River, in the western German state of Hesse, between the hilly province Oberhessen and the north-western Taunus mountains.

Bettina von Arnim writes of Wetterau in her text Diary of a Child in the chapter "Journey to the Wetterau".
Tom Jones: The Right Time
Tom Jones: The Right Time is a six-episode television series hosted by Tom Jones. The 30-minute episodes were first broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom in 1992 and featured music and interviews in front of a live audience. The show was also broadcast in the United States on VH1 in 1992–93. John Marchese of the New York Times News Service described it as a "whirlwind briefing on the history of pop music". Guest stars included Bob Geldof, Cyndi Lauper, The Chieftains and Stevie Wonder.

The New York Times Company
The New York Times Company is an American mass media corporation that publishes The New York Times and its associated publications such as The New York Times International Edition and other media properties. The New York Times Company's headquarters are in the New York Times Building, a skyscraper in Manhattan, New York City.
Paul Robertson (animator)
Paul Robertson is an Australian animator known for his pixel art and animation. Born Paul Laurence Adelbert Garfield Robertson on 9 August 1979 in Geelong, Victoria, he was named after comedian Paul Lynde and the popular comic and cartoon character, Garfield the cat.

Paul Lynde
Paul Edward Lynde (/lɪnd/; June 13, 1926 – January 10, 1982) was an American comedian, actor, and game-show panelist. A character actor with a distinctively campy and snarky persona that often poked fun at his closeted homosexuality, Lynde was well known for his roles as Uncle Arthur on Bewitched, as the befuddled father Harry MacAfee in Bye Bye Birdie, and as a regular "center square" panelist on the game show The Hollywood Squares from 1968 to 1981. He also voiced animated characters for five Hanna-Barbera productions.

Lynde regularly topped audience polls of most-liked TV stars and was routinely admired and recognized by his peers during his lifetime. Mel Brooks once described Lynde as being capable of getting laughs by reading "a phone book, tornado alert, or seed catalogue". Lynde once said that while he would rather be recognized as a serious actor, "we live in a world that needs laughter and I've decided if I can make people laugh, I'm making a more important contribution."
2023 Caribbean Open – Singles
This was the first edition of the tournament.

Kei Nishikori won the title after defeating Michael Zheng 6–2, 7–5 in the final in his first match since 2021. Nishikori became the first unranked player in history to win an ATP Challenger title.

Michael Zheng
Michael Zheng (Chinese: 郑瑞 pinyin: Zhèng Ruì, born January 27, 2004) is an American professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 148 achieved on 2 February 2026 and a doubles ranking of No. 490 reached on 25 August 2025.
Little Beach Hill
Little Beach Hill is a mountain in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It is located 3.2 miles (5.1 km) southwest of Wellfleet in the Town of Wellfleet. Great Beach Hill is located northeast of Little Beach Hill.

Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Barnstable County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2020 census, the population was 228,996. The county seat is Barnstable. The county consists of Cape Cod and associated islands (some adjacent islands are in Dukes County and Nantucket County). Barnstable County was formed within the Plymouth Colony on June 2, 1685, including the towns of Falmouth, Sandwich, and others to the east and north on Cape Cod. Plymouth Colony was merged into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691.
Kalinino, Kungursky District, Perm Krai
Kalinino (Russian: Калинино) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Kalininskoye Rural Settlement, Kungursky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 2,288 as of 2010. There are 28 streets.

Kungursky District
Kungursky District (Russian: Кунгурский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is incorporated as Kungursky Municipal District. It is located in the southern central part of the krai and borders with the territories of the towns of krai significance of Chusovoy in the north and Lysva in the northeast, Beryozovsky, Suksunsky, and Kishertsky Districts in the east, Ordinsky and Uinsky Districts in the south, Bardymsky District in the southwest, Osinsky District in the west, and with Permsky District in the north. The area of the district is 4,416 square kilometers (1,705 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kungur (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population:  42,450 (2010 Census); 46,332 (2002 Census); 47,949 (1989 Soviet census).
Prunella (cloth)
In clothing, prunella is a worsted fabric, sometimes also made with a blend of silk. Documented from the 17th to the 20th centuries,
it was produced in Norwich.
Prunella was used in a variety of garments such as petticoats, academic and barristers' gowns, judges' robes, coats, waistcoats, and shoes.

Coat
A coat is typically an outer garment for the upper body, worn by any gender for warmth or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and are open down the front, and closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners (AKA velcro), toggles, a belt, or a combination of some of these. Other possible features include collars, shoulder straps, and hoods.
Vincenzo de Cesati
Vincenzo de Cesati (1806–1883) was an Italian botanist from Milan.

He studied natural history and law at the University of Vienna, and afterwards worked as a volunteer at the Collegium Nacionale de Vercelli. From 1868 to 1883 he was director of the botanical garden at Naples. The majority of his plant collection is now preserved at the botanical institute of the University of Rome.

The plant genus Cesatia from the family Apiaceae and fungi species Crepidotus cesatii are named after him.

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.