hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Freedom of contract
Freedom of contract is the principle according to which individuals and groups may form contracts without government restrictions. This is opposed to government regulations such as minimum-wage laws, competition laws, economic sanctions, restrictions on price fixing, or restrictions on contracting with undocumented workers. Freedom to contract underpins laissez-faire economics and is a cornerstone of free-market libertarianism. The proponents of the concept believe that through "freedom of contract", individuals possess a general freedom to choose with whom to contract, whether to contract or not, and on which terms to contract.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
Sprick
Sprick is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Gustav Sprick (1917–1941), German Luftwaffe fighter ace

Matthieu Sprick (born 1981), French professional cyclist

Daniel Sprick (born 1953), American artist

Gustav Sprick
Gustav "Micky" Sprick (29 November 1917 – 28 June 1941) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace and squadron leader during World War II. He is credited with 31 victories in 192 missions. All his victories were claimed over the Western Front.

Born in Biemsen, Sprick was posted to Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) in September 1939 and claimed his first aerial victory on the first day of the Battle of France. In August 1940, Sprick was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8. Staffel of JG 26. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 October after gaining his 20th aerial victory. On 28 June 1941, Sprick was killed in action when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 lost its wing due to structural failure.
Larissa Shmailo
Larissa Shmailo (born 1956 in Brooklyn, New York, United States) is an American poet, translator, novelist, editor, and critic. She is known for her literary translations from Russian to English, particularly her translation of Victory over the Sun and the anthology Twenty-First Century Russian Poetry.

Shmailo is an experimentalist and a neoformalist, as well as a spoken word artist. She translated the first Futurist opera, Victory over the Sun, at the age of twenty-two, but began her literary career in earnest in 1993 in New York City's open mike poetry scene as curator of the reading series Sliding Scale Poetry. She went on from there to win recognition as a poet, translator, novelist, anthologist, editor, and critic in Russia, India, and across the United States.

Spoken word
Spoken word is an oral poetic performance art that is based mainly on the poem's as well as the performer's aesthetic qualities. It is a 20th-century continuation of an ancient oral artistic tradition that focuses on the aesthetics of recitation and word play, such as the performer's live intonation and voice inflection. Spoken word is a catch-all term that includes any kind of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, pianologues, musical readings, and hip hop music, and can include comedy routines and prose monologues. Unlike written poetry, the quality of spoken word is shaped less by the visual aesthetics on a page, and more from phonaesthetics or the aesthetics of sound.
Cornwall House
Cornwall House is a town house located at numbers 56 and 58, Monnow Street in Monmouth, Wales.  It dates in part from the 17th century but was rebuilt in several stages later.  The street facade and rear facade are very different, but both are reworkings of a much older building.  It is a Grade II* listed building, and has been described in The Buildings of Wales as "the most imposing house in the street".  Part has been the main office of the Monmouthshire Beacon newspaper since 1987.

Monmouth
Monmouth (/ˈmɒnməθ/ MON-məth or /ˈmʌn-/ MUN-; Welsh: Trefynwy, lit. 'Town on the Monnow') is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales, situated on where the River Monnow joins the River Wye, two miles (three kilometres) from the Wales–England border. The population in the 2011 census was 10,508, rising from 8,877 in 2001. Monmouth was the county town of historic Monmouthshire, although Abergavenny is the largest settlement and Monmouthshire County Council has its main offices at Rhadyr, just outside Usk. Monmouth is in the UK Parliament constituency of Monmouthshire and the Senedd constituency of Monmouth.

The town was the site of a small Roman fort, Blestium, and became established after the Normans built Monmouth Castle c. 1067. The medieval stone gated bridge is the only one of its type remaining in Britain. The castle later came into the possession of the House of Lancaster, and was the birthplace of King Henry V in 1386.
Severny Island ice cap
Severny Island ice cap is an ice cap on Severny Island, northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago in Russia. It covers 40% of Severny Island (which is the 30th largest island in the world) at total area of approximately 20,500 km2 (7,900 sq mi) which, if Novaya Zemlya is considered within Europe, makes it the largest glacier by area in Europe ahead of Vatnajökull at 8,100 km2 (3,100 sq mi), and Austfonna at 7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi).

Ice cap
In glaciology, an ice cap is a mass of ice that covers less than 50,000 km2 (19,000 mi2) of land area (usually covering a highland area). Larger ice masses covering more than 50,000 km2 (19,000 mi2) are termed ice sheets.
Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
The Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, at 319–337 East 74th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, is a Neo-Byzantine-style Greek Orthodox church.  It serves as the national cathedral of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, and as the episcopal seat of Archbishop Elpidophoros of America.

Established in 1891, and at its present location since 1932, it was the second Greek Orthodox church in the Americas, the first in New York City, and the largest Eastern Orthodox church in the Western Hemisphere.

Elpidophoros of America
Elpidophoros of America (Greek: Ελπιδοφόρος, Greek pronunciation: [e̞l.pi.ðo̞ˈfo̞.ɾ̠o̞s̠]; born Ioannis Lambriniadis Greek: Ιωάννης Λαμπρυνιάδης; 28 November 1967) is a bishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and a professor at the Faculty of Theology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Since 22 June 2019, he has served as the archbishop and primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.

As Archbishop of America, his official title is His Eminence Archbishop Elpidophoros (Lambriniadis) of America, Most Honorable Exarch of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. He is the eighth Archbishop of America elected since the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in 1922.
Colgate Clock (Jersey City)
40°42′43.3″N 74°02′02″W﻿ / ﻿40.712028°N 74.03389°W﻿ / 40.712028; -74.03389

The Colgate Clock is an octagonal clock facing the Hudson River near Exchange Place in Jersey City, New Jersey. The clock has a diameter of 50 feet (15 m). It was located atop of what was once the headquarters of the Colgate-Palmolive, until 1985, when it was moved to a ground-level location 1,300 feet (400 m) south of that building, which was demolished and replaced with the Goldman Sachs Tower.

Octagon
In geometry, an octagon (from Ancient Greek  ὀκτάγωνον (oktágōnon) 'eight angles') is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.

A regular octagon has Schläfli symbol {8} and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, {16}. A 3D analog of the octagon can be the rhombicuboctahedron with the triangular faces on it like the replaced edges, if one considers the octagon to be a truncated square.
Voiced labial–velar approximant
A voiced labial–velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter ⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet; likewise, the symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely [ɰʷ]. In most languages it is the semivocalic counterpart of a close back rounded vowel [u]. In inventory charts of languages with other labialized velar consonants, /w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns, /w/ may be placed in the velar column, labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with convenience or phonological criteria than with phonetics.

For a labialized post-palatal approximant—sometimes also described as a voiced labial–prevelar approximant—which is more fronted in the place of articulation than a prototypical labial–velar approximant, see Labial–palatal approximant § Post-palatal.

Egressive sound
In articulatory phonetics, egressive sounds are produced by an airstream mechanism that pushes air out through the mouth or nose. The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), glottalic egressive (from the glottis), and lingual (velaric) egressive (from the tongue). The opposite of an egressive sound is an ingressive sound, in which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose.
Ctidružice
Ctidružice is a municipality and village in Znojmo District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Ctidružice lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-west of Znojmo, 62 km (39 mi) south-west of Brno, and 162 km (101 mi) south-east of Prague.

Znojmo
Znojmo (Czech pronunciation: [ˈznojmo] ⓘ; German: Znaim) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 34,000 inhabitants. Znojmo is the historical and cultural centre of southwestern Moravia and the second most populated town in the South Moravian Region. The town with its surroundings is known for its production of cucumbers, the tradition of which began in 1571. The historic centre of Znojmo is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)
Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) is a comedic oratorio based on Monty Python's Life of Brian. It was written by former Monty Python cast member Eric Idle and collaborator John Du Prez, and commissioned by the Luminato festival.

Luminato
The Luminato Festival, Toronto's International Festival of Arts and Ideas, is an annual celebration of the arts in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, launched in 2007. In its first decade, Luminato presented over 3,000 performances featuring 11,000 artists from over 40 countries and has commissioned over 80 new works of art.
Padrauna railway station
Padrauna railway station is on the Gorakhpur–Thawe line. It is about 77 km from Gorakhpur railway station and is situated towards its north-eastern part. It is situated about 20 km from Kushinagar, an international tourist and religious spot for Buddhists. It serves Padrauna city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Gorakhpur Junction railway station
Gorakhpur Junction railway station (station code: GKP) is located in the city of Gorakhpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It has the world's second longest railway platform after Hubballi Junction railway station in Karnataka. It serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway, part of Indian Railways. The station offers Class A+ railway station facilities.

Gorakhpur Junction railway station is a major railway station in the state of Uttar Pradesh, especially in the Purvanchal region (Eastern Uttar Pradesh). It connects Eastern Uttar Pradesh to Bihar, Nepal, and Northern India to Bihar.
AC Juvenes/Dogana
A.C. Juvenes/Dogana is a Sammarinese football club based in Dogana, in the civil parish of Serravalle. The club was founded in 2000 after the merger of S.S. Juvenes (named after a historical side in San Marino) and G.S. Dogana. Until season 2006/07 Juvenes/Dogana was the only team to play in both Sammarinese and Italian leagues, taking part in the Girone A of Campionato Sammarinese and in the Italian amateur levels, but it has since retired from the Italian leagues. The team's colors are light blue, red and white.

Campionato Sammarinese
Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio (English translation: Sammarinese Football Championship) is the highest competition for football clubs located at the only level of the Sammarinese football league system (no relegation system exists) and has been operating since the 1985–1986 season. As of 2025, Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio is ranked last (55th) among European leagues according to UEFA's league coefficient, which was based on the performance of Sammarinese clubs in the Champions League, Europa League and the Conference League.
Companies Clauses Act 1863
The Companies Clauses Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 118) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that standardised provisions and definitions relating to companies in the United Kingdom.

The Railways Clauses Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 92) and the Waterworks Clauses Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 93) were passed at the same time as the act.

As of 2026, the act remains in force in the United Kingdom.

Legislation.gov.uk
legislation.gov.uk, formerly known as the UK Statute Law Database, is the official Web-accessible database of the statute law of the United Kingdom, hosted by The National Archives. Established in the early 2000s, it contains all primary legislation in force since 1267 and all secondary legislation since 1823; it does not include legislation which was fully repealed prior to 1991. The contents have been revised to reflect legislative changes up to 2002, with material that has been amended since 2002 fully updated and searchable.
Chief Seattle Council
Chief Seattle Council (originally called Seattle Area Council) is the local council governing the scouting activities of the Boy Scouts of America in a large part of the Puget Sound and Seattle area, including almost all of the Olympic Peninsula.

Olympic Peninsula
The Olympic Peninsula is a large peninsula in Western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle, and contains Olympic National Park. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the east by Hood Canal. Cape Alava, the westernmost point in the contiguous United States, and Cape Flattery, the northwesternmost point, are on the peninsula. Comprising about 3,600 square miles (9,300 km2), the Olympic Peninsula contained many of the last unexplored places in the contiguous United States. It remained largely unmapped until Arthur Dodwell and Theodore Rixon mapped most of its topography and timber resources between 1898 and 1900.
Venus and Mars (Veronese)
Venus and Mars is an oil painting on canvas painted in the 1570s by the Italian Renaissance artist Paolo Veronese.

The painting was commissioned by Emperor Rudolph and was one of three mythological and love-themed works commissioned by the artist. The other two are at the Frick Collection in New York: The Allegory of Virtue and Performance and Allegory of the Source of Wisdom and Power. It deals with the romantic love of the Roman goddess of love Venus and the god of war Mars, as described in  Ovid's Metamorphoses.

Venus (mythology)
Venus (/ˈviːnəs/; Classical Latin: [ˈwɛnʊs]) is a Roman goddess whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.

The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpart Aphrodite for Roman art and Latin literature. In the later classical tradition of the West, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of Greco-Roman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality. As such, she is usually depicted nude.
2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
The 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami (Indonesian: Tsunami Selat Sunda 2018) occurred on 22 December 2018 at around 21:38 local time after large parts of the southwestern side of Anak Krakatoa collapsed onto its caldera. The landslide spawned a tsunami wave that struck multiple coastal regions in Banten and Lampung, including the tourist destination of Anyer.

Lack of warnings on the arrival of the tsunami, coinciding with the Christmas and New Year holiday season in the nation and the tsunami occurring at nighttime, contributed to the large loss of life. With 426 deaths, the tsunami was the deadliest volcanic tsunami in Indonesia since the 1883 Krakatoa tsunami, which originated from the same island.

Following the tsunami, Indonesian authorities installed multiple emergency early warning systems in tsunami-prone areas. The newer system would detect any significant disturbances on water levels, including changes caused by volcanic activity or undersea landslide.

Anyer
Anyer, officially Anyar, old spelling Anjer and also known as Angier, is a coastal town in Banten, formerly West Java, Indonesia, 82 miles (100 km) west of Jakarta and 15 kilometers (9 mi) south of Merak. A significant coastal town late 18th century, Anyer faces the Sunda Strait.
Ransom Canyon (TV series)
Ransom Canyon is an American romantic western television series based on the Jodi Thomas series of books. It premiered on Netflix on April 17, 2025. In June 2025, the series was renewed for a second season.

Philip Winchester
Philip Winchester  is an American actor. He is known for his role as Peter Stone in Chicago Justice and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, as well as his role as Sgt. Michael Stonebridge in Strike Back. He also appeared in The Patriot, The Hi-Line, LD 50 Lethal Dose, Thunderbirds, CSI: Miami, King Lear, Flyboys, In My Sleep, The Heart of the Earth and Shaking Dream Land.
Sekou Benna Camara
Dr. Sekou Benna Camara (born May 25, 1960) is the presidential candidate and leader of U.F.A.G. (Union des Forces d'Avenir de Guinee/ Union of Forces for the Future of Guinea.) He is currently campaigning for presidency in the first democratic elections to be held in Guinea in 2010. His plans include a complete revival of infrastructure, resource management, education, and healthcare. He is an unwavering supporter of human rights and condemns violence and undemocratic governance. According to a recent poll held by rougejaunevert.com, Dr. Camara leads in popular votes among the presidential candidates.

Opinion poll
An opinion poll, often simply referred to as a survey or a poll, is a human research survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions and then extrapolating generalities in ratio or within confidence intervals. A person who conducts polls is referred to as a pollster.
Castle Ashby House
Castle Ashby, often Castle Ashby House (to differentiate it from the parish) is a country house at Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire, England. It is one of the seats of the Marquess of Northampton. The house, church, formal gardens and landscaped park are Grade I listed.

The original castle, a manor house, came about as the result of a licence obtained in 1306 by Walter Langton, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, to castellate his mansion in the village of Ashby. Sir Gerard Braybroke was at one time of Castle Ashby Manor. It is a leading example of the Elizabethan prodigy house, with a Palladian section closing the front courtyard added in the 18th century.

Bishop of Lichfield
The Bishop of Lichfield is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers 4,516 km2 (1,744 sq. mi.) of the counties of Powys, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire and West Midlands. The bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Chad in the city of Lichfield. The Bishop's residence is the Bishop's House, Lichfield, in the cathedral close. In the past, the title has had various forms (see below). The current bishop is Michael Ipgrave, following the confirmation of his election on 10 June 2016.
2018 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships
The 2018 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships were the 44th annual Junior World Championships for track cycling, held at the World Cycling Centre in Aigle, Switzerland from 15 to 19 August.

The Championships had ten events each for men and women (sprint, points race, individual pursuit, team pursuit, time trial, team sprint, keirin, madison, scratch race, omnium).

Individual pursuit
The individual pursuit is a track cycling event where two cyclists begin the race from a stationary position on opposite sides of the track. 
It is held at over 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) for men and women. The riders start at the same time and set off to complete the race distance in the fastest time. They ride on the pursuit line at the bottom of the track to find the fastest line, with each rider trying to catch the other who started on the other side. If the catch is achieved, the successful pursuer is the winner. However, they can continue the rest of the race distance to set the fastest time in a qualifying race or a record in a final.
William Tichenor House
The William Tichenor House, near Upton, Kentucky, is a historic house built around 1820.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

It was built as a two-story dogtrot-style double pen house.  The breezeway was later enclosed (c.1910).  A separate log kitchen was linked by a frame addition c.1900.

It became the home of the William Tichenor family;  William Tichenor was a shareholder in the 1896 formation of the Sonora Bank and he had a large farm south of
Sonora.

It was deemed notable "as a relatively unaltered example of a two-story dogtrot style home. It is one of the five most significant dogtrot log homes located in the county and retains its original plan."

Dogtrot house
The dogtrot, also known as a breezeway house, dog-run, or possum-trot, is a style of house that was common throughout the Southeastern United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some theories place its origins in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Some scholars believe the style developed in the post-Revolution frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee. Others note its presence in the South Carolina Lowcountry from an early period. The main style point was a large breezeway (instead of a hallway) through the center of the house to cool occupants in the hot southern climate.

Architects continue to design variants of dogtrot houses using modern materials.