hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Goldman's dilemma
Goldman's dilemma, or the Goldman dilemma, is a question that was posed to elite athletes by physician, osteopath and publicist Robert M. Goldman, asking whether they would take a drug that would guarantee them overwhelming success in sport, but cause them to die after five years.  In his research, as in previous research by Mirkin, approximately half the athletes responded that they would take the drug, but modern research by James Connor and co-workers has yielded much lower numbers, with athletes having levels of acceptance of the dilemma that were similar to the general population of Australia.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
Nirvana fallacy
The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives. It can also refer to the tendency to assume there is a perfect solution to a particular problem. A closely related concept is the "perfect solution fallacy".

By creating a false dichotomy that presents one option which is obviously advantageous—while at the same time being completely unrealistic—a person using the nirvana fallacy can attack any opposing idea because it is imperfect. Under this fallacy, the choice is not between real world solutions; it is, rather, a choice between one realistic achievable possibility and another unrealistic solution that could in some way be "better".

It is also related to the appeal to purity fallacy where the person rejects all criticism on basis of it being applied to a non ideal case.

No true Scotsman
No true Scotsman or appeal to purity is an informal fallacy in which one modifies a prior claim in response to a counterexample by asserting the counterexample is excluded by definition. Rather than admitting error or providing evidence to disprove the counterexample, the original claim is changed by using a non-substantive modifier such as "true", "pure", "genuine", "authentic", "real", or other similar terms.

Philosopher Bradley Dowden explains the fallacy as an "ad hoc rescue" of a refuted generalization attempt. The following is a simplified rendition of the fallacy:
Terrace Hill Piano Competition
The Terrace Hill Piano Competition is an annual piano competition held and filmed at the Iowa PBS studios in Johnston, Iowa. The competition was established in 1986 by the Terrace Hill Endowment for Musical Arts. It awards more than $7,000 in prize money annually and has two categories: Senior for Iowa high school seniors and Junior for pianists in grades 9-11. The first, second, and third place winners in the Senior competition all receive scholarship prizes to be used to enroll as a piano major or minor at any Iowa college or university, with the winner receiving "The First Family of Iowa Scholarship". All adjudication is done by out-of-state professional musicians.

Iowa PBS
Iowa PBS, formerly Iowa Public Television (IPTV), is a network of Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member stations in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is operated by the Iowa Public Broadcasting Board, an agency of the state education department which holds the licenses for all the PBS member stations in the state. Iowa PBS' headquarters are located at 6450 Corporate Drive in Johnston, Iowa, a suburb of Des Moines.
Beluga Fraternity
BBC California, before 2011 known as Beluga Fraternity and briefly Fraternity, is a German general cargo ship owned by Beluga Shipping. In 2009 she and her sister ship, Beluga Foresight, transited the Northern Sea Route while carrying power plant components from Ulsan, South Korea, to the Russian port of Vladivostok. The voyage was widely covered and sometimes incorrectly said to be the first time when non-Russian ships make the transit. In 1997, a Finnish oil tanker, Uikku, sailed the length of the Northern Sea Route from Murmansk to the Bering Strait, becoming the first Western ship to complete the voyage.

Beluga Shipping
Beluga Shipping was a German heavy-lift shipping company in the Hanseatic city of Bremen.  It was a world market leader in heavy-lift shipping and also highly innovative in related fields. As such, it was the first to equip ships of its fleet with SkySails that can reduce fuel consumption by up to 5%, and was the first company to send a heavy-lift ship from Europe to Asia along the Northern Sea Route through the Arctic Ocean rather than through the Suez Canal. The company was declared insolvent in March 2011, affecting 670 employees.
Pandemis cinnamomeana
Pandemis cinnamomeana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Europe (except in the south) to Russia, China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan), Korea and Japan.

The wingspan is 18–24 mm. Adults are on wing from the end of June to July in western Europe.

The larvae feed on the foliage of Abies alba, Acer, Betula, Larix, Malus pumila, Picea sitchensis, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix, Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus commixta, Ulmus davidiana and Vaccinium. It has also been recorded from Camellia. They live amongst spun leaves. Young larvae hibernate, development continues in May and June. Pupation occurs in June and July, in the larval habitation.

Pear
Pears are fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and are harvested in late summer into mid-autumn. The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus /ˈpaɪrəs/, in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees.

The tree is medium-sized and native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Pear wood is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture.

About 3,000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide, which vary in both shape and taste. The fruit is consumed fresh, canned, as juice, dried, or fermented as perry.
Delta Brac Housing Finance Corporation
DBH Finance PLC. (also known as DBH) is a private sector non-bank financial institution in Bangladesh. It is a public limited company listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange. It was established in 1996 by an international joint venture and started its operation in 1997. DBH specialises in real estate finance. DBH is the only financial institution in Bangladesh that has been receiving the highest credit rating of 'AAA' for 18 consecutive years.

Non-bank financial institution
A non-banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC)  is a financial institution that is not legally a bank; it does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFC facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market brokering. Examples of these include hedge funds, insurance firms, pawn shops, cashier's check issuers, check cashing locations, payday lending, currency exchanges, and microloan organizations.

In 1999, Alan Greenspan identified the role of NBFIs in strengthening an economy, as they provide "multiple alternatives to transform an economy's savings into capital investment which act as backup facilities should the primary form of intermediation fail." Operations of non-bank financial institutions are not typically covered under a country's banking regulations.
Arthur Wyatt (writer)
Arthur Wyatt is a writer for British comic 2000 AD, creating stories mostly in the Future Shock format and in the Judge Dredd universe, including the comicbook sequels to the 2012 Dredd movie.  Wyatt was also selected as one of 2005's five best new comic book writers, contributing to the 2000AD Winter Special.

Wyatt is also the founder of small press title FutureQuake. He edited and wrote large parts of the first three issues and continues to contribute scripts.

Michael Molcher
Michael Molcher is a British journalist and magazine editor, who is originally from Leeds. His book I Am the Law: How Judge Dredd Predicted Our Future won an Eisner Award in 2024. He also produced the small press magazine The End Is Nigh.

His more recent work is as a freelance features writer for 2000 AD, the Judge Dredd Megazine and Comic Heroes, for which he has interviewed some of the most notable artists and writers from the British comic industry. He also wrote a piece for the 30th anniversary issue of 2000 AD. In recent times, his latter-day interviews are primarily conducted live by remote video, and are currently posted on the "2000AD YouTube channel". YouTube.
Haemateulia haematitis
Haemateulia haematitis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chile (Llanquihue Province, Malleco Province, Ñuble Region, Osorno Province) and Argentina (Chubut Province, Neuquén Province, Río Negro Province).

Chubut Province
Chubut (Spanish: Provincia del Chubut [tʃuˈβut] – from Tehuelche chupat 'transparent'; Welsh: Talaith Chubut [taˈlaɪθ ˈχɨbɨt]) is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south (the border with Río Negro Province), the 46th parallel south (bordering Santa Cruz Province), the Andes range to the west (bordering Chile), and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning 'transparent', their description of the Chubut River.

The largest city is Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of the province; it had 199,369 inhabitants at the 2022 Census. The administrative capital is Rawson (27,157). Other important cities are Puerto Madryn (97,625), Trelew (104,657), Esquel (36,624) and Sarmiento (13,892). Gaiman (6,376) is a cultural and demographic centre of the region known as Y Wladfa in which Welsh-Argentines are concentrated.
Jonathan Friedland
Jonathan Samuel Friedland   FRCP FRCPE FRCPI FMedSci  is a British physician and medical researcher. As of 2026 he serves as vice-president (research and innovation) and professor of infectious diseases at City St George's, University of London.

Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE) is a medical royal college in Scotland. It is one of three organisations that set the specialty training standards for physicians in the United Kingdom. It was established by royal charter in 1681. The college has more than 14,000 fellows and members worldwide, who are entitled to use the post-nominal MRCP (Edin) or FRCP (Edin).
Tenant screening
Tenant screening is used primarily by residential landlords and property managers to evaluate prospective tenants. The purpose is to assess the likelihood the tenant will fulfill the terms of the lease or rental agreement and will take care of the rental property. The process culminates in a decision as to whether to approve the applicant, approve the applicant conditionally (such as requiring an increased security deposit or cosigner), or deny housing.

Loan guarantee
A loan guarantee, in finance, is a promise by one party (the guarantor) to assume the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults. A guarantee can be limited or unlimited, making the guarantor liable for only a portion or all of the debt.
Henri Meslot
Henri Meslot (4 September 1884 – 1 March 1973) was a French athlete who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. He was born in Paris and died in Toulon.

In the 100 metres event, Meslot took third place in his first round heat and did not advance to the semifinals. He finished second in his three-man heat of the 200 metres competition with a time of 23.2 seconds, not advancing in that event either. He was also eliminated in the first round in the 400 metre hurdles event.

Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres was the shortest of the sprint races at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The competition was held over the course of three days. The first round was held on 20 July, the semifinals on 21 July, and the final on 22 July. NOCs could enter up to 12 athletes, The event was won by Reggie Walker of South Africa, the first time the gold medal went to a nation other than the United States. The Americans did stay on the podium with James Rector's silver medal. Canada won its first medal in the event, a bronze by Robert Kerr.
Sensory enhancement theory of object-based attention
The sensory enhancement theory assumes that attentional resources will spread until they reach the boundaries of a cued object, including regions that may be obstructed or are overlapping other objects. It has been suggested that sensory enhancement is an essential mechanism that underlies object-based attention. The sensory enhancement theory of object-based attention proposes that when attention is directed to a cued object, the quality of the object’s physical representations improve  because the spread of attention facilitates the efficiency of processing the features of the object as a whole. The qualities of the cued object, such as spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity, are therefore more strongly represented in one's memory than the qualities of other objects or locations that received little or no attentional resource. Information processing of these objects also tends to be significantly faster and more accurate as the representations have become more salient.

Contrast (vision)
Contrast is the difference in luminance or color that makes an object (or its representation in an image or display) distinguishable from a background. Human vision is more sensitive to relative differences than to absolute luminance, so perceived appearance can remain fairly stable despite large changes in illumination.

The maximum contrast of an image is termed the contrast ratio or dynamic range. In images where the contrast ratio approaches the maximum possible for the medium, there is a conservation of contrast. In such cases, increasing contrast in certain parts of the image will necessarily result in a decrease in contrast elsewhere. Brightening an image increases contrast in darker areas but decreases it in brighter areas; conversely, darkening the image will have the opposite effect. Bleach bypass reduces contrast in the darkest and brightest parts of an image while enhancing luminance contrast in areas of intermediate brightness.
The Timber Trail
The Timber Trail is a 1948 American Western film directed by Philip Ford, written by Robert Creighton Williams, and starring Monte Hale, Lynne Roberts, James Burke, Roy Barcroft, Francis Ford, and Robert Emmett Keane. It was released on June 15, 1948, by Republic Pictures.

Philip Ford (film director)
Philip John Ford (né Feeney; October 16, 1900 – January 12, 1976) was an American film director and actor. He directed more than 40 films between 1945 and 1964. He also appeared 16 in films between 1916 and 1926. He was the son of actor/director Francis Ford and the nephew of director John Ford.  He was born with the family name Feeney in Portland, Maine, and only later took on the family name of "Ford" after his father and uncle had.  He died in Los Angeles, California.
Shawarma Shack
The Shawarma Shack is a Philippine food franchise known for its "buy one, get one free" shawarma wraps. It started on February 21, 2015, as a nightly ambulant food stand in Divisoria, Manila operated by Walther Uzi Buenavista and Patricia Collantes. As of 2024, it has over 800 outlets and 1000 employees throughout the Philippines.

Food booth
A food booth – also called a food kiosk, food stand, food stall or temporary food service facility – is a temporary structure used to prepare and sell food to the general public, usually where large groups of people are situated outdoors in a park, at a parade, near a stadium, or otherwise. Sometimes the term also refers to the business operations and vendors that operate from such booths.
Hellinsia emmelinoida
Hellinsia emmelinoida is a moth of the family Pterophoroidea. It is found in Tanzania. The species closely resembles the European Emmelina monodactyla.

The wingspan is 22–24 mm. The moth flies in January, July and December.

Emmelina monodactyla
Emmelina monodactyla (also known as the T-moth or morning-glory plume moth) is a moth of the family Pterophoridae found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.
Raqqa campaign (2016–2017) order of battle
In course of the Raqqa campaign (2016–2017), an international coalition, primarily composed of the Syrian Democratic Forces and CJTF–OIR, captured the Raqqa Governorate from the Islamic State, which had declared Raqqa city the capital of its self-proclaimed caliphate.

Raqqa Governorate
Raqqa Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة الرقة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah; Kurmanji Kurdish: Parêzgeha Reqayê) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in the north of the country and covers an area of 19,618 km2. The capital is Raqqa.
Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader
The F-8E(FN) is a variant of the Vought F-8 Crusader operated exclusively by the French Navy's air arm, the Aéronavale, in the fleet air defence role. The aircraft incorporated a number of design changes from the standard F-8E Crusader that were required to allow its operation from France's aircraft carriers. Entering service in 1964, the Crusader underwent a major upgrade in the late 1980s to allow it to remain in service for another decade while a replacement aircraft was under development. The Crusader was eventually withdrawn in December 1999.

R.550 Magic
The R.550 Magic (backronym for Missile Auto-Guidé Interception et Combat) is a short-range air-to-air missile designed in 1965 by French company Matra to compete with the American AIM-9 Sidewinder, and it was made backwards compatible with the Sidewinder launch hardware.
Twelve-inch single
The twelve-inch single (often written as 12-inch or 12″) is a type of vinyl (polyvinyl chloride or PVC) gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time with a "single" or a few related sound tracks on each surface, compared to LPs (long play) which have several songs on each side. It is named for its 12-inch (30 cm) diameter that was intended for LPs. This technical adaptation allows for louder levels to be cut on the disc by the mastering engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range, and thus better sound quality. This record type, which is claimed to have been accidentally discovered by Tom Moulton, is commonly used in disco and dance music genres, where DJs use them to play in clubs. They are played at either 33+1⁄3 or 45 revolutions per minute (rpm). The conventional 7-inch single usually holds three or four minutes of music at full volume. The 12-inch LP sacrifices volume for extended playing time.

Dynamic range
Dynamic range (abbreviated DR, DNR, or DYR) is the ratio between the largest and smallest measurable values of a specific quantity. It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and light. It is measured either as a ratio or as a base-10 (decibel) or base-2 (doublings, bits or stops) logarithmic value of the ratio between the largest and smallest signal values.

Electronically reproduced audio and video is often processed to fit the original material with a wide dynamic range into a narrower recorded dynamic range for easier storage and reproduction. This process is called dynamic range compression.
1961 Davis Cup
The 1961 Davis Cup was the 50th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 28 teams entered the Europe Zone, 7 teams entered the Americas Zone, and 7 teams entered the Eastern Zone. Ecuador, Indonesia and Morocco made their first appearances in the tournament.

The United States defeated Mexico in the America Zone final, India defeated Japan in the Eastern Zone final, and Italy defeated Sweden in the Europe Zone final. In the Inter-Zonal Zone, the United States defeated India in the semifinal, and then Italy defeated the United States in the final. In the Challenge Round Italy were defeated by the defending champions Australia. The final was played at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia on 26–28 December.

Sweden Davis Cup team
The Sweden Davis Cup team represents Sweden in Davis Cup tennis competition and is governed by the Swedish Tennis Association, known in Swedish as Svenska Tennisförbundet .

Sweden is the fifth most successful nation in Davis Cup history, having won the title 7 times, including 6 titles since the creation of the World Group in 1981. Since the abolition of the Challenge Round, Sweden holds the record for most consecutive years in the final  with seven years from 1983 to 1989 and have defended the title on two occasions in 1984–85 and 1997–98, a feat only also accomplished by the United States Davis Cup team.
Poozhithodu Weir
Poozhithodu Weir is a small diversion dam in Kavilumpara panchayath in Maruthomkara village of Kozhikode district in Kerala,  India. This project is a run – off the river scheme utilizing water from Illiani puzha and Kadanthrapuzha . It is 61 km away from Kozhikode and near to Perambra town.The weir is constructed across Kadanthrapuzha. The weir is a 6 metres (20 ft) high and 57 metres (187 ft) long concrete Gravity type dam. Water from the weir is directed through a channel which is 790 meter in length to a forebay tank. From there the weter is taken to Poozhithode Power station using a penstock pipe which is 125 meter long and 1.5 meter in diameter. The Project started in 2009 and was completed in 2011. The Power plant capacity is 4.8 Megawatts and annual production is 10.97 million units.

Maruthonkara
Maruthonkara  is a village and grama panchayat in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India.  The nearest town situated near by here is Kuttiyadi. Adukkath, Peruvannamuzhi, Thottilpalam, Chempanoda, Cunduthode, Chengaroth and Passukkadavu are nearby places from here.
Michał Globisz
Michał Globisz (born 11 December 1946) is a Polish former professional football manager and player.

From 1992 until 2010, he was part of the PZPN serving as manager for multiple youth national teams, winning the silver medal at the 1999 UEFA Euro Under-16 and the gold medal in the 2001 UEFA Euro Under-18.

Polish Football Association
The Polish Football Association (Polish: Polski Związek Piłki Nożnej; PZPN) is the governing body of association football in Poland. It organizes the Polish football leagues (without the Ekstraklasa), the national cups, and manages the men's and women's national teams. It also runs the national futsal and beach soccer competitions. It is based in the Polish capital of Warsaw.
Thomas Nilsson (footballer)
Thomas Nilsson (born 2 August 1955) is a Swedish former football player.

During his club career, Sandberg played for IK Brage and Karlstad BK.

Sandberg made 13 appearances for the Sweden men's national football team from 1980 to 1982, scoring 1 goal.

Karlstad BK
Karlstad BK was a Swedish football club located in Karlstad, Värmland County. The club was affiliated to the Värmlands Fotbollförbund. They played their home matches at the Våxnäs IP and Tingvalla IP in Karlstad.