hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simple past
The simple past, past simple, or past indefinite, in English equivalent to the preterite, is the basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the past simple in -ed; however, there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms.

The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as the present perfect, past perfect, and past progressive.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Die Blümelein, sie schlafen
"Die Blümelein, sie schlafen" is the first line of the German lullaby "Sandmännchen" (Sandman), from Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio's collection Deutsche Volkslieder (1840). The melody is based on a French song from the late 1500s which was also used for the Christmas carol "Zu Bethlehem geboren" (1638) to a text by Friedrich Spee.

A sandman is a mythical figure in German and other European folk tales who sprinkles sand in the children's eyes at night, making them drowsy and inspiring beautiful dreams.

Johannes Brahms wrote a piano accompaniment for this song in 1858 as no. 4 in his collection 15 Volkskinderlieder (15 Folk Songs for Children), WoO 31. He dedicated this collection to the children of Robert and Clara Schumann.

WoO
Werke ohne Opuszahl ("Works without opus number") (WoO), also Kinsky–Halm Catalogue, is a German musical catalogue prepared in 1955 by Georg Kinsky and Hans Halm, usually listing all of the compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven that were not originally published with an opus number, or survived only as fragments. The work was originally titled in German Das Werk Beethovens: Thematisch-bibliographisches Verzeichnis seiner sämtlichen vollendeten Kompositionen.

The abbreviation WoO is also used sometimes to refer to works without opus by other composers, such as Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann, Muzio Clementi, Louis Spohr, Joachim Raff, or Ferdinand Ries.
Javed Kurd
Javed Nadeem Kurd (born 1967) is a Pakistani-Norwegian music producer.

He was born in London to a Pakistani father and a Norwegian mother, but they soon moved to Kristiansand. Kurd took partial education at both the Kristiansand Music Conservatory and the University of Oslo. Since 1997 he has worked as a producer for the Norwegian participants in the Eurovision Song Contest. The only exceptions were in 2002, where Norway was not allowed to participate, and in 2005. For the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation he has worked with the music program Beat for beat, and made the theme music for Sommeråpent, Nytt på nytt and Den store klassefesten. He worked with Ingrid Bjørnov in her television show Piano piano and other aspects of her career since 1997. He has also produced albums for The Monroes, Jahn Teigen and Anita Skorgan. He is married, and lives in Heggedal.

The Monroes (Norwegian band)
The Monroes were a Norwegian pop/ska duo, consisting of singer Lage Fosheim and guitarist Eivind Rølles. They recorded four successful studio albums between 1983 and 1993, before disbanding. Initially strongly influenced by English ska band Madness, their debut single "Sunday People" reached number one on the Norwegian charts in 1983. Their music rapidly evolved into a more laidback, melodious pop style, and they reached number one again with "Cheerio" in 1985, also charting in the U.S. Their 1985 album "Face Another Day" is regularly featured on critics' lists of Norway's best pop/rock albums ever.

The Monroes were noted for their strong melodies, polished musical arrangements, and Lage Fosheim's clear vocals and distinctly British-sounding accent.

Both members died of cancer in 2013.
Dominika Misterska
Dominika Misterska-Zasowska (born 20 July 1979 in Łódź) is a Polish weightlifter. She won a silver medal for the middleweight division at the 2005 European Weightlifting Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, and bronze at the 2006 European Weightlifting Championships in Władysławowo, Poland.

Misterska-Zasowska represented Poland at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's middleweight category (63 kg). Misterska-Zasowska placed eleventh in this event, as she successfully lifted 94 kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 117 kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 211 kg.

Władysławowo
Władysławowo [vwadɨswaˈvɔvɔ] (Kashubian/Pomeranian: Wiôlgô Wies [ˈvʲɞlɡɞ ˈvʲɛs], German: Großendorf) is a town on the south coast of the Baltic Sea in the Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland, with 9,363 inhabitants as of 2022. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kashubia in the historic region of Pomerania.
Kompagnistræde 14
Kompagnistræde 14 is a Neoclassical property situated on Strædet in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. Like most of the other buildings in the area, it was constructed as part of the rebuilding of the city following the Copenhagen Fire of 1795. A four-storey warehouse in the courtyard dates from 1855. The entire complex was listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1939.

Strædet
Strædet (literally 'The Alley') is the colloquial name of a popular shopping and café street in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark, linking Højbro Plads on Strøget at its eastern end with Regnbuepladsen next to City Hall to the west. The official street names are Læderstræde (until Hyskenstræde), Kompagnistræde (until Gåsestræde) and Farvergade. The shops along the street are generally smaller and more eclectic than the flagship stores on neighbouring Strøget. It is dominated by art galleries and antique shops. It is known for its rich gay culture with LGBT citizens, shops, bars, restaurants and coffeehouses.
Tropical Storm Claudia (1962)
Tropical Storm Claudia was the 6th named tropical cyclone of the 1962 Pacific hurricane season and was the first instance of the name Claudia being used. Claudia formed to the southwest of Acapulco, Mexico on September 20. The storm had moved northeast to the Baja California Sur and had made landfall over the Baja California peninsula on September 23. The storm had dissipated, and the remnants of Claudia had caused much rain over Mexico (Baja California), California (mainly Santa Rosa), and Arizona (mainly Marana and Sells).

Santa Rosa, California
Santa Rosa (Spanish for "Saint Rose") is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, in the North Bay region of the Bay Area in California. Its population as of the 2020 census was 178,127. It is the largest city in California's Wine Country and Redwood Coast. It is the fifth most populous city in the Bay Area after San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, and Fremont; and the 27th-most populous city in California.
Local-loop unbundling
Local loop unbundling (LLU or LLUB) is the regulatory process of allowing multiple telecommunications operators to use connections from a telephone exchange to the customer's location. The physical wire connection between the local exchange and the customer is known as a "local loop" and is owned by the incumbent local exchange carrier (also referred to as the "ILEC", "local exchange", or in the United States, either a "Baby Bell" or an independent telephone company). To increase competition, other providers are granted unbundled access.

Customer
In sales, commerce, and economics, a customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product, or an idea, obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or an exchange for money or some other valuable consideration.
Çamlıca, Çarşamba
Çamlıca (formerly: Kumarlı) is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Çarşamba, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 280 (2022). Located 12 km from the Black Sea coast it is 3km distant from the center of Çarşamba and the distance between this village and the provincial capital of Samsun is 39 km.

Samsun
Samsun is a city on the north coast of Turkey and a major Black Sea port. The urban area recorded a population of 738,692 in 2022. The city is the capital of Samsun Province which has a population of 1,382,376. The city is home to Ondokuz Mayıs University, several hospitals, three large shopping malls, Samsunspor football club, an opera house and a large and modern manufacturing district. The city is best known as the place where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence in 1919.
Reggae Beach
Reggae Beach was a 250-acre property which was located in Jamaica, midway between Ocho Rios and Oracabessa.

In 2008, the Caribbean Urban Music Awards were presented at Reggae Beach, which were based on the votes of over 1.5 million Caribbean music fans worldwide.  Award recipients present at the ceremony were Beenie Man, Sly and Robbie, and Spragga Benz.

In 2010, Reggae Beach was voted by Readers of Lonely Planet guidebook and magazine as the Greatest Cultural Tourism Experience. The award was announced in August 2010. Reggae Beach in Jamaica placed first, ahead of Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Salsa dancing in Havana, Opera in Italy, and authentic Blues in Chicago.

The property is owned by Jamaican-Canadian businessman, Michael Lee-Chin.

Jamaican Canadians
Jamaican-Canadians are Canadian citizens of Jamaican descent or Jamaican-born permanent residents of Canada. Their population according to Canada's 2021 Census was 249,070. Jamaican Canadians comprise about 30% of the entire Black Canadian population.
David Watson (academic)
Sir David John Watson (22 March 1949 – 8 February 2015) was a British academic and educationalist. He was Director of Brighton Polytechnic from 1990 to 1992 and Vice-Chancellor of its successor the University of Brighton from 1992 to 2005. In 2005 he was appointed Professor of Higher Education Management at the Institute of Education and was Course Director of the Institute's MBA in Higher Education Management. Between 2010 and 2015 he was Principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford and Professor of Higher Education at the University of Oxford.

Education sciences
Education sciences, also known as education studies or education theory, and traditionally called pedagogy, seek to describe, understand, and prescribe education including education policy. Subfields include comparative education, educational research, instructional theory, curriculum theory and psychology, philosophy, sociology, economics, and history of education. Related are learning theory or cognitive science.
Foerster's syndrome
Foerster's syndrome is the name used by Arthur Koestler in his account of the compulsive punning first described by the German neurosurgeon Otfrid Foerster.

In 1929, Foerster was operating on a patient suffering from a tumor in the third ventricle – a small cavity deep down in the phylogenetically ancient regions of the midbrain, adjacent to structures intimately concerned with the arousal of emotions. When the surgeon began to manipulate the tumor, affecting those sensitive structures, the (conscious) patient burst into a manic flight of puns. He exhibited typical sound associations, and with every word of the operator broke into a flight of ideas. The sound of one word swiftly echoed in the sound of the next, and all of the words had something to do with knives and butchery. This gruesome humour, Koestler noted, all came "from a man tied face down to the operating table with his skull open".

Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon is the uppermost portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum.

It is functionally associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

The name mesencephalon comes from the Greek mesos, "middle", and enkephalos, "brain".
Radio pack
A radio pack is mainly used for musicians such as guitarists and singers for live performances. It is a small radio transmitter that is either placed in the strap or in the pocket. The receiver is connected to an amp or PA system and the user simply connects the transmitter into the instrument. By using a wireless system, musicians are free to move around the stage. This has meant that more elaborate stage shows are now possible, with musicians performing a long way from the amplifier or speakers.

As with any radio device interference is possible, although modern systems are more stable. An example of a performer who has made use of a radio pack is AC/DC guitarist Angus Young, whose stage antics are legendary.

Angus Young
Angus McKinnon Young (born 31 March 1955) is an Australian musician, best known as the co-founder, lead guitarist, songwriter, and the only continuous member of the hard rock band AC/DC. He is known for his energetic performances, schoolboy-uniform stage outfits and his own version of Chuck Berry's duckwalk. Young was ranked 38th in the 2023 edition of Rolling Stone's 250 greatest guitarists of all time list. In 2003, Young and the other members of AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Aquarium Fish International
Aquarium Fish International (AFI) was a North American monthly magazine, published by BowTie Inc. of Irvine, California, and dedicated to freshwater and saltwater fishkeeping and the aquarium/fishkeeping hobby in general.

Irvine, California
Irvine (/ˈɜːrvaɪn/, UR-vine) is a planned city in central Orange County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It was named in 1888 for the landowner James Irvine. The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28, 1971. The 66-square-mile (170 km2) city had a population of 318,629 as of June 2025. As of 2025, it is the second most populous city in Orange County, fifth most in the Greater Los Angeles region, and 62nd most in the United States.

Several major corporations in the technology and semiconductor sectors maintain their headquarters in Irvine. Irvine is also home to several higher-education institutions including the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Concordia University, Irvine Valley College, and campuses of University of La Verne and Pepperdine University.
History of the LED
The history of the light-emitting diode begins with the 1906 discovery of electroluminescence from a solid state diode by Henry Joseph Round. In 1927, Russian inventor Oleg Losev created the first LED. The first practical LED was developed in 1961 by researchers at Texas Instruments. The 1970s saw the first commercial LEDs. In the early 1990s, Shuji Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu Akasaki invented blue LEDs that were dramatically more efficient than their predecessors, bringing a new generation of bright, energy-efficient white lighting and full-color LED displays into practical use, work that won them the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Electroluminescence
Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon, in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field. This is distinct from black body light emission resulting from heat (incandescence), illumination by light (photoluminescence), chemical reactions (chemiluminescence), reactions in a liquid (electrochemiluminescence), sound (sonoluminescence), or other mechanical action (mechanoluminescence), or
organic electroluminescence.
1930 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The 1930 Santa Clara Broncos football team was an American football team that represented Santa Clara University as an independent during the 1930 college football season. In their second season under head coach Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith, the Broncos compiled a 5–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 151 to 54.

1930 college football season
The 1930 college football season saw Notre Dame repeat as national champion under the Dickinson System, as well as claim the No. 1 position from each of the other three contemporary major selectors, (the Boand, Dunkel, and Houlgate Systems). The post-season Rose Bowl matchup featured two unbeaten (9–0) teams, Washington State and Alabama, ranked No. 2 and No. 3, respectively, by Dickinson.  Alabama won the Pasadena contest, 24–0.
Minerva Yeung
Minerva Yeung (simplified Chinese: 杨明儿; traditional Chinese: 楊明兒; pinyin: Yáng Míng'ér) is an American research scientist and educator best known for her work in video processing, multimedia information systems, and digital watermarking.

She was selected as an IEEE Fellow in 2019 "for leadership in multimedia signal processing." Yeung's research and work have been featured in publications The New York Times, Bloomberg News, and Sina News.

Video processing
In electronics engineering, video processing is a particular case of signal processing, in particular image processing, which often employs video filters and where the input and output signals are video files or video streams. Video processing techniques are used in television sets, VCRs, DVDs, video codecs, video players, video scalers and other devices. For example—commonly only design and video processing is different in TV sets of different manufactures.
Peralena Iranama
Peralena Iranama (Sinhala: පෙරළෙන ඉරණම) is a 1949 Sri Lankan Sinhala language film which was directed by Jyotish Sinha and written by B. A. W. Jayamanne. It is considered one of the finest Sri Lankan films of the 1940s and was the last Sinhala film to be released in the 1940s. The film was released on the 20th of October 1949 through the Ceylon Theatre circuits.

B. A. W. Jayamanne
Bernard Aloysius Wanniarachchi Jayamanne who was better known as B.A.W. Jayamanne (20 May 1908 – 16 February 1965: as බී.ඒ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයමාන්න) was a Sri Lankan playwright, director, producer and actor. He played a major role in the making of the first Sinhala film Kadawunu Poronduwa in 1947; Jayamanne achieved a level of popularity as a director with movies starring Rukmani Devi and Eddie Jayamanne in the 1950s.
Mendoza dersuuzalai
Mendoza dersuuzalai is a jumping spider species that lives in Russia. It is found in meadows and woods of aspen and larch trees. The male was first described in 1992. It is a yellow medium-sized spider, typically with a cephalothorax that measures between 	 2.53 and 3.02 mm (0.100 and 0.119 in) and an abdomen that is between 2.88 and 3.02 mm (0.113 and 0.119 in) long. The male is black on its top surfaces with a pattern of white spots on its abdomen. The female is brown with a white streak on its abdomen. The bottom surfaces of the male are dark brown and of the female are yellow. The male has brown legs, the female having yellow legs. The spider's copulatory organs are similar to other species in the genus but differ in specific details, including the shape of the male's tibial apophysis and the length of the female's insemination ducts. The species was originally allocated to the genus Marpissa, but was transferred to Mendoza in 1999.

Palpal bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification.
Chapel of the Christ, San Pablo del Monte
The Chapel of the Christ (Spanish: Capilla del Cristo) was a Roman Catholic chapel located in San Pablo del Monte, Tlaxcala (formerly Villa Vincente Guerrero), which was built in the 18th century. It was demolished the night of July 25, 2015, by order of the barrio (neighborhood) where the chapel was located. Despite having been declared a Historical Landmark of Tlaxcala by the INAH (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia), it would still be demolished, which meant violating one of the historic landmark protection laws.

It was demolished to give a better view of the current Chapel of Christ the King, which was on one side with a view forward, which covered the old Chapel.

Barrio
Barrio (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbarjo]; lit. 'quarter, neighborhood') is generally defined as each area of a city delimited by functional (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, architectural or morphological features. In Spain, in most of Latin America, and in the Philippines, the term may also be used to officially denote a division of a municipality. The word barrio is an Arabism, as it is derived from the Arabic word barriyy (بري; 'wild, exterior').
Petritoli
Petritoli is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Ancona and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Ascoli Piceno.

Petritoli borders the following municipalities: Carassai, Monte Giberto, Monte Vidon Combatte, Montefiore dell'Aso, Monterubbiano, Ponzano di Fermo. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Province of Fermo
The province of Fermo (Italian: provincia di Fermo) is a province in the Marche region of Italy. It was established in 2004 and became operational in 2009. Its administrative centre and provincial capital is the city of Fermo (population of 37,995 inhabitants). Other major cities include Porto Sant'Elpidio (25,118 inhabitants), Porto San Giorgio (16,201 inhabitants), Sant'Elpidio a Mare (16,838 inhabitants), and Montegranaro (13,358 inhabitants). As of 2017, the province has a population of 174,358 inhabitants and spans an area of 862.77 square kilometres (333.12 sq mi). It contains 40 comuni (sg.: comune).
2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup
The 2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup was a first-class cricket competition that took place in South Africa from 6 October 2016 to 9 April 2017. The competition was played between the thirteen South African provincial teams and Namibia. Unlike its counterpart, the Sunfoil Series, the matches were three days in length instead of four. The tournament was played in parallel with the 2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge, a List A competition which featured the same teams.

Northerns finished top of Pool A and Free State finished top of Pool B, with both teams progressing to the final of the competition. The final ended as a draw, with both teams sharing the title.

Free State cricket team
Free State (formerly Orange Free State) is the first-class cricket team representing the province of Free State (known as Orange Free State until 1995) in South Africa. For the purposes of the SuperSport Series, Free State merged with Griqualand West and formed the Eagles cricket team franchise. The team was called Orange Free State from January 1904 to April 1995; it has been part of the Eagles from October 2004.