hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kulinkovich reaction
The Kulinkovich reaction describes the organic synthesis of substituted cyclopropanols through reaction of esters with dialkyl­dialkoxy­titanium reagents, which are generated in situ from Grignard reagents containing a hydrogen in beta-position and titanium(IV) alkoxides such as titanium isopropoxide. This reaction was first reported by Oleg Kulinkovich and coworkers in 1989.

Titanium catalysts are ClTi(OiPr)3 or Ti(OiPr)4, ClTi(OtBu)3 or Ti(OtBu)4, Grignard reagents are EtMgX, PrMgX or BuMgX. Solvents can be Et2O, THF, toluene. Tolerated Functional Groups: Ethers R–O–R, R–S–R, Imines RN=CHR. Amides, primary and secondary amines. Carbamates typically do not tolerate the reaction conditions, but tert-butyl carbamates (N-Boc derivatives) survive the transformation.

An asymmetric version of this reaction is also known with a TADDOL-based catalyst.

Cyclopropanol
Cyclopropanol is an organic compound with the chemical formula C3H6O. It contains a cyclopropyl group with a hydroxyl group attached to it. The compound is highly unstable due to the three-membered ring, and is susceptible to reactions that open the ring. It is highly prone to rearrangement, undergoing structural isomerization to form propanal. This property is useful synthetically: cyclopropanol can be used as a synthon for the homoenolate of propanal. The chemical is also useful as a reagent to introduce a cyclopropyl group into ester, sulfate, and amine linkages. The resulting cyclopropyl-containing compounds have been used in investigations of potential antiviral drugs and of modulators of protein trafficking.
Rushbrooke with Rougham
Rushbrooke with Rougham is a large civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England covering the villages of Blackthorpe, Rougham and Rushbrooke as well as Rougham Airfield. Located directly south-east of Bury St Edmunds, in 2005 its population was 1,140. One 'Henry of Rushbrook' was Abbot of Bury St Edmunds from 1235 to 1248. The site of a former stately home, Rushbrooke Hall, is situated to the south of Rushbrooke. Until April 2019 it was in the St Edmundsbury district. The parish was created on 1 April 1988 from Rougham and parts of Great Barton, Great Whelnetham and Rushbrooke.

Abbot of Bury St Edmunds
Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds was the title used by the head of the Benedictine monastery Bury St. Edmunds Abbey in the county of Suffolk, England. The following table lists the abbots from the foundation of the abbey in 1020 until its dissolution in 1539.

On 4 November 1539, the abbey was surrendered. The surrender is signed by Abbot John Reeve, Prior Thomas Ringstede (alias Dennis), and by forty-two other monks. All were awarded pensions, of varying amounts.
Kan language
Kan may be :

Gan Chinese, a group of Chinese varieties spoken in Jiangxi Province

Kaansa language, a Gur language of Burkina Faso

Kaan language, an Adamawa language of Nigeria

Kan, a variety of the  Mbay language, a Central Sudanic language of Chad and the Central African Republic

Kan, a variety of the Guntai language of Papua New Guinea

Mbay language
Mbay, or Sara Mbay, is a Bongo–Bagirmi language of Chad and the Central African Republic.

It is reported that Mbay does not have independent personal pronouns. The meaning is largely carried out by subject, object, and possessive affixes attached to verbs, prepositions, and nouns. Other words, such as yá̰a̰ "thing", dèē "person", tàa "speech", and lòo "place" are used somewhat pronominally as something, somebody, something said, and somewhere.
Stoßtrupp-Hitler
Stoßtrupp-Hitler (German for "Shock-Troop-Hitler") was a short-lived bodyguard unit formed especially for the protection of Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler in 1923. It was dedicated to his service alone. Notable members included Rudolf Hess, Julius Schreck, Joseph Berchtold, Emil Maurice, Erhard Heiden, Ulrich Graf, and Bruno Gesche. It was under the control of Hitler and was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. It served as a predecessor of the Schutzstaffel (SS).

Shock troops
Shock troops, assault troops, or storm troops are special formations created to lead military attacks. They are often better trained and equipped than other military units and are expected to take heavier casualties even in successful operations.

"Shock troop" is a loose translation of the German word Stoßtrupp (literally "thrust squad" or "push squad").  Assault troopers are typically organized for mobility with the intention that they will penetrate enemy defenses and attack into the enemy's vulnerable rear areas.  Any specialized, elite unit formed to fight an engagement via overwhelming assault (usually) would be considered shock troops, as opposed to "special forces" or commando-style units (intended mostly for covert operations). However, both types of units could fight behind enemy lines, by surprise if required.
Anthony Wayne Local School District
Anthony Wayne Local School District is a school district in Northwest Ohio. The school district serves students who live in the municipalities of Whitehouse and Waterville, and in Monclova Township; it also serves students in parts of Providence Township and Swanton Township in Lucas County, and Middleton Township in Wood County.
The superintendent is Dr. Jim Fritz.

Northwest Ohio
Northwest Ohio, or Northwestern Ohio, consists of multiple counties in the northwestern corner of the US state of Ohio. This area borders Lake Erie, Southeast Michigan, and northeastern Indiana. Some areas are also considered the Black Swamp area. The Toledo metropolitan area is part of the region.

Northwest Ohio's population in 2000 was 1,639,144 and is declining, specifically in the northern regions (counties shaded in the darker blue and Allen County). However, southern areas, such as Marion and Morrow counties, and the city of Findlay are growing.
Country boats in Bangladesh
Water transportation is a vital means of communication in Bangladesh, a floodplain with approximately 405 rivers and numerous oxbow lakes (locally known as haor). Traditional country boats remain popular for providing low-cost, convenient transport across this extensive inland waterway network. Approximately 150 types of boats still populate the floodplain, varying in design, size, and construction materials.

Rivers and boats are central to traditional Bengali culture and have long captivated generations of Bengali artists and poets.

Haor
A haor (Bengali: হাওর) is a wetland ecosystem in the north eastern part of Bangladesh which is physically a bowl or saucer shaped shallow depression, also known as a backswamp. During monsoons haors receive surface runoff water from rivers and canals to become vast stretches of turbulent water.
Sugamuxi
Sugamuxi (died 1539) was the last iraca; cacique of the sacred City of the Sun Suamox. Sugamuxi, presently called Sogamoso, was an important city in the religion of the Muisca who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the times before the Spanish conquistadors reached the central highlands of the Colombian Andes. Fellow Muisca rulers of other territories within the Muisca Confederation were Tundama in Tundama, zaque Aquiminzaque in Hunza and zipa Sagipa in Bacatá.

Duitama
Duitama (Spanish pronunciation: [dwiˈtama]) is a city and municipality in the department of Boyacá. It's the capital of the Tundama Province. Duitama is located 195 kilometres (121 mi) northeast of Bogotá, the capital of Colombia and 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Tunja, the capital of Boyacá. In 2023 Duitama had an estimated population of 131,591.
Brent Fultz
Brent Fultz is an American physicist and materials scientist and one of the world's leading authorities on statistical mechanics, diffraction, and phase transitions in materials. Fultz is the Barbara and Stanley Rawn Jr. Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology. He is known for his research in materials physics and materials chemistry, and for establishing the importance of phonon entropy to the phase stability of materials. Additionally, Fultz oversaw the construction of the wide angular-range chopper spectrometer (ARCS) instrument at the Spallation Neutron Source and has made advances in phonon measuring techniques.

He is the author of two graduate level textbooks, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Diffractometry of Materials (with James M. Howe, Springer, 2001; 4th ed., 2013) on diffractometry of materials, and Phase Transitions in Materials (Cambridge University Press, 2014) on phase transitions in materials.

Phase transition
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
Kolawali
Kolawali is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are  Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station.

Kamshet railway station
Kamshet railway station or Kamshet station is a railway station of Pune Suburban Railway on Mumbai–Chennai line.

Local trains between Pune Junction–Lonavala, Shivaji Nagar–Lonavala stop here.

The only passenger train having a stop at this station is the Pune Junction–Karjat Passenger.

The station has two platforms and a foot overbridge. Nearby attractions are two hilly forts, namely Tikona Fort and Tung Fort, and the Pavna Dam and boating.
WMTT-FM
WMTT-FM (94.7 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Tioga, Pennsylvania, and serving New York's Southern Tier, including the Elmira-Corning radio market. WMTT-FM is owned by Seven Mountains Media, with the license held by Southern Belle, LLC. It broadcasts a classic rock radio format, simulcast with co-owned WENI-FM (92.7) in South Waverly. The radio studios and offices are on Chemung Street in Horseheads, New York.

Horseheads (village), New York
Horseheads is a village in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 6,606 at the 2020 census. The name is derived from the number of bleached skulls of pack horses left behind by the Sullivan Expedition.

The village of Horseheads is located within the town of Horseheads. It is north of the city of Elmira and is part of the Elmira Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Sawbill Landing, Minnesota
Sawbill Landing is an unincorporated community in Lake County, Minnesota, United States; located 10 miles northeast of Isabella.

The center of Sawbill Landing is generally considered at the intersection of Sawbill Landing Road and Dumbbell Road; which is also near the boundary line between Crystal Bay Township and Stony River Township.

Forest Roads 173, 174, and 369 intersect at Sawbill Landing.  Sylvania Lake is in the vicinity.

Sawbill Landing is located within the Superior National Forest.

Crystal Bay Township, Lake County, Minnesota
Crystal Bay Township is a township in Lake County, Minnesota, United States.  The population was 607 at the 2000 census. It contains part of the census-designated place of Finland.

Crystal Bay Township was organized in 1904, and named after Crystal Bay.
Flying to My Home
"Flying to My Home" is a song written by Paul McCartney. It was released as the B-side to the "My Brave Face" single from the album Flowers in the Dirt. The song ended up being placed in the Paul McCartney lyrics book titled Blackbird Singing numerous years following its initial release. The song is available on the 1993 remastered CD version of Flowers in the Dirt. It was also included on The 7" Singles Box in 2022.

The 7″ Singles Box
The 7" Singles Box Set is a box set by Paul McCartney released in December 2022 containing 80 seven-inch vinyl singles originally released between 1971 and 2022. The box set was packaged in a wooden crate manufactured in the United Kingdom and limited to only 3000 units worldwide. The box set sold out upon announcement by McCartney. It was also made available on various digital platforms.
Asli Demirguc-Kunt
Asli Demirgüç-Kunt is a Turkish economist. She is a non-resident Fellow at the Center for Global Development and a former chief economist of the Europe and Central Asia Region of The World Bank. During her 33-year career at The World Bank, she also served as the Director of Research, Director of Development Policy, and the Chief Economist of the Finance and Private Sector Development Network, conducting research and advising on financial and private sector development issues. She has authored more than 100 research papers, as well as books, is widely published in academic journals, and is among the most-cited researchers in the world. Demirgüç-Kunt has been named one of the top 10 women in economics as of June 2015 and one of the top 10 percent of Female Economists for her contributions to the field of economics.

The Journal of Finance
The Journal of Finance is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Finance Association. It was established in 1946. The editor-in-chief is Antoinette Schoar. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 7.870, ranking it 6th out of 111 journals in the category "Business, Finance" and 16th out of 381 journals in the category "Economics".
No One Gets Out Alive (film)
No One Gets Out Alive is a 2021 British supernatural horror film directed by Santiago Menghini (in his directorial debut) from a screenplay by Jon Croker and Fernanda Coppel, loosely based on the 2014 novel of the same name by Adam Nevill. It stars Cristina Rodlo and Marc Menchaca and was released on 29 September 2021 by Netflix.

Fernanda Coppel
Fernanda Coppel is a playwright and screenwriter. Her plays have been produced by Second Stage Theatre and the Atlantic Theater Company in New York. She has written for The Bridge, Kingdom, and How to Get Away with Murder.
Dado Banatao
Diosdado P. Banatao (May 23, 1946 – December 25, 2025) was a Filipino businessman and engineer working in the high-tech industry, credited with having developed the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS chip, the first system logic chipset compatible with IBM's PC/XT and the PC/AT, and one of the first GUI accelerators for personal computers. A three-time start-up veteran, he co-founded Mostron, Chips and Technologies, and S3 Graphics.

Local bus
In computer architecture, a local bus is a computer bus that connects directly, or almost directly, from  the central processing unit (CPU) to one or more slots on the expansion bus.  The significance of direct connection to the CPU is avoiding the bottleneck created by the expansion bus, thus providing fast throughput. There are several local buses built into various types of computers to increase the speed of data transfer (i.e. bandwidth). Local buses for expanded memory and video boards are the most common. VESA Local Bus and Processor Direct Slot were examples of a local bus design.

Although VL-Bus was later succeeded by AGP, it is not correct to categorize AGP as a local bus. Whereas VL-Bus operated on the CPU's memory bus at the CPU's clock speed, an AGP peripheral runs at specified clock speeds that run independently of the CPU clock (usually using a divider of the CPU clock).
1979 German Formula Three Championship
The 1979 German Formula Three Championship (German: 1979 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars held in Germany. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars which conformed to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It commenced on 11 March at Circuit Zolder and ended at Kassel-Calden on 7 October after seven rounds (the first Nürburgring round was cancelled due to snowfall).

Klaus Zimmermann Racing Team driver Michael Korten became a champion. He won races at Fassberg, Nürburgring and Kassel-Calden. Hans-Georg Bürger won the race at Diepholz and finished as runner-up. Walter Lechner completed the top-three in the drivers' standings. Ernst Maring, Thierry Boutsen and Michael Bleekemolen were the only other drivers who were able to win a race in the season.

Kassel-Calden Circuit
Kassel-Calden Circuit was a 2.590 km (1.609 mi) former airfield circuit located on the Kassel Airport in Kassel, Hesse, Germany.

The circuit was opened in August 1971 for the venue of ADAC Hessenpreis due to the expensive costs of hiring Hockenheimring for this event. Besides national championships, the circuit also hosted races for some international championships, such as FIA European Formula 3 Championship and Interserie.
Diospyros chloroxylon
Diospyros chloroxylon, the green ebony persimmon, is a wild fruit-bearing plant in the family Ebenaceae. It is the indigenous fruit of the Indian subcontinent, and both unripe and ripe fruits are eaten by tribal people.

Ebenaceae
The Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to order Ericales. The family includes ebony and persimmon among about 768 species of trees and shrubs. It is distributed across the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. It is most diverse in the rainforests of Malesia, India, Thailand, tropical Africa and tropical America.

Many species are valued for their wood, particularly ebony, for fruit, and as ornamental plants.
Ash v. Childs Dining Hall Co.
Ash v. Childs Dining Hall Co. is a tort case decided in 1918 by the New York Court of Appeals, notable for shaping the "reasonable expectation" test used in similar legal claims about foreign objects in food.

The case involved Flora Ash, who was injured by a small metal tack (nail) hidden in a blueberry pie served at the defendant's restaurant. The court declined to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself) due to insufficient direct evidence of negligence by Childs Dining Hall Company. Without such proof, the defendant was not found liable. Despite the tack being something a consumer wouldn’t reasonably expect in pie, the defendant was not held liable without proof of fault. This ruling emphasized that liability requires both an unexpected harmful object and evidence of negligence, influencing how similar tort cases were evaluated in the future.

New York Court of Appeals
The New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the Unified Court System of the State of New York. It consists of seven judges: the chief judge and six associate judges, who are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the state senate to 14-year terms. The chief judge of the Court of Appeals also heads administration of the state's court system, and thus is also known as the chief judge of the State of New York. The Court of Appeals was founded in 1847 and is located in the New York Court of Appeals Building in Albany, New York.
João de Bettencourt de Vasconcelos
João de Bettencourt de Vasconcelos (Angra, 3 July 1589 — Angra, 1670) was an aristocrat, who served as Captain-major of Angra, involved in the acclamation of John of Braganza, as King John IV of Portugal in the islands of the central group of the Azores, and in the expulsion of Spanish forces from the island of Terceira.

Terceira Island
Terceira (Portuguese pronunciation: [tɨɾˈsɐjɾɐ]) is a volcanic island in the Azores archipelago of Portugal, 1,181 km (734 mi) due west of Lisbon. It is one of the larger islands of the archipelago, with a population of 53,311 inhabitants in an area of approximately 396.75 km2 (153.19 sq mi).

Terceira is the location of the Azores' oldest city, Angra do Heroísmo, the historical capital of the archipelago and a UNESCO World Heritage Site; the seat of the judicial system (Supreme Court); and the main insular Portuguese Air Force base, Base Aérea nº 4 at Lajes, with a United States Air Force detachment.

Terceira island has two main sea ports, one at Angra do Heroísmo and the other at Praia da Vitória, and a commercial airport integrated with the flight operations at Lajes. Portuguese bullfighting is popular on the island, in two versions: the traditional equestrian bullfight (in the ring) and the popular "tourada à corda" that occurs in the streets.
Epidendrum dichotomum
Epidendrum dichotomum C.Presl (1827) is a member of the E. secundum group which can grow terrestrially, on rocks, and in trees.  Kew accepts it as a separate species without any synonyms., as did H. G. Reichenbach (1861). In Schweinfurth (1960), E. dichotomum is the accepted name of a species distinct from E. secundum, but with several listed synonyms: E. brachyphyllum, E. lindenii, E. cuzcoense, E. tarmense, and E. inconstans. In Schweinfurth (1970), E. dichotomum is reduced to synonymy under E. secundum.

Carl Borivoj Presl
Carl Borivoj Presl (Czech: Karel Bořivoj Presl; 17 February 1794 – 2 October 1852) was a Czech botanist. The standard author abbreviation C.Presl is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Arno Kopecky
Arno Kopecky is a Canadian journalist and travel writer. His book The Oil Man and the Sea: Navigating the Northern Gateway won the 2014 Edna Staebler Award, and was shortlisted for the 2014 Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize and the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction at the 2014 Governor General's Awards.

In addition to his books, Kopecky has also been published in newspapers and magazines including The Globe and Mail, The Walrus, Reader's Digest, Maclean's, The Tyee and Foreign Policy. He lives in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website and app, and in four print issues annually.

Foreign Policy magazine and ForeignPolicy.com are published by The FP Group, a division of Graham Holdings Company (formerly The Washington Post Company). The FP Group also produces FP Events, Foreign Policy's events division, launched in 2012.
Gnaeus Ogulnius
Gnaeus Ogulnius was a Roman politician in the early 3rd century BC.  He served as tribunus plebis in 300 BC and as aedilis curulis in 296.

He was a member of the plebeian gens Ogulnia.  Livy accused Gnaeus and his brother, Quintus Ogulnius, of cravenly pandering to the lower classes with their proposal to increase the number of high priests and priests of the augurs, and to allow plebes to hold these offices for the first time (the proposal was dubbed the "Ogulnia Law").  During their career, they combated usury.

He was aedile in 296 BC when the brothers erected a statue of the divine twins Romulus and Remus under the she-wolf on the site of Rome's Sacred Fig Tree.

Ficus Ruminalis
The Ficus Ruminalis was a wild fig tree that had religious and mythological significance in ancient Rome. It stood near the small cave known as the Lupercal at the foot of the Palatine Hill and was the spot where according to tradition the floating makeshift cradle of Romulus and Remus landed on the banks of the Tiber. There they were nurtured by the she-wolf and discovered by Faustulus. The tree was sacred to Rumina, one of the birth and childhood deities, who protected breastfeeding in humans and animals. St. Augustine mentions a Jupiter Ruminus.