hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Proskuriv offensive
The Proskuriv offensive or Proskuriv breakthrough (Ukrainian: Проскурівський прорив) was a major military operation carried by the Ukrainian People's Army against the Bolshevik forces in June of 1919 as a part of the Soviet-Ukrainian War. The operation was successful and resulted in a seizure of large parts of Western Podolia by the People's Army, capture of Kamianets-Podilskyi and its proclamation as a temporary capital of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

Ukrainian People's Army
The Ukrainian People's Army (Ukrainian: Армія Української Народної Республіки, romanized: Armiia Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky), also known as the Ukrainian National Army (UNA) or by the derogatory term Petliurivtsi (Ukrainian: Петлюрівці, lit. '"Petliura's people"'), was the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921). They were often quickly reorganized and Ukrainized units of the former Imperial Russian Army and newly formed volunteer detachments that later joined the national armed forces. The army lacked a certain degree of uniformity, adequate leadership to keep discipline and morale. Unlike the Ukrainian Galician Army, the Ukrainian People's Army did not manage to evolve a solid organizational structure, and consisted mostly of volunteer units, not regulars.
Emil von Höegh
Emil von Höegh (10 May 1865 – 29 January 1915) was an optical lens designer, known for inventing the first double anastigmatic camera lens called Dagor in 1892. In the same year, he began working for the German lens manufacturer Goerz, where he became the chief optical designer. At Goerz, he developed multiple lens designs, including the Höegh meniscus and Celor. He left the company in 1902.

The mountain Mount Hoegh in Antarctica is named in his honour.

Optical lens design
Optical lens design is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations. Parameters include surface profile types (spherical, aspheric, holographic, diffractive, etc.), as well as radius of curvature, distance to the next surface, material type and optionally tilt and decenter. The process is computationally intensive, using ray tracing or other techniques to model how the lens affects light that passes through it.
Outbreak response
Outbreak response or outbreak control measures are acts which attempt to minimize the spread of or effects of a disease outbreak. Outbreak response includes aspects of general disease control such as maintaining adequate hygiene, but may also include responses that extend beyond traditional healthcare settings and are unique to an outbreak, such as physical distancing, contact tracing, mapping of disease clusters, or quarantine. Some measures such as isolation are also useful in preventing an outbreak from occurring in the first place.

Epidemic response or pandemic response is when outbreak response are used within a disease outbreak that has been classified as an epidemic or pandemic.

Outbreak response is normally conducted by teams, which include infection control physicians, epidemiologists, infectious disease specialists and a number of other specialties. Mathematics and mathematicians are often involved in constructing models of disease spread.

Infectious diseases (medical specialty)
Infectious diseases (ID), also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial (healthcare-acquired) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates and determines the cause of a disease (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus or prions). Once the cause is known, an ID specialist can then run various tests to determine the best drug to treat the disease. While infectious diseases have always been around, the infectious disease specialty did not exist until the late 1900s after scientists and physicians in the 19th century paved the way with research on the sources of infectious disease and the development of vaccines.
Hau Tak (constituency)
Hau Tak (Chinese: 厚德) is one of the 29 constituencies in the Sai Kung District.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Sai Kung District Council, with an election every four years.

Hau Tak constituency is loosely based on Chung Ming Court and Hau Tak Estate in Tseung Kwan O with estimated population of 17,762.

Sai Kung District
Sai Kung District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. The district comprises the southern half of the Sai Kung Peninsula, the Clear Water Bay Peninsula in the New Territories and a strip of land to the east of Kowloon. Areas in the district include Sai Kung Town, Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark, Tseung Kwan O and over 70 islands of different sizes. The administrative centre had been located in Sai Kung Town until the Sai Kung District Office was relocated to Tseung Kwan O recently. The district's population is concentrated in Tseung Kwan O, as of 2011. In 2011, the district was the third youngest district, with a median age of 39.3. Known as the "back garden of Hong Kong", Sai Kung has been able to retain its natural scenery. Many traditional customs and cultures are still retained in the rural villages.
Eneas Energy
Eneas Energy AS is a Norwegian energy company which was founded in 1995. The company was one of the 100 largest in the county of Buskerud. The privately owned company operates in Norway and Sweden and employs 260. The company's main office is located in Drammen, it also has offices in Trondheim and Strängnäs. The company name Eneas was coined in 2005 when Norsk Energirevisjon AS and Encom AS merged. It has contributed with funding for the local cultural life and sporting organizations such as Bellona, Strømsgodset Band and other sporting clubs.

Bellona Foundation
The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental NGO headquartered in Oslo, Norway, with branches in Europe and North America. Founded in 1986 by Frederic Hauge and Rune Haaland as a direct action protest group to curb Norway's oil and gas industry pollution, it grew to be multi-disciplinary and multinational in scope and maintains offices in Oslo, Brussels, Berlin and Vilnius. In 2022, Bellona ended activities in Russia and relocated experts to the Vilnius, Lithuania office to assist Ukraine with environmental challenges resulting from the Russian invasion. In 2023, the Russian Prosecutor General's Office recognized Bellona as an "undesirable organization".

Bellona works with ecologists, engineers, economists, attorneys, journalists, specialists in the natural and social sciences, to accomplish its objectives.
Joseph Stanton
Joseph Stanton (born 1949) is a Professor of Art History and American Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and a widely published poet.

His poems have appeared in Poetry, Poetry East, Harvard Review, Ekphrasis, New York Quarterly, Antioch Review, New Letters, and many other journals
and anthologies.

Chris Van Allsburg
Chris Van Allsburg (born June 18, 1949) is an American writer and illustrator of children's books. He has won two Caldecott Medals for U.S. picture book illustration, for Jumanji (1981) and The Polar Express (1985), both of which he also wrote, and were later adapted as successful motion pictures. He was also a Caldecott runner-up in 1980 for The Garden of Abdul Gasazi. For his contribution as a children's illustrator, he was a 1986 U.S. nominee for the biennial International Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest international recognition for creators of children's books. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Michigan in April 2012.
Henry Stuart Jones
Sir Henry Stuart Jones FBA (15 May 1867 – 29 June 1939) was a British academic. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford; he obtained a First in Classical Moderations in 1888 and a First in Literae Humaniores ('Greats', a combination of philosophy and ancient history) in 1890. He was appointed to a Fellowship at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1897.

From 1903 to 1905 he was Director of the British School at Rome and, in 1920, moved from Trinity to Brasenose College to take up the post of Camden Professor of Ancient History which he held until 1927 when he took up a series of Welsh academic posts listed below. Originally, Stuart was his second forename, but he and his wife generally prefixed it to their surname, and he was knighted in 1933 under the name Stuart-Jones.

Literae humaniores
Literae humaniores, nicknamed Greats, is an undergraduate course focused on classics (ancient Rome, ancient Greece, Latin, ancient Greek, and philosophy) at the University of Oxford and some other universities. The Latin name means literally "more human literature" and was in contrast to the other main field of study when the university began, i.e. res divinae (or literae divinae, lit. div.), also known as theology. Lit. hum., is concerned with human learning, and lit. div. with learning treating of God. In its early days, it encompassed mathematics and natural sciences as well. It is an archetypal humanities course.
Krasnoborsky District
Krasnoborsky District (Russian: Краснобо́рский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnoborsky Municipal District. It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders with Verkhnetoyemsky District in the north, Udorsky District of the Komi Republic in the northeast, Lensky District in the east, Kotlassky District in the south, and with Ustyansky District in the west. Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Krasnoborsk. District's population:  13,815 (2010 Census); 17,144 (2002 Census); 20,491 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Krasnoborsk accounts for 34.5% of the district's total population.

Administrative divisions of Arkhangelsk Oblast
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Arkhangelsk Oblast is divided into six cities and towns of oblast significance, twenty-one districts, and two island territories (Franz Joseph Land and Victoria Island). Besides, Mirny is a town under the federal government management.

In terms of the area, the biggest administrative districts are Novaya Zemlya (90,650 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi)) and Mezensky District (34,400 square kilometres (13,300 sq mi)). The smallest one is Solovetsky District.

In terms of the population, the biggest administrative district is Velsky District (61,819 in 2002), the smallest ones are Solovetsky District (968), Novaya Zemlya (2716), and Leshukonsky District (10,708).
Ducato
Ducato can refer to:

the Italian word for a duchy, derived from the Latin ducatus

the former coin ducat, called after the dogal (i.e. 'ducal') state of Venice

a family name, and things named after its members, notably Danielducato after the Italian (Sardinian) amateur astronomer Daniela Ducato

Fiat Ducato, a model of van

Lefkada, a Greek island in the Ionian Sea also called "Ducato"

Duchy
A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. In Western European tradition, the title of duke ranked among the highest nobility, generally just below the monarch and above counts or earls.

Historically, there was a significant distinction between sovereign dukes, who ruled independent states, and dukes who were simply noblemen within larger kingdoms. Some duchies functioned as sovereign states in regions that only later became unified nation‑states, such as Germany (once the Holy Roman Empire, a federal empire) and Italy (later a unified kingdom). By contrast, other duchies were subordinate territories within kingdoms that had already consolidated, either partially or fully, during the medieval era: examples include France, Spain, Sicily, Naples, and the Papal States.
2024–25 Liga 4 Banten
The 2024–25 Liga 4 Banten was the inaugural season of Liga 4 Banten after the change in the structure of Indonesian football competition and serves as a qualifying round for the national phase of the 2024–25 Liga 4. The competition is organised by the Banten Provincial PSSI Association.

Indonesian football league system
The Indonesian football league system is a series of league system for association football clubs in Indonesia. Since 1994, Liga Indonesia is the league competition featuring association football clubs, as a result of two existing top-flight football leagues merger: Perserikatan (amateur) and Galatama (semi professional). Liga Indonesia is managed by PSSI, the Indonesian national football federation, and operated by I-League and its previous iterations (Badan Liga Indonesia (BLI) from 1994–2008, PT Liga Indonesia (PT. LI) from 2008–2015, PT Liga Prima Indonesia Sportindo (PT. LPIS) from 2011–2013 (Dualism Competition Operator), PT Gelora Trisula Semesta (PT. GTS) from 2016 (Unofficial Competition Operator) and PT Liga Indonesia Baru (PT. LIB) from 2017–2025).

There are four levels of competition in the hierarchy recently. The top two tiers are professional competitions, the third tier is semi-professional, and the fourth tier is amateur.
James Sloan (congressman)
James Sloan (October 10, 1748 – September 7, 1831) was a U.S. representative from New Jersey.

Born in Newton Township in the Province of New Jersey, Sloan engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was assessor of Newton township for several years, and held several other local offices.

Sloan was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Congresses (March 4, 1803 – March 3, 1809). He was not a candidate for renomination.

Sloan fell seriously ill in 1811, which resulted in some newspapers reporting that he had died. However, Sloan ultimately did recover from his illness.

Sloan died in September 1831 in the town of Southport, New York.

Province of New Jersey
The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1776. The province had originally been settled by Europeans as part of New Netherland but came under English rule after the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, becoming a proprietary colony. The English renamed the province after the island of Jersey in the English Channel. The Dutch Republic reasserted control for a brief period in 1673–1674. After that it consisted of two political divisions, East Jersey and West Jersey, until they were united as a royal colony in 1702. The original boundaries of the province were slightly larger than the current state, extending into a part of the present state of New York, until the border was finalized in 1773.
Greatest Hits: 18 Kids
Greatest Hits: 18 Kids (known as Greatest Hits: 19 Kids on the reissue) is a greatest hits album by Keith Urban, released on 20 November 2007 by Capitol Nashville. It contains 16 of Urban's hits as well as two new songs. Two versions of the album were released: a regular edition and a special edition; the second disc includes 12 music videos. Both versions use the radio edits of Urban's songs, except for "Stupid Boy", "Better Life", and "Somebody Like You". Also included is a cover of Steve Forbert's 1980 single "Romeo's Tune" and a re-recording of the non-single "Got It Right This Time", from his 2006 album Love, Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing.

The album debuted at number 11 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling at least 117,000 copies in its first week. It received a Gold certification from both the RIAA and CRIA. It has sold 1,208,700 copies in the U.S. as of April 2017.

Capitol Records Nashville
Capitol Records Nashville is a major United States–based record label located in Nashville, Tennessee, operating as part of the Music Corporation of America.  Its origins go back to 1950 when Capitol Records established its country music office there. From 1991 to 1995, Capitol Nashville was known as Liberty Records. While under the Liberty name, the label operated short-lived sister label Patriot Records from 1994 to 1995. In 1999, EMI launched Virgin Records Nashville but by 2001, Capitol absorbed the short-lived label. In 2010, the label launched sister label EMI Nashville. On March 23, 2011, Alan Jackson signed with Capitol's EMI Nashville division in conjunction with his own ACR Records label.

Capitol Nashville was also home to several successful comedy artists.
Barbiturate overdose
Barbiturate overdose is poisoning due to excessive doses of barbiturates. Symptoms typically include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased level of consciousness, and a decreased effort to breathe (respiratory depression). Complications of overdose can include noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. If death occurs, it is typically due to a lack of breathing.

Barbiturate overdose may occur by accident or purposefully in an attempt to cause death. The toxic effects are additive to those of alcohol and benzodiazepines. The lethal dose varies with a person's tolerance and how the drug is taken. The effects of barbiturates occur via the GABA neurotransmitter. Exposure may be verified by testing the urine or blood.

While once a common cause of overdose, barbiturates are now a rare cause.

GABA
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

GABA is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries. It has been traditionally thought that exogenous GABA (i.e., taken as a supplement) does not cross the blood–brain barrier, but data obtained from more recent research (2010s) in rats describes the notion as being unclear.

The carboxylate form of GABA is γ-aminobutyrate.
Innfjorden Chapel
Innfjorden Chapel (Norwegian: Innfjorden bedehuskapell) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Hustadvika Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the village of Innfjorden. It is one of the churches for the Voll parish which is part of the Indre Romsdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, brick church was built in a long church design in 1976 using plans drawn up by the architect Ingvald Moldsvor. The church seats about 200 people.

Diocese of Møre
The Diocese of Møre (Norwegian: Møre bispedømme) is a diocese in the Church of Norway which geographically consists of Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. Its bishop is seated at the Molde Cathedral which is located in the county administrative center of Molde. As of 2008, the Bishop of Møre is Ingeborg Midttømme.

The diocese was established on 18 September 1983, when the district of Sunnmøre was removed from the Diocese of Bjørgvin to the south, and the Romsdal and Nordmøre districts were removed from the Diocese of Nidaros to the north.  The three districts (which correspond to Møre og Romsdal county) were used to form the new diocese.
Berge Missakian
Berge Missakian (1933–2017) was an Egyptian-Canadian artist. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt, of Armenian heritage and studied in Beirut and New York before settling in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 1962 until his death in 2017.

Missakian studied at American University of Beirut, Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and at Concordia University in Montreal.

The collection of his 15 paintings, Colors of a Genocide, is at the Armenian Library and Museum of America in Watertown, Massachusetts, US.

Watertown, Massachusetts
Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, part of Greater Boston. The population was 35,329 in the 2020 census. Its neighborhoods include Bemis, Coolidge Square, East Watertown, Watertown Square, and the West End.

Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by Puritan settlers in 1630. The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind, the Armenian Library and Museum of America, and the historic Watertown Arsenal, which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II.
Madame Joseph
Madame Joseph (c.1900 – after late 1940s) was a stamp dealer active in London in the early part of the twentieth century and who has since been revealed to be a major supplier of stamps with forged cancels. In conjunction with her collaborators, more than four hundred fake cancellations were used, dated up to 1949. A 1967 Aden canceller (MJ10) may not be a contemporary fake. Unfortunately, this is missing from the Royal Philatelic Society London archive.

Cancellation (mail)
A cancellation (or cancel for short; French: oblitération) is a postal marking applied on a postage stamp or postal stationery to deface the stamp and to prevent its reuse. Cancellations come in a huge variety of designs, shapes, sizes, and colors. Modern cancellations commonly include the date and post office location where the stamps were mailed, in addition to lines or bars designed to cover the stamp itself. The term "postmark" refers specifically to the part that contains the date and posting location, but the term is often used interchangeably with "cancellation" as it may serve that purpose. The portion of a cancellation that is designed to deface the stamp and does not contain writing is also called the "obliteration"  or killer. Some stamps are issued  pre-cancelled with a printed or stamped cancellation and do not need to have a cancellation added.
Hannah Dagoe
Hannah Dagoe (died 1763) was an Irish basket-woman, sentenced to death for burglary. On the day of her execution, 4 May 1763, in what  The Newgate Calendar described as an "extraordinary and unprecedented scene" she struggled violently with the executioner, and with the noose about her neck, flung herself from the cart before the signal was given, dying instantly.

The Newgate Calendar
The Newgate Calendar, subtitled The Malefactors' Bloody Register, was a popular collection of moralising stories about sin, crime, and criminals who commit them in England in the 18th and 19th centuries. Originally a monthly bulletin of executions, produced by the Keeper of Newgate Prison in London, the Calendar's title was appropriated by other publishers, who put out biographical chapbooks about notorious criminals such as Sawney Bean, Dick Turpin, and Moll Cutpurse.
McGehee transformation
The McGehee transformation was introduced by Richard McGehee to study the triple collision singularity in the n-body problem.

The transformation blows up the single point in phase space where the collision occurs into a collision manifold, the phase space point is cut out and in its place a smooth manifold is pasted.  This allows the phase space singularity to be studied in detail.

What McGehee found was a distorted sphere with four horns pulled out to infinity and the points at their tips deleted. McGehee then went on to study the flow on the collision manifold.

Singularity (mathematics)
In mathematics, a singularity is a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point where the mathematical object ceases to be well-behaved in some particular way, such as by lacking differentiability or analyticity.

For example, the reciprocal function  has a singularity at , where the value of the function is not defined, as involving a division by zero. The absolute value function  also has a singularity at , since it is not differentiable there.

The algebraic curve defined by  in the  coordinate system has a singularity (called a cusp) at . For singularities in algebraic geometry, see singular point of an algebraic variety. For singularities in differential geometry, see singularity theory.