hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1970 United States redistricting cycle
The 1970 United States redistricting cycle took place following the completion of the 1970 United States census. In all fifty states, various bodies re-drew state legislative and congressional districts. States that are apportioned more than one seat in the United States House of Representatives also drew new districts for that legislative body. The resulting new districts were first implemented for the 1972 elections.

Several new laws and judicial decisions throughout the 1960s and the Civil rights movement impacted the 1970-1972 redistricting process, including Wesberry v. Sanders, Reynolds v. Sims, Gomillion v. Lightfoot, Gray v. Sanders, Baker v. Carr, the ratification of the 24th Amendment, and the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Uniform Congressional District Act of 1967.

Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that found an electoral district with boundaries created to disenfranchise African Americans violated the Fifteenth Amendment.
He Guangbei
He Guangbei is vice chairman and chief executive officer of BOC Hong Kong Holdings, Bank of China and BOC Group Life Assurance. He is also the chairman of Chiyu Banking Corporation and director of Nanyang Commercial Bank.

Nanyang Commercial Bank
Nanyang Commercial Bank (NCB, Chinese: 南洋商業銀行) is a bank based in Hong Kong and a wholly owned subsidiary of China Cinda Asset Management (Cinda), with 33 branches, 3 Commercial Business Centres and 4 Cross-border Wealth Management Centres. It was established in Hong Kong on 14 December 1949. NCB primarily focuses on corporate customers, in particular trading companies.

In 2015, Cinda acquired Nanyang Commercial Bank from Bank of China (Hong Kong) for HK$68 billion. Cinda had purchased NCB to diversify its business in areas of cross-border finance.
Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland
Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland PC (c. 1610 – 20 September 1643) was an English writer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War and was killed in action at the First Battle of Newbury.

Privy Council of England
The Privy Council of England, also known as His (or Her) Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (Latin: concilium familiare, concilium privatum et assiduum), was a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England. Its members were often senior members of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, together with leading churchmen, judges, diplomats and military leaders.

The Privy Council of England was a powerful institution, advising the sovereign on the exercise of the royal prerogative and on the granting of royal charters. It issued executive orders known as Orders in Council and also had judicial functions.

In 1708, the Privy Council of England was abolished and subsumed into the Privy Council of Great Britain along with the Privy Council of Scotland.
Ehrhardt (typeface)
Ehrhardt is an old-style serif typeface released by the British branch of the Monotype Corporation in 1938. Ehrhardt is a modern adaptation of printing types of "stout Dutch character" from the Dutch Baroque tradition sold by the Ehrhardt foundry in Leipzig. These were cut by the Hungarian-Transylvanian pastor and punchcutter Miklós (Nicholas) Tótfalusi Kis while in Amsterdam in the period from 1680 to 1689.

From 1937 to 1938, Monotype re-cut the type for modern-day usage, and it has become a popular book typeface. Ehrhardt has a slightly condensed design, giving it a strongly vertical, crisp appearance.

OpenType
OpenType is a format for scalable computer fonts. Derived from TrueType, it retains TrueType's basic structure but adds many intricate data structures for describing typographic behavior. OpenType is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

The specification germinated at Microsoft, with Adobe Systems also contributing by the time of the public announcement in 1996.

Because of wide availability and typographic flexibility, including provisions for handling the diverse behaviors of all the world's writing systems, OpenType fonts are used commonly on major computer platforms.
Matra Alice
The Matra & Hachette Ordinateur Alice is a home computer sold in France beginning in 1983.  It was a clone of the TRS-80 MC-10, produced through a collaboration between Matra and Hachette in France and Tandy Corporation in the United States.

The Alice is distinguished by its bright red casing.  Functionally, it is equivalent to the MC-10, with a Péritel (SCART) connector replacing the RF modulator for video output.

The Alice never became a popular computer in its home country. It tried to invade schools by being part of the country's Plan Informatique pour Tous ("Information technology for everyone") programme, but Thomson won the whole deal. Fewer than 50 games were released for the system.

The original model had 4 KB of RAM and used a Motorola 6847 video display generator chip, as used in the Dragon 32 and Acorn Atom among others.

At least three emulators for the system exist.

RF modulator
An RF modulator (radio frequency modulator) is an electronic device used to convert signals from devices such as media players, VCRs and game consoles to a format that can be handled by a device designed to receive a modulated RF input, such as a radio or television receiver. Its input is a baseband signal, which is used to modulate a radio frequency source.

RF modulators operate on different channels depending on the region and have been integrated into various home electronics. However, they tend to produce lower image quality than a baseband connection due to losses during the modulation and demodulation process. In professional broadcast settings, more sophisticated modulators are used.
Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual
Star Trek: The Next Generation: Technical Manual (ST:TNG TM) is a paperback reference guide detailing the inner and other workings of the fictional Federation starship Enterprise-D and other aspects of technology that appeared in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Authored by Rick Sternbach and Michael Okuda, who both worked in the art department on the television series, with a foreword by series creator Gene Roddenberry, the first and only edition was published in 1991 (ISBN 0-671-70427-3) by Pocket Books, and Paramount Pictures holds all copyrights.

United Federation of Planets
In the fictional universe of Star Trek, the United Federation of Planets (UFP) is the interstellar government with which, as part of its space force Starfleet, most of the characters and starships of the franchise are affiliated. Commonly called "the Federation", it was introduced in the original Star Trek television series. The survival, success, and growth of the Federation and its principles of freedom have become some of the Star Trek franchise's central themes.

The Federation is an organization of numerous planetary sovereignties, including Earth and Vulcan. The franchise focuses on Starfleet, the exploration and defense arm of the Federation, rather than the Federation's government. Viewers are rarely given details of the internal workings of the government; however, many episodes refer to the rules and laws that the Federation imposes on the characters and their adventures.
The Village (short story)
"The Village" is a short story by Kate Wilhelm. It was first published in the 1973 anthology Bad Moon Rising: An Anthology of Political Forebodings edited by Thomas M. Disch. It was also published in the 1977 anthology The Infinity Box and the 1987 anthology In the Field of Fire edited by Jack Dann and Jeanne Van Buren Dann.

Kate Wilhelm
Kate Wilhelm (June 8, 1928 –  March 8, 2018) was an American author. She wrote novels and stories in the science fiction, mystery, and suspense genres, including the Hugo Award–winning Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang. Wilhelm established the Clarion Workshop along with her husband Damon Knight and writer Robin Scott Wilson.
1991 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia – Doubles
The last edition of the tournament was in 1979, which was won by Françoise Dürr and Betty Stöve.

Jana Novotná and Larisa Savchenko won the title by defeating Mary Joe Fernández and Zina Garrison 6–2, 6–4 in the final.

Mary Joe Fernández
Mary Joe Fernández Godsick (born María José Fernández; August 19, 1971) is an American former professional tennis player, who reached a career-high ranking of world No. 4 in both singles and doubles. In singles, Fernández was the runner-up at the 1990 and 1992 Australian Open, and the 1993 French Open. She also won a bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. In doubles, she won the 1991 Australian Open with Patty Fendick and the 1996 French Open with Lindsay Davenport, plus two Olympic gold medals.
Mashal Yousafzai
Mashal Azam Yousafzai  (Urdu: مشال اعظم یُوسفزئی) was a Pakistani government official who was serving in the Provincial Cabinet of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was an advisor to the Chief Minister, Ali Amin Gandapur for Zakat, Ushr, Social Welfare, and Women Empowerment.

Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The chief minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the head of government of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The chief minister leads the legislative branch of the provincial government, and is elected by the Provincial Assembly. As long as she or he has the confidence of the assembly, a single term in office for the chief minister can be a maximum of five years. There is no limit on the number of terms.

The chief minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is elected by the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to serve as the head of the provincial government in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi
Khwaja Sadid ad-Din Huzaifa al-Marashi (Urdu: خواجہ حذیفہ المرعشی) was a famous Sufi of the Chishti Order born in Marash in present-day Turkey during the 8th century. He was a disciple of Ibrāhīm bin Adham. He died on 14th Shawal 207 Hijri, which is 823 AD. It is said that imam Al-Shafi'i was also among his Khulafa.

Al-Shafi'i
Al-Shafi'i (Arabic: الشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-Shāfiʿī; IPA: [a(l) ʃaːfiʕiː] ⓘ;767–820 CE) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, muhaddith, traditionist, theologian, ascetic, and eponym of the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He is known to be the first to write a book upon the  principles of Islamic jurisprudence, having authored one of the earliest work on the subject: al-Risala. His legacy and teaching on the matter provided it with a systematic form, thereby "fundamentally influencing the succeeding generations which are under his direct and obvious impact,": 270  and "beginning a new phase of the development of legal theory.": 239–273

Born in Gaza, Palestine, to the Banu Muttalib clan of the Quraysh tribe, he relocated at the age of two and was raised in Mecca. He later resided in Medina, Yemen, Baghdad in Iraq, and Egypt, and also served as a judge for some time in Najran.
Friesland, Minnesota
Friesland is an unincorporated community in Dell Grove Township, Pine County, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located between Hinckley and Sandstone; near the intersection of Pine County 61, Pine County 26, and the former Northern Pacific Railway (now the Willard Munger State Trail).

Willard Munger State Trail
The Willard Munger State Trail is a system of recreational trails between Hinckley and Duluth, Minnesota. The trail's three segments are the Hinckley to Duluth Segment, Alex Laveau Memorial Trail, and Matthew Lourey State Trail.
Michael E. Papka
Michael E. Papka is a Warren S. McCulloch professor of computer science at the University of Illinois Chicago. At Argonne National Laboratory, he works as a senior scientist, the deputy associate laboratory director for Computing, Environment, and Life Sciences (CELS), and the director of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility.  Additionally, Papka is the director of the Electronic Visualization Laboratory and co-director of the George Crabtree Institute for Discovery and Sustainability. Previously, Papka was a named Presidential Research, Scholarship and Artistry Professor at Northern Illinois University.

Aurora (supercomputer)
Aurora is an exascale supercomputer that was sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and designed by Intel and Cray for Argonne National Laboratory. It was briefly the second fastest supercomputer in the world from November 2023 to June 2024.

The cost was estimated in 2019 to be US$500 million. Olivier Franza is the chief architect and principal investigator of this design.
Caravia L'Alta
Caravia L'Alta is one of two parishes in Caravia, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia, or parish, is 8.05 km2 (3.11 sq mi) in size, with a population of 324 (INE 2007).

Parish (administrative division)
A parish is an administrative division used by several countries. To distinguish it from an ecclesiastical parish, the term civil parish is used in some jurisdictions, as noted below.

The table below lists countries which use this administrative division:
John Hughes Bennett
John Hughes Bennett PRCPE FRSE (31 August 1812 – 25 September 1875) was an English physician, physiologist and pathologist. His main contribution to medicine has been the first description of leukemia as a blood disorder (1845). The first person to describe leukemia as an unknown disease was Alfred François Donné.

Bennett was the first doctor to describe aspergillosis. In his seminal paper published in 1842 entitled "On the parasitic vegetable structures found growing in living animals" he makes the very first description of Aspergillus (a pathogenic fungus) growing in the lung tissue of humans.

The BMJ
The BMJ is a fortnightly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, which in turn is wholly owned by the British Medical Association (BMA). The BMJ has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Previously called the British Medical Journal, the title was officially shortened to BMJ in 1988, and then changed to The BMJ in 2014. The current editor-in-chief of The BMJ is Kamran Abbasi, who was appointed in January 2022.
Anglican Diocese of Udi
The Anglican Diocese of Udi is one of 12 dioceses within the Anglican Province of Enugu, itself one of 14 ecclesiastical provinces within the Church of Nigeria.

The current bishop is the Right Rev. Chjioke Augustine Aneke.

Church of Nigeria
The Church of Nigeria, officially styled the Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion), is the Anglican church in Nigeria. The church claims to be the second-largest province in the Anglican Communion, as measured by baptised membership (not by attendance), after the Church of England with 18 million members.

Since 2002 the Church of Nigeria has been organised into 14 ecclesiastical provinces. It has rapidly increased the number of its dioceses and bishops from 91 in 2002 to 161 as at January 2013 and 176 from September 2025. The administrative headquarters are located in Abuja. Archbishop Henry Ndukuba became its primate in 2020.
Kisan people
The Kisan are a tribal group found in the Indian states of Odisha, West Bengal and Jharkhand. They are traditional farmers and a food gathering people. They speak Kisan, a dialect of Kurukh, as well as Odia and Sambalpuri. The tribe mainly lives in northwestern Odisha, in the districts of Sundergarh, Jharsuguda and Sambalpur. Other populations live in Malda district in western West Bengal and Latehar and Gumla districts of western Jharkhand. They also reside in Nepal's Jhapa district in small number(around 1000).

Latehar district
Latehar district  is one of the 24 districts of  Jharkhand state in eastern India, and Latehar town is the administrative headquarters of this district. This district is part of Palamu division.

Latehar district is situated on longitude 84° 31' E and 23° 44.4' N latitude. The area of the district is 3660 km², with a population of 726,978 (2011 census).
Fartullagh
Fartullagh (Irish: Fir Thulach), previously Tyrrells country, is a barony in south–east County Westmeath, in Ireland. It was formed by 1542. It is bordered by County Offaly to the south and three other baronies: Moycashel (to the west), Moyashel and Magheradernon (to the north) and Farbill (to the north–east).

Rochfortbridge
Rochfortbridge (Irish: Droichead Chaisleán Loiste, meaning 'Castle Lost Bridge') is a village in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is at the intersection of the R400 and the R446 (formerly the N6) roads, 12 km south of Mullingar. As of the 2016 census, the population of Rochfortbridge was 1,473.
1995 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election
The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick held a leadership election in 1995 to replace its outgoing leader Dennis Cochrane.  The winner was former federal cabinet minister Bernard Valcourt, who went on to win the riding of Edmundston in the 1995 general election.

The candidates were Bathurst lawyer John Hazen, Riverview lawyer Scott MacGregor and Valcourt.  Another prospective candidate, Shediac mayor Michel Leger, dropped out well ahead of the convention after a 1990 court ruling surfaced in which a judge said Leger had made a "fraudulent omission and misrepresentation" in a land transfer made to obtain fire insurance for a property.

Riverview, New Brunswick
Riverview is a town in Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada. Riverview is located on the south side of the Petitcodiac River, across from the larger cities of Moncton and Dieppe. Riverview has an area of 34 square kilometres (13 sq mi), and a population density of 564.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,462/sq mi). Riverview's slogan is "A Great Place To Grow". With a population of 20,584 in 2021,

Riverview is the largest town in New Brunswick, and despite being designated as a town it is the fifth-largest municipality in the province, being more populous than the cities of Edmundston, Bathurst, Campbellton, and Miramichi.
Ferrari 125 S
The Ferrari 125 S (commonly 125 or 125 Sport) is a 1.5 litre sports car built in 1947 by automaker Ferrari in Modena, Italy. It was the company's first vehicle, of which only two were made.

Although preceded by Enzo Ferrari's Auto Avio Costruzioni 815 of 1940, the 125 S was the first vehicle to bear the Ferrari name when it debuted on May 11, 1947 at the Piacenza racing circuit. Like the 815, but unlike its inline-8 predecessor, partly developed from Fiat engine components, the 125 S featured a Ferrari designed and built engine; the Colombo V12 (the "125"), a trait it shared with most Ferrari cars of the following decades. The 125 S was replaced by the 159 S later in 1947.

Sports car
A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and racing capability. Sports cars originated in Europe in the early 1910s and are currently produced by many manufacturers around the world.
Lycée François-Arago (Perpignan)
The Lycée François-Arago (Pronunciation (French)ⓘ), also known as the Arago High School of Perpignan, is a French institution providing secondary education and post-secondary education. It is located in the city centre on the banks of the Basse river. It is the successor to the Collège de garçons de Perpignan. The school celebrated its bicentenary in October 2008.

Anniversary
An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded.

Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a "jubilee".
Miss Missouri's Outstanding Teen
The Miss Missouri's Teen competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the U.S. state of Missouri in the Miss America's Teen pageant. Miss Missouri's Teen pageant is often held the second weekend of June.

Greta Clark of Eureka was crowned Miss Missouri's Teen 2025 on June 14, 2025, at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She competed at Miss America's Teen 2026.

Missouri Military Academy
Missouri Military Academy is a private, college-preparatory school for boys in Mexico, Missouri, United States. Established in 1889, it is a selective boarding school that teaches students in grades 7 to 12. As a U.S. Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) Honor Unit With Distinction (as designated by the U.S. Department of the Army), it can nominate cadets to the U.S. Military Academy, Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, and Coast Guard Academy.
Excellence in Research for Australia
Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) is Australia's national research evaluation framework, developed and administered by the Australian Research Council (ARC). The first full round of ERA occurred in 2010, and subsequent rounds followed in 2012, 2015 and 2018. A round was scheduled for 2023, but in September 2022 the ARC announced that this would be postponed as they were transitioning the ERA process to a more robust and data driven model.

In addition to the Higher Education Research Data Collection, which collects statistics about research in Australia, the ERA collects itemised data, with all research classified according to the Field of Research (FOR) classification scheme used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. ERA relies on committees of academic experts to assess and rate research on a 1 to 5 scale (up to the 2018 round), by field of research and by university, and using a mix of assessment methods appropriate to the academic field being assessed.

Australian Bureau of Statistics
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is an agency of the Australian Government that collates and analyses statistical data on economic, demographic, environmental and social issues to support policy research and development.

The bureau's function originated in the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, established in 1905, four years after the Federation of Australia. The organisation took on its present name in 1975. The ABS conducts Australia's Census of Population and Housing every five years and publishes its findings online.
Santosh Kumar (actor)
Syed Musa Abbas Raza, (Urdu: سیّد مُوسٰی عبّاس رضا; 25 December 1925 – 11 June 1982) better known as Santosh Kumar (Urdu: سنتوش کُمار), was a Pakistani film actor who was popular in the 1950s and 1960s. He is also known as The First Romantic Hero of Pakistan and is often recognized for his role in Pakistani cinema. He was from an Urdu-speaking family from Lahore, Pakistan. His brother Darpan was also a film actor during the same period, while his other brother S. Suleman was a film director.

Nigar Awards
The Nigar Awards (Urdu: نگارانعامات, romanized: Negār Inʿāmaʿat, lit. 'Picture Awards') were presented in an annual award show to recognize outstanding achievement in Pakistani cinema. The honors were awarded by Nigar Magazine founded in 1948. The Nigar Awards were Pakistan's version of the Academy Awards. The awards show had been discontinued for some 15 year, and a revival was planned in 2017.

The annual presentation ceremony featured performances by prominent artists. The first Nigar Awards ceremony was held in 1957, to honor the accomplishments of Pakistani cinema for the year 1956. In 2002, following the 46th Annual Nigar Awards, Nigar Magazine announced its discontinuation of the awards due to the collapse of the Pakistani cinema industry.

After a 15-year hiatus, with the revival of Pakistani cinema, the 47th Nigar Awards were announced to be held on 16 March 2017 in Karachi. They were eventually cancelled.