hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hammons
Hammons is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Hammons (born 1943), American artist

David Hammons (Maine politician) (1808–1888), American politician

Debbie Hammons (born 1950), American politician

E. W. Hammons (1882–1962), American film producer

Edden Hammons (1876–1955), American fiddler

Foy Hammons (1894–1961), American football player and coach

John Tyler Hammons (born 1988), American politician

Joseph Hammons (1787–1836), American politician

Sophia Hammons (born 2006), American actress

David Hammons (Maine politician)
David Hammons (May 12, 1808 – November 7, 1888) was a United States representative from Maine.

He was born in Cornish, Massachusetts (now in Maine) on May 12, 1808.  He attended the common schools and Limerick Academy in Limerick, Maine.  He studied law with David Gould in Alfred, Maine, was admitted to the bar  and commenced practice in Lovell.

He was elected a member of the Maine State Senate (1840–1841).

In 1846 Hammons was elected to the U.S. House as a Democrat, and served in the Thirtieth Congress (March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849).

After leaving Congress Hammons continued the practice of law.  Though he had been willing to support the expansion of slavery in order to prevent southern states from seceding, he supported the Union during the American Civil War, and worked for no fee to aid Union Army veterans who filed claims for disability pensions.

Hammons died in Bethel on November 7, 1888.  His interment was in Woodland Cemetery.
Secale anatolicum
Secale anatolicum is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. It is native to southwestern Bulgaria, southern Greece, Turkey, the Transcaucasus, Iraq, and Iran. A perennial, it is found in a variety of subtropical habitats, including mountain slopes, cliffs, grasslands, scrublands, and forests at elevations from 700 to 2,300 m (2,300 to 7,500 ft). It has been assessed as Least Concern. Although there is taxonomic uncertainty about species delimitations within the genus Secale, this taxon is considered a crop wild relative of rye (Secale cereale).

South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia, or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
Maat
Ma'at or Maat (Egyptian: ma’at /ˈmuʀʕat/, Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓ) comprised the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, law, morality, and justice. Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars, seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the moment of creation. Her ideological opposite was Isfet (Egyptian jzft), meaning injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil.

Chaos (cosmogony)
In the context of religious cosmogony, Chaos (Ancient Greek: χάος, romanized: kháos) refers to the division of reality outside or in contrast to the ordered cosmos. As such it refers to a state, place, or time beyond the known, familiar, and reliable world, often said to be inhabited by strange, ominous, or demonic beings.

According to the creation of the universe (the cosmos) in early Greek cosmology, Chaos was the first being to exist.
David Silver (roboticist)
David Silver was a student at MIT in the early 1970s, who was the primary developer of the Silver Arm, an improved robotic arm which was used for experimenting in mechanisms for fine motor control using motions similar to human hand and finger movements.

While still a high school student, prior to enrolling at MIT, Silver had frequented the Project MAC offices, and was taught to program in PDP-6 assembly language by some of the early hackers, who picked him up as a 'mascot' of their group. According to Steven Levy's book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, his presence at the lab, and his being allowed to work on independent robotics projects, became a source of friction between the nascent Hacker group and the project's administrators.

Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (ISBN 978-0-385-19195-1) is a book by Steven Levy about hacker culture. It was published in 1984 in Garden City, New York by Doubleday. Levy describes the people, the machines, and the events that defined the Hacker culture and the Hacker Ethic, from the early mainframe hackers at MIT, to the self-made hardware hackers and game hackers.

The book saw an edition with a new afterword (entitled "Afterword: Ten Years After") by the author in 1994. In 2010, a 25th anniversary edition with updated material was published by O'Reilly.
Willer (surname)
Willer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anne Walsh Willer (1923–2017), American politician

Emil Willer (born 1932), German boxer

Luise Willer (1888–1970), German operatic contralto

Marina Willer, Brazilian graphic designer and filmmaker

Robb Willer (born 1977), American sociologist and social psychologist

Shirley Willer (1922–1999), American feminist and activist

Shirley Willer
Shirley Willer (September 26, 1922 – December 31, 1991) was an American feminist and activist. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Willer joined the Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) in the 1950s and became the president of the organization a few years after. Because of her energy and dedication, she helped to revolutionize the homophile movement in the 1960s and helped pave the way for future civil rights advancements for the gay community.
Micah Jiba
Micah Yohanna Jiba is a Nigerian politician. He was a member a member of the Federal House of Representative, representing Abuja Municipal Area Council/Bwari Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives. He was succeeded by Joshua Chinedu Obika.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Urganda
Urganda is a mythological witch, the Portuguese equivalent of Circe, the witch whom Odysseus (according to the Odyssey) encountered on his journey home from Troy. She is an  enchantress in the romances belonging to the Amadis and Palmerin series in the Spanish school of romance.

Urganda is one of the Fates who appear in Matteo Maria Boiardo's epic poem Orlando in Love (1495). In the poem she is the protector of Amadigi, along with fellow fate Oriana.

The Spanish poet Miguel Cervantes mentions her in the preliminary Poems of Don Quixote (1605). The part she plays in the poem is more like that of Merlin. She derives her title from the faculty which, like Merlin, she possessed: that of changing her form and appearance at will.

A hermitage folly designed in 1750 by Thomas Wright in the grounds of Badminton House, in Gloucestershire, England, and known as the Root House is dedicated to Urganda.

Badminton House
Badminton House is a large country house and Grade I listed building in Badminton, Gloucestershire, England, which has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Beaufort since the late 17th century. The house, which has given its name to the sport of badminton, is set among 52,000 acres (21,000 ha) of land. The gardens and park surrounding the house are listed at Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
St John the Baptist's Church, Parson Drove
St John the Baptist's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Parson Drove, in north Cambridgeshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  The church stands at the east end of the village, on the north side of the B1169 road, some 6 miles (10 km) west of Wisbech.

Redundant church
A redundant church, now referred to as a closed church, is a church building that is no longer used for Christian worship. The term most frequently refers to former Anglican churches in the United Kingdom, but may also be used for disused churches in other countries. Redundant churches may be deconsecrated, but this is not always done.

Reasons for redundancy include population movements, changing social patterns, merging of parishes, and decline in church attendance (especially in the Global North). Historically, redundant churches were often demolished or left to ruin. Today, many are repurposed as community centres, museums or homes, or are protected under the care of heritage preservation organisations such as Friends of Friendless Churches or the Churches Conservation Trust, and are demolished only if no alternative can be found.
President Street–Medgar Evers College station
The President Street–Medgar Evers College station (originally President Street station) is a station on the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of President Street and Nostrand Avenue in Brooklyn, the station is served by the 2 train at all times and the 5 train on weekdays.

Dual Contracts
The Dual Contracts, also known as the Dual Subway System, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were signed on March 19, 1913, by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. As part of the Dual Contracts, the IRT and BRT would build or upgrade several subway lines in New York City, then operate them for 49 years.

Most of the lines of the present-day New York City Subway were built or reconstructed under these contracts. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies. Both the IRT and BRT (later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) worked together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible.
Comstock's silverspot
Comstock's silverspot (Speyeria callippe comstocki) is a subspecies of silverspot butterfly ranging from northern California to Baja Mexico. Populations are near extirpation in the Santa Monica Mountains and it is now rare in the San Gabriel Mountains. The larvae feed on Johnny jumpup (Viola pedunculata).  It is a very close relative of the endangered callippe silverspot butterfly (Speyeria callippe callippe), which is another subspecies of Speyeria callippe.  Intermediate populations between these subspecies are fairly widespread.

Baja California peninsula
The Baja California peninsula (Spanish: Península de Baja California, lit. 'Lower California peninsula') is a peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It separates the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula extends from Mexicali, Baja California, in the north to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, in the south.

With a length of 1,247 km (775 miles), its width ranges from 40 km (25 miles) at its narrowest to 320 km (200 miles) at its widest point and has approximately 3,000 km (1,900 miles) of coastline and approximately 65 islands. The total area of the Baja California peninsula is 143,390 km2 (55,360 sq mi).

The peninsula is separated from mainland Mexico by the Gulf of California and the Colorado River. There are four main desert areas on the peninsula: the San Felipe Desert, the Central Coast Desert, the Vizcaíno Desert, and the Magdalena Plain Desert.
Antoni Massana
Antoni Massana i Bertran (24 February 1890 in Barcelona – 9 September 1966 in Raïmat) was a Spanish Jesuit priest and composer. He was maestro de capilla at the Church of the Jesuits, Sagrat Cor de Jesús, at the Col·legi Casp, Barcelona.

The scores of Antoni Massana are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya.

Raimat
Raimat (older spelling Raïmat) is a locality in the municipality of Lleida (Catalonia, Spain), 14 km away from the main town. Along with Sucs, its official status is that of a decentralised municipal entity, as some semi-urban wards attached to a larger municipality are known in Catalonia. It had 489 inhabitants in the 2008 census. It's well known for its wine industry.
Siberian dialects
Siberian dialects (Russian: сибирские говоры) are a group of Northern Russian dialects under the lexical influence of the Southern Russian dialects and foreign inclusions (primarily Turkic and sometimes Uralic). It has been spoken by Siberian old settlers: Siberiaks, Chaldons, Cossacks, Pokhodchans (Kolymchans), Russian Ustians (Indigirshchiks), and Markovites (Anadyrshchiks).

From a phonetic and grammatical point of view, Siberian dialects genetically go back to Northern Russian dialects (such as Vologda and Veliky Ustyug dialects) and are characterized by okanye, clear pronunciation of vowels, plosive /g/, absence of /ɕː/ (replaced by long /ʂː/), dropping out vowels (which leads to changes in the adjective declension) and consonants, a variety of pluperfect forms, as well as frequent use of postpositive articles,, whose forms depend on the word's gender, number and declension ('мужик-от', 'самосад-отто', 'баба-та', 'руку-ту', 'сусиди-те').

Veliky Ustyug
Veliky Ustyug (Russian: Вели́кий У́стюг) is a town in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast at the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 31,665.

Veliky Ustyug has a great historical significance and was one of the major cities of the Russian North. It preserved some of the past urban structure and many of the architectural monuments. It has lost its former leading role and is nowadays mostly known for tourism.
El Profesor Hippie
El Profesor Hippie  is a 1969 Argentine musical comedy film directed by Fernando Ayala and written by Abel Santacruz which Ayala produced with Héctor Olivera. The film starred Luis Sandrini, Roberto Escalada and Soledad Silveyra. The film premiered on July 31, 1969 in Buenos Aires.

Héctor Olivera (film director)
Héctor Emilio Olivera (born 5 April 1931) is an Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter. Olivera worked mainly in the cinema of Argentina, but also has directed or contributed to several films made for the United States market.
Tricholoma permelleum
Tricholoma permelleum is an agaric fungus of the genus Tricholoma. It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, where it fruits on soil, fallen trunks, and bamboo stumps. It was described as new to science in 1994 by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner.

Agaric
An agaric (/ˈæɡərɪk, əˈɡærɪk/) is a type of fungal fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. It is a type of mushroom (or toadstool), the diverse group of agarics being lumped together as gilled mushrooms. "Agaric" can also refer more generally to any basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body.
James Cornwallis
James Cornwallis (16 September 1701 – 1727) was a Royal Navy officer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1727 as a supporter of the Whig government of Robert Walpole.

Cornwallis was the second son of Charles Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis, and his wife Lady Charlotte Butler, daughter of Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran. He joined the Royal Navy and was lieutenant in 1720 and commander of the  Griffin fire-ship.

Cornwallis was returned unopposed by his elder brother, Lord Cornwallis, as Member of Parliament for the family borough of Eye at a by-election on 3 November 1722.

Cornwallis had not married by his death on 28 May 1727, just before the 1727 British general election. He was survived by his younger brothers Stephen Cornwallis, John Cornwallis, and twins Edward Cornwallis and Frederick Cornwallis. Stephen and Edward had military careers in the Army, and Frederick in the Anglican Church.

Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran
Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran (1639–1686) was Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1682 to 1684 while James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, his father, the Lord Lieutenant, was absent in England. He sat in the Irish House of Lords as Earl of Arran and in the English one as Baron Butler of Weston. When William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford was accused of treason during the Popish Plot, Arran braved the anti-Catholic hysteria and voted not guilty.
Monroe Sweetland
Monroe Mark Sweetland (January 20, 1910 – September 10, 2006) was an American politician in the state of Oregon. A native of the state, he served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly starting in 1953 for a total of ten years. A Democrat, he also twice ran and lost bids to serve as the Oregon Secretary of State and was a Democratic National Committeeman. Sweetland later served on the staff of the National Education Association, supporting passage of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968.

Oregon Secretary of State
The secretary of state of Oregon, an elected constitutional officer within the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon, is first in the line of succession to the governor. The duties of the office are auditor of public accounts, chief elections officer, and administrator of public records. Additionally, the secretary of state serves on the Oregon State Land Board and chairs the Oregon Sustainability Board. Following every United States Census, if the Oregon Legislative Assembly cannot come to an agreement over changes to legislative redistricting, the duty falls to the secretary of state.

The current secretary of state is Democrat Tobias Read, who took office on January 6, 2025.
Henry Scrope (died 1625)
Henry Scrope (ca. 1570–1625), of Greenwich, Kent, was an English politician.

He was the younger son of Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton and his second wife Margaret, daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. He matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1585 and attained a MA in 1588 the year he was admitted to Gray's Inn.

He held land in Easby, Richmondshire and Ewcott Grange, Whitby. Through his family's influence he was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Carlisle in 1589, 1593, 1597 and 1601. He was in Venice in 1593, from where he wrote to the Earl of Essex. In 1597 his brother feared that due to the 'course that he takes', he would not live long.

He never married and died at Greenwich in October 1625.

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, (1516/1517 – 19 January 1547), was an English nobleman, politician and poet. He was one of the founders of English Renaissance poetry and was the last known person to have been executed at the insistence of King Henry VIII. As a fellow translator and imitator of classical Latin authors, his name is usually associated in literature with that of the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt, about whom he wrote. Owing largely to the powerful position of his father Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Henry took a prominent part in court life, and served as a soldier both in France and in Scotland. He was a man of reckless temper, which involved him in many quarrels, and finally brought upon him the wrath of the ageing Henry VIII. He was arrested, tried for treason and beheaded on Tower Hill.
Bailly Cemetery
Bailly Cemetery is a cemetery located at Indiana Dunes National Park in Porter, Indiana, US.
The cemetery is three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) north of the Joseph Bailly Homestead on the edge of a sand ridge.  The first recorded burial was Robert, the son of Joseph Bailly, in about 1827.  Subsequently, the site has been considered a family graveyard.  Burials of those outside the Bailly family are numerous.  Today, they are all unmarked, including Swedish residents of the area.  Outside the cemetery platform to the north there are eight recorded tombstones, four of which are older than 1827: Isaac Schellinger, 1811; Peter Carlbon, 1814; Rhoda Schellinger, 1816; and Thomas B. Speer, 1817.

Porter, Indiana
Porter is a town in Westchester Township, Porter County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 5,210 as of the 2020 census.  Porter is in the Indiana Dunes ecosystem, which played a role in the creation of The Nature Conservancy, and inspired conservation efforts. It is home to Porter Beach, also known as Johnson's Beach, on Lake Michigan.

Porter is located near Indiana Dunes State Park and on the southern railroad terminus of the Chicago and West Michigan Railway.
Hans Söderström
Hans Erik "Hatto" Söderström (born 21 January 1957) is a Swedish curler, a two-time European championship silver medallist (1978, 1979) and a 1981 Swedish men's curling champion.

In 1981 he was inducted into the Swedish Curling Hall of Fame.

1979 European Curling Championships
The 1979 European Curling Championships were held from November 18 to 24 at the Palaghiaccio arena in Varese, Italy.

The Scottish men's team won their first European title, and the Swiss women's team won their first European title.

For the first time, the men's team of Wales took part in the European Championship.
Abu Taur of Huesca
Abu Tawr (Arabic: أبو ثور) was wali of Washka, a Muslim nobleman, perhaps member of the Banu Salama (Arabic: بني سلمة) clan. Alternatively, it has been suggested that he may be the individual Al-Andalus genealogist Ibn Hazm named as Abu Tawr ibn Qasi, son of the eponymous ancestor of the powerful Muwallad Banu Qasis.

At the imperial diet of Paderborn, he joined with Sulayman al-Arabi, the wali of Barcelona, and Husayn, wali of Zaragoza, in offering of their domains to Charlemagne in exchange for military aid in a new revolt against Emir Abd ar-Rahman I, with the aim of reinstating Abbasid power in Al-Andalus. Charlemagne marched an army and took possession of Barcelona and Washka in 778, but Huseyn reneged and following an unsuccessful assault on Zaragoza, the alliance ended in failure with the Frankish withdrawal and defeat at Roncesvaux.

In 790 he proposed an alliance with Louis the Pious.

Huesca
Huesca (Spanish: [ˈweska]; Aragonese: Uesca) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon between 1096 and 1118. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and of the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2009, it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. The city is one of the smallest provincial capitals in Spain.

Huesca celebrates its main festival, the Fiestas de San Lorenzo, in honor of Saint Lawrence, from 9 to 15 August.
A Riddle of Roses
A Riddle of Roses is the debut novel of Caryl Cude Mullin. It was illustrated by Kasia Charko and released by Second Story Press in 2000. The novel is well suited for young readers and marketed for young teenagers. The novel's topic is influenced by Celtic mythology and Arthurian legends.

Second Story Press
Second Story Press is a book publishing company located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The company is focused on feminism, focusing on books featuring strong female characters and exploring themes of social justice, human rights, and ability issues.

Margie Wolfe, who co-founded the company with three other women in 1988, is publisher, owner, and president. Authors published by Second Story Press include Rachna Gilmore, Kathy Kacer, Joanne Robertson, Hana Brady, and Kathy Stinson. Second Story publishes both the Women's Hall of Fame series and the Holocaust Remembrance series of books for children.

Second Story Press is a member of the Association of Canadian Publishers, the Organization of Book Publishers of Ontario, and the Canadian Children's Book Centre. It also receives funding from the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council.