hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)
The Academia Nacional de Ciencias (ANC, English: National Academy of Sciences) is Costa Rica's Academy of Sciences. It was created as a “permanent forum for discussion and scientific analysis,” and serves both as an honorific society and a source of scientific advice for the government. Its mandate is to promote scientific culture and progress within Costa Rica, and collaboration between national and international agencies. It maintains membership in international organizations such as the International Council for Science (ICSU), the InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences (IANAS) and the Third World Network (TWN). Its headquarters are in San Pedro in the province of San José.

San José Province
San José (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ xoˈse]) is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the central part of the country, and borders (clockwise beginning in the north) the provinces of Alajuela, Heredia, Limón, Cartago and Puntarenas. The provincial and national capital is San José. The province covers an area of 4,965.9 km². and has a population of 1,404,242.
Jackson Heights (TV series)
Jackson Heights (Urdu: جیکسن ہائیٹس) is a 2014 Pakistani light comedy-drama serial that follows the lives of overseas Pakistanis and Indians living in the Jackson Heights neighborhood of New York City in Queens. It is directed by Mehreen Jabbar, written by Vasay Chaudhry and produced by Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Nasib. The serial features an ensemble cast including Marina Khan, Adeel Hussain, Aamina Sheikh, Noman Ejaz, Ali Kazmi, Adnan Jaffar, Naghma and Neelofar Abbasi.

The plot of the serial revolves around six expatriates working in Jackson Heights in New York City.

Low comedy
Low comedy, or lowbrow humor, is a type of comedy that is a form of popular entertainment without any primary purpose other than to create laughter through boasting, boisterous jokes, drunkenness, scolding, fighting, buffoonery and other riotous activity. It is characterized by "horseplay", slapstick or farce. Examples include the throwing of a custard pie into someone's face. The definition has expanded to include obvious physical jokes, such as the wedgie.

The term "low comedy" was coined by John Dryden in his preface to his play An Evening's Love.
Nikolai Mashkin
Nikolai Alexandrovich Mashkin (Russian: Николай Александрович Машкин; 9 February 1900, Sokolki – 15 September 1950, Moscow) was a Soviet scholar of Ancient Rome (Doctor of Historical Sciences and Professor from 1942). Mashkin authored The History of Ancient Rome (1947–56), which was translated into several languages, and The Principate of Augustus. Its Origin and Social Essence (1949, translated into German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian languages). In 1950 Mashkin received the Stalin Prize.

Mashkin was born in the village of Sokolki, present Bugulminsky District in Russia. Having finished a school in Bugulma, he studied at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the Samara State University (1921/22) and at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Moscow University. In 1938 Mashkin received his doctorate. Mashkin extensively studied the history of Roman provinces, particularly Africa. He also authored several works on circumcellions.

He published in Journal of Ancient History.

Circumcellions
The Circumcellions, or Agonistici (as called by Donatists), were bands of Roman Christian radicals in North Africa in the early to mid-4th century. They were initially concerned with remedying social grievances. They condemned poverty and slavery and advocated canceling debt and freeing slaves. The term "Circumcellions" may have been coined by critics who referred to them as "circum cellas euntes" (they go around larders) because "they roved about among the peasants, living on those they sought to indoctrinate."
Sörla saga sterka
Sörla saga sterka is a legendary saga which was written in the 14th or 15th century.

It is a sequel to Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra and like its prequel one of its locales is England, which is a vassal to Sweden. Sörli the Strong is a son of the king of Oppland, and is at feud with Halfdan Brana's Foster Son (now king of Sweden). After some adventures in Africa, which greatly resemble Halfdan's exploits in Helluland, Sörli encounters Halfdan, kills him, and takes his ship. Halfdan's son Högni (of the Hjaðningavíg) fights against him but later they become allies.

Much of the story is presented in a similar form in the midsection of Sörla þáttr.

Helluland
Helluland (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈhelːoˌlɑnd]) is one of the three lands, the others being Vinland and Markland, seen by Bjarni Herjólfsson, encountered by Leif Erikson and further explored by Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America. As some writers refer to all land beyond Greenland as Vinland, Helluland is sometimes considered a part of Vinland.
Pivalonitrile
Pivalonitrile is a nitrile with the semi-structural formula (CH3)3CCN, abbreviated t-BuCN.  This aliphatic organic compound is a clear, colourless liquid that is used as a solvent and as a labile ligand in coordination chemistry. Pivalonitrile is isomeric with tert-butyl isocyanide but the two compounds do not exist in chemical equilibrium, unlike its silicon analog trimethylsilyl cyanide.

Nitrile
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the −C≡N, suffixed with "nitrile", so for example CH3CH2C≡N is called "propionitrile" (or propanenitrile). The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons.

Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group are not called nitriles, but cyanides instead. Though both nitriles and cyanides can be derived from cyanide salts, most nitriles are not nearly as toxic.
De Ronde van Frankrijk
De Ronde van Frankrijk (The Tour de France) was a Belgian gag cartoon comic strip series by Marc Sleen, in which he made a comedic report of every daily tournament of the annual cycling contest the Tour de France. Sleen drew the strip each year, from 1947 up until 1964, for the Flemish newspapers Het Vrije Volksblad and Het Volk.

On 1 January 2030, all comics series by Marc Sleen, including De Ronde van Frankrijk, will enter public domain, in accordance with the Marc Sleen Foundation.

Gag cartoon
A gag cartoon (also panel cartoon, single-panel cartoon, or gag panel) is most often a single-panel cartoon, usually including a caption beneath the drawing. In some cases, dialogue may appear in speech balloons, following the common convention of comic strips. A pantomime cartoon carries no caption (see also: pantomime comics).

As the name implies—"gag" being a show business term for a comedic idea—these cartoons are most often intended to provoke laughter. Popular magazines that have featured gag cartoons include Punch, The New Yorker and Playboy. Some publications, such as Humorama, have used cartoons as the main focus of the magazine, rather than articles and fiction.
Jedha, Kyber, Erso
"Jedha, Kyber, Erso" is the series finale of the American science fiction political spy thriller drama television series Andor. It is the twelfth episode of the second season and the twenty-fourth episode of the series overall; it was written by Tom Bissell and directed by Alonso Ruizpalacios.

"Jedha, Kyber, Erso" was released on Disney+ on May 13, 2025 as part of a three-episode block also including "Make It Stop" and "Who Else Knows?", and received universal acclaim from critics and audiences alike for its performances, direction, cinematography and emotional weight.

Spy fiction
Spy fiction is a genre of literature involving espionage as an important context or plot device. It emerged in the early twentieth century, inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the major powers, and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of communism and fascism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies.  As a genre, spy fiction is thematically related to the novel of adventure (The Prisoner of Zenda, 1894, The Scarlet Pimpernel, 1905), the thriller (such as the works of Edgar Wallace) and the politico-military thriller (The Schirmer Inheritance, 1953, The Quiet American, 1955).
The Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones
The Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones is an a cappella group at Harvard University founded in 1985 by a group of undergraduates. It is one of several contemporary co-ed a cappella groups at the college. Along with two performances every year in Sanders Theatre, they perform at a variety of events on campus and in the greater Boston–New York area. They also compete in the ICCA Northeast Quarterfinals and Semifinals. The Veritones won recognition in 2018 for producing the first virtual reality a cappella music video with a cover of Gemini Feed by Banks, including a perfect score from RARB and CASA A Cappella Video Award nominations for Best Mixed Collegiate Video and Best Electronic/Experimental Video, winning runner-up for Best Mixed Collegiate Video.

International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella
The International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA), originally the National Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (NCCA, a play on NCAA), is an international competition run by Varsity Vocals, that attracts hundreds of college a cappella groups each year.

The competition sees groups from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom compete across 9 regions, culminating in the ICCA Finals in New York City. A small number of groups from Ireland, South Africa, and Mexico have participated sporadically as well.
Birnin Magaji/Kiyaw
Birnin Magaji/Kiyaw is a Local Government Area in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Birnin Magaji (or Magare) in the north of the LGA  at12°33′00″N 6°49′00″E﻿ / ﻿12.55000°N 6.81667°E﻿ / 12.55000; 6.81667. The LGA is also named from the town of Kiyaw (or Kiawa) to the south.

It has an area of 1,188 km2 and a population of 178,619 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 882.

Postal code
A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, PIN or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

As of August 2021, the Universal Postal Union lists 160 countries which require the use of a postal code.

Although postal codes are usually assigned to geographical areas, special codes are sometimes assigned to individual addresses or to institutions that receive large volumes of mail, such as government agencies and large commercial companies. One example is the French CEDEX system.
Jineth Bedoya Lima
Jineth Bedoya Lima (born c. 1974) is a Colombian journalist. She was abducted in May 2000 and August 2003. In 2001, she was awarded the Courage In Journalism Award of the International Women's Media Foundation. She also won the Golden Pen of Freedom award by the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers in 2020.

World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers
The World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization made up of 76 national newspaper associations, 12 news agencies, 10 regional press organisations, and many individual newspaper executives in 100 countries. The association was founded in 1948, and, as of 2011, represented more than 18,000 publications globally.

WAN's objectives are to defend and to promote freedom of the press, to support the development of newspaper publishing, and to foster global co-operation. It has provided consultation for UNESCO, the United Nations, and the Council of Europe.

According to WAN, from 2007 to 2011, global newspaper advertising dropped 41% to $76 billion.
Eduardo Enrique Reina
Eduardo Enrique Reina García (born 9 December 1968) is a Honduran politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from January 2022 until his resignation in May 2024. A member of the Liberty and Refoundation party, he is Rixi Moncada's running mate in the 2025 general election.

2025 Honduran general election
General elections were held in Honduras on 30 November 2025. Voters elected the President, all 128 members of the National Congress, and 20 representatives to the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN). The National Electoral Council (CNE) declared National Party candidate Nasry Asfura as the election's winner on 24 December. The election was marred by allegations of foreign interference and a prolonged and controversial vote count that saw Asfura win over his nearest opponent, Salvador Nasralla, by a narrow margin. The National Party also won a plurality of seats in the country's National Congress, while the Liberal Party became the second largest party in the Congress at the expense of LIBRE.
Yoshiyasu Gomi
Yoshiyasu Gomi (五味 芳保, Gomi Yoshiyasu, born 25 April 1933) is a Japanese former speed skater who competed in the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics.

He was born in Nagano Prefecture.

In 1952 he finished tenth in the 5000 metres competition and 14th in the 10000 metres event.

Four years later he finished 23rd in the 10000 metres contest, 27th in the 5000 metres competition, and 39th in the 1500 metres event at the 1956 Games.

Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres
The 10,000-metre speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics programme. It was the last speed skating contest at this Games. The competition was held on naturally frozen ice on the Lake Misurina. It was held on Tuesday, 31 January 1956, from 10 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. Thirty-two speed skaters from 15 nations competed.
Walrus ivory
Walrus ivory, also known as morse, comes from two modified upper canines of a walrus. The tusks grow throughout life and may, in the Pacific walrus, attain a length of one metre. Walrus teeth are  commercially carved and traded; the average walrus tooth has a rounded, irregular peg shape and is approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length.

The tip of a walrus tusk has a tooth enamel coating which is worn away during the animal's youth. Fine longitudinal cracks, which appear as radial cracks in cross-section, originate in the cementum and penetrate the dentine. These cracks can be seen throughout the length of the tusk. Whole cross-sections of walrus tusks are generally oval with widely spaced indentations. The dentine is composed of two types: primary dentine and secondary (often called osteodentine). Primary dentine has a classical ivory appearance. Secondary dentine is marble or oatmeal-like.

Cementum
Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. The cementum is the part of the periodontium that attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone by anchoring the periodontal ligament.
Armenian victims of the Great Purge
Armenian victims of the Great Purge included Armenian intellectuals, writers, artists, Bolshevik and later Soviet statesmen, military commanders, and religious figures. Orchestrated by Joseph Stalin, the Great Purge was a campaign of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union against supposed "enemies of the people," including members of the Communist Party, the peasantry, writers and intellectuals, and other unaffiliated persons. The worst period, under NKVD head Nikolay Yezhov, was known as the Yezhovschina ('period of Yezhov'). In the years from 1936 to 1938, thousands of people suffered from Stalinist repressions in Soviet Armenia.

Nikolai Yezhov
Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov (Russian: Николай Иванович Ежов, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ (j)ɪˈʐof]; 1 May 1895 – 4 February 1940), also spelt Ezhov, was a Soviet secret police official under Joseph Stalin who was head of the NKVD from 1936 to 1938, at the height of the Great Purge. Yezhov organized mass arrests, torture, and executions during the Great Purge, but he fell out of favour with Stalin and was arrested, subsequently admitting in a confession to a range of anti-Soviet activity including "unfounded arrests" during the Purge. He was executed in 1940 along with others who were blamed for the Purge.
Andalusians
The Andalusians (Spanish: andaluces) are the people of Andalusia, an autonomous community in southern Spain. Andalusia's statute of autonomy defines Andalusians as the Spanish citizens who reside in any of the municipalities of Andalusia, as well as those Spaniards who reside abroad and had their last Spanish residence in Andalusia, and their descendants. Since reform in 2007, the Andalusian statute of autonomy identifies the territory as a historic nationality in the preamble.
The Spanish Language Academy recognizes Andalusian Spanish as a set of diverse dialects. Andalusian nationalism is the belief that Andalusians are a nation separate from other ethnicities within Spain.

Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia
The Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia is a law hierarchically located under the 1978 Constitution of Spain, and over any legislation passed by the Andalusian Autonomous Government. During the Spanish transition to democracy, Andalusia was the one region of Spain to take its path to autonomy under what was called the "vía rápida" ("fast way") allowed for by Article 151 of the 1978 Constitution. That article was set out for regions like Andalusia that had been prevented by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War from adopting a statute of autonomy during the period of the Second Spanish Republic. Following this procedure, Andalusia was constituted as an autonomous community February 28, 1980. The regional holiday of the Andalusia Day commemorates that date. The statute was approved the following year by the Spanish national government.
Mike Matusow
Michael Matusow (born April 30, 1968) is an American professional poker player residing in Henderson, Nevada. Matusow's nickname of "the Mouth" reflects his reputation for trash-talking at the poker table.

Matusow began playing poker seriously in the early 1990s, first while working as a poker dealer, then as a professional player. His successes include being a four-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and the winner of the 2005 World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions.

Henderson, Nevada
Henderson is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, about 16 miles (26 km) southeast of  Las Vegas. It is the 2nd most populous city in Nevada, after Las Vegas, with 317,610 residents as of the 2020 census. The city is part of the Las Vegas Valley.

Henderson is notable for its extensive system of outdoor recreation facilities, including over 220 miles (350 km) of trails and 72 parks.

Incorporated in 1953, Henderson was originally known for its role in magnesium production during World War II. Since then, it has grown rapidly through the development of master planned communities starting with the large Green Valley neighborhood, redevelopment and reinvestment after the PEPCON disaster, and the city government's historically proactive planning and management.
1995 Micronesian imports referendum
A referendum on the powers of the federal government to levy taxes on imports was held in the Federated States of Micronesia on 4 July 1995. Congress had adopted Public Law 8-135 on the matter, which would have altered article II of Chapter IX of the constitution. However, the move was vetoed by President Bailey Olter on 22 March. As a result, the referendum was held alongside by-elections for Congress. A three-quarter majority was required in three of the four states, but the proposal was rejected by voters.

Bailey Olter
Bailey Olter (March 27, 1932 – February 16, 1999) was a Micronesian political figure. He was elected to the Senate of Micronesian Congress from Ponape district. He served as Vice President of the Federated States of Micronesia from 1983 to 1987, and as the third president of the Federated States of Micronesia from 1991 to 1996.

He was re-elected president in the March 1995 presidential election. He suffered a stroke in July 1996 ending his capacity to carry out his office; his Vice President Jacob Nena served the last year of his term.
Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award
The Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award is a civil decoration given annually to honor individuals who have dedicated their lives to public service. It was established in 2000 by the Prague Society for International Cooperation and the Global Panel Foundation.  It is named in honor of the Prague Society's President Marc S. Ellenbogen's mother who grew up in war torn Europe. The award comes with a 150,000 crown cash prize, which the award recipient passes on to a young person or institution in the public realm. For instance when the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra won the award in 2000, the cash prize was given to Lukas Vondracek, an aspiring musician at the time, who is now recognized worldwide.

StB
State Security (Czech: Státní bezpečnost, Slovak: Štátna bezpečnosť), or StB / ŠtB, was the secret police force in communist Czechoslovakia from 1945 to its dissolution in 1990. Serving as an intelligence and counter-intelligence agency, it dealt with any activity that was considered opposition to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the state.
Lee Tong-shing
Lee Tong-shing (born 6 December 1947) is a Taiwanese former swimmer. He competed in four events at the 1968 Summer Olympics, placing 6th, 7th, and 8th consecutively in the 100m butterfly, 100m freestyle, and the 400m individual medley. He was disqualified from the 200m individual medley.

Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics
The swimming competitions at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City took place from 17 to 26 October at the Alberca Olímpica Francisco Márquez. Swimming featured a record total of 29 events. There was a total of 468 participants from 51 countries competing. The United States dominated the competition, winning 52 of 87 possible medals. 15-year-old American phenom Debbie Meyer from Maryland won three gold medals.
Banda Kanakalingeswara Rao
Banda Kanakalingeswara Rao (20 January 1907 – 3 December 1968) was an Indian actor known for his works in Telugu theatre, and Telugu cinema.
He was a member of Kendriya Sangeet Natak Akademi from 1952 and Andhra Pradesh Sangeet Natak Akademi from 1957.

He promoted Kuchipudi dance along with Vedantam Parvatisam in 1957 helped the government in the establishment of Siddhendra Kalakshetra in Kuchipudi village. This institution was later merged with the Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University in 1989. He wrote many articles to take this art form to the public.
He joined All India Radio in 1956 and broadcast many drama and playlets. He founded Shiva temple and Vedic School in his native village.

He entered the Telugu film industry in its early period and acted in films including Paduka Pattabhishekham (1945), Bala Nagamma (1942), Sarangadhara (1937), and Draupadi Manasamrakshanam (1936).

Sangeet Natak Akademi
Sangeet Natak Akademi (The National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama in English), in New Delhi, is the national academy for performing arts set up by the Government of India. It is an autonomous body of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.