hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Flood arch
A flood arch is a small supplemental arch bridge provided alongside a main bridge. It provides extra capacity for floodwater.

The space beneath a flood arch is normally dry and often carries a towpath or similar. In some cases it borders on the shallow edge of a river, but this does not carry substantial flow in normal conditions. A bridge with multiple arches across a flowing river would instead be termed a viaduct.

For some bridges, flood arches were added after the first bridge had been constructed, often after initial flooding.

Towpath
A towpath is a road or trail on the bank of a river, canal, or other inland waterway. The purpose of a towpath is to allow a land vehicle, beasts of burden, or a team of human pullers to tow a boat, often a barge. This mode of transport was common where sailing was impractical because of tunnels and bridges, unfavorable winds, or the narrowness of the channel.

After the Industrial Revolution, towing became obsolete when engines were fitted on boats and when railway transportation superseded the slow towing method. Since then, many of these towpaths have been converted to multi-use trails and footpaths. They are still named towpaths — although they are now only occasionally used for the purpose of towing boats.
Anita Kelsey
Anita Kelsey /ˈkɛlsi/ is an English singer and songwriter whose vocals and top lines are featured on many hit dance records and feature films. Her voice has appeared as backup vocals for artists such as Kings of Leon, the Good, the Bad & the Queen, Razorlight, Boy George and the Spice Girls, as the featured vocalist on big screen productions such as Dark City, and more recently as the singer and songwriter for a series of successful dance projects. Since 2009 she has worked as a cat behaviour consultant.

The Good, the Bad & the Queen
The Good, the Bad & the Queen were an English art rock supergroup composed of singer Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, bassist Paul Simonon of the Clash, guitarist Simon Tong of the Verve, and drummer Tony Allen of Fela Kuti's band Africa '70. They released their self-titled debut album in 2007. Their second album, Merrie Land, coproduced with Tony Visconti, was released in 2018. They disbanded in 2019.
Virology Journal
Virology Journal is an open-access peer-reviewed medical journal published by BioMed Central. It publishes research related to viruses and the prevention of viral infection (including vaccination, the use of antiviral agents, and gene therapy). The journal was established in 2004 with Robert Garry (Tulane University) as founding editor-in-chief and has been edited by Linfa Wang since 2012. It aims to cover rapid communications amongst virologists.

Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be distinguished from virucides, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural virucides are produced by some plants such as eucalyptus and Australian tea trees.
Artur Khachaturyan
Artur Khachaturyan (Armenian: Արթուր Խաչատրյան; born 4 August 1992) is an Armenian professional basketball player, currently a free agent.

He represented Armenia's national basketball team at the 2016 FIBA European Championship for Small Countries in Ciorescu, Moldova, where he was his team's 2nd best scorer.

2016 FIBA European Championship for Small Countries
The 2016 FIBA European Championship for Small Countries was the 15th edition of this tournament. It was hosted by Moldova. All games were played at the FMF Futsal Arena in Ciorescu.

Armenia won its first ever gold in this championship by beating Andorra in the final, 79–71.
Taylor Doherty
Taylor Doherty (born March 2, 1991) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for Eispiraten Crimmitschau of the DEL2.

He previously iced with Nottingham Panthers in the UK's Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). Doherty was selected by the San Jose Sharks in the second round (57th overall) of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.

Eispiraten Crimmitschau
Eispiraten Crimmitschau is an ice hockey team in Crimmitschau, Germany. They currently play in DEL2, the second level of ice hockey in Germany. Prior to the 2013–14 season they played in the 2nd Bundesliga league. The team is the top squad of the ETC Crimmitschau club.

The club was founded in 1990. They were promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga in 2000.
Trinchera Creek
Trinchera Creek is a tributary of the Rio Grande in Costilla County, Colorado in the United States. It flows west from a source in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains to a confluence with the Rio Grande.

It is spanned by the San Luis Southern Railway Trestle, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Costilla County, Colorado
Costilla County (Spanish for "rib") is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,499. The county seat is San Luis, the oldest continuously occupied town in Colorado.
Narges Kalhor
Narges Kalhor (pronunciationⓘ, born (1984-09-10)September 10, 1984 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director. She is the daughter of Mehdi Kalhor, the former media and cultural advisor to former President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. She studied Film at the Beh-andish College in Teheran and has produced films critical of the Iranian government.

In October 2009, while visiting Germany to present her short film "Die Egge" at the Nuremberg Film Festival, Kalhor applied for political asylum in Germany, claiming to have received warnings that she could be in danger if she returns to Iran because of her critical stance on her country.

Kalhor actively participated in the 2009 Iranian election protests.

Together with Benedikt Schwarzer, she co-directed the short documentary SHOOT ME, which is nominated for the German Short Film Award 2014.

Cinema of Iran
The cinema of Iran (Persian: سینمای ایران), or of Persia, refers to the film industry in Iran. In particular, Iranian art films have garnered international recognition. Iranian films are usually written and spoken in the Persian language. Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s. Some critics now rank Iran as the world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades. A range of international film festivals have honoured Iranian cinema in the last twenty years.

Many film critics from around the world have praised Iranian cinema as one of the world's most important artistic cinemas.
Optical rectification
Electro-optic rectification (EOR), also referred to as optical rectification, is a non-linear optical process that consists of the generation of a quasi-DC polarization in a non-linear medium at the passage of an intense optical beam. For typical intensities, optical rectification is a second-order phenomenon which is based on the inverse process of the electro-optic effect. It was reported for the first time in 1962, when radiation from a ruby laser was transmitted through potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDdP) crystals.

Ruby laser
A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium. The first working laser was a ruby laser made by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories on May 16, 1960.

Ruby lasers produce pulses of coherent visible light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm, which is a deep red color. Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are on the order of a millisecond.
Rosa Smith Eigenmann
Rosa Smith Eigenmann (October 7, 1858 – January 12, 1947) was an American ichthyologist (the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish), as well as a writer, editor, former curator at the California Academy of Sciences, and the first librarian of the San Diego Society of Natural History. She "is considered the first woman ichthyologist in the United States." Eigenmann was also the first woman to become president of Indiana University's chapter of Sigma Xi, an honorary science society. She authored twelve published papers of her own between 1880 and 1893, and collaborated with her husband, Carl H. Eigenmann, as "Eigenmann & Eigenmann" on twenty-five additional works between 1888 and 1893. Together, they are credited with describing about 150 species of fishes.

Blind goby
The blind goby (Typhlogobius californiensis) is a species of fish in the goby family Oxudercidae, the only species in the genus Typhlogobius. It is native to the coastlines of southern California in the United States and Baja California in Mexico, where it commonly inhabits the burrows of shrimp of the genus Callianassa. Mate guarding is a behavior observed in the blind goby species, specifically the male sex, which may benefit their offspring by being cautious of potential predators. Blind gobies are observed to be omnivores feeding on invertebrates like crustaceans. The adult of the species is completely blind and lacks pigmentation, while the juvenile has rudimentary eyes that help it find the shrimp burrows. This species can reach a length of 8.3 centimetres (3.3 in) TL.
Gerry Lynn (politician)
Gerald Allen Lynn (May 28, 1952 – September 6, 2020) was an American politician who served as the Judge/Executive of Meade County, Kentucky from 2011 to 2020. He previously served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from the 27th district from 2005 to 2007.

Lynn served in the Kentucky National Guard. He was a general contractor and building inspector. Lynn was the owner of Lunn's Pins Bowling Center in Brandenburg, Kentucky.

Lynn was elected to the house in 2004, defeating Democratic incumbent Jim Thompson. He was defeated for reelection in 2006 by Democrat Jeff Greer.

He died on September 6, 2020, in Brandenburg, Kentucky, at age 68.

Meade County, Kentucky
Meade County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,003. Its county seat is Brandenburg. The county was founded December 17, 1823, and named for Captain James M. Meade, who was killed in action at the Battle of River Raisin during the War of 1812. Meade County is part of the Elizabethtown metropolitan area, which is included in the Louisville metropolitan area.

Meade County residents have easy access to major job centers such as Elizabethtown and Fort Knox.
Human Touch (Betty Who song)
"Human Touch" is a song by Australian singer and songwriter Betty Who, released by RCA Records as the second single from her second studio album,  The Valley, on 11 November 2016. The music video for the song was released on July 18, 2017.

Betty Who
Jessica Anne Newham (born 5 October 1991), known by her stage name Betty Who, is an Australian musician and singer. After independently releasing her debut single, "Somebody Loves You" (2012), and her debut extended play, The Movement (2013), she signed with RCA Records and later released her debut studio album, Take Me When You Go (2014). Her second studio album, The Valley (2017), saw the commercial success of her cover of "I Love You Always Forever", which peaked inside the top ten in Australia and reached the top of the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in the United States.

Who made her Broadway debut in Hadestown at the Walter Kerr Theater on 5 September 2023. She played the role of Persephone until 4 February 2024.

In 2024, she is a guest star from the children's television in Yo Gabba Gabbaland and played the character of the Wind and performed the song, I am the Wind.
Zsolt Szabó (referee)
Zsolt Szabó (born 1 January 1972) is a Hungarian football referee. He was a full international for FIFA beginning in 1999; as of 2013, however, he was not included on the FIFA list.

Szabó served as a referee in qualification for the 2006 and 2010 World Cup tournaments, in addition to qualifiers for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. He also officiated in qualifiers for the Euro 2004 and Euro 2008 tournaments, the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, and the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.

2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Championship was the first edition of UEFA's UEFA European Under-17 Championship after changing the name of the competition. Denmark hosted the championship, during 27 April – 10 May. Players born on or after 1 January 1985 were eligible to participate in this competition. 16 teams entered the competition, and Switzerland defeated France in the final to win the competition for the first time.
Digrammia atrofasciata
Digrammia atrofasciata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1876 and is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for Digrammia atrofasciata is 6368.

Alpheus Spring Packard
Alpheus Spring Packard Jr. LL.D. (February 19, 1839 – February 14, 1905) was an American entomologist and palaeontologist. He described over 500 new animal species – especially butterflies and moths – and was one of the founders of The American Naturalist. He served as a professor at Brown University.
2–3 heap
In computer science, a 2–3 heap is a data structure that implements a priority queue.  It is a variation on the heap, designed by Tadao Takaoka in 1999. The structure is similar to a Fibonacci heap, and borrows ideas from the 2–3 tree.

The time needed for some common heap operations are as follows.

Delete-min takes  amortized time and in the worst case.

Decrease-key takes constant amortized time.

Insertion takes constant amortized time and  time in the worst case.

Amortized analysis
In computer science, amortized analysis is a method for analyzing a given algorithm's complexity, or how much of a resource, especially time or memory, it takes to execute.  The motivation for amortized analysis is that looking at the worst-case run time can be too pessimistic.  Instead, amortized analysis averages the running times of operations in a sequence over that sequence.: 306 
As a conclusion: "Amortized analysis is a useful tool that complements other techniques such as worst-case and average-case analysis.": 14

For a given operation of an algorithm, certain situations (e.g., input parametrizations or data structure contents) may imply a significant cost in resources, whereas other situations may not be as costly.  The amortized analysis considers both the costly and less costly operations together over the whole sequence of operations.  This may include accounting for different types of input, length of the input, and other factors that affect its performance.
Igor Stefanovski
Igor "Idže" Stefanovski (Macedonian: Игор "Иџе" Стефановски; born 27 December 1982) is a Macedonian professional rally driver. He is currently competing in the European Touring Car Cup (ETCC). Stefanovski is a former European Hill Climb Championship participant, where he has won the championship three times, in 2014, 2015 and 2023. In his debut season in ETCC he will be a part of Slovenian LEMA Racing team, driving a SEAT León Cup Racer. Stefanovski was voted best athlete of Macedonia in 2014.

European Hill Climb Championship
The FIA European Hill Climb Championship (FIA EHC) is an FIA-run motorsport competition held across Europe on closed public road courses.

Unlike circuit racing, each driver competes alone, starting from a point at the base of a mountain and reaching a finish point near the summit. The European Championship allows single-seater cars, open-cockpit sports prototypes, and touring cars with varying degrees of technical preparation.
Philia (Thrace)
Philia (Ancient Greek: Φιλία) was a town of ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Euxine, situated on a promontory of the same name. It was situated 310 stadia southeast of Salmydessus.

Its site is located near Karaburun in European Turkey.

Stadion (unit)
The stadion (plural stadia, Ancient Greek: στάδιον; latinized as stadium; also anglicized as stade), was an ancient Greek unit of length, consisting of 600 ancient Greek feet (podes). There are a range of varieties or understandings of what a stadion was and is; these have been calculated by various historians, and those calculations have varied dramatically (as did perhaps the use and meaning of the term stadion over time in ancient Greece). Thus, the exact length of one stadion is not universally agreed upon today: historians estimate it at between 150 and 210 m (490 and 690 ft), with perhaps something of a convergence around the 185 metres (607 ft) length of an Attic stade.
Ice Princess
Ice Princess is a 2005 American teen sports comedy-drama film directed by Tim Fywell, written by Hadley Davis from a story by Princess Diaries creator Meg Cabot and Davis. It stars Joan Cusack, Kim Cattrall, Michelle Trachtenberg and Hayden Panettiere. The film focuses on Casey Carlyle, a normal teenager who gives up a promising future academic life in order to pursue her new-found dream of being a professional figure skater. The film was released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 18, 2005, to mixed reviews and underperformed at the box office, grossing $25.7 million during its theatrical run against a production budget of $25 million.

Sports film
A sports film is a film genre in which any particular sport plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central theme. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role. Furthermore, sports fans are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.
Perception (The Doors album)
Perception is a 12-disc box set by American rock band the Doors. The CDs contain the six 1999 remastered versions of the Doors' six studio albums plus DVD-Audio discs containing the 2007 40th anniversary stereo and surround remixes of those albums as well as visual extras. Each album includes extra tracks consisting of previously unreleased session outtakes. Exclusive to the box set is a DVD with several live performances and other extras. The title is derived from Aldous Huxley's book The Doors of Perception, which inspired the band's name.

Moonlight Drive
"Moonlight Drive" is a song by American rock band the Doors, released in 1967 on their second album Strange Days. It was edited to a 2:16 length for the 45 rpm single B-side of "Love Me Two Times". Though a conventional blues arrangement, the track's defining feature was its slightly off-beat rhythm, and Robby Krieger's "bottleneck" or slide guitar, which creates an eerie sound.
Miodek turecki
Miodek turecki (English: Turkish honey) is a candy traditionally sold in Kraków, Poland, on the gates of cemeteries during All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. Sometimes sold by churches during autumn parish festivals.
Miodek turecki has an irregular shape, a hard topping with a light honey taste, which may either break apart or crumble, with its base ingredient being caramelised sugar with the addition of aroma oils and colourings, into which are blended in crumbled nuts. The original miodek turecki is made from white caramel sweet cream, although other variations exist, dependent on the types of sweet additives and aromatics, e.g. miodek kakaowy (cocoa), kawowy (coffee) or waniliowy (vanilla).

Candy
Candy, also commonly called sweets, is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. The category, also called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

Physically, candy is characterized by the use of a significant amount of sugar or sugar substitutes. Unlike a cake or loaf of bread that would be shared among many people, candies are usually made in smaller pieces. However, the definition of candy also depends upon how people treat the food. Unlike sweet pastries served for a dessert course at the end of a meal, candies are normally eaten casually, often with the fingers, as a snack between meals. Each culture has its own ideas of what constitutes candy rather than dessert. The same food may be a candy in one culture and a dessert in another.
Matthew Dease
Matthew O'Reilly Dease (1819 – 17 August 1887) was an Irish Liberal politician.

Dease was the son of Richard Dease and Anna Maria O'Reilly, daughter of Matthew O'Reilly. He was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College, Dublin.

He was elected unopposed as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for County Louth at the 1868 general election but was defeated at the next election in 1874.

He was also a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for County Louth. He was High Sheriff of Louth for 1857, and for County Cavan in 1861.

Dease owned a significant amount of land across Ireland, 6,488 acres in all, including land in Ballyamona, County Limerick, Charleville in County Louth (nearly 2,000 acres), County Cavan, County Meath, and Dublin. His largest estate, at 2,366 acres, was in County Mayo, and was sold to the Congested Districts' Board on 2 December 1898. His entailed estates in County Louth were inherited by Edmond O'Conor of Charleville, a distant relative.

County Limerick
County Limerick (Irish: Contae Luimnigh) is a western county in Ireland. It is in the province of Munster and is located in the Mid-West which comprises part of the Southern Region. It is named after the city of Limerick. Limerick City and County Council is the local council for the county. The county's population at the 2022 census was 209,536 of whom 102,287 lived in Limerick City, the county capital.
Sir Donald Campbell, 1st Baronet, of Ardnamurchan and Airds
Sir Donald Campbell, 1st Baronet, of Ardnamurchan and Airds (died 1651) was a Scottish nobleman.

He was born illegitimately, the son of Sir John Campbell of Calder.

He held the office of Dean of Lismore and was created 1st Baronet Campbell, of Ardnamurchan, County Argyll (in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia) on 15 January 1628, with special remainder to his half-brother, George Campbell, of Airds Bay, who inherited the estates of Airds Bay in 1651. On 28 August 1643 he obtained a new enfeoffment of Airds and his other estates.

He married, firstly, Lady Jane Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll and Lady Anne Keith, and secondly her sister Lady Anne Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll and Lady Anne Keith, and died in 1651 without surviving male isse. On his death, his baronetcy became extinct, although it was claimed in 1804 by a descendant of his half-brother George.

Cawdor Castle
Cawdor Castle is a castle in the parish of Cawdor in Nairnshire, Scotland. It is built around a 15th-century tower house, with substantial additions in later centuries. Originally a property of the Calder family, it passed to the Campbells in the 16th century. It remains in Campbell ownership, and is now home to Angelika Campbell, Dowager Countess Cawdor, stepmother of Colin Campbell, 7th Earl Cawdor.

The castle is best known for its literary connection to William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth, in which the title character is made "Thane of Cawdor". However, the story is highly fictionalised, and the castle itself, which is never directly referred to in Macbeth, was built many years after the life of the 11th-century King Macbeth.

The castle is a category A listed building, and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.