hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
The Treaty of Constantinople was signed on 25 January 1479, which officially ended the sixteen-year-long war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians were forced to hand over Scutari (which had been besieged by the Ottomans for many months) in Albania and the island of Lemnos and the Mani Peninsula in Greece; and acknowledge the loss of Negroponte (Euboea) and Croia. The treaty allowed a full restoration of Venetian trading privileges in the Ottoman Empire against an annual flat tax of 10,000 ducats, as well as a 100,000 ducats in arrears owed by Venetian citizens to the Porte.

Ducat
The ducat (/ˈdʌkət/ DUK-ət) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silver ducatons also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with the Florentine florin and preceded the modern British pound sterling.
Daniel Fohr
Daniel Fohr, born at Heidelberg in 1801, first studied science, which he afterwards abandoned for the art of painting. After studying some time by himself, he went to Munich in 1829, and then to the Tyrol. Fohr was court painter to the Grand-Duke of Baden, and died at Baden-Baden in 1862. His works can be found in  Gallery at Carlsruhe.

Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe
The Staatliche Kunsthalle (State Art Gallery) is an fine art museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. Its collection consists of works by mainly German, French, Flemish and Dutch masters from the past eight centuries. The museum was conceived in the early 19th century by Heinrich Hübsch as a “Gesamtkunstwerk” combining architecture, painting and sculpture to house the collection of the Grand Duke of Baden.

The Kunsthalle Karlsruhe was one of the first museum buildings in Germany and is one of the very few to have largely retained its original design.
William E. Rees
William Rees, FRSC (born December 18, 1943), is a Canadian professor.  He is the originator of the "ecological footprint" concept and co-developer of the method,

Rees taught at the University of British Columbia from 1969–70 until his retirement in 2011–12, but has since continued his writing and research. His primary interest is in public policy and planning relating to global environmental trends and the ecological conditions for sustainable socioeconomic development.

He was the Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and former director of the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC.

Royal Society of Canada
The Royal Society of Canada (RSC; French: Société royale du Canada, SRC), also known as the Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences of Canada (French: Académies des arts, des lettres et des sciences du Canada), is the senior national, bilingual council of distinguished Canadian scholars, humanists, scientists, and artists in Canada.

As Canada's national academy, the RSC exists to promote Canadian research and scholarly accomplishment in both of Canada's official languages; advise governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canadians generally on matters of public interest; recognize academic and artistic excellence; and mentor young scholars and artists.
171st Aviation Regiment (United States)
The 171st Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.

The regiment was constituted 8 June 1995 as the 171st Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System and allotted to the Army National Guard of Georgia and Florida. It was organized on 1 September 1996, to consist of the 1st Battalion with headquarters at Winder, Georgia.

On 3 March 2001, a Short C-23B+ Sherpa (Shorts 360), 93-1336, of Det. 1, H Company, 171st Aviation Regiment, Florida Army National Guard, based at Lakeland Linder International Airport, crashed during heavy rainstorms around 1100 hrs. in Unadilla, Georgia. All 21 people on board were killed. The aircraft was en route from Hurlburt Field, Florida to NAS Oceana, Virginia with a Virginia Beach-based USAF RED HORSE engineer detachment on board who had been training at Hurlburt.

U.S. Army Regimental System
The United States Army Regimental System (USARS) is an organizational and classification system used by the United States Army. It was established in 1981 to replace the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) to provide each soldier with continuous identification with a single regiment, and to increase a soldier's probability of serving recurring assignments with their regiment. The USARS was intended to enhance combat effectiveness by providing the opportunity for a regimental affiliation, thus obtaining some of the benefits of the traditional regimental system.
Tipperary Museum of Hidden History
The Tipperary Museum of Hidden History is a local history museum in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland. It is designated as museum by the National Museum of Ireland and has full accreditation in the Museum Standards Programme for Ireland (MSPI).

National Museum of Ireland
The National Museum of Ireland (Irish: Ard-Mhúsaem na hÉireann) is Ireland's leading museum institution, with a strong emphasis on national and some international archaeology, Irish history, Irish art, culture, and natural history. It has three branches in Dublin, the archaeology and natural history museums adjacent on Kildare Street and Merrion Square, and a newer Decorative Arts and History branch at the former Collins Barracks, and the Country Life museum in County Mayo.
Sanger Brothers Complex
The Sanger Brothers Complex is a historic building in Downtown Dallas, Texas. The building, located on Lamar Street between Elm and Main, was the flagship location of the Sanger Brothers department store chain.

In 1965, four years after Sanger Brothers was merged with A. Harris & Co. into Sanger–Harris, the store was closed and replaced by a new flagship at Pacific and Akard. The building was purchased by the Dallas County Community College District and converted into the main building of El Centro College.

It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Dallas Landmark Historic District.

Sanger Harris
Sanger Harris (previously styled as Sanger-Harris) was a department store chain based in Dallas, Texas. The chain was owned by department store conglomerate Federated Department Stores and was formed from the 1961 merger of two Dallas-based chains, Sanger Brothers and A. Harris and Co., both dating back to the 19th century.

At its height, the chain owned 20 stores, most in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex with some additional stores in Oklahoma and Arizona. In 1987, Federated merged Sanger Harris into its Houston-based Foley's chain, which itself would be merged into Macy's in 2006. Most former Sanger Harris stores have been demolished or remodeled.
Jeffery Smith (athlete)
Jeffery Itzen Smith (born 11 June 1943) is a former sprinter. Representing Northern Rhodesia, he competed in the men's 100 metres and men's 200 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Representing Rhodesia and Nyasaland at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, Smith finished fourth in the 4 × 110 yards relay (with Johan Du Preez, Danie Burger, and Roy Collins), fifth in the 220 yards, and was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 100 yards in Perth.

Northern Rhodesia at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. 12 competitors, 11 men and 1 woman, took part in 13 events in 5 sports. These were the only Games for Northern Rhodesia. On 24 October 1964 (the same day as the closing ceremony), the country became independent from the UK and changed its name from Northern Rhodesia to Zambia, the first time a country entered an Olympic games as one country and left it as another.  For that ceremony, the team celebrated by marching with a new placard with the word "Zambia" on it (as opposed to the "Northern Rhodesia" placard used in the opening ceremony). They were the only team to use a placard for the closing ceremony.
Caloptilia querci
Caloptilia querci or Povolnya querci is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Japan (Hokkaidō, Honshū, Kyūshū, the Ryukyu Islands) and Korea.

The wingspan is 12–14 mm. The larvae feed on Castanea crenata, Castanopsis cuspidata, Quercus acutissima, Quercus glauca, and Quercus mongolica. They mine the leaves of their host plant during early instars and roll the leaves during late instars.

Quercus acutissima
Quercus acutissima, the sawtooth oak, is an Asian species of oak native to China, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Siberia, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Brunei, Indochina (Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos), Himalayas (Nepal, Bhutan, Northeast India).  It is widely planted in many lands and has become naturalized in parts of North America.

Quercus acutissima is closely related to the Turkey oak, classified with it in Quercus sect. Cerris, a section of the genus characterized by shoot buds surrounded by soft bristles, bristle-tipped leaf lobes, and acorns that mature in about 18 months.
Yahyaabad, Fazl
Yahyaabad (Persian: يحيي اباد, also Romanized as Yaḩyáābād) is a village in Fazl Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 320, in 91 families.

Nishapur County
Nishapur County (Persian: شهرستان نیشاپور) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Nishapur, the second largest city in the province and the third largest city in Eastern Iran.
Atchugarry Museum of Contemporary Art
The Atchugarry Museum of Contemporary Art (in Spanish: Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Atchugarry)  is a contemporary art museum in Manantiales in Uruguay. The museum is on a 90-acre landscape, and commentators called the museum the "first permanent contemporary art museum" in Uruguay.

The project was conceptualized by Uruguayan sculptor Pablo Atchugarry, and built by his Fundacion Pablo Atchugarry. The design architect was Carlos Ott for Estudio de Arquitectura Atchugarry.

The museum opened on January 8, 2022, and the opening was inaugurated by Uruguayan President Luis Lacalle Pou. The collection opens with 500 pieces including works by Wifredo Lam, Vik Muniz, Louise Nevelson, Frank Stella, and Joaquín Torres-García.

Pablo Atchugarry
Pablo Atchugarry (born August 23, 1954) is a Uruguayan artist, best known for his abstract sculptural art. His works are included in many major collections, both private and public, and he has held more than one hundred solo and collective exhibitions worldwide.
Kern's Fort
Kern's Fort, also known as Michael Kern's Cabin, is a historic home located at Morgantown, Monongalia County, West Virginia. It is a one-story log house built in 1772. It is built of chestnut logs and covered with wood clapboards. Attached to the rear is a 19th-century frame addition.  It was built by Michael Kern, perhaps, the first permanent settler of what is now Morgantown.  When Lord Dunmore's War started in 1774, Kern built a stockaded fort around his cabin.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It is located in the Greenmont Historic District, listed in 2005.

Morgantown, West Virginia
Morgantown is a city in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. Located along the Monongahela River in north-central West Virginia, it is home to West Virginia University. With a population of 30,347 at the 2020 census, Morgantown is the third-most populous city in West Virginia. The Morgantown metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents. The local economy is largely driven by education and healthcare, anchored by West Virginia University and the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center.
I Live Under a Black Sun
I Live Under a Black Sun is a novelized biography of Jonathan Swift by poet Edith Sitwell. Her debut novel, it is a modernist work, and was published in 1937, straddling her productive period of poetry in the 1920s and the 1940s. Though primarily biographical fiction, it includes thematic treatments on mourning and melancholia, and political allegory.

The novel was the first to be published with Victor Gollancz, after leaving her former publisher Duckworth. At the time of its publication, the novel did not receive much critical acclaim. However, contemporary writers, including Evelyn Waugh and Edwin Muir found the novel successful.

Edwin Muir
Edwin Muir CBE (15 May 1887 – 3 January 1959) was a Scottish poet, novelist and translator. Born on a farm in Deerness, a parish of Orkney, Scotland, he is remembered for his deeply felt and vivid poetry written in plain language and with few stylistic preoccupations.
1996 Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces
The 15th Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway League Aces was the 1996 version of the Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces. It took place on April 4 in the Polonia Stadium in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

KS Toruń
KS Toruń, currently competing as PRES Grupa Deweloperska Toruń, is a Polish motorcycle speedway team from Toruń. The team currently competes in the Ekstraliga (the highest division) and have won the Team Speedway Polish Championship five times (as of 2025).
The Family's Defensive Alliance
The Family's Defensive Alliance (地球防衛家族, Chikyū Bōei Kazoku; lit. Earth Defence Family) is an anime television series created and written by Shōji Kawamori. The series premiered in Japan on WOWOW between January 9, 2001 and March 29, 2001, spanning a total of 13 episodes. It centers on a dysfunctional family tasked with defending the Earth from alien invaders.

The series was aired by the anime television network Animax across its respective networks worldwide, including its English language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia under the title The Family's Defensive Alliance. It was released on DVD in North America by Geneon under the title The Daichis: Earth Defense Family, but was not broadcast across the region.

Dysfunctional family
A dysfunctional family is a family in which conflict, misbehavior and often child neglect or abuse on the part of individual parents occur continuously and regularly. Children that grow up in such families may think such a situation is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a result of two adults, one typically overtly abusive and the other codependent, and may also be affected by substance abuse or other forms of addiction, or often by an untreated mental illness. Parents having grown up in a dysfunctional family may over-correct or emulate their own parents. In some cases, the dominant parent will abuse or neglect their children and the other parent will not object, misleading a child to assume blame.
Ripton MacPherson
Ripton Stewart MacPherson (18 May 1922 – 20 January 2011) was a Jamaican politician and attorney-at-law. Born in Kingston, he was speaker in the House of Representatives from February 1972 to February 1980.

Mr. Macpherson died after a brief illness on Thursday 20 January 2011 at the Mobay Hope Hospital.

Macpherson was remarried and had 3 children and 5 grandchildren.

Parliament of Jamaica
17°58′26″N 76°47′26″W﻿ / ﻿17.9740°N 76.7906°W﻿ / 17.9740; -76.7906

The Parliament of Jamaica (Jamaican Patois: Paaliment a Jumieka) is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. Officially, they are known as the Houses of Parliament. It consists of three elements: The Crown (represented by the Governor-General), the appointed Senate and the directly elected House of Representatives.

The Senate, the Upper House, is the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council" and comprises 21 senators appointed by the Governor-General: thirteen on the advice of the Prime Minister and eight on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition.

The House of Representatives, the Lower House, is made up of 63 (previously 60) Members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.
R. B. Jones
Rhys Bevan Jones (19 September 1869 – 10 April 1933) was a Welsh evangelical preacher. He was the founding principal of the South Wales Bible Training Institute.

Jones was born in Dowlais, attended Pontypool Baptist College, and was ordained in 1893. He was involved in the 1904–1905 Welsh revival, and brought it to Rhosllanerchrugog. D. Densil Morgan and David Ceri Jones note that Jones' "reputation as a stern prophet of the divine wrath" was consolidated during the revival.

David W. Bebbington suggests that Jones was the "chief exponent of Keswick teaching in Wales," and notes that he experienced "total consecration" under the guidance of F. B. Meyer in 1904. Jones most likely also wrote the first Welsh language book on premillennialism.

Principal (academia)
The principal is the chief executive and the chief academic officer of a university or college in certain parts of the Commonwealth.

In the United States, the principal is the head of school at most pre-university, non-boarding schools.
Days That Shook the World
Days That Shook the World is a British documentary television series that premiered on BBC Two on 17 September 2003 and lasted for three series. Each 60-minute episode explores either one or two significant events from history through a combination of dramatisation, archive footage, and eyewitness accounts.

It was produced by Lion Television and distributed internationally by BBC Worldwide. It has been broadcast on the BBC, ABC, Discovery Channel UK, The History Channel and Viasat History.

The BBC released all three series on DVD and published a book written by Hugo Davenport to accompany the first series.

The series was also released on DVD by the Polish edition of Newsweek in 2007.

Discovery (UK & Ireland)
Discovery Channel (often referred to as simply Discovery) is a British pay television channel, operated by Warner Bros. Discovery. Its programming is based on programming produced by Discovery Networks Europe, Discovery Channel Canada and Discovery Channel from the US.
Economic history of the United States
The economic history of the United States spans the colonial era through the 21st century. The initial settlements depended on agriculture and hunting/trapping, later adding international trade, manufacturing, and finally, services, to the point where agriculture represented less than 2% of GDP. Until the end of the Civil War, slavery was a significant factor in the agricultural economy of the southern states, and the South entered the second industrial revolution more slowly than the North. The US has been one of the world's largest economies since the McKinley administration.

North River Steamboat
The North River Steamboat or North River, colloquially known as the Clermont, is widely regarded as the world's first vessel to demonstrate the viability of using steam propulsion for commercial water transportation. Built in 1807, the North River Steamboat operated on the Hudson River – at that time often known as the North River – between New York City and Albany, New York. It was built by the wealthy investor and politician Robert Livingston and inventor and entrepreneur Robert Fulton (1765–1815).
Leaving Home: A Collection of Lake Wobegon Stories
Leaving Home: A Collection of Lake Wobegon Stories is a short story anthology written by Garrison Keillor, a humorous fictional account of life in small-town Minnesota set in the fictitious heartland town of Lake Wobegon. It was first published in hardcover by Viking Penguin, Inc. in 1987.

The book is a collection of thirty-six of the author's "News from Lake Wobegon" monologues from his radio program A Prairie Home Companion, slightly revised for print publication. They are prefaced by "A Letter from Copenhagen."  At the time of the book's initial publication, Keillor had left A Prairie Home Companion, and this was apparently a farewell to Lake Wobegon.  He would, however, return to the program and to creating Lake Wobegon monologues in the 1990s.

Viking Press
Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925, by Harold K. Guinzburg and George S. Oppenheimer and then acquired by the Penguin Group in 1975.

The publisher's name and logo, a Viking ship drawn by Rockwell Kent, were chosen as symbols of enterprise, adventure, and exploration in publishing.

Viking Press was sold to Penguin Books in 1975 for $12 million due to the publishing house's monetary difficulties. These were speculated to have been caused by the shrinkage in the juvenile market and Viking Press' lack of a textbook division.
Machimia tentoriferella
The gold-striped leaftier moth (Machimia tentoriferella) is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in North America from Nova Scotia to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Mississippi and Iowa, north to Ontario.

The binomial name tentoriferella refers to Latin tentorium (meaning "a tent"), this probably is a reference to the rolled or tied leaf enclosure made by the larva.

The wingspan is 20–26 mm. Adults fly from September to October depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Fraxinus americana and Fraxinus nigra. Other recorded food plants include birch, elm, maple, oak, basswood, butternut, cherry, beech, hickory, balsam poplar, chestnut, hazel, apple, lilac and dogwood.

Hickory
Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, which includes 19 species accepted by Plants of the World Online.

Seven species are native to southeast Asia in China, Indochina, and northeastern India (Assam), and twelve are native to North America. A number of hickory species are used for their edible nuts or for their wood.
What If I Do
"What If I Do" is a song by American country music artist Mindy McCready, taken from her second studio album If I Don't Stay the Night (1997). Written by David Malloy, Ed Hill and Mark D. Sanders, and produced by Malloy, it was released on September 15, 1997, as the lead single from the album.

If I Don't Stay the Night
If I Don't Stay the Night is the second studio album by American country music artist Mindy McCready, released on November 4, 1997, under BNA Records. Following the commercial success of her debut studio album Ten Thousand Angels (1996), McCready returned work with producer David Malloy for this album.

Commercially, the album was a success, debuting at number 12 on the US Top Country Albums chart and becoming certified Gold by the RIAA, despite not spawning a top-ten single at country radio. Four official singles were released in total, including the UK-exclusive "Oh Romeo"; the highest-charting of the three officially released to country radio was "You'll Never Know" which hit number 19 on the US Hot Country Songs chart. The album has sold over 825,000 copies in total. This is McCready's last album to spawn a top-forty country radio hit.
Ahmed Fouad Shennib
Ahmed Fouad Shennib (Arabic: أحمد فؤاد شنيب) was a Libyan poet, politician  and ambassador.

Born in Hama, Syria in 1923 of Libyan parents in exile. Shennib was educated at the Sorbonne in Paris and served as cultural attache to UNESCO until 1959. He then served as cultural attache in Washington DC (1959–1963), then Paris, France in 1963. He then returned to Libya in 1963 to serve as Minister of Education and Culture until 1964.

Ahmed Fouad Shennib died in January 2007 of pancreatic cancer in Benghazi, Libya.

Demographics of Libya
Libya is a country on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, to the west of and adjacent to Egypt. Tripoli is the capital of the country and is the city with the largest population. Benghazi is Libya's second largest city. All demographics figures are from the United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, unless otherwise indicated.