hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gradient network
In network science, a gradient network is a directed subnetwork of an undirected "substrate" network where each node has an associated scalar potential and one out-link that points to the node with the smallest (or largest) potential in its neighborhood, defined as the union of itself and its neighbors on the substrate network.

Erdős–Rényi model
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Erdős–Rényi model refers to one of two closely related models for generating random graphs or the evolution of a random network. These models are named after Hungarian mathematicians Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi, who introduced one of the models in 1959. Edgar Gilbert introduced the other model contemporaneously with and independently of Erdős and Rényi. In the model of Erdős and Rényi, all graphs on a fixed vertex set with a fixed number of edges are equally likely. In the model introduced by Gilbert, also called the Erdős–Rényi–Gilbert model, each edge has a fixed probability of being present or absent, independently of the other edges. These models can be used in the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs satisfying various properties, or to provide a rigorous definition of what it means for a property to hold for almost all graphs.
CityLine
CityLine is a Canadian talk show and lifestyle television program originally hosted by Dini Petty, who was then succeeded by Marilyn Denis and later Tracy Moore  that aired from February 1984 until May 3, 2024, produced for the Citytv network at its Toronto flagship station CITY-DT. It also aired on its then-sister stations owned by CHUM Limited such as CKVR Barrie.

Each show had a theme that changed daily. These included "Around the House", "Family Day", "Home Day", and "Fashion Friday". It was Canada's longest running daytime show specifically targeted to women. The show also aired in the United States on the Dabl digital multicast network and was syndicated on local television stations.

Dabl
Dabl (/ˈdæbəl/) is an American digital multicast television network owned by the CBS Media Ventures subsidiary of Paramount Skydance Corporation and operated by Weigel Broadcasting.

Dabl launched in September 2019 with a female-targeted lifestyle format. It aired reruns of cooking shows, home renovation shows, Undercover Boss, and more (see full list below under 'former programming').

In December 2023, Paramount transferred management duties to Weigel. The network switched to airing Black sitcoms (sourced mainly from the Paramount library at first, plus other companies later including Warner Bros. Discovery) from the mid-1990s through the early to mid-2010s.
James Cunningham (comedian)
James Cunningham (born 1973 or 1974) is a Canadian stand-up comedian and TV host.

He is the host of Food Network Canada's and Cooking Channel US's Eat St., a TV show about North American street food that debuted in 2011. He initially auditioned for another show before being offered the job of hosting Eat St. Other television appearances include "Last Comic Standing" and "Just for Laughs." He has also worked as a TV warm up act.

He wrote and hosts "Funny Money", a stage show designed to teach students about finance. He does over 300 stand-up performances a year, mostly "Funny Money".

Cunningham was born in Toronto, where his father was an accountant. He studied drama and minored in finance at the University of Toronto.

Last Comic Standing
Last Comic Standing is an American reality television talent competition show on NBC that aired from June 1, 2003, to August 9, 2010, and again in 2014 and 2015. Each season a comedian from an initially large group of hopefuls was picked as a winner. For the first seven seasons, the winner received a cash prize and a television special; for season eight in 2014, the winner won a cash prize, a talent deal with NBC, and a half-hour scripted project developed by Universal Television.
Dayne Neirinckx
Dayne Neirinckx (born 25 January 1983) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the National Rugby League.

A St Clair Comets junior, Neirinckx played in the lower grades for Parramatta, before joining the Canterbury club.

Neirinckx made his only first-grade appearance for the Canterbury side in the club's win over Cronulla in the final round of the 2003 season, as a replacement centre for the injured Nigel Vagana. He remained with the Canterbury outfit in 2004, playing in the reserves competition.

In 2005 he played in France for Pia, then in 2006 competed for English club Halifax. While at Halifax he played under his Dutch passport, meaning he didn't count as an overseas player. After being released by Halifax, he was named in the Netherlands squad for their World Cup qualifying match against Serbia.

Netherlands national rugby league team
The Netherlands national rugby league team is the national rugby league team of The Netherlands. It was formed in January 2003. The national team played its first international match in 2003 against Scotland A, where they lost 22–18.
Tennis at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles
The men's doubles was a tennis event held as part of the tennis program at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was the third time the event was held at the Olympics. There were 30 players from 2 nations, comprising 15 pairs including one mixed team. All medals were won by Americans. The event was won by Edgar Leonard and Beals Wright, defeating Alphonzo Bell and Robert LeRoy in the final. The two bronze medal pairs were Clarence Gamble (tennis)/Arthur Wear and Joseph Wear/Allen West. The medals were the first credited to the United States in the men's doubles, though an American had been part of a silver medal mixed team in 1900.

Beals Wright
Beals Coleman Wright (December 19, 1879 – August 23, 1961) was an American tennis player who was active at the end of the 1890s and early 1900s. He won the singles title at the 1905 U.S. National Championships. Wright was a two-time Olympic gold medalist, and the older brother of American tennis player Irving Wright.
The Promise of Forever
The Promise of Forever is a 2017 Philippine television drama series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Darnel Joy R. Villaflor, Hannah Espia and Jon S. Villarin, it stars Paulo Avelino, Ritz Azul and Ejay Falcon. It aired on the network's Kapamilya Gold line up and worldwide on TFC from September 11 to November 24, 2017, replacing The Better Half and was replaced by Hanggang Saan.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Hannah Espia
Hannah Espia (born 15 May 1987) is a Filipina director best known for writing and directing the 2013 independent drama film Transit.

She married film editor Andrej Farba in 2017, and has directed three episodes (2020, 2023) of the series Almost Paradise under the name Hannah Espia-Farbová.
Enrique Allende
Enrique Timoteo Allende Allende (24 January 1877 – 4 January 1931) was a Spanish businessman and politician, who became a deputy of Riaño between 1905 and 1910 for the Conservative Party. Allende was a lawyer by profession and owner of several iron mines. He is best known, however, for being the very first president of the football club Atlético Madrid in 1903.

Conservative Party (Spain)
The Conservative Party (Spanish: Partido Conservador), officially the Liberal Conservative Party (Spanish: Partido Liberal-Conservador, PLC) and colloquially the Conservatives (Spanish: Conservadores), was a Spanish political party founded in 1876 by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
Randall Maggs
Randall Maggs is a Canadian poet and former professor of English Literature at Sir Wilfred Grenfell College of Memorial University, in Corner Brook, Newfoundland.  He is one of the organizers and now artistic director of the March Hare, the largest literary festival in Atlantic Canada.

Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (French: provinces de l'Atlantique), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. As of 2021, the landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately 488,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi), and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes, another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada.
Goodenia fordiana
Goodenia fordiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is endemic to north-eastern New South Wales. It is a prostrate herb with a rosette of leaves and yellow flowers near the end of leafy stalks.

Goodeniaceae
Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.
Tide of Iron
Tide of Iron is a World War II based wargame designed and published in 2007 by Fantasy Flight Games, also notable for publishing other large games containing a large number of counters and/or other components such as World of Warcraft: The Board Game and Arkham Horror.

In March 2013, Fantasy Flight Games announced a licensing deal with publisher 1A Games under which 1A would produce the Tide of Iron game line, including its current and future expansions. 1A Games refers to its upcoming Tide of Iron products collectively as the “Next Wave.”

Fantasy Flight Games
Fantasy Flight Games (FFG) is a game developer based in Roseville, Minnesota, United States, that creates and publishes role-playing, board, card, and dice games. In 2014, it became a division of Asmodee North America.
Kendal Mountain Festival
The Kendal Mountain Festival is an annual event held in November in Kendal, Cumbria, on the edge of the English Lake District in the UK. It celebrates outdoor and adventure culture with a diverse programme of films, talks, workshops and other events.

The festival has grown to become a significant event in the international outdoor community, attracting filmmakers, athletes, writers and enthusiasts from around the world.

The current festival patrons include Sir Chris Bonnington, Leo Houlding, Keme Nzerem, Louise Minchin, Aldo Kane, Graham Zimmerman and Shauna Coxsey, as well as patron of the Kendal Mountain Book Festival, Robert Macfarlane.

The directors of the festival are Steve Scott and Clive Allen. Jacqui Scott is the CEO.

Louise Minchin
Louise Mary Minchin (née Grayson; born 8 September 1968) is a British television presenter, journalist and former news presenter who currently works freelance within the BBC.

Beginning in 2012, Minchin was a regular anchor on the BBC One programme Breakfast, co-hosting the show three days a week, originally with Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt and then with Dan Walker from 2016. On 8 June 2021, Minchin announced live on air that she would be leaving BBC Breakfast "after the summer", after presenting the show for 20 years (at first as a stand-in host). Her final appearance on the show was on 15 September 2021.

From 2009 until 2012, Minchin co-hosted Real Rescues alongside Nick Knowles and Chris Hollins. She has guest-hosted The One Show a number of times since 2010.
Steve Seguin
Steven Joseph Seguin (born April 10, 1964) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played in 5 National Hockey League games with the Los Angeles Kings during the 1984–85 season. As a youth, he played in the 1977 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Cornwall.

Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament
The Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament (French: Tournoi international de hockey pee-wee de Québec) is an annual minor ice hockey event in Quebec City. The tournament was founded in 1960 to coincide with the Quebec Winter Carnival, and give an opportunity for international competition to players less than 12 years old. The tournament raises funds for the local Patro Roc-Amadour foundation, and is operated mostly by volunteers, with a few staff. The event takes place each year in February at Centre Vidéotron, and previously spent 56 seasons at Quebec Coliseum. As of 2018, the event has showcased the talent of over 1,200 future professionals in the National Hockey League or the World Hockey Association.
Mary Francis Shura
Mary Francis Shura Craig (née Young; 23 February 1923 – 12 January 1991) was an American writer of over 50 novels from 1960 to 1990. She wrote children's adventures and young adult romances as Mary Francis Shura, M. F. Craig, and Meredith Hill; gothic novels as Mary Craig; romance novels as Alexis Hill, Mary Shura Craig and Mary S. Craig; and suspense novels as M. S. Craig.

She was a recipient of the Carl Sandburg Literary Arts Award in 1985, and was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America in 1990.

Mystery Writers of America
The Mystery Writers of America (MWA) is a professional organization of mystery and crime writers, based in New York City.

The organization was founded in 1945 by Clayton Rawson, Anthony Boucher, Lawrence Treat, and Brett Halliday.

It presents the Edgar Award, a small bust of Edgar Allan Poe, to mystery or crime writers every year.  It presents the Raven Award to non-writers who contribute to the mystery genre. The category of Best Juvenile Mystery is also part of the Edgar Award, with such notable recipients as Barbara Brooks Wallace having won the honor twice for The Twin in the Tavern in 1994 and Sparrows in the Scullery in 1998, and Tony Abbott for his novel The Postcard in 2009.

John Dickson Carr, who also served as president of the MWA, won a Grand Master Award in 1949 and 1962.
Con Meaney
Cornelius Meaney (8 December 1890 – 11 September 1970) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1937 to 1943 and 1961 to 1965.

Meaney was first elected as a Fianna Fáil TD for the Cork North constituency at the 1937 general election. He was re-elected at the 1938 general election but lost his seat at the 1943 general election. He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1944, 1948 and 1951 general elections. He contested the 1961 general election and was elected for the Cork Mid constituency. He retired at the 1965 general election, and his son Thomas Meaney succeeded him as the Fianna Fáil TD for Cork Mid.

1944 Irish general election
The 1944 Irish general election to the 12th Dáil was held on Tuesday, 30 May, having been called on 10 May by President Douglas Hyde on the advice of Taoiseach Éamon de Valera. The general election took place in 34 parliamentary constituencies for 138 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas. Fianna Fáil won an overall majority. The outgoing 11th Dáil was dissolved on 7 June.

The 12th Dáil met at Leinster House on 9 June to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland on the nomination of the Taoiseach. Outgoing Taoiseach Éamon de Valera was re-appointed leading a single-party Fianna Fáil government.
Pyramid Guard Station
The Pyramid Guard Station, in Rio Blanco County, Colorado near Yampa, Colorado, was built in 1934.  
It is located off County Route 8 in Routt National Forest, between Dunckley Pass and Ripple Pass.  It is just west of the East Fork Williams Fork in an aspen forest.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.  The listing included five contributing buildings and a contributing structure.

The first building completed is the residence and guard station building, built in 1934.  It was designed by Rustic style by James L. Brownlee, then the District Head Engineer in Denver.  In 1935 a barn and a "combination office building" were added.

Rio Blanco County, Colorado
Rio Blanco County (Spanish: Condado del Río Blanco) is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,529. The county seat is Meeker. The name of the county is the Spanish name for the White River which runs through it.
ZFK equation
ZFK equation, abbreviation for Zeldovich–Frank-Kamenetskii equation, is a reaction–diffusion equation that models premixed flame propagation. The equation is named after Yakov Zeldovich and David A. Frank-Kamenetskii who derived the equation in 1938. The equation is analogous to KPP equation except that it contains an exponential behaviour for the reaction term and it differs fundamentally from KPP equation with regards to the propagation velocity of the traveling wave. In non-dimensional form, the equation reads

with a typical form for  given by

where  is the non-dimensional dependent variable (typically temperature) and  is the Zeldovich number. In the ZFK regime, . The equation reduces to Fisher's equation for  and thus  corresponds to KPP regime. The minimum propagation velocity  (which is usually the long time asymptotic speed) of a traveling wave in the ZFK regime  is given by

whereas in the KPP regime, it is given by

David A. Frank-Kamenetskii
David Albertovich Frank-Kamenetskii (Russian: Давид Альбертович Франк-Каменецкий, August 3, 1910 – June 2, 1970) was a Soviet theoretical physicist and chemist, professor and doctor of physical, chemical and mathematical sciences. He developed the thermal explosion theory, worked on plasma physics problems and in astrophysics.
Le Centre Sheraton Hotel
The Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel is a skyscraper hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located at 1201 René Lévesque Boulevard West in downtown Montreal, between Stanley Street and Drummond Street.

Le Centre Sheraton has 825 rooms and stands 118 metres (387 ft) tall with 38 floors. It was built by Arcop and was completed in 1982.

Drummond Street (Montreal)
Drummond Street (officially rue Drummond) is a north–south street located in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Spanning a total of 1.2 kilometres, it links Doctor Penfield Avenue in the north and De la Gauchetière Street in the south.

A mix of businesses are located on this street such as bookstores, pubs and restaurants. A branch of the YMCA and George Stephen House, the final location of the Mount Stephen Club, are also on this street.
Nicknames of Manila
Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, is known by a number of nicknames, aliases, sobriquets and slogans, both officially and unofficially, now and in the past.

The city is most popularly referred to as the Pearl of the Orient. This nickname appears in the lyrics of the city's official hymn and is also depicted in the city's coat of arms.

Manila is also frequently shortened to Mla or MNL (the IATA code for Ninoy Aquino International Airport).

Sobriquet
A sobriquet (/ˈsoʊ.brɪ.ˌkeɪ, ˌsoʊ.brɪ.ˈkeɪ/ SOH-brih-kay, -⁠KAY) is a descriptive nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another. A sobriquet is distinct from a pseudonym in that it is typically a familiar name used in place of a real name without the need for explanation; it may even become more familiar than the original name.

An example is Mohandas Gandhi, who is better known as Mahatma Gandhi ("mahatma" means "great soul" in Sanskrit).

The term sobriquet is equally applicable as a name for a person, group of people, historical event, or place. Well-known places often have sobriquets, such as New York City, often called the "Big Apple", or Rome, the "Eternal City", or Vienna, the "Golden Apple" or Paris the "City of Light".
Kolombia (subculture)
Kolombia or Cholombiano was an urban subculture that emerged in Mexico, specifically in Monterrey, Nuevo León. It had its peak in the 2000s, and was characterized by its peculiar outfits that marked the lifestyle lived in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods of the entity, as well as the predilection for cumbia music and vallenato. The name of this subculture derives from the strong Colombian immigration to the State of Nuevo León since the end of the 20th century.

Subculture
In the sociology of culture, a subculture is a group of people within a cultural society that differentiates itself from the values of the mainstream or dominant culture (or superculture) to which it belongs, often maintaining some of its founding principles. Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political, and sexual matters. Subcultures coexist within mainstream society while keeping their specific characteristics intact.

Since its inception in the English-speaking world (primarily North America and the United Kingdom) during the 1940s–1950s, the concept and study of subcultures was developed in the academic fields of sociology, communication studies, and cultural studies. Examples of subcultures include punks, skinheads, Teddy Boys, mods, rockers, bikers, hip-hoppers, and more. Subcultures differ from countercultures.
Stefan Kalmár
Stefan Kalmár is a German curator who was the director of the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London from 2016 until 2021.

Kalmár was executive director and chief curator of Artists Space, New York from 2009 to 2016, director of Kunstverein München from 2004 to 2009, director of the Institute of Visual Culture, Cambridge from 2000 to 2004 and artistic director of Cubitt Gallery, London from 1997 to 1999.

Cubitt Artists
Cubitt Artists is a British artist-run art gallery, artist studios and art educator, founded in 1991. Cubitt was first located in Goods Way in London's Kings Cross area, moved to Cubitt Street (from which it takes its current name), later to Caledonia Street, and is now located at Angel.
South of England cricket team
The South of England played from 1836 and 1961, most often in the showcase North v. South matches against the North of England, although there were also games against touring teams, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and others.

The South became a major and prestigious team in 19th-century English cricket due to its composition from some of the best players in county cricket. The North v South match was one of the major fixtures in the 19th-century cricketing calendar, along with Gentlemen v Players.

Arthur Haygarth
Arthur Haygarth (4 August 1825 – 1 May 1903) was a noted English amateur cricketer who became one of cricket's most significant historians. He played for the Marylebone Cricket Club and Sussex between 1844 and 1861, as well as numerous other invitational and representative teams including an England XI and a pre-county Middlesex. A right-handed bat, Haygarth played 136 matches, scoring 3,042 runs and taking 19 wickets with his part-time bowling. He was educated at Harrow, which had established a rich tradition as a proving ground for cricketers. He served on many MCC committees and was elected a life member in 1864.

Outside his playing career, Haygarth was a noted cricket writer and historian. He spent over sixty years compiling information and statistics. Of particular note was his compilation: Frederick Lillywhite's Cricket Scores and Biographies, published in 15 volumes between 1862 and 1879.
Ammodendron
Ammodendron is a genus of flowering plants, called the sand acacias, in the family Fabaceae. It contains five species, which range from Iran through Central Asia to Xinjiang. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Its name is derived from the Greek άμμος ammos ("sand") and δένδρον dendron ("tree").

Faboideae
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.

Members include the pea, the sweet pea, the laburnum, and other legumes. The pea-shaped flowers are characteristic of the Faboideae subfamily and root nodulation is very common. The papilionaceous species vary enormously in size from the tiny Lupinus uncialis only 2 cm in height to Pterocarpus mildbraedii subsp. usumbarensis at up to 75 m (246 ft) height.