hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Canonical quantum gravity
In physics, canonical quantum gravity is an attempt to quantize the canonical formulation of general relativity (or canonical gravity). It is a Hamiltonian formulation of Einstein's general theory of relativity. The basic theory was outlined by Bryce DeWitt in a seminal 1967 paper, and based on earlier work by Peter G. Bergmann using the so-called canonical quantization techniques for constrained Hamiltonian systems invented by Paul Dirac. Dirac's approach allows the quantization of systems that include gauge symmetries using Hamiltonian techniques in a fixed gauge choice. Newer approaches based in part on the work of DeWitt and Dirac include the Hartle–Hawking state, Regge calculus, the Wheeler–DeWitt equation and loop quantum gravity.

Canonical quantization
In physics, canonical quantization is a procedure for quantizing a classical theory, while attempting to preserve the formal structure, such as symmetries, of the classical theory to the greatest extent possible.

Historically, this was not quite Werner Heisenberg's route to obtaining quantum mechanics, but Paul Dirac introduced it in his 1926 doctoral thesis, the "method of classical analogy" for quantization, and detailed it in his classic text Principles of Quantum Mechanics. The word canonical arises from the Hamiltonian approach to classical mechanics, in which a system's dynamics is generated via canonical Poisson brackets, a structure which is only partially preserved in canonical quantization.

This method was further used by Paul Dirac in the context of quantum field theory, in his construction of quantum electrodynamics. In the field theory context, it is also called the second quantization of fields, in contrast to the semi-classical first quantization of single particles.
WINSTONgolf Senior Open
The WINSTONgolf Senior Open is a men's senior (over 50) professional golf tournament on the European Senior Tour. It has been held since 2012 at WINSTONgolf, Vorbeck in Northern Germany. From 2012 to 2015 it was played on the Open course while from 2016 to 2018 it was held on the Links course. The event returned to the Open course in 2019.

The 2021 event was played as an invitational event with 20 professionals competing over 36 holes.

European Senior Tour
The European Senior Tour, currently titled as the Staysure Legends Tour for sponsorship reasons, is a professional golf tour for male golfers aged 50 and over, run by the PGA European Tour. The tour was titled as the Staysure Tour for the 2018 and 2019 seasons after UK-based insurance company Staysure became the first title sponsors of the senior tour in December 2017. The tour was relaunched as the Legends Tour in 2020, after Ryan Howsam, founder and owner of Staysure, took majority ownership in a joint venture with the European Tour. The headquarters are based at Wentworth Golf Club, UK.

In 2025, the tour will play across four continents with a 20-event calendar, which will take place between February and December. Total prize fund for the year will be €20 million.
Never Left
"Never Left" is a song by American rapper Lil Tecca, released on May 6, 2021, as the lead single from his second studio album We Love You Tecca 2 (2021). The track was produced by ThankYouWill, Taz Taylor, and Cxdy.

Taz Taylor (music producer)
Danny Lee Snodgrass Jr. (born October 20, 1992), professionally known as Taz Taylor, is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive, as well as the founder of the Internet Money collective and record label.

He is signed to Warner Chappell Music, Artist Publishing Group and Atlantic Records on the publishing side, while currently signed as Internet Money Records with Ten Thousand Projects and Virgin Music on the label side. He formerly signed a record deal with Alamo Records and Interscope Records.
Oak Park 921'o6
Oak Park 921'o6 is an independent studio album and twelfth release overall by American gospel music singer Tonéx. It was made for Family Christian Stores exclusively. The Japanese version was released in 2007 through Syntax Records. It contains new tracks not included on the 2006 version.

Family Christian Stores
Family Christian (formerly called Zondervan Book Store, Family Book Stores, and Family Christian Stores), headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan is a Christian themed web retailer. Originally a retail chain, by 2008, it was the world's largest Christian focused retailer. In 2013, the chain transitioned to a non-profit before filing for bankruptcy in 2015, closing all stores in 2017 and returning as a web retailer in 2019.
1902 Western Conference football season
The 1902 Western Conference football season was the seventh season of college football played by the member schools of the Western Conference (later known as the Big Ten Conference) and was a part of the 1902 college football season.

The conference champion for 1902 was Michigan coached by Fielding H. Yost. The Wolverines compiled a perfect 11–0 record, outscored their opponents by a combined score of 644 to 12, and became known as the second of Yost's "Point-a-Minute" teams. The 1902 Michigan Wolverines have also been recognized as the national champions by the Billingsley Report, Helms Athletic Foundation, Houlgate System, and National Championship Foundation, and as co-national champions by Parke H. Davis. Right halfback Albert E. Herrnstein was Michigan's leading scorer with 135 points on 27 touchdowns (valued at five points under 1902 rules).

Joe Maddock (coach)
Joseph Herbert Maddock (July 11, 1877 – November 11, 1943) was an American college football player and coach. He was an All-Western tackle for the University of Michigan's "Point-a-Minute" football teams in 1902 and 1903. He also set a Western Conference record in the hammer throw. He later served as a head football coach at the University of Utah, where he compiled a record of 28–9–1 between 1904 and 1909.
Lieb's square ice constant
Lieb's square ice constant is a mathematical constant used in the field of combinatorics to approximately count Eulerian orientations of grid graphs. It was introduced by Elliott H. Lieb in 1967. It is called the square ice constant because the orientations that it counts arise in statistical mechanics of crystalline structures as the states of an ice-type model on a square grid.

The value of Lieb's square ice constant is  Based on this, the number of Eulerian orientations of an  grid is  where the  term, an instance of little o notation, hides parts of the formula that tend to zero in the limit as  grows.

Elliott H. Lieb
Elliott Hershel Lieb (born July 31, 1932) is an American mathematical physicist. He is a professor of mathematics and physics at Princeton University. Lieb's works pertain to quantum and classical many-body problem, atomic structure, the stability of matter, functional inequalities, the theory of magnetism and the Hubbard model.
1986 Valleydale 500
The 1986 Valleydale 500 was the fifth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 26th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 6, 1986, before an audience of 34,200 in Bristol, Tennessee, at Bristol International Raceway, a 0.533 miles (0.858 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack.

By race's end, Blue Max Racing's Rusty Wallace managed to dominate the late stages of the race, leading the final 101 laps to take his first career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Bud Moore Engineering's Ricky Rudd and Junior Johnson & Associates' Darrell Waltrip finished second and third, respectively.

Ricky Rudd
Richard Lee Rudd (born September 12, 1956), nicknamed "the Rooster", is an American former racing driver and racing team owner. He is the uncle of actor Skeet Ulrich and former NASCAR Busch Series driver Jason Rudd. He retired in 2007 with 23 career wins; twenty were done in a span from 1983 to 1998, where he won at least one race in sixteen consecutive seasons, a mark only surpassed by three other drivers. He was named the 2006 Virginian of the Year and was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2007. In October 2010, he was selected to the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, which honors those who have contributed to sports in southeastern Virginia.
Giddings–Stone Mansion
The Giddings–Stone Mansion is a historic mansion located at 2203 Century Circle., Brenham, Texas. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 24, 1976.

The house was acquired by the Heritage Society of Washington County in 1975.

Brenham, Texas
Brenham (/ˈbrɛnəm/ BREH-nəm) is a city in east-central Texas, United States, and the county seat of Washington County, with a population of 17,369 according to the 2020 U.S. census.

Brenham is also known for its annual German heritage festival that takes place each May called Maifest, similar to Volksfest. Numerous German immigrants settled here in the mid-19th century, following the revolutions in German states in 1848.
Gana Suraksha Party
Gana Suraksha Party (Trans: People's Protection Party) was founded by former Lok Sabha MP, Heera Saraniya and it is a significant party in Bodoland Territorial Council, an autonomous council for the Bodoland Territorial Region in Assam.

Member of Parliament (India)
A Member of Parliament (MP) in India refers to persons who serve in the Parliament of India. These include:

Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha: Representative of the Indian states to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India.

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha: Representative of the Indian citizens to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.
Continuum (topology)
In the mathematical field of point-set topology, a continuum (plural: "continua") is a nonempty compact connected metric space, or, less frequently, a compact connected Hausdorff space. Continuum theory is the branch of topology devoted to the study of continua.

Hausdorff space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a Hausdorff space (/ˈhaʊsdɔːrf/ HOWSS-dorf, /ˈhaʊzdɔːrf/ HOWZ-dorf), T2 space or separated space, is a topological space where distinct points have disjoint neighbourhoods.  Of the many separation axioms that can be imposed on a topological space, the "Hausdorff condition" (T2) is the most frequently used and discussed. It implies the uniqueness of limits of sequences, nets, and filters.

Hausdorff spaces are named after Felix Hausdorff, one of the founders of topology. Hausdorff's original definition of a topological space (in 1914) included the Hausdorff condition as an axiom.
Buckeridge
Buckeridge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anthony Buckeridge (1912–2004), English author

Charles Buckeridge (priest) (1756–1827), Archdeacon of Coventry

Charles Buckeridge (c. 1832–1873), British architect

Charles Edgar Buckeridge (1864–1898), British church decorative artist

John Buckeridge (c. 1562–1631), English churchman

John H. Buckeridge (1857–1934), Australian architect

Len Buckeridge (1936–2014), Australian businessman

John H. Buckeridge
John H. Buckeridge (1857–1934) was an English-born Australian architect, who built about sixty churches in Queensland and is also remembered for remodelling the interior of the Macquarie era church of St James', King Street, Sydney.
Clonorchiasis
Clonorchiasis is an infectious disease caused by the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) and two related species.
Clonorchiasis is a known risk factor for the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a neoplasm of the biliary system.

Symptoms of opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and by O. felineus are indistinguishable from clonorchiasis caused by Clonorchis sinensis, leading some to argue that the disease by these three parasites should be referred to collectively as clonorchiasis.

Opisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis felineus, the Siberian liver fluke or cat liver fluke, is a trematode parasite that infects the liver in mammals. It was first discovered in 1884 in a cat's liver by Sebastiano Rivolta of Italy. In 1891, Russian parasitologist, Konstantin Nikolaevich Vinogradov (1847–1906) found it in a human, and named the parasite a "Siberian liver fluke". In the 1930s, helminthologist Hans Vogel of Hamburg published an article describing the life cycle of Opisthorchis felineus.
Felineus infections may also involve the pancreatic ducts. Diagnosis of Opisthorchis infection is based on microscopic identification of parasite eggs in stool specimens. Safe and effective medication is available to treat Opisthorchis infections. Adequately freezing or cooking fish will kill the parasite.
Siege of Ani
The medieval city of Ani was a center of confrontation in the 12th and 13th centuries. It was captured fives times by the Kingdom of Georgia, and recaptured three times by Shaddadids, until it came under the Mongol rule in 1239:

Siege of Ani (1064), when a large Seljuk army under Alp Arslan attacked.

Siege of Ani (1124), a siege led by David IV of Georgia against the Shaddadids during the Georgian–Seljuk wars.

Siege of Ani (1161), a siege led by the George III of Georgia against the Shaddadids, and a subsequent siege by the Muslim coalition of Shah-Armens, Saltukids, Artuqids and Emirate of Kars against the Kingdom of Georgia in an attempt to recapture the city.

Siege of Ani (1174), a siege led by George III of Georgia against the Shaddadids.

Siege of Ani (1199), a siege led by Tamar of Georgia against the Shaddadids.

Siege of Ani (1226), a siege led by the Mongol Empire against the Zakarid ruler of Ani.

Siege of Ani (1239), a sack of the city by the Mongols.

Zakarid dynasty
The Zakarid dynasty, also Zakarids or Zakarians (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, romanized: Zak'aryanner) were an Armenian noble dynasty, rulers of Zakarid Armenia (1201–1350) under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Georgia, and from 1256 under the control of the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia. Their dynastic name was formed in honour of Zakare, the famous servant of the Georgian King Tamar. They were also known by their Georgian nickname Mkhargrdzeli (მხარგრძელი, "Long-armed", in Armenian: Երկայնաբազուկ, Yerkaynbazuk). The Zakarians considered themselves Armenians.

During the 13th century, the Zakarids held the highest offices in the Georgian court, as Atabegs (Governor General) and Amirspasalars (Commander-in-Chief of the Army) of the Kingdom of Georgia.
Bulgaria Boulevard, Sofia
42°40′16″N 23°17′37″E﻿ / ﻿42.67111°N 23.29361°E﻿ / 42.67111; 23.29361

Bulgaria Boulevard (Bulgarian: Булевард „България“) is a boulevard and key thoroughfare connecting Sofia's centre, Bulgaria, with the southern neighbourhoods of the city and Boyana.

The boulevard was planned and built at the same time as the construction of the National Palace of Culture, which is located close to the northern end of the boulevard, which continues as Evlogi Georgiev Boulevard towards Orlov most after the intersection with Cherni Vrah Boulevard. The southern end of Bulgaria Boulevard is the intersection with the Sofia ring road towards Boyana, after which it is called Daskal St. Popandreev.

Neighbourhoods located along or near Bulgaria Boulevard, listed in a north-to-south order, include Ivan Vazov, Hipodruma, Belite Brezi, Strelbishte, Krasno selo, Motopista, Borovo, Buxton, Gotse Delchev, Bokar, Manastirski Livadi, and Boyana.

Boulevard
A boulevard is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America, any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district.

In Europe, boulevards were originally circumferential roads following the line of former city walls.

In North American usage, boulevards may be wide, multi-lane thoroughfares divided with only a central median.
Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge
The Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge was an artificial wetland environment, created using agricultural runoff from farmland in California's Central Valley.

The irrigation water is transported to the valley from sources in the Sierra Nevada via the California Aqueduct. Minerals from these sources are carried in the water and concentrated by evaporation from aqueducts, canals, and fields. This has resulted in an exceptionally high accumulation of selenium and other minerals in the wetlands. Wildlife in this region suffered deformities due to selenium poisoning, drawing the attention of news media and leading to the closure of the refuge.

Kesterson Reservoir was a unit of the refuge but is now part of San Luis National Wildlife Refuge.

Selenium in biology
Selenium is an essential mineral micronutrient for animals, though it is toxic in large doses. In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as forage, e.g. locoweed. Selenium is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient that functions as cofactor for glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase. Selenium-containing proteins are produced from inorganic selenium via the intermediacy of selenophosphate (PSeO33−).
Strawberry Shortcake: Let's Dance
Strawberry Shortcake: Let's Dance is a 2007 American animated compilation film. It was released on October 2, 2007, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, although it was given an early release by Kidtoon Films on September 1 in select cinemas.

20th Century Home Entertainment
20th Century Home Entertainment (previously known as Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, LLC and also known as 20th Century Studios Home Entertainment) is a home video distribution arm that distributes films produced by 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, Blue Sky Studios, 20th Century Animation and several third-party studios, as well as television series by 20th Television, Searchlight Television, 20th Television Animation and FX Productions in home entertainment formats.

For 38 years, 20th Century Home Entertainment was the distinct home video distribution arm of Fox Entertainment Group. It was formed in 1982 as 20th Century-Fox Video. On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired 21st Century Fox, and as a result, its operations were folded into Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, Disney's own home entertainment division, where it exists today solely as a brand label.
1996 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs
The 1996 World Group II play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 1997 World Group II, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.

1997 Fed Cup World Group II
The World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 1997. Winning nations advanced to the World Group play-offs, and the losing nations were demoted to the World Group II play-offs.
Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov
Count Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov (Russian: Александр Сергеевич Строганов; 3 January 1733 – 27 September 1811) was a Russian aristocrat and a member of the Stroganov family. He was an assistant to the Minister of the Interior, a longtime President of the Imperial Academy of Arts, director of the Russian Imperial Library and a member of the Russian Academy.

National Library of Russia
The National Library of Russia (NLR, Russian: Российская национальная библиотека, РНБ), located in Saint Petersburg, is the oldest of Russia's three national public libraries. The NLR is currently ranked among the world's major libraries. It has the second biggest library collection in the Russian Federation, a treasury of national heritage, and is the All-Russian Information, Research and Cultural Center. Over the course of its history, the library has aimed for comprehensive acquisition of the national printed output and has provided free access to its collections.

It was known as the Imperial Public Library from 1795 to 1917; Russian Public Library from 1917 to 1925; State Public Library from 1925 to 1992 (since 1932 named after M.Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin); and since 1992 as the National Library of Russia (NLR).
Hot band
In molecular vibrational spectroscopy, a hot band is a band centred on a hot transition, which is a transition between two excited vibrational states, i.e. neither is the overall ground state. In infrared or Raman spectroscopy, hot bands refer to those transitions for a particular vibrational mode which arise from a state containing thermal population of another vibrational mode.  For example, for a molecule with 3 normal modes, ,  and , the transition  ← , would be a hot band, since the initial state has one quantum of excitation in the  mode. Hot bands are distinct from combination bands, which involve simultaneous excitation of multiple normal modes with a single photon, and overtones, which are transitions that involve changing the vibrational quantum number for a normal mode by more than 1.

Quantum number
In quantum physics and chemistry, quantum numbers are quantities that characterize the possible states of the system. 
To fully specify the state of the electron in a hydrogen atom, four quantum numbers are needed. The traditional set of quantum numbers includes the principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers. To describe other systems, different quantum numbers are required. For subatomic particles, one needs to introduce new quantum numbers, such as the flavour of quarks, which have no classical correspondence.

Quantum numbers are closely related to eigenvalues of observables. When the corresponding observable commutes with the Hamiltonian of the system, the quantum number is said to be "good", and acts as a constant of motion in the quantum dynamics.
Diocese of Kimberley and Kuruman
Christianity portal

The Diocese of Kimberley and Kuruman is a diocese in the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, and encompasses the area around Kimberley and Kuruman and overlaps the Northern Cape Province and North West Province of South Africa. It is presided over by the Bishop of Kimberley and Kuruman, until recently Ossie Swartz. On 19 September 2021 the Electoral College of Bishops elected to translate the Right Revd Brian Marajh of George to become the 13th Bishop of Kimberley & Kuruman. The seat of the Bishop of Kimberley and Kuruman is at St Cyprian's Cathedral, Kimberley. There had been so far 12 bishops of the See, though one of these served for two different periods of time.

Kuruman
Kuruman is a small town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is known for its scenery and the Eye of Kuruman, a geological feature that brings water from deep underground. The abundance of water produces an unexpected swathe of green amidst the barren plains and is known as the "Oasis of the Kalahari". It was at first a mission station of the London Missionary Society founded by Robert Moffat in 1821. It was also the place where David Livingstone arrived for his first position as a missionary in 1841. The Kuruman River, which is dry except for flash floods after heavy rain, is named after the town.
HMS Cornwallis (1805)
HMS Cornwallis was a Royal Navy 54-gun fourth rate. Jemsatjee Bomanjee built the Marquis Cornwallis of teak for the Honourable East India Company (EIC) between 1800 and 1801. In March 1805 Admiral Sir Edward Pellew purchased her from the Company shortly after she returned from a voyage to Britain. She served in the Far East, sailing to Australia and the Pacific Coast of South America before returning to India. In February 1811 the Admiralty renamed her HMS Akbar. She captured forts and vessels in the Celebes and Amboyna, and participated in the invasion of Isle de France, and the 1811 invasion of Java. She also served in the West Indies before being laid up at Portsmouth in December 1816. She then stayed in Britain in a number of stationary medical and training capacities until the Admiralty sold her in the 1860s.

Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, GCB (19 April 1757 – 23 January 1833) was a Royal Navy officer and politician. He fought during the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars. His younger brother Israel Pellew also pursued a naval career.