hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Falfield
Falfield is a village and a civil parish in the Charfield Ward at the northern border of South Gloucestershire, situated on the A38 Gloucester Road, immediately west of junction 14 of the M5 motorway. In Norman times it was part of the historical Bagstone Hundred of Gloucestershire and later the Thornbury Hundred.

A38 road
The A38, parts of which are known as Devon Expressway, Bristol Road and Gloucester Road, is a major A-class trunk road in England.

The road runs from Bodmin in Cornwall to Mansfield in Nottinghamshire. It is 292 miles (470 km) long, making it the longest two digit A road in England. It was formerly known as the Leeds–Exeter Trunk Road, when this description also included the A61. Before the opening of the M5 motorway in the 1960s and 1970s, the A38 formed the main "holiday route" from the Midlands to Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.

Considerable lengths of the road in the West Midlands closely follow Roman roads, including part of Icknield Street. Between Worcester and Birmingham the current A38 follows the line of a Saxon salt road.

For most of the length of the M5 motorway, the A38 road runs alongside it as a single carriageway road.
William Pearson Jr.
William Pearson (25 June 1864 – 31 March 1919) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Sale to William Pearson and Eliza Laura Travers. He became a grazier, first at Wodonga and then, on his father's death, inheriting the family property at Sale. In 1887 he married Sophie Emily Gooch, with whom he had three children. In 1896 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Gippsland Province, serving until his retirement in 1916. Pearson died in Sale in 1919.

Gippsland Province
Gippsland Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council 
from November 1882 until 2006. It was based in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia.

Gippsland Province was created in the redistribution of provinces in 1882 when the Central and Eastern Provinces were abolished. The new Gippsland, North Central, South Yarra, North Yarra, South Eastern and Melbourne Provinces were then created.

Gippsland province was defined in The Legislative Council Act 1881 and consisted of the divisions of Buln Buln, Narracan and Traralgon, Alberton, Rosedale, Maffra, Avon, Bairnsdale, Omeo, Towong, Yackandandah, Wodonga, Wood's Point, Walhalla and Sale.

Gippsland Province was abolished from the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council. The Eastern Victoria Region now covers much of the area of the old Gippsland Province.
Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias
Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias (transl. Elegies of illustrious men from the Indies) is an epic poem written in the late sixteenth century by Juan de Castellanos, composed between the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The work represents one of the most extensive literary testimonies of the Spanish conquest of the Americas, with an estimated length of around 150,000 hendecasyllabic verses.

The Elegías draw inspiration from epic works such as La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, adopting its technique and narrative structure, while shifting the geographical focus from Chile to the New Kingdom of Granada. Although it has literary value, the poem is chiefly of historiographical importance, as it constitutes one of the richest and most detailed sources for the history of the early phases of the Spanish conquest in Colombia and surrounding territories.

Alonso de Ercilla
Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (7 August 1533 – 29 November 1594) was a Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid. While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanians (Mapuche), and there he began the epic poem La Araucana, considered one of the greatest epics of the Spanish Golden Age. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It celebrates both the violence of the conquistadors and the courage of the Araucanians.
Gangut
Gangut (Гангут) is the Russian transliteration of the Swedish name (Hangö udd) for Hanko Peninsula. It may have the following meanings:

The Battle of Gangut in 1714
Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy named after the battle:
Russian ship of the line Gangut (1719), 92-gun first rate ship of the line, launched in 1719
Russian ship of the line Gangut (1825), 84-gun third rate ship of the line, launched in 1825, participated in Battle of Navarino, converted to screw in 1854, training ship in 1862, decommissioned in 1871
Russian coast defense ship Gangut (1888)
Russian battleship Gangut (1911)
Gangut-class battleship

The Russian name for the town of Hanko during the time Finland was a Grand duchy of the Russian Empire.

The "Invincible Gangut" (Непокоренный Гангут), the Hanko Soviet naval base in Finland 1940–41 leased by Finland to the Soviet Union in the Moscow Peace Treaty that ended the Winter War.

Battle of Gangut
The Battle of Gangut (Russian: Гангутское сражение; Finnish: Riilahden taistelu; Finland Swedish: Slaget vid Rilax; Swedish: Sjöslaget vid Hangö udd) took place on 27 JulyJul./ 7 August 1714Greg. during the Great Northern War (1700–1721), in the waters of Riilahti Bay, north of the Hanko Peninsula, near the site of the modern-day city of Hanko (Hangö), Finland, between the Swedish Navy and Imperial Russian Navy. It was the first important victory of the Russian fleet in its history. It is commemorated in Russia as one of the Days of Military Honour.
Pascal's mugging
In philosophy, Pascal's mugging is a thought experiment demonstrating a problem in expected utility maximization. A rational agent should choose actions whose outcomes, when weighted by their probability, have higher utility. But some very unlikely outcomes may have very great utilities, and these utilities can grow faster than the probability diminishes. Hence the agent should focus more on vastly improbable cases with implausibly high rewards; this leads first to counter-intuitive choices, and then to incoherence as the utility of every choice becomes unbounded.

The name refers to Pascal's Wager, but unlike the wager, it does not require infinite rewards. This sidesteps many objections to the Pascal's Wager dilemma that are based on the nature of infinity.

Nick Bostrom
Nick Bostrom (/ˈbɒstrəm/ BOST-rəm; Swedish: Niklas Boström [ˈnɪ̌kːlas ˈbûːstrœm]; born 10 March 1973) is a philosopher known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, whole brain emulation, superintelligence risks, and the reversal test. He was the founding director of the later defunct Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford and has become Principal Researcher at the Macrostrategy Research Initiative.

Bostrom is the author of Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy (2002), Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014) and Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World (2024).

Bostrom believes that advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to superintelligence, which he defines as "any intellect that greatly exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in virtually all domains of interest". He views this as a major source of opportunities and existential risks.
Paul Laux
Paul Laux (11 November 1887 – 2 September 1944) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 16th Army.  He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

Laux took command of the 10th Division in Passau. On 18 March some of these troops reached Vienna. In March 1939, when National Socialists and the 85th Infantry Regiment commemorated fallen heroes on the Passau Cathedral Square, Laux praised Adolf Hitler. Next, his men invaded Bohemia. On 13 April Laux commemorated the annexation of Austria in Passau.

As commanding officer of the 126th Infantry Division, Laux took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. On 29 August 1944 Paul Laux crashed during a reconnaissance flight. He died of his injuries on 2 September 1944.

Annexation
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. It is distinct from the concepts of conquest, which describes the gaining of physical control, and cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty.

Annexation can be legitimized if generally recognized by other states and international bodies.

The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by Israel, Morocco and Russia, the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such.
Nelson Barrere
Nelson Barrere (April 1, 1808 – August 20, 1883) was a U.S. representative from Ohio, uncle of Granville Barrere.

Born in New Market, near Hillsboro, Ohio, Barrere attended the common schools, and Hillsboro High School in 1827.
He was graduated from Augusta (Kentucky) College in 1830.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and commenced practice in Hillsboro.
He moved to West Union, Ohio, in 1834 and continued the practice of law.
In 1846 returned to Hillsboro, where he resided until his death.
He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1837 and 1838.

Barrere was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress.
He resumed the practice of law.
He died in Hillsboro, Ohio, August 20, 1883.
He was interred in Presbyterian Cemetery, New Market, Ohio.

33rd United States Congress
The 33rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855, during the first two years of Franklin Pierce's presidency. During this session, the Kansas–Nebraska Act was passed, an act that soon led to the creation of the Republican Party. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.
Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud Al Hami
Rafiq Bin Bashir Bin Jalud al Hami (رافق بن بشر بن جالود الحامي) is a citizen of Tunisia, who was formerly held for over seven years without charge or trial in the United States's Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 892.
The Department of Defense reports that he was born on 14 March 1969, in Tunisia.

A Tunisian-born German worker in the restaurant industry, he was captured by unknown Iranian authorities and handed over to the CIA after traveling to Pakistan in 1999 to study with the Jamaat al-Tablighi missionary group. He was held in a Black site as a ghost prisoner, before being transferred to Guantanamo.

According to a report on the CIA's use of torture prepared by the Senate Intelligence Committee, al Hami was one of the CIA's captives who interrogators tortured without first getting authorization.

Ghost detainee
Ghost detainee is a term used in the executive branch of the United States government to designate a person held in a detention center whose identity has been hidden by keeping them unregistered and therefore anonymous. Such uses arose as the Bush administration initiated the war on terror following the 9/11 attacks of 2001 in the United States. As documented in the 2004 Taguba Report, it was used in the same manner by United States officials and contractors of the Joint Interrogation and Debriefing Center at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq in 2003–2004.
Brann Boardinghouse
The Brann Boardinghouse is a historic boarding house located on Bryan Street in Tonopah, Nevada. The 2+1⁄2-story building is the largest wood-frame residence in Tonopah. The building's design includes a two-story porch with a balustrade along the second floor, molded cornices, boxed eaves, and a hipped roof; the inside has 18 rooms connected by two central hallways, one on each floor. Mrs. A.J. Brann built the boarding house in 1906. It was one of many boarding houses built in Tonopah to house the community's miners. The house is now one of only four boarding houses remaining in Tonopah.

The boarding house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1982.

Boarding house
A boarding house is a house (frequently a family home) in which lodgers rent one or more rooms on a nightly basis and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months, or years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning, may be supplied. It normally provides "room and board", with some meals as well as accommodation.

Lodgers legally obtain a licence, not exclusive possession, to use their rooms and so the landlord retains the right of access.
Cleansing of the Temple
In all four canonical gospels of the Christian New Testament, the cleansing of the Temple narrative tells of Jesus expelling the merchants and the money changers from the Temple in Jerusalem.

In this account Jesus and his disciples travel to Jerusalem for Passover, where Jesus expels the merchants and consumers from the temple, accusing them of turning it into "a den of thieves" (in the synoptic Gospels) and "a market" (in the Gospel of John) through their commercial activities.

Most historians agree that an actual event took place, although some scholars believe that the accounts refer to two separate incidents. The scene is a common motif in Christian art.

Christian art
Christian art is sacred art which uses subjects, themes, and imagery from Christianity. Most Christian groups use or have used art to some extent, including early Christian art and architecture and Christian media.

Images of Jesus and narrative scenes from the Life of Christ are the most common subjects, and scenes from the Old Testament play a part in the art of most denominations. Images of the Virgin Mary and saints are common in certain denominations of Christianity, including Catholicism, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Evangelical Lutheranism. They are less common in other branches of the faith, such as Reformed Christianity.

Christianity makes far wider use of images than related religions, in which figurative representations are forbidden, such as Islam and Judaism. However, there are some that have promoted aniconism in Christianity, and there have been periods of iconoclasm within Christianity.
Tertiary sector
In economics, the tertiary sector (also known as the service sector) is the economic sector which comprises the provision of services as opposed to the manufacture of finished goods. Services (also known as "intangible goods") include attention, advice, access, experience and affective labour.

The tertiary sector involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as to final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from a producer to a consumer, as may happen in wholesaling and retailing, pest control or financial services. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, as happens in the restaurant industry. However, the focus is on people by interacting with them and serving the customers rather than transforming the physical goods. The production of information has been long regarded as a service, but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector, called the quaternary sector.

Wholesaling
Wholesaling or distributing is the sale of goods or merchandise to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional or other professional business users; or to other wholesalers (wholesale businesses) and related subordinated services. In general, it is the sale of goods in bulk to anyone, either a person or an organization, other than the end consumer of that merchandise. Wholesaling involves purchasing goods in bulk, usually directly from the manufacturer or source, at a discounted rate. Retailers then sell these goods to end consumers at a higher price, generating a profit.

Traditionally, wholesalers were closer to the markets they supplied than the source from which they got the products. However, with the advent of the internet and e-procurement there is an increasing number of wholesalers located nearer to the manufacturers in China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. The profit margins of wholesalers depend largely on their ability to achieve market competitive transaction costs.
Eunique v. Powell
Eunique v. Powell, 281 F.3d 940 (9th Cir. 2002), challenging passport denial for child support arrearage under 42 U.S.C. § 652(k) and enacted as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act in 1996, is the second cornerstone of the Court's thinking on passport denial/revocation under this law.

Intermediate scrutiny
Intermediate scrutiny, in U.S. constitutional law, is the second level of deciding issues using judicial review.  The other levels are typically referred to as rational basis review (least rigorous) and strict scrutiny (most rigorous).

In order to overcome the intermediate scrutiny test, it must be shown that the law or policy being challenged furthers an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest.

Intermediate scrutiny may be contrasted with "strict scrutiny", the higher standard of review that requires narrowly tailored and least restrictive means to further a compelling governmental interest, and "rational basis review", a lower standard of review that requires the law or policy be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

This approach is most often employed in reviewing limits on commercial speech, content-neutral regulations of speech, and state actions discriminating on the basis of sex.
Ben Davis (clothing)
Ben Davis is an American workwear brand, founded in 1935, in San Francisco, California with headquarters in San Rafael, California. The company founder, Ben Davis' grandfather, Jacob Davis was the inventor of the original Levi's riveted jeans, and partnered with Levi Strauss in 1871 to mass-produce blue jeans. The brand's signature product is its heavyweight cotton/polyester blended twill fabric, which is used for most of its workwear clothing. Ben Davis also offers a selection of streetwear.

San Rafael, California
San Rafael (/ˌsæn rəˈfɛl/ SAN rə-FEL; Spanish for "St. Raphael", Spanish pronunciation: [san rafaˈel]) is a city in and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2020 census, San Rafael had a population of 61,271.

San Rafael was founded by the Spanish in 1817, when Vicente Francisco de Sarría established Mission San Rafael Arcángel, initially as an asistencia (sub-mission). San Rafael Arcángel was upgraded to full mission status in 1822, a month before Alta California declared independence from Spain as part of Mexico. Following the American Conquest of California, the community of San Rafael incorporated as a city in 1874.
Darbar Devisthan
Darbar Devisthan  is a town and municipality in Gulmi District in the Lumbini Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5152 persons living in 957 individual households.

Lumbini Zone
Lumbini (Nepali: लुम्बिनी अञ्चलListenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructure of zones to provinces. Within the zone is the city of Lumbini, widely believed to be the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism and renowned as a major Buddhist pilgrimage site. The zone's headquarters was Butwal.
Ottawa Gee-Gees
The Ottawa Gee-Gees (French: Gee-Gees d'Ottawa) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario.

The Gee-Gees won the national football championship, the Vanier Cup, in 1975 and 2000, while also appearing in the game in the 1970, 1980, and 1997 seasons. The Gee-Gees women's rugby team won the national championship in 2017, and the women's soccer team were national champions in 1996 and 2018. The men's cross country team won three national titles, in 1986, 1987, and 1990.

The men's rugby team will host the 2024 Canadian University Men's Rugby Championship and are granted automatic entry as hosts. They are undefeated at home in 2023 and 2024, and are consistently ranked as a top 10 team in the country.

The men's hockey team will host the 2025 U Sports University Cup from March 20–23, 2025 and are granted automatic entry as hosts. The team finished the 2023–24 season 20–8.

Ontario University Athletics
Ontario University Athletics (OUA; French: Sports universitaires de l'Ontario) is a regional membership association for Canadian universities which assists in co-ordinating competition between their university level athletic programs and providing contact information, schedules, results, and releases about those programs and events to the public and the media.  This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States. OUA, which covers Ontario, is one of four such bodies that are members of the country's governing body for university athletics, U Sports. The other three regional associations coordinating university-level sports in Canada are Atlantic University Sport (AUS), the Canada West Universities Athletic Association (CW), and Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ).

OUA came into being in 1997 with the merger of the Ontario Universities Athletics Association and the Ontario Women's Intercollegiate Athletics Association.
Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, duc de Cadore
Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, 1st duc de Cadore (4 August 1756 – 3 July 1834) was a French admiral and politician.

He was born in Roanne, Loire. Entering the French royal navy in 1774, he fought through the war in America and resigned in 1787. Elected député by the noblesse of Forez to the Estates-General in 1789, he went over to the Third Estate on the 21st of June and collaborated in the work of the National Constituent Assembly, especially occupying himself with the reorganization of the navy.

Chamber of Deputies (France)
The Chamber of Deputies (French: Chambre des députés, [ʃɑ̃bʁ de depyte]) was the lower house of parliament in France at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries:

1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament, elected by census suffrage.

1875–1940 during the French Third Republic, the Chamber of Deputies was the legislative assembly of the French Parliament, elected by two-round system with universal male suffrage. When reunited with the Senate in Versailles, the French Parliament was called the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) and carried out the election of the president of the French Republic.
Chitalu Chilufya
Chitalu Chilufya  (born 15 July 1972) is a Zambian physician and politician. He is currently the Member of the National Assembly for Mansa Central. He was Minister of Health from August 2016 to January 2021.

National Assembly of Zambia
The National Assembly is Zambia's unicameral legislative body. Between 1972 and 1990, Zambia was a one-party state with the United National Independence Party (UNIP) as the sole legal party.

The current National Assembly, formed following elections held in 2021, has a total of 166 members. 156 members are directly elected in single-member constituencies using the simple plurality (or first-past-the-post) system. Eight additional seats are filled through presidential appointment. The Speaker, first deputy speaker and the Vice President are also granted a seat in the assembly.