hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chaotropic activity
Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water. According to the original usage and work carried out on cellular stress mechanisms and responses, chaotropic substances do not necessarily disorder the structure of water.

The chaotropic activities of solutes in the aqueous phase (e.g. ethanol, butanol, urea, MgCl2, and phenol) have been quantified using an agar-gelation assay. Whereas chaotropicity was first applied to studies of ions, it is equally applicable to alcohols, aromatics, ion mixtures, and other solutes. Furthermore, hydrophobic substances known to stress cellular systems (including benzene and toluene) can chaotropically disorder macromolecules and induce a chaotrope-stress response in microbial cells, even though they partition into the hydrophobic domains of macromolecular systems.

Butanol
Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C4H9OH, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, sec-BuOH, i-BuOH, and t-BuOH). These are 1-butanol, two stereoisomers of sec-butyl alcohol, isobutanol and tert-butyl alcohol. Butanol is primarily used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and may be used as a fuel. Biologically produced butanol is called biobutanol, which may be n-butanol or isobutanol.
Massasoit Community College
Massasoit Community College is a public community college in Brockton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1966 and named for Massasoit, the Great Sachem of the Wampanoag. Massasoit Community College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. It also has campuses in Middleboro and Canton.

New England Commission of Higher Education
The New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE) is a voluntary, peer-based, non-profit membership organization that performs peer evaluation and accreditation of public and private universities and colleges in the United States and other countries. Until federal regulations changed on July 1, 2020, it was one of the seven regional accreditation organizations dating back 130 years. NECHE then became an institutional accreditor recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.

Its headquarters are in Wakefield, Massachusetts. NECHE accredits over 200 institutions primarily in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Harburg S-Bahn
The Harburg S-Bahn line is a railway line in southern Hamburg, Germany. It starts at Hamburg Hauptbahnhof and runs via Harburg to Stade. It mostly runs parallel with the line to Hanover and the Lower Elbe line and is now part of the Hamburg S-Bahn lines S3 and S31.

Hamburg Hauptbahnhof
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof (abbrev. Hamburg Hbf), or Hamburg Central Railway Station in English, is the main railway station of the city of Hamburg, Germany. Opened in 1906 to replace four separate terminal stations, today Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is operated by DB Station&Service AG. With an average of 550,000 passengers a day, it is Germany's busiest railway station and the second-busiest in Europe after the Gare du Nord in Paris. It is classed by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 railway station.

The station is a through station with island platforms and is one of Germany's major transportation hubs, connecting long-distance Intercity Express routes to the city's U-Bahn and S-Bahn rapid transit networks. It is centrally located in Hamburg in the Hamburg-Mitte borough. The Wandelhalle shopping centre occupies the north side of the station building.
CIWW
CIWW (1310 AM) was a radio station in Ottawa, Ontario owned by Rogers Radio. The station was the oldest radio station in Ottawa, first signing on in 1922. The station broadcast at 50,000 watts, the maximum for Canadian AM stations. The transmitter site was on McKenna Casey Drive, near Strandherd Drive and Ontario Highway 416 in Nepean. To protect other stations on 1310 AM, it used a directional antenna. By day it employed a two-tower array and at night a five-tower array. The nighttime signal was beamed mainly into Canada. The towers were removed sometime in late 2023.

In 2020, the station added an FM simulcast on CJET-FM. On October 26, 2023, the station was closed by Rogers after just over 100 years of operation.

Tower array
A tower array is an arrangement of multiple radio towers which are mast radiators in a phased array. They were originally developed as ground-based tracking radars. Tower arrays can consist of free-standing or guyed towers or a mix of them. Tower arrays are used to constitute a directional antenna of a mediumwave or longwave radio station.

The number of towers in a tower array can vary.
In many arrays all towers have the same height, but there are also arrays of towers of different height. The arrangement can vary. For directional antennas with fixed radiation pattern, linear arrangements are preferred, while for switchable directional patterns (usually for daytime groundwave versus nighttime skywave), square arrangements are chosen.
Raven Kumar Krishnasamy
Raven Kumar s/o Krishnasamy is a Malaysian politician who has served as Member of the Johor State Executive Council (EXCO) in the Barisan Nasional (BN) state administration under Menteri Besar Onn Hafiz Ghazi since March 2022 and Member of the Johor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Tenggaroh since May 2013. He is a member of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), a component party of the BN coalition. He has served as the Youth Chief of MIC from October 2021 until June 2024. His father is Krishnasamy Shiman, the Tenggaroh MLA from 1990 to his assassination in an MIC building in 2008.

Malaysian Indian Congress
The Malaysian Indian Congress (abbrev: MIC; Malay: Kongres India Se-Malaysia), formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress, is a Malaysian political party. Founded in 1946 to advocate for Indian independence from British colonial rule, it turned its focus to the struggle for independence of Malaya (now Malaysia). It positioned itself to represent the Indian community in Malaya and was a founding member of the Alliance along with the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), which later became Barisan Nasional. Previously seen as the political representative of Malaysian Indians, it has become increasingly marginalised electorally since 2008.
Schonland
Schonland is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Basil Schonland (1896–1972), South African physicist

Herbert Emery Schonland (1900–1984), United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient

Selmar Schonland (1860–1940), South African botanist

Basil Schonland
Sir Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland OMG CBE FRS (2 February 1896 – 24 November 1972) was noted for his research on lightning, his involvement in the development of radar during World War II and for being the first president of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
2019 TCR Italy Touring Car Championship
The 2019 TCR Italy Touring Car Championship will be the fifth season of the ITCC to run under TCR regulations and the 33rd season since the national touring car series was revived in 1987 as the Campionato Italiano Turismo. The series will begin at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza in April and conclude at the same track in October.

TCR Touring Car
A TCR Touring Car is a touring car specification first introduced in 2014; it is now employed by a multitude of series worldwide. All TCR Touring Cars are front wheel drive cars based on 4- or 5-door production vehicles, and are powered by 1.75 to 2.0 litre turbocharged engines. While the bodyshell and suspension layout of the production vehicle is retained in a TCR car, and many models use a production gearbox, certain accommodations are made for the stresses of the racetrack including upgraded brakes and aerodynamics. Competition vehicles are subject to balance of performance (BoP) adjustments to ensure close racing between different vehicles.
Jan Bulis
Jan Bulis (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈbulɪs] ⓘ) (born March 18, 1978) is a Czech former professional hockey winger who last played as the Captain of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He spent nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), playing with the Washington Capitals, Montreal Canadiens, and Vancouver Canucks. The Capitals selected Bulis in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft.

Point (ice hockey)
In ice hockey, a player is credited with one point for either a goal or an assist.

The total number of goals plus assists equals total points. In the National Hockey League (NHL), the Art Ross Trophy is awarded to the player who leads the league in points at the end of the regular season.
Justin Greene
Justin Pierre Greene (born August 13, 1989) is an American former basketball player and current coach. He played college basketball for the NCAA Division I Kent State Golden Flashes. On May 20, 2008, Greene committed to attend Kent State University. In his freshman season, Greene saw limited playing time, averaging 8.8 minutes per game and 2.2 points per game. His minutes per game increased to 28.1 in his sophomore season and his points per game also went up to 13.6 to go along 6.9 rebounds per game. In Greene's junior season, he averaged 15.4 points per game, 8.3 rebounds per game and 1.6 assists per game, which was good enough for him to be recognized as the Mid-American Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year.

Mid-American Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year
The Mid-American Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year is an award given to the most outstanding men's basketball player in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The award was first given following the 1967–68 season. Four players have won the award multiple times: Tom Kozelko, Ron Harper, Gary Trent and Bonzi Wells. Trent is the only player to have been honored as player of the year three times (1993–95). There have been no ties, nor has any player from the MAC ever won any of the national player of the year awards. Through 2025, Ohio has the most all-time winners with 11. Toledo is second with eight winners. All current members of the MAC have had at least one winner.
Kiplin Hall
Kiplin Hall is a Jacobean historic house at Kiplin in North Yorkshire, England, and a Grade I listed building. It is not far from the River Swale in the Vale of Mowbray. Kiplin Hall is a museum of history, a gallery and provides a biographical record of its past English country house owners. The nearest villages are Scorton, Great Langton and Bolton-on-Swale.

Historic house
A historic house generally meets several criteria before being listed by an official body as "historic." Generally the building is at least a certain age, depending on the rules for the individual list.  A second factor is that the building be in recognizably the same form as when it became historic.  Third is a requirement that either an event of historical importance happened at the site, or that a person of historical significance was associated with the site, or that the building itself is important for its architecture or interior. Many historic houses are also considered museums and retain permanent collections that help tell the story of their house and the era.
David Mark (journalist)
David Mark (born March 18, 1973) is an American journalist, author and political analyst. He is editor-in-chief of Palo Alto, California-based Politix, which is published by Topix, and a former editor at Politico. Mark has also published two books on American political campaigns and government, "Going Dirty: The Art of Negative Campaigning" (2006) and "Dog Whistles, Walk-Backs and Washington Handshakes: Decoding the Jargon Slang and Bluster of American Political Speech" (2014).

Topix (website)
Topix was an American Internet media company. Topix LLC, the controlling company, had its headquarters in Palo Alto, California.

Topix began as a news aggregator which categorizes news stories by topic and geography. In the last few years, Topix changed its focus from aggregation and curation, to content creation. Topix removed the human sexuality topic, which was one of its most popular topics, from its forums on June 26, 2016. The Topix local news and forums were shut down on December 20, 2018. Topix launched new entertainment-focused slideshow and quiz-based sites named Stars and Offbeat in 2015, and has continued to launch additional new sites since. Topix was in the top 100 largest US-based websites according to Quantcast.

In 2019, Publishers Clearing House acquired Topix and its website was redirected to pch.com.
Lefkonas
Lefkonas (Greek: Λευκώνας) is a village and a former municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Serres, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 68.247 km2. Population 3,534 (2021).

Near the village - on the hill of "Simitzi-bair" - the location of an ancient settlement has been found.

Serres (regional unit)
Serres (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σερρών) is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Serres. The total population reaches just over 150,000.
Near East Side, Columbus, Ohio
The Near East Side is a neighborhood located near downtown Columbus, Ohio, made up of several neighborhoods: Mount Vernon, King-Lincoln Bronzeville, Eastgate, Franklin Park, Nelson Park, Olde Towne East, and Woodland Park.

Lincoln Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)
The Lincoln Theatre is a 582-seat performing arts venue located at 769 E. Long Street in the King-Lincoln Bronzeville neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. The theater is owned by the City of Columbus under the auspices of the Lincoln Theatre Association. Operation of the facility is managed by CAPA. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
Mathew Hale (bishop)
Mathew Blagden Hale (18 June 1811 – 3 April 1895), very frequently spelled "Matthew", was the first Anglican bishop of Perth and then the Anglican bishop of Brisbane.

Hale is recognised for seeking to empower the South Australian Aboriginals through his work in the Poonindie mission, establishing the Anglican Diocese of Perth and Hale School.

Alderley, Gloucestershire
Alderley (also previously known as Alderleigh) is a village and civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England, about fourteen miles southwest of Stroud and two miles south of Wotton-under-Edge. It is situated on the Cotswold Way near to the villages of Hillesley and Tresham and lies underneath Winner Hill between two brooks, the Ozleworth and Kilcott.
Battle of the Iron Bridge
The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD. The battle, which the Muslims won, took its name from a nearby nine-arch stone bridge over the Orontes River (also known as Jisr al-Hadid), which had gates trimmed with iron blades. It was one of the last battles fought between the Byzantines and Rashidun Caliphate in the province of Syria. In the aftermath of the battle, the province's capital, Antioch, fell, marking the near-complete annexation of the province into the Rashidun Caliphate.

Taurus Mountains
The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları or Toroslar; Kurdish: Çiyayên Torosê) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau. The system extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the east. It is a part of the Alpide belt in Eurasia.
1860 United States presidential election in Georgia
The 1860 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 6, 1860, as part of the 1860 United States presidential election. Georgia voters chose 10 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

In the election, Southern Democratic candidate 14th Vice President of the United States John C. Breckinridge and his running mate Senator Joseph Lane won the plurality of the vote against Constitutional Union candidate Senator John Bell and his running mate Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett as well as Democratic candidate Senator Stephen A. Douglas and his running mate 41st Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson. Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln did not appear on the ballot.

As no candidate received a majority of the popular vote, the election was thrown into the General Assembly, which voted to select 10 Breckinridge electors.

Herschel V. Johnson
Herschel Vespasian Johnson (September 18, 1812 – August 16, 1880) was an American politician. He was the 41st governor of Georgia from 1853 to 1857 and the vice presidential nominee of the Douglas wing of the Democratic Party in the 1860 U.S. presidential election. He also served as one of Georgia's Confederate States senators.
Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell
Rothwell, Hick and Rothwell was an engineering company in Bolton, England. Set up in 1822, the partners became interested in the production of steam locomotives after the Rainhill Trials. The company's first engine was Union, a vertical boiler, 2-2-0 with horizontal cylinders for the Bolton and Leigh Railway of which Hick and Rothwell were promoters and original shareholders, followed by three more locomotives the following year for American railways.

2-2-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and no trailing wheels. This configuration, which became very popular during the 1830s, was commonly called the Planet type after the first locomotive, Robert Stephenson's Planet of 1830.
Orehovica, Zagorje ob Savi
Orehovica (pronounced [ɔˈɾeːxɔʋitsa]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. It lies on the main road from Izlake to Trojane. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi
The Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi (pronounced [zaˈɡoːɾjɛ ɔp ˈsaːʋi]; Slovene: Občina Zagorje ob Savi) is a municipality in central Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The population of the municipality is about 17,000.

Archaeological evidence shows that the area was already settled in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age.
Saint Joseph Boulevard
Saint Joseph Boulevard (official in French: boulevard Saint-Joseph) is a major boulevard located east of Mount Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Although it is mainly residential, it is a major east–west artery in the Plateau Mont-Royal and the Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie boroughs. Its intersection with D'Iberville Street is known as the infamous Tunnel de la mort (Death Tunnel). Laurier metro station  is located on the boulevard. It also intersects Route 335 (Saint Denis Street).

Boulevard
A boulevard is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America, any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district.

In Europe, boulevards were originally circumferential roads following the line of former city walls.

In North American usage, boulevards may be wide, multi-lane thoroughfares divided with only a central median.
Uzun-Akmat Forest Reserve
The Uzun-Akmat Forest Reserve (Kyrgyz: Узун-Акмат токой заказниги) is located in the Cholpon-Ata rural community, Toktogul District, Jalal-Abad Region, Kyrgyzstan. It was established in 1992, with a purpose of conservation of rare and endangered flora species including Greig's tulip, Semenov's Fir, elecampane, and Sorbus persica. The forest reserve occupies 14,771 hectares.

The natural attractions of this reserve include unnamed waterfalls, several caves, the mysterious mountains of Korgonata, alpine lakes, beautiful and rich flora and fauna. This place is a true and peaceful wilderness that is difficult to access.

Toktogul District
Toktogul (Kyrgyz: Токтогул району) is a district of Jalal-Abad Region in western Kyrgyzstan. The administrative seat lies at Toktogul. Its area is 7,815 square kilometres (3,017 sq mi), and its resident population was 103,310 in 2021.

The town and district are named after its most famous son - the musician Toktogul Satylganov. The Toktogul reservoir is a geographical feature of the district and the capital lies on the north shore.
Factory reset
A factory reset, also known as hard reset or master reset, is a software restore of an electronic device to its original system state by erasing all data, settings, and applications that were previously stored on the device. This is often done to fix an issue with a device, but it could also be done to restore the device to its original settings.

Since a factory reset entails deleting all information stored in the device, it is essentially the same concept as reformatting a hard drive. Pre-installed applications and data on the card's storage card (such as a microSD card) will not be erased.

Factory resets can fix many chronic performance issues (such as freezing), but it does not remove the device's operating system. Factory resets can also be used to prepare a device for sale, refurbishment, disposal, recycling, donation, or other transfers of ownership by removing personal data and settings associated with the previous owner.

Computer performance
In computing, computer performance is the amount of useful work accomplished by a computer system. Outside of specific contexts, computer performance is estimated in terms of accuracy, efficiency and speed of executing computer program instructions. When it comes to high computer performance, one or more of the following factors might be involved:

Short response time for a given piece of work.

High throughput (rate of processing work tasks).

Low utilization of computing resources.
Fast (or highly compact) data compression and decompression.

High availability of the computing system or application.

High bandwidth.

Short data transmission time.
Cranzahl Dam
Cranzahl Dam (German: Talsperre Cranzahl) is a dam in the Free State of Saxony in East Germany. It was built from 1949 to 1952 near Sehmatal–Cranzahl and the Bärenstein mountain in the  Ore Mountains to supply drinking water to Annaberg-Buchholz and the surrounding area. Together with the Sosa Dam it was one of the two biggest dam construction projects of the newly created GDR. In keeping with the time it was called the Dam of Friendship (Talsperre der Freundschaft).

The actual dam itself is a crooked earth-fill dam with a sloping inner seal of loam. It is a large dam based on ICOLD criteria. The streams impounded by it are the Lampertsbach and the Moritzbach.

A trafficable track runs along the dam crest (500 metres). Bathing and water sports in the reservoir are not permitted. However, there is a circular path of 3.5 kilometres for walkers, mountain-bikers and skiers.

International Commission on Large Dams
The International Commission on Large Dams, or ICOLD (French: Commission Internationale des Grands Barrages or CIGB), is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the sharing of professional information and knowledge of the design, construction, maintenance, and impact of large dams.