hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dafydd Gam
Dafydd ap Llewelyn ap Hywel (c. 1380 – 25 October 1415), better known as Dafydd Gam, anglicized to David or Davy Gam, was a Welsh warrior, a prominent opponent of Owain Glyndŵr. 
He died at the Battle of Agincourt fighting for Henry V, King of England in that victory against the French.

The epithet "Gam" is a soft-mutated form of the Welsh word "cam" (one-eyed, cross-eyed). As the University of Wales Dictionary notes, "according to tradition, Syr Dafydd Gam (Dafydd ap Llewelyn ap Hywel Fychan) was one-eyed or cross-eyed". Regarded as a traitor to Wales by some and as a hero by others; his reputation has waxed and waned with those of his enemy Owain Glyndŵr and his ally King Henry V.

George Borrow
George Henry Borrow (5 July 1803 – 26 July 1881) was an English writer of novels and of travel based on personal experiences in Europe. His travels gave him a close affinity with the Romani people of Europe, who figure strongly in his work. His best-known books are The Bible in Spain and the novels Lavengro and The Romany Rye, set in his time with the English Romanichal (Gypsies).
Äyşä
Äyşä (Tatar: Әйшә, romanized: Äyşä) is a rural locality (a selo) in Yäşel Üzän District, Tatarstan. The population was 2939 as of 2010.
Äyşä is located 9 km from Yäşel Üzän, district's administrative centre, and 35 km from Qazan, republic's capital, by road.
The village was established in 1780.
There are 18 streets in the village.

Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan
Zelenodolsk (Russian: Зеленодо́льск; Tatar: Яшел Үзән; Mari: Парат) is a town in Tatarstan, Russia, located in the northwest of the republic on the left bank of the Volga River, 38 kilometers (24 mi) from Kazan. Population:  97,674 (2010 census); 100,139 (2002 census); 94,079 (1989 Soviet census).
Erling Storrusten
Erling Storrusten (28 September 1923 – 10 June 2018) was a Norwegian business executive.

He was born in Tretten. He served as managing director of the Norway Travel Association from 1963 to 1970 and of the Norwegian Automobile Federation from 1971 to 1986, and edited the 1989 and 1992 editions of the road atlas NAF Veibok. As a student during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, Storrusten was a member of the clandestine intelligence organization XU, and among his activities was supervision of activities at the Wehrmacht headquarters in Lillehammer.

He resided at Østerås. He died in 2018 at the age of 94.

Norwegian Automobile Federation
Norwegian Automobile Federation (Norwegian: Norges Automobil-Forbund, NAF) is a Norwegian association of car owners, established in 1924, and member of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The federation has 73 local chapters and more than 500,000 members. NAF is running a number of test stations, skidpans and camping sites. Among its publications is the monthly magazine Motor and the triannual NAF Veibok.
Volunteer Protection Act
The federal Volunteer Protection Act of 1997 (the VPA or the Act) aims to promote volunteerism by limiting, and in many cases completely eliminating, a volunteer's risk of tort liability when acting for nonprofit organizations or government entities. No volunteer of a nonprofit organization or governmental entity shall be liable for harm caused by an act or omission of the volunteer on behalf of the organization or entity.

Volunteering
Volunteering is an optional and freely chosen act of an individual or group giving their time and labor, often for community service. Many volunteers have specialized training in the fields that they work in, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others provide their services as needed, such as in response to a natural disaster.
Claude Dubois-Millot
Claude Dubois-Millot was sales director of the Gault Millau restaurant guide and served as one of the eleven judges of the historic Judgment of Paris wine tasting. He was the only judge on the all-French panel that did not have previous experience in wine competition after spending the majority of his career in the automobile industry prior to joining GaultMillau in 1973. Originally his brother, the food critic Christian Millau, was slated to be on the panel but Claude served as a substitute.*

Wine tasting
Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. While the practice of wine tasting is as ancient as its production, a more formalized methodology has slowly become established from the 14th century onward. Modern, professional wine tasters (such as sommeliers or buyers for retailers) use a constantly evolving specialized terminology which is used to describe the range of perceived flavors, aromas and general characteristics of a wine. More informal, recreational tasting may use similar terminology, usually involving a much less analytical process for a more general, personal appreciation.

Results that have surfaced through scientific blind wine tasting suggest the unreliability of wine tasting in both experts and consumers, such as inconsistency in identifying wines based on region and price.
Guna Zariņa
Guna Zariņa (born 1 October 1972) is a Latvian actress. In the theater, she has appeared in several plays of Alvis Hermanis and Māra Ķimele. She has also appeared in several films.

In 2007 she received the Union of Latvian Theatre Workers Best Actress award, in 2015 she was awarded the Lielais Kristaps and in 2017 she was awarded the Order of Three Stars.

Order of the Three Stars
Order of the Three Stars (Latvian: Triju Zvaigžņu ordenis) is the highest civilian order awarded for meritorious service to Latvia. It was established in 1924 in remembrance of the founding of Latvia. Its motto is Per aspera ad astra, meaning "Through hardships towards the stars". The Order has five ranks and three grades of medals of honour.
Thomas C. Quinn
Thomas C. Quinn is an American physician and infectious disease researcher specializing in the study of HIV/AIDS. He is a professor of medicine and pathology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health. He is also a professor of international health, epidemiology, and molecular microbiology and immunology at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and a professor of nursing the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing. In addition, he serves as Associate Director for International Research at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing is the nursing school of Johns Hopkins University, a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Established in 1889, it is one of the nation's oldest schools for nursing education.
Nonnie Griffin
Nonnie Griffin (20 October 1933 – 7 June 2019) was a Canadian film, stage, television and voice actress. She studied at the Toronto Conservatory in her native land, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London, and even with famed mime artist Marcel Marceau. Her stage work includes playing Mrs. Rafi in the original Toronto production of The Sea and a 10-month run as the title character in Hello, Dolly! at the Limelight Dinner Theatre in Toronto in 1989. Griffin appeared in the original Toronto productions of John Murrell's Waiting for the Parade and Michel Tremblay's The Impromptu of Outremont, both at the Tarragon Theatre. She also played Jessica in the original Montreal production of David French's Jitters.

The Royal Conservatory of Music
The Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM; French: Conservatoire royal de musique), branded as The Royal Conservatory, is a non-profit music education institution and performance venue headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1886 by Edward Fisher as The Toronto Conservatory of Music. In 1947, King George VI incorporated the organization through royal charter. Its Toronto home was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1995, in recognition of the institution's influence on music education in Canada. Tim Price is the current Chair of the Board, and Alexander Brose is the President and CEO.
Poti Airport
Poti Airport (Georgian: ფოთის აეროპორტი) is located in Poti, Georgia.  It has been closed since the collapse of the USSR in the 1990s.  The Georgian government had published plans to reconstruct the airport, but those plans have not been carried out.

Poti
Poti (Georgian: ფოთი [pʰo̞t̪ʰi]; Mingrelian: ფუთი, puti; Laz: ჶაში/Faşi or ფაში/Paşi) is a port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti in the west of the country. Built near the site of the ancient Greek colony of Phasis and deriving its name from the same, the city has become a major port city and industrial center since the early 20th century. It is also home to a main naval base and the headquarters of the Georgian Navy.
Serine-phosphoethanolamine synthase
In enzymology, a serine-phosphoethanolamine synthase (EC 2.7.8.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

CDP-ethanolamine + L-serine  CMP + L-serine-phosphoethanolamine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CDP-ethanolamine and L-serine, whereas its two products are CMP and L-serine-phosphoethanolamine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring non-standard substituted phosphate groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP-ethanolamine:L-serine ethanolamine phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include serine ethanolamine phosphate synthetase, serine ethanolamine phosphodiester synthase, serine ethanolaminephosphotransferase, serine-phosphinico-ethanolamine synthase, and serinephosphoethanolamine synthase.  This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.

Serine
Serine
/ˈsɪəriːn/
(symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid. It can be synthesized in the human body under normal physiological circumstances, making it a nonessential amino acid. It is encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC.
Kangchin (Khuman warrior)
Kangchin (ꯀꯥꯡꯆꯤꯟ) was a warrior of the Khuman clan in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is known for his cunning and bravery during a duel with a Meitei warrior named Chimarangba. His story is notably mentioned in the classical Meitei literary work Chainarol, that documents historic and semi-historic single combats between warriors of various early Meitei clans. Kangchin is celebrated for his presence of mind and bold strategy that turned certain defeat into victory.

Kangchin is remembered for his intelligence overcoming brute force, his quick thinking, composure under pressure, and use of cultural ritual to disarm a deceitful opponent. He faced the tension between honourable combat (or warrior code) and betrayal (or treachery). Unlike other warriors who used brute strength, Kangchin's victory stemmed from psychological agility. By defeating a dishonourable enemy, Kangchin restores justice and personal dignity.

Chainarol
The Chainarol, also known as the Chainalol (literally, "Way of the warrior"), is an ancient Meitei language text (puya) which records the armed combats of various gladiators through different periods of history of Ancient Kangleipak. It consists of 27 stories of real life incidents of the dual fight between different gladiators.
Municipal Corporation Shaheed Benazirabad
Municipal Corporation Shaheed Benazirabad (Sindhi: شہید بینظیر آباد ميونسپلٽي, Urdu: بلدیہ اعلی شہید بینظیر آباد abbreviated as MCSBA) is a public corporation and the governing body of Benazirabad city and Nawabshah Talukas, the fifth-largest city in Sindh, Pakistan.

The corporation has 19 reserved seats and 12 ordinary seats. It was declared inoperative by Sindh Local Ordinance of 2001.

The 31 elected Union Committee  members choose the mayor and deputy mayor.

MCSBA is made up of 60 Union Councils in Old Nawabshah Town Municipal Corporation and H.M Khoja Town Municipal Corporation of  Benazirabad City.

Both the mayor and deputy mayor are members of Pakistan People's Party.

Nawabshah
Nawabshah is a city and also the headquarter of Nawabshah Tehsil in Shaheed Benazirabad District of Sindh province, Pakistan. This city is situated in the middle of Sindh province. It is the 27th most populous city in Pakistan. Nawabshah is called the heart of Sindh Province.
Norwood Junction rail accident
The Norwood Junction railway crash occurred on 1 May 1891, when a cast-iron underbridge over Portland Road, 60 yards (55 m) north-east of Norwood Junction railway station, fractured under the weight of an express train from Brighton to London Bridge.

The locomotive, No. 175 Hayling, crossed the bridge safely along with most of its carriages, but the brake van fell into the gap created by the failure. There were no serious casualties: one passenger suffered a dislocated ankle, four others sustained minor injuries, and the guard in the leading brake van received head and arm injuries.  The accident drew attention to the structural weaknesses of cast-iron underbridges, particularly those installed in the 1830s and 1840s, when locomotives and rolling stock were significantly lighter.

Norwood Junction railway station
Norwood Junction is an interchange station between the Windrush line of the London Overground and National Rail services operated by Southern and Thameslink, located in South Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon. Situated in London fare zone 4, it is 8 miles 55 chains (8.69 miles, 13.98 km) down the line from London Bridge.
Outside plant
In telecommunications, the term outside plant has the following meanings:

In civilian telecommunications, outside plant refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such as repeaters) located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or customer premises.

In the United States, the DOD defines outside plant as the communications equipment located between a main distribution frame (MDF) and a user end instrument.

The CATV industry divides its fixed assets between head end or inside plant, and outside plant.  The electrical power industry also uses the term outside plant to refer to electric power distribution systems.

Telecommunications facility
In telecommunications, a facility is defined by Federal Standard 1037C as:

A fixed, mobile, or transportable structure, including (a) all installed electrical and electronic wiring, cabling, and equipment and (b) all supporting structures, such as utility, ground network, and electrical supporting structures.

A network-provided service to users or the network operating administration.

A transmission pathway and associated equipment.

In a protocol applicable to a data unit, such as a block or frame, an additional item of information or a constraint encoded within the protocol to provide the required control.

A real property entity consisting of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility system, pavement, and underlying land.
Franklin Lucero
Franklin Lucero (San Luis, 11 September 1897 – Buenos Aires, 8 October 1976) was an Argentine military officer and politician who served as Minister of the Army during the first and second presidencies of Juan Domingo Perón (1949–1955). He was regarded as Perón's most trusted man within the Army, and played a central role in suppressing the failed coup of September 1951 and in managing the final crisis of the Peronist government in September 1955. Despite his prominence, he has been described as one of the least studied figures of Peronism's first decade.

Eduardo Lonardi
Eduardo Ernesto Lonardi Doucet (Spanish pronunciation: [eðuˈaɾðo loˈnaɾði]; September 15, 1896 – March 22, 1956) was an Argentine Lieutenant General and served as de facto president from September 23 to November 13, 1955.
Chris Sander (Missouri politician)
Chris Sander is a Missouri politician and member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 33rd district. He was first elected in 2020 and re-elected in 2022, though lost the Republican primary to Carolyn Caton in 2024 after he voted against anti-transgender legislation.

Missouri House of Representatives
The Missouri House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Missouri General Assembly, the upper chamber being the Missouri Senate. It has 163 members, representing districts with an average size of 37,000 residents. House members are elected for two-year terms during general elections held in even-numbered years.

Missouri's house is the fourth largest in the United States even as the state ranks 18th in population. The only states with a larger lower house in the United States are New Hampshire (400), Pennsylvania (203), and Georgia (180). Republicans have controlled the State House since 2003.

The next election will be held in 2026.
Clara Barton Homestead
The Clara Barton Homestead, also known as the Clara Barton Birthplace Museum, is a historic house museum at 60 Clara Barton Road in Oxford, Massachusetts.  The museum celebrates the life and activities of Clara Barton (1821–1912), founder of the American Red Cross.  The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.  The museum is open seasonally, or by appointment.  It has been restored to the period when Barton lived there.

Historic house museum
A historic house museum is a house of historic significance that is preserved as a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way that reflects their original placement and usage in a home. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums. Houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of famous writers are frequently turned into writer's home museums to support literary tourism.
Natal astrology
Natal astrology, also known as genethliac astrology or genethlialogy, is a system of astrology that claims to shed light on an individual’s personality or path in life based on constructing a horoscope or natal chart that includes the exact date, time, and location of an individual's birth. Natal astrology is found in the Indian, Chinese, Hellenistic and Western astrological traditions.

A horoscope illustrates the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Immum Coeli as well as the aspects or angles between them. Interpretation includes noting the placement and significance of important features. Chart Weighting analyzes Zodiac Signs and Houses. Chart Shaping analyzes planetary aspect patterns.

In general, astrology is considered to be a pseudoscience by the scientific community. There is little statistical evidence that shows causation between horoscopes and the consequences in a person's life or those that may occur throughout the world.

Imum coeli
In astrology, the Imum Coeli (IC; from Latin for "bottom of the sky") is the point in space where the ecliptic crosses the meridian in the north, exactly opposite the Midheaven. It marks the fourth house cusp in most house systems (this is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere).
2022 Empire Women's Indoor 1
The 2022 Empire Women's Indoor 1 was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Trnava, Slovakia between 3 and 9 October 2022.

Empire Women's Indoor
The Empire Women's Indoor are a series of tournaments for professional female tennis players played on indoor hardcourts. The events are classified as $60,000 and $40,000 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour tournaments and have been held in Trnava, Slovakia, since 2015 (then $10,000).
June 2012 lunar eclipse
A partial lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Sunday, June 4, 2012, with an umbral magnitude of 0.3718. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when one part of the Moon is in the Earth's umbra, while the other part is in the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 1.1 days before perigee (on June 3, 2012, at 9:15 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

Magnitude of eclipse
The magnitude of eclipse is the fraction of the angular diameter of a celestial body being eclipsed. This applies to all celestial eclipses. The magnitude of a partial or annular solar eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while the magnitude of a total solar eclipse is always greater than or equal to 1.0, and has a theoretically maximum value of around 1.12.

This measure is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with the covered fraction of the apparent area (disk) of the eclipsed body. Neither should it be confused with the astronomical magnitude scale of apparent brightness.
Live in Japan (Fred Frith album)
Live in Japan, subtitled "The Guitars on the Table Approach", is a 1982 double live album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith. It was recorded during an improvised solo performance tour of Japan in July 1981. The double album was a limited edition release of 1,000 by Recommended Records Japan on two LP records in a black corrugated box containing posters, artwork and booklets in English and Japanese. It was also released as two single LPs, entitled Live in Japan, Vol. 1 and Live in Japan, Vol. 2. The single LP cover art was taken from the inner double LP gatefold cover.

Improvisation
Improvisation or improvization (often shortened to improv) is the activity of making or doing something not planned beforehand, using whatever can be found. The origin of the word itself is in the Latin "improvisus", which literally means un-foreseen. Improvisation in the performing arts is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines; see Applied improvisation.
AGM-1 carbine
The AGM-1 is a bullpup, semi-automatic carbine produced in Italy.  The carbine is readily convertible from 9×19mm Parabellum to .45 ACP as well as .22 Long Rifle.  It features a set trigger and a heavy, target-type barrel.  The magazines for the 9×19mm Parabellum variant are interchangeable with the Browning Hi-Power pistol.

.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.