hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Article of impeachment
An article of impeachment is a documented statement which specifies the charges to be tried in an impeachment trial as a basis for removing an officeholder. Articles of impeachment are an aspect of impeachment processes of many governments that utilize a bifurcated (two-part) impeachment process that sees a vote to "impeach" followed by an impeachment trial on whether to remove an officer.

In an impeachment trial, an article of impeachment serves the same role that an indictment would in a criminal trial. Articles of impeachment are adopted prior to an impeachment trial by the legislative body with authority to invoke the impeachment that triggers the trial. In the trial, the accused party generally attempts to counter the elements of the article(s) of impeachment through arguments.

Criminal procedure
Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on bail or incarcerated, and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant. Criminal procedure can be either in form of inquisitorial or adversarial criminal procedure.
1928 New South Wales local elections
The 1928 New South Wales local elections were held on 1 December 1928 to elect the councils of the local government areas (LGAs) of New South Wales, Australia.

This was the first set of local elections held since the Lang Government's passing of universal adult suffrage in local government elections. Prior to this, only real estate owners where able to vote in the election for an LGA.

This was the first election for several newly-incorporated LGAs, including Willimbong Shire. Inversely, some councils did not hold elections, including the City of Sydney, which was placed under commissioner administration.

Lang ministry (1925–1927)
The Lang ministry (1925–1927) or First Lang ministry was the 42nd ministry of the New South Wales Government, and was led by the 23rd Premier, Jack Lang. This ministry was the first of three ministries under Lang as Premier.

Lang was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1913 and served continuously until 1946. In 1923 Lang was elected NSW Parliamentary Leader of the Labor Party by the Labor caucus, and became Opposition Leader in 1923. At the 1925 state election, Lang led Labor to victory, defeating the Nationalist Party led by Sir George Fuller.

The ministry covers the period from 17 June 1925 until 26 May 1927 when Lang was confronted with extended cabinet strife, centred on Albert Willis. Lang gained the approval of the Governor to reconstruct the ministry subject to an early election, held in October 1927.
Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube
Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube (born 10 October 1985) is a South African producer, actress and daughter of former President Jacob Zuma and African National Congress (ANC) politician Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, and daughter-in-law to Zimbabwean Movement for Democratic Change Alliance politician Professor Welshman Ncube.

SABC
The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) is the public broadcaster in South Africa, and provides 19 radio stations (AM/FM) as well as 6 television broadcasts and 3 OTT Services to the general public. It is one of the largest of South Africa's state-owned enterprises and the biggest state broadcaster in Africa.

Opposition politicians and civil society often criticise the SABC, accusing it of being a mouthpiece for whichever political party is in majority power, thus currently the ruling African National Congress; during the apartheid era it was accused of playing the same role for the National Party government.
Fresh food
Fresh food is food which has not been preserved and has not spoiled yet. For vegetables and fruits, this means that they have been recently harvested and treated properly postharvest; for meat, it has recently been slaughtered and butchered; for fish, it has been recently caught or harvested and kept cold.

Dairy products are fresh and will spoil quickly. Thus, fresh cheese is cheese which has not been dried or salted for aging. Sour cream may be considered "fresh" (crème fraîche).

Fresh food has not been dried, smoked, salted, frozen, canned, pickled, or otherwise preserved.

Sour cream
Sour cream (sometimes known as soured cream in British English) is a dairy product obtained by fermenting regular cream with certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria. The bacterial culture, which is introduced either deliberately or naturally, sours and thickens the cream. Its name comes from the production of lactic acid by bacterial fermentation, which is called souring. Crème fraîche is one type of sour cream with a high fat content and less sour taste.
Charles Goodsell
Charles True Goodsell (July 23, 1932 – November 24, 2024) was an American academic and writer who was Professor Emeritus at Virginia Tech's Center for Public Administration and Policy. He was perhaps best known for his volume The Case for Bureaucracy, now in its 4th edition.

Goodsell was a co-author of the Blacksburg Manifesto, written with Gary Wamsley, Robert Bacher, Philip Kronenberg, John Rohr, Camilla Stivers, Orion White, and James Wolf – all of whom were at Virginia Tech during the 1980s. In 1994, Goodsell was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.

National Academy of Public Administration (United States)
The National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) is a national academy of the United States in the field of public administration. As a congressionally-chartered, nonpartisan, and independent entity, its mission is to produce independent research and studies that advance the field of public administration and facilitate the development, adoption, and implementation of solutions to challenges of government administration. NAPA carries out its work outside of the government’s formal structure. It does not receive any direct federal appropriations.

Academy membership comprises scholars, public administrators, and former public officials who are elected as fellows due to their contributions to the field of public administration. As of 2025, there are more than 1,000 fellows.

It is one of two organizations chartered by Congress to support government oversight, along with the National Academy of Sciences.
Joseon Navy
The Joseon Navy (Korean: 조선 수군; Hanja: 朝鮮水軍) was the navy of the Korean dynasty of Joseon. While originally commissioned to protect merchant vessels and coastal towns from Japanese pirate raids, the Joseon navy is best known for defeating the Japanese naval forces during the Imjin War and is often credited with halting the Japanese invasion campaign and saving the dynasty from conquest.

Hendrick Hamel
Hendrick Hamel (1630 – after 1692) was a Dutch sailor. He provided the first Western account of Korea.

Little is known of Hamel's early life and life after his journey to Korea. He was born in the Netherlands in 1630, and sailed to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1650.

In 1653, while sailing to Japan, Hamel and his crew were shipwrecked off Jeju Island, then part of the state of Joseon. Because of Joseon's isolationist policies, they were refused permission to leave the country. Hamel ended up spending thirteen years in Joseon, until he escaped to a Dutch trading mission to Dejima island, Japan in 1666. There, he wrote the earliest first-hand account of a Westerner in Korea, "Hamel's Journal and a Description of the Kingdom of Korea, 1653–1666" which was subsequently published in the Netherlands in 1668.

In recent years, Hamel has become a symbol of cultural and economic exchange between the Netherlands and South Korea. A number of monuments exist to him in both countries.
Bjørn Elmquist
Bjørn Elmquist (born 13 November 1938 in Svendborg) is a Danish lawyer and journalist, who served as member of parliament for Denmark's Liberal Party from 1978 to 1990, and then the Danish Social Liberal Party from 1990 until 1998.

Svendborg
Svendborg (Danish: [ˈsvenˌpɒˀ] ⓘ) is a town on the island of Funen in south-central Denmark, and the seat of Svendborg Municipality. With a population of 27,616 (1 January 2025), Svendborg is Funen's second largest city. In 2000 Svendborg was declared "Town of the year" in Denmark, and in 2003 it celebrated its 750th anniversary as a market town. By road, Svendborg is located 195 kilometres (121 mi) southwest of Copenhagen, 183 kilometres (114 mi) south of Aarhus, 44.2 kilometres (27.5 mi) south of Odense, and 28.5 kilometres (17.7 mi) east of Faaborg.

Svendborg is home to "Danmarks Forsorgsmuseum" social history museum and "Naturama" natural history museum. The latter holds a wide variety of taxidermy from whales and bears to birds and Foxes.

The largest container ship company in the world, A.P. Møller-Mærsk has its origins in Svendborg, in the "Villa Anna".
Barnard 1
Barnard 1 (B1) is a dark nebula in the constellation of Perseus.  It belongs to the Perseus molecular cloud complex and is located at a distance of 800 light-years from the Sun. The Perseus molecular cloud has several regions in the neighborhood of the Sun that are actively forming low- and intermediate-mass stars. The Barnard 1 or Perseus molecular cloud complex is at right ascension 03h 32m  and declination +31° 09′.

Stellar mass
Stellar mass is a phrase that is used by astronomers to describe the mass of a star. It is usually enumerated in terms of the Sun's mass as a proportion of a solar mass (M☉). Hence, the bright star Sirius has around 2.02 M☉. A star's mass will vary over its lifetime as mass is lost with the stellar wind or ejected via pulsational behavior, or if additional mass is accreted, such as from a companion star.
Markov perfect equilibrium
A Markov perfect equilibrium is an equilibrium concept in game theory. It has been used in analyses of industrial organization, macroeconomics, and political economy. It is a refinement of the concept of subgame perfect equilibrium to extensive form games for which a pay-off relevant state space can be identified. The term appeared in publications starting about 1988 in the work of economists Jean Tirole and Eric Maskin.

General equilibrium theory
In economics, general equilibrium theory attempts to explain the behavior of supply, demand, and prices in a whole economy with several or many interacting markets, by seeking to prove that the interaction of demand and supply will result in an overall general equilibrium. General equilibrium theory contrasts with the theory of partial equilibrium, which analyzes a specific part of an economy while its other factors are held constant.

General equilibrium theory both studies economies using the model of equilibrium pricing and seeks to determine in which circumstances the assumptions of general equilibrium will hold. The theory dates to the 1870s, particularly the work of French economist Léon Walras in his pioneering 1874 work Elements of Pure Economics. The theory reached its modern form with the work of Lionel W. McKenzie (Walrasian theory), Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu (Hicksian theory) in the 1950s.
Hervé Loste
Hervé Loste (29 May 1926 – 10 February 1994) was a French politician who represented Wallis and Futuna in the French National Assembly from 1962 to 1967.

Loste was born in Villenave-d'Ornon and was the son of Henry Loste and a grandson of André Ballande. He became director of the Ballande Establishments in Nouméa and Wallis and Futuna . He became involved in politics and became the first deputy of the new overseas territory of Wallis and Futuna during the 1962 French legislative election, under the label of the National Centre of Independents and Peasants, defeating Emmanuel-Victor Brial, son of Julien Brial. He supported his father Henry Loste who became senator for the territory a few months later. In November 1962, a new election took place and he was re-elected deputy under the label of the Independent Republicans. Loste was beaten by Benjamin Brial at the end of his mandate, in 1967.

National Centre of Independents and Peasants
The National Centre of Independents and Peasants (French: Centre national des indépendants et paysans, [sɑ̃tʁ nɑsjɔnal dez‿ɛ̃depɑ̃dɑ̃ e pe.izɑ̃]; CNIP) is a right-wing agrarian political party in France, founded in 1951 by the merger of the National Centre of Independents (CNI), the heir of the French Republican conservative-liberal tradition (many party members came from the Democratic Republican Alliance), with the Peasant Party and the Republican Party of Liberty.

It played a major role during the Fourth Republic (prior to 1958), but since creation of the Fifth Republic, its importance has decreased significantly. The party has mostly run as a minor ally of larger centre-right parties. The CNI and its predecessors have been classical liberal and economically liberal parties largely opposed to the dirigisme of the left, centre and Gaullist right.
Ray Grenald
Raymond Grenald (February 10, 1928 – March 6, 2024) was an American architectural lighting designer during the second half of the 20th and early 21st centuries.

Grenald founded his own lighting design firm, Grenald Associates, in Philadelphia in 1968. In 1994, it became Grenald-Waldron Associates.

Architectural lighting design
Architectural lighting design is a field of work or study that is concerned with the design of lighting systems within the built environment, both interior and exterior.  It can include manipulation and design of both daylight and electric light or both, to serve human needs.
Lighting design is based in both science and the visual arts.  The basic aim of lighting within the built environment is to enable occupants to see clearly and without discomfort. The objective of architectural lighting design is to balance the art and the science of lighting to create mood, visual interest and enhance the experience of a space or place whilst still meeting the technical and safety requirements.
Bazzite
Bazzite is a beryllium scandium cyclosilicate mineral with chemical formula Be3Sc2Si6O18 (Be3(Sc,Fe)2Si6O18 or Be3(Sc,Al)2Si6O18). It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system typically as small blue hexagonal crystals up to 2 cm length. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5–7 and a specific gravity of 2.77 to 2.85.

It is hard to distinguish from blue beryl.

Occurs in miarolitic cavities in granite, in alpine veins and in scandium bearing granitic pegmatites. It occurs associated with quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, laumontite, albite, hematite, calcite, chlorite, fluorite, beryl and bavenite.

It was first described from an occurrence in Baveno, Italy. Named after the discoverer, the Italian engineer Alessandro E. Bazzi.

Orthoclase
Orthoclase, or orthoclase feldspar (endmember formula KAlSi3O8), is an important tectosilicate mineral which forms igneous rock. The name is from the Ancient Greek for "straight fracture", because its two cleavage planes are at right angles to each other. It is a type of alkali feldspar, also known as potassium feldspar or K-spar. The gem known as moonstone (see below) is largely composed of orthoclase.
Juan Álvarez de Lorenzana, 10th Viscount of Barrantes
Don Juan Álvarez de Lorenzana y Guerrero, 10th Viscount of Barrantes (29 August 1818, in Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain – 15 July 1883, in Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish noble, politician and journalist who served as Minister of State from 1868 to 1869, in a cabinet headed by Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre.

In his early political career, Lorenzana was member of the Moderate Party, but then he moved to the Liberal Union and was involved in the Spanish Glorious Revolution of 1868, which deposed Queen Isabella II and opened a period known as The Democratic Sexenium. It was in one of the cabinets for this period when Lorenzana was appointed Minister of State.

In 1874, he was appointed Ambassador of Spain to the Holy See, and after the restoration of King Alfonso XII, held other offices such as Councillor of State, Senator and Deputy, and was awarded with the Grand Crosses of the Orders of Charles III and Isabella the Catholic.

Don (honorific)
The terms Don (in Spanish and Italian), Dom (in Portuguese), and Domn (in Romanian), are honorific prefixes derived from the Latin Dominus, meaning "lord" or "owner". The honorific is commonly used in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well as in the Spanish-speaking world and Portuguese-speaking world, as well as some other places formerly colonized by Spain or Portugal. The feminine equivalents are Doña (Spanish: [ˈdoɲa]), Donna (Italian: [ˈdɔnna]), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona (Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ]), meaning "lady".

The term is derived from the Latin dominus: a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity. With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages, traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles, in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction.
Soto (Sobrescobio)
Soto (also Soto d'Agues) is one of three parishes (administrative divisions) in Sobrescobio, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is 35.63 km2 (13.76 sq mi) in size, with a population of 274 (INE 2005).

Parish (administrative division)
A parish is an administrative division used by several countries. To distinguish it from an ecclesiastical parish, the term civil parish is used in some jurisdictions, as noted below.

The table below lists countries which use this administrative division:
Scott Direen
Scott Direen (born 20 October 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Drafted from Tasmanian club New Norfolk, Direen was a defender during his time in Sydney. He played 19 of a possible 22 games in 1995, the most appearances he made in a season. In 1996 he added another 13 games but was not selected in the grand final team, or in any of the finals. He had been badly injured that year in a game against Richmond, suffering spinal concussion.

Direen finished his career in South Australia, playing 114 games for Norwood, between 1998 and 2004. He won their best and fairest award in 2000.

Norwood Football Club
The Norwood Football Club, nicknamed the Redlegs, is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). Its home ground is Coopers Stadium (Norwood Oval), which is often referred to as "The Parade". It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL, the other being Port Adelaide, who together have won half of all SANFL premierships (see Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry). The club has won 31 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership.
1973 Rainier International Tennis Classic – Doubles
The 1973 Rainier International Tennis Classic – Doubles was an event of the 1973 Rainier International Tennis Classic tennis tournament played at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle, Washington in the United States between September 10 and September 16, 1973. Geoff Masters and Ross Case were the defending champions, but did not compete in this edition. Tom Gorman and Tom Okker won the doubles title, defeating Bob Carmichael and Frew McMillan in the final 7–5, 6–4.

Mercer Arena
Mercer Arena, previously known as the Exposition Building, Civic Ice Arena, and Seattle Center Arena, was a performing arts venue situated in Seattle Center in Seattle, Washington. Constructed in 1927 next to the Seattle Civic Auditorium (now the site of the Seattle Opera House), it was built at a cost of $1 million. The arena was located at Mercer Street and 4th Avenue North and predated the Seattle Center Coliseum by about 35 years. Mercer Arena was demolished in 2017.
KYGL
KYGL (106.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Texarkana, Arkansas, United States, it serves the Texarkana area. The station is currently owned by Townsquare Media.  Studios are located on Arkansas Boulevard in Texarkana, Arkansas and its transmitter is southeast of the city.

Texarkana metropolitan area
The Texarkana metropolitan statistical area (MSA), as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget, is a two-county region anchored by the twin cities of Texarkana, Texas (population 37,333) and Texarkana, Arkansas (population 30,259), and encompassing surrounding communities in Bowie County, Texas, and Miller County, Arkansas. As of the 2016 census, the MSA had a population of 150,098. Texarkana is a subset of the broader Ark-La-Tex region.
Frog Lake (Wasco County, Oregon)
Frog Lake is a 10-acre lake in Wasco County, Oregon, located south of Mount Hood off U.S. Route 26 between Government Camp and Maupin. The lake is primarily used for recreational purposes, such as camping, boating, fishing, and swimming.

The lake is the source of Frog Creek, a tributary of Clear Creek, a tributary of the White River.

Wasco County, Oregon
Wasco County is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,213.  Its county seat is The Dalles. The county is named for a local tribe of Native Americans, the Wasco, a Chinook tribe who live on the south side of the Columbia River. It is near the Washington state line. Wasco County comprises The Dalles Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Ismail Kalebudde
Kale Budde Ismail Sab (23 November 1937 – 14 October 2024) was an Indian politician who served as a Member of the Karnataka Legislative Council from 1998 to 2004. He was associated with the Janata Parivar and was closely associated with Janata Dal (Secular) leader and former prime minister of India, H. D. Deve Gowda.

Ismail Kalebudde received the Rajyotsava Award, the Karnataka's second-highest civilian honor for promoting communal harmony and was instrumental in resolving the national flag-hoisting dispute at Hubli's Idgah Maidan. He had been a president of Anjuman-E-Islam, Hubballi, and was a director at Anjuman Urban Co-operative Bank.

He was also a Permanent Member of the Peace Committee for the flag hoisting at the Idgah Ground in 1995. Kalebudde died on 14 October 2024.

Peace committee
A peace committee is an association of persons who support peace in a situation of conflict.  Many such groups have existed.  Some are associations of concerned persons; some are propaganda fronts for national, sectional, or sectarian interests; others are devoted to disputes within organizations.  This is a very incomplete list:
Richard V. Reeves
Richard Vaughan Reeves (born 4 July 1969) is a British-American writer and social scientist. He is a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and President of the American Institute for Boys and Men.

Social mobility
Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.  It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification. Open stratification systems are those in which at least some value is given to achieved status characteristics in a society. The movement can be in a downward or upward direction. Markers for social mobility such as education and class,  are used to predict, discuss and learn more about an individual or a group's mobility in society.