hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leonhard Fronsperger
Leonhard Fronsperger (c. 1520–1575) was a Bavarian  German soldier and author.  He received the citizenship of Ulm in 1548 and served in the imperial army  during 1553–1573, under  Charles V, Ferdinand I and Maximilian II.
He retired and received a pension from Maximilian in 1566. He became a military expert in the service of the city of Ulm, and died in an accident while on an inspection in 1575.

His major work is the Kriegsbuch, published in three parts in 1573,   a sweeping overview over the military theory and technology of his time. He also wrote an early treatise on the economic theory of self-interest (Von dem Lob deß Eigen Nutzen, 1564), anticipating the gist of the Mandeville's paradox.

Mandeville's paradox
Mandeville's paradox is named after Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733), who posits that actions which may be qualified as vicious with regard to individuals have benefits for society as a whole. This is alluded to in the subtitle of his most famous work, The Fable of The Bees: or, Private Vices, Public Benefits. He states that "Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live; Whilst we the Benefits receive."

The philosopher and economist Adam Smith opposes this (although he defends a moderated version of this line of thought in his theory of the invisible hand), since Mandeville fails, in his opinion, to distinguish between vice and virtue.
Renaissance garden
A Renaissance garden is a garden or park created in the era and style of the Renaissance. Because the first such gardens originated in Italy, they are sometimes called Italian gardens. However, gardens made later in Germany, France, or England might have had some differences compared to the original Italian gardens.

Villa d'Este
The Villa d'Este is a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome. It is a masterpiece of Italian architecture and garden design, famous for its terraced hillside Italian Renaissance garden and the ingenuity of its architectural features (fountains, ornamental basins, ceilings, etc.), it is an incomparable example of a 16th-century Italian garden, which later had a huge influence on landscape design in Europe. It is now an Italian state museum, and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2001.
Redland-Victoria Point Football Club
Redland-Victoria Point Football Club (nicknamed The Sharks) is a Brisbane based sports club. The Australian rules football team competes in the Queensland Australian Football League (QAFL) since 2021. They have previously been a part of both the AFL Queensland State League and the North East Australian Football League (NEAFL).

Apart from football, Redland-Victoria Point Sharks also has cricket, netball, softball, and fishing sections.

North East Australian Football League
The North East Australian Football League (NEAFL /ˈniːfəl/ NEE-fəl) was an Australian rules football league in New South Wales, Queensland, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The league was formed in November 2010, and its inaugural competition was in 2011. It was a second division league, sitting below the national Australian Football League (AFL) and featured the reserves teams of the region's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams. Nine NEAFL seasons were contested between 2011 and 2019, before the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the league was amalgamated into the Victorian Football League from 2021.
1990 Goody's 500
The 1990 Goody's 500 was the 24th stock car race of the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the 42nd iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, September 23, 1990, before an audience of 44,000 in Martinsville, Virginia at Martinsville Speedway, a 0.526 miles (0.847 km) permanent oval-shaped short track. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete. In the final stages of the race, Junior Johnson & Associates driver Geoff Bodine would manage to mount a late-race comeback, passing for the lead with 42 laps left in the race after being involved in an incident on lap 320. The victory was Bodine's ninth career NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and his second and final victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Richard Childress Racing driver Dale Earnhardt and Roush Racing driver Mark Martin would finish second and third, respectively.

Junior Johnson & Associates
Junior Johnson & Associates (formerly Johnson Hodgdon Racing) was a NASCAR team that ran in the Winston Cup Series from 1953 to 1995. The team was run by former driver Junior Johnson and was best known for fielding cars for legendary talents such as Cale Yarborough, Darrell Waltrip, Neil Bonnett, Terry Labonte, Bill Elliott, Geoffrey Bodine, and Sterling Marlin.
Bentley Hite
Bentley Hite (December 26, 1900 – February 18, 1992) was an American attorney and politician. He represented his native Montgomery County and Radford in the Virginia House of Delegates, first from 1930 to 1932, after the death of Allen I. Harless, and then from 1948 to 1952.

Montgomery County, Virginia
Montgomery County is a county located in the Valley and Ridge area of the U.S. state of Virginia. As population in the area increased, Montgomery County was formed in 1777 from Fincastle County, which in turn had been taken from Botetourt County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 99,721. Its county seat is Christiansburg, and Blacksburg is the largest town. Montgomery County is part of the Blacksburg-Christiansburg metropolitan area. It is dominated economically by the presence of Virginia Tech, Virginia's third largest public university, which is the county's largest employer.
R&D Dynamics Corporation
R&D Dynamics is a Connecticut-based aerospace and energy company involves in research, design, development, and production of turbomachinery that does not use oil and is energy efficient.

It was founded in 1990 by Dr. Giri Agrawal while he was working in Garrett Air Research and Hamilton Standard. Dr. Agrawal received the George Mead Medal for his air bearing development work.

R&D Dynamics selected by Airbus UpNext to supply fuel cell compressors.

Hamilton Standard
Hamilton Standard was an American aircraft propeller parts supplier. It was formed in 1929 when United Aircraft and Transport Corporation consolidated Hamilton Aero Manufacturing and Standard Steel Propeller into the Hamilton Standard Propeller Corporation.  Other members of United Aircraft included Boeing, United Airlines, Sikorsky and Pratt & Whitney.  At the time, Hamilton was the largest manufacturer of aircraft propellers in the world.
Holstre
Holstre is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. It has a population of about 220. It was a part of Paistu Parish until 2013.

Holstre is the birthplace of Estonian composer Juhan Aavik (1884-1982).

Viljandi Parish
Viljandi Parish (Estonian: Viljandi vald) is a rural municipality of Viljandi County, Estonia. It is located around the town of Viljandi, but does not include it.

Viljandi Parish was established by merging four municipalities: Paistu, Pärsti, Saarepeedi and Viiratsi parishes. This took place after the municipal elections held on 20 October 2013.

Between 1939 and 1950, Viljandi Parish existed with different borders.
Lička
Lička is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Marcel Lička (born 1977), Czech footballer and coach

Mario Lička (born 1982), Czech footballer

Werner Lička (born 1954), Czech footballer and manager

Ronald Lička (born 1974), American musical artist and producer

Mario Lička
Mario Lička (born 30 April 1982) is a Czech football coach and former player. He works as an assistant coach at FC Dynamo Moscow in Russian Premier League, where his brother Marcel Lička is serving as a manager.
Tsʻao Chan (crater)
Tsʻao Chan is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976, for the Chinese writer Tsʻao Chan.

Tsʻao Chan is to the southwest of the larger crater Mark Twain.

Cao Xueqin
Cao Xueqin ([tsʰǎʊ ɕɥètɕʰǐn] tsow sh'weh-chin; 4 April 1710 – 10 June 1765) was a Chinese novelist and poet during the Qing dynasty. He is best known as the author of Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. His given name was Cao Zhan (曹霑) and his courtesy name was Mengruan.
Toronto Junior/Senior High School
Toronto Junior/Senior High School is a public secondary school in Toronto, Ohio, United States.  It is the only secondary school in the Toronto City School District.  Athletic teams compete as the Toronto Red Knights in the Ohio High School Athletic Association as a member of the Ohio Valley Athletic Conference.

Ohio High School Athletic Association
The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the U.S. state of Ohio. The OHSAA governs eligibility of student athletes, resolves disputes, organizes levels of competition by divisional separation of schools according to attendance population, and conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.
Ballyroney Castle
Ballyroney Castle was a castle situated at Ballyroney, County Down, Northern Ireland. Originally constructed sometime in the 12th century as a motte and bailey castle, it was rebuilt by Justiciar of Ireland, John FitzGeoffrey in 1248.

Chief governor of Ireland
The chief governor was the senior official in the Dublin Castle administration, which maintained English and British rule in Ireland from the 1170s to 1922. The chief governor was the viceroy of the English monarch (and later the British monarch) and presided over the Privy Council of Ireland. In some periods he was in effective charge of the administration, subject only to the monarch; in others he was a figurehead and power was wielded by others.
Hôtel de Pourtalès
The Hôtel de Pourtalès is a historic hôtel particulier, a type of large townhouse of France, at 7 rue Tronchet, close to the Madeleine church, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. It was designed by architect Félix Duban and built in 1839 for James-Alexandre de Pourtalès, a Swiss-born banker and art collector. It has been listed as an official historical monument since September 17, 2002.

The building is now operated as a luxurious apartment hotel. In October 2016, reality TV personality Kim Kardashian was held at gunpoint and robbed of valuable jewelry by a group of assailants who gained access to her suite in the building.

Apartment hotel
An apartment hotel or aparthotel (also residential hotel or extended-stay hotel) is a serviced apartment complex that uses a hotel-style booking system. It is similar to renting an apartment, but with no fixed contracts and occupants can "check out" whenever they wish, subject to the applicable minimum length of stay imposed by the company.

An apartment hotel complex usually offers a complete fully fitted apartment. These complexes are usually custom built, and similar to a hotel complex containing a varied number of apartments. The length of stay in these apartment hotels is varied with anywhere from a few days to months or even years.  The people who stay in apartment hotels use them as long-term accommodation; therefore, the hotels are often fitted with most things the average home would require.
Giżałki
Giżałki [ɡiˈʐau̯ki] (German: Gissolk) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Tychowo, within Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Tychowo, 25 km (16 mi) east of Białogard, and 132 km (82 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Białogard County
Białogard County (Polish: powiat białogardzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Białogard, which lies 113 kilometres (70 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The only other towns in the county are Karlino, lying 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Białogard, and Tychowo, 20 km (12 mi) south-east of Białogard.

The county covers an area of 845.36 square kilometres (326.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population was 48,241, out of which the population of Białogard was 24,339, that of Karlino 5,794, and the rural population 18,108 (including approximately 2,500 for the population of Tychowo, which became a town in 2010).
Happy Happy
"Happy Happy" is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Twice. It is the group's fourth Japanese maxi single, featuring three other tracks. The song was pre-released digitally on June 12, 2019, and the CD single was later released on July 17 by Warner Music Japan.

Maxi single
A maxi single, maxi-single, or maxi CD (sometimes abbreviated to MCD or CDM) is a music single release with more than the usual two tracks of an A-side song and a B-side song. Maxi singles are often mistaken for extended plays (EPs), especially in the digital era such as the categorization on iTunes, Apple Music, or Spotify. An EP usually consists at least four different "songs" without any specific A-side, while a maxi-single may contain four or more tracks but only in form of remixes to complement one or two songs as the A-side. Billboard considers EPs for albums chart (Billboard 200) and considers maxi-singles for songs chart (Billboard Hot 100).
George Paul Miller (Wisconsin politician)
George Paul Miller (February 18, 1868 – November 26, 1930) was an American businessman and Republican politician.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate, representing Dane County during the 1901 and 1903 sessions.

45th Wisconsin Legislature
The Forty-Fifth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 9, 1901, to May 15, 1901, in regular session.

Senators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 6, 1900. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of a four-year term, having been elected in the general election of November 8, 1898.

The governor of Wisconsin during this entire term was Republican Robert M. La Follette, of Dane County, serving a two-year term, having won election in the 1900 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.
Markus Kaarlonen
Markus "Captain" Kaarlonen (born 16 November 1973) is a Finnish musician, songwriter, producer, and the keyboardist of the Dance Nation band/rock band Poets of the Fall. Kaarlonen first became known in the underground with his Amiga MOD music in the early 1990s. His first commercial album was released as Dance Nation's album Dawn in 1994. After that he worked as producer for pop group Aikakone.

Kaarlonen also worked for the software company Futuremark as a Senior Web Developer and Audio Designer. He has also composed and/or produced music for video games, including Rochard, Max Payne 2, Alan Wake, and Shattered Horizon.

Assembly (demoparty)
The Assembly demoparty is an annual demoscene and gaming event in Finland. It is the biggest demoscene party in the world and the biggest computer event in Finland. The Summer event takes place every year at Messukeskus in Helsinki, between late July and early August, and lasts three to four days. The 2020 edition was held online.

Assembly Winter was announced in early 2007. The winter party is held in January or February and is a more gaming-oriented LAN party–type event, whereas the summer events continues the traditions of the original demoparty under the name Assembly Summer.
Well-formed Petri net
In high level mathematical theory, well-formed Petri nets are a Petri net class jointly elaborated between the University of Paris 6 (Université P. & M. Curie) and the University of Torino in the early 1990s.

It is a restriction of the high-level nets (or colored Nets) introduced by K. Jensen. The main advantage of Well Formed Nets is the notion of symbolic reachability graph that is composed of symbolic states. A symbolic state is a state representing several concrete states in the state space of the system described by the Petri net. So, much larger state spaces can be represented (the gain factor can be up to exponential).
This notion of symbolic state space requires that only a limited set of operators are available (identify, broadcast, successor and predecessor functions are allowed on circular finite types).

University of Turin
The University of Turin (Italian: Università degli Studi di Torino, UNITO) is a public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the oldest universities in Europe and continues to play an important role in research and training.
Lone Star Derby
The Lone Star Derby is an American flat Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds held annually at Lone Star Park in Grand Prairie, Texas. It is currently an Ungraded stakes race run over a distance of 8.5 furlongs on turf.

Inaugurated in 1997 as an ungraded stakes race, it was elevated to Grade III status in 2002. The race was downgraded by the American Graded Stakes Committee (AGSC) and lost its graded status in 2011. Lone Star Park officials moved the race from dirt to turf for the first time after the AGSC decision and moved it to Lone Star Park's special Memorial Day program dubbed Lone Star Million Day.

For the three years from 2001 through 2003, it was raced at 1+1⁄8 miles.

Grand Prairie, Texas
Grand Prairie is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, located in Dallas, Tarrant,  and  Ellis  counties with a small part extending into Johnson county. It is part of the Mid-Cities region in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. It had a population of 175,396 according to the 2010 census, making it the fifteenth most populous city in the state. Remaining the 15th-most populous city in Texas, the 2020 census reported a population of 196,100.
South Carolina Statehouse corruption investigation
The South Carolina Statehouse corruption investigation was a probe into unlawful interactions between members of the South Carolina General Assembly, the political firm of Richard Quinn, Sr., and major state institutions and corporations from 2013 to 2021. The influence of Quinn's consulting firm was called the Quinndom. By the end of the investigation, four members of the South Carolina General Assembly were indicted on public corruption charges. This investigation is often considered the most significant political scandal in the history of the state of South Carolina since Operation Lost Trust in 1989.   Lost Trust directly influenced the passing of South Carolina's Ethics Reform Act of 1991, and led to the restructuring of the state government in 1993. The investigation raised questions about the effectiveness of that reform in the face of political corruption and dark money influence.

Bobby Harrell
Robert William Harrell Jr. (born March 7, 1956) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, representing the 114th District, from 1992 to 2014, serving as the Speaker of the House from 2005 to 2014.
Prilednikovoye Lake
Prilednikovoye Lake (70°45′S 11°35′E﻿ / ﻿70.750°S 11.583°E﻿ / -70.750; 11.583) is a lake 1.25 nautical miles (2.3 km) south-southwest of Tyuleniy Point in the Schirmacher Hills, situated at the edge of the continental ice sheet in Queen Maud Land. Mapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961 and named "Ozero Prilednikovoye" ("fore-glacier lake"), presumably for its location.

Soviet Antarctic Expedition
The Soviet Antarctic Expedition (SAE or SovAE) (Russian: Советская антарктическая экспедиция, САЭ, Sovetskaya antarkticheskaya ekspeditsiya) was a Soviet research institute.  It was succeeded by the Russian Antarctic Expedition.
Shamrock (comics)
Shamrock is a comic book superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mark Gruenwald, Bill Mantlo, Steven Grant, and John Romita Jr., the character first appeared in the comic book Marvel Super-Heroes: Contest of Champions #1 (June 1982).

Steven Grant
Steven Grant (born October 22, 1953) is an American comic book writer best known for his work with Trouser Press, his 1985–1986 Marvel Comics mini-series The Punisher with artist Mike Zeck, and for his creator-owned character Whisper.
John Coleman (Medal of Honor)
John Coleman (October 9, 1847 – October 30, 1904) was a United States Marine who received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Korean Expedition. He was Irish-born, and received the Medal for saving the life of Boatswain's Mate Alexander McKenzie while under enemy attack on the USS Colorado.

Coleman joined the Union Army in July 1863, claiming to be 18 years old. He served with the 16th New York Cavalry Regiment and 3rd New York Provisional Cavalry Regiment until mustering out in September 1865. He enlisted in the Marine Corps from Brooklyn in January 1870, and retired in August 1893.

Coleman later died in California, and was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego. His gravestone only mentions his Civil War service.

USS Colorado (1856)
The first USS Colorado, a 3,400-long-ton (3,500 t), three-masted steam screw frigate of the United States Navy in commission at various times between 1858 and 1876. She saw combat during the American Civil War (1861–1865) and the United States expedition to Korea in 1871. She was the fifth of the Franklin-class frigates — all of which except for Franklin were named after rivers in the United States — and was named after the Colorado River.
Paul Voermans
Paul Voermans (born 4 June 1960) is an Australian performer, community IT advocate, and writer of prose and poetry, whose work includes a number of novels. Published as science fiction, the novels contain elements of surrealism, horror, and humour. They have been compared to RA Lafferty and Douglas Adams.

R. A. Lafferty
Raphael Aloysius Lafferty (November 7, 1914 – March 18, 2002) was an American science fiction, fantasy and historical fiction writer best known for his imaginative and eccentric short stories and novels from the 1960s and 1970s.
Ian Potter (rugby league)
Ian Potter (born 6 August 1958) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Warrington, Leigh (two spells), and Wigan as a second-row, or loose forward.

Substitution (sport)
In team sports, substitution (or interchange) is replacing one player with another during a match.  Substitute players that are not in the starting lineup (also known as bench players, backups, interchange, or reserves) reside on the bench and are available to substitute for a starter. Later in the match, that substitute may be substituted for by another substitute or by a starter who is currently on the bench.

Free substitution or rolling substitution is a rule in some sports that allows players to enter and leave the game for other players many times during the course of a game, generally during a time-out or other break in live play; and for coaches to bring in and take out players an unlimited number of times. In other sports, limited substitution restricts the manner in which players can be replaced.