hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Almost open map
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, an almost open map between topological spaces is a map that satisfies a condition similar to, but weaker than, the condition of being an open map. 
As described below, for certain broad categories of topological vector spaces, all surjective linear operators are necessarily almost open.

Lecture Notes in Mathematics
Lecture Notes in Mathematics is a book series in the field of mathematics, including articles related to both research and teaching. It was established in 1964 and was edited by A. Dold, Heidelberg and B. Eckmann, Zürich. Its publisher is Springer Science+Business Media (formerly Springer-Verlag).

The intent of the series is to publish not only lecture notes, but results from seminars and conferences, more quickly than the several-years-long process of publishing polished journal papers in mathematics. In order to speed the publication process, early volumes of the series (before electronic publishing) were reproduced photographically from typewritten manuscripts. According to Earl Taft, it has been "enormously successful" and "is considered a very valuable service to the mathematical community".

As of 2025, there have been over 2380 volumes in the series.
Catonella
Catonella is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae with one known species (Catonella morbi). Catonella morbi occur in the gingival crevice of humans.

Gingival sulcus
In dental anatomy, the gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium.  The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. A healthy sulcular depth is three millimeters or less, which is readily self-cleansable with a properly used toothbrush or the supplemental use of other oral hygiene aids.
Methanosarcina-phenazine hydrogenase
In enzymology, a Methanosarcina-phenazine hydrogenase (EC 1.12.98.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

H2 + 2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine  2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are H2 and 2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine, whereas its product is 2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on hydrogen as donor with other, known, acceptors.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is hydrogen:2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include methanophenazine hydrogenase, and methylviologen-reducing hydrogenase.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Buddhist architecture
Buddhist architecture is the architectural style that adheres to the philosophy and religious practices of Buddhism. The origins of Buddhism date back to the 5th century BCE in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhist architectural forms were developed to serve monastic, ritual, and commemorative functions. Distinctive features such as stupas, vihāras (monasteries), and chaityas (prayer halls) are often seen in Buddhist temples.

As Buddhism spread throughout and beyond South Asia, its architectural traditions evolved and diversified, leading to a wide range of regional adaptations across Southeast Asia and East Asia. It has been argued that certain stylistic features of Buddhist architecture, particularly the stupa, may have been influenced by elements from Hindu temple architecture, such as the shikhara. Over time, these forms evolved into the pagoda, a prominent architectural feature seen throughout the Indosphere and East Asia

Lhasa
Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China.

Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of 3,656 metres (11,990 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. According to the census, the total resident population of the city by the end of 2024 will be 876,400.
Merryton Low
Merryton Low  is a hill in Staffordshire, England, a few miles east of Leek. It is in the civil parish of Fawfieldhead in the local government district of Staffordshire Moorlands.

The hill is 489m / 1604 ft ASL and forms part of the White Peak and is within the Peak District National Park

The parent peak is Shining Tor and it ranks as the 6366th highest peak in the British Isles and the 729th tallest in England

There are two bowl barrows on the hill: Merryton Low bowl barrow, a scheduled monument is at the summit, and another scheduled barrow lies 700m to the south.

The summit trig point is grade II listed as it carries a plaque commemorating four members of the local Home Guard who died on active service in the regular army during World War II.  The hill was the site of two fatal air crashes during World War II: a Short Stirling crashed on 13 July 1942 with eight deaths, and a Hawker Hurricane on 27 July 1944 with one death.

The River Hamps rises on its southern slopes.

Bowl barrow
A bowl barrow is a type of burial mound or tumulus. A barrow is a mound of earth used to cover a tomb. The bowl barrow gets its name from its resemblance to an upturned bowl. Related terms include cairn circle, cairn ring, howe, kerb cairn, tump and rotunda grave.
Nile, Missouri
Nile is an unincorporated community in eastern Texas County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is situated on the floodplain of Big Creek, approximately one mile west of the Texas-Shannon county line. The old Nile Schoolhouse was about one mile east (upstream) and on the opposite side of the river across a stream ford.

Big Creek (Current River tributary)
Big Creek is a stream in Shannon and Texas counties in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. It is a tributary of the Current River.

The stream headwaters are in Texas County at 37°15′19″N 91°52′25″W﻿ / ﻿37.25528°N 91.87361°W﻿ / 37.25528; -91.87361 and the confluence with the current is in the northwest corner of Shannon County at 37°24′49″N 91°36′21″W﻿ / ﻿37.41361°N 91.60583°W﻿ / 37.41361; -91.60583. Cedargrove lies just north of the confluence. Razor Hollow flows parallel to the lower reaches of Big Creek and enters the Current about two miles southeast of Big Creek's confluence.

Big Creek was so named on account of its size.
West Worthing
West Worthing is a neighbourhood of Worthing in West Sussex, England that was developed within Heene and later expanded beyond Heene's boundaries. Intended as an exclusive resort, the township of West Worthing was developed from around 1864 and merged with the formerly separate township of Worthing in 1890, when Worthing gained borough status.

Heene is a former civil parish, now part of the borough of Worthing. It lies on the A259 road 0.6 miles (1 km) west of the town centre.  Once part of the parish of West Tarring, Heene was a civil parish in its own right from the 16th century until 9 November 1902. At the 1901 census (the last before the abolition of the parish), Heene had a population of 3019.

West Worthing railway station
West Worthing railway station is one of five stations serving the town of Worthing in the county of West Sussex, England. (The other stations being Worthing, East Worthing, Durrington-on-Sea and Goring-by-Sea). It is 11 miles 30 chains (18.3 km) down the line from Brighton. The station is operated by Southern.
Haribhajan Singh
Haribhajan Singh was an Indian politician from the state of the Madhya Pradesh.
He represented the Sitapur Vidhan Sabha constituency of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by winning the General election of 1957.

General election
A general election is an electoral process to choose most or all members of a governing body at the same time. They are distinct from by-elections, which fill individual seats that have become vacant between general elections. General elections typically occur at regular intervals as mandated by a country's constitution or electoral laws, and may include elections for a legislature and sometimes other positions such as a directly elected president. In many jurisdictions, general elections can coincide with other electoral events such as local, regional, or supranational elections. For example, on 25 May 2014, Belgian voters simultaneously elected their national parliament, 21 members of the European Parliament, and regional parliaments.

In the United States, "general election" has a slightly different, but related meaning: the ordinary electoral competition following the selection of candidates in the primary election.
Spotlight on Nilsson
Spotlight on Nilsson is the debut album by Harry Nilsson. It is essentially a compilation of all four of the singles (and their respective B-Sides) that were released during his tenure on the Tower label (1964–1966), plus two previously unreleased tracks. It has been re-issued numerous times over the years with different sleeves, attempting to capitalize on his later success at RCA Records. It was released in 1969 on 8-track on Pickwick as Rock 'N' Roll, without "The Path That Leads to Trouble", and in the UK on EMI's One-Up label in 1972 as Early Years, with the original tracklisting.

The track "Good Times" would be later covered by the Monkees as the title track for their 2016 reunion album.

Tower Records (record label)
Tower Records was an American record label active from 1964 to 1970. A subsidiary of Capitol Records, Tower often released music by artists who were relatively low-profile in compared to those released on the parent label, including artists—such as The Standells and The Chocolate Watchband—later recognized as "garage bands".  For this reason Tower is often associated with the garage rock phenomenon of the 1960s.
Gerda Weissmann Klein
Gerda Weissmann Klein (May 8, 1924 – April 3, 2022) was a Polish-born American writer and human rights activist. Her autobiographical account of the Holocaust, All But My Life (1957), was adapted for the 1995 short film One Survivor Remembers, which received an Academy Award and an Emmy Award, and was selected for the National Film Registry. Weissmann married Kurt Klein (1920–2002) in 1946.

The Kleins became advocates of Holocaust education and human rights, dedicating most of their lives to promoting tolerance and community service. A proud naturalized U.S. citizen, Weissmann Klein founded Citizenship Counts, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that champions the value and responsibilities of American citizenship. She served on the governing board of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, which features her testimony in a permanent exhibit.

On February 15, 2011, Klein was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.

National Film Registry
The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each for its cultural, historical and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB's inception in 1988.
1982 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election
Elections to Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 6 May 1982, with one third of the council up for election with an additional vacancy in Royston. Prior to the election, Labour had gained a seat from Residents in a Dodsworth by-election, with another Residents councillor in Wombwell North defecting to the Labour grouping, offsetting a by-election loss in Penistone East to the recently formed SDP-Liberal Alliance. Alliance had also seen defections to them from the Independent Labour councillor in Hoyland East and the defending (formerly Residents) councillor in Darton.

Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council
Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council is the local authority of the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England. It is a metropolitan borough council and provides the majority of local government services in the borough. The council is a member of the South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority.

The council has been under Labour majority control since the modern borough was created in 1974. Council meetings are held at Barnsley Town Hall, and the council's main offices are in the adjoining Westgate Plaza One building.
Yohannes Abraham
Yohannes Abraham is an American diplomat, government official, and executive who served as United States Representative to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations from 2022 to 2024. Prior to being Ambassador to ASEAN, Abraham served as chief of staff and executive secretary of the National Security Council. He was previously a longtime aide to President Barack Obama, including serving as senior advisor and chief operating officer of the Obama Foundation, before serving as executive director of Joseph R. Biden's presidential transition and being selected to lead the planned presidential transition for Democratic presidential nominee Kamala Harris.

United States National Security Council
The United States National Security Council (NSC) is the national security council used by the president of the United States for consideration of national security, military, and foreign policy matters. Based in the White House, it is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, and composed of senior national security advisors and presidential cabinet officials.

Since its inception in 1947 by President Harry S. Truman, the function of the council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. It also serves as the president's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The council has subsequently played a key role in most major events in U.S. foreign policy, from the Korean War to the war on terror.
María Josefa Álvarez de Arenales
María Josefa Álvarez de Arenales (December 1, 1807 in Salta — June 15, 1890 in Buenos Aires) was a patriot who, at a young age, contributed financially to the Argentine War of Independence. She is considered one of the Patricias Argentinas. She married her second cousin, Colonel Evaristo de Uriburu, with whom she had many children; among them was José Evaristo Uriburu, who would become the President of Argentina. Her grandson, General José Félix Uriburu, was later the de facto president of the republic.

José Evaristo Uriburu
José Félix Evaristo de Uriburu y Álvarez de Arenales (19 November 1831 – 23 October 1914) was President of Argentina from 23 January 1895 to 12 October 1898.

He was an adept diplomat; participating as arbiter on the peace negotiations on the War of the Pacific between Chile, Perú and Bolivia.

He was vice-president and became president of Argentina in 1895 when Luis Sáenz Peña resigned.

His son was José Evaristo Uriburu y Tezanos Pinto (1880–1956), Argentinian Ambassador in London in the 1920s, and father of Clarita de Uriburu, Cecil Beaton's model.
Dalli Rajhara
Dalli-Rajhara is a town and a municipality in Balod district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Dalli Rajhara is home of iron ore captive mines for Bhilai Steel Plant, the largest integrated steel plant in India. Dalli mines deposit was discovered by Pramatha Nath Bose, the first Indian graded officer of the Geological Survey of India around 1900.

Durg
Durg is a city in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh, east of the Shivnath River and is part of the Durg-Bhilai urban agglomeration. With an urban population of 1,064,077, Durg-Bhilai is the second most populous urban area in Chhattisgarh after Raipur. It is the headquarters of Durg District.
Doctors series 10
The tenth series of the British medical soap opera Doctors originally aired between 31 March 2008 and 28 March 2009. It consisted of 223 episodes. Set in the fictional West Midlands town of Letherbridge, the soap follows the lives of the staff and patients of the Mill Health Centre, a fictional NHS doctor's surgery. The tenth series saw various cast changes, with numerous castings and departures spread throughout the episodes.

Selina Chilton
Selina Chilton (born 1981) is an English actress. After making appearances in various stage productions including The Taming of the Shrew, Can-Can and Marianne Dreams, she was cast in the BBC soap opera Doctors. She appeared in the soap as Ruth Pearce from 2008 to 2011.
Nahla Summers
Nahla Summers is an author and social campaigner. She has undertaken distance cycling and walking challenges to encourage acts of kindness between strangers.

In 2014 Summers founded a social enterprise called Sunshine People which aims to encourage acts of kindness. She also runs an enterprise called A Culture of Kindness which aims to improve business practices.

In 2018, Summers cycled 3015 miles from San Diego, California to San Augustine, Texas. In 2020, she cycled 5007 miles over four months on an ElliptiGO bicycle, writing a Strava art across England in the form of the word "kindness".

Strava
Strava is an American internet service for tracking physical exercise which incorporates social networking features. It started out tracking mostly outdoor cycling and running activities using Global Positioning System (GPS) data, but now incorporates several dozen other exercise types, including indoor activities. Strava uses a freemium model with some features only available in the paid subscription plan. The service was founded in 2009 by Mark Gainey and Michael Horvath and is based in San Francisco, California.
William Henry Whitbread
William Henry Whitbread (4 February 1795 – 21 June 1867) was an English Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1818 to 1835.

Whitbread was the son of brewer  Samuel Whitbread and his wife Lady Elizabeth Grey, the eldest daughter of Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was awarded a M.A. in 1816 and became a partner with his brother Samuel Charles Whitbread in the brewing firm.

In 1818 Whitbread was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford and held the seat until 1835. He was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Bedfordshire and became High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1837.

Whitbread lived at Southill Park, Bedfordshire and died at the age of 72.

Whitbread married, Harriet Sneyd, daughter. of the Rev. Wettenhall Sneyd, of the Isle of Wight on 5 November 1845. They had no family.

Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey
Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey, KB, PC (c. 23 October 1729 – 14 November 1807) was a British Army general and governor. He was a distinguished soldier in a generation of exceptionally capable military personnel, and he served prominently in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the American Revolutionary War, and the French Revolutionary Wars.

He served in the American War of Independence (1775–1783), rising to be Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in America. Following the Battle of Paoli in Pennsylvania in 1777 he became known as "No-Flint Grey" for reputedly ordering his men to extract the flints from their muskets during a night approach and to fight with bayonets only. In 1782, he became a lieutenant general, and he was appointed commander in chief in America. He later fought in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802), capturing Martinique as leverage to force the Treaty of Amiens, and he was appointed as the Governor of Guernsey.
Punjab Defamation Act 2024
The Punjab Defamation Act 2024 is a controversial piece of legislation passed by the Punjab Assembly in Pakistan. The bill aims to curb the spread of fake news on print, electronic and social media platforms. Despite its stated objective, the bill has faced significant opposition from journalists, human rights organizations and opposition lawmakers.

Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP; Urdu: ماموریہ برائے انسانی حقوق پاکستان, romanized: Mamoria Baraye Ansani Haquq Pakistan) is an independent, democratic non-profit organisation. Founded in 1987, it is one of the oldest human rights organisations in the country.

HRCP is committed to monitoring, protecting and promoting human rights in Pakistan. It is not associated with the government or with any political party.
2005 Armenian Premier League
The 2005 Armenian Premier League season was the fourteenth since its establishment, and started on 12 April 2005. The last matches were played on 6 November 2005. FC Pyunik were the defending champions.

Armenian Premier League
The Armenian Premier League (Armenian: Հայաստանի Պրեմիեր Լիգա, known as the Armenian Fastex Premier League for sponsorship reasons) is the top football competition in Armenia. From 1936 to 1991, the competition was held as a regional tournament within the USSR. Following Armenia's independence, the Football Federation of Armenia has been the governing authority of the league. Over the years, the league has evolved into a small league consisting of ten teams. The winner of the league is awarded a spot in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League.
Madeline (1998 film)
Madeline is a 1998 family comedy film adaptation of the children's book series and animated. The film starred newcomer Hatty Jones as the titular character with Frances McDormand and Nigel Hawthorne in supporting roles as Miss Clavel and Lord Covington respectively. The film encompasses the plots of four Madeline books. It was released on July 10, 1998 by TriStar Pictures.

Children's film
A children's film, or family film, is a film genre that generally relates to children in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind. Children's films come in several major genres like realism, fantasy, adventure, war, musicals, comedy, and literary adaptations.
Union of Cossacks
The Union of Cossacks (UoC) is a movement and armed organization of Russian and Central Asian cossacks established at a conference in Moscow on 28 June 1990, which sought to unite the Cossack forces of the earlier Russian Empire. The UoC defined itself as pro-communist, in contrast with the Union of Cossack Hosts whose stance favored the Russian Federation and opposed communism.

The force was sent to Transnistria to fight as volunteers in the Transnistria War from 2 November 1990 to 21 July 1992.

Transnistrian War
The Transnistrian War (Romanian: Războiul din Transnistria; Russian: Война в Приднестровье, romanized: Voyna v Pridnestrovye) was an armed conflict that broke out on 2 November 1990 in Dubăsari between pro-Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, PMR) forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and neo-Cossack units, which were supported by elements of the Russian 14th Army, and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan troops and police.

Fighting intensified on 1 March 1992 and, alternating with ad hoc ceasefires, lasted throughout the spring and early summer of 1992 until a ceasefire was declared on 21 July 1992, which has held. The conflict is sometimes known as the Moldovan–Russian war (Romanian: Războiul moldo-rus) in Moldova and Romania.