hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tatar Osman Pasha
Tatar Osman Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: تاتار عثمان پاشا Tatar Osman Paşa; d. 25 June 1845) was an Ottoman statesman of Crimean Tatar origin who served as Vali of Jeddah Eyalet and Shaykh of the Meccan Haram from 1841 to 1845.

Serving in the regular Nizamiye army, he was promoted to the rank of binbashi in Shawwal 1241 AH (May/June 1826), then later to miralay. In 1251 AH (1835/1836) he was promoted to mirliva. In 1252 AH (1836/1837) he was promoted to ferik and served in Antalya.

On 25 Receb 1253 AH (c. 26 October 1837) he was made a vezir and appointed Shaykh of the Medinan Haram. On 2 Zilhicce 1256 AH (c. 26 January 1841) he was appointed Vali of Jeddah and Shaykh of the Meccan Haram. He died in Jeddah on 25 June 1845 and was buried there.

Vizier
A Vizier (/ˈvɪziər/; Arabic: وزير, romanized: wazīr; Persian: وزیر, romanized: vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the countries of "greater Persia". The Abbasid caliphs gave the title wazir to a minister formerly called katib (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the dapir (official scribe or secretary) of the Sassanian kings.

In modern usage, the term has been used for government ministers in much of the Middle East and beyond. Several alternative spellings are used in English, such as vizir, wazir, and vezir.

A collection of Vizier may introduce a Grand Vizier, within their civilization.
Gaulke
Gaulke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cheri Gaulke (born 1954), American artist

Ellsworth K. Gaulke (1925–1993), American businessman, educator, and politician

Hal Gaulke (1894–1971), American football player

Maren Gaulke (born 1955), German herpetologist

Ellsworth Gaulke
Ellsworth K. Gaulke (October 6, 1925 – August 1, 1993) was an American businessman, educator, and politician.

Born in Wausau, Wisconsin, Gaulke served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from what is now Central Michigan University and did graduate work at University of Minnesota Duluth. He was a school principal and restaurant owner in Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin. He served as town board chairman and on the school board. Gaulke served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Democrat in 1971.
June 1868 Stamford by-election
The June 1868 Stamford by-election was held on 24 June 1868, when the incumbent Conservative MP Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, Viscount Ingestre became ineligible, having acceded to the Earldom of Shrewsbury, upon the death of his father. The by-election was won by the Conservative Party candidate William Unwin Heygate, who stood unopposed.

Henry Chetwynd-Talbot, 18th Earl of Shrewsbury
Henry John Chetwynd-Talbot, 18th Earl of Shrewsbury, 18th Earl of Waterford, 3rd Earl Talbot, CB, PC (8 November 1803 – 4 June 1868), styled Viscount Ingestre between 1826 and 1849 and known as the Earl Talbot between 1849 and 1858, was a British naval commander and Conservative politician.
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War
Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War is a 2007 real-time tactics video game developed by Omega Force and published by Koei for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. An expanded remake, entitled Bladestorm: Nightmare was released by Koei Tecmo for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in Japan on January 29, 2015, and in March 2015 for the rest of the world. The worldwide Windows release was on May 29, 2015. The game is loosely based on the Hundred Years' War between the Kingdoms of England and France in the 14th and 15th centuries. Just like the Kessen and Musou series from Koei, certain liberties are taken from the original history. For example, unlike what happened in real life, it is possible to save Joan of Arc from being burned at the stake. The Nightmare edition features creatures like dragons and goblins in an alternate storyline.

Omega Force
Omega Force (Japanese: オメガフォース) (stylized as ω-Force) is a Japanese video game developer and a division of Koei Tecmo founded in 1996 by Akihiro Suzuki and Kenichi Ogasawara that is best known for the Dynasty Warriors series of video games.
Sons and Other Flammable Objects
Sons and Other Flammable Objects (2007) is a novel by the Iranian-American novelist Porochista Khakpour. It is published by New York Grove (ISBN 9780802118530).

The book depicts the struggles of an Iranian family, refugees of the Iranian Revolution, trying to make sense of their new lives in the United States, in an apartment in Pasadena, California. The main character is the teenager Xerxes Adam.

The history of the nation is embedded in the personal history of the characters, similar to The Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat.

The novel won the 77th California Book Award for First Fiction. It was also a New York Times Editor's Choice and included on the Chicago Tribune's 2007 "Fall's Best" list. It was also shortlisted for the William Saroyan International Prize for Writing, and long-listed for the 2008 Dylan Thomas Prize.

The Blind Owl
The Blind Owl (Persian: بوف کور, Būf-e Kūr listenⓘ) is a Persian novella by Sadegh Hedayat that is about an isolated, unnamed narrator who recounts his obsessive love for an enigmatic woman and his gradual descent into psychological fragmentation, conveyed through a dark, hallucinatory narrative in which reality, memory, and nightmare become indistinguishable. It was published in 1315 SH (1936 or 1937) and is considered to be Hedayat's magnum opus.
Ostia Antica
Ostia Antica (lit. 'Ancient Ostia') is the modern name given to the ancient Roman city of Ostia. It became the port city of Rome located at the mouth of the Tiber and is near modern Ostia, 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Rome. Due to silting of the coastline from the river the site now lies 3 km (2 mi) from the sea. The name Ostia (the plural of ostium) derives from Latin os 'mouth'.

The city continued to be prosperous into late antiquity despite harbour deterioration. After its abandonment sand dunes covered the site and aided the city's preservation which is surpassed only by Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Ostia Antica is now a large archaeological site noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics. As in Pompeii, Ostia's remains provide details about Roman urbanism that are not accessible within the city of Rome itself.

Lindsey Davis
Lindsey Davis (born 1949) is an English historical novelist, best known as the author of the Falco series of historical crime stories set in ancient Rome and its empire. She is a recipient of the Cartier Diamond Dagger award.
Agneta Andersson
Agneta Monica Andersson (25 April 1961 – 8 October 2023) was a Swedish sprint canoer who competed from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. Competing in five Summer Olympics, she won seven medals with three gold (K-1 500 m: 1984, K-2 500 m: 1984, 1996), two silvers (K-4 500 m: 1984, K-2 500 m: 1992), and two bronzes (K-4 500 m: 1992, 1996).

Andersson was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1996, jointly with Susanne Gunnarsson. She also won eleven medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (K-2 500 m: 1993), three silvers (K-1 500 m: 1982, K-2 500 m: 1981, K-4 500 m: 1993), and seven bronzes (K-1 500 m: 1981, 1985, 1987; K-2 500 m: 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991).

Andersson died of cancer on 8 October 2023, at the age of 62.

1985 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1985 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Mechelen, Belgium.

The men's competition consisted of six canoe (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak.

This was the nineteenth championships in canoe sprint.
Kolbrún Ólafsdóttir
Kolbrún Ólafsdóttir (1 February 1933 – 22 April 1960) was an Icelandic swimmer. She competed in the women's 100 metre backstroke at the 1948 Summer Olympics. A women's pioneer swimmer in Iceland, she won several national championships and once held all women's national records in backstroke and front crawl.

Kolbrún was born in Reykjavík and started swimtraining with Ármann at the age of 12. She died in 1960 at the age of 27 after battling an unspecific illness.

Swimming at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke
The women's 100 metre backstroke event at the 1948 Olympic Games took place between 3 and 5 August, at the Empire Pool. This swimming event used the backstroke. Because an Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of two lengths of the pool.
Fumarate reductase
Fumarate reductase is the enzyme that converts fumarate to succinate, and is important in microbial metabolism as a part of anaerobic respiration. The catalyzed reaction is:

succinate + acceptor ↔ fumarate + reduced acceptor

Fumarate reductases can be divided into three classes depending on the electron acceptor:

Fumarate reductase (NADH) (EC 1.3.1.6)

The enzyme is monomeric and soluble, and can reduce fumarate independently from the electron transport chain.  Fumarate reductase is absent from all mammalian cells.

Fumarate reductase (CoM/CoB) (EC 1.3.4.1): 
This enzyme is present in most methanogenic archea. It is cytoplasmic and uses coenzymes M and B as hydrogen donors.

Fumarate reductase (quinol) (EC 1.3.5.1)
The membrane-bound enzyme covalently linked to flavin cofactors, which is composed of 3 or 4 subunits, transfers electrons from a quinol to fumarate. This class of enzyme is thus involved in the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

Fumarate reductase (NADH)
In enzymology, fumarate reductase (NADH) (EC 1.3.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The three substrates of this enzyme are fumaric acid, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and a proton. Its products are succinic acid and oxidised NAD+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NADH-fumarate reductase, NADH-dependent fumarate reductase, and fumarate reductase (NADH).
The Shepherd's Calendar (James Hogg)
The Shepherd's Calendar  is an 1829 collection by James Hogg of 21 articles, most of which had appeared in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine since 1819. They are set in, or deal with aspects of, the Scottish Borders, in particular Hogg's native Ettrick Forest.

Blackwood's Magazine
Blackwood's Magazine was a British magazine and miscellany printed between 1817 and 1980. It was founded by publisher William Blackwood and originally called the Edinburgh Monthly Magazine, but quickly relaunched as Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Nicknamed Maga, it was affiliated with Tory politics and a controversial tone described by scholars as "brilliant, troubling, acerbic"; "bold and forceful"; "riotous ... blackguardly"; and full of "puffery, and scurrilous critique". Having published a host of significant authors, literature scholar William B. Cairns judged it the best British literary journal between 1815 and 1833. In 1838, it was the inspiration for the short story "How to Write a Blackwood Article" by Edgar Allan Poe. The magazine went into decline following World War II and saw its final issue in December 1980.
Born Fighter
Born Fighter is an autobiographical book written by Reginald Kray.  In 1969 he and his twin brother Ronnie Kray received life sentences for the murders of George Cornell and Jack McVitie. It was first published in London in 1990 in hardback by Century and paperback in 1991 by subsidiary Arrow Books.

Reggie Kray wrote several successful books while incarcerated in high security prison as a Category A prisoner for 30 years (of those, 18 years were in Parkhurst Prison). The book gives a first-hand account of Reggie's life as one half of the most notorious underworld gangsters in the 1950s and 1960.

Hardcover
A hardcover, hard cover, or hardback (also known as hardbound, and sometimes as casebound) book is one bound with rigid protective covers (typically of binder's board or heavy paperboard covered with buckram or other cloth, heavy paper, or occasionally leather). It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened. Modern hardcovers may have the pages glued onto the spine in much the same way as paperbacks. Following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk.
Aberdeen (2014 film)
Aberdeen (Chinese: 香港仔), previously known as 曼珠莎華, is a 2014 Hong Kong drama film written and directed by Pang Ho-cheung and starring Louis Koo, Eric Tsang, Miriam Yeung and Gigi Leung. Pang revealed in various interviews that the film differed from his previous comedies Vulgaria and SDU, in that it explores the family dynamics in a typical Hong Kong family. The film is also known as 人间小团圆 in mainland China. The film was released on 8 May 2014.

Louis Koo
Louis Koo Tin-lok (Chinese: 古天樂; born 21 October 1970) is a Hong Kong actor and film producer. He gained popularity with his roles in television series The Condor Heroes 95 (1995), Detective Investigation Files IV (1999), and A Step into the Past (2001). After 2001, Koo shifted his focus to films, frequently collaborating with director Johnnie To in films such as Throw Down (2004), Election 2 (2006), Romancing in Thin Air (2012), and Drug War (2012). His other notable films include Protégé (2007), Run Papa Run (2008), Connected (2008), Overheard (2009), The White Storm (2013), Paradox (2017), A Witness Out of the Blue (2019), and Twilight of the Warriors: Walled In (2024). For his performance in Paradox, Koo won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor and Asian Film Award for Best Actor.
Drakkaria
Drakkaria is a genus of grasses. It includes a single species, Drakkaria venezuelae, a perennial native to the tropical Americas. It has a disjunct distribution in Guatemala, Honduras, northwestern Costa Rica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Venezuela, and northeastern Brazil, where it grows in tropical dry forests.

The species was first described as Panicum venezuelae by Eduard Hackel in 1901. In 2024 Christian Silva and Fernando Omar Zuloaga placed the species in the newly-described genus Drakkaria as Drakkaria venezuelae.

Eduard Hackel
Eduard Hackel (17 March 1850 in Haida, Bohemia – 2 February 1926 in Attersee, Upper Austria) was an Austrian botanist. His father was a veterinarian in Haida (now Nový Bor) in Bohemia. He was married and had one son and a daughter.

Hackel studied at the Polytechnical Institute in Vienna, and became a substitute teacher at a high school in St. Pölten in 1869. He became a full professor of natural history there upon obtaining his teaching certificate in 1871 and remained in this position until his retirement in 1900.
Michael Koryta
Michael Koryta (pronounced ko-ree-ta) (born September 20, 1982) is an American author of contemporary crime and supernatural fiction. His novels have appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list, and  have won or been nominated for prizes and awards such as the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the Edgar Award, the Shamus Award, the Barry Award, the Quill Award, and the International Thriller Writers Awards.

In addition to winning the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, his novel Envy the Night was selected as a Reader's Digest Condensed Book. His work has been translated into more than twenty languages. A former private investigator and newspaper reporter, Koryta graduated from Indiana University Bloomington in 2006 with a bachelor of arts in criminal justice.

In 2008, Koryta was honored with the Outstanding Young Alumni Award by Indiana University.

Edgar Awards
The Edgar Allan Poe Awards, popularly called the Edgars, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America which is based in New York City. Named after American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), a pioneer in the genre, the awards honor the best in mystery fiction, non-fiction, television, film, and theater published or produced in the previous year.
Albert Salomon (musician)
Albert Salomon (Hebrew: אלברט סלומון‎; 21 July 1935 – 20 November 2020), also known as "Albert the Bulgarian" (Hebrew: אלברט הבולגרי), was a Bulgarian-born Israeli accordionist and social activist. He was also known for aiding the homeless in Tel Aviv for which he was recognized as a beloved resident of the city. Salomon used to throw street parties on a regular basis at his former upholstery shop in Tel Aviv and would invite the homeless under his care to come and attend.

Upholstery
Upholstery is the work of providing furniture, especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing, and fabric or leather covers. The word also refers to the materials used to upholster something.

Upholstery comes from the Middle English word upholder, which referred to an artisan who makes fabric furnishings. The term is equally applicable to domestic, automobile, airplane and boat furniture, and can be applied to mattresses, particularly the upper layers, though these often differ significantly in design. A person who works with upholstery is called an upholsterer. An apprentice upholsterer is sometimes called an outsider or trimmer. Traditional upholstery uses materials like coil springs (post-1850), animal hair (horse, hog and cow), coir, straw and hay, hessians, linen scrims, wadding, etc., and is done by hand, building each layer up. In contrast, today's upholsterers employ synthetic materials like dacron and vinyl, serpentine springs, and so on.
1936 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The 1936 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 19th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Limerick entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten in the Munster Championship.

The All-Ireland final was played on 13 September 1936 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Westmeath and Waterford, in what was their first ever meeting in a final. Westmeath won the match by 2-05 to 3-01 to claim their first ever championship title.

Westmeath GAA
The Westmeath County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Chontae na hIarmhí) or Westmeath GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Westmeath. The county board is also responsible for the Westmeath county teams.

The county football team won the Leinster Senior Football Championship in 2004. The county hurling team contests the Liam MacCarthy Cup via the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship.
Dudey Moore
Donald W. "Dudey" Moore (April 5, 1910 – April 8, 1984) was an American college men's basketball coach. He was the head coach of Duquesne from 1948 to 1958 and La Salle from 1958 to 1963. He coached his teams to a 270–107 record, winning the 1955 National Invitation Tournament, making four further NIT semifinals appearances and making one NCAA tournament appearance (in 1952). Moore coached such players as Chuck Cooper, Si Green, Dick Ricketts, and Bill Raftery.

In college, Moore played for Duquesne under coach Chick Davies.  He was inducted into the Duquesne athletics Hall of Fame in 1965.

In 1952 he was named the college basketball Coach of the Year by the New York Basketball Writers Association.

He coached Team USA to a gold medal at the 1961 Maccabiah Games in Israel, with a team that included 
Larry Brown (later a 3-time American Basketball Association All Star), along with Art Heyman (later the first overall pick in the first round of the 1963 NBA draft), and Charley Rosen.

1961 Maccabiah Games
The 6th Maccabiah Games were held in Tel Aviv, Israel in 1961, with 1,100 athletes from 27 countries competing in 18 sports. The Games were officially opened in an Opening Ceremony on August 29, 1961, in Ramat Gan Stadium by Israeli president Yitzhak Ben-Zvi before a crowd of 30,000. The closing ceremony took place on September 5, 1961, at the stadium before a crowd of 40,000, with Israeli prime minister David Ben Gurion telling the crowd that he hoped that in the future athletes from North Africa, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union would also compete. The United States won 58 gold medals, Israel won 28 gold medals, and South Africa was third with 11 gold medals. American sportscaster Mel Allen narrated a film about the 1961 Games.
Bibliography of Nathan Bedford Forrest
This is a bibliography of works about Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877), an American slave trader, cotton plantation owner, Confederate cavalry leader, railroad executive, and Grand Wizard of the First Klan.

Project Muse
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. As of 2024, Project Muse hosts over 800 journals and 100,000 books in digital humanities and social sciences, sourced from approximately 400 university presses and scholarly societies worldwide. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR,  OverDrive, and ProQuest. Project Muse's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries.
Faceless Killers
Faceless Killers (Swedish: Mördare utan ansikte) is a 1991 crime novel by the Swedish writer Henning Mankell, and the first in his acclaimed Wallander series. The English translation by Steven T. Murray was published in 1997.

In 1992, Faceless Killers won the first ever Glass Key award, given to crime writers from the Nordic countries.

Steven T. Murray
Steven T. Murray (1943–2018) was an American translator from Swedish, German, Danish, and Norwegian. He worked under the pseudonyms Reg Keeland and McKinley Burnett when edited into UK English. He translated the bestselling Millennium series by Stieg Larsson, three crime novels and two African novels by Henning Mankell, three psychological suspense novels by Karin Alvtegen, and works by many other authors. In 2001 he won the Gold Dagger Award in the UK for his translation of Sidetracked by Henning Mankell.
Acylagmatine amidase
In enzymology, an acylagmatine amidase (EC 3.5.1.40) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

benzoylagmatine + H2O  benzoate + agmatine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are benzoylagmatine and H2O, whereas its two products are benzoate and agmatine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is benzoylagmatine amidohydrolase. Other names in common use include acylagmatine amidohydrolase, and acylagmatine deacylase.

Benzoic acid
Benzoic acid (/bɛnˈzoʊ.ɪk/) is a white or colorless crystalline organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH, whose structure consists of a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl (−C(=O)OH) substituent. The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn", which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula −C6H5CO. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source.

Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives.  Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances.  The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates (/ˈbɛnzoʊ.eɪts/).