hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scottish Russians
Scottish Russians are Russians with full or partial Scottish ancestry. Scottish migration to Russia occurred primarily during the early 17th-century Polish–Muscovite War, the Ingrian War, and the Thirty Years' War. Some estimates of the number of Scottish settlers in Russia during the 17th century are as high as 100,000. This has led some demographers to believe that the current number of Russians of a partial Scottish descent (in a varying degree) could be up to 1 or 2 million. There are believed to be around 400 different Russian surnames that owe their names to Scottish ancestors.

Despite the long history of the Scottish presence in Russia, the 2021 Russian census was not recording individuals who claimed to be ethnic Scottish, it defined them as part of the British people instead, whose number was 1,167. According to the same census, nobody in Russia claimed to be a native speaker of Scottish Gaelic or Scots.

Rittmaster
Rittmaster (German: Rittmeister, lit. 'riding/cavalry master') is usually a commissioned officer military rank used in a few armies, usually equivalent to Captain. Historically it has been used in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Scandinavia, and some other countries.

A rittmeister is typically in charge of a squadron (a company-sized unit called a "troop" in the United States, as opposed to the U.S. cavalry squadron of larger battalion size), and is the equivalent of a Hauptmann rank (or captain in most army branches).
To Salve and Salve Not!
"To Salve and Salve Not!" is the first episode of the third season of The Ren & Stimpy Show. It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 20, 1993.

It is the first episode in the series to be entirely produced at Games Animation. Intended to be part of the second season, no preliminary work had been done at Spümcø when series creator John Kricfalusi was fired, so it was instead produced during the third season; it is also the final episode of the series to have involvement from Vincent Waller.

Ren and Stimpy (characters)
Ren L. Höek and Stimpson J. "Stimpy" Cat are the titular characters of the Nickelodeon animated series The Ren & Stimpy Show and its 2003 spin-off Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon". Series creator John Kricfalusi created the characters during his stay at Sheridan College and they first appeared on film in the pilot episode "Big House Blues". Ren is a scrawny, emotionally unstable and psychotic "Asthma Hound" Chihuahua and his best friend Stimpy is a dim-witted, but good-natured Manx cat. The series portrays their wacky, bizarre and often surreal misadventures.
Stephen Jenks
Stephen Jenks (March 17, 1772 – June 3, 1856) was an American teacher, Yankee tunesmith, and tunebook compiler. He was born in Glocester, Rhode Island and raised in Ellington, Connecticut. During his life he moved from town to town, living in Ridgefield and New Canaan, Connecticut, Pound Ridge, New York, and Providence, Rhode Island, finally settling in Thompson, Ohio in 1829. Between 1799 and 1810 he authored and coauthored more than ten printed collections of sacred and secular music; after moving to Ohio, he became a farmer and a maker of percussion instruments.

Ridgefield, Connecticut
Ridgefield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut. Situated in the foothills of the Berkshire Mountains and on the New York state border, Ridgefield had a population of 25,033 as of the 2020 census. The town is part of the Western Connecticut Planning Region. The town center, which was formerly a borough, is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The town was settled then quickly incorporated by 1709.
Quentin Stockwell
Quentin Stockwell was an early American colonist. He was one of the first settlers of Dedham, Massachusetts and then Deerfield, Massachusetts.

While in Dedham, he lived near the saw mill in what is today Walpole, Massachusetts. His wife, Abigail, was a first cousin of Mary Bullard, the wife of John Farrington. Both families were early residents of Dedham and Deerfield.

Walpole, Massachusetts
Walpole is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Walpole Town, as the Census refers to it, is located approximately 18 miles (29 km) south of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, and 30 miles (48 km) north of Providence, Rhode Island. The population of Walpole was 26,383 at the 2020 census. Walpole was first settled in 1659 and was considered a part of Dedham until officially incorporated in 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Walpole, de facto first prime minister of Great Britain. It also encompasses the entirely distinct entity of Walpole (CDP), with its much smaller area of 2.9 square miles.
Angell (Lambeth ward)
Angell was an electoral ward in the London Borough of Lambeth from 1965 to 2002. The ward was first used in the 1964 elections and last used for the 1998 elections. It returned three councillors to Lambeth London Borough Council. It was replaced by Coldharbour and Herne Hill wards.

1964 London local elections
The 1964 London local elections were held on 7 May 1964 alongside nationwide elections. They were the inaugural elections for the thirty-two London boroughs, which were created on 1 April 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. All seats were up for election, with polling stations open between 08:00 and 21:00.

The result was a landslide for the Labour Party, who won twenty of the boroughs. The Conservatives won nine, and three were under no overall control. Only sixteen Liberal councillors were elected in London, along with forty-nine residents and ratepayers candidates, three independents and three Communists. The result followed the convincing Labour gain of the new Greater London Council in the first GLC elections which had been held on 9 April.
Project Big Ben
"Big Ben" was the World War II code name for the British project to reconstruct and evaluate captured German missiles such as the V-2 rocket.  On 31 July 1944, after the UK agreed to exchange Supermarine Spitfires for the wreckage of a V-2 in Sweden during World War II, experts at Farnborough began an attempt to reconstruct the missile.

In late July 1944, Operation Most III the Polish resistance movement (Armia Krajowa) succeeded in capturing an intact V2 rocket near the Pustkow Testing Centre. It had been launched for a test flight, failed but did not explode and then retrieved still intact from the Bug River, and transferred secretly to London.

Bug (river)
The Bug or Western Bug is a major river in Central Europe that flows through Belarus (border), Poland, and Ukraine, with a total length of 774 kilometres (481 mi). A tributary of the Narew, the Bug forms part of the border between Belarus and Poland for 178 kilometres (111 mi) and part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185 kilometres (115 mi).

The Bug is connected with the Dnieper by the Dnieper–Bug Canal. Out of its 38,712 square kilometres (14,947 mi2) drainage basin, half is in Poland, just over a quarter in Belarus, and slightly under a quarter in Ukraine.
Bufotes pewzowi
Bufotes pewzowi is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in dry plains of Central Asia, the foothills and mountains of Tian Shan, Zhungar Alatau and Pamir Mountains (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan), the mountains and deserts of Western China and Mongolia, and probably westward to northern Afghanistan and north to Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan and northeast Altai Republic in Russia. The specific name pewzowi honours Mikhail Pevtsov, a Russian geographer, cartographer, and explorer. Common names include Xinjiang toad and Pewzow's toad; when subspecies B. p. strauchi is recognized, it can be referred to as northern Xinjiang toad, while the nominotypic B. p. pewzowi then becomes southern Xinjiang toad.

Dzungarian Alatau
The Dzungarian Alatau is a mountain range that lies on the boundary of the Dzungaria region of China and the Zhetysu region of Kazakhstan. It has a length of 450 km (280 mi) and a maximum elevation of 4,464 m (14,646 ft).
Favored Nations
Favored Nations Entertainment is a record label founded in 1999 by guitarist Steve Vai and Ray Scherr, former owner of Guitar Center.

The first album released by the label was Coming to Your Senses by guitarist Frank Gambale in 2000. Soon after, a diverse range of artists were signed, such as Johnny A., Larry Carlton, Peppino D'Agostino, Marty Friedman, Johnny Hiland, Allan Holdsworth, Eric Johnson, Stanley Jordan, Steve Lukather, Novecento, John Petrucci, Eric Sardinas, Neal Schon, Andy Timmons, Dave Weiner, The Yardbirds, and Dweezil Zappa.

The label expanded with the creation of separate branches, Favored Nations Acoustic in 2002 and Favored Nations Cool in 2004. Pro-Found, a sister label, promotes Favored Nations artists through the Favored Nations and ProFound websites.

John Petrucci
John Peter Petrucci (born July 12, 1967) is an American guitarist, best known as a founding member of the progressive metal band Dream Theater. He produced or co-produced (often with Mike Portnoy before Portnoy's absence from the band 2010-2023) all of Dream Theater's albums from Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory (1999), and has been the sole producer of the band's albums released since A Dramatic Turn of Events (2011). Petrucci has also released two solo albums: Suspended Animation (2005) and Terminal Velocity (2020).
Statutory body
A statutory body or statutory authority is a body set up by law (statute) that is authorised to implement certain legislation on behalf of the relevant country or state, sometimes by being empowered or delegated to set rules (for example regulations or statutory instruments) in their field. They are typically found in countries which are governed by a British style of parliamentary democracy such as the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth countries like Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand. They are also found in Hong Kong, Israel and elsewhere. Statutory authorities may also be statutory corporations, if created as a body corporate.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
Shinji Nakano (cyclist)
Shinji Nakano (中野慎詞, Nakano Shinji; born 8 June 1999) is a Japanese track cyclist.
He is also active in Japan as a keirin cyclist. He competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in the Men's keirin in Paris on 11 August 2024.

He is not to be confused with the ex-Formula 1 driver of the same name or the similar named ex-MotoGP rider Shinya Nakano

Shinya Nakano
Shinya Nakano (Japanese: 中野 真矢, Hepburn: Nakano Shin'ya; born in Tokyo on 10 October 1977, and raised in Chiba) is a retired Japanese Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and Superbike rider. He is not related to the former Formula One racer Shinji Nakano.
Binyamin Eliav
Binyamin Eliav (Hebrew: בנימין אליאב; born Binyamin Lubotzky; 1909 in Riga – July 30, 1974, in Petah Tikva) was an Israeli politician, diplomat, author and editor. One of the founders of Betar, he was a close associate of revisionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky, but later became a member of the labour party, Mapai.

Binyamin Lubotzky was born in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire, and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1925.

His memoirs, Zikhronot min hayamin (Memories of the Right) describe his ideological shift to the left.  According to the memoirs' editor Danny Rubinstein, Eliav could have been a rising star in Israeli politics but failed due to his inability to deal with political intrigue.

As a diplomat, he served as Israel's First Secretary in Buenos Aires and subsequently as Consul General in New York.  He was also an editor of the Encyclopaedia Judaica.

Ze'ev Jabotinsky
Ze'ev Jabotinsky MBE (born Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky; 17 October 1880 – 3 August 1940) was an author, poet, orator, soldier, and founder of the Revisionist Zionist movement and the Jewish Self-Defense Organization in Odessa.

With Joseph Trumpeldor, he co-founded the Jewish Legion of the British Army in World War I. Later he established several Jewish organizations, including the paramilitary group Betar in Latvia, the youth movement Hatzohar and the militant organization Irgun in Mandatory Palestine.
Adventure Publications
Adventure Publications was an American comic book publisher founded by Steve Milo in 1986, based in Fairfax, Virginia and active from 1986 to 1993. In 1989, it merged with American publisher Malibu Comics, becoming the Adventure Comics imprint.

Fairfax, Virginia
Fairfax (/ˈfɛərfæks/ FAIR-faks) is an independent city in Virginia and the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia,  United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,146.

Fairfax is part of both the Washington metropolitan area and Northern Virginia regions. It is located 14 miles (23 km) west of Washington, D.C. Fairfax is served by  Washington Metro's Orange Line.

George Mason University, located in unincorporated Fairfax County along Fairfax's southern border, is the largest public university in Virginia with 40,185 students as of 2023.
Feuchtwangen
Feuchtwangen (German pronunciation: [ˈfɔʏçtˌvaŋən] ⓘ; Mainfränkisch: Feichtwang) is a town in Ansbach district in the administrative region of Middle Franconia in Bavaria, Germany, with around 12,000 residents and an area of 137 km², making it the biggest city in the Ansbach district by population and area. In 2019 Feuchtwangen celebrated its 1,200th jubilee, based on the first mention of its Benedictine monastery.

Middle Franconia
Middle Franconia (German: Mittelfranken, pronounced [ˈmɪtl̩ˌfʁaŋkŋ̍] ⓘ) is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia, Germany, in the west of Bavaria bordering the state of Baden-Württemberg. The administrative seat is Ansbach; the most populous and largest city is Nuremberg.
Norman Bradburn
Norman M. Bradburn (born 1933) is an American social scientist and the Tiffany and Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at University of Chicago and former University Provost, and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, American Statistical Association, and American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Bradburn is also currently advising UN Economic Commission on Europe working to develop an annual survey for energy experts regarding energy security.

In 2012, Bradburn received the Warren J. Mitofsky Award for Excellence in Public Opinion Research from the Board of Directors of the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at Cornell University.

American Academy of Political and Social Science
The American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS) was founded in 1889 to promote progress in the social sciences.  Sparked by Professor Edmund J. James and drawing from members of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, and Bryn Mawr College, the Academy sought to establish communication between scientific thought and practical effort. The goal of its founders was to foster, across disciplines, important questions in the realm of social sciences, and to promote the work of those whose research aimed to address important social problems. Today the AAPSS is headquartered at the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and aims to offer interdisciplinary perspectives on important social issues.
Donald Æneas MacDonell
Donald Aeneas MacDonell (July 31, 1794 – March 11, 1879) was a soldier and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Charlottenburgh Township in Upper Canada in 1794, the son of Miles Macdonell, and studied with John Strachan in Cornwall. He served in the British Army during the War of 1812, reaching the rank of lieutenant. In 1834, he was appointed justice of the peace for the Eastern District and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada; he was reelected in 1836 but ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada in 1841.

He was elected to the assembly in 1844 and then defeated again in 1848. He also served in the local militia, serving as commanding officer of the 1st Battalion of Stormont from 1846 to 1850. He also led an expedition to Beauharnois during the Lower Canada Rebellion.

In 1848, he became warden for the Kingston Penitentiary and he served until 1869.

He retired in Brockville, where he died in 1879.

Brockville
Brockville is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada, in the Thousand Islands region. Although it falls within the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, it is politically independent of the county. It is included with Leeds and Grenville for census purposes only.

Known as the "City of the 1000 Islands", Brockville is situated on the land which was previously inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians and later by the Oswegatchie people. Brockville is one of Ontario's oldest communities established by Loyalist settlers and is named after the British general Sir Isaac Brock.

Tourist attractions in Brockville include the Brockville Tunnel, Fulford Place, and the Aquatarium.
Nürnberger Nachrichten
The Nürnberger Nachrichten (NN) was originally a local daily in the Nuremberg-Erlangen-Fürth area. With its regional editions, it covers the whole of Middle Franconia and parts of Upper Franconia and the Upper Palatinate and is one of Germany's large regional newspapers. The Nürnberger Zeitung belongs to the same group but is editorially independent.

Middle Franconia
Middle Franconia (German: Mittelfranken, pronounced [ˈmɪtl̩ˌfʁaŋkŋ̍] ⓘ) is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia, Germany, in the west of Bavaria bordering the state of Baden-Württemberg. The administrative seat is Ansbach; the most populous and largest city is Nuremberg.
Finningham
Finningham is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in the East of England, located approximately 7.5 miles north of Stowmarket and 16 miles from the county town of Ipswich. In 2011 its population was 480.

Finningham railway station
Finningham railway station was a station physically located in the neighbouring parish of Bacton, Suffolk on the Great Eastern Main Line between London and Norwich. It was located 86 miles 54 chains (139.5 km) from Liverpool Street and was opened to passenger in 1849. It was closed in 1966 as part of the Beeching Axe with other smaller stations on the line although the line remains open.
Barbara Garshman
Barbara Garshman is an American television producer, writer and executive. She holds an MA in Theater Arts - TV from UCLA. She is a former NBC Director of Prime Time Development-East Coast where she helped develop the mini-series as a new dramatic form, presenting over 100 hours of on-air programming, as well as made for television movies, sitcoms and dramatic series. She received five Daytime Emmy Award nominations as Supervising Producer of CBS Daytime's Guiding Light. After leaving GL in 1993, she devoted her time to writing for Days of Our Lives, Another World, and a primetime dramatic pilot, Connections. She worked for ABC Daytime as a consultant where she developed writers for their existing serials and conceived new dramatic forms for daytime television.

Garshman currently runs a consulting business.

CBS Daytime
CBS Daytime is the division of the CBS television network that is responsible for the daytime television block programming on the network's late morning and early afternoon schedule. The block has historically encompassed soap operas and game shows.
Lamé's special quartic
Lamé's special quartic, named after Gabriel Lamé, is the graph of the equation

where .  It looks like a rounded square with "sides" of length  and centered on the origin.  This curve is a squircle centered on the origin, and it is a special case of a superellipse.

Because of Pierre de Fermat's only surviving proof, that of the n = 4 case of Fermat's Last Theorem, if r is rational there is no non-trivial rational point (x, y) on this curve (that is, no point for which both x and y are non-zero rational numbers).

Gabriel Lamé
Gabriel Lamé (22 July 1795 – 1 May 1870) was a French mathematician who contributed to the theory of partial differential equations by the use of curvilinear coordinates, and the mathematical theory of elasticity (for which linear elasticity and finite strain theory elaborate the mathematical abstractions).
SS Daniel Webster
SS Daniel Webster (MC contract 211) was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II.

Named after Daniel Webster, an American statesman, the ship was laid down by South Portland Shipbuilding Corporation in South Portland, Maine, at their West Yard on 1 November 1942, then launched on 28 January 1943. The ship was completed 10 February 1943 and delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) for operation by Sprague Steamship Company under a WSA agreement the same day.

On 10 January 1944, she was torpedoed in the Mediterranean Sea off Oran, French Algeria in an air attack on convoy KMS 37 while en route from Gibraltar to Augusta and Naples. The ship was beached and declared a total constructive loss.  The ship was sold for scrapping in a group of forty hulks on 19 December 1947 to Venturi Salvattigi Recuperi e Impresse Marrittime Societta per Azione of Genoa.

War Shipping Administration
The War Shipping Administration (WSA) was a World War II emergency war agency of the US government, tasked to purchase and operate the civilian shipping tonnage the United States needed for fighting the war. Both shipbuilding under the Maritime Commission and ship allocation under the WSA to Army, Navy or civilian needs were closely coordinated though Vice Admiral Emory S. Land who continued as head of the Maritime Commission while also heading the WSA.  Among its programs was building the fleet of Liberty Ships and Victory Ships.
Operation Crusader orders of battle
This is the order of battle for the ground forces involved in Operation Crusader, a World War II battle between the British Commonwealth and the European Axis powers of Germany and Italy in North Africa between 18 November – 30 December 1941.

17th Infantry Division "Pavia"
The 17th Infantry Division "Pavia" (Italian: 17ª Divisione di fanteria "Pavia") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Pavia was formed in on 27 April 1939 and named after the city of Pavia. The Pavia was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once. The Pavia had its recruiting area and regimental depots in the Romagna and its headquarters in Ravenna. Its two infantry regiments were based in Cesena (27th) and Ravenna (28th), with the division's artillery regiment based in Ravenna. Shortly after its formation the division was sent to Sabratha in Italian Libya. It participated in the Western Desert campaign and was destroyed during the Second Battle of El Alamein.