hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pencil (geometry)
In geometry, a pencil is a family of geometric objects with a common property, for example the set of lines that pass through a given point in a plane, or the set of circles that pass through two given points in a plane.

Although the definition of a pencil is rather vague, the common characteristic is that the pencil is defined by a parameter whose value can be determined from any two of its members.  To emphasize the two-dimensional nature of such a pencil, it is sometimes referred to as a flat pencil.

Any geometric object can be used in a pencil. The common ones are lines, planes, circles, conics, spheres, and general curves. Even points can be used. A pencil of points is the set of all points on a given line. A more common term for this set is a range of points.

Circle
A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any point of the circle and the centre is called the radius. The length of a line segment connecting two points on the circle and passing through the centre is called the diameter. A circle bounds a region of the plane called a disc.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. Natural circles are common, such as the full moon or a slice of round fruit. The circle is the basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern machinery possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry, astronomy and calculus.
Texan schooner Louisville
The Texan schooner Louisville was ninety-five-ton schooner that served as a tender in the Texas Navy. The Louisville, which is sometimes referred to as the Striped Pig, was purchased for $4,000 on September 25, 1839 by the Republic of Texas navy agent William Thomas Brannum. When acquired, the Louisville came complete with sails, rigging, and seven water casks.

Texas Navy
The Texas Navy, officially the Navy of the Republic of Texas, also known as the Second Texas Navy, was the naval warfare branch of the Texas Military Forces during the Republic of Texas. It descended from the Texian Navy, which was established in November 1835 to fight for independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The Texas Navy, Texas Army, and Texas Militia were officially established on September 5, 1836 in Article II of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas. The Texas Navy and Texas Army were merged with the United States Armed Forces on February 19, 1846 after the Republic of Texas became the 28th state of the United States.
General National Archive
General National Archive (Spanish: Archivo General de la Nación) is the name of several national archives in Latin America.

General Archive of the Nation (Argentina)

General Archive of the Nation (Colombia)

General National Archive (El Salvador)

General National Archive (Mexico)

General National Archive (Nicaragua)

General Archive of the Nation (Peru)

General National Archive (Uruguay)

General National Archive (Venezuela)

Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico)
The Archivo General de la Nación (Spanish for "General Archive of the Nation"; abbreviated AGN) is charged by the Mexican state to "be the governing body of the national archives and the central consultative entity of the Federal Executive." The historian Edmundo O'Gorman was its general director from 1938 until 1952.

Since 1980, the archives have been housed in the Palacio de Lecumberri in Mexico City, a former prison.
Society for Research in Child Development
The Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) is a professional society for the field of human development, focusing specifically on child development.  It is a multidisciplinary, not-for-profit, professional association with a membership of approximately 5,500 researchers, practitioners, and human development professionals from over 50 countries.  The purposes of the society are to promote multidisciplinary research in the field of human development, to foster the exchange of information among scientists and other professionals of various disciplines, and to encourage applications of research findings.

Not-for-profit organization
A not-for-profit organisation (NFPO) is a legal entity that does not distribute surplus funds to its members and is formed to fulfill specific objectives.

While not-for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations (NPO) are distinct legal entities, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. An NFPO must be differentiated from a NPO as they are not formed explicitly for the public good as an NPO must be, and NFPOs are considered "recreational organizations", meaning that they do not operate with the goal of generating revenue as opposed to NPOs.
Ski jumping at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's large hill individual
The men's large hill individual competition of the 2026 Olympics was held on 14 February, at the Predazzo Ski Jumping Stadium in Predazzo. Domen Prevc won the event, winning thereby his first individual Olympic medal. Ren Nikaidō of Japan won the silver medal, and Kacper Tomasiak of Poland bronze.

Giuseppe Dal Ben Ski Jumping Arena
The "Giuseppe Dal Ben" Ski Jumping Arena (in Italian: Stadio del salto "Giuseppe Dal Ben") is a ski jumping venue in Predazzo, Val di Fiemme, Trentino, in northern Italy. It is a venue in the FIS Ski jumping World Cup.

Opened in 1989, the venue hosted the ski jumping and nordic combined events of three editions of FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1991, 2003, 2013), of 2013 Winter Universiade, as well as many events of the Ski jumping World Cup. It will host ski jumping and nordic combined for the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.
Minar (Firuzabad)
The Minar was a staged, tower-like structure built in the center of the Sasanian circular city of Gōr (modern Firuzabad, Iran). Several theories have been proposed for its purpose. Only the core of the structure remains today.

Pascal Coste
Xavier Pascal Coste (26 November 1787 – 8 February 1879) was a French architect. He was at one time a personal architect for Muhammad Ali Pasha. As a seasoned traveller, his travels to Qajar Iran, aroused the interest of King Louis Philippe I and that gained Coste the post of chief architect of Marseille in 1844.
West London Tram
The West London Tram (also known as West London Transit) was a proposed on-street light rail line that was to run along the Uxbridge Road (A4020) corridor in West London, England. The scheme was promoted by Transport for London (TfL). It was postponed indefinitely on 2 August 2007, as it was opposed by the councils of all three bisected London Boroughs.

The tram route was planned to run between Uxbridge and Shepherd's Bush, serving Hayes (north), Hillingdon, Southall, Hanwell, West Ealing, Ealing and Acton en route, and would have replaced three equivalent London Buses routes. The proposed route was the same route as  London's tram route 7 from about 1905 until 1951.

West Ealing
West Ealing is a district in the London Borough of Ealing, in West London. The district is about three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) west of Ealing Broadway. Although there is a long history of settlement in the area, West Ealing in its present form is less than one hundred years old. West Ealing falls under the postcode district W13 and neighbours Hanwell, Ealing, Perivale and Northfields
Keban
Keban is a town of Elazığ Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Keban District. Its population is  5,906 (2022). In the local elections 2024 the Nationalist Movement Party candidate Yücel Doğan was elected as Mayor.

Keban is in the west of Elazığ Province and 46 km away from the province center. In the west of Keban, there is Arapgir District of Malatya Province, in the north there is Çemişgezek District of Tunceli Province, at northwest, Ağın District, in the south, Baskil district, it has the second largest dam of Turkey, Keban Dam.

Keban Dam
The Keban Dam (Turkish: Keban Barajı) is a hydroelectric dam on the Euphrates, located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey. The dam is the first and uppermost of several large-scale dams to be built on the Euphrates by Turkey. Although the Keban Dam was not originally constructed as a part of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), it is now a fully integrated component of the project, which aims to stimulate economic development in Southeastern Turkey. Construction of the dam commenced in 1966 and was completed in 1974. Keban Dam Lake (Turkish: Keban Baraj Gölü), the reservoir created by Keban Dam, has a surface area of 675 square kilometres (261 sq mi) and is reputedly the fourth-largest lake in Turkey after Lake Van, Lake Tuz, and the reservoir created by the Atatürk Dam.
D. J. Scourfield
David Joseph Scourfield ISO FLS FRMS (October 20, 1866 – October 3, 1949) was a British civil servant and biologist known as an authority on the Cladocera. He served as president of the Quekett Microscopical Club and vice president of the Royal Microscopical Society. Born in Bow, London, he was hired by the Royal Mint at age 20 and worked there until his retirement in 1926, when he was awarded the Imperial Service Order for his services. 
His scientific career primarily took place after retirement from civil service, publishing on fossil and living freshwater crustaceans. He died at his home in Leytonstone at the age of 83.

He has been honoured in the names of two types of marine taxa, in 1912, botanist George Stephen West published Scourfieldia, which is a genus of green algae in the family Scourfieldiaceae.
Then in 1975, I.Manton published Pseudoscourfieldia (in the  Pycnococcaceae family).

Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes.

A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858.

The patron of the society is Anne, Princess Royal. Vice-patrons include: Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough.
Ustic
Ustic is a class of soil moisture regime.  It is one of a range of different soil moisture regimes, such as: aquic moisture regime, aridic moisture regime, udic moisture regime and xeric moisture regime. The ustic moisture regime is intermediate between the aridic regime and the udic regime.

Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) refers to the combined processes which move water from the Earth's surface (open water and ice surfaces, bare soil and vegetation) into the atmosphere. It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies, and water bodies) and transpiration (evaporation that occurs through the stomata, or openings, in plant leaves). Evapotranspiration is an important part of the local water cycle and climate, and measurement of it plays a key role in water resource management and agricultural irrigation.
Kumasi Sports Academy Ladies F.C.
Kumasi Sports Academy Ladies Football Club is a Ghanaian professional women's football club based in Kumasi in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The club features in the Ghana Women’s Premier League. Their rivals are Supreme Ladies and Fabulous Ladies.

Ghana Women's Premier League
The Ghana Women’s Premier League (GWPL), also known as the Malta Guinness Women's Premier League for sponsorship reasons, was launched in 2012 as the National Women's League (NWL) and is a top division league for women's soccer in Ghana. In November 2021, Hilary Boateng was appointed by the Ghana Football Association as the chairperson of the Women's Premier League Committee.
Edward H. Bonekemper
Edward Henry Bonekemper III (1942-2017)  was a military historian, teacher, and writer.  He wrote frequently about slavery, the American Civil War, and Union and Confederate generals. He was a frequent speaker at Civil War Roundtables as well as at the Smithsonian Institution.

Muhlenberg College
Muhlenberg College is a private liberal arts college in Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1848, Muhlenberg College is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and is named for Henry Muhlenberg, the German patriarch of Lutheranism in the United States.
Hyundai Blue-Will
The Hyundai Blue-Will is a plug-in petrol-electric hybrid concept compact car designed by the South Korean car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Company. The vehicle was debuted at the 2009 Seoul Motor Show in South Korea.

The hybrid powertrain is based on the same Blue Drive architecture that Hyundai unveiled at the 2008 Los Angeles Auto Show. The Blue-Will uses a strong parallel hybrid system, meaning it's capable of driving the vehicle under electric power alone, using the internal combustion, or a combination of both. The first production applications from this vehicle will find their way into the Korean market's Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid and the Hyundai Sonata Hybrid that debut late in 2010.

Hyundai Motor Company
Hyundai Motor Company, often referred to as Hyundai Motors (Korean: 현대자동차) and commonly known as Hyundai (현대; [ˈhjəːndɛ]; 'modernity'), is a South Korean multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, which was founded in 1967. Currently, the company owns 33.88 percent of Kia Corporation, and owns a luxury cars subsidiary, Genesis. The three brands altogether make up the Hyundai Motor Group.

Hyundai operates the second largest automobile manufacturing facility in the world in Ulsan, South Korea which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units. The company employs approximately 75,000 people worldwide. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through 5,000 dealerships and showrooms. As of November 2024, Hyundai is the world's third-largest carmaker in terms of production, behind competitors Toyota and Volkswagen.
1945–46 Santosh Trophy
The 1945–46 Santosh Trophy was the third edition of the Santosh Trophy, the main State competition for football in India. It was held in Bombay. Bengal defeated Bombay 2–0 in the final.

Fred Pugsley, an Anglo-Burmese footballer who had moved to India temporarily during the war, scored seven goals in Bengal's win over Rajputana. This is a record in Santosh Trophy that was later equalled by Inder Singh in 1974-75 Jalandhar nationals.

Western India Football Association (WIFA) renamed itself as Bombay just before the tournament.

Osman Jan
Osman Jan (Urdu: عثمان جان) was a Pakistani footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Jan is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the Indian subcontinent during the 1930s and 1940s. With a short height measuring 5'6", Jan was praised for his long-range leap and a powerful fist. He was also renowned for his outfield play mind and one-on-one situations.

He was part of the Calcutta League dominant side Mohammedan Sporting in the 1930s. He also represented Aryan FC. Osman played for Bengal and Delhi in the Santosh Trophy and was the first footballer to win the Santosh Trophy for two different states.

Osman was appointed captain of the Pakistan national team in their international debut in 1950, and became the first ever captain in the country's history.
German Colony
The term German Colony can refer to:

German colonial empire, the former colonies of Germany

German Colony, Jerusalem, a Templer settlement

German Colony, Haifa, a Templer settlement

German Samoa, a German protectorate from 1900 to 1920

Sarona (colony), the German Templer settlement in Tel Aviv

American–German Colony, a neighborhood in Tel Aviv

Sarona (colony)
Sarona (Hebrew: שָׁרוֹנָה) is a neighborhood of Tel Aviv, Israel which started as a  German Templer colony in Ottoman Palestine in 1871. It was one of the earliest modern villages established by Europeans in Ottoman Palestine. In July 1941, the British Mandate authorities deported 188 residents of Sarona, who were considered ardent Nazi sympathisers. By the 2000s, the area had fallen into disrepair and was a haven for drug users. However, since 2003, the area has undergone massive renovation, which involved moving and relocating historical buildings before their restoration. The area is now a popular shopping district, as well as home to museums, cultural artifacts centering on its history, and IDF complexes.
Chester Gorman
Chester F. Gorman (March 11, 1938 – June 7, 1981) was an American anthropologist and archaeologist.

Born in Oakland, California, he grew up on his parents' dairy farm in Elk Grove. He studied at the Sacramento State University and the University of Hawaiʻi, where he also got his MA and his PhD.

Chester Gorman worked mostly in Southeast Asia. Among the most significant sites he worked are Ban Chiang in northeast Thailand and Spirit Cave in northwest Thailand, one of the major Hoabinhian sites. While surveying for sites in northeast Thailand with Wilhelm Solheim between 1963-1964, Gorman also discovered the site of Non Nok Tha.

Gorman excavated Spirit Cave (Tham Phii Man) once in 1966 for his dissertation research, and again in 1971. He also excavated Banyan Valley Cave (Tham Sai) in 1972 and Steep Cliff Cave (Tham Phaa Can) in 1973.

He died of cancer at age 43 in Sacramento.

Wilhelm Solheim
Wilhelm G. Solheim II (1924–2014) was an American anthropologist recognized as the most senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast Asia and as a pioneer in the study of Philippine and Southeast Asian prehistoric archaeology. He is perhaps best known for hypothesizing the existence of the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network, one of two dominant hypotheses regarding the peopling of the Asia-Pacific region during the Neolithic age.
Bill Alsup
Bill Alsup (July 15, 1938 in Honolulu – August 9, 2016) was an American race car driver. He was the first Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) Rookie of the Year in 1979 and competed in the 1981 Indianapolis 500, finishing 11th. He made 57 CART & USAC Champ Car starts in his career. His best race finish of third came three times and he was the 1981 CART Championship runner-up, putting in a winless but consistent season for Penske Racing, his only effort with a top-level team. He returned to his own team the next year and struggled until leaving Champ Car following the 1984 Sanair Super Speedway race.

Cosworth
Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines, powertrain, and electronics for automobile racing (motorsport) and mainstream automotive industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton, England, with facilities in Cottenham, England, Silverstone, England, and Indianapolis, IN, US.

Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One (F1) as engine supplier, ranking third with most wins, behind Ferrari and Mercedes.
Ma Jinping
Ma Jinping (Chinese: 马金萍; born 1 January 1972) is a Chinese retired ice hockey player and on-ice official. Best known having represented China in the inaugural women's ice hockey tournament at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, she also played for the Chinese national team at the IIHF Women's World Championships in 1997, 2004, and 2005, and won a gold medal in the women's ice hockey tournament at the 1996 Asian Winter Games in Harbin.

Ice hockey at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament
The 1998 Olympic women's ice hockey tournament was the first year that featured women in ice hockey competition. It was anticipated that the women's gold medal match would feature Canada versus the United States. Canada was favored to come out on top as they had won all the competitions in previous years in women's hockey, with the United States perpetually finishing second, while no other national teams could match their level of play. However, the United States beat Canada in the final and became the first country to win gold in women's ice hockey at the Olympics.

Petra Vaarakallio scored the first-ever goal in women's ice hockey at the Olympics in 1998. She had won bronze at the 1992 World Ringette Championships but stopped playing ringette after receiving a six-month suspension for kicking an opponent who was lying on the ice.

There were no qualification tournaments, the host Japan played alongside the top five nations at the previous season's World Championships.
Ronald Harris (public servant)
Sir Ronald Montague Joseph Harris, KCVO, CB (6 May 1913 – 22 January 1995) was a British civil servant and senior Church of England layman. His first career was in the Civil Service, where he was assigned to the India Office and Burma Office (1936 –1947), apart from a period during the Second World War during which he served as private secretary to Sir Edward Bridges, the Cabinet Secretary (1939–1943). After training at the Imperial Defence College, he served in HM Treasury and the Cabinet Office, with a secondment as Second Crown Estate Commissioner (1955–1960). He then left the Civil Service to work for the Church of England; he served as First Church Estates Commissioner from 1969 and additionally chairman of the Central Board of Finance of Church of England from 1978, until he retired in 1982.

Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)
The cabinet secretary is the most senior civil servant in the United Kingdom and is based in the Cabinet Office. The person in this role acts as the senior policy adviser to the prime minister and Cabinet, and as the secretary to the Cabinet is responsible to all ministers for the efficient running of government. The role is currently occupied by Dame Antonia Romeo.
Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi
Oba Ọjájá II (born Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, Listenⓘ 17 October 1974) CFR is the Ooni and monarch of Ifẹ. He is the 51st traditional ruler. He became the Ooni after his predecessor Okunade Sijuwade in August 2015.

Monarch
A monarch (/ˈmɒnərk/) is a head of state for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch usually exercises the highest authority and power in the state. Usually, a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights (often referred to as the throne or the crown) or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may proclaim oneself monarch, or even usurp power, as many Ancient Greek tyrants did. If a young child is crowned the monarch, then a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule.
Driver's Ed (film)
Driver's Ed is a 2025 American comedy film directed by Bobby Farrelly, written by Thomas Moffett, and starring Sam Nivola, Kumail Nanjiani and Molly Shannon.

The film premiered at the 2025 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2025.

Alyssa Milano
Alyssa Jayne Milano (/mɪˈlɑːnoʊ/ mil-AH-noh; born December 19, 1972) is an American actress and activist. She has played Samantha Micelli in Who's the Boss? (1984–1992), Jennifer Mancini in Melrose Place (1997–1998),  Phoebe Halliwell in Charmed (1998–2006), Billie Cunningham in My Name Is Earl (2007–2008), Savannah "Savi" Davis in Mistresses (2013–2014), Renata Murphy in Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017), and Coralee Armstrong in Insatiable (2018–2019). As an activist, Milano is known for her role in the #MeToo movement in October 2017. She was the replacement of the role of Roxie Hart, and did her own singing in Chicago.