hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Packaging gas
A packaging gas is used to pack sensitive materials such as food into a modified atmosphere environment. The gas used is usually inert, or of a nature that protects the integrity of the packaged goods, inhibiting unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation. Some may also serve as a propellant for aerosol sprays like cans of whipped cream. For packaging food, the use of various gases is approved by regulatory organisations.

In the food sector (modified atmosphere packaging, MAP), the gas composition—typically N₂/CO₂ and, depending on the product, O₂—is selected to manage respiration and microbial growth; the atmosphere is applied by flushing the pack or by in-line injection. FAO guidance describes principles and uses, while manufacturer application notes provide examples of common gases and supply arrangements used in industry.

Their E numbers are included in the following lists in parentheses.

Food spoilage
Food spoilage is the process whereby food becomes unsuitable to ingest by a person; it is a matter of food safety. Bacteria and various fungi are the causes of spoilage, and can create serious consequences for consumers, but there are preventive measures that can be taken. The precise cause of the process is due to many outside factors as a side-effect of the type of product it is, as well as how the product is packaged and stored.

Food spoilage is the reason for food preservation, to extend shelf life. Meat is processed, food is frozen, and food is canned. Due to spoilage, one-third of the world's food produced for human consumption is lost every year.
Sergey Yaghubyan
Sergey Anushavan Yaghubyan (Armenian: Սերգեյ Յաղուբյան; 16 September 1925 – 19 May 2011)  known as Sergey Yaghubyan was an Armenian politician of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).

Sergey Yaghubyan  was born with the name Frounze  (Armenian: Ֆրունզ 16 September 1925) in Horom, Shirak Province of Armenia, to Armenian immigrants Anushavan Yaghubyan (from Eleşkirt district of Ağrı Province in Turkey) and Khanoum Yaghubyan.

He was a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Central Committee from 13 May 1940  and a member of the ARF Bureau.

Ağrı Province
Ağrı Province (Turkish: Ağrı ili, Armenian: Արարատ մարզ, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Agirîyê) is located in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east and the provinces of Kars to the north, Erzurum to the northwest, Muş and Bitlis to the southwest, Van to the south, and Iğdır to the northeast. Its area is 11,099 km2, and its population is 511,238 (2023). The provincial capital is Ağrı, situated on a 1,650 metres (5,410 ft) high plateau. Doğubayazıt was the capital of the province until 1946. The current governor is Mustafa Koç.

The province is considered part of Western Armenia and was part of the ancient province of Ayrarat of Kingdom of Armenia. Before the Armenian genocide, modern Ağri Province was part of the six Armenian vilayets. The province is part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.
Ramdev
Ramdev (born Ram Kisan Yadav between 1965 and 1975), also known by the prefix Baba, is an Indian yoga guru and businessman. He is primarily known for being a proponent of yoga and ayurveda in India. Ramdev has been organizing and conducting large yoga camps since 2002 and broadcasting his yoga sessions on various Indian TV channels. He co-founded Patanjali Ayurved and Patanjali Yogpeeth with his colleague Balkrishna in 2006.

Ramdev is aligned with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) on some issues. In 2011–2012, he led protests against corruption in India and advocated for the repatriation of black money held in foreign banks. Ramdev has received criticism over his comments related to modern medicine, yoga, and ayurveda.

In April 2022, The Indian Express listed Ramdev as the 78th most powerful Indian.

Delhi High Court
The High Court of Delhi is the high court in Delhi, India. It was established on 31 October 1966, through the Delhi High Court Act, 1966. Below it are 11 Subordinate Courts that oversee smaller judicial districts. The court gets its powers from Chapter V in Part VI of the Constitution of India.
Catopyla
Catopyla is a monotypic snout moth genus described by John David Bradley in 1968. Its only species,  Catopyla dysorphnaea, was described by the same author in the same year and is known from Nigeria.

The larvae feed on maize, Khaya ivorensis and Lovoa trichilioides. At first, they feed within individual seeds, but then move from fruit to fruit.

John David Bradley
John David Bradley (24 January 1920 – 4 January 2004) was a British lepidopterist. He is best known for his works with Arthur Smith and Gerry Tremewan in British Tortricoid Moths. He also appears in the Acknowledgements section of almost every work on microlepidoptera in recent decades.
Otto Schreier
Otto Schreier (3 March 1901 in Vienna, Austria – 2 June 1929 in Hamburg, Germany) was a Jewish-Austrian mathematician who made major contributions in combinatorial group theory and in the topology of Lie groups.

History of the Jews in Austria
The history of the Jews in Austria starts after the exodus of Jews from Judea under Roman occupation. There have been Jews in Austria since the 3rd century CE. Over the course of many centuries, the political status of the community rose and fell many times: during certain periods, the Jewish community prospered and enjoyed political equality, and during other periods it suffered pogroms, deportations to concentration camps and mass murder, and further antisemitism. The Holocaust drastically reduced the Jewish community in Austria and only 8,140 Jews remained in Austria according to the 2001 census. As of 2020, Austria had a Jewish population of 10,300 and a total of 33,000 when including any Austrian with at least one Jewish grandparent.
14 Canis Minoris
14 Canis Minoris, also known as HD 65345, is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Minor. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.30. The distance to this star, as determined from an annual parallax shift of 13.50±0.34 mas, is approximately 242 light years. 14 CMI has a relatively large proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.188 arcsecond/year. It is moving further from the Sun with  heliocentric radial velocity of +42.6 km/s.

This is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G8 IIIb. At the age of around 550 million years old, it is a red clump giant, which means it has already undergone helium flash and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has an estimated 2.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 8.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating roughly 48 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,070 K.

Giant star
A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. The terms giant and dwarf were coined for stars of quite different luminosity despite similar temperature or spectral type (namely K and M) by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1905 or 1906.

Giant stars have radii up to a few hundred times the Sun and luminosities over 10  times that of the Sun. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant, but any main-sequence star is properly called a dwarf, regardless of how large and luminous it is.
Secretary of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico
The secretary of transportation and public works of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Secretario de Transportación y Obras Públicas de Puerto Rico) leads the Department of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico and leads all efforts related to transportation and public works in Puerto Rico. As of 2021, the current secretary is Eileen Vélez Vega, the first woman to lead the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works.

Transportation in Puerto Rico
Transportation in Puerto Rico includes a system of roads, highways, freeways, airports, ports and harbors, and railway systems, serving a population of approximately 4 million year-round. It is funded primarily with both local and federal government funds.
Richardson & Wrench
Richardson & Wrench is an Australian real estate company. It was founded in 1858 by Robert Richardson and Edward Wrench in George Street, Sydney. In 1889, it was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. It was taken over by Lendlease in December 1961 and delisted. In 1982, Lendlease sold the business to Neil Collins, who in turn sold it in 1988 to the Malaysian WTK Group.

As at 2016, Richardson & Wrench had 100 franchises in New South Wales and Queensland. It previously had offices in the Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania and Western Australia. In 2016, it was purchased by chief executive Andrew Cocks in a management buyout.

Edward Wrench
Edward Thomas Jones Wrench (1828–1893) was an Australian businessman and auctioneer. In 1860, he co-founded the wool merchant and real estate company Richardson & Wrench alongside his partner, Robert Richardson.

Wrench was born was born on 11 January 1828 in London, England to Edward and Anne Wrench. He married Mary Ann Smith on 25 January 1851. The following year, the couple moved to Sydney, Australia, where he gained employment at the Australian Joint Stock Bank.  In 1860, he joined Robert Richardson to establish Richardson & Wrench.

Mary Ann died in 1876. On 3 June 1879, Wrench married Theresa Clementine Throckmorton (née Horne), a widow who had five children.

In 1886, Wrench acquired the entirety of the West Kingston estate, a subsection of the former Kingston Estate.

He died in Woollahra, New South Wales on 26 October 1893, and was buried at St John's Ashfield.
Nihon-shiki
Nihon-shiki (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, Hepburn: Nihon-shiki rōmaji; lit. 'Japan-style Roman letters') is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system. Its name is rendered Nihonsiki in the system itself.

Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet comprises the letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. In a largely unaltered form (two splits, ⟨J⟩ from ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ from ⟨V⟩; an addition, ⟨W⟩; and extensions such as letters with diacritics), it forms the Latin script that is used to write many languages worldwide: in western and central Europe, in Africa, in the Americas, and in Oceania. It is the most widely used writing system in the world, used by over 3,000 languages, which is about 70% of the global population.

Its basic modern 26-letter inventory is standardized as the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
Eileen Daily
Eileen Meade Daily (March 3, 1943 – July 30, 2015) was an American politician who served in the Connecticut Senate from 1993 to 2013.

Daily was born in Boston on March 3, 1943. She was raised in Dorchester, and moved to Westbrook, Connecticut, in 1974. From 1983 to 1989, Daily was a member of the Westbrook Board of Education. She subsequently served on the board of selectmen until 1991, when she was elected first selectwomen of Westbrook. Daily was first elected to the Connecticut Senate from district 33 in 1992. Following her lung cancer diagnosis, Daily announced in May 2012 that she would not stand for reelection later that year.

Daily died of lung cancer at the Connecticut Hospice in Branford on July 30, 2015. Westbrook station was rededicated in March 2017 in Daily's honor.

Branford, Connecticut
Branford is a shoreline town located on Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, about 6 miles (10 km) east of downtown New Haven. The town is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. Branford borders East Haven to the west, Guilford to the east, and North Branford to the north. The population was 28,273 in the 2020 census.
Grover Cleveland High School (Buffalo, New York)
Grover Cleveland High School was a high school located in Buffalo, New York. It is named for former U.S. president and Buffalo mayor Grover Cleveland and generally housed students from Grades 9 - 12, teaching according to the Board of Regents. Currently, the school building houses The International Preparatory School.

New York State Education Department
The New York State Education Department (NYSED) is the department of the New York state government responsible for the supervision for all public schools in New York and all standardized testing, as well as the production and administration of state tests and Regents Examinations. In addition, the State Education Department oversees higher education, cultural institutions such as museums and libraries, vocational rehabilitation, and the licensing of numerous professions. It is headed by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York (USNY) and administered by the Commissioner of Education.

Its regulations are compiled in title 8 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. The main offices of the department are housed in the New York State Department of Education Building, located at 89 Washington Avenue in Albany, the state capital.

Each year New York spends around $32,000 per student, which is 90% more than the average in the US.
Mezőkovácsháza District
Mezőkovácsháza (Hungarian: Mezőkovácsházai járás) is a district in southern part of Békés County. Mezőkovácsháza is also the name of the town where the district seat is found. The district is located in the Southern Great Plain Statistical Region.

Southern Great Plain
The Southern Great Plain (Hungarian: Dél-Alföld ['deːl 'ɒlføld]) is a statistical (NUTS 2) region of Hungary. It is part of Great Plain and North (NUTS 1) region. The Southern Great Plain includes the counties of Bács-Kiskun, Békés, and Csongrád-Csanád. The region is in the southern part of Hungary. It borders Central Hungary and the Northern Great Plain regions to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, and the Southern Transdanubia and Central Transdanubia regions to the west. The regional centre, and capital city is Szeged, the third largest city of Hungary.
1955 Vuelta a España, Stage 9 to Stage 15
The 1955 Vuelta a España was the 10th edition of Vuelta a España, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Bilbao on 23 April and Stage 9 occurred on 2 May with a stage from Tortosa. The race finished in Bilbao on 8 May.

Cuenca, Spain
Cuenca (Spanish: [ˈkweŋka] ⓘ) is a city and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha and the capital of the province of Cuenca.

The primitive urban core developed on a narrow escarpment caged between the Júcar and the Huécar rivers, on the western fringes of the Iberian System mountains. It was probably founded towards the 10th century CE, becoming a stronghold of the Arabised Berber lineage of the Banū Zennum, featuring a fortress, Qal'at Kūnka, which was conquered for the Kingdom of Castile in 1177. In the early modern period, the city boasted of a thriving textile and tapestry industry.
Lesure
Lesure is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

François Lesure (1923–2001), French librarian and musicologist

Jacques Lesure (born 1962), American jazz musician

James Lesure (born 1970), American actor

Hugh R. LeSure (born 1986), American author and musician

François Lesure
François-Marie Lesure (23 May 1923 – 21 June 2001) was a French musicologist and librarian. He specialised in the life and œuvre of Claude Debussy, but also wrote numerous bibliographies, studies in the sociology of music and historical French topics.

Lesure was long-associated with the Bibliothèque nationale de France, where he was initially a music curator and later head of the music department.
Longdown
Longdown is a small village in the parish of Holcombe Burnell, south of the A30 road, about four miles west of Exeter in Devon, England. It has a public house called The Lamb Inn.

About half a mile south of the village is the 836 yard long Perridge Tunnel, through which the Teign Valley Railway Line ran until it closed in 1958. The tunnel is now blocked by a collapse, but the nearby Longdown railway station was reported as being in good condition in 2006.

Teign Valley line
The Teign Valley line was a single-tracked railway line that ran from Heathfield to Exeter, via the Teign Valley, in Devon, England. It joined the South Devon main line at Exeter City Basin Junction. The line was open to passenger services between 1882 and 1958.
Hristo Ivanov (footballer, born 2000)
Hristo Yankov Ivanov (Bulgarian: Христо Янков Иванов; born 16 December 2000) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga Portugal 2 club Vizela and the Bulgaria national team.

He previously played for Cherno More, Vitosha Bistritsa, Arda Kardzhali and Novara.

FC Vitosha Bistritsa
FC Vitosha (Bulgarian: ФК Витоша) is a Bulgarian association football club based in Bistritsa, Sofia City Province, which competes in the Southwest Third League, the third tier of Bulgarian football. It is named after the Vitosha mountain range, where Bistritsa is located.

Vitosha was founded in 1958, however, the club spent the majority of its history playing in lower leagues. In 2017, Vitosha managed to promote to the First League for the first time ever. The club was relegated after the 2019–20 season and re-founded in 2021.

The club became notable for having Bulgaria's prime minister, Boyko Borisov, as a registered player of the squad in the lower divisions. The increased popularity of the club due to Borisov's presence led to its coach and players being featured on the TV series BNT Taxi in 2011.
2015–16 Liechtenstein Cup
The 2015–16 Liechtenstein Cup is the 71st season of Liechtenstein's annual cup competition. Seven clubs competed with a total of 17 teams for one spot in the first qualifying round of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. FC Vaduz are the defending champions.

Liechtenstein Football Cup
The Liechtenstein Football Cup  is Liechtenstein's premier football competition, and has been organised annually by the Liechtenstein Football Association (LFV) since 1946. The winner qualifies to take part in the UEFA Conference League.

As there is no national league in Liechtenstein, the Liechtenstein Football Cup is the only national football competition in the country. The country has only seven clubs, all of which historically have already established themselves in the Swiss league competitions. The national cup competition is currently the only route for Liechtenstein to be represented at the European football club competitions, since Liechtensteiner clubs are prevented from qualifying for European competition via the Swiss league system.
Garikapati Narasimha Rao
Garikipati Narasimha Rao is an Indian scholar, literateur, and avadhani from Andhra Pradesh. In 1996, he performed Avadhanam with 1116 Pruchchakas for 21 days in Kakinada. He also delivers lectures on personality development based on dharmic culture and way of life. He regularly appears on Telugu TV channels like SVBC, Bhakti TV, and ABN Andhra Jyothi giving discourses on ancient Hindu texts like Bhagavadgita, Ramayana, and Mahabharata. In 2022, he was awarded India's fourth-highest civilian award Padma Shri by the government of India.

ABN Andhra Jyothi
ABN Andhra Jyothy is an Indian Telugu-language 24-hour news channel launched on 15 October 2009. Aamoda Broadcasting Network is the holding company of the channel and is promoted by Vemuri Radhakrishna. The media house also owns the Telugu daily newspaper Andhra Jyothy.
Wila Uqharani
Wila Uqharani (Aymara wila uqha, purely colored, -ra, -ni suffixes,  also spelled Vilaucarane) is a mountain in the north of the Barroso mountain range in the Andes of southern Peru, about 5,000 m (16,000 ft) high. It is situated in the Tacna Region, Tarata Province, Tarata District. It lies southeast of Inka Apachita.

Tarata province
Tarata is a province of the department of Tacna, Peru. It is located in the country's south, on the border with Bolivia. From 1880 to 1925, the province was administered by Chile following the War of the Pacific.
Svein Roald Hansen
Svein Roald Hansen (born 20 August 1949 in Fredrikstad) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

Before entering politics he worked as a journalist, later being editor-in-chief in Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad 1990–1992. During the second cabinet Brundtland, Hansen was appointed political advisor in the Office of the Prime Minister, having been the personal advisor of Brundtland from 1983. He later, during the third cabinet Brundtland, became a State Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister from 1992 to 1995.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Østfold in 2001, and has been re-elected on one occasion.

On the local level he was member of Borge municipal council from 1983 to 1993, then its successor municipality Fredrikstad from 1993 to 2007, serving as mayor from during the term 1995–1999.

He was the president of the Norwegian branch of the European Movement since 2003. In 2009 he was succeeded by Paal Frisvold.

Second Brundtland cabinet
Brundtland's Second Cabinet was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the Conservative Willoch's Second Cabinet, and sat between 9 May 1986 and 16 October 1989. It was replaced by the Conservative/Centre/Christian Democrat cabinet Syse after the 1989 election. The cabinet was historic in that 8 of the 18 members were female, to then the highest female share in a government ever in the world.
Hilton Flight
Hilton Flight (1993–2009) was a horse ridden in international show jumping by Richard Spooner. He stood 17.0 hh (173 cm). He was bred by Jennifer Giles, in Kilmurray, Kilmacanogue, Bray, County Wicklow.

Hilton Flight is by the Irish Sport Horse stallion Errigal Flight, who is a son of the great Irish Draught producer of show jumpers, King of Diamonds. Errigal Flight also sired Ado Annie, ridden by Will Simpson.
He was ridden successfully as a young horse in Ireland by Clement McMahon before being sold into the U.S., where he won multiple Grands Prix with Richard Spooner.

Hilton Flight died in 2009.

Hand (unit)
The hand is a non-SI unit of measurement of length standardized to 4 in (101.6 mm). It is used to measure the height of horses in many English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was originally based on the breadth of a human hand.  The adoption of the international inch in 1959 allowed for a standardized imperial form and a metric conversion. It may be abbreviated to "h" or "hh".  Although measurements between whole hands are usually expressed in what appears to be decimal format, the subdivision of the hand is not decimal but is in base 4, so subdivisions after the radix point are in quarters of a hand, which are inches. Thus, 62 inches is fifteen and a half hands, or 15.2 hh (normally said as "fifteen-two", or occasionally in full as "fifteen hands two inches").