hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Faraday rotator
A Faraday rotator is a polarization rotator based on the Faraday effect, a magneto-optic effect involving transmission of light through a material when a longitudinal static magnetic field is present. The state of polarization (such as the axis of linear polarization or the orientation of elliptical polarization) is rotated as the wave traverses the device, which is explained by a slight difference in the phase velocity between the left and right circular polarizations. Thus it is an example of circular birefringence, as is optical activity, but involves a material only having this property in the presence of a magnetic field.

Phase velocity
The phase velocity of a wave is the speed of any wavefront, a surface of constant phase. This is the velocity at which the phase of any constant-frequency component of the wave travels. For such a  spectral component, any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear to travel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity of light waves is not a physically meaningful quantity and is not related to information transfer.: 18
Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania
Delaware Water Gap is a borough in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, United States.  It is located adjacent to the Delaware Water Gap, the pass through which the Lackawanna Corridor and Interstate 80 run across the Pennsylvania-New Jersey border along the Delaware River.

The population of Delaware Water Gap was 675 at the 2020 census.

Borough (Pennsylvania)
In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a borough (sometimes spelled boro) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city, but with a similar population density in its residential areas.  Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities.
Marshall Esteppe
Marshall Wallace Esteppe (March 1, 1909 - January 18, 1989) was an American amateur and professional wrestler. He wrestled primarily throughout the National Wrestling Alliance where he became a three-time World Junior Heavyweight Champion. Following his retirement from professional wrestling, Esteppe became wrestling coach at the University of Missouri. He coached four years voluntarily and is remembered by the university through their "Marshall Esteppe Most Outstanding Freshman" wrestler award, for his role in relaunching M.U.'s wrestling program.

Amateur wrestling
Amateur wrestling is a variant of wrestling practiced at Olympic, collegiate, scholastic, and other levels. There are two international wrestling styles performed at the Olympic Games, freestyle and Greco-Roman, both of which are governed by the United World Wrestling (UWW).

At the middle school and high school levels in the United States, wrestlers compete in scholastic wrestling. In collegiate wrestling, there are minor differences in some scholastic wrestling rules.

The rapid rise in the popularity of the combat sport mixed martial arts (MMA) has increased interest in amateur wrestling due to its effectiveness within the sport and its consideration as a core discipline.
Giovanni Antonio Colonna di Cesarò
Don Giovanni Antonio Colonna Romano, Duke of Cesarò and of Reitano (22 January 1878 – 7 November 1940) was an Italian noble and politician who was the leader of the Social Democracy. He also served as the minister of post and telegraphs between 1922 and 1924 in the Mussolini Cabinet. He was known as the "anthroposophist duke".

Joppolo Giancaxio
Joppolo Giancaxio (Italian: [ˈjɔppolo dʒaŋˈkaʃʃo]; Sicilian: Jòppulu Giancaxiu or Giancasciu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region Sicily, located about 83 kilometres (52 mi) south of Palermo and about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) northwest of Agrigento. As of January 2025, it had an estimated 1,062 residents living across 19.14 square kilometers. Governed by a local municipal statute, Joppolo Giancaxio emphasizes transparency, citizen participation, and support for community organizations as an open government.
Confederation of the Equator
The Confederation of the Equator (Portuguese: Confederação do Equador) was a short-lived rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of the Empire of Brazil in 1824, in the early years of the country's independence from Portugal. The secessionist movement was led by liberals who opposed the authoritarian and centralist policies of the nation's first leader, Emperor Pedro I. The fight occurred in the provinces of Pernambuco, Ceará and Paraíba.

Provinces of Brazil
The provinces of Brazil were the primary subdivisions of the country during the period of the Empire of Brazil (1822 – 1889).

On February 28, 1821, the provinces were established in the Kingdom of Brazil (then part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves), superseding the captaincies that were in place at the time.
Jiaozhou–Xinyi railway
The Jiaozhou−Xinyi railway (simplified Chinese: 胶新铁路; traditional Chinese: 膠新鐵路; pinyin: Jiāoxīn Tiělù) is a north–south railway that connects the cities of Jiaozhou in Shandong Province and Xinyi in Jiangsu Province, China. The line is 306.6 kilometres (190.5 mi) long and was built from 2001 to 2003. Major towns and cities along route include Jiaozhou, Gaomi, Zhucheng, Wulian, Ju County, Tancheng and Linyi in Shandong and Xinyi in Jiangsu.

In May 2013, construction on a 20.3-kilometre (12.6 mi) long branch from Meijiabu station (south of Linyi) to Linshu started. Operation began on 16 December 2015. The branch has a line speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph).

Tancheng County
Tancheng County (simplified Chinese: 郯城县; traditional Chinese: 郯城縣; pinyin: Tánchéng Xiàn) is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Linyi, in Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.

Tancheng is the southernmost county-level division of Shandong Province and borders Jiangsu. It is about 90 kilometres (by road) south of Linyi City, and almost 300 kilometers south by southeast of Jinan, the capital city of Shandong Province. Qingdao on the coast is 250 km. NE of Tancheng. Just over into Jiangsu is Xinyi. Tancheng  is the "Hometown of Chinese Ginkgo" (银杏之乡) and "Hometown of Chinese Tamarix" (中国杞柳之乡).

The population in 2024 was 1,040,775. The land area of the county is about 1,306.58 square kilometres. It is a developing city in a rural area. Tancheng is famous for its ginkgo trees.
Gabi Siboni
Gabriel "Gabi"  Siboni (Hebrew: גבי סיבוני) is a colonel (Aluf Mishne) in the Israel Defense Forces Reserve service, and a senior research fellow and the director of the Military and Strategic Affairs and Cyber Security programs at the Institute for National Security Studies. Additionally, he serves as editor of the tri-yearly published, Military and Strategic Affairs academic journal at INSS. Siboni is a senior expert on national security, military strategy and operations, military technology, cyber warfare, and force buildup. Siboni is an associate professor, working specifically in the management of Cyber Security and a part-time lecturer at the Francisco de Vitoria University in Madrid

Francisco de Vitoria University
Francisco de Vitoria University (Spanish: Universidad Francisco de Vitoria) is a private university located in Pozuelo de Alarcón, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It is a Roman Catholic institution run by the Legion of Christ. It is named after Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483 – 1546), a Spanish philosopher, theologian, and jurist.
2014 Ford EcoBoost 400
The 2014 Ford EcoBoost 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on November 16, 2014, at Homestead–Miami Speedway in Homestead, Florida. Contested over 267 laps, it was the 36th and final race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, and the tenth and final race of the Chase for the Sprint Cup. This race marked the final NASCAR broadcast for ESPN, ending an eight-year stint covering the sport; as well as the final NASCAR broadcast for Allen Bestwick, who had covered the sport since 1986. He would remain with ESPN and ABC calling IndyCar races the following season. Kevin Harvick held off Ryan Newman to score the victory and score his first ever championship. Chevrolet clinched its twelfth consecutive manufacturers championship. Newman was second while Brad Keselowski, Paul Menard, and Jamie McMurray rounded out the top five. The top rookies of the race were Kyle Larson (13th), Justin Allgaier (15th), and Austin Dillon (25th).

Allen Bestwick
Allen Bestwick (born September 24, 1961) is an American sportscaster. Known for his work covering NASCAR for NBC and ESPN, he is one of the lead track announcers at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway along with Dave Calabro and was the lead broadcaster for the Superstar Racing Experience racing series. He is the lead play-by-play voice for University of Connecticut women's basketball telecasts for SNY.
2024 AFF Women's Cup
The 2024 AFF Women's Cup was the first edition of the AFF Women's Cup, a lower tier international women's football tournament organised by the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). The tournament was held in Laos.

The top three teams qualified for the 2025 ASEAN Women's Championship. This is the first time the ASEAN Women's Championship had a qualification tournament. Indonesia is the inaugural champion.

2022 AFF Women's Championship
The 2022 AFF Women's Championship was the 12th edition of the AFF Women's Championship, an international women's football tournament organised by the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). The final tournament was originally scheduled to run from 3 to 17 July 2020. However, the tournament was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tournament was later rescheduled and was held from 4 to 17 July 2022 in the Philippines.

Vietnam were the defending champions, but failed to defend the title after losing 0–4 to the Philippines in the semi-finals. The hosts went on to win their first title in history by defeating Thailand 3–0 in the final.
Thusitha Jayasundera
Thusitha Jayasundera (born 1971) is a Sri Lankan actress who lives in the United Kingdom. She attended an all-girls school run by Australian missionaries, and graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1993.

Jayasundera played Tushura 'Tash' Bandara in the BBC hospital drama Holby City for three years from December 1999 to June 2002. She played DS Ramani De Costa in the ITV police drama The Bill from 2003 to 2006, and DS Ayesha Masood in the BBC series Silent Witness.

She appeared in the National Theatre adaptation of Michael Morpurgo's novel, War Horse. In 2009 she appeared in the play Dreams of Violence by Stella Feehily for Out of Joint and Soho Theatre.

In 2015, she played Ros Mahendra in the BBC drama Doctor Foster. On 17 March 2019, Jayasundera appeared in Midsomer Murders in the episode "Death of the Small Coppers".

In December 2020, she was cast in the Amazon Prime Video series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, which premiered on 2 September 2022.

War Horse (novel)
War Horse is a British war novel by Michael Morpurgo. It was first published in Great Britain by Kaye & Ward in 1982. The story recounts the experiences of Joey, a horse bought by the Army for service in World War I in France and the attempts of 15-year-old Albert, his previous owner, to bring him safely home. It formed the basis of both an award-winning play (2007) and an acclaimed film adaptation (2011) by Steven Spielberg. The novel is often considered one of Morpurgo's best works, and its success spawned a sequel titled Farm Boy, which was published in October 1997.
Stray bullet
A stray bullet is a bullet that, after being fired from a gun, hits an unintended target. Such a shooting accident may occur due to missing a target when hunting or sport-shooting or celebrating weddings, as a result of accidental/negligent discharges, or during crossfire or celebratory gunfire.

In the Philippines, incidents involving stray bullets (Filipino: Ligaw na Bala) rose during the New Year revelry. The Philippine National Police reportedly recorded 52 stray bullet incidents during between December 16, 2015 and January 5, 2016, in which 42 victims were injured. In Latin America, a UN report found 741 cases between 2014 and 2015, with the 3 leading countries being Brazil (197 cases), Mexico (116 cases) and Colombia (101 cases).

Crossfire
A crossfire (also known as interlocking fire) is a military term for the siting of weapons (often automatic weapons such as assault rifles or sub-machine guns) so that their arcs of fire overlap. This tactic came to prominence in World War I.

Siting weapons this way is an example of the application of the defensive principle of mutual support. The advantage of siting weapons that mutually support one another is that it is difficult for an attacker to find a covered approach to any one defensive position. Use of armour, air support, indirect fire support, and stealth are tactics that may be used to assault a defensive position.
Supersonic wind tunnel
A supersonic wind tunnel is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic speeds (1.2<M<5)
The Mach number and flow are determined by the nozzle geometry. The Reynolds number is varied by changing the density level (pressure in the settling chamber). Therefore, a high pressure ratio is required (for a supersonic regime at M=4, this ratio is of the order of 10). Apart from that, condensation of moisture or even gas liquefaction can occur if the static temperature becomes cold enough. This means that a supersonic wind tunnel usually needs a drying or a pre-heating facility. A supersonic wind tunnel has a large power demand, so most are designed for intermittent instead of continuous operation.

The first supersonic wind tunnel (with a cross section of 2 cm) was built in National Physical Laboratory in England, and started working in 1922.

Nozzle
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.

A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy.
Lincoln station (SkyTrain)
Lincoln is an elevated station on the Millennium Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It is located on Pinetree Way, situated between Lincoln and Northern Avenues. Coquitlam Centre and Henderson Place shopping centres are located within walking distance from the station.

Coquitlam
Coquitlam (/koʊˈkwɪtləm/ ⓘ koh-KWIT-ləm) is a city in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Mainly suburban, Coquitlam is the sixth-largest city in the province, with an estimated population of 174,248 in 2024, and one of the 21 municipalities comprising Metro Vancouver. The mayor is Richard Stewart.
1894 in birding and ornithology
Birds described in 1894 include  Junin grebe, Ecuadorian rail, Kenrick's starling, helmeted myna, leaf lorikeet, Loria's satinbird, red-throated wood rail, mountain honeyeater, streaked berrypecker, Luzon sunbird

Ecuadorian rail
The Ecuadorian rail (Rallus aequatorialis) is a species of bird according to the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), AOS, and Clements checklist, but other taxonomic systems treat it as a subspecies of the Virginia rail (R. limicola). It is in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae, the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Robert Fiske Griggs
Robert Fiske Griggs (August 22, 1881, in Brooklyn, Connecticut – June 10, 1962), was a botanist who led a 1915 National Geographic Society (NGS) expedition to observe the aftermath of the Katmai volcanic eruption.

Brooklyn, Connecticut
Brooklyn is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 8,450 at the 2020 census. The town center village is listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The district of East Brooklyn is listed as a separate census-designated place.
Gerry Ouellette
Gerald Adrian Ouellette (November 1, 1938 – October 6, 2025) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 34 games in the National Hockey League during the 1960–61 season with the Boston Bruins. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1959 to 1971, was spent in various minor leagues.

During his brief stint with the Boston Bruins in 1960–61, Ouellette scored 9 points including 4 goals. He returned to the Bruins farm teams for four seasons before being picked up by the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League (AHL). With the Bisons, Ouellette served as team captain during their 1969–70 Calder Cup championship win. He then captained the Omaha Knights of the Central Hockey League (CHL) to the Adams Cup in 1970–71 and later joined the Campbellton Tigers of the North Shore New Brunswick senior league where he helped them win the Hardy Cup in 1972, 1977 and 1988; the last two wins as coach. Ouellette died in Saint-Leonard, Quebec on October 6, 2025, at the age of 86.

Omaha Knights (1966–1975)
The Omaha Knights were a minor professional ice hockey team in Omaha, Nebraska. The franchise was founded in 1963 as the St. Paul Rangers and played for three seasons in Minnesota. After the NHL announced that it would place a new franchise in the region, the then-Minnesota Rangers moved to Omaha, taking up the same residence as several former professional teams. To curry favor with the fanbase and honor the past, the team took on the moniker of the previous three franchises and was the fourth to bear the name 'Omaha Knights'. This squad was the most successful of the bunch, lasting for nine seasons and winning three league championships.
St Joseph's Church, Burslem
St Joseph's Church is a Roman Catholic church in Hall Street in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England, and in the Archdiocese of Birmingham. The building, completed in 1927, is Grade II* listed. The interior includes decorations by Gordon Forsyth and his daughter Moira Forsyth.

Burslem
Burslem (/ˈbɜːrzləm/ BURZ-ləm) is one of the six towns that along with Hanley, Tunstall, Fenton, Longton and Stoke-upon-Trent form part of the city of Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, England. It is often referred to as the "mother town" of Stoke on Trent. The population of the town was included under the Burslem Central ward and had a population of 6,490 in the 2021 Census.
Corey Muirhead
Corey Muirhead (June 23, 1983 in St. James, Jamaica) is a Canadian professional basketball player, currently playing for BK Pardubice in the Mattoni NBL in the Czech Republic. He previously played for Cholet Basket in 2007 and the Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball team from 2002 to 2006. Muirhead attended Milliken Mills High School in Markham, Ontario, Canada.

Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball
The Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men' basketball team that represents Western Carolina University. The team currently competes in the Southern Conference. Western Carolina won the 1996 Southern Conference tournament and participated in the 1996 NCAA tournament.
Up Jumped the Boogie
"Up Jumped the Boogie" is the debut single by Australian hip hop trio Bliss n Eso. It was released 26 January 2006 through Illusive Sounds as the first single from the trio's second studio album Day of the Dog. The song peaked at No. 56 on the ARIA Singles Chart. An additional EP of the song was released containing other tracks from Day of the Dog.

Australian hip-hop
Australian hip-hop traces its origins to the early 1980s and was initially largely inspired by hip-hop and other urban musical genres from the United States. As the form matured, Australian hip-hop has become a commercially viable style of music that is no longer restricted to the creative underground, with artists such as Onefour, Hilltop Hoods, Kerser and Bliss n Eso and having achieved notable fame. Australian Hip-Hop is still primarily released through independent record labels, which are often owned and operated by the artists themselves. Despite its genesis as an offshoot of American hip-hop, Australian hip-hop has developed a distinct personality that reflects its evolution as an Australian musical style. Since the inception of the Australian hip-hop scene, Australian Aboriginals have played a prominent role.
Laura Schulz
Laura E. Schulz is an American psychologist who is professor of cognitive science at the brain and cognitive sciences department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is the principal investigator of the Early Childhood Cognition Lab at MIT. Schulz is known for her work on the early childhood development of cognition, causal inference, discovery, and learning.

Principal investigator
In many countries, the term principal investigator (PI) refers to the holder of an independent grant and the lead researcher for the grant project, usually in the sciences, such as a laboratory study or a clinical trial. The phrase is also often used as a synonym for "head of the laboratory" or "research group leader". While the expression is common in the sciences, it is used widely for the person or persons who make final decisions and supervise funding and expenditures on a given research project.

A co-investigator (Co-I) assists the principal investigator in the management and leadership of the research project. There may be a number of co-investigators supporting a PI.
Type 82 Command and Communication Vehicle
The Type 82 Command and Communication Vehicle is the Japan Ground Self-Defence Force's first domestically produced wheeled armoured vehicle. It is primarily used as a mobile command post at division headquarters, infantry regimental headquarters, and artillery regimental headquarters. Produced by Komatsu in 1982–1999, the Type 82 was redesigned into the Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle that entered service in 1987.

Komatsu Limited
Komatsu Ltd. (株式会社小松製作所, Kabushiki-gaisha Komatsu Seisakusho) or Komatsu (コマツ) is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures construction, mining, forestry and military heavy equipment, as well as diesel engines and industrial equipment like press machines, lasers and thermoelectric generators. Its headquarters are in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The corporation was named after the city of Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, where the company was founded in 1921. The word ko-matsu itself means "small pine tree" (小松) in Japanese. Worldwide, the Komatsu Group consists of Komatsu Ltd. and 258 other companies (215 consolidated subsidiaries and 42 companies accounted for by the equity method).

Komatsu is the world's second largest manufacturer of construction equipment and mining equipment after Caterpillar. However, in some areas (Japan, China), Komatsu has a larger share than Caterpillar. It has manufacturing operations in Japan, Asia, Americas and Europe.