hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Archaeology of Hatfield and Thorne
Over the past four decades, extensive research has been conducted on the Archaeology of Hatfield and Thorne Moors, resulting in the discovery of important Bronze Age and Neolithic trackways. These investigations have been carried out as part of wider initiatives to understand the complex and intertwined social-ecological-climatic systems that has shaped this region over the Holocene. The current landscape has been heavily altered by humans, notably though drainage by Cornelius Vermuyden in the 17th century. This area is notable for its extensive palaeoecological work and serves as a model for other studies in environmental archaeology.

Paleoecology
Paleoecology (also spelled palaeoecology) is the study of interactions between organisms and/or interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales. As a discipline, paleoecology interacts with, depends on and informs a variety of fields including paleontology, ecology, climatology and biology.

Paleoecology emerged from the field of paleontology in the 1950s, though paleontologists have conducted paleoecological studies since the creation of paleontology in the 1700s and 1800s. Combining the investigative approach of searching for fossils with the theoretical approach of Charles Darwin and Alexander von Humboldt, paleoecology began as paleontologists began examining both the ancient organisms they discovered and the reconstructed environments in which they lived. Visual depictions of past marine and terrestrial communities have been considered an early form of paleoecology. The term "paleo-ecology" was coined by Frederic Clements in 1916.
Luca Mars
Luca Mars (born March 7, 2006) is an American racing driver who competes in the 2025 Michelin Pilot Challenge for RennSport1. He previously competed in the 2024 GT World Challenge America driving for Racers Edge Motorsports. He is the 2024 IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge GSX champion.

2024 IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge
The 2024 IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge season was the second season of the IMSA VP Racing SportsCar Challenge after being established in 2023 as a replacement for the IMSA Prototype Challenge. The season began on January 20 at Daytona International Speedway and concluded on October 19 at Road Atlanta. After IMSA's removal of the LMP3 class from the 2024 IMSA SportsCar Championship, this series is now the highest tier of racing for LMP3s in the United States.
2012 Dutch National Track Championships
The 2012 Dutch National Track Championships was the annual national championship for track cycling in the Netherlands. They took place in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands from December 27 to December 30, 2012.

Apeldoorn
Apeldoorn ([ˈaːpəldoːr(ə)n] ⓘ; Dutch Low Saxon: Apeldoorne) is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland in the centre of the Netherlands. The municipality of Apeldoorn, including the villages of Beekbergen, Loenen, Ugchelen and Hoenderloo, had a population of 165,525 on 1 December 2021. The western half of the municipality lies on the Veluwe ridge, with the eastern half in the IJssel valley.
Carmer
Carmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Carmer (born 1966), American writer and inventor

Carl Carmer (1893–1976), American writer

Johann Heinrich von Carmer (1720–1801), Prussian judicial reformer

Sherlock Houston Carmer (1842–1884), American politician

See also

Carmer Octagon House, also known as the Armour–Stiner House, is a unique octagon-shaped and domed Victorian style house located at 45 West Clinton Avenue in Irvington, in Westchester County, New York

Mount Carmer, is a mountain on the east side of Wotkyns Glacier (Antarctica)

Mount Carmer
Mount Carmer (86°6′S 131°11′W﻿ / ﻿86.100°S 131.183°W﻿ / -86.100; -131.183) is a mountain on the east side of Wotkyns Glacier in Antarctica, standing 2 nautical miles (4 km) west-northwest of Heathcock Peak in the Caloplaca Hills. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–64, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for John L. Carmer, electronics technician at Byrd Station in 1962.
County of Dannenberg
The County of Dannenberg (German: Grafschaft Dannenberg) was a fief in the Duchy of Saxony. Its heartland was largely identical with the present-day collective municipality of Elbtalaue in northern Germany.

Its historical origins go back to the middle of the 12th century, when Henry the Lion founded the five counties of  Holstein, Ratzeburg, Schwerin, Dannenberg and Lüchow during the Ostsiedlung, or colonisation of the East, from the mouth of the river Elbe to the southern border of the March of Brandenburg, in order to protect the new regions and borders of his territory.

The County of Dannenberg is first mentioned in the records in 1153; its first count, until 1169, was Volrad I of Dannenberg. He came from a noble family, the Edlers of Salzwedel. The county lasted until 1303, when the last count, Nicholas of Dannenberg, relinquished all his rights between the Elbe and Jeetzel rivers to Duke Otto the Strict, and it is finally mentioned in the records in 1311.

Elbtalaue
Elbtalaue is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Lüchow-Dannenberg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat is in the town Dannenberg. Actually, the word "Elbtalaue" means Elbe valley and describes a spatially not sharply defined region around the river's middle reaches in northern Germany.

The Samtgemeinde Elbtalaue consists of the following municipalities:

Damnatz

Dannenberg

Göhrde

Gusborn

Hitzacker

Jameln

Karwitz

Langendorf

Neu Darchau

Zernien

53°06′N 11°06′E﻿ / ﻿53.100°N 11.100°E﻿ / 53.100; 11.100
Putham Pudhu Payanam
Putham Pudhu Payanam (transl. Brand New Journey) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language film directed by K. S. Ravikumar and produced by R. B. Choudary. The film stars Anand Babu, Vivek, Chinni Jayanth, Supergood Kannan and Ravikumar. It was released on 22 November 1991.

K. S. Ravikumar
K. S. Ravikumar (born 30 May 1958) is an Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor who primarily works in Tamil cinema and few Telugu films. He is one of the most commercially successful directors of Indian cinema. He has won many awards including one Filmfare Award South and five Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.
Václav Chvátal
Václav (Vašek) Chvátal (Czech: [ˈvaːtslaf ˈxvaːtal]) is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and a visiting professor at Charles University in Prague. He has published extensively on topics in graph theory, combinatorics, and combinatorial optimization.

Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.
Aes hordearium
The aes hordearium was an annual allotment of 2,000 asses paid during the Roman Republic to an equus publicus for his military horse's upkeep. This money was paid by single women, which included both maidens and widows (viduae), and orphans (orbi), provided they possessed a certain amount of property, on the principle, as Barthold Georg Niebuhr remarks, "that in a military state, the women and children ought to contribute for those who fight in behalf of them and the commonwealth; it being borne in mind, that they were not included in the census." The equites had a right to distrain (pignoris capio) if the aes hordearium was not paid.

Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Barthold Georg Niebuhr (27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of Ancient Rome and a founding father of modern scholarly historiography. By 1810 Niebuhr was inspiring German patriotism in students at the University of Berlin by his analysis of Roman economy and government. Niebuhr was a leader of the Romantic era and symbol of German national spirit that emerged after the defeat at Jena. But he was also deeply rooted in the classical spirit of the Age of Enlightenment in his intellectual presuppositions, his use of philologic analysis, and his emphasis on both general and particular phenomena in history.
Moustached puffbird
The moustached puffbird (Malacoptila mystacalis) is a species of near-passerine bird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is one of seven species in the genus Malacoptila. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

Near passerine
Near passerines and higher land-bird assemblage are terms of traditional, pre-cladistic taxonomy that have often been given to tree-dwelling birds or those most often believed to be related to the true passerines (order Passeriformes) owing to morphological and ecological similarities; the group corresponds to some extent with the Anomalogonatae of Alfred Henry Garrod.
The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs
The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs (French: La Vie singulière d'Albert Nobbs) is a play by French author Simone Benmussa. Based on a novella by George Moore, the drama tells the story of a 19th-century woman who disguises herself as a man to avoid poverty. The role of Albert Nobbs was originated by French actress Juliet Berto. The drama premiered in November 1977 at the Théâtre d'Orsay in Paris.

Juliet Berto
Juliet Berto (16 January 1947 – 10 January 1990), born Annie Jamet, was a French actress, director and screenwriter.

A member of the same loose group of student radicals as Anne Wiazemsky, she first appeared in Jean-Luc Godard's Two or Three Things I Know About Her, and would go on to appear in many of Godard's subsequent films, including La Chinoise, Week End, Le Gai Savoir, and Vladimir et Rosa. She later became a muse for the French New Wave director Jacques Rivette, starring in Out 1 and Celine and Julie Go Boating.

In the 1980s, she became a screenwriter and film director. Jean Douchet wrote that her work as a director was "vibrant, tense, rebellious, and passionate, yet full of joy and humour." Her film Cap Canaille (1983) was entered into the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival. In 1987, she was a member of the jury at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival. She died from breast cancer at age 42.
Kadambas of Goa
The Kadambas of Goa were a dynasty during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, who ruled Goa from the 10th to the 14th century CE. They took over the territories of the Shilaharas and ruled them at first from Chandor, later making Gopakapattana their capital.

Middle kingdoms of India
The Middle Kingdoms of India were the political entities that existed on the Indian subcontinent from 230 BCE to 1206 CE. The period began with the decline of the Maurya Empire and the corresponding rise of the Satavahana dynasty, initiated by Simuka in the 1st century BCE. The “middle” period lasted for over 1,200 years and concluded in 1206 CE with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and the gradual decline of the Later Cholas, the last of whom, Rajendra Chola III, died in 1279 CE.

This period encompasses two eras: Classical India, from the Maurya Empire up until the end of the Gupta Empire in 500 CE, and early Medieval India from 500 CE onwards. It also encompasses the era of classical Hinduism, which is dated from 200 BCE to 1100 CE. From 1 CE until 1000 CE, India's economy is estimated to have been the largest in the world, having between one-third and one-quarter of the world's wealth. This period was followed by the late Medieval period in the 13th century.
Isaac Collins (baseball)
Isaac Michael Collins (born July 22, 1997) is an American professional baseball left fielder for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers. He made his MLB debut in 2024.

Left fielder
In baseball, a left fielder, abbreviated LF, is an outfielder who plays defense in left field. Left field is the area of the outfield to the left of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher's mound. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the left fielder is assigned the number seven.
(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase
(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase (EC 4.2.1.138, GcoA) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-β-caryophyllene hydrolase (cyclizing, (+)-caryolan-1-ol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

(+)-β-caryophyllene + H2O  (+)-caryolan-1-ol

This enzyme also forms (+)-β-caryophyllene from farnesyl diphosphate (EC 4.2.3.89).

Caryophyllene
Caryophyllene (/ˌkærioʊˈfɪliːn/), more formally (−)-β-caryophyllene (BCP), is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that occurs widely in nature. Caryophyllene is notable for having a cyclobutane ring, as well as a trans-double bond in a 9-membered ring, both rarities in nature.
1955 Japanese general election
General elections were held in Japan on 27 February 1955. The result was a victory for the Japan Democratic Party, which won 185 of the 467 seats. Voter turnout was 76%.

On 15 November 1955, the Japan Democratic Party and the Liberal Party combined as the modern Liberal Democratic Party, which ruled Japan continuously until 1993. The Rightist Socialist Party of Japan and the Leftist Socialist Party of Japan also merged to form the Japan Socialist Party, which was Japan's largest opposition party in the 1955 system.

Japan Democratic Party
The Japan Democratic Party (日本民主党, Nihon Minshutō) was a conservative political party in Japan. Existing from 1954 to 1955, the party was founded by Ichirō Hatoyama, former foreign minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and future Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. The party was formed on 24 November 1954, by merging Ichiro Hatoyama's group which left the Liberal Party in 1953, and the Shigemitsu-led Kaishintō party. On 15 November 1955, the Japan Democrats merged with the Liberals to form the modern Liberal Democratic Party.
Jackie Allen (musician)
Jackie Allen is an American jazz vocalist. Influenced by jazz, folk, and pop singers, Allen is perhaps best known for interpretations of classic jazz ballads. According to critic Scott Yanow, she brings out "the beauty of the lyrics". Critic Thom Jurek said, "her gift with more pop-oriented material is utterly distinctive and even innovative, since there isn't another singer out there who phrases like her".

Frank Proto
Frank Proto (born July 18, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American composer and bassist. He was a double bass student of Fred Zimmermann and David Walter. He is a graduate of the Manhattan School of Music in 1966 with a Master of Music. A self-taught composer, Proto has played and composed for a wide range of ensembles and soloists including Dave Brubeck, Eddie Daniels, Duke Ellington, Cleo Laine, Sherrill Milnes, Gerry Mulligan, Roberta Peters, Francois Rabbath, Ruggiero Ricci, Doc Severinsen and Richard Stoltzman.
Seeman (surname)
Seeman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Seeman (born 1966), Indian politician, actor and former director

Bonnie Seeman (born 1969), American ceramist

Ed Seeman (1931–2025), American animator and film director

Enoch Seeman (fl. 1694–1739), painter

Jerry Seeman (1936–2013), American football official

John Seeman, pornographic actor and director

Melvin Seeman (1918–2020), American social psychologist

Nadrian Seeman (born 1945), American chemist and nanoscientist

Philip Seeman (born 1934), Canadian schizophrenia researcher and neuropharmacologist

Roxanne Seeman (born 1954), American musician

Roxanne Seeman
Roxanne Joy Seeman is an American songwriter and lyricist. She is best known for her songs by Billie Hughes, Philip Bailey, Phil Collins, Earth, Wind & Fire, Barbra Streisand, Bette Midler, The Sisters of Mercy, The Jacksons, Jacky Cheung, and in film and television. She has two Emmy nominations.

Seeman is a writer and producer of the Japan Gold Disk Award International Single of the Year "Welcome To The Edge" by Billie Hughes.

She has written songs for Chinese artists including Jacky Cheung, Yang Kun, Chen Linong, Super Vocal, Rainie Yang and productions by Zhang Yadong and Gao Xiaosong.

Seeman is a producer of the Broadway shows To Kill a Mockingbird and The Waverly Gallery.
Bootstrappers (album)
Bootstrappers is the first release by the Bootstrappers, which at the time featured guitarist Elliott Sharp and the Reactionaries/Minutemen/Firehose rhythm section of bassist Mike Watt and drummer George Hurley.

On the album, Watt used a Guild Ashbory electric bass, an instrument the approximate size of a mandolin with rubber-band-like silicon strings.

After this album, bassist Mike Watt was replaced by bassist Thom Kotik and drummer George Hurley was replaced by drummer Jan Jakub Kotík.

Ashbory bass
The Ashbory bass is a solid body fretless bass guitar designed by Alun Ashworth-Jones and Nigel Thornbory. It is 18 inches long, almost half the size of a standard bass guitar. When amplified, the Ashbory reproduces the low, resonant bass tone of a plucked double bass.
Colin Thurton
Colin Evandale Thurton (born April 28, 1943) is a former Belizean track and field athlete, born in Belize City. He competed in the Men's 220 yards at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, the Men's 200 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics, and the Men's 100 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Kingston, Jamaica, from 4 to 13 August 1966. This was the first time that the Games had been held outside the so-called White Dominions. The opening ceremony was the first Games to be opened in the evening. The event was followed by the 1966 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for wheelchair athletes. Jamaica remains the only host nation of a Commonwealth Games that did not win at least one gold medal in its own games.

Two sports; lawn bowls and rowing were dropped from the Games due to lack of facilities and were replaced by the debut sports of badminton and shooting. A record 38 countries competed at the Games.
2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2 – Men's 1500 metres
The men's 1500 metres race of the 2015–16 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 2, arranged in the Utah Olympic Oval, in Salt Lake City, United States, was held on November 20, 2015.

Kjeld Nuis of the Netherlands won the race, while Joey Mantia of the United States came second, and Shani Davis of the United States came third. Takuro Oda of Japan won the Division B race.

Utah Olympic Oval
The Utah Olympic Oval is an indoor speed skating oval located 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Salt Lake City, in Kearns, Utah. The Oval was built for the 2002 Winter Olympics and it hosted the long-track speed skating events for the 2002 games, a role it is expected to reprise for the 2034 Winter Olympics.

Inside the facility the 400 meter skating track surrounds two international sized ice sheets, and is itself surrounded by a 442-meter running track. Due to its high altitude, 4,675 feet (1,425 m), and the associated low air resistance, ten Olympic records and nine world records were set at the Oval during the 2002 games, the largest number of world records ever set at one event.
Leontii Voitovych
Leontii Viktorovich Voitovych (Ukrainian: Леонтій Вікторович Войтович; 16 May 1951 – 7 February 2023) was a Ukrainian scientist and historian who held a Doctor of Science (Ukrainian: Доктор наук) degree. He was a research fellow of the department of Middle Ages history at the Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies (National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) as well as an academic department director of history of Middle Ages and Byzantine studies in the University of Lviv.

Byzantine studies
Byzantine studies is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, demography, dress, religion/theology, art, literature/epigraphy, music, science, economy, coinage and politics of the Eastern Roman Empire. The German Humanist, Hieronymus Wolf is often credited with applying the name "Byzantine" to describe the Eastern Roman Empire first, which continued after the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD. About 100 years after the final conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans, Wolf began to collect, edit, and translate the writings of Byzantine philosophers. Other 16th-century humanists introduced Byzantine studies to Holland and Italy. The subject may also be called Byzantinology or Byzantology, although these terms are usually found in English translations of original non-English sources. A scholar of Byzantine studies is called a Byzantinist.
Ist das alles? (13 Höhepunkte mit den Ärzten)
Ist das alles? (13 Höhepunkte mit den Ärzten) [Is that all? (13 highlights with Die Ärzte)] is the fifth album by German rock band Die Ärzte. It is their first best-of album.

This album was released because after the indexing of Die Ärzte and Debil, only Im Schatten der Ärzte was left on the store shelves. With this album, songs from the indexed albums could also be released to a wider audience.

Die Ärzte
Die Ärzte (German pronunciation: [diː ˈʔɛːɐ̯tstə]; lit. 'The Doctors') is a German rock band from Berlin. It consists of guitarist Farin Urlaub, drummer Bela B and bass player Rodrigo González. All three write and perform their songs. The band has released 14 studio albums.
Kozukata
Kozukata (不来方 or 古志方) is an old name for the area that is now occupied by the center of the city of Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. Nanbu Toshinao (1576 – 1632), head of the Nanbu clan, took control of Kozukata after his participation in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Toshinao disliked the name "Kozukata", and changed it first to "Morigaoka" and later "Morioka" early in the Edo period (1603 – 1868).

Literally meaning "come-not-way", a folk etymology for the name states that it derives from the legend that the demon Rasetsu, after he was driven out of the area, will never return.

Battle of Sekigahara
The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai) was an important battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period.

This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition loyal to the Toyotomi clan, led by Ishida Mitsunari on behalf of the young child Toyotomi Hideyori, from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara is often regarded as the most important battle in Japanese history.

Mitsunari's defeat in the Battle of Sekigahara is generally considered to be the beginning point of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.