hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hershey–Chase experiment
The Hershey–Chase experiments, also called the Blender experiment, were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material.

While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, many scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance because DNA appeared to be an inert molecule, and, since it is located in the nucleus, its role was considered to be phosphorus storage. In their experiments, Hershey and Chase showed that when bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. Hershey and Chase and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA is the hereditary material.

Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria for their "discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses".

Max Delbrück
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (German: [maks ˈdɛl.bʁʏk] ⓘ; September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a German–American biophysicist who participated in launching the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s.  He stimulated physical scientists' interest into biology, especially as to basic research to physically explain genes, mysterious at the time.  Formed in 1945 and led by Delbrück along with Salvador Luria and Alfred Hershey, the Phage Group made substantial headway unraveling important aspects of genetics. The three shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses". He was the first physicist to predict what is now called Delbrück scattering.
New Westminster Bridge
The New Westminster Bridge (also known as the New Westminster Rail Bridge (NWRB) or the Fraser River Swing Bridge) is a swing bridge that crosses the Fraser River and connects New Westminster with Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.

The bridge is owned by the Government of Canada. Since 1992, the Canadian National Railway (CNR) has operated and maintained the bridge. The Southern Railway of British Columbia (SRY), Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC), and BNSF Railway have track usage rights. Passenger rail service over the bridge is offered by Amtrak's Cascades (with service to Portland and Seattle), Via Rail's The Canadian (with service to Toronto), and Rocky Mountaineer.

Fraser River
The Fraser River (/ˈfreɪzər/) is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia just south of the City of Vancouver. The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 mi3) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and each year, it discharges about 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.
Macau New Urban Zone
22°08′27″N 113°33′47″E﻿ / ﻿22.14082°N 113.56310°E﻿ / 22.14082; 113.56310

The Macau New Urban Zone (Chinese: 澳門新城區; Portuguese: Novos Aterros Urbanos de Macau) is a 7.3-square-kilometre (79,000,000 sq ft) piece of land currently under land reclamation in Macau.

Taipa Ferry Terminal
22°9′45″N 113°34′40″E﻿ / ﻿22.16250°N 113.57778°E﻿ / 22.16250; 113.57778

The Taipa Ferry Terminal (Chinese: 氹仔客運碼頭; Portuguese: Terminal Marítimo de Passageiros da Taipa) (IATA: YFT) is located in Taipa, Macau SAR. It is located in the reclamation area of Pac On and is adjacent to the Macau International Airport. The terminal provides high-speed passenger ferry services from Macau to Hong Kong, Zhuhai, Shenzhen and Dongguan.

Prior to the opening of the permanent passenger terminal, in order to speed up the pressure of diverting the Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal, the Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal was built and opened on 16 October 2007. The inauguration of the present permanent passenger terminal was held on 18 May 2017, presided over by the chief executive, Fernando Chui, and the secretary for transport and public works, Raimundo Arrais do Rosário.
Scale (social sciences)
In the social sciences, scaling is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. For example, a scaling technique might involve estimating individuals' levels of extraversion, or the perceived quality of products. Certain methods of scaling permit estimation of magnitudes on a continuum, while other methods provide only for relative ordering of the entities.

The level of measurement is the type of data that is measured.

The word scale, including in academic literature, is sometimes used to refer to another composite measure, that of an index. Those concepts are however different.

Power law
In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constant exponent: one quantity varies as a power of another. The change is independent of the initial size of those quantities.

For instance, the area of a square has a power law relationship with the length of its side, since if the length is doubled, the area is multiplied by 22, while if the length is tripled, the area is multiplied by 32, and so on.
Division No. 8, Manitoba
Census Division No. 8 (Central Manitoba) is a census division located within the Central Plains Region of the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Unlike in some other provinces, census divisions do not reflect the organization of local government in Manitoba. These areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own.

The economics of the area is based on agriculture, livestock and commercial fish on Lake Manitoba. The population of the area as of 2016 was 13,968. Also included in the division is the Sandy Bay First Nation and the southernmost part of the Long Plain First Nation.

Lake Manitoba
Lake Manitoba (French: Lac Manitoba) is the 14th largest lake in Canada and the 31st largest lake in the world with a total area of 4,624 square kilometres (1,785 sq mi). It is located within the Canadian province of Manitoba about 75 kilometres (47 mi) northwest of the province's capital, Winnipeg, at 50°59′N 98°48′W﻿ / ﻿50.983°N 98.800°W﻿ / 50.983; -98.800.
Aimee La Joie
Aimee Suzanne La Joie is an American actress, photographer, videographer and model best known for the viral video The Film Crew and parodies of Home Town, MasterChef, Queer Eye, and Say Yes to the Dress. She stars in the films Hemet, or the Landlady Don't Drink Tea (2023) and Freedom, Wisconsin (2023), and appears in the films Buy Roses for Me (2019), Perfect People (2017), and Refuge (2017).

La Joie made guest appearances at Location Managers Guild Awards, St. John's International Women's Film Festival and her work screened at the 13th Oceanside International Film Festival. She was nominated for acting at GI Film Festival San Diego and ensemble at Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema.

Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema
The Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema (IIFC) is an independent film festival held since 2009 in Idyllwild, California. The festival is run by its founder, director Stephen Savage.

The tenth annual IIFC was held March 5 through 10, 2019.

As of 2019, the Grand Jury was composed of Wolfgang Bodison, Irene Bedard, Kristoff St. John, Conor O'Farrell, Juan Ruiz Anchia, Erika Christensen, Anne Archer and Peter Szebadi.

IIFC's schedule overlaps with the much larger Palm Springs International Film Festival in Palm Springs. Savage has said scheduling the festival in January helps the local economy during the slow season.

The festival was the inspiration for the Glendale International Film Festival, which started in 2014.
Estadio Comandante Andrés Guacurarí
Estadio Comandante Andrés Guacurarí is a football stadium located in the city of Garupá in the Misiones Province of Argentina. It is owned and operated by local club Crucero del Norte and was opened in 2003. The stadium has a capacity of 15,000 spectators.

The stadium was named after Andrés Guazurary (1778?–?), a military and caudillo of the province who served in the Army of the North of Manuel Belgrano, and in the Artiguista Army during the Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental, as General Commander. He died in Rio de Janeiro in 1825. Guazurary had also a brief tenure as governor of the province between 1815 and 1816.

Garupá
Garupá is a village and municipality in Misiones Province in north-eastern Argentina. It takes part of the Great Posadas (urban agglomerated between Posadas and Garupá), and most of the population works in the provincial capital.
Sim Bong-geun
Sim Bong-geun (Korean: 심봉근; born October 3, 1943 in Goseong) is an archaeologist, university professor and administrator at Dong-A University in Greater Busan, South Korea. Sim was appointed as the 12th president of Dong-A University in 2007.

Sim received his bachelor's and master's degrees at Dong-A University and earned his PhD from Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan.

Sim started his archaeological career at the Dong-A University Museum, and was the museum's longtime Director. Upon earning a PhD, Sim joined the faculty of the Department of Archaeology and Art History at Dong-A University. In the 1990s Sim became the department head, and was named the Dean of the Graduate School in 1999. Sim was the vice-president at Dong-A University from 2000–2007.

Dong-A University
Dong-A University (Korean: 동아대학교) is a private university in Busan, South Korea. It is the only private university and one of two universities that has both a medical school and a law school in Busan, the second-largest city in South Korea.
Windows 11 version history
Windows 11 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft that was released in October 2021. Starting with Windows 10, Microsoft described Windows as an "operating system as a service" that would receive ongoing updates to its features and functionality, augmented with the ability for enterprise environments to receive non-critical updates at a slower pace or use long-term support milestones that will only receive critical updates, such as security patches, over their five-year lifespan of mainstream support.

Microsoft Teams
Microsoft Teams is a team collaboration platform developed by Microsoft as part of the Microsoft 365 suite. It offers features such as workspace chat, video conferencing, file storage, and integration with both Microsoft and third-party applications and services. Teams gradually replaced earlier Microsoft messaging and collaboration platforms, including Skype for Business, Skype, and Microsoft Classroom.

The platform saw significant growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside competitors such as Zoom, Slack, and Google Meet, as organizations shifted to remote work and virtual meetings.

As of January 2023, Microsoft reported approximately 280 million monthly active users.
Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes
The Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes is a rail trail in the Idaho Panhandle of the United States. It follows the right-of-way of the former Union Pacific Railroad from Mullan, a mountain mining town near the Montana border, westward to Plummer, a town on the prairie near the Washington border. Generally following the Coeur d'Alene River, the rail line was abandoned in 1991, and the trail officially opened in March 2004.

Mullan, Idaho
Mullan is a city in the northwest United States, located in the Silver Valley mining district of northern Idaho. The population was 646 at the 2020 census and 692 at the 2010 census, and 840 in 2000.

In Shoshone County at the east end of the Silver Valley, Mullan is in a sheltered canyon of the Coeur d'Alene Mountains at an elevation of 3,278 feet (1,000 m) above sea level.  The entrance to the Lucky Friday mine is several hundred yards east of the city center; the active mine (silver, lead, & zinc) descends more than six thousand feet (1.1 mi; 1.8 km) below the surface.

Interstate 90 runs by the city's south side, and the Montana border at Lookout Pass is six miles (10 km) east at 4,700 feet (1,435 m) above sea level.
Spirit River (Wisconsin)
The Spirit River is a tributary of the Wisconsin River with headwaters in Price County and a confluence with the Wisconsin in Lincoln County just downstream from Lake Mohawksin.  The source is Spirit Lake near Timms Hill.  The Ojibwe name for the river was Manatokikewe Sebe (Stooping Spirit River).
  The river flows nearly west to east.  About one mile from its mouth, the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company maintains a dam which forms the Spirit River Flowage.

Lincoln County, Wisconsin
Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,415. Its county seat is Merrill. The county was created in 1875 and named after President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln County comprises the Merrill, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Wausau-Stevens Point-Wisconsin Rapids, WI Combined Statistical Area.
Isekai Izakaya "Nobu"
Isekai Izakaya "Nobu" (異世界居酒屋「のぶ」; lit. Alternate World Bar "Nobu") is a Japanese light novel series written by Natsuya Semikawa and illustrated by Kururi. It began serialization online in 2012 on the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō. It won the site's Ni Narō Con Taishō award before being acquired by Takarajimasha, who have published seven volumes since 2014 under their Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi! Bunko imprint. A manga adaptation with art by Virginia Nitōhei began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's seinen manga magazine Young Ace from July 2015. As of July 2025, there have been 20 tankōbon volumes released in Japan. Udon Entertainment announced during their panel at San Diego Comic-Con that they have licensed the manga. As of March 15, 2022 volume 10 ISBN 9781772942163 has been published in English. An original net animation adaptation by Sunrise premiered from April 13 to September 14, 2018.

Takarajimasha
Takarajimasha, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社宝島社, Hepburn: Kabushiki Gaisha Takarajimasha) is a Japanese publishing company based in Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is known for publishing subculture-oriented fashion magazines aimed at teens, fashion magazines in general, as well as guide books.
Emet (geographic region)
Emet (or Em) is a Kalenjin term for the largest recognized territorial division within the Kalenjin society of pre-colonial Kenya. The word emet in contemporary Kalenjin as used to denote a country derives from this term.

Nandi–Markweta languages
The Elgeyo language, or Kalenjin proper, are a dialect cluster of the Kalenjin branch of the Nilotic language family.

In Kenya, where speakers make up 18% of the population, the name Kalenjin, an Elgeyo expression meaning "I say (to you)", gained prominence in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when several Kalenjin-speaking peoples united under it. This ethnic consolidation created a major ethnic group in Kenya, and also involved a standardization of the Kenyan Kalenjin dialects. However, since outside Kenya the name Kalenjin has been extended to related languages such as Okiek of Tanzania and Elgon languages of Uganda, it is common in linguistic literature to refer to the languages of the Kenyan Kalenjin peoples as Elgeyo, after the principal variety.
Three Stories (1953 film)
Three Stories (Polish: Trzy opowiesci) is a 1953 Polish drama film directed by Konrad Nalecki, Ewa Petelska and Czesław Petelski. It is an anthology film, with three separate stories by different directors and casts. It was made in the style of socialist realism, at a time when this Stalinist method was at its height in Polish and Eastern European cinema.

The film's sets were designed by Wojciech Krysztofiak.

Czesław Petelski
Czesław Petelski (5 November 1922 – 19 September 1996) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He directed 25 films between 1953 and 1990. His 1963 film Black Wings was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize. In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1973 film Copernicus was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Silver Prize.

He often worked together with his wife Ewa Petelska.
Gregory Hayman
Gregory Loyal Hayman (born 21 December 1957) is an Australian former weightlifter. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

He competed at the Commonwealth Games in 1986, where he won a gold medal in the men's flyweight event, and in 1990, where he won a silver medal in the Clean and Jerk event and bronze medals in the overall and Snatch events.

Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 52 kg
The men's 52 kg weightlifting event was the lightest event at the weightlifting competition of the 1988 Summer Olympics, limiting competitors to a maximum of 52 kilograms of body mass. The competition took place on 18 September, and participants were divided in two groups. Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted.
Tylosurus fodiator
Tylosurus fodiator, the Mexican needlefish, is a species of needlefish from the family Belonidae which is found only in the eastern Pacific, from the Gulf of California south to Ecuador including the Galapagos, Cocos and Malpelo Islands. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of the houndfish but is now regarded as valid species. This species is normally encountered close to the coast but can be found in offshore waters. It is a predatory species, feeding mainly on small fishes. They lay eggs which adhere to objects in the water by filaments which cover the outer layer of the eggs. This species was described in 1882 by David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert with the type locality given as Mazatlán in Sinaloa, western Mexico.

Gulf of California
The Gulf of California (Spanish: Golfo de California), also known as the Sea of Cortés (Mar de Cortés) or Sea of Cortez, or less commonly as the Vermilion Sea (Mar Vermejo), is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi). Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) because of the complex geology, linked to plate tectonics.

The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. Parts of the Gulf of California are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Samuel Rodríguez Sánchez
Héctor Samuel Rodríguez Sánchez (born 17 February 1942) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Sinaloa as replacement of Antonio Astiazarán, and then served as municipal president of Empalme, Sonora from 2006 to 2009.

LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LIX Legislature (59th session) of the Congress of Mexico met from September 2003 to August 2006. All members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) were elected in the elections of July 2003 while members of the upper house (Senate) were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Paul Hibbert
Paul Anthony Hibbert (23 July 1952 – 27 November 2008) was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test in 1977. He was born in Brunswick, Victoria.

Hibbert is one of only two men to make a century in first-class cricket without hitting a boundary, a record he shares with Alan Hill. He was the batting coach at Essendon Cricket Club and the club coach of the Preston Druids Cricket Club.

He died in the Melbourne suburb of Essendon in 2008.

Essendon Cricket Club
Essendon Cricket Club is an Australian cricket club competing in the Victorian Premier Cricket competition. The club was first established in 1872. The club trains and plays at Windy Hill, Essendon, former training ground and administrative base of the Australian Football League team Essendon Football Club.
2025 NWSL Championship
The 2025 NWSL Championship was the 12th edition of the NWSL Championship, the championship match of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), and took place on November 22, 2025. Gotham FC won 1–0 against the Washington Spirit to become NWSL champions for the second time. The match was played at PayPal Park in San Jose, California.

NWSL Best XI
NWSL Best XI and Second XI are annual awards presented to the best and second-best eleven players in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).

As of 2024, the teams of the season awards are voted on by players (40%), owners/general managers/coaches (25%), media (25%), and fans (10%). Voters for the teams of the season awards are required to name one goalkeeper, four defenders, and a combination of six midfielders and forwards.
Zingolo
"Zingolo" is the name of both a television advertisement for Cadbury's Dairy Milk in the UK in September 2009, and a single by Tinny released the same month, which features in the advertisement.

The song, "Zingolo", was released on the newly established record label Glass and a Half Full Records, established by Cadbury's Dairy Milk following their move to Fairtrade chocolate.
The song, and the record label, were also set up to celebrate "all things Ghana, its people, its rappers, its dancers, its cultural figures and, of course, its cocoa beans"
Although featuring a range of musicians, it is credited to a single artist, Tinny, from the label.

The advertisement was broadcast on television and cinema. Featuring a 1-minute edit of the song, it is a short music video showing Ghana and a "cocoa head". It is the fourth advertisement in the Glass and a Half Full Productions campaign, which began in 2007 with the award-winning Gorilla advertisement.

Fair trade certification
A fair trade certification is a product certification within the market-based movement of fair trade. The most widely used fair trade certification is FLO International's, the International Fairtrade Certification Mark, used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Fair Trade Certified Mark is the North American equivalent of the International Fairtrade Certification Mark. As of January 2011, there were more than 1,000 companies certified by FLO International's certification and a further 1,000 or so certified by other ethical and fairtrade certification schemes around the world.

The Fairtrade International certification system covers a wide range of products, including banana, coffee, cocoa, cotton, cane sugar, flowers and plants, honey, dried fruit, fruit juices, herbs, spices, tea, nuts and vegetables.