hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
PNS Saad
PNS/M Saad (S-138) is a diesel-electric fast-attack submarine equipped with an air–independent propulsion system and the second of the Agosta-90B/Khalid-class submarines jointly designed and constructed by France and Pakistan.

PNS Saad is regarded as the Pakistan's first home-built long-range submarine and one of the complex project of submarine construction using the military-grade steel to be built in Pakistan.

Attack submarine
An attack submarine or hunter-killer submarine is a submarine specifically designed for the purpose of attacking and sinking other submarines, surface combatants, and merchant vessels. In the Soviet and Russian navies they were and are called "multi-purpose submarines". They are also used to protect friendly surface combatants and missile submarines. Some attack subs are also armed with cruise missiles, increasing the scope of their potential missions to include land targets.

Attack submarines may be either nuclear-powered or diesel–electric ("conventionally") powered. In the U.S. Navy naming system, and in the equivalent NATO system (STANAG 1166), nuclear-powered attack submarines are known as SSNs and their anti-submarine (ASW) diesel–electric predecessors are SSKs. In the U.S. Navy, SSNs are unofficially called "fast attacks".
Alabama HB 56
Alabama HB 56 (AL Act 2011–535), titled the Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act is an anti-illegal immigration bill, signed into law in the U.S. state of Alabama in June 2011.

The law, written in large part by Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, and cosponsored by Alabama Representative Micky Hammon and Alabama State Senator Scott Beason, was passed by the Alabama House of Representatives and Alabama Senate with widespread legislative support.  It was then signed into law on June 9, 2011, by Governor Robert J. Bentley.

Micky Hammon
Micky Hammon is a former American politician serving in the Republican Party who became the Majority Leader of the Alabama House of Representatives, representing the 4th district, Limestone and Morgan counties. Hammon resigned as House Majority Leader in February 2017 and announced in July 2017 that he would be retiring and would not see reelection in 2018.

In September 2017, Hammon pleaded guilty to devising a scheme to commit mail fraud after he used campaign funds for personal use (a felony). The scheme took place in 2013 and 2014. He was convicted in 2018 and sentenced to three months in prison.
Red Feather Lakes Community Library
The Red Feather Lakes Community Library is the only branch of the Red Feather Mountain Library District  in Larimer County, Colorado.

The District includes Red Feather Lakes, Crystal Lakes, Glacier View Meadows, Green Mountain Meadows, Hewlett Gulch, Deer Meadows, Boy Scout Road, and the Upper Poudre Canyon. The Library participates in the Colorado Library Collaborate program.

Poudre Canyon
The Poudre Canyon is a narrow verdant canyon, approximately 40 miles (64 km) long, on the upper Cache la Poudre River (called the "Poudre" for short, which locals pronounce as "Pooder") in Larimer County, Colorado in the United States. The canyon is a glacier-formed valley through the foothills of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains northwest of Fort Collins. The Poudre Canyon is home to many forms of recreation including fishing, hiking, rock climbing, whitewater rafting, kayaking, and camping.
Koshiro Sugita
Koshiro Sugita (杉田 好志郎, Sugita Kōshirō) is a Paralympic swimmer from Japan competing mainly in S12 category events.

Koshiro competed in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics as part of the Japanese swimming team.  At the 2000 games he was part of the squad that broke the world record in winning the 4 × 100 m medley, he also swam in the 100m breaststroke finishing seventh and the  50m, 100m and 400m freestyle events but failed to make the final.  At the 2004 games he swam in the 200m individual medley, 100m butterfly and 100m breaststroke failing to make the final in any of them.

2000 Summer Paralympics
The 2000 Summer Paralympic Games or the XI Summer Paralympics were held in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, between 18 and 29 October. The Sydney Paralympics was the last time that the Summer Paralympics were organised by two different Organizing Committees. In this edition, a record 3,801 athletes from 123 National Paralympic Committees participated in 551 events in 18 sports. The 2000 Summer Paralympics were the second largest sporting event ever until that date held in Australia and in the Southern Hemisphere. Sydney was the eighth city to jointly host the Olympic and Paralympic Games. However, it was only the fourth to jointly organise both events in complete conjunction with the Olympics. This edition was also the first time that the Paralympics were held in Australia and Oceania.
2018 Volvo Car Open – Singles
Daria Kasatkina was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Julia Görges.

Kiki Bertens won the title, despite being a match point down in the third set of her semifinal clash with Madison Keys. 
Bertens beat Görges in the final, 6–2, 6–1.

Maryna Zanevska
Maryna Volodymyrivna Zanevska (Ukrainian: Марина Володимирівна Заневська; born 24 August 1993) is a Ukrainian-born Belgian former professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 62, achieved on 23 May 2022, and a WTA doubles ranking of 86, reached on 16 June 2014. Zanevska won one WTA Tour singles title and one title in singles and one in doubles on the WTA Challenger Tour. She also reached four WTA Tour doubles finals.
Group of Personal Friends
The Group of Personal Friends (Spanish: Grupo de Amigos Personales), sometimes referred to by the Spanish acronym GAP, was the informal name of an unnamed, armed guard of the Socialist Party of Chile maintained from 1970 to 1973 for the protection of Salvador Allende. The GAP was trained and equipped by Cuba and initially composed of ex-guerrilla fighters.

The GAP engaged the Chilean Armed Forces during the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat and were among the few armed defenders of La Moneda who remained at their posts following the withdrawal of the Carabineros de Chile and the Investigations Police of Chile. They were completely wiped out during the attack, with most Friends either killed in battle or executed after the fall of the palace. Some of those killed during the coup are memorialized in a plaque at the Intendencia de Santiago.

Chilean Armed Forces
The Chilean Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas de Chile) is the unified military organization comprising the Chilean Army, Air Force, and Navy. The President of Chile is the commander-in-chief of the military, and formulates policy through the Minister of Defence. In recent years and after several major reequipment programs, the Chilean Armed Forces have become one of the most technologically advanced and professional armed forces in Latin America. The Chilean Army is mostly supplied with equipment from Germany, the United States, Brazil, Israel, France, and Spain.
National Patriotic Union/Tekki
The National Patriotic Union/Tekki (French: Union nationale patriotique) is a political party in Senegal led by founder Mamadou Lamine Diallo. 
At the legislative elections of 3 June 2007, the party won 1.29% of the popular vote and 1 out of 150 seats. Tekki won one seat in Dakar, for leader Mamadou Diallo, during the 2017 parliamentary election, as part of the opposition coalition Manko Wattu Sénégal, affiliated with former President Abdoulaye Wade.

Abdoulaye Wade
Abdoulaye Wade (French pronunciation: [abdulaj wad], Wolof: Abdulaay Wàdd; born 29 May 1926) is a Senegalese politician who served as the third president of Senegal from 2000 to 2012. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), having led the party since it was founded in 1974. Assuming office at 73, Wade was the oldest person to occupy the post.

A long-time opposition leader, he ran for president four times, beginning in 1978, before he was finally elected in the year 2000. He won re-election in 2007 with a majority in the first round, but was defeated in the second round in 2012 in a controversial bid for a third term. Wade also holds French citizenship.
Mosely v Koffyfontein Mines Ltd
Mosely v Koffyfontein Mines Ltd [1904] 2 Ch 108 is a UK company law case concerning shares. It held that if debentures are convertible into shares, they may not be issued at a price below the nominal share price.

Share (finance)
A share (sometimes someone can refer to as stock or equity) is a unit of equity ownership in the capital stock of a corporation. It can refer to units of mutual funds, limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts. Share capital refers to all of the shares of an enterprise. The owner of shares in a company is a shareholder (or stockholder) of the corporation. A share expresses the ownership relationship between the company and the shareholder. The denominated value of a share is its face value, and the total of the face value of issued shares represent the capital of a company, which may not reflect the market value of those shares.

The income received from the ownership of shares is a dividend. There are different types of shares such as equity shares, preference shares, deferred shares, redeemable shares, bonus shares, right shares, and employee stock option plan shares.
Notes inégales
In music, notes inégales is a performance practice, mainly from the Baroque and Classical music eras, in which some notes with equal written time values are performed with unequal durations, usually as alternating long and short. The practice was especially prevalent in France in the 17th and 18th centuries, with appearances in other European countries at the same time. It reappeared as the standard performance practice in the 20th century in jazz. The phrase notes inégales means "unequal notes" in French.

Georg Muffat
Georg Muffat (1 June 1653 – 23 February 1704) was a Baroque composer and organist. He is best known for the remarkably articulate and informative performance directions printed along with his collections of string pieces Florilegium Primum and Florilegium Secundum (First and Second Bouquets) in 1695 and 1698.
Dulles Intimidation
The Dulles Intimidation refers to a negotiation tactic of U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who pressured the Japanese delegates negotiating with the Soviet Union in 1956. In negotiating the content of the Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, one of the main issues was the resolution of the Kuril Islands dispute, and if the return of the four islands (Kunashiri, Etorofu, Shimai, and Shikotan) was not possible, only the two islands of Shimai and Shikotan were to be negotiated. However, U.S. Secretary of State Dulles pressured the Japanese government, saying, "If you give Kunashiri and Etorofu to the Soviet Union, the United States will claim Okinawa permanently," and negotiations for the return of the Northern Territories broke down.

Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
The Soviet Union did not sign the 1951 Treaty of Peace with Japan, which had re‑established peaceful relations between most other Allied Powers and Japan.  On 19 October 1956, Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration providing for the end of the state of war and for the restoration of diplomatic relations between both countries. They also agreed to continue negotiations for a peace treaty. In addition, the Soviet Union pledged to support Japan for UN membership and to waive all World War II reparations claims. The joint declaration was accompanied by a trade protocol, which granted reciprocal most favored nation status and provided for the development of trade. Japan derived few apparent gains from the normalization of diplomatic relations. The second half of the 1950s saw an increase in cultural exchanges.
Aeroprediction
The Aeroprediction Code is a semi-empirical computer program that estimates the aerodynamics of weapons over the Mach number range 0 to 20, angle of attack range 0 to 90 degrees, and for configurations that have various cross sectional body shapes. Weapons considered include projectiles, missiles, bombs, rockets and mortars. Both static and dynamic aerodynamics are predicted with good accuracy.

The code may be used to compute the center of pressure and static margin of missiles.

The Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act provides insights into how to use aerodynamic prediction codes such as Aeroprediction in the design of missile for US acquisition.

Longitudinal stability
In flight dynamics, longitudinal stability is the stability of an aircraft in the longitudinal, or pitching, plane. This characteristic is important in determining whether an aircraft pilot will be able to control the aircraft in the pitching plane without requiring excessive attention or excessive strength.

The longitudinal stability of an aircraft, also called pitch stability, refers to the aircraft's stability in its plane of symmetry about the lateral axis (the axis along the wingspan). It is an important aspect of the handling qualities of the aircraft, and one of the main factors determining the ease with which the pilot is able to maintain level flight.

Longitudinal static stability refers to the aircraft's initial tendency on pitching. Dynamic stability refers to whether oscillations tend to increase, decrease or stay constant.
SBS Eight O'Clock News
SBS Eight O'Clock News (also known as SBS 8 News (SBS 8 뉴스 in Korean)) is a South Korean television news broadcasting show broadcast by Seoul Broadcasting System.

Originally anchored by Maeng Hyung-kyu on weekdays and Jung Sung-hwan on weekends. It has been aired since 9 December 1991. The newscast is aired from 7:50 pm to 9 pm KST on weekdays since 21 September 2020 and from 8 pm to 8:45 pm KST on weekends. Sagong Sunggeun and Lee Hyun-young serve as the current anchors for weekday and weekend editions respectively.

Apostrophe
The apostrophe (’, ') is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English, the apostrophe is used for two basic purposes:

The marking of the omission of one or more letters, e.g., the contraction of "do not" to "don't"

The marking of possessive case of nouns (as in "the eagle's feathers", "in one month's time", "the twins' coats")

It is also used in a few exceptional cases for the marking of plurals, e.g., "p's and q's" or Oakland A's. The same mark is used as a single quotation mark. It is also substituted informally for other marks –  for example instead of the prime symbol to indicate the units of foot or minutes of arc. The word apostrophe comes from the Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French.
Number Theory Library
Free and open-source software portal

NTL is a C++ library for doing number theory. NTL supports arbitrary length integer and arbitrary precision floating point arithmetic, finite fields, vectors, matrices, polynomials, lattice basis reduction and basic linear algebra. NTL is free software released under the GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1.

Finite field
In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field that has a finite number of elements.  As with any field, a finite field is a set on which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules.  The most common examples of finite fields are the integers mod  when  is a prime number.

The order of a finite field is its number of elements, which is either a prime number or a prime power. For every prime number  and every positive integer  there are fields of order . All finite fields of a given order are isomorphic.

Finite fields are fundamental in a number of areas of mathematics and computer science, including number theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, finite geometry, cryptography and coding theory.
Millsaps–Mississippi College rivalry
The Millsaps–Mississippi College rivalry is a sports rivalry between the Millsaps College Majors and the Mississippi College Choctaws. It chiefly manifests in the college football matchup, known as the Backyard Brawl as both schools are located near to Jackson, Mississippi. The colleges compete in Division III of the NCAA, Mississippi College in the American Southwest Conference (ASC) and Millsaps in the Southern Athletic Association (SAA).

The two schools met nearly every year in various sports from 1920 through spring 1960, after which time the series was cancelled when a fight broke out at a men's basketball game. The college football series was resumed in 2000. Mississippi College leads it 31–15–6.

Mississippi College Choctaws
The Mississippi College Choctaws are the athletic teams that represent Mississippi College, located in Clinton, Mississippi, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Choctaws have primarily competed in the Gulf South Conference since the 2014–15 academic year.

Mississippi College competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, and track and field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field (indoor and outdoor), and volleyball.
Pleuranthodium pterocarpum
Pleuranthodium pterocarpum is a monocotyledonous plant species first described by Karl Moritz Schumann, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Pleuranthodium pterocarpum is part of the genus Pleuranthodium and the family Zingiberaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.

Rosemary Margaret Smith
Rosemary Margaret Smith (1933–2004) was a Scottish botanist and illustrator who specialized in the taxonomy of the Zingiberaceae, or ginger family. Many of the species she classified and identified as being placed into improper genera were found in Asian countries, especially in the isolated island of Borneo.

Elettariopsis smithiae, a species of ginger native to Malaysia and Thailand, is named in honour of her. In 2001, a genus titled Smithatris was named after her, the two species in the genus being Smithatris supraneanae and Smithatris myanmarensis.
Larrabee (surname)
Larrabee is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anna Matilda Larrabee (1842–1931), First Lady of Iowa

Charles B. Larrabee (1926–2008), American attorney and justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court

Charles H. Larrabee (1820–1883), American politician

C. X. Larrabee (1843–1914), American businessman and co-founder of Fairhaven, Washington

Constance Stuart Larrabee (1914–2000), South African photographer

James W. Larrabee (1839–1907), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient

Jessica Larrabee, member of She Keeps Bees

Mike Larrabee (1933–2003), American sprinter and Olympic gold medalist

Seth Larrabee (1855–1910), American attorney and Maine state legislator

Stephen Larrabee (1630–1676), English colonist, one of the first settlers in Maine.

William Larrabee (1832–1912), American politician; Governor of Iowa

Charles B. Larrabee
Charles Benham Larrabee (May 19, 1926 – March 29, 2008) was an American lawyer and a justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court from July 11, 1989, until his resignation on November 7, 1989.

Born in Cedar Rapids to a father in the fledgling commercial airline industry, Larrabee grew up in various places and finished his education at The British Schools of Montevideo in Uruguay. He served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater of World War II, aboard the USS North Carolina. He thereafter studied at the University of Iowa and received his law degree from the University of New Mexico School of Law in 1952.

He was appointed to the state supreme court by Governor Garrey Carruthers in June 1989, but resigned after less than four months on the court, citing "the conflict between the job and political pressure to begin campaigning".

Larrabee and his wife had two sons and three daughters. He died at his home in Albuquerque at the age of 81.
End of World War II in Europe
The end of World War II in Europe occurred in May 1945. Following the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April, leadership of Nazi Germany passed to Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and the Flensburg Government. Soviet troops captured Berlin on 2 May, and a number of German military forces surrendered over the next few days. On 8 May, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signed the German Instrument of Surrender, an unconditional surrender to the Allies, in Karlshorst, Berlin. This is celebrated as Victory in Europe Day, while in Russia, 9 May is celebrated as Victory Day.

Some fighting continued after the German surrender. Some battles continued on the Eastern Front such as the Courland Pocket in western Latvia surrendering on 10 May, and the Prague offensive in Czechoslovakia ending on 11 May. On 25 May 1945, the Battle of Odžak ended in a Yugoslav Partisan victory. Following the conclusion in the European theatre, the war continued in the Pacific theatre.

Unconditional surrender
An unconditional surrender is a surrender in which no guarantees, reassurances, or promises (i.e., conditions) are given to the surrendering party. It is often demanded with the threat of complete destruction, extermination or annihilation.

Announcing that only unconditional surrender is acceptable puts psychological pressure on a weaker adversary, but it may also prolong hostilities. A party typically only demands unconditional surrender when it has a significant advantage over their adversaries, when victory is thought to be inevitable.

In modern times, unconditional surrenders most often include guarantees provided by international law. In some cases, surrender is truly accepted unconditionally; while in other cases terms are offered and accepted, but forces are declared to be subject to "unconditional surrender" for symbolic purposes. This type of surrender may also be accepted by the surrendering party under the expectation of guarantees agreed to informally.
Franz Heim
Franz Heim (Frankfurt am Main, 13 February 1907 – 19 February 1944), promoted on 1 May 1943, was a German Nazi SS-Standartenführer (member no. 18,376), member of NSDAP (no. 352,548), serving from September 1941 as Deputy Commander of the Security Police (SIPO) and the SD for the General Government in occupied Poland, headed by the SS-Oberführer Eberhard Schöngarth in Kraków (Cracow).

Heim became known in contemporary Holocaust historiography because of the Höfle Telegram, which was intercepted and decoded by the British.  He was the listed recipient of the Aktion Reinhard tally of 1,274,166 Jews murdered in the gas chambers of four death camps during the deadliest phase of the Holocaust in Poland.  At the time, Heim held the rank of Obersturmbannführer.  The top secret radiogram was sent to him from the city of Lublin by Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle on 11 January 1943 confirming the progress of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question.

Sicherheitspolizei
The Sicherheitspolizei often abbreviated as SiPo, is a German term meaning "security police". In the Nazi era, it referred to the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kriminalpolizei (criminal police; Kripo) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was incorporated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of World War II in Europe.