hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
B Integral
In nonlinear optics, B-Integral is a measure of the nonlinear optics phase shift of light. It calculates the exponential growth of the least stable spatial frequency in a laser beam, and is the numerical equivalent of the nonlinear phase shift along the laser system's optical axis.

In a multipass laser system as a cumulative measure of the nonlinear interaction, this integral is given by:

where  is the optical intensity along the beam axis,  the position in beam direction, and  the nonlinear index quantifying the Kerr nonlinearity. As  is the nonlinear change in the refractive index, one easily recognizes the B integral to be the total on-axis nonlinear phase shift accumulated in a passage through the device.
The B integral is frequently used in the context of ultrafast amplifiers, e.g. for optical components such as the Pockels cell of a regenerative amplifier.

Spatial frequency
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance.

The SI unit of spatial frequency is the reciprocal metre (m−1), although cycles per meter (c/m) is also common. In image-processing applications, spatial frequency is often expressed in units of cycles per millimeter (c/mm) or also line pairs per millimeter (LP/mm).

In wave propagation, the spatial frequency is also known as wavenumber. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the reciprocal of wavelength  and is commonly denoted by  or sometimes :

Angular wavenumber , expressed in rad per metre (rad/m), is related to ordinary wavenumber and wavelength by
Leonard Davis (American football)
Leonard Barnett Davis (born September 5, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a guard for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL).  He was a consensus All-American playing college football for the Texas Longhorns, where he was also a two-time Outland Trophy finalist and a Lombardi Award semifinalist. Davis was selected by the Arizona Cardinals with the second overall pick in the 2001 NFL draft. He played for the Cardinals, the Dallas Cowboys - where he was a three-time Pro-Bowler and a second team All-Pro - and the San Francisco 49ers, with whom he went to Super Bowl XLVII. He also spent part of a season with the Detroit Lions, but never took the field for them.

Texas Longhorns football
The Texas Longhorns football program is the intercollegiate team representing the University of Texas at Austin (variously Texas or UT) in the sport of American football. The Longhorns compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Their home games are played at Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin, Texas.

With over 950 wins, and an all-time win–loss percentage of .704, the Longhorns rank 5th and 7th on the all-time wins and win–loss records lists, respectively. Additionally, the program claims 4 national championships, 34 conference championships, 100 First Team All-Americans (63 consensus and 27 unanimous), and 2 Heisman Trophy winners.
2014 European Athletics Championships – Women's 10,000 metres
The women's 10,000 metres at the 2014 European Athletics Championships took place at the Letzigrund on 12 August.

The event was run as a straight final. In a slow run, tactical race, 40-year-old British athlete Jo Pavey won the gold medal, timing her push with 400 metres to go, becoming the oldest European athletics champion in the history of the event. French contender Clémence Calvin, who had finally animated the race with three laps remaining, and compatriot Laila Traby completed the podium.

2014 European Athletics Championships
The 2014 European Athletics Championships was held in Zürich, Switzerland, between 12 and 17 August 2014. It was the first time that Switzerland had hosted the European Athletics Championships since 1954.

Great Britain headed the medal table, with 12 gold medals, comfortably their best return from a European championships, despite winning only one field event medal. France, second on gold medals won with 9, won the most medals, 25.
HSwMS Eugenie
HSwMS Eugenie was a Swedish frigate, armed with 40 cannons. Between 1851 and 1853, the Eugenie was captained by Christian Adolf Virgin as the first Swedish warship to circumnavigate the globe, on a voyage intended to promote Swedish trade. Naval officer Carl Skogman subsequently released an itinerary of the journey.

The vessel was classified as a corvette from 1877 until 1888, when it was converted into an accommodation ship at Skeppsholmen. She was taken out of service completely in 1919 and was sold to a Norwegian shipping company in Moss to be used as a floating residence for workers. In 1926, she was sold to a scrap dealer in Halmstad for scrapping.

The ship is named after Princess Eugenie, daughter of Oscar I of Sweden.

Oscar I of Sweden
Oscar I (born Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte; 4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859) was King of Sweden and Norway from 8 March 1844 until his death. He was the second monarch of the House of Bernadotte.

The only child of King Charles XIV John, Oscar inherited the thrones upon the death of his father. Throughout his reign he would pursue a liberal course in politics in contrast to Charles XIV John, instituting reforms and improving ties between Sweden and Norway. In an address to him in 1857, the Riksdag declared that he had promoted the material prosperity of the kingdom more than any of his predecessors.
Barton-on-the-Heath
Barton-on-the-Heath is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 85. From the Census 2011 population details are included in the neighbouring civil parish of Little Compton. The village is in the extreme south of Warwickshire, close to the borders with Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. There is a church, dedicated to St Lawrence.

Robert Dover, organizer of the Cotswold Olimpick games, died at Shirley Farm, Barton in July 1652. His grandson, the lawyer and playwright, John Dover, was born there in October 1644.

Thomas Dover was born here in 1660.

Saint Lawrence
Saint Lawrence or Laurence (Latin: Laurentius, lit. 'laurelled'; 31 December 225 – 10 August 258) was one of the seven deacons of the city of Rome under Pope Sixtus II who were martyred in the persecution of the Christians ordered by the Roman emperor Valerian in 258.
1932 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1932 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 44th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.

Macroom were the defending champions.

On 18 September 1932, Beara won the championship following a 2–02 to 1–01 defeat of Clonakilty in the final at the Mardyke. This was their first ever championship title while they also became the first divisional side to win the championship.

Mardyke (UCC)
The Mardyke, also referred as the Mardyke Sports Ground, is the main sports campus of University College Cork (UCC), located at the western end of the Mardyke area near Cork city centre. The grounds and fitness facilities used by sports team representing, the general student body, and members of the public. Outdoors, there are floodlit grass and all-weather pitches, used for soccer, rugby union, Gaelic games, and hockey. Kayakers train in the adjacent North channel of the River Lee. There is a tartan track for athletics, where the Cork City Sports are held annually. The most notable performance came in the hammer throw on 3 July 1984, when the world record was broken six times in one evening by  Yuriy Sedykh and Sergey Litvinov.
Vaga (inhabited locality)
Vaga (Russian: Вага) is the name of several rural localities in Russia.

Modern rural localities

Vaga, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a railway station classified as a rural locality under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of district significance of Velsk in Velsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Vaga, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Chelkhovsky Rural Administrative Okrug of Klimovsky District in Bryansk Oblast; 52°14′N 31°56′E﻿ / ﻿52.233°N 31.933°E﻿ / 52.233; 31.933

Vaga, Kirov Oblast, a village in Ozernitsky Rural Okrug of Slobodskoy District in Kirov Oblast

Historical names

Vaga, former name of Shenkursk, a town in Shenkursky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast

Velsky District
Velsky District (Russian: Ве́льский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Velsky Municipal District. It is located in the south of the oblast and borders with Shenkursky District in the north, Ustyansky District in the east, Verkhovazhsky District of Vologda Oblast in the south, Konoshsky District in the west, and with Nyandomsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 10,060 square kilometers (3,880 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Velsk. Population:  54,792 (2010 Census); 61,819 (2002 Census); 71,474 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Velsk accounts for 43.6% of the district's total population.
Hayhurst
Hayhurst is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Hayhurst (1905–1991), English cricketer and footballer

Andy Hayhurst (born 1962), former English cricketer

Dirk Hayhurst (born 1981), Major League Baseball pitcher and author

Edan Hayhurst, English actor

France-Hayhurst family lived in Bostock Hall near to Middlewich in Cheshire, England from 1775

George Adrian Hayhurst Cadbury (1929–2015), English businessman, chairman of Cadbury and Cadbury Schweppes for 24 years

Joseph Hayhurst (1864–1919), British politician and trade union leader

Pat Hayhurst, American politician

Stan Hayhurst (1925–1998), English professional footballer

Susan Hayhurst (1820–1909), American physician, pharmacist, and educator

Terry Hayhurst, top ranked Professional Canadian Dart Player

Will Hayhurst (born 1994), professional footballer

William Hayhurst (born 1887), farmer, principal, teacher, businessman and a Canadian federal politician

Edan Hayhurst
Edan Hayhurst is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Ben Yates in the British comedy-drama television series There She Goes and Colin Craven in the 2020 British fantasy drama film The Secret Garden.
Škoda Fabia WRC
The Škoda Fabia WRC is a World Rally Car built for the Škoda Motorsport by Škoda Auto in the World Rally Championship. It is based upon the Škoda Fabia road car, and was debuted at the 2003 Rally Deutschland. The R5 version was launched in 2015.

Škoda Auto
Škoda Auto a.s. (Czech pronunciation: [ˈʃkoda] ⓘ), often shortened to Škoda, is a Czech automobile manufacturer established in 1896 as the successor to Laurin & Klement and headquartered in Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic. Škoda Works became state owned in 1948. After the Velvet Revolution, it was gradually privatized starting in 1991, eventually becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the German multinational conglomerate Volkswagen Group in 2000.

Škoda automobiles are sold in over 100 countries, and in 2018, total global sales reached 1.25 million units, an increase of 4.4% from the previous year. The operating profit was €1.6 billion in 2017, an increase of 34.6% over the previous year. As of 2017, Škoda's profit margin was the second-highest of all Volkswagen AG brands after Porsche.

Its slogan was “Simply Clever” until 2022, when a new brand identity and a new slogan "Let's Explore" were introduced.
Leithaprodersdorf
Leithaprodersdorf, also (Leitha-Prodersdorf; Croatian: Lajtaproderštof, Hungarian: Lajtapordány, Lajtha-Pordány) is an Austrian town located in the Eisenstadt-Umgebung district of the state of Burgenland. The town is located on Burgenland's northern border with Lower Austria, near the state capital of Eisenstadt.

Lower Austria
Lower Austria (German: Niederösterreich pronounced [ˈniːdɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] ⓘ, Bavarian: Niedaöstareich, abbreviated LA or NÖ) is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Major cities are Amstetten, Krems an der Donau, Wiener Neustadt and Sankt Pölten, which has been the capital of Lower Austria since 1986, replacing Vienna, which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km2 (7,408 sq mi) and a population of 1.7 million people, Lower Austria is the largest and second-most-populous state in Austria (after Vienna).
Posłusze
Posłusze [pɔˈswuʂɛ] (German: Poschloschen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

The village has a population of 65.

Bartoszyce County
Bartoszyce County (Polish: powiat bartoszycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bartoszyce, which lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county contains three other towns: Górowo Iławeckie, 21 km (13 mi) west of Bartoszyce, Bisztynek, 22 km (14 mi) south of Bartoszyce, and Sępopol, 14 km (9 mi) east of Bartoszyce.

The county covers an area of 1,308.54 square kilometres (505.2 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 57,642, out of which the population of Bartoszyce is 23,482, that of Górowo Iławeckie is 3,951, that of Bisztynek is 2,370, that of Sępopol is 1,958, and the rural population is 25,881.
Norm Berryman
Norman Rangi Berryman (15 April 1973 – 22 June 2015) was a New Zealand rugby union player who played as a winger and centre. He played one Test for the All Blacks, and represented Northland, the Crusaders and the Chiefs in New Zealand. In France, he played for Castres Olympique and CS Bourgoin-Jallieu.

Northland Rugby Union
The Northland Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in Northland, New Zealand; Northland is a region of New Zealand that covers areas in the districts of Far North, Kaipara, Whangārei, as well as Wellsford and Tomarata in Auckland Region. Established in 1920, they represent the Bunnings NPC side, Northland Taniwha, and Farah Palmer Cup side, Northland Kauri. It is also affiliated with the Blues Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are a sky blue (Pantone 284) and they play their home games at Semenoff Stadium in Morningside.
Msugh Moses Kembe
Msugh Moses Kembe (born Binev Ward, Tombo Mbalagh, Buruku, Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria) is an academic and the 5th substantive Vice chancellor of Benue State University. He was appointed by Benue state governor Dr. Samuel Ortom and assumed office on November 3, 2015.

Local government areas of Nigeria
Nigeria has 768 local government areas (LGAs) and 6 Area Councils, making 774 LGA each administered by a local government council consisting of a chairman, who is the chief executive, and other elected members, who are referred to as councillors. Each LGA is further subdivided into a minimum of ten and a maximum of twenty wards. A ward is administered by a councillor, who reports directly to the LGA chairman. The councillors fall under the legislative arm of the Local Government, the third tier of government in Nigeria, below the state governments and the federal government.
Adolf Shapiro
Adolf Yakovlevich Shapiro (Russian: Адольф Яковлевич Шапиро, Latvian: Ādolfs Šapiro, born July 4, 1939, Kharkov, USSR (now Kharkiv, Ukraine)) is a Soviet, Latvian and Russian theater director, acting teacher, playwright and author. People's Artist of the Latvian SSR (1986), Merited Master of the Arts of the Russian Federation (2019), Laureate of the State Prize of the Latvian SSR (1987).

Alexander Ostrovsky
Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky (Russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Остро́вский; 12 April [O.S. 31 March] 1823  – 14 June [O.S. 2 June] 1886) was a Russian playwright, generally considered the greatest representative of the Russian realistic period. The author of 47 original plays, Ostrovsky "almost single-handedly created a Russian national repertoire." His dramas are among the most widely read and frequently performed stage pieces in Russia.
Les Danaïdes
Les Danaïdes is an opera by Antonio Salieri, in five acts: more specifically, it is a tragédie lyrique. The opera was set to a libretto by François-Louis Gand Le Bland Du Roullet and Louis-Théodore de Tschudi, who in turn adapted the work of Ranieri de' Calzabigi (without permission). Calzabigi originally wrote the libretto of Les Danaïdes for Christoph Willibald Gluck, but the aged composer, who had just experienced a stroke, was unable to meet the Opéra's schedule and so asked Salieri to take it over. The plot of the opera is based on Greek tragedy and revolves around the deeds of the mythological characters Danaus and Hypermnestra.

Danaus
In Greek mythology, Danaus (/ˈdæneɪ.əs/, /ˈdæni.əs/; Ancient Greek: Δαναός Danaós) was the king of Libya. His myth is a foundation legend of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaean cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's Iliad, "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and "Argives" commonly designate the Greek forces opposed to the Trojans.
Jaap Schröder
Jaap Schröder (31 December 1925 – 1 January 2020) was a Dutch violinist, conductor, and pedagogue.

He studied at the Amsterdam Conservatory and at the Sorbonne in France.  In the 1960s he was a member of the Dutch early music group Concerto Amsterdam and made recordings with Gustav Leonhardt, Anner Bylsma, Frans Brüggen and others. Since 1981 he served as the director and concertmaster of the Academy of Ancient Music, and in 1982 he was appointed the visiting music director of the Smithsonian Chamber Players.  He served as a faculty member at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, Yale School of Music and the Luxembourg Conservatory.

Conservatorium van Amsterdam
The Conservatorium van Amsterdam (CvA) is a Dutch conservatoire of music located in Amsterdam. This school is the music division of the Amsterdam University of the Arts, the city's vocational university of arts. The Conservatorium van Amsterdam is the largest music academy in the Netherlands, offering programs in classical music, jazz, pop, electronic music, early music, music education, and opera.
Simon Line
Simon Line (born 1 November 1971) is an English association football manager who was in charge of Hednesford Town and Market Drayton Town. As a player, he was on the books of Crystal Palace and Brentford, but played only one match at a professional level, a League Cup game for Brentford in 1991.

He managed Market Drayton Town until 2008, when he left to take the manager's job at Hednesford. He resigned from Hednesford on 14 January 2010 citing personal reasons. In February 2010 he returned to Market Drayton Town as manager but he was sacked in May 2011 by the club.

Hednesford Town F.C.
Hednesford Town Football Club is a football club based in Hednesford, Staffordshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Premier Division and play at Keys Park. They won the FA Trophy in 2004.
Parahyangan
The Parahyangan (Dutch: Preanger) or Priangan (Sundanese script: ᮕᮛᮂᮚᮍᮔ᮪) is a cultural and mountainous region in West Java province on the Indonesian island of Java. Covering a little less than one-sixth of Java, it is the heartland of Sundanese people and their culture. It is bordered to the West by Banten province, to the North by the northern coast region of Subang, Cirebon, and Indramayu (former residencies of Batavia and Cheribon), to the east by Central Java province (former residencies of Banyumas and Pekalongan), and to the south by the Indian Ocean.

Sundanese script
Standard Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Baku, ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮘᮊᮥ) is a traditional writing system used by the Sundanese people to write the Sundanese language. It is based on the Old Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Kuno) which was used from the 14th to the 18th centuries.
Pavement performance modeling
Pavement performance modeling or pavement deterioration modeling is the study of pavement deterioration throughout its life-cycle. The health of pavement is assessed using different performance indicators. Some of the most well-known performance indicators are Pavement Condition Index (PCI), International Roughness Index (IRI) and Present Serviceability Index (PSI), but sometimes a single distress such as rutting or the extent of crack is used. Among the most frequently used methods for pavement performance modeling are mechanistic models, mechanistic-empirical models, survival curves and Markov models. Recently, machine learning algorithms have been used for this purpose as well. Most studies on pavement performance modeling are based on IRI.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is a standards setting body which publishes specifications, test protocols, and guidelines that are used in highway design and construction throughout the United States. Despite its name, the association represents not only highways but air, rail, water, and public transportation as well.

Although AASHTO sets transportation standards and policy for the United States as a whole, AASHTO is not an agency of the federal government; rather it is an organization of the states themselves. Policies of AASHTO are not federal laws or policies, but rather are ways to coordinate state laws and policies in the field of transportation.
Toulouse tramway
The Toulouse tramway (French: Tramway de Toulouse) is a two-line tram system in Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France, and operates from Toulouse to the suburb of Beauzelle, passing through Blagnac. The Line T1 tramway serves 24 stations, and runs over of a route that is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long. Including the three-station, 2.4-kilometre (1.5 mi) branch line of Line T2 which opened in April 2015, the entire Toulouse tramway serves 27 stations and is based on the Alstom Citadis 302 family of low-floor trains.

The system and its fare structure is incorporated into the Tisséo network of Toulouse, which also includes the Toulouse Metro.

Citadis
Citadis is a family of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. As of 2025, over 8,000 Citadis trams have been ordered, with operations in over 140 cities on all six inhabited continents. An evolution of Alstom's earlier TFS vehicle, most Citadis vehicles are made in Alstom's factories in La Rochelle and Valenciennes, France, and in Barcelona, Spain, and Annaba, Algeria.
Aminoestradiol
Aminoestradiol (AE2), also known as 17β-aminoestradiol (17βAE2) or as 17β-aminoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen and a 17β-aminoestrogen with anticoagulant effects that was never marketed. It is an analogue of estradiol in which the C17β hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group. AE2 has profoundly reduced estrogenic potency compared to estradiol; its EC50 for activation of the ERα was found to be 1.82 μM, whereas that of estradiol was 2.14 nM (relative potency 0.12 for AE2 versus 100 for estradiol, or roughly a 1,000-fold difference). It binds with low relative affinity to both the ERα and ERβ and has estrogenic activity that is greatly mediated through the ERβ and to a lesser extent through the ERα.

Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. A highly potent drug (e.g., fentanyl, clonazepam, risperidone, benperidol, bumetanide) evokes a given response at low concentrations, while a drug of lower potency (e.g. morphine, diazepam, ziprasidone, haloperidol, furosemide) evokes the same response only at higher concentrations. Higher potency does not necessarily mean greater effectiveness nor more side effects nor less side effects.