hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Orphniospora
Orphniospora is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Fuscideaceae. The genus was established in 1874 by the German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber and comprises three saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose species. These lichens are distinguished by their unusual spores, which are nearly spherical, single-celled, and produced only a few at a time in each spore-bearing structure. Despite being placed in the family Fuscideaceae in recent classifications, molecular studies have shown that Orphniospora does not actually belong to this family, leaving its correct taxonomic position uncertain.

Paraphyses
Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes.  The singular form of the word is paraphysis.

In certain fungi, they are part of the fertile spore-bearing layer. More specifically, paraphyses are sterile filamentous hyphal end cells composing part of the hymenium of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota interspersed among either the asci or basidia respectively, and not sufficiently differentiated to be called cystidia, which are specialized, swollen, often protruding cells.  The tips of paraphyses may contain the pigments which colour the hymenium.

In ferns and mosses, they are filament-like structures that are found on sporangia. They are found between clusters of archegonia and antheridia.
William Tunstall-Pedoe
William Tunstall-Pedoe FREng (born 29 January 1969) is a British entrepreneur and computer scientist whose primary field of expertise is Artificial Intelligence. He was the founder and CEO of Evi (formerly True Knowledge), a pioneering voice assistant, semantic search and question answering startup, and following the acquisition of Evi by Amazon was a key member of the team that built and launched Amazon Alexa.

Tunstall-Pedoe is currently the founder and CEO of UnlikelyAI, a British start-up focused on producing safe, general intelligence using neuro-symbolic methods.

Question answering
Question answering (QA) is a computer science discipline within the fields of information retrieval and natural language processing (NLP) that is concerned with building systems that automatically answer questions that are posed by humans in a natural language.

A question-answering implementation, usually a computer program, may construct its answers by querying a structured database of knowledge or information, usually a knowledge base. More commonly, question-answering systems can pull answers from an unstructured collection of natural language documents.

Some examples of natural language document collections used for question answering systems include reference texts, compiled newswire reports, Wikipedia pages and other World Wide Web pages.
Rashidi Boucher
Rashidi Hasani Boucher (born 17 July 1990) is a West Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Barbados national cricket team in the 2008–09 Regional Four Day Competition on 30 January 2009.

He played his List A cricket debut for West Indies under-19 cricket team in the 2007-08 KFC Cup on 17 October 2007. He made his Twenty20 debut for Barbados national cricket team in the Caribbean T20 on 21 January 2011.

2007–08 KFC Cup
The 2007–08 KFC Cup was the 34th edition of the Regional Super50, the domestic limited-overs cricket competition for the countries of the West Indies Cricket Board (WICB). The competition was played between 16 and 28 October 2007, with the group stage hosted by Guyana and the play-offs hosted by Barbados.

Eight teams contested the competition – the six regular teams of West Indian domestic cricket (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, the Leeward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Windward Islands), and two development teams (Combined Campuses and Colleges and the West Indies under-19 side). The Combined Campuses were competing for the first team. Jamaica eventually defeated Trinidad and Tobago in the final by 28 runs, winning their seventh domestic one-day title. Earlier in the tournament, the West Indies under-19s had been bowled out for 18 by Barbados, setting a new record for the lowest total in a List A match.
Changar
Changar or Chingar are an ancient mysterious vagabond tribe of South Asia.

Changars, sometimes called Cingân, Tsingan, Chingari, Tsingari, Tschangar, etc., are mostly vagabond and speak their own Changhri dialect. According to Johann Galletti and Franz Miklosich and some other early European historians, the Romani People of Europe are closely related to the Changar (German: Tschangar) and are Tschandala.

Tschandala
Tschandala (old German transcription of chandala) is a term Friedrich Nietzsche borrowed from the Indian caste system, where a chandala is a member of the lowest social class. Nietzsche's interpretation and use of the term relied on a translation of Manusmriti by Max Müller.
Ziegler–Nichols method
The Ziegler–Nichols tuning method is a heuristic method of tuning a PID controller. It was developed by John G. Ziegler and Nathaniel B. Nichols. It is performed by setting the I (integral) and D (derivative) gains to zero. The "P" (proportional) gain,  is then increased (from zero) until it reaches the ultimate gain , at which the output of the control loop has stable and consistent oscillations.  and the oscillation period  are then used to set the P, I, and D gains depending on the type of controller used and behaviour desired:

The ultimate gain  is defined as 1/M, where M = the amplitude ratio,  and .

These 3 parameters are used to establish the correction  from the error  via the equation:

which has the following transfer function relationship between error and controller output:

Heuristic
A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Heuristic reasoning is often based on induction, or on analogy ... Induction is the process of discovering general laws ... Induction tries to find regularity and coherence ... Its most conspicuous instruments are generalization, specialization, analogy. [...] Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems [... that have been] preserved in the wisdom of proverbs.
Swimming at the 1955 Pan American Games – Women's 400 metre freestyle
The women's 400 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1955 Pan American Games took place on 25 March. The last Pan American Games champion was Ana María Schultz of Argentina.

This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool, with all eight being in the freestyle stroke.

1955 Pan American Games
The 1955 Pan American Games, officially known as II Pan American Games (Spanish: II Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Mexico 1955 (Spanish: México 1955), opened on March 12, 1955, at University Stadium in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators.

A total of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review and formed ranks upon the infield. The nations paraded into the stadium in Spanish alphabetical order:  Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, United States, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. The hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U.S. team to collapse. Both quickly recovered.
Tiu Tang Lung
Tiu Tang Lung (Chinese: 吊燈籠) is a hill within Plover Cove Country Park in northeastern Hong Kong. It has a height of 417 metres (1,368 ft). The hill is reasonably hard for hikers and should only be attempted in good weather with correct equipment.

Plover Cove Country Park
Plover Cove Country Park (Chinese: 船灣郊野公園) is a country park in Hong Kong located in the Northeastern New Territories. The original country park was established on 7 April 1978, covering 4,594 hectares (11,350 acres) of natural terrain in the administrative North District and Tai Po District. A northern extension to the park, Plover Cove (Extension) Country Park, was designated on 1 June 1979, covering the Double Haven islets and Ping Chau.
Other Worlds (Screaming Trees album)
Other Worlds is Screaming Trees' 1986 debut EP. It was produced by Steve Fisk and recorded in 1985 at his studio in Ellensburg, WA. It was released on Velvetone Records the following  year as a cassette only release, and distributed by K Records. The album was later re-released on CD and 12" black vinyl by SST Records in 1988.

Steve Fisk recalled that during the recording process the band faced him and Sam Albright in the studio as if it was a live show. In his 2020 memoir, Mark Lanegan stated that the song 'Pictures in My Mind' was the first Screaming Trees song that he wrote with Gary Lee Conner in the Conner's house in Ellensburg, Washington.

Ellensburg, Washington
Ellensburg is a city in and the county seat of Kittitas County, Washington, United States. It is located just east of the Cascade Range near the junction of Interstate 90 and Interstate 82. The population was 18,666 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 20,996 in 2024.

The city is located along the Yakima River in the Kittitas Valley, an agricultural region that extends east towards the Columbia River. The valley is a major producer of timothy hay, which is processed and shipped internationally. Ellensburg is also the home of Central Washington University (CWU).

Ellensburg, originally named Ellensburgh for the wife of town founder John Alden Shoudy, was founded in 1871 and grew rapidly in the 1880s following the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway. The city was once a leading candidate to become the state capital of Washington, but its campaign was scuppered by a major fire in 1889.
Karomia
Karomia is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae. The genus was introduced in 1932 by the botanist Paul Louis Amans Dop (1876–1954) in "Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle" (Paris) ser. 2. 4: 1052, for the single species Karomia fragrans. It is native to eastern and southern Africa, Madagascar, and Vietnam.

Species

Karomia fragrans Dop – Vietnam

Karomia gigas (Faden) Verdc. – Kenya, Tanzania

Karomia humbertii (Moldenke) R.Fern. – Madagascar

Karomia macrocalyx (Baker) R.Fern. – Madagascar

Karomia madagascariensis (Moldenke) R.Fern. – Madagascar

Karomia microphylla (Moldenke) R.Fern. – Madagascar

Karomia mira (Moldenke) R.Fern. – Madagascar

Karomia speciosa (Hutch. & Corbishley) R.Fern. – Mozambique, Eswatini, South Africa

Karomia tettensis (Klotzsch) R.Fern. – Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia

Paul Louis Amans Dop
Paul Louis Amans Dop (Toulouse, 25 February 1876 – Lectoure, 19 August 1954) was a French botanist who worked extensively in Indochina. From 1908 he was associated with the Mascarene botanist Marcel Marie Maurice Dubard, carrying out much taxonomic work under the name of Dubard & Dop.

In 1969, botanist Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan van Steenis published Pauldopia, a monotypic genus of flowering plants from Indo-China, belonging to the family Bignoniaceae and named in honour of Paul Dop.
1991 Snohomish County Executive election
The 1991 Snohomish County Executive election took place on November 5, 1991, to elect the county executive of Snohomish County, Washington. Incumbent Democratic County Executive Willis Tucker declined to run for re-election to a fourth term.

Four candidates ran to succeed Tucker: Democrats Bob Drewel, the President of Everett Community College, and farmer Bill Patrick, and Republicans Cliff Bailey, a State Senator, and Doug Smith, an attorney. In the blanket primary election, Drewel and Bailey won their parties' nominations by wide margins. Drewel received 34 percent of the vote to Patrick's 12 percent, and Bailey won 33 percent to Smith's 21 percent. However, the relatively even totals for Democratic and Republican candidates forecasted a close general election.

In the general election, Drewel significantly outraised Bailey, in part supported by campaign contributions from local developers. Drewel ultimately defeated Bailey, winning 53 percent of the vote.

Snohomish County Executive
The Snohomish County Executive is the head of the executive branch of Snohomish County, Washington. The position has four-year terms (with a term limit of three consecutive terms) and is a partisan office.
Quintano
Quintano (Cremasco: Quintà) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 km (22 mi) east of Milan and about 45 km (28 mi) northwest of Cremona.

Quintano borders the following municipalities: Capralba, Casaletto Vaprio, Pieranica, Torlino Vimercati, Trescore Cremasco.

Eastern Lombard dialects
Eastern Lombard is a group of closely related variants of Lombard, a Gallo-Italic language
 spoken in Lombardy, mainly in the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua, in the area around Cremona and in parts of Trentino. Its main variants are Bergamasque and Brescian.

In Italian-speaking contexts, Eastern Lombard is often called as dialetti (lit. 'dialects'), understood to mean not a variety of Italian, but a local language that is part of the Romance languages dialect continuum that pre-dates the establishment of Tuscan-based Italian.

Eastern Lombard and Italian have only limited mutual intelligibility, like many other Romance languages spoken in Italy.

Eastern Lombard does not have any official status either in Lombardy or anywhere else: the only official language in Lombardy is Italian.
Bife à parmegiana
Bife à parmegiana, or filé à parmegiana, is a Brazilian dish, originally from São Paulo. Popularized throughout Brazil, it is a type of fried steak, consisting of a sliced piece of meat, breaded with wheat flour and eggs (egg white), covered with mozzarella cheese, slices of ham and parmesan and plenty of tomato sauce and condiments such as oregano to taste. Although it is a dish invented in São Paulo, Brazil, it is often, even in the country itself, mistakenly considered an Italian recipe judging by the name.

Ham
Ham is pork from a leg cut that has been preserved by wet or dry curing, with or without smoking. As a processed meat, the term ham includes both whole cuts of meat and ones that have been mechanically formed.

Ham is made around the world, including a number of regional specialties. In addition, numerous ham products have specific geographical naming protection.
Noisy Outlaws
Noisy Outlaws is a collection of short and long stories by noted authors such as Nick Hornby, Neil Gaiman, Jon Scieszka and others. The collection of short stories was published in 2005 by McSweeney's Books. The inside of the dust jacket cover of the book contains a half-page story, penned by Lemony Snicket, left unfinished as a part of a contest for readers.

McSweeney's
McSweeney's Publishing is an American nonprofit publishing house founded by Dave Eggers in 1998 and headquartered in San Francisco. The executive director is Amanda Uhle.

McSweeney's first publication was the literary journal Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern in 1998. Since then, the company has published novels, books of poetry, and other periodicals.
Beit Shemesh
31°44′44″N 34°59′12″E﻿ / ﻿31.74556°N 34.98667°E﻿ / 31.74556; 34.98667

Beit Shemesh (Hebrew: בית שמש, lit. 'House of the Sun') is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District. A center of Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodoxy, Beit Shemesh has a population of 167,318 as of 2023.

The city is named after and located near the remains of ancient Beth Shemesh, a biblical city of the territory of Judah.

Jerusalem District
The Jerusalem District (Hebrew: מחוז ירושלים; Arabic: منطقة القدس) is one of the six administrative districts of Israel. The district capital is Jerusalem and its total land area is 652 km2. The population of 1,159,900 is 66.3% Jewish and 32.1% Arab. A fifth (21%) of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem Municipality, which includes both East and West Jerusalem. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem has not been recognized by the international community.

Most Arabs in the Jerusalem District are Palestinians, eligible to apply for citizenship under Israeli law, but either decline to apply or are unsuccessful in doing so. Arab citizens of Israel constitute a significant minority in the district, living in Abu Ghosh, Beit Safafa and East Jerusalem, where Arab professionals have settled since the late 1970s, mainly for the provision of legal and other services to the local population. The non-Jewish population is 95.2% Muslim, 3.5% Christian with the others unclassified by religion.
OpenLaszlo
OpenLaszlo is a discontinued open-source platform for the development and delivery of rich web applications. It is released under the Open Source Initiative certified Common Public License (CPL).

The OpenLaszlo platform consists of the LZX programming language and the OpenLaszlo Server.

LZX is an Extensible Markup Language (XML) and JavaScript description language similar in spirit to XUL, MXML, and Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML). LZX enables a declarative, text-based development process that supports rapid prototyping and software development best practices. It is designed to be familiar to traditional web application developers who are familiar with HTML and JavaScript.

OpenLaszlo Server is a Java servlet that compiles LZX applications into executable binaries for targeted run-time environments.

Rich Internet Application
A Rich Internet Application (also known as a rich web application, RIA or installable Internet application) is a web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop application software. The concept is closely related to a single-page application, and may allow the user interactive features such as drag and drop, background menu, WYSIWYG editing, etc. The concept was first introduced in 2002 by Macromedia to describe Macromedia Flash MX product (which later became Adobe Flash). Throughout the 2000s, the term was generalized to describe browser-based applications developed with other competing browser plugin technologies including Java applets, and Microsoft Silverlight.

With the deprecation of browser plugin interfaces and transition to standard HTML5 technologies, Rich Internet Applications were replaced with JavaScript web applications, including single-page applications and progressive web applications.
Hamdanids (Yemen)
The Hamdanids (Arabic: الهمدانيون) was a series of three clans descended from the Arab Banū Hamdān tribe, who ruled in northern Yemen between 1099 and 1174. They were expelled from power when the Ayyubids conquered Yemen in 1174. They were a Shia Ismaili dynasty that followed the Fatimid Caliphs based in Egypt. They were also Hafizi Ismaili as opposed to the Taiyabi Ismaili.

Clan
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship
and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, a clan may claim other descent from a founding member or apical ancestor who serves as a symbol of the clan's unity. Many societies' exogamy rules are on a clan basis, where all members of one's own clan, or the clans of both parents or even grandparents, are excluded from marriage as incest.

Clans preceded more centralized forms of community organization and government, and have existed in every country. Members may identify with a coat of arms or other symbol.
Ciudad bendita
Ciudad Bendita is a Venezuelan telenovela produced and broadcast by Venevisión and distributed internationally by Venevisión International. The telenovela is an original story written by Leonardo Padrón.

Marisa Román and Roque Valero star as the main protagonists. Since January 9, 2012, the telenovela has aired in Venezuela through cable channel Venevision Plus to repeated 4pm at 11:30 pm.  It is considered a most successful telenovela written by Leonardo Padrón, after Cosita rica.

Venevisión Plus
Venevisión Plus was a cable television channel within the Grupo Cisneros, controlled by tycoon Gustavo Cisneros, which holds 100% stake in the channel. Venevisión Plus is based in Miami and from December 1, 2007, its signal is transmitted in Venezuela, while in 2008 it came to Chile, Mexico and Argentina. In August 2010 it launched Venevision Plus Dominicana, designed for the Dominican Republic audience.
Palitha Range Bandara
Palitha Range Bandara (born September 8, 1962) is a Sri Lankan politician, retired police officer and current General Secretary of the United National Party.He is also the former State Minister of Irrigation and Water Resource Management and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from Anamaduwa.

Minister of State
Minister of state is a designation for a government minister, with varying meanings in different jurisdictions. In a number of European countries, the title is given as an honorific conferring a higher rank, often bestowed upon senior ministers. Conversely, in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, "minister of state" is a junior rank, subordinate to a minister of higher rank. Finally, in other countries such as Australia, Brazil and Japan, all government ministers hold the title of "minister of state".
Anthony Tarke
Anthony Shey Tarke (born May 27, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the Long Island Nets of the NBA G League. He played college basketball player for the NJIT Highlanders, UTEP Miners and Coppin State Eagles. He was named the MEAC Player of the Year for the 2020–21 season.

Motor City Cruise
The Motor City Cruise are an American professional basketball team in the NBA G League based in Detroit, and are affiliated with the Detroit Pistons. The Cruise play their home games at Wayne State Fieldhouse. The franchise began play as the Long Beach Jam in 2003 under the revived American Basketball Association and moved to Bakersfield in the D-League in 2006 as the Bakersfield Jam. After ten years in Bakersfield, California, the franchise was moved to Prescott Valley, Arizona, in 2016 by the Phoenix Suns and were subsequently renamed the Northern Arizona Suns. In 2021, the team relocated to Detroit after being purchased by the Pistons.
Mayilsamy
Mayilsamy (2 October 1965 – 19 February 2023) was an Indian actor and comedian who primarily played supporting roles. Appearing in many Tamil films, he was also a regular guest judge for Asathapovathu Yaaru on Sun TV in Chennai. He was well known for his comedy tracks in movies collaborating with veteran comedians Vivek and Vadivelu. He had featured in excess of 200 films in a career spanning nearly four decades.

He was renowned for his mimicry skills and soon became a household name in Tamil Nadu through the television hit show Comedy Time. He was also actively involved in debates and was highly regarded for his speech skills, and won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian for his performance in Kangalal Kaidhu Sei.

Sun TV (India)
Sun TV is an Indian Tamil-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Sun TV Network. It was launched on 14 April 1993. It is the flagship channel of the Chennai-based media conglomerate Sun Group's Sun TV Network. It was founded and is owned by Kalanithi Maran.

It started airing on open network (Antenna) on 14 July 2002 at the time of "Majunu" Tamil movie premiering. Then it was removed from this open network on 2005. It was also removed from free on 9 November 2007. Sun TV launched its HD version on 11 December 2011.

Since its inception, the channel consistently remains the top rated Tamil channel and one of the top rated Indian television channel.

On 2 October 2025, the entire Sun TV network, including Sun TV itself, has officially renewed their channel logo for the first time in over three decades of operations. The new logo was later appeared on 1 February 2026.