hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Treaty of Tuscaloosa
The Treaty of Tuscaloosa, also known as the Treaty of Old Town, was signed in October 1818, and ratified by Congress in January 1819, endorsed by President James Monroe.  It was one of a series of treaties made between the Chickasaw Indians and the United States that year. The Treaty of Tuscaloosa was represented by Senator Andrew Jackson and ex-governor Isaac Shelby to the Chickasaw.  It resulted in the acquisition of the Jackson Purchase (which included extreme western Kentucky and most of the West Tennessee division).

Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is a 652 mi (1,049 km) long river located in the southeastern United States. Flowing through the Tennessee Valley in the states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, it begins at the confluence of French Broad and Holston rivers at Knoxville, and drains into the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky. It is the largest tributary of the Ohio, and drains a basin of 40,876 sq mi (105,870 km2).

Its tributary, the Little Tennessee River, flows into it from Western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia.
Kongarpalayam
Kongarpalayam is a panchayat village in Gobichettipalayam taluk in Erode District of Tamil Nadu state, India. It is about 16 km from Gobichettipalayam and  km from district headquarters Erode. The village is located on the road connecting Gobichettipalayam with Sathyamangalam via Vaniputhur. Kongarpalayam has a population of about 5346.

Sathyamangalam
Sathyamangalam (also known as Sathy) is a town and municipality in Erode district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It lies on the banks of the Bhavani River, a tributary of the Kaveri straddling the Eastern and Western Ghats. It is the headquarters of Sathyamangalam taluk. It is located about 65 km (40 mi) from the district headquarters Erode. As of 2011, the town had a population of 37,816.
2025 Atlanta City Council election
The 2025 Atlanta City Council election was held on November 4, 2025, to elect all sixteen members of the Atlanta City Council, the lawmaking body of Atlanta, Georgia. The election was held concurrently with those for mayor and school board, as well as the special election for the Georgia Public Service Commission.

League of Conservation Voters
The League of Conservation Voters (LCV) is an American environmental advocacy group. Through its affiliated super PAC, it is a major supporter of the Democratic Party. The organization pursues its goals through voter education, voter mobilization, and direct contributions to political candidates. LCV includes 29 state affiliates. LCV was founded in 1970 by environmentalist Marion Edey, with support from David Brower. The group's current president is Gene Karpinski. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has over two million members.

The LCV's affiliated super PAC spends money supporting Democratic candidates and opposing Republicans; it spent $120 million in 2024 in support of Kamala Harris and other Democrats. As a 501(c)(4) nonprofit, the LCV does not legally need to disclose its donors and can make unlimited contributions to super PACs.
Anthony Cleland Welch
Anthony Cleland Welch OBE (born September 1945 in Hamilton, New Zealand) is a UK-based former soldier, UN official, politician and academic who has contributed to the debate on security sector reform (SSR) and post-conflict development and regeneration. Welch adheres to the view that it is not enough to merely reform the armed forces, police and justice sector. In 2006 he led the Internal Security Sector review of Kosovo (ISSR) which established the grounds for the creation of a democratically administered, civilian-led security sector in the unilaterally declared independent Republic of Kosovo. The ISSR took the unusual step of asking the population of Kosovo to have their say on what made them feel insecure and was called by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), "…one of the most ambitious and holistic efforts at SSR undertaken in recent years, both in scope and methodology.".

Security sector governance and reform
The concepts of security sector governance and reform (SSG/R, or SSG and SSR) generally refer to a process in Western-based international development and democratization to amend the security sector of a state towards good governance and its principles, such as freedom of information and the rule of law. The security sector governance and reform can be part of international development or democratization. The objective of security sector reform (SSR) is to achieve good security sector governance (SSG)—where security actors are effective and accountable to their people. For example, SSR might guide decision-making on what form should the oversight of armed forces take or how transparent will intelligence agencies be according to legislation. Different nomenclature of the same overall framework include security system reform (SSR), security sector reconstruction (SSR) and justice and security sector reform (JSSR).
National Fund for Development Projects (Colombia)
The National Fund for Development Projects (FONADE) is a government financial institution of Colombia that provides grants and lines of credit to support feasibility and pre-feasibility studies of development projects in the public sector, especially those entities undergoing privatization.

Grant (money)
A grant is a fund given by a person or organization, often a public body, charitable foundation, a specialised grant-making institution, or in some cases a business with a corporate social responsibility mission, to an individual or another entity, usually, a non-profit organisation, sometimes a business or a local government body, for a specific purpose linked to public benefit. A funding agreement is often used to reflect the funding and funded parties' understanding of the purpose for which the grant has been given. Unlike loans, grants are not intended to be paid back. Examples include student grants, research grants, the Sovereign Grant paid by the UK Treasury to the monarch, and some European Regional Development Fund payments in the European Union.
Chassigny (meteorite)
Chassigny is a Martian meteorite which fell on October 3, 1815, at approximately 8:00 am, in Chassigny, north-eastern France. Chassigny is the meteorite for which the chassignites are named and gives rise to the "C" in the name of the SNC group of meteorites. Chassigny is an olivine cumulate rock (dunite). It consists almost entirely of olivine with intercumulus pyroxene, feldspar, and oxides. It was the only known chassignite until NWA2737 was found in the Moroccan Sahara in northwest Africa.

Chassigny is particularly important because, unlike most SNCs, its noble gas composition differs from that in the current Martian atmosphere. These differences are presumably due to its cumulate (mantle-derived) nature.

Mantle (geology)
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density.  All terrestrial planets (including Earth), half of the giant planets, specifically ice giants, a number of asteroids, and some planetary moons have mantles.
Richard Dresser
Richard Dresser (born 1951) is an American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and teacher whose work has been performed in New York, leading regional theaters, and all over Europe. His first dystopian fiction novel, It Happened Here, was released in October 2020. The novel is an oral history of an American family from the years 2019 to 2035, dealing with life in a totalitarian state when you still have Netflix and two-day free shipping and all you've lost is your freedom. He is co-producing a documentary about Daniel and Phillip Berrigan, antiwar priests and lifelong activists.

Robert Reale
Robert Reale (born 1956) is an American composer with a long list of credits in film, TV and theater.  He is also the owner of 4 Elements Music and 8118 Music.

Reale regularly works with younger brother Willie Reale. In 2003 he was nominated for a Tony Award for A Year with Frog and Toad for Best Original Musical Score. As composer and record producer he has worked with Julie Andrews, Mel Tormé, Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca.
Center District, Maribor
The Center District (pronounced [ˈtseːntəɾ]; Slovene: Mestna četrt Center) is the central district of the City Municipality of Maribor in northeastern Slovenia. It comprises the inner city area of the city of Maribor, including Main Square, the commercial streets, and Maribor Town Hall. In 2014, the district had a population of 6,975.

Urban Municipality of Maribor
The Urban Municipality of Maribor (pronounced [ˈmaːɾibɔɾ]), also the City of Maribor (Slovene: Mestna občina Maribor, acronym MOM), is one of twelve urban municipalities in Slovenia. Its seat is Maribor, the second-largest city in Slovenia. The population of the municipality was 114,301 in 2025.

It borders Austria.
Tchicandou
Tchicandou, also known as Tchikandou, is a town in the Ouenou arrondissement in the Borgou Department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Nikki. According to the population census in 2013, the village had a total population of 2,042.

9°50′16″N 3°21′32″E﻿ / ﻿09.837685185°N 03.358796296°E﻿ / 09.837685185; 03.358796296

Borgou Department
Borgou [bɔʁ.ɡu] is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria and the departments of Alibori, Atakora, Collines and Donga. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The department of Borgou was bifurcated in 1999, with its northern territory transferred to the newly created Alibori Department.

According to the 2013 census, the total population of the department was 1,214,249, with 607,013 males and 607,236 females. The proportion of women was 50.00%. The total rural population was 56.40%, while the urban population was 43.60%. The total labour force in the department was 271,652, of which 25.20% were women. The proportion of households with no level of education was 64.30%.
Henry Corry Rowley Becher
Henry Corry Rowley Becher (June 5, 1817 – July 6, 1885), was a lawyer by profession, and a politician and author at a period of his life.

Becher, who was born in England, the youngest child of Captain Alexander Becher and Frances Scott,  immigrated to London, Upper Canada, in 1835. He articled in law and was called to the bar in 1841. He became a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada and lectured for a short time at Osgoode Hall, Toronto.

Becher was a busy and important lawyer who counted Colonel Thomas Talbot as a client. He conducted crown business at various assizes in London and other location as well numerous civil briefs. In 1857 he became a director of the Great Western Railway in what became the province of Ontario. His house "Thornwood", built in 1852 to Henry's own design is the second oldest surviving house in London, Ontario. He was married to Sarah Evanson Leonard in 1841 and they had 8 children.

In 1880 he was made a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

Osgoode Hall
Osgoode Hall is a landmark building in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The original 2+1⁄2-storey building was started in 1829 and finished in 1832 from a design by John Ewart and William Warren Baldwin. The structure is named for William Osgoode, the first Chief Justice of Upper Canada (now the province of Ontario).

It originally served to house the regulatory body for lawyers in Ontario along with its law school, formally established as Osgoode Hall Law School in 1889, which was the only recognized professional law school for the province at the time. The original building was constructed between 1829 and 1832 in the late Georgian Palladian and Neoclassical styles. It currently houses the Ontario Court of Appeal, the Divisional Court of the Superior Court of Justice, the offices of the Law Society of Ontario and the Great Library of the Law Society.
Barbados–France relations
Barbadian-French relations are the bilateral relations between the two countries, Barbados and France. Both countries have established diplomatic relations on May 3, 1968. Barbados is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium). France is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Castries (Saint Lucia), led by  and an additional honorary consulate in Bridgetown.

Castries
Castries (/kəˈstriːz/ ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of Saint Lucia, an island country in the Caribbean. The urban area has a population of approximately 20,000, while the eponymous district has a population of just under 70,000, as of May 2013. The city covers 80 km2 (31 sq mi).

Castries is on a flood plain and is built on reclaimed land. It houses the seat of government and the head offices of many foreign and local businesses. The city is laid out in a grid pattern. Its sheltered harbour receives cargo vessels, ferries and cruise ships. It houses duty-free shopping facilities such as Point Seraphine and La Place Carenage.

Castries is the birthplace of Arthur Lewis, winner of the 1979 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, as well as of Derek Walcott, winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature.
Ukridge Rounds a Nasty Corner
"Ukridge Rounds a Nasty Corner" is a short story by British author P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the January 1924 issue of Cosmopolitan, and in the United Kingdom in the February 1924 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.

The Strand Magazine
The Strand Magazine was a monthly British magazine founded by George Newnes, composed of short fiction and general interest articles. It was published in the United Kingdom from January 1891 to March 1950, running to 711 issues, though the first issue was on sale well before Christmas 1890.
Its immediate popularity is evidenced by an initial sale of nearly 300,000. Sales increased in the early months, before settling down to a circulation of almost 500,000 copies a month, which lasted well into the 1930s.

It was edited by Herbert Greenhough Smith from 1891 to 1930. The popularity of Sherlock Holmes became widespread after first appearing in the magazine in 1891. The magazine's original offices were on Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine.
Evgeny Lapin
Evgeny Lapin (born May 8, 1980) is a Russian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He last played in for HC Sibir Novosibirsk in the KHL before completing his career in the Supreme Hockey League with Buran Voronezh

Buran Voronezh
Buran Voronezh (Russian: Буран Воронеж) is an ice hockey team in Voronezh, Russia. They play in the VHL, the second level of Russian ice hockey. It joined the league in 2012 and is currently affiliated with Dynamo Moscow of the KHL.
Enrico Colli
Enrico Colli, vulgo Paor (11 December 1896 – 28 May 1982), was an Italian cross-country skier who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics. He was born and died in Cortina d'Ampezzo. In 1924 he finished ninth in the 50 kilometre competition and twelfth in the 18 kilometre event. His younger brother Vincenzo and his nephew Ilio were also notable skiers.

Further results were:

1920: 1st, Italian men's championships of cross-country skiing, 18 km

1922: 1st, Italian men's championships of cross-country skiing, 18 km

1923: 1st, Italian men's championships of cross-country skiing, 18 km

1925:
1st, Italian men's championships of cross-country skiing, 50 km
1st, Italian men's championships of cross-country skiing, 18 km

Cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre
The 50 kilometre cross-country skiing event was part of the cross-country skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Wednesday, 30 January 1924. Thirty-three cross-country skiers from eleven nations competed.
University of Kansas School of Law
The University of Kansas School of Law is the law school of the University of Kansas, a public research university in Lawrence, Kansas. The University of Kansas Law School was founded in 1893, replacing the earlier Department of Law, which had existed since 1878. The school has more than 60 faculty members and approximately 315 students. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools.

With over 400,000 volumes, the Wheat Law Library at the University of Kansas School of Law is the second largest and oldest law library in the state of Kansas.

Association of American Law Schools
The Association of American Law Schools (AALS), formed in 1900, is a non-profit organization of 175 law schools in the United States. An additional 19 schools pay a fee to receive services but are not members. AALS incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization in 1971. The association is a member of both the American Council on Education and the American Council of Learned Societies. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C.
Laurence Perkins
Laurence Perkins (born 1954) is a British classical bassoonist.  He studied under Charles Cracknell at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester.  Perkins was principal bassoonist of the Manchester Camerata from 1974 to 2017. He has performed internationally in countries including France, Norway, Hong Kong, and Australia.

Royal Northern College of Music
The Royal Northern College of Music (RNCM) is a conservatoire in Manchester, England. It is one of four conservatoires associated with the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. In addition to being a centre of music education, the RNCM is a busy and diverse public performance venue.
Ernest Stewart Cox
Ernest Stewart Cox (17 June 1900 – 14 September 1992) was a British steam locomotive engineer and author. He had a career with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, London, Midland and Scottish Railway and British Rail, where he finished as Assistant Chief mechanical engineer.

When British Railways was created at the start of 1948, Cox was appointed to the Railway Executive (RE) in the post of "Executive Officer (Design)", one of several members of staff who reported to R. A. Riddles. As a member of the RE staff, he had an office in the RE headquarters at 222 Marylebone Road, London.

British Railways Board
The British Railways Board (BRB) was a nationalised industry in the United Kingdom that operated from 1963 to 2001. Until 1997, it was responsible for most railway services in Great Britain, trading under the brand name British Railways and, from 1965, British Rail. It did not operate railways in Northern Ireland, where railways were the responsibility of the Government of Northern Ireland.

It is a statutory corporation, which when operating consisted of a chairman and nine to fifteen other members appointed by the Secretary of State for Transport. The Board, now reduced to a minimum membership of a chairman and one other member, continues to exist to hold the French law benefits and obligations of the Channel Tunnel Rail Usage Contract.
Mount Tutu Eco-Sanctuary
Mount Tutu Eco-Sanctuary in Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand, between Tauranga and Rotorua, is a Mainland Island Sanctuary, protected by the Queen Elizabeth II National Trust Act 1977 since 1993.  The sanctuary exists to protect and educate on New Zealand's natural flora and fauna, with conservation programmes to mitigate the effects of introduced predators on New Zealand's native wildlife.

The indigenous wildlife at the sanctuary include the bellbird, tūī, kererū (wood pigeon), pīwakawaka (fantail), ruru (morepork), pūkeko, and shining cuckoo, skinks and geckos, giant wētā, and New Zealand glow worm (Arachnocampa luminosa).

New Zealand fantail
The New Zealand fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) is a small insectivorous bird, the only species of fantail in New Zealand. It has four subspecies: R. f. fuliginosa in the South Island, R. f. placabilis in the North Island, R. f. penita in the Chatham Islands, and the now-extinct R. f. cervina formerly on Lord Howe Island. It is also known by its Māori names, pīwakawaka, tīwakawaka or piwaiwaka, and the Chatham Island subspecies by the Moriori name tchitake; the common pied morph is also known as pied fantail (not to be confused with the Malaysian or Philippine pied fantails), and the uncommon dark morph is also known as black fantail (not to be confused with the black fantail of New Guinea). The species has been considered by many to be conspecific (the same) as the grey fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa) of Australia and New Caledonia; however, due to significant differences in its calls, many authorities now treat it as a separate species.
Sicmonic
Sicmonic (stylized as (Sic)monic) is an American heavy metal band from Phoenix, Arizona, consisting of Billy Zane Muna, Ray Goodwin, Zach Kasmer, David Digilio and Zack Sewell. The band has released 2 LPs to date with a third in the process of recording. Their music is often classified as modern, progressive and experimental metal. Sicmonic is currently signed to Aural Music and Warner/Chappell publishing. Lead guitarist, Ray Goodwin is endorsed by Jackson Guitars.

Warner Chappell Music
Warner Chappell Music, Inc. is an American music publishing company and a subsidiary of the Warner Music Group. Warner Chappell Music's catalog consists of over 1.4 million compositions and 150,000 composers, with offices in over 40 countries.

It was formed in 1987 when Warner Music Group acquired Chappell & Co. and combined it with its existing music publishing division. Although the company previously had sheet music publishing activities, these were sold in 2005 and the company now focuses on music licensing and related services.
GR 72
The GR 72 is a long-distance walking route of the Grande Randonnée network in France. The route connects Barre-des-Cévennes with Col du Bez.

Along the way, the route passes through:

Barre-des-Cévennes

Cassagnas

Villefort

Prévenchères

Saint-Laurent-les-Bains

Col du Bez

Saint-Laurent-les-Bains
Saint-Laurent-les-Bains (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ lɔʁɑ̃ le bɛ̃]; Auvergnat: Sant Laurenç daus Banhs) is a former commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Laurent-les-Bains-Laval-d'Aurelle.
Flint Roller Derby
Flint Roller Derby is a roller derby league based in Flint, Michigan. Founded in 2007 by Kymmburleigh Clark, the league consists of one team which competes against teams from other leagues. Flint is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

The league was founded in March 2007. In 2009, it created a roller derby program at the University of Michigan–Flint.  For many years, the league played its bouts at the Rollhaven Family Fun Center, but in 2012 it moved to the larger Perani Arena, while continuing to use the Rollhaven venue for scrimmage and practices.

In January 2011, Flint was accepted as a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Program, but was no longer listed as a member as of February 2013. By December 2017, the league had rebranded as Flint Roller Derby, and had re-entered the WFTDA Apprentice Program. Flint became a full member league of the WFTDA in September 2018.

Roller derby
Roller derby is a roller skating contact sport played on an oval track by two teams of five skaters. It is played by approximately 1,250 amateur leagues worldwide, though it is most popular in the United States.

A 60-minute roller derby game, or bout, is a series of two-minute timed jams.  Each team, typically with a roster of 15, fields five skaters during each jam: one jammer, designated with a star on their helmet, and four blockers. During each jam, players skate counterclockwise on a circuit track. The jammer scores a point for each opposing blocker they lap. The blockers simultaneously defend by hindering the opposing jammer, while also playing offense by maneuvering to aid their own jammer. Because roller derby uses a penalty box, power jams, in which one team has a temporary numerical advantage after a foul, can have a major effect on scoring.