hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Examples of yellowface
Examples of yellowface mainly include the portrayal of East Asians in American film and theater, though this can also encompass other Western media. It used to be the norm in Hollywood that East Asian characters were played by white actors, often using makeup to approximate East Asian facial characteristics, a practice known as yellowface.

American media portrayals of East Asians have reflected a dominant Americentric perception rather than realistic and authentic depictions of true cultures, customs and behaviors. Yellowface relies on stereotypes of East Asians in the United States.

Americentrism
Americentrism, also known as American-centrism or US-centrism, is a tendency to assume the culture of the United States is more important than those of other countries or to judge foreign cultures based on American cultural standards. It refers to the practice of viewing the world from an overly US-focused perspective, with an implied belief, either consciously or subconsciously, in the preeminence of American culture.

The term is not to be confused with American exceptionalism, which is the assertion that the United States is qualitatively different from other nations and is often accompanied by the notion that the United States has superiority over every other nation.
Southerner (U.S. train)
The Southerner was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Southern Railway in the United States between New York City and New Orleans via Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham, and Meridian. It operated from 1941 to 1970.

Streamliner
A streamliner is a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance. The term is applied to high-speed railway trainsets of the 1930s to 1950s, and to their successor "bullet trains". Less commonly, the term is applied to fully faired upright and recumbent bicycles. As part of the Streamline Moderne trend, the term was applied to passenger cars, trucks, and other types of light-, medium-, or heavy-duty vehicles, but now vehicle streamlining is so prevalent that it is not an outstanding characteristic. In land speed racing, it is a term applied to the long, slender, custom-built, high-speed vehicles with enclosed wheels.
Trimingham
Trimingham is a coastal village and a civil parish in the North Norfolk district of Norfolk, England. The village is 5 miles (8 km) north of North Walsham, 4 miles (6 km) east of Cromer, 20 miles (32 km) north of the city and county town of Norwich, and is on the B1159 coastal road between Cromer and Mundesley.

The villages name means 'Homestead/village of Trymma's people'.

County town
In Great Britain and Ireland, a county town is usually the location of administrative or judicial functions within a county, and the place where public representatives are elected to parliament. Following the establishment of county councils in England in 1889, the headquarters of the new councils were usually established in the county town of each county; however, the concept of a county town pre-dates these councils.

The concept of a county town is ill-defined and unofficial. Some counties in Great Britain have their administrative bodies housed elsewhere. For example, Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, but the county council is in Preston. Owing to the creation of unitary authorities, some county towns in Great Britain are administratively separate from the county. For example, Nottingham is separated from the rest of Nottinghamshire, and Brighton and Hove is separate from East Sussex. On a ceremonial level, both are in their own respective counties geographically.
Ultramarine lorikeet
The ultramarine lorikeet (Vini ultramarina) is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae, endemic to the Marquesas Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest and plantations. It is critically endangered, threatened mainly by introduction of the black rat and by deforestation.

Psittaculidae
Psittaculidae is a family of parrots, commonly known as Old World parrots, though this term is a misnomer, as not all its members occur in the Old World, and the Psittacinae also occurs in the Old World. It consists of six subfamilies: Psittrichasinae, Agapornithinae, Loriinae, Platycercinae, Psittacellinae and Psittaculinae.
Cyprus Rally
The Cyprus Rally is a rallying competition held yearly in Cyprus since 1970. The event is run by the Cyprus Automobile Association and is based in the city of Limassol (Lemesos). It is run on the winding roads of the nearby mountains of Troödos. It was part of the FIA's World Rally Championship (WRC) from 2000 to 2006. In 2007 and 2008 the event was part of the FIA Middle East Rally Championship (MERC). The Cyprus Rally rejoined the WRC in 2009, taking advantage of the new regulations to become the only mixed surface event.

Between 2010 and 2012, the event was the final round of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC), as well as the penultimate round of the MERC (except in 2011, when it was separately held in July), including in 2013.

World Rally Championship
The World Rally Championship (WRC) is an international rallying series owned and governed by the FIA. Inaugurated in 1973, it is the second oldest FIA world championship (after Formula One). Each season lasts one calendar year, and typically consists of 13 three- to four-day rally events driven on surfaces ranging from gravel and tarmac to snow and ice. Each rally is usually split into 15–25 special stages which are run against the clock on up to 350 kilometres (220 mi) of closed roads.

Separate championship titles are awarded to drivers, co-drivers and manufacturers. There are also two support championships, WRC2 and WRC3, which are contested on the same events and stages as the WRC, but with progressively lower maximum performance and running costs of the cars permitted. Junior WRC is also contested by younger drivers on five events of the World Rally Championship calendar.
Lietzow (Rügen) station
Lietzow (Rügen) (German: Bahnhof Lietzow (Rügen)) is a railway station in the town of Lietzow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The station lies on the Stralsund-Sassnitz railway and Lietzow-Binz railway. The train services are operated by Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn GmbH.

Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn
Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn GmbH (ODEG; literally 'East German Railway') is a joint venture, founded in June 2002, of the Prignitzer Eisenbahn (part of the Netinera Group) and BeNEX, with each company owning 50% of the joint venture. It operates passenger services on eleven railway lines in Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt; the system is so named because all the States it services, apart from the western half of Berlin, were part of East Germany.
Lørenskog Ishall
Lørenskog Ishall is an indoor ice hockey arena located in Lørenskog, Norway. The capacity of the arena is 2,450 and it was opened in 1984. It is the home arena of the Lørenskog ice hockey team. A new rink was installed in 2007.

Lørenskog
Lørenskogⓘ is a municipality in Akershus county, Norway. A suburb of Oslo, it is part of the Oslo urban area and the traditional region of Romerike. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lørenskog.  Lørenskog was separated from the municipality of Skedsmo on 1 January 1908.
Battle of Berryville
The Battle of Berryville was fought September 3 and September 4, 1864, in Clarke County, Virginia. It took place toward the end of the American Civil War.

After taking control of Smithfield Summit on August 29, Union Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan marched to Berryville with his 50,000 man Army of the Shenandoah. At the same time, Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early sent Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's division east from Winchester to Berryville. At about 5:00 p.m., Kershaw attacked Colonel Joseph Thoburn's division of the Army of West Virginia while they were preparing to go into camp. Kershaw routed Thoburn's left flank before the rest of the corps came to the rescue. Darkness ended the fighting, with both sides bringing in heavy reinforcements. The next morning, Early, seeing the strength of the Union's entrenched line, retreated behind Opequon Creek.

Army of the Shenandoah (Union)
The Army of the Shenandoah was a field army of the Union Army active during the American Civil War. First organized as the Department of the Shenandoah in 1861 and then disbanded in early 1862, the army became most effective after its recreation on August 1, 1864 under the command of Philip Sheridan. The army's actions during the Valley campaigns of 1864 rendered the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia unable to produce foodstuffs for the Confederate States Army, a condition which would hasten the conclusion of the American Civil War.
Anthony Cooper (baseball)
Anthony Elbert Cooper (July 20, 1904 – October 21, 1979) was an American professional baseball shortstop, corner outfielder and second baseman between 1928 and 1941.

A native of Arkadelphia, Arkansas, Cooper was the brother of fellow Negro leaguer Darltie Cooper. Anthony made his Negro leagues debut in 1928 with the Birmingham Black Barons, and ended his career with the New York Black Yankees in 1941. Cooper died in Schenectady, New York in 1979 at age 75.

Birmingham Black Barons
The Birmingham Black Barons were a Negro league baseball team that played from 1920 until 1960, including 18 seasons recognized as Major League by Major League Baseball. They shared their home field of Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama, with the white Birmingham Barons, usually drawing larger crowds and equal press.
Wittenoom Hills, Western Australia
Wittenoom Hills is a rural locality of the Shire of Esperance in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. A substantial part of the locality is covered by nature reserves, established in 1966 and 1974. The Wittenoom Hills are a range of hills with Mount Burdett, 271 metres (889 ft) high, as its most prominent point.

Wittenoom Hills is on the traditional land of the Njunga people of the Noongar nation. The Njunga were previously part of the Wudjari Noongar, but separated from them for cultural reasons.

Goldfields–Esperance
31°S 123°E﻿ / ﻿31°S 123°E﻿ / -31; 123

The Goldfields–Esperance region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. It is located in the south-eastern corner of Western Australia, and comprises the local government areas of Coolgardie, Dundas, Esperance, Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Laverton, Leonora, Menzies, Ngaanyatjarraku, Ravensthorpe and Wiluna.

It also incorporates the area along the Great Australian Bight to the South Australian border known as the Nullarbor Plain.
Tiger Rock
Tiger Rock (previously known as Dragon Falls and Dragon River) is a flume ride at the theme park Chessington World of Adventures in Chessington, southwest London, England. The ride was manufactured by Mack Rides, based on a concept designed by John Wardley, and opened in 1987. It is located in the Land of the Tiger area of the park that was formerly known as Mystic East. The ride was originally extensively themed, although the majority of its scenic design was later removed due to lack of maintenance and durability over time. A contest was held in 2014 that focused on possible new themes for the ride. In September 2017, the ride closed for refurbishment and reemerged on 5 May 2018 as Tiger Rock.

Chessington
Chessington is an area in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames within Greater London, which was historically part of Surrey. At the 2011 census it had a population of 18,973. The Bonesgate Stream, a tributary of the Hogsmill River, runs through it. The popular theme park resort Chessington World of Adventures, which incorporates Chessington Zoo, is located in the south-west of the area.

Neighbouring settlements include Tolworth, Ewell, Surbiton, Claygate, Epsom, Oxshott, Leatherhead, Esher, Kingston upon Thames, Worcester Park and Malden Rushett.
Kōwakamai
Kōwakamai (幸若舞) is a Japanese recitative dance, originating in the 15th century and popular during the Sengoku and early Edo periods (late 16th to early 17th centuries). Although kōwakamai has dance and musical components, scholars consider its textual component as an independent literary genre.

Kōwakamai may have evolved from the dance form called kusemai of the 14th century, sharing its origins in traditional court dance and music with nō and kabuki. Little is actually known about how the dance was performed in the warlord to shogunate periods. A remnant of the kōwakamai is performed every year on January 20 at Tenman-jinja, a shintō shrine in Ōe.

Kabuki
Kabuki (歌舞伎; Japanese pronunciation: [ka.bɯ.kʲi]) is a classical form of Japanese theatre, mixing dramatic performance with traditional dance. Kabuki theatre is known for its heavily stylised performances, its glamorous, highly decorated costumes, and for the elaborate kumadori make-up worn by some of its performers.

Kabuki is thought to have originated in the early Edo period, when the art's founder, Izumo no Okuni, formed a female dance troupe that performed dances and light sketches in Kyoto. The art form later developed into its present all-male theatrical form after women were banned from performing in kabuki theatre in 1629. Kabuki developed throughout the late 17th century and reached its zenith in the mid-18th century.

In 2005, kabuki theatre was proclaimed by UNESCO as an intangible heritage possessing outstanding universal value. In 2008, it was inscribed in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Geraea viscida
Geraea viscida is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name sticky geraea, or sticky desertsunflower. It is native to southern California, mainly the chaparral hills of eastern San Diego County, and nearby Baja California.

Geraea viscida is a bristly, glandular perennial geophyte producing scrubby stems reaching anywhere from 30 centimeters (12 inches) to nearly a meter (39 inches) in height. The slightly hairy leaves are several centimeters long and generally oval-shaped, sometimes with small teeth and basal lobes. The inflorescence holds one or more flower heads which are knobby clusters of yellow disc florets but no ray florets. The phyllaries surrounding the flower head are particularly sticky. The fruit is an achene up to a centimeter (0.4 inches) long, not including its pappus hairs.

Gland (botany)
In plants, a gland is defined functionally as a plant structure which secretes one or more products.  This may be located on or near the plant surface and secrete externally, or be internal to the plant and secrete into a canal or reservoir.  Examples include glandular hairs, nectaries, hydathodes, and the resin canals in Pinus.
Haut Atlas Oriental National Park
Haut Atlas Oriental National Park (French: Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental) is located in Morocco. It covers 49,000 hectares (120,000 acres) in and near the eastern High Atlas mountains. Parts of the park have been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2005. The park was established to preserve cultural values along with its natural ones.

Imilchil
Imilchil or Imilshil (Berber languages: Imilcil, ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵛⵉⵍ pronounced [i.mil.ʃil] ⓘ, Arabic: إملشيل) is a small town in Midelt Province of central Morocco, in the Atlas Mountains with a population of about 1,858.

It is located at an elevation of 2119 m in the valley of Asif Mellulen ("white river"). The area of Imilchil is home to the Ayt Hdiddu tribe, belonging to the Ait Yafelman confederation, and the inhabitants speak Central Atlas Tamazight. Tourist attractions in the area include the caves of Axyam (Akhyam), the Aguni waterfalls, the Ziz Gorges and Valley and the igherman castles (ksars) of the area.
William Rushworth (organ builder)
William Rushworth (born 1807) was an English organ builder and the founder of the musical instrument firm Rushworth and Dreaper. The firm was noted for the manufacture of organs at The Queen's College, Oxford, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Goldsmiths' College, Guilford Cathedral and Liverpool Philharmonic Hall.

Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool
53°24′04″N 2°58′12″W﻿ / ﻿53.4012°N 2.9701°W﻿ / 53.4012; -2.9701

Liverpool Philharmonic Hall is a concert hall on Hope Street in Liverpool, England. It is the home of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It is not the original concert hall on the present site; its predecessor was destroyed by fire in 1933 and the present hall was opened in 1939.
Gary Cziko
Gary Cziko is an American researcher, and author in the field of educational psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign who has worked on the philosophical model known as perceptual control theory (PCT) – a model whose original developer, William T. Powers, was his mentor. He has written two introductory books on the subject, and in 1995 he introduced the concept of  "universal selectionism" into the PCT model.

MIT Press
The MIT Press is the university press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The MIT Press publishes a number of academic journals and has been a pioneer in the open access movement in academic publishing.
Upper Hergest
Upper Hergest is a hamlet located in the civil parish of Kington, in the county of Herefordshire, England. It is located approximately 2 miles west of the town of Kington and lies close to the border with Wales. The hamlet is situated on the southern slopes of Hergest Ridge, a prominent hill in the region.

Close to Upper Hergest is Hergest Court, a Grade II* listed former manor house dating from around 1430, reputedly linked to the Vaughan family. The area is also associated with the medieval Welsh manuscript, the Red Book of Hergest, which is thought to have been found at Hergest Court.

Hergest Ridge
Hergest Ridge is a large elongated hill which traverses the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom, between the town of Kington in Herefordshire and the village of Gladestry in Powys.  Its highest point, which is in England, is 426 metres (1,398 ft) high. It has a topographic prominence of 157.6 metres (517 ft) and thus is listed as a Marilyn.

"Hergest" is pronounced to rhyme with 'hardest' with a hard "g" (as in "garden").
Politics of air conditioning
There is a longstanding political controversy about air conditioning, particularly in the nations of Europe, where the technology is relatively unadopted. The strongest opposition generally originates from environmentalists, European federalists, and left-wing parties, while supporters tend to be from the political right.

Most European governments have not adopted air conditioning, and there is strong opposition in many countries to its adoption, often linked to ideas that it is inherently against the notions of European culture, environmentally unfriendly, and elitist. Opposition, however, has generally softened in recent years.

In the United States, where air conditioning is widely adopted, political energy revolves around inequality in who has access to air conditioning.

Union of European Federalists
The Union of European Federalists (UEF) is an international non-profit association originally founded in 1946 and refounded in 1973, promoting the advent of a European federal state based on the idea of unity in diversity.
In 1946, it brought together a number of initiatives, particularly from the Resistance, aimed at creating a European federation, including the Movimento Federalista Europeo created the day after the fall of Benito Mussolini in Milan from 27 to 29 August 1943, under the impetus of the opponent Altiero Spinelli, among others, and the French Committee for the European Federation created in Lyon by members of the "Francs-tireurs" group in June 1944.
Mont-Saint-Pierre
Mont-Saint-Pierre (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ sɛ̃ pjɛʁ]) is a village municipality in Quebec, Canada, located in the regional county municipality of La Haute-Gaspésie in the administrative region of Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine.

The village is located at the foot of the eponymous Mount Saint-Pierre. This 411 metres (1,348 ft) high mount juts into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, separating Cove Mont-Louis from Cove Mont-Saint-Pierre, into which the Mont-Saint-Pierre River flows. The place was formerly called Rivière-à-Pierre.

The 2021 census there were 186 inhabitants.

Mont-Saint-Pierre is well known for hang-gliding and paragliding, and home to the Mont-Saint-Pierre Ecological Reserve. The Festival of Free Flight (Fête de Vol Libre) is held each year since 1978.

Mont-Saint-Pierre Ecological Reserve
Mont-Saint-Pierre Ecological Reserve (French: Réserve écologique de Mont-Saint-Pierre, pronounced [ʁezɛʁv ekɔlɔʒik də mɔ̃ sɛ̃ pjɛʁ]) is an ecological reserve in Quebec, Canada. It was established on January 31, 2001.
Visappinte Vili
Visappinte Vili (transl. Call of hunger) is a 1952 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by K. J. Mohan Rao and produced by Kunchacko and K. V. Koshi under the banner of K&K Combines. It stars Prem Nazir, Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair, Kumari Thankam, Pankajavalli, Nanukuttan, Mathappan, S. P. Pillai and Baby Girija.

It was the second film in the career of Prem Nazir. It was on the sets of this film that he was renamed Prem Nazir by Thikkurussi Sukumaran Nair. He was credited as Abdul Khader in his debut film Marumakal. Visappinte Vili became the break in his career. Made on a low budget, the film became the highest-grossing film of the year. There were ten other releases in 1952, out of which only Amma enjoyed success.

Udaya Studios
Udaya Studios is one of the oldest film studios in the Malayalam film industry of India. It was established in 1947 by director-producer Kunchacko (1912–1976) and film distributor K. V. Koshy in Pathirappally, Alappuzha in Kerala. The studio influenced the gradual shift of Malayalam film industry from Chennai, Tamil Nadu to Kerala. The first film of the studio was Vellinakshatram (1949).

The films made at the studio were produced under the banner of K & K Productions, and later under Excel Productions (also spelt X. L. Productions). Udaya's professional rivalry with P. Subramaniam's Maryland Studio was quite famous.
Charles Edward Herbert
Charles Edward Herbert (12 June 1860 – 21 January 1929) was an Australian politician and judge. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1900 to 1905, representing the electorate of Northern Territory. He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory from 1905 to 1910. He was then deputy chief judicial officer of the Territory of Papua (later Judge of the Central Court of Papua) from 1910 to 1928. This role saw him serve for extended periods on the Executive Council of Papua, and act as its Administrator and Lieutenant-Governor. During this period, he served as an acting judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1921. He was appointed Administrator of Norfolk Island in 1928, holding the position until his death in 1929.

Electoral district of Northern Territory
The Electoral district of Northern Territory was an electoral district of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1890 to 1911. The electorate encompassed all of what is the Northern Territory when the Territory was included as part of South Australia for political purposes.

The district returned two members at each election and supported independent members for much of its existence.

The most prominent member for the electorate was Vaiben Louis Solomon, the twenty-first Premier of South Australia.