hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heat flux sensor
A heat flux sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to the total heat rate applied to the surface of the sensor. The measured heat rate is divided by the surface area of the sensor to determine the heat flux.

The heat flux can have different origins; in principle, convective, radiative, as well as conductive heat can be measured. Heat flux sensors are known under different names, such as heat flux transducers, heat flux gauges, or heat flux plates. Some instruments are actually single-purpose heat flux sensors, like pyranometers for solar radiation measurement. Other heat flux sensors include Gardon gauges (also known as a circular-foil gauge), thin-film thermopiles, and Schmidt-Boelter gauges.

Transducer
A transducer is a device that usefully converts energy from one form to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.
Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction.
Battlesden
Battlesden is a hamlet and civil parish in the Central Bedfordshire district of  Bedfordshire, England.   It is just north of the A5, between Dunstable and Milton Keynes.  According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 38.  Because of its low electorate, it has a parish meeting rather than a parish council.  It is in the civil parish of Milton Bryan.

Battlesden House was a large manor house situated in parkland, Battlesden Park, close to the hamlet.

Former residents of the village include Henry Skynner & John Dunnyng, both husbandman, defending a case of trespass in Badelesden, in 1422. John Smyth, the complainant, had land in Badelesden, and stated that 100 shillings worth of damage was done to his land.

A5 road (Great Britain)
The A5 is a major road in England and Wales. It runs for about 243 miles (391 km) from London to the Irish Sea at the ferry port of Holyhead. In many parts the route follows that of the Roman Iter II route which later took the Anglo-Saxon name Watling Street. It forms most of the London–Holyhead trunk road.
Ponte (rione of Rome)
Ponte is the 5th rione of Rome, Italy, identified by the initials R. V, and is located in Municipio I. Its name (English: 'bridge') comes from Ponte Sant'Angelo, which connects Ponte with the rione of Borgo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally was named after him Pons Aelius) in 134 AD to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city. Though Pope Sixtus V changed the rione limits, so that the bridge belongs now to Borgo, not to Ponte anymore, the area has kept its name and a bridge as its coat of arms.

Castel Sant'Angelo
Castel Sant'Angelo (pronounced [kaˈstɛl sanˈtandʒelo] Italian for 'Castle of the Holy Angel'), also known as Mausoleum of Hadrian (Italian: Mausoleo di Adriano),  is a towering rotunda (cylindrical building) in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. The popes later used the building as a fortress and castle, and it is now a museum. The structure was once the tallest building in Rome.
Moni Guangfo
Moni Guangfo (Chinese: 摩尼光佛; pinyin: Móní Guāngfó; lit. 'Mani', 'Buddha of Light') is one of the longest and most important Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts. The manuscript contains 83 pages, 659 lines, and over 8,300 Chinese characters in total. The text was discovered by Chinese researchers in 2009 and belongs to Chen Peisheng 陈培生, a priest or ritual master (fashi 法师) in Shangwan Village 上万村, Baiyang Township, Xiapu County, Fujian Province, China.

Although the manuscript was likely transcribed a few hundred years ago, its contents date back to around the 9th–11th centuries. Moni Guangfo contains many Middle Iranian words transcribed using Chinese characters.

Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, or the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, mainly in the Iranian Plateau.

The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Avesta predates Old Iranian language, Old Avestan (c. 1500 – 900 BCE) and Younger Avestan (c. 900 – 400 BCE). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires).
Plainfield station
Plainfield is a NJ Transit railroad station on the Raritan Valley Line, in Plainfield, Union County, New Jersey, United States.  One of two train stations in Plainfield, this station serves the central part of the city.  The ticket office and waiting area are in the south side station house (the eastbound platform).  It was the westernmost station on the line with ADA accessibility, until Somerville's new high-level platforms were opened on December 7, 2010.

NJ Transit
New Jersey Transit Corporation, branded as NJ Transit or NJTransit and often shortened to NJT, is a state-owned public transportation system that serves the U.S. state of New Jersey and portions of the states of New York and Pennsylvania. It operates buses, light rail, and commuter rail services throughout the state, connecting to major commercial and employment centers both within the state and in its two adjacent major cities, New York City and Philadelphia. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 225,620,400.

Covering a service area of 5,325 square miles (13,790 km2), NJT is the largest statewide public transit system and the third-largest provider of bus, rail, and light rail transit by ridership in the United States.

NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in the state; in particular, buses to serve routes not served by the transit agency.
1960 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles
Jeanne Arth and Darlene Hard were the defending champions, but Arth did not compete. Hard partnered with Maria Bueno, and they defeated Sandra Reynolds and Renée Schuurman in the final, 6–4, 6–0 to win the ladies' doubles tennis title at the 1960 Wimbledon Championships.

Jeanne Arth
Jeanne Arth (born July 21, 1935) is an American tennis player who won women's doubles titles at the Wimbledon Championships and the U.S. National Championships.

Arth graduated from Central High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1952 and attended the College of St. Catherine. Arth and her partner Darlene Hard won women's doubles titles at the U.S. National Championships in 1958 and 1959 and at the Wimbledon Championships in 1959.

Arth received the Lions Club outstanding athlete award in 1958 and was inducted into the Saint Paul Central Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995.
Lenox Crater
Lenox Crater is a cinder cone located in the San Francisco Volcanic Field in Coconino County, near Flagstaff, Arizona, an area known for volcanic activity. The volcano erupted approximately 1,000 years ago, filling a small depression with ash and volcanic cinders. The lava flow from the eruption flowed near the base of Sunset Crater.

San Francisco volcanic field
The San Francisco volcanic field is an area of volcanoes in northern Arizona, north of Flagstaff, US. The field covers 1,800 square miles (4,700 km2) of the southern boundary of the Colorado Plateau. The field contains over 600 volcanoes ranging in age from nearly 6 million years old to less than 1,000 years (Miocene to Holocene), of which Sunset Crater is the youngest. The highest peak in the field is Humphreys Peak, at Flagstaff's northern perimeter: the peak is Arizona's highest at 12,633 feet (3,851.5 m) and is a part of the San Francisco Peaks, an active stratovolcano complex.
Sean Harris Oliver
Sean Harris Oliver is a Canadian actor and playwright. He is most noted for his play The Fighting Season, which was shortlisted for the Governor General's Award for English-language drama at the 2019 Governor General's Awards.

The Fighting Season is a war drama which was based in part on Oliver's father, an orthopedic surgeon who served as an army doctor during the War in Afghanistan. Following a run at the 2015 Vancouver Fringe Festival, the play had its commercial premiere in Vancouver in January 2017, and was published in book form by Scirocco Drama in 2019.

Oliver's other plays have included Bright Blue Future and Redpatch, a collaboration with Raes Calvert.

In 2024, Oliver co-wrote the screenplay for the independent horror film Hunting Matthew Nichols with Markian Tarasiuk, both of whom graduated from Studio 58.

Studio 58
Studio 58 is the professional theatre training school at Langara College in Vancouver, British Columbia. The school offers a three-year diploma program for acting students and a three-year diploma program for production students. It is regarded as one of the top theatre schools in Canada and the only conservatory-style theatre training program in Western Canada.

The school auditions hundreds of people across Canada with sixteen accepted per semester (there are intakes in both fall and spring). Studio 58 operates a small theatre and presents 4 full-length productions annually as well as a smaller presentation of a student devised show, called Risky Nights. Professional directors and designers are hired to work on each production, and occasionally guest performing artists. Studio 58 productions are open to the public and reviewed by the Vancouver media.
John Coxon (pirate)
Captain John Coxon, sometimes referred to as John Coxen, was a late-seventeenth-century buccaneer who terrorized the Spanish Main. Coxon was one of the most famous of the Brethren of the Coast, a loose consortium of pirates and privateers. Coxon lived during the Buccaneering Age of Piracy.

Coxon's ship, a vessel of eighty tons that carried eight guns and a crew of ninety-seven men, is lost to date, with no traces of its name anywhere.

Brethren of the Coast
The Brethren or Brethren of the Coast were a loose coalition of pirates and buccaneers that were active in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. They mostly operated in two locations, the island of Tortuga off the coast of Haiti and in the city of Port Royal on the island of Jamaica.

The Brethren were a syndicate of captains with letters of marque and reprisal who regulated their privateering enterprises within the community of privateers and with their outside benefactors. They were primarily private individual merchant mariners of Protestant background, usually of English and French origin.
2017 Euro Winners Cup
The 2017 Euro Winners Cup was the fifth edition of Euro Winners Cup, an annual continental beach soccer tournament for top men's European clubs, similar to that of the UEFA Champions League, organised by Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW). The 2017 tournament was held in Nazaré, Portugal, from 26 May till 4 June 2017.

Italian team Viareggio BS were the defending champions but lost in the Round of 16 to Ukrainian side Artur Music.

Artur Music ultimately went on to lose in the final to Portuguese team SC Braga who claimed their first European title.

Gabriele Gori was top scorer for the second year running, following up his top scorer award at the World Cup just a few weeks prior.

Beach soccer
Beach soccer, also known as beach football, sand football or sand soccer, is a variant of association football played on a beach or some form of sand between two teams of five players each.

Association football has long been played informally on beaches. Beach soccer was introduced in 1992 as an effort to codify rules for the game by the founders of Beach Soccer Worldwide, a company set up to develop the sport and responsible for the majority of its tournaments. FIFA has held the Beach Soccer World Cup biennially since 2005.

The first international matches were played in 1993 for men and 2009 for women. As of July 2023, there are 193 men's and 64 women's clubs and 101 men's and 23 women's national teams sorted in the Beach Soccer Worldwide Rankings.
Martin Fronc
Martin Fronc (born 28 November 1947) is a Slovak politician and former Minister of Education of Slovakia. He studied at Comenius University in Bratislava at Faculty of natural sciences. His studies were focused on mathematics. His academic career continued at University of Transport and Communications in Žilina where achieved several academic titles. He entered politics in 1989 as a member of Christian Democratic Movement and after elections in 2002 he became Minister of Education of Slovakia. Martin Fronc is married and he has three children.

Comenius University
Comenius University Bratislava (Slovak: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave) is the largest university in Slovakia, with most of its faculties located in Bratislava. It was founded in 1919, shortly after the creation of Czechoslovakia. It is named after Jan Amos Comenius, a 17th-century Czech teacher and philosopher.

In 2020, Comenius University had about 23,000 students and 2,500 faculty members. As are most universities in Slovakia, it is funded mostly by the government.
Brittany Pettersen
Brittany Louise Pettersen (born December 6, 1981) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative from Colorado's 7th congressional district since 2023. She previously served as a member of the Colorado Senate from the 22nd district, and in the Colorado House of Representatives, representing the 28th district. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Colorado House of Representatives
The Colorado House of Representatives is the lower house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Colorado. The House is composed of 65 members from an equal number of constituent districts, with each district having roughly 80,000 people.  Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and are limited to four consecutive terms in office, but can run again after a four-year respite.

The Colorado House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Denver.
Tú Duyên
Nguyễn Văn Duyến, art name Tú Duyên (20 December 1915, in Bát Tràng, Bắc Ninh – May 3, 2012) was a Vietnamese painter.

Nguyễn Văn Duyến was born in the pottery village of Bát Tràng near Hanoi. He first was a private student of Nam Sơn, then a student at the École des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine from 1935-1942.

Duyên moved to Saigon in 1942, making silk and paper Đông Hồ folk prints from finger-painted woodblocks. His work is considered as having given new dimensions to traditional thủ ấn họa hand stamp paintings. He submitted some of his prints to Saigon's newspapers and his illustrations began to feature in newspapers from the late 1940s. His paintings drew subjects from literary work such as Truyện Kiều, the Chinh phụ ngâm of the poet Đặng Trần Côn, and popular  folklore. He had also drawn Vietnamese kings and other notable historical figures.
The Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts currently exhibits his work including nine paintings on canvas and 52 wood carving plaques

Vietnam University of Fine Arts
The Vietnam University of Fine Arts (formerly Hanoi College of Fine Arts) is an art school in Hanoi, Vietnam originally established in Tonkin under French colonial rule in 1925. The university has trained many of Vietnam's leading artists and each year it participates in many cultural exchanges with sister institutions overseas.
Mike Espy (American football)
Michael William Alexander Espy (born November 29, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL).  He was originally signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2006.  He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels.

Espy's namesake father is a well-known politician and was the United States Secretary of Agriculture under the Clinton Administration.

United States Secretary of Agriculture
The United States secretary of agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The position carries similar responsibilities to those of agriculture ministers in other governments.

The department includes several organizations. The 297,000 mi2 (770,000 km2) of national forests and grasslands are managed by the United States Forest Service. The safety of food produced and sold in the United States is ensured by the United States Food Safety and Inspection Service. The Food Stamp Program works with the states to provide food to low-income people.

Secretary of Agriculture is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of US$221,400, as of January 2021.

Since February 13, 2025, the current secretary is Brooke Rollins.
Tylwch
Tylwch is a small village in Powys, Wales.

Tylwch lies south of the principal town of Llanidloes on the border of Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire. It lies on the Afon Dulas, which once serviced a local woolen mill. Other early industries included West Fedw, a now disused lead mine. Tylwch was once home to Tylwch railway station, which closed in 1962. In 1899 the station was the scene of an accident which witnessed a collision between a mail train and an excursion train. Five people were seriously injured and a 24-year-old woman died.

Montgomeryshire
Montgomeryshire (Welsh: Sir Drefaldwyn 'the shire of Baldwin's town', or simply Maldwyn) was one of the thirteen counties of Wales that existed from 1536 until their abolition in 1974, later becoming a district of Powys from 1974 to 1996. It was named after its county town, Montgomery, which in turn was named after one of William the Conqueror's main counsellors, Roger de Montgomerie, who was the 1st Earl of Shrewsbury.

The area of what was Montgomeryshire, now constitutes the northern part of the county of Powys. The current area was 2,174 square km (839 square miles).

The largest town was Newtown, followed by Welshpool and Llanidloes.
Viviane Pereira
Viviane "Sucuri'  Pereira (born August 8, 1993) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist and competes in strawweight division. She last competed for Invicta Fighting Championships. A professional mixed martial artist since 2013, Pereira has also fought in the UFC.

Strawweight (MMA)
The strawweight division in mixed martial arts is for competitors weighing between 106 and 115 lb (48 to 52 kg). It sits between the lighter atomweight division and the heavier flyweight division.

The UFC's strawweight division, which groups competitors within 106 to 115 lb (48 to 52 kg)

The ONE Championship's strawweight division, with upper limit at 56.7 kg (125.0 lb)

The Road FC's strawweight division, with upper limit at 115 lb (52 kg)

Pancrase's strawweight division, which groups competitors within 110.2 to 115.2 lb (50 to 52.2 kg)

Oktagon MMA's women’s strawweight division, with upper limit at 53 kg (116.8 lb)

Shooto's strawweight division, with upper limit at 52 kg (114.6 lb) and 52.2 kg (115.1 lb) for women’s competitors.

The Legacy Fighting Alliance's women’s strawweight division, with upper limit at 115 lb (52.2 kg)

Jungle Fight's women’s strawweight division, with upper limit at 52 kg (114.6 lb)
Darvazeh Shemiran Metro Station
Darvazeh Shemiran Metro Station is the junction of Tehran Metro Line 2 and Tehran Metro Line 4. It is located in junction of Baharestan Street and Mazandaran Street and Namjou Street nad Sepah Street. It is between Imam Hossein Metro Station and Baharestan Metro Station in Line 2 and Meydan-e Shohada Metro Station and Darvazeh Dowlat Metro Station in Line 4.

Baharestan
Baharestan (Persian: بَهارِستان) is the name given to the historic Iranian parliament building, inaugurated in 1906 (see Persian Constitutional Revolution). It was adopted from the name of the neighborhood and a small palace that adorned the place.

The Baharestan remained the location for the lower house of the Iranian parliament (the Senate had moved to a new building in central Tehran) until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. After the revolution, the parliament became unicameral and met at the Senate building, and to a newly built building in Baharestan in 2004.

32°30′N 51°48′E﻿ / ﻿32.500°N 51.800°E﻿ / 32.500; 51.800
Thomas Harrison Butler
Thomas Harrison Butler, DM, FRCS(Eng) (19 March 1871 – 29 January 1945) was a British ophthalmologist and amateur boat designer. He published various designs of small, traditionally built yacht and was particularly concerned with the boat's handling under sail.

Royal College of Surgeons of England
The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England) is an independent professional body and registered charity that promotes and advances standards of surgical care for patients, and regulates surgery and dentistry in England and Wales. The college is located at Lincoln's Inn Fields in London. It publishes multiple medical journals including the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the Faculty Dental Journal, and the Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
Claude de Rouvroy, 1st Duke of Saint-Simon (French pronunciation: [klod də ʁuvʁwa]; August 1607 – 3 May 1693), was a French soldier and courtier, and favourite of Louis XIII, who created his dukedom for him. His only son Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon (1675–1755) was the famous memoirist of the court of Louis XIV.

He was the second son of Louis de Rouvroy, Seigneur du Plessis (died 1643), who had been a warm supporter of Henri, Duke of Guise and the Catholic League.

Henri I, Duke of Guise
Henri I de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, Prince of Joinville, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called Le Balafré ('Scarface'), was the eldest son of François, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este. His maternal grandparents were Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and Renée of France. Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of Lucrezia Borgia and Pope Alexander VI.

A key figure in the French Wars of Religion, he was one of the namesakes of the War of the Three Henrys. A powerful opponent of the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, Henri was assassinated by the bodyguards of her son, King Henry III.
Whitehead's lemma
For a lemma on Lie algebras, see Whitehead's lemma (Lie algebras).

Whitehead's lemma is a technical result in abstract algebra used in algebraic K-theory.  It states that a matrix of the form

is equivalent to the identity matrix by elementary transformations (that is, transvections):

Here,  indicates a matrix whose diagonal block is  and -th entry is .

The name "Whitehead's lemma" also refers to the closely related result that the derived group of the stable general linear group is the group generated by elementary matrices. In symbols,

.

This holds for the stable group (the direct limit of matrices of finite size) over any ring, but not in general for the unstable groups, even over a field. For instance for

one has:

where Alt(3) and Sym(3) denote the alternating resp. symmetric group on 3 letters.

Alternating group
In mathematics, an alternating group is the group of even permutations of a finite set. The alternating group on a set of n elements is called the alternating group of degree n, or the alternating group on n letters and denoted by An or Alt(n).
Murcot
Murcot is a hamlet in the English county of Worcestershire.

Murcot is located in the west of the Vale of Evesham and is to the west and south of the village of Wickhamford. Administratively Murcot is part of the district of Wychavon.

Wickhamford
Wickhamford is a village and a civil parish in  Worcestershire, England. It is situated on  the A44 road approximately  halfway between the towns of Evesham and Broadway. It is mentioned in 1086 in the Domesday Book under the name of Wiquene  when it was owned by  Evesham Abbey. The origin of the name Wickhamford is unknown. The second element refers to a ford. The first element may be the tribal name Wycwona, or derived from the Welsh gwiggwaun meaning 'wood moor'.