hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anoa
Anoa, also known as dwarf buffalo and sapiutan, are two living species of the genus Bubalus, placed within the subgenus Anoa and endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia: the mountain anoa, Bubalus quarlesi, and the lowland anoa, Bubalus depressicornis. Both live in undisturbed rainforests and are similar in appearance to miniature water buffaloes, weighing 150–300 kg (330–660 lb). Images of anoas may be present in the oldest rock art known as of 2024, from more than 51,000 years ago. The name "Anoa", itself, is Celebic in origin, cognate to words in other related Philippine languages in the same Austronesian family that name the common water buffalo (anwáng in Tagalog, nuáng in Ilocano, nuwang in Ifugaw etc.).

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
Jiuyi Mountains
The Jiuyi Mountains (Chinese: 九嶷山 Jiuyi Shan) are a mountain range in Hunan province, China. They are located in the Yongzhou, Ningyuan and Lanshan region, bordering Guangdong province.
They are part of the Mengzhu Mountains of the Nanling Range.

These mountains are reputed to be the burial place of Emperor Shun in ancient Chinese tradition.

It is traditionally inhabited by the Yao people. Autonomous counties include: Daqiao Yao Ethnic Township

Ningyuan County
Ningyuan County (simplified Chinese: 宁远县; traditional Chinese: 寧遠縣; pinyin: Níngyuǎn Xiàn) is a county of Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of Yongzhou prefecture-level City.

Located in the southern part of the province, the county is bordered to the north by Qiyang County, to the northeast by Xintian County, to the east by Jiahe County, to the southeast by Lanshan County, to the southwest by Jianghua and Dao Counties, and to the northwest by Shuangpai County. Ningyuan County covers an area of 1,806 km2 (697 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 871,200 and a permanent resident population of 726,700. The county has 12 towns, four ethnic townships of Yao people and four subdistricts under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Shunling (舜陵街道).
Phatch
Free and open-source software portal

Phatch (PHoto & bATCH) is a raster graphics editor used to batch process digital graphics and photographs. Phatch can be used on the desktop as a GUI program or on the server as a console program.

Raster graphics editor
A raster graphics editor (also called bitmap graphics editor) is a computer program that allows users to create and edit images interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many raster graphics file formats (also known as bitmap images) such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF.
BSA AirSporter Air Rifle
The BSA AirSporter was an underlever spring powered Air Rifle first produced in 1948, by the Birmingham Small Arms Company and remained more or less unchanged until 1962 when the Mk2 was produced.  The Mk1 had a one-piece barrel and receiver assembly with a leather piston washer, while all other marks had a screw-in barrel with most having an Oring after the mk 2 piston and steel tap seal, giving a "legal UK power" of 10 ft•lbf (14.2 J) of energy.

Manufactured in .177 (4.5 mm) and .22 (5.6 mm) and marketed above the BSA Meteor and Mercury, it came in seven different marks plus another three for the "S" model, a special edition Stutzen style with a full-length stock and a "Centenary" model marking 100 years of BSA piled arms.

Birmingham Small Arms Company
The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA) was a major British industrial combine, a group of businesses manufacturing military and sporting firearms; bicycles; motorcycles; cars; buses and bodies; steel; iron castings; hand, power, and machine tools; coal cleaning and handling plants; sintered metals; and hard chrome process.

After the Second World War, BSA did not manage its business well, and a government-organised rescue operation in 1973 led to a takeover of such operations as it still owned. Those few that survived the process disappeared into the ownership of other businesses.
Syzran Higher Military Aviation School
The Syzran Higher Military Aviation School (Russian: Сызранское высшее военное авиационное училище лётчиков, romanized: Syzranskoye vyssheye voyennoye aviatsionnoye uchilishche lyotchikov) is a military academy of the Russian Aerospace Forces, responsible for training airmen of the Russian Armed Forces. It is a branch of the Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy.

Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces
The Air and Air Defence Forces (Uzbek: Havo hujumidan mudofaa qoʻshinlari va Harbiy havo kuchlari; Russian: Войска противовоздушной обороны и Военно-воздушные силы) are the aerial arm of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was formed following the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1991, though the military was not created by the Uzbek government until 1992. The Air Force consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 personnel as of 2006, with most of them being Russians as of 1995.
Harmaston, Texas
Harmaston is a place in unincorporated northeastern Harris County, Texas, United States, that was formerly a distinct community.

Harmaston, located at the southwestern corner of Lake Houston, was developed along the timber shipping railroad line Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway. Lumbermen from several companies, such as the Texas Longleaf Company, lived in a boarding house in Harmaston. By the 1980s, the remaining component of the community was an abandoned railway station.

Lake Houston
Lake Houston is a reservoir on the San Jacinto River, 15 miles (24 km) northeast of downtown Houston, Texas, United States.  The reservoir is the primary municipal water supply for the city of Houston.
Solvang Church
Solvang Church (Solvang Kirke) is a church in the Amager district of Copenhagen, Denmark.

It was built between 1975 and 1976 on designs of architect Holger Jensen. It consists of a complex of box-shaped buildings, which also includes a parish hall and a confirmation halls. The church was renovated externally between 1998 and 1999, and inside between 2003 and 2005.

Amager
Amager (Danish pronunciation: [ˈɑˌmɑˀ] or, especially among older speakers, [ˈɑˌmɛˀɐ]), located in the Øresund, is Denmark's most densely populated island, with 225,746 inhabitants (January 2025). Amager is the largest island in the Øresund, and the only one with a large population.

Amager is home to parts of Copenhagen including Freetown Christiania, as well as Copenhagen Airport. The island is connected to the much larger island of Zealand (Sjælland) by eight bridges and a metro tunnel, and to Sweden via the Øresund Bridge.
Araklı Arena
Araklı Arena (Turkish: Araklı Spor Salonu) is an indoor volleyball venue located in Araklı town of Trabzon Province, Turkey. Built in 2006, the arena has a capacity of 500 spectators.

In 2007, the venue hosted the 1st Black Sea Games. Volleyball matches for boys were played at this arena during the 2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival.

Trabzon Province
Trabzon Province (Turkish: Trabzon ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Its area is 4,628 km2, and its population is 818,023 (2022). Located in a strategically important region, Trabzon is one of the oldest trade port cities in Anatolia.  Neighbouring provinces are Giresun to the west, Gümüşhane to the southwest, Bayburt to the southeast and Rize to the east. Aziz Yıldırım was appointed Governor of the province in August 2023. The capital of the province is Trabzon.
Football at the 2021 SEA Games – Men's tournament
The men's football tournament at the 2021 SEA Games was held from 6 – 22 May 2022 in Vietnam. Ten Southeast Asian nations participated in the men's tournament. The group stage and semi-finals were played in Việt Trì and Nam Định, while Hanoi hosted the bronze and gold medal matches. Men's teams are restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1999) with a maximum of three over-aged players allowed.

The tournament was won by Vietnam, who won their second title as a unified nation, having previously won it in 2019, and their third title in total, by beating Thailand 1–0 in the final. This victory also let Vietnam became the Gold Medal team that never concede any goal in the tournament for the first time since the 1979 tournament (and also the only team in U–23). Indonesia won the bronze medal after defeating Malaysia on penalties.

Việt Trì
Việt Trì  is a former city located in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It was the capital city of Phú Thọ Province. In 2010, the city had a population of 260,288. The city covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi). Việt Trì was also the economic centre of the province and contains many industrial firms and service industries. Culturally, Việt Trì is recognized as the first capital of Vietnam, and is thus widely described as the origin of the Vietnamese nation.

Việt Trì ceased to exist as a municipal city on 1 July 2025, following the elimination of district level units in Vietnam.
Kawasaki's theorem
Kawasaki's theorem or Kawasaki–Justin theorem is a theorem in the mathematics of paper folding that describes the crease patterns with a single vertex that may be folded to form a flat figure. It states that the pattern is flat-foldable if and only if alternatingly adding and subtracting the angles of consecutive folds around the vertex gives an alternating sum of zero.
Crease patterns with more than one vertex do not obey such a simple criterion, and are NP-hard to fold.

The theorem is named after one of its discoverers, Toshikazu Kawasaki. However, several others also contributed to its discovery, and it is sometimes called the Kawasaki–Justin theorem or Husimi's theorem after other contributors, Jacques Justin and Kôdi Husimi.

Yoshizawa–Randlett system
The Yoshizawa–Randlett system is a diagramming system used to describe the folds of origami models. Many origami books begin with a description of basic origami techniques which are used to construct the models. There are also a number of standard bases which are commonly used as a first step in construction. Models are typically classified as requiring low, intermediate or high skill depending on the complexity of the techniques involved in the construction.
Pashons 2
Pashons 1 – Coptic calendar – Pashons 3

The second day of the Coptic month of Pashons, the ninth month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to April 27, of the Julian calendar, and May 10, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Shemu, the season of the Harvest.

Coptic calendar
The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is a liturgical calendar used by the farming populace in Egypt and used by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was used for fiscal purposes in Egypt until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 11 September 1875 (1st Thout 1592 AM). Like the Julian calendar (and unlike the international Gregorian calendar), the Coptic calendar has a leap year every four years invariably; it does not skip leap years three times every 400 years.
Gorka, Vladimir Oblast
Gorka (Russian: Горка) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Gorkinskoye Rural Settlement, Kirzhachsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,125 as of 2010. There are 20 streets.

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Khleo Thomas
Khaleed "Khleo" Leon Thomas (born January 30, 1989) is an American actor, rapper, and content creator. First garnering recognition as a child actor with his portrayal Hector "Zero" Zeroni in the film Holes (2003), he has since appeared in films including Walking Tall, Roll Bounce, Remember the Daze, and Hurricane Season, and on television shows including ER, The Bernie Mac Show, House, Sons of Anarchy, Bones, Being Mary Jane, Major Crimes, and Shameless. As a rapper, he has released two EPs and toured alongside Bow Wow, Snoop Dogg, Ice Cube, Sean Kingston and Chris Brown.

Thomas created and runs the lifestyle brands Slick Living and Goddess Living Among Men (GLAM). He appeared in the video game NBA 2K19, voicing the Nike representative. Since 2020, he has hosted a Twitch channel dedicated to gaming and pop culture. He also posts videos on his career and pop culture regularly on his YouTube channel.

Shameless (American TV series)
Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells that aired on Showtime from January 9, 2011, to April 11, 2021. It is an adaptation of Paul Abbott's British series of the same name and features an ensemble cast led by William H. Macy. The series is set in the South Side of Chicago, Illinois.

With the premiere of the ninth season on September 9, 2018, Shameless became the longest-running scripted original series in Showtime's history. In January 2020, the series was renewed for its eleventh and final season, which was scheduled to premiere in mid-2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it instead premiered on December 6, 2020. On December 14, 2020, Showtime announced that they were airing a clip show series during Season 11, titled Shameless: Hall of Shame, containing new scenes juxtaposed with clips from the show to summarize the characters' journeys during the prior 10 seasons. The series finale aired on April 11, 2021.
Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is a type of word, or the process of creating a word, that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests a sound that it refers to. Common onomatopoeias in English include animal noises such as oink, meow, roar, and chirp, among various other noise-based verbs and nouns such as beep, simmer, or hiccup. Among the many words that likely began as onomatopoeias but whose original expressive iconicity goes unrecognized by modern speakers, examples include fanfare, pigeon, and cough.

Onomatopoeia tends to differ by language: it conforms to the broader linguistic system (conforming to its particular phonetic rules. Hence, the sound of a clock may be expressed variously across languages: as tick tock in English, tic tac in Spanish and Italian (see photo),  dī dā in Mandarin, kachi kachi in Japanese, or ṭik-ṭik in Hindi, Urdu, and Bengali.

Simmering
Simmering is a food preparation technique by which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept just below the boiling point of water (lower than 100 °C or 212 °F) and above poaching temperature (higher than 71–80 °C or 160–176 °F). To create a steady simmer, a liquid is brought to a boil, then its heat source is reduced to a lower, constant intensity (smaller flame on a gas stove, lower temperature on an induction/electric stove). Visually a liquid will show a little movement without approaching a rolling boil.
Le Chandelier
Le Chandelier (French pronunciation: [lə ʃɑ̃dəlje]) is an 1835 play in three acts by French dramatist Alfred de Musset.

The play was first published in 1835 in Revue des deux Mondes. It was first staged at the Théâtre Historique in August 1848 with Mademoiselle Maillet as Jacqueline. In October 1850, it was produced at the Comédie-Française with a cast including Delaunay as Fortunio and Allan as Jacqueline. In October 1850, the interior minister Léon Faucher had the work banned, a decision confirmed in subsequent seasons.

Jacques Offenbach, who wrote incidental music for the Comédie-Française production, made a sequel entitled La chanson de Fortunio. An opera of 1907 by André Messager, Fortunio, was based closely on the play.

19th-century French literature
19th-century French literature concerns the developments in French literature during a dynamic period in French history that saw the rise of Democracy and the fitful end of Monarchy and Empire. The period covered spans the following political regimes: Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate (1799–1804) and Empire (1804–1814), the Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X (1814–1830), the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d'Orléans (1830–1848), the Second Republic (1848–1852), the Second Empire under Napoleon III (1852–1871), and the first decades of the Third Republic (1871–1940).
Nitta Gunchō ruins
The Kōzuke Province Niita District Gunchō ruins (上野国新田郡庁跡, Kōzuke no kuni Nitta gunchō ato) is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Nara to Heian period regional administrative complex, located in what is now the Tenra neighborhood of the city of Ōta, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2008.

Gunma Prefecture
Gunma Prefecture (群馬県, Gunma-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [ɡɯꜜm.ma, ɡɯm.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 6,362 square kilometres (2,456 sq mi). Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.

Maebashi is the capital and Takasaki is the largest city of Gunma Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōta, Isesaki, and Kiryū. Gunma Prefecture is one of only eight landlocked prefectures, located on the northwestern corner of the Kantō Plain with 14% of its total land being designated as natural parks.
Eugène Alcan
Eugène Alcan (1811 – c. 1898) was a French Jewish litterateur, painter, and poet, who embraced Roman Catholic Christianity. He was born in Paris in 1811, and died about 1898. He was a brother of Alphonse Alkan, but the reason for the difference in the orthography of the family name has never been explained.

Alcan was the author of the following works:

La Légende des Âmes: Souvenirs de Quelques Conférences de Saint Vincent de Paul (1879)

La Flore Printanière: Souvenirs du Berceau et de la Première Enfance (1882)

La Flore du Calvaire: Traits Caractéristiques de Quelques Voies Douloureuses (1884)

Les Cannibales et Leur Temps: Souvenir de la Campagne de l'Océanie sous le Commandant Marceau, Capitaine de Frégate (1887)

Les Grands Dévouements et l'Impôt du Sang (1890)

Récits Instructifs du Père Balthazar (1892)

Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about the nature of reality, especially the nature of society and proposed solutions for its normative problems. Coming from the world of culture, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an ideology, and by defending a system of values.
Egbert Torenbeek
Egbert Torenbeek (26 March 1939 – 29 August 2024) was a Dutch professor emeritus
in the Department of Aerodynamics, Wind Energy, Flight Performance & Propulsion (AWEP)
at Delft University of Technology. He is known for his contributions to Aircraft Design, especially his book Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, published in 1976. This standard work was also translated into Russian and Chinese.

German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics
German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR; German: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt - Lilienthal-Oberth e.V.) is a German aerospace society. It was founded in 1912 under the name of Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Flugtechnik (WGF). It is the second oldest technical and scientific society in aerospace in the world.
ISO 3166-2:JO
ISO 3166-2:JO is the entry for Jordan in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Jordan, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 12 governorates.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is JO, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Jordan. The second part is two letters.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
The insect order Lepidoptera consists of moths and butterflies (43 superfamilies). Most moths are night-flying, while the butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea) are mainly day-flying. Within Lepidoptera as a whole, the groups listed below before Glossata contain a few basal families accounting for less than 200 species; the bulk of Lepidoptera are in the Glossata. Similarly, within the Glossata, there are a few basal groups listed first, with the bulk of species in the Heteroneura. Basal groups within Heteroneura cannot be defined with as much confidence, as there are still some disputes concerning the proper relations among these groups. At the family level, however, most groups are well defined, and the families are commonly used by hobbyists and scientists alike.

Simaethistoidea
Simaethistoidea is an obscure superfamily of pyralid-like moths with two genera, whose biology and relationships among the Ditrysia  is currently unknown, namely the Australian Metaprotus (2 species) and the China and North Indian Simaethistis (2 species) (Dugdale et al., 1999).
Cilgerran (electoral ward)
Cilgerran was an electoral ward in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The ward consisted of the communities of Cilgerran and Manordeifi. The community of Cilgerran consists of part of Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

A ward of Pembrokeshire County Council since 1995 it was previously a ward of the former Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council. In 2022 the wards of Pembrokeshire were abolished and replaced by 59 new wards; Cilgerran became part of the Cilgerran and Eglwyswrw ward (with Eglwyswrw) and Manordeifi was included in the Boncath and Clydau ward (with Boncath and Clydau).

Cilgerran
Cilgerran (previously Kilgerran or Cil-Garon) is both a village, a parish, and also a community, situated on the south bank of the River Teifi in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It was formerly an incorporated market town.

Among Cilgerran's attractions are Cilgerran Castle and annual coracle races. Kilgerran Halt was a stop on the former Whitland and Cardigan Railway. There are 49 listed buildings in the community, including the parish church.

Nearby are the hamlets of Llwyncelyn, Rhoshill, Cnwce, Pen-y-bryn, Carreg-wen and Pontrhydyceirt, and the villages of Llechryd and Boncath.

Cilgerran Hundred derives its title from the former town, which was once the headquarters of the commote of Emlyn is Cuch (Emlyn below the River Cych).

Slate quarrying was an important activity in the 19th century.