hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wilfrid Laurier McDougald
Wilfrid Laurier McDougald (August 9, 1881 – June 19, 1942) was a Canadian senator.

Born in Alexandria, Ontario, he was educated at McGill University (where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Society) and Queen's University and practiced medicine in Montreal. He was appointed Chairman of the Montreal Harbour Commission in 1922.

In 1926, he was appointed to the Senate representing the senatorial division of Wellington, Quebec. He resigned in 1932 as a result of the Beauharnois Scandal.

He built Northbrook Lodge at Paul Smiths, New York between about 1919 and 1922. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

Kappa Alpha Society
The Kappa Alpha Society (ΚΑ) is a North American social college fraternity. Founded in 1825, it was the progenitor of the modern fraternity system in North America. It is considered to be the oldest national, secret, Greek-letter social fraternity and was the first of the fraternities which would eventually become known as the Union Triad that pioneered the North American system of social fraternities.

While several fraternities claim to be the oldest, Baird's Manual states that ΚΑ has maintained a continuous existence since its foundation, making it the oldest undergraduate fraternity that exists today. As of 2022, there are five active chapters in the United States and Canada.

This organization is not to be confused with the Kappa Alpha Order, a completely separate national fraternity.
Missa bifaciata
A Missa bifaciata (Latin for 'twice-performed Mass') or Missa trifaciata (Latin for 'thrice-performed Mass') was a type of Mass wherein the priest would pray the texts of the Mass of the Catechumens multiple times.

This practice was common in the late Middle Ages when it was used on days with multiple liturgical feasts, such as when the feast day of a saint coincided with a Sunday, and the celebration of a second Mass by a priest was not possible due to restrictions against bination. It also allowed the fulfillment of several Mass intentions on one day. In a Missa bifaciata, the texts of two Masses (or three, in the case of a Missa trifaciata) from the beginning up to Offertory or the Preface would be prayed. This would then be joined to the Canon of the Mass.

According to Richard Hart, this allowed a priest to receive multiple stipends. This form of Mass was considered an abuse, and was forbidden by medieval councils.

Mass of the Catechumens
"Mass (or Liturgy) of the Catechumens" is an ancient title for the first half of the Catholic Mass or Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy. In the Mass of Paul VI of the Catholic Church, it is referred to as the Liturgy of the Word. It was originally called the Mass of the Catechumens, because the Catechumens, or candidates for Baptism, were required to leave the ceremony before the beginning of the Liturgy of the Eucharist, or Mass, proper.

This exclusion was enforced on the grounds that, until Baptism, persons were not fully members of the Church and should not participate in the communal sacrifice that symbolizes and embodies the spiritual union of the Faithful, according to Catholic belief.

In the earliest liturgy, there was a service consisting of readings, a homily (explanation of the readings and how to apply them to one's life) and petitionary prayers based on the readings and homily (bidding prayers or prayers of the faithful).
Carlton + Godard = Cinema
Carlton + Godard = Cinema is a 2003 Australian documentary about the Carlton film scene of the 1960s, including the work of such directors as Giorgio Mangiamele and Brian Davies. It includes excerpts from films such as:

Il Contratto (1953)

The Brothers (1958)

Ninety-Nine Percent (1963)

Clay (1965)

Pudding Thieves (1967)

Brake Fluid (1969),

The Girlfriends (1967)

Hey Al Baby (1969)

Nothing Like Experience (1970)

Sympathy in Summer (1970)

Yackety Yack (1974)

It features interviews from filmmakers such as Antony I. Ginnane.

Giorgio Mangiamele
Giorgio Mangiamele (13 August 1926 – 13 May 2001) was an Italian/Australian photographer and filmmaker who made a unique contribution to the production of Australian art cinema in the 1950s and 1960s. His films included Il Contratto (or The Contract) (1953), The Spag (1962), Ninety Nine Per Cent (1963) and Clay (1965). Clay was selected for competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 1965.

In 2011 the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia restored four of his most notable films and Ronin Films released them on DVD. Three of the films also screened at the 2011 Melbourne International Film Festival.
Heretics (book)
Heretics is a collection of 20 essays by English writer G. K. Chesterton published by John Lane in 1905. In it, Chesterton quotes at length and argues extensively against atheist Joseph McCabe and delivers diatribes about his close personal friend and intellectual rival George Bernard Shaw, as well as about Friedrich Nietzsche, H. G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, and an array of other major intellectuals of his day, many of whom he knew personally. His topics range from cosmology to anthropology to soteriology, and he argues against French nihilism, German humanism, English utilitarianism, the syncretism of "the vague modern", Social Darwinism, eugenics, and the arrogance and misanthropy of the European intelligentsia. Together with Orthodoxy (1908), this book is regarded as central to Chesterton's corpus of moral theology.

John Lane (publisher)
John Lane (14 March 1854 – 2 February 1925) was a British publisher who co-founded The Bodley Head with Charles Elkin Mathews. He published the Yellow Book newspaper. He established a New York branch of his publishing business and married American author Anna Eichberg King.
Aortic nipple sign
The aortic nipple sign is a radiologic sign that describes the appearance of the left superior intercostal vein on chest radiography. The left superior intercostal vein is located next to the aortic arch, appearing on radiographs as a small mass (or "nipple") projecting from the arch. This sign is seen in a small number of individuals and may be mistaken for lymphadenopathy or a neoplasm. The aortic nipple sign may be helpful in identifying certain thoracic pathologies, such as pneumomediastinum, as it may change in size due to changes in intrathoracic pressure. Its appearance is also affected by changes in posture and vascular flow.

Chest radiograph
A chest radiograph, chest X-ray (CXR), or  chest film is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. Chest radiographs are the most common film taken in medicine.

Like all methods of radiography, chest radiography employs ionizing radiation in the form of X-rays to generate images of the chest. The mean radiation dose to an adult from a chest radiograph is around 0.02 mSv (2 mrem) for a front view (PA, or posteroanterior) and 0.08 mSv (8 mrem) for a side view (LL, or latero-lateral). Together, this corresponds to a background radiation equivalent time of about 10 days.
Heikki Paasonen (linguist)
Heikki Antinpoika Paasonen (2 January 1865 – 24 August 1919) was a Finnish linguist and ethnographer best known for his research in the linguistics and folklore of the Mokshas and the Erzyas during his two research trips to Russia. His studies include works on Chuvash, Mishar Tatar, Meadow Mari and Khanty languages, which led to further discoveries in Finno-Ugric and Turkic studies.

Mishar Tatar dialect
Mishar Tatar or Western Tatar (Мишәр, Mişär / Mişər, Мишәр Татар, Mişär / Mişər Tatar, көнбатыш татар, könbatış tatar) is a dialect of Tatar spoken by Mishar Tatars, mainly in Penza, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Volgograd, and Saratov oblasts of Russia, in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia and Mordovia, and also in Finland and Estonia.

Some linguists (Radlov, Samoylovich) think that Mishar belongs to the Kipchak-Cuman group of languages rather than to the Kipchak-Bulgar group. Especially the regional dialect of Sergachsky district (Nizhny Novgorod) is said to be faithfully close to the ancient Kipchak language. Increased contacts with Kazan Tatars have lessened these differences.

Mishar is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland. The origins of the Tatar community living in Finland rest upon the merchants coming from the villages of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (then-Governorate).
Durningen
Durningen (French pronunciation: [dyʁniŋ(ɡ)ən] ⓘ; Dürningen in German; Dírnínge in Alsatian) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

It is the highest-situated commune in the Kochersberg natural region.

The name is first recorded in 724 as Deorangus, subsequently as Teuringas (742), Thurinca (787), Thuringen (1276), and finally Turningen / Durningen (1371).

In the Middle Ages, Durningen was part of the domain of Hanau-Lichtenberg and belonged to the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg.

Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg
The Prince-Bishopric of Strasburg (German: Fürstbistum Straßburg; Alsatian: Fìrschtbischofsìtz Strossburi(g)) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 13th century until 1803. During the late 17th century, most of its territory was annexed by France; this consisted of the areas on the left bank of the Rhine, around the towns of Saverne, Molsheim, Benfeld, Dachstein, Dambach, Dossenheim-Kochersberg, Erstein, Kästenbolz, Rhinau, and the Mundat (consisting of Rouffach, Soultz, and Eguisheim). The annexations were recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697. Only the part of the state that was to the east of the Rhine remained; it consisted of areas around the towns of Oberkirch, Ettenheim, and Oppenau. This territory was secularized to Baden in 1803.
Owyhee Reservoir
Owyhee Reservoir or Owyhee Lake is a reservoir on the Owyhee River in Malheur County, Oregon, United States. Located in far Eastern Oregon near the Idaho border, the reservoir is Oregon's longest at 52 miles (84 km). The 13,900-acre (56 km2) lake is home to several species of fish, including crappie, rainbow trout, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, and brown bullhead. An artificial lake, it was created in 1932 with the completion of the Owyhee Dam. The lake supplies water for irrigation for 1,800 farms covering 118,000 acres of land in Eastern Oregon and Southwestern Idaho.  Seasonal Lake Owyhee State Park is located on the northeast shore and includes a boat ramp.

Yellow perch
The yellow perch (Perca flavescens), commonly referred to as perch, striped perch, American perch or preacher is a freshwater perciform fish native to much of North America. The yellow perch was described in 1814 by Samuel Latham Mitchill from New York. It is closely related, and morphologically similar to the European perch (Perca fluviatilis); and is sometimes considered a subspecies of its European counterpart.

Latitudinal variability in age, growth rates, and size have been observed among populations of yellow perch, likely resulting from differences in day length and annual water temperatures. In many populations, yellow perch often live 9 to 10 years, with adults generally ranging 4–10 in (10–25 cm) in length.

The world record for a yellow by weight is 4 lb 3 oz (1.9 kg), and was caught in May 1865 in Bordentown, New Jersey, by Dr. C. Abbot. It is the longest-standing record for a freshwater fish in North America.
Erode turmeric
Erode Turmeric or Erodu Manjal is a type of turmeric, a spice category which is grown in the Erode region of Tamil Nadu, India. It has been recognized as a Geographical indication by the Government of India in 2019. Erode turmeric is known for its high curcumin (>90%).

Curcumin
Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by plants of the Curcuma longa species. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is sold as an herbal supplement, cosmetics ingredient, food flavoring, and food coloring.

Chemically, curcumin is a polyphenol, more particularly a diarylheptanoid, belonging to the group of curcuminoids, which are phenolic pigments responsible for the yellow color of turmeric.

Extensive studies have consistently failed to show any medical value for curcumin. It is difficult to study because it is both unstable and poorly bioavailable. It is unlikely to produce useful leads for drug development as a lead compound.
1992 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament
The 1992 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament was the 11th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I women's collegiate soccer. The championship game was played at Fetzer Field in Chapel Hill, North Carolina during December 1992.

North Carolina defeated rival Duke in the final, 9–1, to win their tenth national title. Coached by Anson Dorrance, the Tar Heels again finished the season undefeated, 25–0. This would go on to become the seventh of North Carolina's record nine consecutive national titles (1986–1994).

The most outstanding offensive player was Mia Hamm from North Carolina, and the most outstanding defensive player was Sue Wall, from Santa Clara. Hamm was also the tournament's leading scorer (5 goals, 2 assists). An All-tournament team was named for the first time since 1983.

1983 NCAA women's soccer tournament
The 1983 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament was the second annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA women's collegiate soccer. The championship game was again played at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida during December 1983.

North Carolina defeated George Mason in the final, 4–0, to win their second national title. The Tar Heels were coached by Anson Dorrance.

The most outstanding player was Chris Taggert (Massachusetts), the most outstanding offensive player was  Lisa Gmitter (George Mason), and the most outstanding defensive player was Sue Cobb (North Carolina). Additionally, a All-Tournament team, consisting of 16 players, was named for the first time this year.

The leading scorer for the tournament was April Heinrichs from North Carolina (4 goals).
Gargoyle (album)
Gargoyle is the tenth studio album by American singer Mark Lanegan (credited to "Mark Lanegan Band"). It was released in April 2017 on Heavenly Recordings. It was produced by Lanegan's long-time collaborator Alain Johannes. Roughly half of the music on the record was written by UK-based Rob Marshall through e-mail exchanges with Lanegan, who would write lyrics subsequently.

While retaining much of the tenebrous imagery of previous records, Gargoyle arguably marks a step toward somewhat a lighter sound, as noted by reviewer Kieron Tyler: "Everything expected is present and correct: the bottom-of-the-boots voice; lugubrious yet affecting melodies; an ominous mood; lyrics dwelling on life’s dark corners. Even so, Gargoyle is an uplifting album, one allowing the sun to peak from behind a cloud."

Rob Marshall (musician)
Rob Marshall is a British musician, songwriter, and producer best known as the creative force behind the cinematic rock project Humanist. He gained prominence as the guitarist for the band Exit Calm, and later through his collaborations with Mark Lanegan, co-writing and producing tracks for the late singer's acclaimed solo albums.
Al Thumamah (Riyadh)
Al-Thumamah (Arabic: الثمامة, romanized: ath-Thumāmah, lit. 'the blade of grass'), alternatively spelt as al-Thumama and pronounced as ath-Thumamah, is an arid lowland desert area situated in Wadi Thumamah at the edge of al-Armah mountains in the northeastern fringes of Riyadh in Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Named after thumam (Arabic: الثمام), the Arabic word for desert bunchgrass, it is located approximately 50 miles (80 km) from Riyadh and is known for hosting outdoor recreational places, most notably the Thumamah National Park. The first census of the area was conducted in 1981 during the reign of King Khalid.

Wadi Thumamah
Wadi al-Thumamah (Arabic: وادي الثمامة) is a wadi (valley) located approximately 90 kilometers northeast of Riyadh in Riyadh Governorate, Saudi Arabia. It descends from the Al-Armah mountains and passes through Ghilanah village and ends at Rawdat Khuraim in Ramah Governorate of Riyadh Province. The valley is 60 km long and has an average slope of 3 min/km. Named after Thumam (Arabic: الثمام), the Arabic word for desert bunchgrass.
Inter+
"Inter+" (Ukrainian: Інтер+) is a Ukrainian international television channel, the international version of the Ukrainian television channel "Inter". It is part of the media conglomerate "Inter Media Group".

Velyki Ukraïntsi
The Greatest Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Великі українці, romanized: Velyki ukrainstsi) was a Ukrainian TV project. The programme was the result of a vote conducted to determine whom the Ukrainian public considers the greatest Ukrainians to have lived in history. According to Savik Shuster, more than 2.5 million people participated in the voting.

The show was running under a license from the BBC and originally appeared on British TV under the name 100 Greatest Britons and was successful. Many countries created their own versions.
2002–03 Scottish Challenge Cup
The 2002–03 Scottish Challenge Cup was the 12th season of the competition, competed for by all 30 members of the Scottish Football League. The defending champions were Airdrieonians, who defeated Alloa Athletic 2–1 in the 2001 final.

The final was played on 20 October 2002, between Queen of the South and Brechin City at Broadwood Stadium, Cumbernauld. Queen of the South won 2–0, to win the competition for the first time.

Brechin City F.C.
Brechin City Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the town of Brechin in Angus. The club was founded in 1906 by players and officials of two local clubs, Brechin Harp and Brechin Hearts. The club currently competes in the Highland League after suffering three relegations in four seasons: from the Championship in 2018, League One in 2019, and League Two in 2021 following a 3–1 aggregate play-off defeat by Kelty Hearts.

The club's highest achievements include winning the third tier of Scottish football three times, most recently in 2004–05 as champions of the Second Division. The club has also reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup on one occasion, losing 2–0 to Queen of the South in 2002. Brechin's home ground is Glebe Park which can seat around 1,500 spectators in its capacity of 4,123. The ground opened in 1919.
William Tyner
William Tyner (28 May 1872 – 7 November 1954) was an Australian politician.

Tyner was born in Prahran to produce merchant William Tyner and Letitia Anderson. He attended state schools before joining the family firm. On 27 February 1903 he married Martha Weller, with whom he had two daughters. He served on Caulfield City Council from 1910 to 1923 (as mayor from 1918 to 1919).

In 1922 Tyner was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council as a Nationalist, representing South Eastern Province. He served until 1940, when he was defeated contesting Higinbotham Province in 1940. Tyner also unsuccessfully contested South Eastern Province in 1946. Tyner died in Armadale in 1954.

City of Caulfield
The City of Caulfield was a local government area about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The city covered an area of 21.97 square kilometres (8.48 sq mi), and existed from 1857 until 1994.
Chinatowns in Europe
Urban Chinatowns exist in several major European cities.  There is a Chinatown in London, England, as well as major Chinatowns in Manchester, Birmingham, Newcastle and Liverpool. In Paris there are two Chinatowns: one where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled in the Quartier chinois in the 13th arrondissement of Paris which is Europe's largest Chinatown, and the other in Belleville in the northeast of Paris. Berlin, Germany has two Chinatowns, one in the East and one in the West. Antwerp, Belgium also has an upstart Chinese community.

London Docklands
London Docklands is an area of London encompassing the city’s former docks. It is located in inner east and southeast London, in the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich. The docks were formerly part of the Port of London, at one time the world's largest port. After the docks closed, the area had become derelict and poverty-ridden by the 1980s. The Docklands' regeneration began later that decade; it has been redeveloped principally for commercial and residential use. The name "London Docklands" was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971 and has since been almost universally adopted. The redevelopment created wealth, but also led to some conflict between the new and old communities in the area.
Victoria Park railway station, Melbourne
Victoria Park station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne on the Mernda and Hurstbridge lines, part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the north-eastern Melbourne suburb of Abbotsford in Victoria, Australia. Victoria Park is an elevated unstaffed station, featuring two side platforms. It opened on 8 May 1888, with the current platforms provided in 1959 and station provided in 1981.

Initially opened as Collingwood, the station was given its current name of Victoria Park on 1 May 1909. A former goods yard is located adjacent to Platform 1, whilst a stabling siding, capable of holding two stabled trains, is located at the down (northern) end of the station.

Rail directions
Rail directions are used to describe train directions on rail systems. The terms used may be derived from such sources as compass directions, altitude directions, or other directions. These directions are often specific to system, country, or region.
Selsey Lifeboat Station
Selsey Lifeboat Station is located on Kingsway in Selsey, a town approximately eight miles (13 km) south of Chichester, at the southernmost point of the Manhood Peninsula, overlooking the English Channel, in the county of West Sussex, England.

A lifeboat station was established at Selsey by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1861.

The station operates a Shannon-class All-weather lifeboat, 13-20 Denise and Eric (ON 1327), on station since 2017, launched via the Shannon Launch and Recovery System (SLARS), and the much smaller D-class (IB1) Inshore lifeboat, RNLB Flt Lt John Buckley RAF (D-827), on station since 2018.

Chichester
Chichester (/ˈtʃɪtʃɪstər/ ⓘ CHITCH-ist-ər) is a cathedral city and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is the only city in West Sussex and is its county town. It was a Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement and a major market town from those times through Norman and medieval times to the present day. It is the seat of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester and is home to a 12th-century cathedral.

The city has two main watercourses: the Chichester Canal and the River Lavant. The Lavant, a winterbourne, runs to the south of the city walls; it is hidden mostly in culverts when close to the city centre.