hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fintas Group
The Fintas Group (Arabic: قروب الفنطاس) is a Kuwaiti dissident group named after the homonymous WhatsApp group chat its members belonged to. Their notoriety escalated on April 2, 2015, when they launched a widespread firehose of falsehood disinformation attack across Kuwait aimed at inciting insurrection. This campaign, executed through WhatsApp, disseminated messages and fabricated videos suggesting a conspiracy aimed at undermining the state’s governance and judicial system.

In response to these activities, the Kuwaiti public prosecutor initiated legal proceedings against members of the Fintas Group. They were charged with 'intentionally broadcasting abroad false and malicious news and rumors about the internal conditions of the country, and violating a means of public communication by not showing due respect to the judges.’ The outcome of these legal actions led to the conviction of several group members.

Firehose of falsehood
The firehose of falsehood, also known as firehosing, is a propaganda technique in which a large number of messages are broadcast rapidly, repetitively, and continuously over multiple channels (like news and social media) without regard for truth or consistency. The firehose of falsehood is a contemporary model for Russian propaganda under Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Though similar in some ways, the American tactic of "flooding the zone" with misleading or false statements is distinct from firehosing in that flooding involves pushing out initiatives and policies at an overwhelming rate, rather than specifically falsehoods. The tactics may be combined.

While difficult to counter, the German Marshall Fund, RAND, and military strategists have described techniques to respond to the firehose of falsehood, generally involving preempting it with good information, strategically reducing or removing misinformation, and teaching digital literacy.
Antoninów, Opoczno County
Antoninów [antɔˈninuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sławno, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north of Sławno, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Opoczno, and 61 km (38 mi) south-east of the regional capital, Łódź.

Opoczno County
Opoczno County (Polish: powiat opoczyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, south-east Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opoczno, which lies 72 kilometres (45 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Drzewica, lying 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Opoczno.

The county covers an area of 1,038.77 square kilometres (401.1 sq mi). As of 2009 its total population is 78,467, out of which the population of Opoczno is 21,635 (2016), that of Drzewica is 3,913 (2016), and the rural population is 52,006.
Admiralty cicadabird
The Admiralty  cicadabird or Manus  cicadabird (Edolisoma admiralitatis) is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae.  It is endemic to the Admiralty Islands. It was previously considered conspecific with the common cicadabird.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

Admiralty Islands
The Admiralty Islands are an archipelago group of 40 islands in the Bismarck Archipelago, to the north of New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean. These are also sometimes known as the Manus Islands, after the largest island of the chain.

These rainforest-covered islands constitute Manus Province, the smallest and least-populous province of Papua New Guinea, in its Islands Region. The total area is 2,100 km2 (810 sq mi). The province had a population of 60,485 at the 2011 Census. Many of the smaller Admiralty Islands are atolls and uninhabited.
Custos Rotulorum of Essex
This is a list of people who have served as custos rotulorum of Essex.

Sir William Petre bef. 1544–1572

Sir Anthony Cooke c. 1573–1576

Sir Thomas Mildmay c. 1577–1608

Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk bef. 1621–1624

Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk 1624–1640

William Maynard, 1st Baron Maynard 1640

Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick 1640–1642

James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle 1642–1646, 1660

Charles Rich, 4th Earl of Warwick 1660–1673

William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard 1673–1688

Thomas Petre, 6th Baron Petre 1688

For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Essex.

Custos rotulorum
Custos rotulorum (/ˈkʌstɒs roʊtjʊˈlɔːrəm/; plural: custodes rotulorum; Latin for "keeper of the rolls", Neo-Latin: [ˈkus.tos roˈtuː.lo.rum]) is a civic post that is recognised in the United Kingdom (except Scotland) and in Jamaica.
Niels Christiansen
Niels B. Christiansen (born 12 April 1966) is a Danish businessman who is the president and chief executive officer of The Lego Group.

Christiansen was managing director and chief executive officer of Danfoss from October 2008 to July 2017, when he was succeeded by Kim Fausing. In August 2017, Lego announced that Christiansen would take over as chief executive officer in October. From January 2025, Christiansen has also been CEO of LEGO Holding.

The Lego Group
Lego Systems A/S, also known as the Lego Group (stylised as the LEGO Group), is a Danish construction toy manufacturer and media company based in Billund. It manufactures Lego-branded toys, consisting mostly of interlocking acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic and rubber bricks. The Lego Group has also built several amusement parks around the world, each known as Legoland, and operates numerous retail stores.

The name Lego is derived from the Danish phrase leg godt, meaning "play well".

The company was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen. In the first half of 2015, the Lego Group became the world's largest toy company by revenue, with sales amounting to US$2.1 billion, surpassing Mattel, which had US$1.9 billion in sales. As of 2025, the company is owned by the Kristiansen family via their family office, investment firm Kirkbi.
Arthur Eisenmenger
Arthur Eisenmenger (born 20 October 1914 in Basel, died 19 February 2002 in Eislingen) was a German former chief graphic designer for the European Community.

Amongst his artistic creations are implementations of the European flag, the CE mark, and the euro sign (€).

Graphic designer
A graphic designer is a practitioner who follows the discipline of graphic design, either within companies or organizations or independently. They are professionals in design and visual communication, with their primary focus on transforming linguistic messages into graphic manifestations, whether tangible or intangible. They are responsible for planning, designing, projecting, and conveying messages or ideas through visual communication. Graphic design is one of the most in-demand professions with significant job opportunities, as it allows leveraging technological advancements and working online from anywhere in the world.
Johann Müller-Rutz
Johann Müller-Rutz (28 February 1854, Räuchlisberg – 7 May 1944, St. Gallen) was a Swiss entomologist who specialised in the study of microlepidoptera, small moths. He trained as an embroidery artist and worked in first in Müllheim (1885-1888) and then in St. Gallen where he was teacher of embroidery designs at the Industrial and Trade Centre St. Gallen.

Johann Müller-Rutz published fauna studies, revisions and descriptions of new species in Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. Together with Karl Vorbrodt he wrote Die Schmetterlinge der Schweiz (Butterflies of Switzerland) Bern K.J. Wyss, 1911-1914. His collection of Palearctic Lepidoptera is divided between the Natural History Museum of Basel and the Natural History Museum of Bern. It is rich in specimens from the Canton of Thurgau, the Alpstein and the Alps.

Natural History Museum of Basel
Natural History Museum Basel (German: Naturhistorisches Museum Basel) is a natural history museum in Basel, Switzerland that houses wide-ranging collections focused on the fields of zoology, entomology, mineralogy, anthropology, osteology and paleontology. It has over 11 million objects.

It was established as a natural history collection in 1821.

The museum is a heritage site of national significance.

Here, the mummy of Anna Catharina Bischoff is kept and examined. It was found in 1975 during excavations in the Barfüsserkirche Basel. The skeleton of Theo the Pipe Smoker was found 1984 near the Theodorskirche in Kleinbasel.
Rauf
Rauf or Rawuf (Arabic: رَؤُوف ra’ūf or rawūf) is an Arabic male given name or surname which is a noun and the exaggerated form of the name Raif (or Raef) meaning "kind, affectionate, benign", "sympathetic, merciful" or compassionate.

The name comes from the Arabic verb ra’afa (رَأَفَ) "to have compassion for, have mercy upon, be merciful toward".

However, the name Rauf is an exaggerated form and Raif is an agent noun which is also exaggerated in nature.

The name is also one of the names of Allah, al-Ra'uf or commonly "Ar-Ra'uf/ Rawuf", meaning "the Kind, the Pitying" or "Most Kind, the Ever-Compassionate".

Agent noun
In linguistics, an agent noun (in Latin, nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action, and that identifies an entity that does that action. For example, driver is an agent noun formed from the verb drive.

Usually, derived in the above definition has the strict sense attached to it in morphology, that is the derivation takes as an input a lexeme (an abstract unit of morphological analysis) and produces a new lexeme. However, the classification of morphemes into derivational morphemes (see word formation) and inflectional ones is not generally a straightforward theoretical question, and different authors can make different decisions as to the general theoretical principles of the classification as well as to the actual classification of morphemes presented in a grammar of some language (for example, of the agent noun-forming morpheme).
Garden of the Provinces and Territories
The Garden of the Provinces and Territories (French: Jardins des provinces et des territoires) is a 4-acre (1.6 ha) site along Confederation Boulevard in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada's capital city. It is bounded by the Sparks Street escarpment on the south, Wellington Street on the west and north, and Bay Street to the east between Christ Church Cathedral and the Library and Archives Canada. It was officially opened on September 25, 1962, as a western gateway to the Parliament Buildings. The park was renamed from "Garden of the Provinces" on October 6, 2005 to recognize and include Canada's three territories. Scott Brison, then the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, officially renamed the park.

In December 2015, the federal government requested that the National Capital Commission approve the garden as the site of the proposed Memorial to the Victims of Communism rather than its previously approved site, a plot of land by the Supreme Court of Canada building.

National Capital Commission
The National Capital Commission (NCC; French: Commission de la capitale nationale, CCN) is the Crown corporation responsible for development, urban planning, and conservation in Canada's Capital Region (Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec), including administering most lands and buildings owned by the Government of Canada in the region.

The NCC is the capital's largest property owner, owning and managing over 11% of all lands in the Capital Region. It also owns over 1,600 properties in its real estate portfolio, including the capital's six official residences; commercial, residential and heritage buildings; and agricultural facilities.

The NCC reports to the Parliament of Canada through whichever minister in the Cabinet of Canada is designated responsible for the National Capital Act, currently the Minister of Public Services and Procurement.
Charleston County School of the Arts
Charleston County School of the Arts (SOA) is a public magnet school located in North Charleston, South Carolina and is considered part of the Charleston County School District. It was founded in 1995 by Rose Maree Jordan Myers, who served as principal until 2007.

North Charleston, South Carolina
North Charleston is a city in Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, North Charleston had a population of 114,852, making it the third-most populous city in the state, and the 248th-most populous city in the United States. North Charleston is a principal city within the Charleston-North Charleston, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 849,417 in 2023.
Elliptic cone
An elliptical cone is a cone with an elliptical base.
It is a generalization of the circular cone and a special case of the generalized cone.

The term might refer to the solid figure bounded by the base or only to the lateral conic surface, a quadric called conical quadric or quadratic cone.

In a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, an elliptic cone is the locus of an equation of the form:

It is an affine image of the unit right circular cone with equation  From the fact that the affine image of a conic section is a conic section of the same type (ellipse, parabola, etc.), any plane section of an elliptic cone is a conic section (see Circular section#Elliptic cone).

The intersection curve of an elliptic cone with a concentric sphere is a spherical conic.

Locus (mathematics)
In geometry, a locus (plural: loci) (Latin word for "place", "location") is a set of all points (commonly, a line, a line segment, a curve or a surface), whose location satisfies or is determined by one or more specified conditions.

The set of the points that satisfy some property is often called the locus of a point satisfying this property. The use of the singular in this formulation is a witness that, until the end of the 19th century, mathematicians did not consider infinite sets. Instead of viewing lines and curves as sets of points, they viewed them as places where a point may be located or may move.
3C 334
3C 334 is a powerful radio-loud quasar located in the constellation of Hercules, about 5.2 billion light years away from Earth. It has a redshift of (z) 0.555. First discovered as an astronomical radio source in 1965, the object is classified as a lobe-dominated quasar showing signs of superluminal motion.

Superluminal motion
In astronomy, superluminal motion is the apparently faster-than-light motion seen in some radio galaxies, BL Lac objects, quasars, blazars and recently also in some galactic sources called microquasars. Bursts of energy moving out along the relativistic jets emitted from these objects can have a proper motion that appears to have speed greater than the speed of light. All of these sources are thought to contain a black hole, responsible for the ejection of mass at high velocities. Light echoes can also produce apparent superluminal motion.
Steve Jackson (rugby union)
Steve Jackson (born 22 March 1973) is a New Zealand professional rugby union coach, who during his playing career played lock across multiple teams in the New Zealand Provincial Championship. He formerly worked as the head coach of the Samoan National rugby team from 2018 to 2020.

He attended High School at Waitākere College.

Waitākere College
Waitākere College is a state coeducational secondary school located in Henderson, Auckland, New Zealand, established in 1975. A total of 1,951 students from Years 9 to 13 (ages 13 to 18) attend Waitākere College as of October 2025.

Students entering the college are allocated into one of three "Houses". The house names use Māori words: Aroha (Love), Manawanui (Perseverance), and Matauranga (Knowledge).

Waitākere College offers an extra 'Performing Arts' subject formerly run by Stephen Nightingale. Entry is based on an audition process and the course runs for years 9 and 10. It covers drama, dance, music, singing, theatre, film/television, editing, theatre lighting, make-up and costume.

Waitākere College is often used as a filming location for the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, as the location of Ferndale High School.
Italian destroyer Turbine (1901)
Turbine ("Vortex") was an Italian Nembo-class destroyer. Commissioned into service in the Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") in 1902, she served in the Italo-Turkish War and World War I. She was sunk during the latter conflict in May 1915 on the day after Italy entered the war.

Port and starboard
Port and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft and spacecraft, referring respectively to the left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front).

Vessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side; it is usually only on the port side (hence the name).
Wedding of Albert II, Prince of Monaco, and Charlene Wittstock
The wedding of Prince Albert II of Monaco and Charlene Wittstock took place on 1 and 2 July 2011 at the Prince's Palace of Monaco. The groom was the sovereign prince of the Principality of Monaco. The bride was a South African Olympic swimmer. A two-day public holiday for the celebrations was declared.

Commentators said that the wedding would be important for Monaco to survive as a tax haven. Monegasque authorities believed that the event would increase tourism.
The civil ceremony was held in the Throne Room, conducted by Philippe Narmino, president of the Council of State, while the religious ceremony took place in the courtyard of the palace, and was presided over by Archbishop Bernard Barsi.

Princess Stéphanie of Monaco
Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (Stéphanie Marie Elisabeth Grimaldi; born 1 February 1965) is the youngest child of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and his wife, American actress Grace Kelly. She is the younger sister of Albert II, Prince of Monaco, and Caroline, Princess of Hanover. Currently 15th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne, she has been a singer, swimwear designer, and fashion model.
Battle of Durbe
The Battle of Durbe (Latvian: Durbes kauja, Lithuanian: Durbės mūšis, German: Schlacht an der Durbe) was a medieval battle fought near Durbe, 23 km (14 mi) east of Liepāja, in present-day Latvia during the Livonian Crusade. On 13 July 1260, the Samogitians soundly defeated the joint forces of the Teutonic Knights from Prussia and the Livonian Order from Livonia. Some 150 knights were killed, including Livonian master Burkhard von Hornhausen and Prussian land marshal Heinrich Botel. It was by far the largest defeat of the knights in the 13th century: in the second-largest, the Battle of Aizkraukle, 71 knights were killed. The battle inspired the Great Prussian Uprising (ended in 1274) and the rebellions of the Semigallians (surrendered in 1290), the Couronians (surrendered in 1267), and the Oeselians (surrendered in 1261). The battle undid two decades of Livonian conquests and it took some thirty years for the Livonian Order to restore its control.

Livonian Brothers of the Sword
The order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Sword Brethren (German: Schwertbrüderorden), formally known as The Militia of Christ of Livonia  (Latin: Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae) was a Catholic military order of German crusading knights established in 1202 in Livonia by Albert, the third bishop of Riga. Pope Innocent III sanctioned the establishment in 1204 for the second time.

The membership of the crusading order comprised warrior monks, mostly from northern Germany, who fought Baltic and Finnic pagans in the area of modern-day Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Following their defeat by the Samogitians and Semigallians in the Battle of Saule in 1236, the remnants of the order were disbanded by the Pope in 1237 when some of the surviving sword brethren were allowed to return to Germany and those who opted to stay in "Terra Mariana" (Livonia) were accepted into the local branch of the Teutonic Order.
Frederick County Public Schools (Maryland)
Frederick County Public Schools (FCPS) is a public school system serving the residents of Frederick County, Maryland. The system includes several schools to serve the educational needs of the youth in Frederick and the surrounding areas of Frederick County.

Brunswick, Maryland
Brunswick is a city in southwestern Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The city is located on the north bank of the Potomac River; Loudoun County, Virginia occupies the opposite shore. The population of Brunswick was 8,211 at the 2022 Census. There are three schools serving Brunswick: Brunswick Elementary School, Brunswick Middle School, and Brunswick High School.
Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District
Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District was a 1994 class action lawsuit by the Asian American Legal Foundation challenging the use of racial quotas after NAACP v. SFUSD limiting the enrollment of Chinese Americans by the San Francisco Unified School District. As a result of the case, San Francisco Unified school district switched to a system using a "diversity index" that excluded race as an alternative to the quota system.

With the resulting consent decree creating a new Diversity Index admissions system, that ultimately resegregated the school district as a result of the Diversity Index created from a settlement in 2001, compared to the previous admissions system created from the 1983 consent decree in NAACP v. SFUSD.

Racial quota
Racial quotas in employment and education are numerical requirements or quotas for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group. Racial quotas are often established as means of diminishing racial discrimination, addressing under-representation and evident racism against those racial groups or, the opposite, against the disadvantaged majority group (see numerus clausus or bhumiputra systems). Conversely, quotas have also been used historically to promote discrimination against minority groups by limiting access to influential institutions in employment and education.

These quotas may be determined by governmental authority and backed by governmental sanctions. When the total number of jobs or enrollment slots is fixed, this proportion may get translated to a specific number.
Muriel Baillie
Muriel "Fluff" Baillie (July 4, 1935 – September 22, 2018) was a Canadian politician. She represented the electoral district of Pictou West in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2003. She was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia.

Baillie was born in 1935 at River John, Nova Scotia, and educated at the Nova Scotia Normal College for Teachers. A retired school principal in River John, Baillie was the Progressive Conservative candidate for Pictou West in the 1999 provincial election. She defeated New Democrat incumbent Charlie Parker by 147 votes to win the seat. She served as a backbench MLA in John Hamm's government in the 58th General Assembly of Nova Scotia, and did not seek re-election in 2003.

Baillie died on September 22, 2018.

1999 Nova Scotia general election
The 1999 Nova Scotia general election was held on July 27, 1999, to elect members of the 58th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The government was defeated on a money bill on June 18, and the Nova Scotia House of Assembly was dissolved by Lieutenant Governor James Kinley. It was won by the Progressive Conservative party, led by Dr. John Hamm. They received a majority of 30 seats compared to 11 seats by the NDP and 11 by the Liberals.