hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
United States tort law
This article addresses torts in United States law. As such, it covers primarily common law. Moreover, it provides general rules, as individual states all have separate civil codes. There are three general categories of torts: intentional torts, negligence, and strict liability torts.

Ybarra v. Spangard
Ybarra v. Spangard was a leading case in California discussing the exclusive control element of res ipsa loquitur. "Where a plaintiff receives unusual injuries while unconscious and in the course of medical treatment, all those defendants who had any control over his body or the instrumentalities which might have caused the injuries may properly be called upon to meet the inference of negligence by giving an explanation of their conduct."

The contrary position would bar the application of res ipsa loquitur when there is no showing that the cause of the injury  was the act of any particular defendant or instrumentality.
Op. 7
In music, Op. 7 stands for Opus number 7. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Barber – Music for a Scene from Shelley

Beethoven – Piano Sonata No. 4

Berlioz – Les nuits d'été

Chopin – Mazurkas, Op. 7

Clara Schumann – Piano Concerto

Enescu – Octet

Grieg – Piano Sonata

Haas – String Quartet No. 2

Handel – Organ concertos, Op. 7

Jäger – Der Tod und das Mädchen

Korngold – Der Ring des Polykrates

Leifs – Organ Concerto

Nielsen – Symphony No. 1

Paganini – Violin Concerto No. 2

Rachmaninoff – The Rock

Schoenberg – String Quartets

Schumann – Toccata

Schütz – Musikalische Exequien

Sibelius – Kullervo, choral symphony (1892)

Stravinsky – Quatre études, Op. 7

Vivaldi – Twelve Concertos, Op. 7

Wagner – Schwarzschwanenreich

Schwarzschwanenreich
Schwarzschwanenreich (Realm of the Black Swan), Op. 7, is an opera in German in three acts composed by Siegfried Wagner in 1910 to his own libretto. It premiered on 5 November 1918 in Karlsruhe at the court theatre Großherzogliches Hoftheater.
Martine Piccart
Martine J. Piccart-Gebhart (born 1953) is a Belgian medical oncologist. She is a professor of oncology at the Université libre de Bruxelles and scientific director at the Jules Bordet Institute in Brussels, Belgium. She is also a member of the Belgian Royal Academy of Medicine.

Prof. Piccart is a past president of the European CanCer Organisation. She has also held presidencies of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the European Society of Medical Oncology, has served on both the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Association for Cancer Research boards.

European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) is a unique pan-European non-profit clinical cancer research organisation established in 1962 operating as an international association under Belgium law. It develops, conducts, coordinates and stimulates high-quality translational and clinical trial research to improve the survival and quality of life of cancer patients. This is achieved through the development of new drugs and other innovative approaches, and the testing of more effective therapeutic strategies, using currently approved drugs, surgery and/or radiotherapy in clinical trials conducted under the auspices of a vast network of clinical cancer researchers supported by 220 staff members based in Brussels. The EORTC has the expertise to conduct large and complex trials especially specific populations such as the older patient and rare tumours.
Tal Vez, Quizá
"Tal Vez, Quizá" (transl. "Perhaps, Maybe") is a song performed by Mexican singer Paulina Rubio, taken from her fifth studio album Paulina (2000). The song was written by Armando Manzanero, and produced by Marcello Azevedo. Lyrically, the song talks about a woman who asks her lover to stay with her, narrating from her perspective the feelings and emotions of being the second choice in an extramarital affair.

Universal Latino released the song as Paulina's final single on September 24, 2001. It peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs, and also peaked in the top 20 on Latin Pop Songs.

Hot Latin Songs
The Billboard Hot Latin Songs (formerly Hot Latin Tracks and Hot Latin 50) is a record chart in the United States for Latin songs, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Since October 2012, chart rankings are based on digital sales, radio airplay, and online streaming, and only predominantly Spanish-language songs are allowed to rank. The chart was established by the magazine on September 6, 1986, and was originally based on airplay on Latin music radio stations. Although the chart predominantly allows Spanish-language songs, songs in English and Portuguese have charted.

The first number one song of the Hot Latin Songs chart was "La Guirnalda" by Rocío Dúrcal on September 6, 1986. As of the issue dated February 28, 2026, the chart has had 468 different number one hits, while 192 artists have reached number one (as a lead or a featured act). The current number-one song on the chart is "DTMF" by Bad Bunny.
Solidaridad Bookshop
Solidaridad is a bookstore in the Ermita district of Manila, the Philippines. Having first opened its doors in 1964, it is owned by Philippine national artist F. Sionil José and managed by his family after his and his wife's death. It is sometimes called "the best little bookstore in Asia."

The shop features the owner's own works and works by other Filipino authors such as Jose Rizal, Nick Joaquin, Paz Marquez Benitez, N.V.M. Gonzalez, Gilda Cordero-Fernando, Bienvenido Santos, and Lualhati Bautista.  Selected foreign titles are also offered at the bookstore. It has been claimed that they have the widest selection of Filipiniana works in the Philippines.

In 2025, José's heirs put the store for sale. It was sold to Leandro Leviste, a friend of José, in November.

Lualhati Bautista
Lualhati Torres Bautista (December 2, 1945 – February 12, 2023) was a Filipina writer, liberal activist, and political critic. Her most popular novels are Dekada '70 (1983), Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa?, and 'GAPÔ (both 1988).
Goodwill Court
Goodwill Court was a popular human interest radio court show of the mid-1930s that broadcast for over a year, sponsored by Chase & Sanborn Coffee. In 1936, it was ranked among the top ten radio programs, but it was cancelled in response to complaints from the American Bar Association and a decision by the New York City Supreme Court.

Chase & Sanborn Coffee Company
Chase & Sanborn Coffee is an American brand of coffee created by the coffee roasting and tea and coffee importing company of the same name, established in 1864 in Boston, Massachusetts, by Caleb Chase (1831-1908) and James Solomon Sanborn (1835-1903). It says that it is the first coffee company to pack and ship roasted coffee in sealed tins.
Motutaiko Island
Motutaiko Island is the only island within Lake Taupō on the North Island of New Zealand. It sits near the town of Motutere. The name "Motutaiko" is from the Māori language, with "motu" meaning island, and "taiko" being a name for the black petrel (Procellaria parkinsoni).

Black petrel
The black petrel (Procellaria parkinsoni), (Māori: tāiko, or tākoketai) also called Parkinson's petrel, is a medium-sized, black-plumaged petrel, the smallest of the Procellaria.  The species is an endemic breeder of New Zealand, breeding only on Great Barrier Island and Little Barrier Island, off the North Island. At sea it disperses as far as Australia and Ecuador.
Madhukunda railway station
Madhukunda railway station serves Madhukunda, Tiluri village and surrounding areas in Purulia and Bankura districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located on the southern bank of the Damodar and a railway bridge connects it to Damodar railway station.

Damodar River
Damodar River (Pron: /ˈdʌmoˌdaː/) is a river flowing across the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The valley is rich in mineral resources and is known for large-scale mining and industrial activity. It was also known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of the ravaging floods it caused in the plains of West Bengal. The construction of several dams on the Damodar and its tributaries has helped control some of the flooding.
Gregory J. Blotnick
Gregory Joshua Blotnick (born November 12, 1986) is an American hedge fund manager and book author. He was the founder and portfolio manager of Brattle Street Capital, a hedge fund based in New York.

In October 2021, Blotnick pleaded guilty to wire fraud and money laundering charges associated with claiming $4.6 million in fraudulent Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans, served two years at FCI Coleman Low.

Mail and wire fraud
Mail fraud and wire fraud are terms used in the United States to describe the use of a physical (e.g., the U.S. Postal Service) or electronic (e.g., a phone, a telegram, a fax, or the Internet) mail system to defraud another, and are U.S. federal crimes. Jurisdiction is claimed by the federal government if the illegal activity crosses interstate or international borders.
Timarpur
Timarpur is one of the seven electoral constituencies in North Delhi, India. It is located near University of Delhi and has an area under 2 square kilometers. Its population is about 10,000. Timarpur is the first government colony established by the Government of India and is predominantly a government residential area.

The area includes eight schools, including six senior secondary schools, one primary school, and one special school for intellectually disabled children.

The health services in Timarpur include the INMAS health center, which is the biggest thyroid center in India. A government-owned CGHS dispensary is also present in the area.

Timarpur is well connected to the Delhi Tilak Basumatary service.

The area also includes a DRDO complex consisting of both residential and official areas.

there is a local dairy village belonging to Gurjar(Mandaar clan) community since 1911 with 60 to 70 families living in it.

Senior secondary education
The senior secondary years are the years of later adolescence corresponding to the later part of secondary education.  Although definitions vary, the senior secondary years are sometimes defined as being from approximately age 15 to age 18.  The term generally includes tenth grade, eleventh grade and twelfth grade.

The senior secondary years often involve a difficult transition from the world of the child to that of the adult.  In many countries, school attendance is no longer compulsory in the senior secondary years.

The term "senior secondary" may also be used to refer to any institution that covers the upper part of secondary education, such as the High School in all National and State Boards in India and also as the Junior College in some State Boards in India.
Skælingur
Skælingur is a village on the west of the main Faroese island of Streymoy in the Kvívík Municipality.

The 2010 population was 13. Its postal code is FO 336. It is by the mountain Skælingsfjall, one of the tallest mountains in the archipelago with a height of 767 metres.

The nearby Skælingsfjall mountain used to be called Skælingur. The "skæli" prefix comes from the Faroese noun skáli (house). The mountain is said to resemble the shape of a house.

Streymoy
Streymoy (Faroese pronunciation: [ˈstɾeɪ̯mɔɪ̯], Danish: Strømø) is the largest and most populated island of the Faroe Islands. The capital, Tórshavn, is located on its southeast coast. The name means "island of currents". It also refers to the largest region of the country that also includes the islands of Hestur, Koltur and Nólsoy.
Eunice Thomas Miner
Eunice Thomasina Thomas Miner (8 August 1899 – 18 March 1993),  affectionately called "Tommy," served as the Executive Director of the New York Academy of Sciences from 1939 to 1967. She oversaw the revitalization of the organization and secured a new donated headquarters from Norman Woolworth (brother of Frank Winfield Woolworth). She was an advocate for the support of science in public health causes, including collaborating with Hilary Koprowski to support polio vaccine work.

Miner joined the New York Academy of Sciences in 1935 when her work as a research assistant in the department of invertebrate biology at the American Museum of Natural History intersected with the Academy's es:Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

Research assistant
A research assistant (RA)  is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university, research institute, or privately held organization to provide assistance in academic or private research endeavors. Research assistants work under the supervision of a principal investigator or supervisor and typically do not bear direct responsibility for the final outcomes of the research. However, in certain countries, research assistants can be the primary contributors to the research outcomes. Research assistants are commonly educated to at least degree level, and they may also be enrolled in postgraduate degree programs. In some cases, such as when pursuing a PhD, they are referred to as Doctoral Research Assistants and may also have teaching responsibilities alongside their research commitments.
2011 Galway Senior Hurling Championship
The 2011 Galway Senior Hurling Championship was the 114th completed staging of the Galway Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Galway County Board in 1887.

Clarinbridge entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 6 November 2011 at Pearse Stadium in Galway, between Gort and Clarinbridge, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Gort won the match by 0–17 to 1–12 to claim their sixth championship title overall and a first title in 28 years.

Clarinbridge GAA
Clarinbridge GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located in the village of Clarinbridge in County Galway, Ireland.  The club is almost exclusively concerned with the game of hurling. In March 2011, they won their first All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, defeating O'Loughlin Gaels by 2-18 to 0-12 at Croke Park. Michael Donoghue was manager of that team.
The Leigh UTC
The Leigh UTC is a University Technical College (UTC) for the Dartford area of Kent, England, that opened in September 2014. The UTC specialises in Engineering and Computer Sciences.

Building work started in October 2013 at the Bridge development, where Joyce Green Hospital once stood. The main building opened to students in September 2014.

The Leigh UTC has a project-based approach to learning.

As with all UTCs, a number of businesses and organisations support the College. These include:

University of Greenwich

Bluewater

Kenard Engineering

Eurostar

The Leigh UTC has opened a five-form entry Key Stage 3 feeder college, the Inspiration Academy, on the UTC site, in effect converting the education model into one of an 11–18 free school.

The Leigh UTC is part of Leigh Academies Trust.

Eurostar
Eurostar is an international high-speed rail service in Western Europe, connecting Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel.

The service is operated by the Eurostar Group which was formed from the merger of Eurostar, which operated trains through the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom, and Thalys which operated entirely within continental Europe.

Eurostar has transported over 400 million passengers since services began in 1994, including a record 20 million passengers in 2025. The operator is exploring future network expansions and aims to double passenger numbers between 2022 and 2030.
AAR2
AAR2 is a gene that encodes a protein essential for pre-mRNA splicing, a step in post-transcriptional modification of RNA. The AAR2 protein is part of the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP), and it plays a role in a component of the spliceosome. In humans, the AAR2 gene is on chromosme 20.

Spliceosome
A spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The spliceosome is assembled from small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and numerous proteins. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules bind to specific proteins to form a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP, pronounced "snurps"), which in turn combines with other snRNPs to form a large ribonucleoprotein complex called a spliceosome. The spliceosome removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA, a type of primary transcript.  This process is generally referred to as splicing.  An analogy is a film editor, who selectively cuts out irrelevant or incorrect material (equivalent to the introns) from the initial film and sends the cleaned-up version to the director for the final cut.

However, sometimes the RNA within the intron acts as a ribozyme, splicing itself without the use of a spliceosome or protein enzymes.
NIM811
NIM811 is a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor. Also known as N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin, it is a substituted cyclosporine analog that binds to cyclophilin; however, this binary complex cannot bind to calcineurin, and therefore lacks immunosuppressive activity.

NIM811 is a form of treatment for patients with the hepatitis C virus (HCV).  Studies indicate a strong relationship between a treatment's cyclophilin binding affinity and suppression of HCV activity.  NIM811 is also being studied as a potential treatment to genetic muscular diseases such as Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) and Bethlem myopathy (BM) disease, diseases altering the genes for collagen VI production.

Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.

In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant. Additionally, it is used for treating graft-versus-host disease after a bone marrow transplant, or for the treatment of auto-immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's disease, or Crohn's disease. This is typically done using medications, but may involve surgery (splenectomy), plasmapheresis, or radiation. A person who is undergoing immunosuppression, or whose immune system is weak for some other reasons (such as chemotherapy or HIV), is said to be immunocompromised.
Niebla pulchribarbara
Niebla  pulchribarbara  is a rare fruticose lichen that occurs on sandy beaches or gravelly soil along the Pacific Coast, at San Antonio del Mar and at Bahía de San Quintín, Baja California.  The species epithet, pulchribarbara, is in reference to the strikingly beautiful lichen mat formed by the thallus.

San Quintín, Baja California
San Quintín (Spanish for 'Saint Quentin') is a city in San Quintín Municipality, Baja California, located on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. The city had a population of 4777 in 2011. San Quintín is an important agricultural center for Baja California.
Joe Scuderi
Joseph Charles Scuderi (born 24 December 1968) is an Australian-born former cricketer and coach.

From a young age Scuderi showed potential as an all-rounder, being inducted into the Australian Cricket Academy in Adelaide, South Australia. Queensland and South Australia sought to recruit him with South Australia winning Scuderi's services and he made his debut for South Australia in the 1988/89 season.

Scuderi was a regular for South Australia from 1988 until 1999. During that time he played in two Prime Minister's XI matches and was selected in the provisional World Cup squad in 1992. He signed a two-year deal in 2000 to play for Lancashire in the English County Championship. Scuderi also joined the Italian national cricket team (he is of Italian heritage) where he became captain/coach until 2008 and then coach until 2016.

Scuderi now lives in Lancashire and is a professional cricket coach.

Prime Minister's XI
The Prime Minister's XI or PM's XI (formerly Australian Prime Minister's Invitation XI) is an invitational cricket team picked by the Prime Minister of Australia—assisted by the Australian national selectors. They play once a year as a warm-up match to an official test match. All matches are held at Manuka Oval in Canberra against an overseas touring team.
Owen Casey
Owen Casey (born 22 October 1969 in Dublin) is a former tennis player from Ireland.

Casey is a three-time tennis Olympian playing in Seoul '88, Barcelona '92 and Atlanta '96. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 12 October 1992, when he became World Number 228.

Casey won 33 of his 49 Davis Cup matches for Ireland. He later ran a camp at Mountpleasant tennis club, Dublin.

Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics
At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, four tennis events (two for men and two for women) were contested. For the first time since the 1924 Olympics, a third place playoff was held to decide who would be awarded the bronze medal in each event.
Strontium hydroxide
Strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2, is a caustic alkali composed of one strontium ion and two hydroxide ions. It is synthesized by combining a strontium salt with a strong base. Sr(OH)2 exists in anhydrous, monohydrate, or octahydrate form.

Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (/ˈælkəlaɪ/ ⓘ; from the Arabic word al-qāly, القالِي) is a basic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.
European Championship 1992
European Championship 1992 is a football videogame produced by Tecmo and distributed by Elite in 1992. It was developed for Amiga, Atari ST and DOS.

This is a conversion of the coin-operated arcade video game World Cup '90 from Tecmo.
Game features include: tackling, short passes, long passes, volleys, headers, power headers, intercepting headers, free kicks, throw-ins, corners, goal kicks, one or two players, action re-play, save goal, save game, red and yellow cards, streakers, concussed players, and fighting players.

It featured the 1992 European Football Championship.

The game allowed one and two (competitive) players, playing matches of 5, 10 or 20 minutes. You could play friendly matches or the 1992 European Football Championship.

DOS
DOS (/dɒs/, /dɔːs/) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. It primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later, compatible systems from other manufacturers are DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1994). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995.

Although the name has come to be identified specifically with MS-DOS and compatible operating systems, DOS is a platform-independent acronym for disk operating system, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe DOS/360 from 1966. Others include Apple DOS, Apple ProDOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, TRSDOS, and AmigaDOS.