hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independence (mathematical logic)
In mathematical logic, independence is the unprovability of some specific sentence from some specific set of other sentences. The sentences in this set are referred to as "axioms".

A sentence σ is independent of a given first-order theory T if T neither proves nor refutes σ; that is, it is impossible to prove σ from T, and it is also impossible to prove from T that σ is false. Sometimes, σ is said (synonymously) to be undecidable from T. (This concept is unrelated to the idea of "decidability" as in a decision problem.)

A theory T is independent if no axiom in T is provable from the remaining axioms in T. A theory for which there is an independent set of axioms is independently axiomatizable.

Theory (mathematical logic)
In mathematical logic, a theory (also called a formal theory) is a set of sentences in a formal language. In most scenarios a deductive system is first understood from context, giving rise to a formal system that combines the language with deduction rules. An element  of a deductively closed theory  is then called a theorem of the theory. In many deductive systems there is usually a subset  that is called "the set of axioms" of the theory , in which case the deductive system is also called an "axiomatic system". By definition, every axiom is automatically a theorem. A first-order theory is a set of first-order sentences (theorems) recursively obtained by the inference rules of the system applied to the set of axioms.
USS Solace (AH-5)
The second USS Solace (AH-5) was built in 1927 as the passenger ship SS Iroquois by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., Newport News, Virginia. The liner was acquired by the Navy from the Clyde Mallory Steamship Line on 22 July 1940, renamed Solace (AH-5); converted into a hospital ship at the Atlantic Basin Iron Works, Brooklyn, N.Y., and was commissioned on 9 August 1941, Captain Benjamin Perlman in command.

Hospital ship
A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. In the 19th century, redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.

The Second Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits military attacks on hospital ships that meet specified requirements, though belligerent forces have right of inspection and may take  patients, but not staff, as prisoners of war.
Andohajango
Andohajango is a town or commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It is in the district of Mandritsara, which is a part of Sofia Region. The population of the commune was estimated at approximately 13,000 in the 2001 commune census.

There is a primary and junior level secondary school in the town. The vast majority (99%) of the population of the town are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are peanut, maize, cassava and raffia palm. Services provide employment for the remaining 1% of the population.

Sofia Region
Sofia is a region in northern Madagascar. It is named for the Sofia River. It is the second largest Malagasy region (behind Atsimo-Andrefana) with an area of 50,100 km² (19,300 sq mi), and had a population of 1,500,227 in 2018. Antsohihy is the administrative capital.
Palwasha
Palwasha: (پلوشه) is a feminine given name originating in Pashto, meaning ray of light.

Notable people named Palwasha include:

Palwasha Bashir, Pakistani badminton player

Palwasha Khan, Pakistani politician

Palwasha Mohammad Zai Khan, Pakistani politician

Palwasha Hassan, Afghan activist

Palwasha Hassan
Palwasha Hassan (Pashto: پلوشہ حسن, born 1969 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is an Afghan women's rights and peace activist and former politician. She was the founder and executive director of the Kabul-based non-profit Afghan Women's Educational Center, founded in 1991.

Palwasha Hassan was one of 100 women delegates at the 2003 loya jirga that formed the new constitution. She contributed to the increase of women's representation in state affairs in the 2004 constitution, and other articles in it. In January 2010, Palwasha Hassan was picked to be the minister of women's affairs in the Karzai administration, but did not receive enough votes in the House of the People to assume office.

She holds a master's degree in Post-war Recovery Studies from the University of York.

In 2022 Hassan was the US Institute of Peace's Jennings Randolph Afghanistan Fellow. She was employed as their "Director for Rights and Democracy" for Afghanistan.
100 Days My Prince
100 Days My Prince (Korean: 백일의 낭군님) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Doh Kyung-soo and Nam Ji-hyun. The series aired on tvN from September 10 to October 30, 2018, every Monday and Tuesday at 21:30 (KST). It is one of the highest-rated Korean dramas in cable television history.

TvN (South Korean TV channel)
tvN (originally standing for Total Variety Network) is a South Korean nationwide pay television network owned by CJ ENM Entertainment Division. tvN programming consists of a variety of entertainment content focused on television series and variety shows. It is available on cable, on satellite through SkyLife, and on IPTV platforms in South Korea. Since 2014, the network has been headed by Kang Ho-sung. From June 28, 2010, to April 30, 2013, tvN Go was broadcast by renting a channel from Korea DMB.
Darnell Bing
Darnell Bing (born September 10, 1984) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL draft. He played college football for the USC Trojans.

Bing was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers, New York Jets, Detroit Lions, and Houston Texans.

Jim Thorpe Award
The Jim Thorpe Award, named in memory of multi-sport athlete Jim Thorpe, has been awarded to the top defensive back in college football since 1986. It is voted on by the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame.  In 2017, the award became sponsored by Paycom and was named the Paycom Jim Thorpe Award.
2011 Schmirler Curling Classic
The 2011 Schmirler Curling Classic was held from September 23 to 26 at the Caledonian Curling Club in Regina, Saskatchewan. The purse of the event was CAD$47,000, and the champion, Liudmila Privivkova won CAD$12,000.

Liudmila Privivkova
Liudmila Andreyevna Privivkova (Russian: Людмила Андреевна Прививкова) (born 13 September 1986 in Moscow; also spelled Ludmila or Liudmilla, but she spells it Liudmila) is a curler (Skip) from Russia.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy, she was the skip for the Russian team.  Apart from the national team, she plays for the Moskvitch Curling Club, from Moscow.  She won the World Junior Curling Championships in Jeonju, Korea on 19 March 2006 and the 2006 European Curling Championships in December the same year.

Her team also qualified for the 2007 World Women's Curling Championship, but did not enjoy the same success as in the European tournament, finishing tied for 8th place with a 4-7 record.

She qualified for her third world championship in 2008.
Brighton Football Club
The Brighton Football Club, nicknamed the Penguins, was an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton. The club was a founding member of the Metropolitan Junior Football Association (MJFA) in 1892, before moving to the Victorian Football Association (VFA) in 1908.

After suffering financial hardship throughout the 1950s, the club merged with South Caulfield in 1962 to become the Brighton-Caulfield Football Club, before eventually moving to the suburb of Caulfield and becoming the Caulfield Football Club in 1965.

Caulfield, Victoria
Caulfield is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Caulfield recorded a population of 5,748 at the 2021 census.

It is bounded by Kooyong Road in the west, Glen Eira Road in the north, Glen Huntly Road in the south and Booran Road in the east.

Major landmarks in the suburb of Caulfield include the Glenhuntly tram depot and Caulfield Hospital.
Ditmar Bicaj
Ditmar Bicaj (born 26 February 1989) is an Albanian professional football manager and former player who is the head coach.

He started his career at Dinamo Tirana, before representing Tirana, Skënderbeu and Kukësi in Albania, as well as Belasitsa and Tractor Sazi in Bulgaria and Iran respectively.

FK Kukësi
Futboll Klub Kukësi is an Albanian professional football club based in the city of Kukës. The club plays its home games at the Kukës Arena and currently competes in the Kategoria e Parë, the second highest division of Albanian football. The club played in the lower divisions for most of its history since 1930, before being promoted to the Kategoria Superiore in 2012, where it has won the title once and finished runner-up six times.
Milton Keynes Irish F.C.
Milton Keynes Irish Football Club is a football club based in Fenny Stratford, a constituent town of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. They are currently members of the Southern League Division One Central and play at the Irish Centre, Manor Fields.

Fenny Stratford
Fenny Stratford is a constituent town of Milton Keynes, a city in Buckinghamshire, England. It is administered by Bletchley and Fenny Stratford, a civil parish under the Milton Keynes City Council. It is located around Watling Street, at the southern edge of the city, just east of Bletchley and west of the modern A5. It was included in Milton Keynes when the latter was designated in 1967.
Manu V. Devadevan
Manu V. Devadevan (born 1977) is an Indian historian known for his works on pre-modern south India. He holds an expertise in multiple Indian languages. He currently works at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi. He has also published two poetry collections in Kannada and is also a translator.

Manu Devadevan, originally from Kerala, grew up and studied in Bengaluru. He completed his post-graduate degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University and completed his doctoral research from Mangalore University (under historian Kesavan Veluthat). The Infosys Prize 2019 for Humanities was awarded to Manu Devadevan.

Jawaharlal Nehru University
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU; ISO: Javāharalāla Neharū Viśvavidyālaya) is a public research university located in Delhi, India. It was established in 1969 and named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The university is known for leading faculties and research emphasis on social sciences and applied sciences.
Junction Valley
Junction Valley (54°17′S 36°32′W﻿ / ﻿54.283°S 36.533°W﻿ / -54.283; -36.533) is a valley sloping eastward from Echo Pass to Hestesletten on the west side of Cumberland East Bay, South Georgia. The name Junction Valley was originally applied by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld, 1901–04, to a valley joining Cumberland East Bay with Cumberland West Bay. The summit of this valley was later named Echo Pass. The original name has therefore been restricted to the eastern valley, and Sphagnum Valley has been applied to the western part.

Cumberland West Bay
Cumberland West Bay is a bay forming the western arm of Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. It is entered southward of Larsen Point, where it is 2.5 miles (4 km) wide and extends 7 miles (11 km) in a southwest direction. It is separated from Cumberland East Bay by Thatcher Peninsula. Papua Beach is situated on its southeast shore.

This feature was first surveyed by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04, who named it "West Bay". It was remapped during 1926–29 by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel and renamed "West Cumberland Bay". The shortened form West Bay was simultaneously used. Following the South Georgia Survey, 1951–52, the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee proposed altering the name to Cumberland West Bay and rejecting all other names. This change brings together information about the whole of Cumberland Bay together in indexes.
Convoy HX 212
Convoy HX 212 was the 212th of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from HalifaX to Liverpool. The ships departed New York City on 18 October 1942 and were met on 23 October by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group A-3 consisting of the United States Coast Guard Treasury-class cutter USCGC Campbell, the destroyer Badger and the Flower-class corvettes Dianthus, Rosthern, Trillium, Dauphin, Alberni, Summerside and Ville de Quebec. The first five escorts had worked together previously, but the last three corvettes were attached to the convoy only for passage to the eastern Atlantic in preparation for assignments on Operation Torch. Summerside was the only escort equipped with modern Type 271 centimeter-wavelength radar.

HMCS Rosthern
HMCS Rosthern was a Flower-class corvette that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort. She is named for Rosthern, Saskatchewan.
Erica lerouxiae
Erica lerouxiae is a plant belonging to the genus Erica and is part of the fynbos. The species is endemic to the Western Cape and occurs at Jonkershoek and Franschhoek. The habitat is threatened by invasive plants, pine plantations, dam construction, vineyard plantings and excessive veld fires.

Franschhoek
Franschhoek ([fransˈɦuk]; Afrikaans for "French Corner", Dutch spelling before 1947 Fransche Hoek, French: Le Coin Français) is a small town in the Western Cape Province and one of the oldest towns in South Africa. It was formerly known as Oliphants hoek (as there were vast groups of elephants roaming the valley). It is situated about 75 kilometres (47 mi) from Cape Town, a 45-minute drive away. The whole area, including townships such as Groendal and suburbs such as Wemmershoek, has a population of slightly over 20,000 people while the town proper, known as Hugenote, has a population of around 1,000. Since 2000, it has been incorporated into Stellenbosch Municipality.
Giorgi Ivanishvili
Giorgi Ivanishvili  (born 18 October 1989) is a Georgian former professional footballer who played as a winger.

He has played for AC Bellinzona in Switzerland. He was also an international player for the Georgia national under-21 football team.

AC Bellinzona
Associazione Calcio Bellinzona is a Swiss football club based in Bellinzona. It was founded in 1904, and won the Swiss Super League in 1948. After being folded in 2013 declaring bankruptcy, the team played the Ticino Group of 2.Liga, the sixth tier of the Swiss Football League System in 2014–15 season. After winning it and the 1. Liga Classic, Bellinzona was promoted to 1. Liga Promotion. They have since earned promotion back to, and currently play in, the Swiss Challenge League, the second tier of Swiss football.
Poitevin–Saintongeais
Poitevin–Saintongeais (French pronunciation: [pwatvɛ̃ sɛ̃tɔ̃ʒɛ]; endonym: poetevin-séntunjhaes; also called Parlanjhe, Aguiain or Aguiainais in French) is a language spoken in the regions of the Pays de la Loire and Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Poitevin–Saintongeais is officially recognised by the French Ministry of Culture as a language with two dialects: Poitevin and Saintongeais. The language belongs to the langues d'oïl subbranch of the Gallo-Romance languages.

Some descendants of Poitevin–Saintongeais speakers became the Acadian people of Atlantic Canada as well as the Cajun people of Louisiana.

The dialects of this language are peculiar to the historical regions and provinces of Poitou and Saintonge. It is classified as severely endangered by UNESCO.

Ministry of Culture (France)
The Ministry of Culture (French: Ministère de la Culture [ministɛʁ də la kyltyʁ]) is the ministry of the Government of France in charge of national museums and the monuments historiques. Its goal is to maintain the French identity through the promotion and protection of the arts (visual, plastic, theatrical, musical, dance, architectural, literary, televisual and cinematographic) on national soil and abroad. Its budget is mainly dedicated to the management of the Archives Nationales (six national sites and hundred decentralised storage facilities) and the regional Maisons de la culture (culture centres).

Its main office is in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement of Paris on the Rue de Valois. It is headed by the Minister of Culture, a cabinet member. The most recent officeholder has been Rachida Dati, before she resigned to focus on her candidacy of the 2026 Paris municipal election.
Shuhan-e Sofla, Kermanshah
Shuhan-e Sofla (Persian: شوهان سفلي, also Romanized as Shūhān-e Soflá and Showhān-e Soflá; also known as Shūān, Shūfān, Shūhān, and Shian) is a village in Homeyl Rural District, Homeyl District, Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, and Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 163, in 44 families.

Eslamabad-e Gharb County
Eslamabad-e Gharb County (Persian: شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب) or Shahabad- Ghrb County (Persian: شهرستان شاه‌آباد غرب) is in Kermanshah Province, Iran, part of what is unofficially referred to as Iranian Kurdistan. Its capital is the city of Eslamabad-e Gharb.
Sokołów, Gmina Goszczanów
Sokołów [sɔˈkɔwuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goszczanów, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north-west of Goszczanów, 32 km (20 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and 70 km (43 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Sieradz County
Sieradz County (Polish: powiat sieradzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sieradz, which lies 54 kilometres (34 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź. The county contains three other towns: Złoczew, lying 23 km (14 mi) south-west of Sieradz, Warta, lying 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and Błaszki, 23 km (14 mi) west of Sieradz.

The county covers an area of 1,491.04 square kilometres (575.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 121,013, out of which the population of Sieradz is 44,045, that of Złoczew is 3,403, that of Warta is 3,388, that of Błaszki is 2,179, and the rural population is 67,998.
Pyramid (image processing)
Pyramid, or pyramid representation, is a type of multi-scale signal representation developed by the computer vision, image processing and signal processing communities, in which a signal or an image is subject to repeated smoothing and subsampling. Pyramid representation is a predecessor to scale-space representation and multiresolution analysis.

Scale model
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.

Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.

Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
Opango
Opango is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Opango (born 1978), Burundian footballer

Joachim Yhombi-Opango (1939–2020), Congolese politician

Pauline Opango (1937–2014), Congolese activist and the wife of Patrice Lumumba

Joachim Yhombi-Opango
Jacques Joachim Yhombi-Opango (12 January 1939 – 30 March 2020) was a Congolese politician. He was an army officer who became Congo-Brazzaville's first general and served as Head of State of the People's Republic of the Congo from 1977 to 1979. He was the President of the Rally for Democracy and Development (RDD), a political party, and served as Prime Minister from 1993 to 1996. He was in exile from 1997 to 2007.
Downstream (petroleum industry)
The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector reaches consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as well as naphtha and hundreds of petrochemicals.

Midstream operations are often included in the downstream category and are considered to be a part of the downstream sector.

Naphtha
Naphtha (/ˈnæfθə/, recorded as less common or nonstandard in all dictionaries: /ˈnæpθə/) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture. Generally, it is a fraction of crude oil, but it can also be produced from natural-gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the fractional distillation of coal tar and peat.  In some industries and regions, the name naphtha refers to crude oil or refined petroleum products such as kerosene or diesel fuel.

Naphtha is also known as Shellite in Australia.
2018–19 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team
The 2018–19 Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball team represented Rutgers University–New Brunswick during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Scarlet Knights, led by third-year head coach Steve Pikiell, played their home games at the Louis Brown Athletic Center in Piscataway, New Jersey as fifth-year members of the Big Ten Conference. The Knights finished the season 14–17, 7–13 in Big Ten play to finish in a three-way tie for 10th place. In the Big Ten tournament, they lost in the first round to Nebraska.

2019 Big Ten men's basketball tournament
The 2019 Big Ten men's basketball tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference of the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The tournament returned to its more traditional Midwest roots as it will be held at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. The tournament was held from March 13 through March 17, 2019.

Michigan State defeated Michigan 65–60 in the championship game to win the tournament, marking the school's sixth tournament championship. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.
Ian Lafrenière
Ian Lafrenière MNA is a Canadian politician who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2018 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Vachon as a member of the Coalition Avenir Québec. Prior to entering provincial politics, he worked as the public affairs officer for the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal.

2018 Quebec general election
The 2018 Quebec general election was held on October 1, 2018, to elect members to the National Assembly of Quebec.  The election saw a landslide victory for the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) led by François Legault, which won 74 of 125 seats, giving the party a majority and unseating the Quebec Liberal Party. The Liberals became the official opposition with 31 seats.

This election was the first won by the CAQ, which had previously been the third party in the legislature. It was also the first since 1966 that had been won by a party other than the Liberals or Parti Québécois.