hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ronita Bardhan
Ronita Bardhan, is an Indian-British architectural engineer, data scientist, professor, and researcher. She holds the position of Sustainable Built Environment and Health at the Department of Architecture at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Bardhan leads the Cambridge Sustainable Design Group and is a Fellow in Architecture at Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Additionally, she serves as an honorary Professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and is involved with the Pathfinder Initiative and the Climate and Health Group, which focus on research related to climate change and health.

British Indians
British Indians  are citizens of the United Kingdom (UK) whose ancestral roots are from India. 
Currently, the British Indian population exceeds 2 million people in the UK, making them the single largest visible ethnic minority population in the country. They make up the largest subgroup of British Asians and are one of the largest Indian communities in the Indian diaspora, mainly due to the Indian–British relations (including historical links such as India having been part of the British Empire and still being part of the Commonwealth of Nations). The British Indian community is the sixth largest in the Indian diaspora, behind the Indian communities in the United States, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Nepal. The majority of British Indians are of Punjabi and Gujarati origin with various other smaller communities from different parts of India including Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Gilbert Ralston
Gilbert Alexander Ralston (January 5, 1912 – March 18, 1999) was a British-American screenwriter, journalist and author. He was a television producer in the 1950s and a screenwriter in the 1960s. He created the television series The Wild Wild West and wrote scripts for Star Trek, Gunsmoke, Ben Casey, I Spy, Hawaii Five-O and Naked City.   He wrote the screenplay for the 1971 movie Willard, which was based on the 1968 novel Ratman's Notebooks written by Stephen Gilbert.

Stephen Gilbert (novelist)
Stephen Gilbert (22 July 1912 – 23 June 2010) was a Northern Irish author. On the strength of his early novels in the 1940s, Gilbert was accounted by E. M. Forster as "a writer of distinction", but he is chiefly remembered as the author of Ratman's Notebooks (1968) which sold over 1 million copies and was twice made into a horror film named Willard (1971 and 2003) in the United States.
P'itiqucha (Huanza)
P'itiqucha (Quechua p'iti dividing by pulling powerfully to the extremes; gap, interruption, qucha lake, "gap lake", hispanicized names Lago Piti, Laguna Piti) is a lake in Peru located in the Lima Region, Huarochiri Province, Huanza District. P'itiqucha lies south of the Cordillera de la Corte surrounded by P'iti in the northeast, Anta Ranra in the south, Uyshu in the southwest and Saqsa in the northwest.  It is situated southeast of Saqsaqucha.

P'iti
P'iti (Quechua for dividing by pulling powerfully to the extremes; gap, interruption, also spelled Piti) is a 5,117-metre-high (16,788 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Lima Region, Huarochirí Province, Huanza District. P'iti lies northeast of a lake named P'itiqucha.
Federal impeachment trial in the United States
In the United States, a federal impeachment trial is held as the second stage of the U.S. federal government's two-stage impeachment process. The preceding stage is the "impeachment" itself, held by a vote in the United States House of Representatives. Federal impeachment trials are held in the U.S. Senate, with the senators acting as the jurors. At the end of a completed impeachment trial, the U.S. Senate delivers a verdict. A "guilty" verdict (requiring a two-thirds majority) has the effect of immediately removing an officeholder from office. After, and only after, a "guilty" verdict, the Senate has the option of additionally barring the official from ever holding federal office again, which can be done by a simple-majority vote.

Impeachment trial
An impeachment trial is a trial that functions as a component of an impeachment. Several governments utilize impeachment trials as a part of their processes for impeachment. Differences exist between governments as to what stage trials take place in their processes for impeachment, and how such trials are held.
Gwaranyemba
Gwaranyemba  is a village in Gwanda District of Matabeleland South province in southern Zimbabwe. There are shops, two schools, and a dam.

Gwaranyemba was the home of ZAPU activist and politician, Dauti Mabusa.

Matabeleland South Province
Matabeleland South is a province in southwestern Zimbabwe. With a population of 683,893 as of the 2012 Zimbabwean census. It is the country's least populated province after Matabeleland North.Matabeleland South and Matabeleland North were established in 1974, when the original Matabeleland Province was bifurcated. The province is divided into six districts. Gwanda is the capital, and Beitbridge is the province's largest town. The name "Matabeleland" is derived from Ndebele, the province's largest ethnic group.

Matabeleland South is bordered by Bulawayo and Matabeleland North to the north, Midlands to the northeast, Masvingo to the southeast, South Africa to the south, and Botswana to the west. It has an area of 54,172 square kilometres (20,916 mi2), equal to 13.86% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the fourth-largest of the country's ten provinces in area. Matabeleland South sits on the edge of the Kalahari Desert, giving it an arid climate not hospitable to agriculture.
Tara Donovan
Tara Donovan (born 1969 in Flushing, Queens, in New York City) is an American sculptor who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. Her large-scale installations, sculptures, drawings, and prints utilize everyday objects to explore the transformative effects of accumulation and aggregation. Known for her commitment to process, she has earned acclaim for her ability to exploit the inherent physical characteristics of an object in order to transform it into works that generate unique perceptual phenomena and atmospheric effects. Her work has been conceptually linked to an art historical lineage that includes Postminimalism and Process artists such as Eva Hesse, Jackie Winsor, Richard Serra, and Robert Morris, along with Light and Space artists such as Mary Corse, Helen Pashgian, Robert Irwin, and James Turrell.

Mary Corse
Mary Corse (born 1945) is an American artist who lives and works in Topanga, California. Fascinated with perceptual phenomena and the idea that light itself can serve as both subject and material in art, Corse's practice can be seen as existing at a crossroads between American Abstract Expressionism and American Minimalism. She is often associated with the male-dominated Light and Space art movement of the 1960s, although her role has only been fully recognized in recent years. She is best known for her experimentation with radiant surfaces in minimalist painting, incorporating materials that reflect light such as glass microspheres. Corse initially attended University of California, Santa Barbara starting in 1963. She later moved on to study at Chouinard Art Institute (now CalArts), earning her B.F.A. in 1968.
Marmaduke (surname)
Marmaduke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

John S. Marmaduke (1833–1887), Confederate major general during the American Civil War and Governor of Missouri, son of Meredith Marmaduke

Meredith Marmaduke (1791–1864), American politician and Governor of Missouri

Thomas Marmaduke, early 17th century English explorer, sealer and whaler

John S. Marmaduke
John Sappington Marmaduke (March 14, 1833 – December 28, 1887) was an American politician and soldier. He was the 25th governor of Missouri from 1885 until his death in 1887. During the American Civil War, he was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater.

On September 6, 1863, Marmaduke killed a Confederate brigadier general, Lucius M. Walker, in a duel. Confederate Major General Sterling Price ordered Marmaduke's arrest but suspended the order because of the impending U.S. advance on Little Rock, Arkansas. Marmaduke never faced a court martial for the duel.
Light for the Ages
Light for the Ages -35th Anniversary Best～Fan's Selection- is a compilation album by Japanese singer/songwriter Mari Hamada, released on January 23, 2019 by Victor Entertainment. To celebrate her 35th anniversary, Hamada set up a poll online, with the 40 most popular songs selected for the three-disc album. A limited edition release of the album came with a 40-page photobook.

Light for the Ages peaked at No. 7 on Oricon's albums chart and No. 11 on Billboard Japan''s Hot Albums Chart.

Victor Entertainment
Victor Entertainment, Inc. (ビクターエンタテインメント株式会社, Bikutā Entateinmento kabushiki-gaisha) is a subsidiary of JVCKenwood that produces and distributes music, movies and other entertainment products such as anime and television shows in Japan. It is known as JVC Entertainment in countries where Sony Music Entertainment operates the RCA Victor label.
Sverre Mitsem (judge)
Sverre Mitsem (3 July 1944 – 18 October 2005) was a Norwegian judge.

He was born in Oslo. He worked as a lawyer for the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1981, as a judge in Asker and Bærum District Court from 1986, presiding judge in Eidsivating Court of Appeal from 1991 and in Borgarting Court of Appeal from 1995, and as a Supreme Court Justice from 2002 to his death.

Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions
The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Norwegian: Landsorganisasjonen i Norge, LO) is a national trade union center, the largest and probably the most influential umbrella organization of labour unions in Norway. The 21 national unions affiliated to the LO have almost 1,000,000 members of a Norwegian population of 5 million. The majority of affiliated unions organizes traditional blue collar workers, but the largest affiliate is the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees which makes up more than a third of all members. LO is affiliated to the ITUC and the ETUC.

It was named the Workers' National Trade Union (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Faglige Landsorganisasjon, AFL) from 1899 to 1957. Affiliated with the Labour Party throughout its history, several of LO's member unions have concurrently been member bodies in the Labour Party.

The organization owns the Norwegian Labour Movement Archives and Library.
Aurore Sarl
Aurore Sarl (English: Aurora) is a French aircraft manufacturer based in Sauvagnon, founded by Michel Barry in the late 1990s. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of light aircraft in the form of kits for amateur construction.

The company is a French Société à responsabilité limitée (Sarl), a private limited company.

The company produces a series of wood and aircraft fabric aircraft under the trade name Air Souris Set (English: Flying Mouse Collection). The line includes the Aurore MB 04 Souris Bulle two-seater, as well as the Aurore MB 02 Souricette and Aurore MB 02-2 Mini Bulle single-seater ultralights.

The Aurore MB 02 Souricette has also been flown as an all-electric aircraft, designated as the BL1E Electra. It was first flown on 23 December 2007 at Aspres sur Buech airfield, in Hautes Alpes, France.

Private limited company
A private limited company is any type of business entity in "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Examples include: the LLC in the United States, private company limited by shares in the United Kingdom, GmbH in Germany and Austria, Besloten vennootschap (BV) in The Netherlands and Belgium, société à responsabilité limitée (SARL) in France, società a responsabilità limitata (S.r.l.) in Italy, and sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (SRL) in the Spanish-speaking world. The benefit of having a private limited company is that there is limited liability.
Attash Durrani
Attash Durrani (Urdu: عطش درانی; 22 January 1952 – 30 November 2018) was a Pakistani linguist, researcher, critic, author, educationist, and gemologist. He wrote more than 275 books and approximately 500 papers in Urdu and English. His main disciplines of study were language, education, computer science, and information technology. He was the recipient of the Tamgha-i-Imtiaz (lit. 'Medal of Excellence') and Sitara-e-Imtiaz (lit. 'Star of Excellence') medals for his contribution to Urdu language and literature.

Gemology
Gemology or gemmology is the science dealing with natural and artificial gemstone materials. It is a specific interdisciplinary branch of mineralogy. Some jewelers (and many non-jewelers) are academically trained gemologists and are qualified to identify and evaluate gems.
Buffalo, Wisconsin
Buffalo is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Wisconsin:

Buffalo County, Wisconsin

Buffalo City, Wisconsin, a city

Buffalo, Buffalo County, Wisconsin, a town

Buffalo, Marquette County, Wisconsin, a town

Buffalo County, Wisconsin
Buffalo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,317. Its county seat is Alma. The county was created in 1853 and organized the following year. The county is considered a high-farming concentration county by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, meaning at least 20 percent of its earnings came from agriculture.
Formello
Formello is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. It is located southwest of the Monti Sabatini, within the Regional Park of Veii. The communal territory sits on large deposits of tuff, which is intensively mined in the area.

Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
Metropolitan City of Rome Capital (Italian: città metropolitana di Roma Capitale) is an area of local government at the level of metropolitan city in the Lazio region of Italy. It comprises the territory of the city of Rome and 120 other comuni (sg.: comune) in the hinterland of the city. With more than 4.2 million inhabitants, it is the largest metropolitan city in Italy as of 2025.

It was established on 1 January 2015 by the terms of Law 142/1990 (Reform of local authorities) and by Law 56/2014. It superseded the province of Rome. The Metropolitan City of Rome Capital is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (Sindaco metropolitano) and governed by the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano). Roberto Gualtieri is the incumbent mayor, having taken office on 21 October 2021.
Oren Solomon
Oren Solomon (Hebrew: אורן סולומון) is a Israel Defense Forces reserve officer with the rank of Brigadier general. He commanded the Yiftah Brigade and served as Head of Combat Operations of the Gaza Division in the reserves, including during the Israel–Hamas war.

On 7 October 2023, during the Nova music festival massacre, Solomon, acting as a civilian and alongside his son and several police officers, engaged in prolonged combat against Nukhba forces. Their actions delayed the attackers during Hamas’s assault on the festival and contributed to saving the lives of many participants.

Yiftach Brigade
The 11th Brigade (also known as the Yiftach Brigade) is a reserve formation of the Israel Defense Forces, composed mainly of fighters that completed their compulsory service in the Unit 621 – 'Egoz'. The brigade is assigned to the 99th Infantry Division.
Kathy Troccoli (album)
Kathy Troccoli is the self-titled fifth full-length album from singer-songwriter Kathy Troccoli. It was released by Reunion Records in 1994. The lead single was Diane Warren's "Tell Me Where It Hurts". The songs "My Life Is In Your Hands" and "Mission of Love" were top ten Christian radio hits. In 1995, Troccoli was nominated for Female Vocalist of the Year and for Song of the Year for the track "My Life Is in Your Hands", which she co-wrote with Bill Montvilo, at the 25th GMA Dove Awards. The album peaked at number ten on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart.

25th GMA Dove Awards
The 25th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on April 28, 1994, recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1993. The show was held at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville, Tennessee, and was hosted by Amy Grant.
Galerie Buchholz
Galerie Buchholz is an art gallery specializing in international contemporary art with exhibition spaces in Cologne, Berlin and New York City. The gallery was founded in Cologne in 1986 by Daniel Buchholz, and today is run jointly with Christopher Müller.

Raymond Roussel
Raymond Roussel (French: [ʁɛmɔ̃ ʁusɛl]; 20 January 1877 – 14 July 1933) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, musician, and chess enthusiast. Through his novels, poems, and plays he exerted a profound influence on certain groups within 20th century French literature, including the Surrealists, Oulipo, and the authors of the nouveau roman.
FINO
In computer science, FINO is a humorous scheduling algorithm. It is an acronym for first in, never out as opposed to traditional first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out (LIFO) algorithms.  A similar acronym is "FISH", for first in, still here.

FINO works by withholding all scheduled tasks permanently. No matter how many tasks are scheduled at any time, no task ever actually takes place.

A stateful FINO queue can be used to implement a memory leak.

The first mention of FINO appears in the Signetics 25120 write-only memory joke datasheet.

State (computer science)
In information technology and computer science, a system is described as stateful if it is designed to remember preceding events or user interactions; the remembered information is called the state of the system.

The set of states a system can occupy is known as its state space. In a discrete system, the state space is countable and often finite. The system's internal behaviour or interaction with its environment consists of separately occurring individual actions or events, such as accepting input or producing output, that may or may not cause the system to change its state. Examples of such systems are digital logic circuits and components, automata and formal language, computer programs, and computers.

The output of a digital circuit or deterministic computer program at any time is completely determined by its current inputs and its state.
Sajjadullah Baqi
Sajjad Ullah Baqi (born 4 April 1979) is a Pakistani politician and businessman from Kohistan district.He is the son of late Moulana Abdul Baqi Ex Provincial Minister NWFP. Sajjad Ullah Baqi was born on 4 April 1979 in Peshawar. He attended University Public School Peshawar and then University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, After completion of studies he started his own business, A construction firm named (Rustum Associates) which is among the top construction companies in Pakistan. He entered politics by contesting in the 2002 general elections as an independent candidate on PK 61, he was unsuccessful in winning the seat. He again contested in the by-elections of 2011 and won the seat. He is currently affiliated with Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F).He is considered to be in the list of influential businessmen in Pakistan.

Kohistan District, Pakistan
Kohistan District, also known as Indus Kohistan (Indus Kohistani and Kohistani Shina: سندھُ کوستَیں) and Hazara Kohistan, was a district within the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Consisting of eastern portion of the larger Kohistan region, it was bifurcated into two districts in 2014: Upper Kohistan and Lower Kohistan. In 2017, the Lower Kohistan District was further bifurcated and a district Kolai-Palas was established. It has an area of 7,492 square kilometres (2,893 sq mi) and a population of 472,570 according to the 1998 Census.

Geographically, Kohistan stretched from Gilgit-Baltistan in the north to the Mansehra District in the east to the Battagram District and Shangla and Swat districts in the west.
Martine Lignières-Cassou
Martine Lignières-Cassou (French pronunciation: [maʁtin liɲjɛʁ kasu]; born 22 February 1952) is a French politician who was a member of the National Assembly for 20 years. She represented the 1st constituency in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department,  and is a member of the Socialist Party and of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche parliamentary group. She was the mayor of Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques from 2008 to 2014. In the 1970s she was a member of the Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) before joining the Socialist Party in 1975.

Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French pronunciation: [pi.ʁe.nez‿at.lɑ̃.tik] ⓘ; Gascon Occitan: Pirenèus Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio Atlantikoak) is a department located in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest corner of metropolitan France. Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean, it covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn. It is divided in three arrondissements and its prefecture is Pau. In 2019, it had a population of 682,621.
Sagitta (optics)
In optics and especially telescope making, sagitta or sag is a measure of the glass removed to yield an optical curve. It is approximated by the formula

,

where R is the radius of curvature of the optical surface. The sag S(r) is the displacement along the optic axis of the surface from the vertex, at distance  from the axis.

A good explanation of both this approximate formula and the exact formula can be found here.

Optical axis
An optical axis is an imaginary line that passes through the geometrical center of an optical system such as a camera lens, microscope or telescopic sight. Lens elements often have  rotational symmetry about the axis.

The optical axis defines the path along which light propagates through the system, up to first approximation. For a system composed of simple lenses and mirrors, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry. The optical axis is often coincident with the system's mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off-axis optical systems.

For an optical fiber, the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core, and is also known as the fiber axis.
Vadym Sobko
Vadym Mykolayovych Sobko (Ukrainian: Вадим Миколайович Собко; 18 May [O.S. 5 May] 1912, Moscow – 12 September 1981, Kyiv) was a Soviet and Ukrainian writer, screenwriter and dramatist. His 1950 novel, Guarantee of Peace, was an early example of Cold War-era anti-American propaganda and was awarded the Stalin Prize (1951). He also received an Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour, two Orders of the Red Star, and a Shevchenko National Prize.

He wrote the screenplay of the 1962 drama film Flower on the Stone.

Shevchenko National Prize
The Shevchenko National Prize (Ukrainian: Націона́льна пре́мія Украї́ни і́мені Тараса́ Шевче́нка; also Shevchenko Award) is the highest state prize of Ukraine for works of culture and arts awarded since 1961. It is named after the inspirer of the Ukrainian national revival Taras Shevchenko. It is one of the five state prizes of Ukraine that are awarded for achievements in various fields.
Inari One
Inari One (イナリワン; 7 May 1984 – 7 February 2016) was a Japanese thoroughbred racehorse. Initially a successful racer running local-level races on dirt courses, he was later entered into national level turf races as a five year old. He won major grade 1 races, including the 1989 Spring Tenno Sho, Takarazuka Kinen, and Arima Kinen. He was voted both Japanese Horse of the Year and Best Older Male Horse in 1989 for his successes. Inari One was part of the "Heisei Big Three," along with Oguri Cap and Super Creek, who helped to renew interest in horse racing in Japan in the late 1980s,

Hanshin Daishōten
The Hanshin Daishōten (阪神大賞典, hanshin daishōten) is a Japanese Grade 2 flat horse race in Japan for Thoroughbred colts and fillies aged four and over run over a distance of 3,000 metres at the Hanshin Racecourse, Takarazuka, Hyogo. The race was run in late November or early December until 1987 when it was moved to a date in March. The race now serves as a trial for the spring edition of the Tenno Sho.

It was first run in 1953.