hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frost weathering
Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes, such as frost shattering, frost wedging, and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. It is most pronounced in high-altitude and high-latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar maritime, and polar climates, but may occur anywhere at sub-freezing temperatures (between −3 and −8 °C (27 and 18 °F)) if water is present.

Periglaciation
Periglaciation (adjective: "periglacial", referring to places at the edges of glacial areas) describes geomorphic processes that result from seasonal thawing and freezing, very often in areas of permafrost. The meltwater may refreeze in ice wedges and other structures. "Periglacial" originally suggested an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes also outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere when freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner.
Rufous-capped babbler
The rufous-capped babbler (Cyanoderma ruficeps) is a babbler species in the family Timaliidae. It occurs from the Eastern Himalayas to northern Thailand, Laos, eastern China to Vietnam and Taiwan. It inhabits temperate forest with dense bushes or bamboo and is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

It is pale olive with a bright rufous crown and nape, measures 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighs 7–12 g (0.25–0.42 oz).

Stachyris ruficeps was the scientific name proposed by Edward Blyth in 1847 for an olive-coloured babbler with a ferruginous crown and a white throat collected in Darjeeling.
It was later placed in the genus Stachyridopsis.

Temperate forest
A temperate forest is a forest found between the tropical and boreal regions, located in the temperate zone. It is the second largest terrestrial biome, covering 25% of the world's forest area, only behind the boreal forest, which covers about 33%. These forests cover both hemispheres at latitudes ranging from 25 to 50 degrees, wrapping the planet in a belt similar to that of the boreal forest. Due to its large size spanning several continents, there are several main types: deciduous, coniferous, mixed forest, and rainforest.
Tetramethylsuccinonitrile
Tetramethylsuccinonitrile or TMSN is an organic compound with the formula (C(CH3)2CN)2, classified as a dinitrile, and a colorless and odorless solid derived from 2,2'-azobis-isobutyronitrile, a common radical initiator in the manufacture of PVC:

[(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2  →  [(CH3)2C(CN)]2 + N2.

Because PVC is pervasive and can contain TMSN, the safety aspects of this dinitrile has generated interest.

In regards to occupational exposures, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set limits for dermal exposure at 3 mg/m3 over an eight-hour time-weighted average.

Nitrile
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the −C≡N, suffixed with "nitrile", so for example CH3CH2C≡N is called "propionitrile" (or propanenitrile). The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons.

Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group are not called nitriles, but cyanides instead. Though both nitriles and cyanides can be derived from cyanide salts, most nitriles are not nearly as toxic.
St Peter's College, Gore
St Peters College is an integrated state secondary school in Gore, Southland, New Zealand. It was founded in 1969 as a private co-ed school and was the first Catholic co-educational boarding school established in New Zealand. It was staffed by the Rosminian Order (the Institute of Charity) and the Sisters of Mercy.

State-integrated school
In New Zealand, a state-integrated school is a former private school which has integrated into the state education system under the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975, becoming a state school while retaining its special character. State-integrated schools were established by the Third Labour Government in the early 1970s as a response to the near-collapse of the country's then private Catholic school system, which had run into financial difficulties.

As of July 2022, there were 335 state-integrated schools in New Zealand, of which 236 identify as Roman Catholic. They educate approximately 92,482 students, or 11.2% of New Zealand's student population, making them the second-most common type of school in New Zealand behind non-integrated state schools.
Melisa Michaels
Melisa C. Michaels (May 31, 1946 – August 30, 2019) was an American science fiction and mystery author.  Her novel Skirmish was nominated for a Locus Award for Best First Novel in 1986. An active member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), she served on the Nebula Awards jury three times, in 1996, 1997 and 2002. In 2008, she received a SFWA Service Award.

Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, doing business as Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association and commonly known as SFWA (/ˈsɪfwə/ or /ˈsɛfwə/) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. While SFWA is based in the United States, its membership is open to writers worldwide. The organization was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight under the name Science Fiction Writers of America.

As of 2025, SFWA has about 2,500 members worldwide.

Active SFWA members may vote for the Nebula Awards, one of the principal English-language science fiction awards.
Sara Andrés Barrio
Sara Andrés Barrio (born 21 August 1986) is a Spanish Paralympic athlete who competes in sprinting and long jump events at international track and field competitions, she competed at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics. She is a three-time World bronze medalist and a European silver medalist in sprinting.

World Para Athletics Championships
The World Para Athletics Championships, known as the IPC Athletics World Championships prior to 2017, are a biennial Paralympic athletics event organized by World Para Athletics, a subcommittee of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). It features athletics events contested by athletes with physical disabilities. The first IPC Athletics World Championships were held in Berlin, Germany in 1994.

They are a Paralympic parallel to the World Athletics Championships for able-bodied athletes. Since 2011, when they switched from a quadrennial scheduling to biennial, the IPC championships have been held in the same years as the IAAF championships, although they are separate events and are not necessarily held in the same host city. In 2017, London, which previously hosted the 2012 Summer Paralympics, became the first city to host both the IAAF World Championships and World Para Athletics Championships in the same year and as connected events.
Peace, Perfect Peace
Peace, Perfect Peace is a 1918 British silent drama film directed by Arrigo Bocchi and starring Hayford Hobbs, Mary Odette and Mary Marsh Allen. The Armistice that ends the First World War allows French and British soldiers to return home.

Arrigo Bocchi
Arrigo Bocchi (c.1871 – ?) was a British-Italian film director and producer of the silent era. After the First World War Bocchi worked for Windsor Films at the Catford Studios in London as well as shooting films on location in Italy.
The Queen of Golconda
Drottningen av Golconda (The Queen of Golconda) is a three-act romantic opera by Franz Berwald, begun in 1863. The libretto was adapted by the composer from one by Jean-Baptiste-Charles Vial and Edmond de Favières, Aline, reine de Golconde (1803), intended for Henri-Montan Berton; this had been based on another opera of the same name (1766) by Michel-Jean Sedaine for Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny. Berwald may have known the Berton opera from when he played in the opera orchestra in Stockholm. Boieldieu's 1804 opera of the same name and Donizetti's Alina, regina di Golconda (1828) are based on the same material.

Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny
Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ alɛksɑ̃dʁ mɔ̃siɲi]; (1729-10-17)17 October 1729 – (1817-01-14)14 January 1817) was a French composer and a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts (1813).

He is considered alongside André Grétry and François-André Danican Philidor to have been the founder of a new musical genre, the opéra comique, laying a path for other French composers such as François-Adrien Boieldieu, Daniel-François-Esprit Auber, Charles Gounod, Georges Bizet, and Jules Massenet in this genre.
Kalakkad S. Ramanarayana Iyer
Kalakkad S. Ramanarayana Iyer (Tamil: களக்காடு ராமநாராயண ஐயர்; 10 October 1910 – 1992) was a Carnatic musician and composer born in Kalakkad, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. He was also awarded the Kalaimamani prize by the Government of Tamil Nadu in recognition of his dedication and service.

Kalakkad S Ramanarayana Iyer

Sri Kalakkad S Ramanarayana Iyer with M S Gopalakrishnan, Madurai Krishna Iyengar on Mridangam, Kalakkad Harihara Iyer on Kanjira and Kalakkad Mahadeva Iyer Tambura

Sri Kalakkad S Ramamnarayana Iyer with Madras Balakrishna Iyer on Violin, Melakaveri Krishnamurthy on Mridangam, Nagai Soundararajan on Ghatam

Kalaimamani
The Kalaimamani (lit. 'Jewel of Arts') is the highest civilian award in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. These awards are given by the Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram (literature, music and theatre), a unit of the Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Tamil Nadu, to recognise artists in the state for their achievements.

The Tamil Nadu government has appointed dancer Chitra Visweswaran as the secretary of Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram. Film music director Deva is its chairman.
Marine Navigation Act 2013
The Marine Navigation Act 2013 (c. 23) (introduced into Parliament as the Marine Navigation (No. 2) Bill) is an act of Parliament that amends various existing legislation, in particular relating to pilotage and the powers of harbour authorities, ports police, and the general lighthouse authorities.

The act is the result of a private member's bill promoted by Sheryll Murray (the Conservative MP for South East Cornwall) and Baroness Wilcox (a Conservative peer). Much of its content has its origins in a draft Bill published by the Department for Transport in 2008.

The act achieved royal assent on 25 April 2013.

Judith Wilcox, Baroness Wilcox
Judith Ann Wilcox, Baroness Wilcox (née Freeman; born 31 October 1939) is a businesswoman and a life peer.  She was awarded her peerage in 1996 as one of the first Working Peers for her services to Consumer Services. She sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative until her retirement in 2020.

She was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Business Innovation and Skills (Intellectual Property) from 2010 to 2012. She has been a member of the European Union Select Committee since 2015, working closely with Government departments planning the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union.
Allergy test
Allergy testing can help confirm or rule out allergies and consequently reduce adverse reactions and limit unnecessary avoidance and medications.

Correct allergy diagnosis, counseling and avoidance advice based on valid allergy test results is of utmost importance and can help reduce the incidence of symptoms, and the need for medications and improve quality of life. A healthcare provider can use the test results to identify the specific allergic triggers that may be contributing to the symptoms. Using this information, along with a physical examination and case history, the doctor can diagnose the cause of the symptoms and tailor treatments that will help the patient feel better. A negative result can help the doctor rule out allergies in order to consider other possibilities. Ruling out allergies is as important as confirming them to limit unnecessary avoidance, worry and negative social impact.

Physical examination
In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally consists of a series of questions about the patient's medical history followed by an examination based on the reported symptoms. Together, the medical history and the physical examination help to determine a diagnosis and devise the treatment plan. These data then become part of the medical record.
Chanchangi Airlines
Chanchangi Airlines Nigeria Limited was a privately owned and operated airline with its head office in the Chanchangi Office Complex in Kaduna, Nigeria. It operates scheduled domestic passenger services. Its main base was Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos, with hubs at Kaduna, Abuja, and Port Harcourt. Alhaji Ahmadu Chanchangi, its founder, hails from Chanchangi village in Takum Local Government of Taraba state, Nigeria.

Taraba State
TarabaListenⓘ  is a state in north-eastern Nigeria, named after the Taraba River, which traverses the southern part of the state. It is nicknamed "Nature's Gift to the Nation". The state capital is Jalingo. It is home to a diverse population including about 80 distinct ethnicities and their languages.
Ye Zhishan
Ye Zhishan (Chinese: 叶至善; April 24, 1918 – March 4, 2006) was a Chinese editor, publisher, and science popularizer. He was a leading figure in children's literature and publishing, and a prominent member of the China Association for Promoting Democracy. Ye served as vice chairman and honorary vice chairman of the China Association for Promoting Democracy and was a member and standing committee member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). His lifelong work contributed significantly to the development of children's literature, science education, and the multi-party cooperation system under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. He is the son of Ye Shengtao.

National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is the national-level organization that represents the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the political advisory body in the People's Republic of China.

The CPPCC National Committee is composed of a chairman, several vice chairpersons, a secretary-general and regular members. The National Committee of the CPPCC typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC). The CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are collectively called the Two Sessions. When the CPPCC National Committee is not in session, the Standing Committee of the National Committee exercises most of its powers on its behalf.
Isaac C. Singleton Jr.
Isaac Charles Singleton Jr. is an American actor. He is known for voicing the Marvel Comics character Thanos in various animated films, television shows and video games, and Sagat in Capcom's Street Fighter series since Street Fighter IV (2008).

Street Fighter
Street Fighter is a Japanese media franchise centered on a series of fighting games developed and published by Capcom. The first game in the series was released in 1987, followed by the other six main games in the series, various spin-offs and crossovers, and numerous appearances in other media. Its best-selling 1991 release, Street Fighter II, established many of the conventions of the one-on-one fighting genre.

Street Fighter is one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time and one of Capcom's flagship series, with total sales of 56 million units worldwide as of March 2025. It is also one of the highest-grossing media franchises and is the longest-running fighting game franchise.
Lefranc
Lefranc or LeFranc is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christelle Lefranc (born 1980), French fashion model

Élie Lefranc (1932–2025), French racing cyclist

Gérard Lefranc (1935–2025), French fencer

Jean Georges Lefranc de Pompignan (1715–1790), French clergyman, brother of Jean-Jacques

Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan (1709–1784), French jurist, man of letters and gardener

Jean-Marc Lefranc (born 1947), French politician

Lauren LeFranc, American television writer and producer

Victor Lefranc (1809–1883), French lawyer and politician, Minister of Agriculture and Trade, then Interior Minister

Gérard Lefranc
Gérard Lefranc (French: [ʒeʁaʁ ləfʁɑ̃]; 7 May 1935 – 23 June 2025) was a French fencer. He became the champion of the French Armed Forces in 1957 and subsequently won medals at many competitions. An épée fencer, he was a national champion and also won several team titles. As a member of the French national team, he won four medals at the World Fencing Championships, including a gold in 1962. He also competed in the team épée event at the 1960 Summer Olympics, but failed to medal. Later in life he ran his family's industrial business.
1957 Stanford Indians football team
The 1957 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1957 college football season. The team was coached by Chuck Taylor in his seventh year as head coach. Taylor was a popular coach who had led Stanford to the 1952 Rose Bowl, had been an All-American player for the Indians, and starred on the undefeated 1940 "Wow Boys" team that won the 1941 Rose Bowl and the national championship in several polls. Just before the team's final game against archrival California, Taylor announced he was retiring as head coach to become assistant athletic director of the university.

1940 Stanford Indians football team
The 1940 Stanford Indians football team, nicknamed the "Wow Boys", represented Stanford University as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1940 college football season. First-year head coach Clark Shaughnessy inherited a team that finished with a 1–7–1 record the previous season. He installed his own version of the T formation, a system that had largely fallen into disuse since the 1890s and was viewed as obsolete. The Indians shocked observers when they won all ten of their games including the Rose Bowl, which prompted several selectors to declare them the 1940 national champions. Stanford's dramatic reversal of fortunes prompted football programs across the nation to abandon the single-wing formation in favor of the newly reminted T formation.
Madonna and Child with Two Saints (Perugino, Vienna)
The Madonna and Child with Two Saints is a painting in tempera on panel by Pietro Perugino, dating to around 1495. It is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The saint to the right is Catherine of Alexandria; the saint to the left is unidentified but may be Rose of Viterbo or Mary Magdalene.

Rose of Viterbo
Rose of Viterbo, TOSF (Italian: Rosa da Viterbo; c. 1233 – 6 March 1251), was a young woman born in Viterbo, then a contested commune of the Papal States. She spent her brief life as a recluse, and was outspoken in her support of the papacy. Otherwise leading an unremarkable life, she later became known for her mystical gifts of prophecy and having miraculous powers. She is honoured as a saint by the Catholic Church.
O Sun-ok
O Sun-ok (born 16 November 1945) is a South Korean volleyball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

O attended Namsung Girls' High School, and while studying there was named to the national junior team in 1963 to compete in an Asian Volleyball Confederation youth tournament held in Seoul. In 1964 she played for the Korea First Bank team.

Volleyball at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
The inaugural Women's Volleyball Tournament in the Summer Olympic Games was held during Olympic Games of Tokyo, from October 11 to October 23, 1964. Japan won the gold medal, with the Soviet Union and Poland taking silver and bronze, respectively. The gold medal-winning Japanese team was referred to as the "Oriental Witches" due to their domination of the women's volleyball scene in the early 1960s. The final match between Japan and the Soviet Union was watched by over 80% of the entire population of Japan, according to NHK. Princess Michiko was present at the final match.
Carl Magnus von Hell
Carl Magnus von Hell (8 September 1849 – 11 December 1926) was the German chemist who discovered, together with Jacob Volhard and the Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky, the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky halogenation reaction.

Nikolay Zelinsky
Nikolay Dmitriyevich Zelinsky (Russian: Николай Дмитриевич Зелинский; Ukrainian: Микола Дмитрович Зелінський, romanized: Mykola Dmytrovich Zelinskyy; 6 February [O.S. 25 January] 1861 – 31 July 1953) was a Russian and Soviet chemist and educator. He was a professor at Moscow University from 1893 and an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1929).

Zelinsky studied at the University of Odessa and at the universities of Leipzig and Göttingen in Germany. Zelinsky was one of the founders of theory on organic catalysis. He was the inventor of the first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world (1915).
Raymond L. Wallace
Raymond L. Wallace (April 21, 1918 − November 26, 2002) was an American amateur Bigfoot hoaxer.

Wallace was born in Clarksdale, Missouri. He worked as a logger for much of his life, but also in road construction throughout much of Washington, Oregon and California. He served in the United States Army during World War II as an aircraft gunner. Wallace finally settled in Toledo, Washington in 1961.

Clarksdale, Missouri
Clarksdale is a city in southwest DeKalb County, Missouri, United States, located along the Little Third Fork of the Platte River. The population was 245 at the 2020 census. It is part of the St. Joseph, MO–KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.
2009 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 2009 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held at the indoor ice rink of the Vikingskipet Olympic Arena in Hamar (Norway) on 7 and 8 February 2009.

The Czech Martina Sáblíková and the Dutch Sven Kramer became world champion.

Martina Sáblíková is the first Czech Allround champion.

Sven Kramer won for the third time. He also won the Dutch Allround and European Allround three times

Other skaters who also won the World Allround Championships three times are:

Jaap Eden (1893,1895,1896)

Oscar Mathisen (1912–1914)

Michael Staksrud (1930,1935,1937)

Hjalmar Andersen (1950–1952)

Oleg Goncharenko (1953,1956,1958)

Ard Schenk (1970–1972)

Eric Heiden (1977–1979)

Johann Olav Koss (1990,1991,1994)

Enrico Fabris Sven Kramer Håvard Bøkko

Ireen Wüst Martina Sáblíková Kristina Groves

Dutch Speed Skating Championships
The Dutch Championships are organised by the Royal Dutch Speed Skating Association (KNSB).

In 1887 the first Dutch open championships took place in Slikkerveer. The men skated one distance, the Dutch mile. In the final the Englishmen Charles Tebbit the Dutch skater Willem-Jan van Vollenhoven (the great-grandfather of Pieter van Vollenhoven. The first official Dutch Allround championships  took place in 1901 in Leeuwarden. The champion became Eeko Banning.

The Dutch Allround Championships for women has been organised since 1955, when only 3 distances were skated.

Since 1969 there is also organised a Dutch Sprint championship and since 1987 also a Dutch Single Distance championship.