hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Capital structure substitution theory
In finance, the capital structure substitution theory  (CSS) describes the relationship between earnings, stock price and capital structure of public companies. The CSS theory hypothesizes that managements of public companies manipulate capital structure such that earnings per share (EPS) are maximized. Managements have an incentive to do so because shareholders and analysts value EPS growth. The theory is used to explain trends in capital structure, stock market valuation, dividend policy, the monetary transmission mechanism, and stock volatility, and provides an alternative to the Modigliani–Miller theorem that has limited descriptive validity in real markets. The CSS theory is only applicable in markets where share repurchases are allowed. Investors can use the CSS theory to identify undervalued stocks.

Incentive
Incentives are anything that persuade a person or organization to alter their behavior to produce a desired outcome. Incentives are widely studied in personnel economics, where researchers and human resource managers examine how firms use pay, career opportunities, performance evaluation, and other mechanisms to motivate employees and improve organizational outcomes. Higher incentives are often associated with greater levels of effort and higher levels of performance. In comparison, disincentives discourage certain actions.

Incentives encourage specific behaviors or actions by persons and organizations, and are commonly employed by governments, businesses, and other organizations. Incentives may generally divided into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic. Incentives, however, can also produce unintended outcomes, relating to the overjustification effect, principal–agent problem, moral hazard, free-riding, or adverse selection.
Christoph Mick
Christoph Mick (born 2 August 1988 in Bolzano) is an Italian snowboarder, specializing in Alpine snowboarding.

Mick competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Italy. He placed 28th in qualifying for the parallel giant slalom and 20th in the parallel slalom, not advancing in either event.

As of September 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 14th, in the 2011 parallel giant slalom.

Mick made his World Cup debut in January 2006. As of September 2014, his best finish is 6th, in a parallel slalom at Carezza in 2013–14. His best overall finish is 29th, in 2010–11 and 2011–12.

2013–14 FIS Snowboard World Cup
The 2013–14 FIS Snowboard World Cup is a multi race tournament over a season for snowboarding. The World Cup was organised by the FIS which also runs world cups and championships in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, and freestyle skiing. The FIS Snowboarding World Cup consisted of the parallel slalom, snowboard cross and the halfpipe. The men's side of the world cup also consisted of a big air competition.
2017 America East Conference women's soccer tournament
The 2017 America East Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the America East Conference held from October 26 through November 5, 2017. The five-match tournament took place at campus sites, with the higher seed hosting. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the Albany Great Danes, but they were eliminated from the 2017 tournament with a 2–1 loss in the quarterfinals to the Vermont Catamounts. The Stony Brook Seawolves won the tournament with a 2–1 victory over the Vermont Catamounts in the final. The conference tournament title was the second for the Stony Brook women's soccer program and the first for head coach Brendan Faherty.

Albany Great Danes
The Albany Great Danes are the NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic programs of the University at Albany, SUNY, located in Albany, New York, United States. A member of the America East Conference, the University at Albany, SUNY sponsors teams in eight men's and ten women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The football team is a member of the Coastal Athletic Association Football Conference, and the women's golf team is an associate member of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference.
Li Wenmei
Li Wenmei (Chinese: 李汶妹; pinyin: Lǐ Wènmèi; born 2 November 1999) is a Chinese badminton player from Maoping, Hubei. She began to play badminton at the age of seven and entered the Hubei team training centre in June 2010 as the singles player. She was selected to join the second team of Hubei province, who was trained by the former World Champion, Wei Yili, in April 2013. She represented Hubei province competed at the 2017 National Games of China in Tianjin, helps the team as the first singles and second doubles player achieved their best record for 42 years history by winning the silver medal at the Games. Li was part of the national junior team that won the gold medal at the 2017 World Junior Championships, and also claimed the bronze medals in the girls' and mixed doubles event. She won her first senior international title at the BWF Super 500 tournament 2020 Malaysia Masters partnered with Zheng Yu.

2020 Malaysia Masters
The 2020 Malaysia Masters (officially known as the Perodua Malaysia Masters 2020 for sponsorship reasons) was a badminton tournament that took place at the Axiata Arena in Malaysia from 7 to 12 January 2020 and had a total purse of $400,000.
A-Mei New Century Collection
A-Mei New Century Collection is the first greatest hits album by Taiwanese singer A-Mei. It was released on December 28, 1999, by Forward Music. The album contains Sprite's 2000 advertising song "I Want to Fly," along with the charity single "Love, Never Disappears," which was specially composed by Leehom Wang for the 1999 Jiji earthquake victims. In addition, the album also includes A-Mei's past best-selling hit singles from her previous studio albums that were released between 1996 and 1999. Commercially, A-Mei New Century Collection was a huge success in Greater China, selling over 410,000 copies in Taiwan, while also selling over 3 million copies throughout Asia. It is also Taiwan's best-selling album by a female artist in the 21st century, along with being the third best-selling album in Taiwan of the year 2000.

Jingle
A jingle is a short song or tune used in advertising and for other commercial uses. Jingles are a form of sound branding. A jingle contains one or more hooks and meanings that explicitly promote the product or service being advertised, usually through the use of one or more advertising slogans.   Ad buyers use jingles in radio and television commercials; they can also be used in non-advertising contexts to establish or maintain a brand image.  Many jingles are also created using snippets of popular songs, in which lyrics are modified to appropriately advertise the product or service.
Guy Sprung
Guy Sprung (born on April 17, 1947) is a Canadian actor and theatre director. He lives in the Mile End area of Montreal and was the artistic director of Infinitheatre for 22 years. He retired and was succeeded by Zach Fraser in March 2021.

Mile End
Mile End is an area in London, England and is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is in East London and part of the East End. It is 4.2 miles (6.8 km) east of Charing Cross. Situated on the part of the London-to-Colchester road called Mile End Road, it was one of the earliest suburbs of London.

It was also known as Mile End Old Town; the name provides a geographical distinction from the unconnected former hamlet called Mile End New Town. In 2011, Mile End had a population of 28,544.
Estudio 1
Estudio 1 was a long-running Spanish television anthology series by Televisión Española presenting many classic plays for the home audience since 1965. It was equivalent to Au théâtre ce soir (1966–1985) on TF1 and Play of the Month (1965–1983) on the BBC. The series was noted for its productions of the great Spanish Golden Age playwrights as well as Shakespeare and Schiller.

It took its name from the studio it was filmed, Studio 1 at Prado del Rey. In its best times, one or two performances were broadcast daily (in the mid-afternoon and at evening), most of them live.

Play of the Month
Play of the Month is a BBC television anthology series, which ran from 1965 to 1983 featuring productions of classic and contemporary stage plays (or adaptations) which were usually broadcast on BBC1. Each production featured a different work, often using prominent British stage actors in the leading roles. The series was transmitted regularly from October 1965 to May 1979, before returning for the summer seasons of 1982 and 1983. The producer most associated with the Play of the Month series was Cedric Messina. Thirteen productions were also shown previously or subsequently on BBC2 in the period 1971-73 under Stage 2. Productions were broadcast in colour from November 1969.
Sven August Körling
Sven August Körling (14 April 1842 – 17 October 1919) was a Swedish composer, remembered for his  art songs. Early in his career Jussi Björling recorded Körling's song "Evening mood". Körling's "Pastorale" for horn and organ dates from 1898 to 1899.

Group photo from the chamber music festival in Ystad 1910. The white-haired Körling is seen in the middle of the back row.

Ystad
Ystad (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈy̌ːsta(d)]) is a town and the seat of Ystad Municipality, in Scania County, Sweden. Ystad had 18,350 inhabitants in 2010. The settlement dates from the 11th century and has become a busy ferryport, local administrative centre, and tourist attraction.
Wixom Lake
Wixom Lake was a reservoir in the U.S. state of Michigan from 1925 to 2020. It was named after Frank Wixom, who was instrumental in building the Edenville Dam. Unusual for its size, Wixom Lake boasts a lighthouse on Musselman Island. From 2019 to 2020, an agreement to buy the dam and reservoir by the Four Lakes Task Force, a "county-delegated authority" under the State of Michigan, from Boyce Hydro L.L.C. was in place, However, in May 2020, the lake was destroyed when part of the earthen dam used to impound it collapsed.  From 2018 to 2020, the impoundment was regulated by the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE).

Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy
The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), formerly Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (Michigan DEQ, MDEQ, or simply DEQ), is a principal department of the U.S. state of Michigan for environmental issues. The department was created in 1995.
William Worthington Jordan
William Worthington Jordan (1849–1886) was a hunter, trader, and writer in Southern Africa.

Born at Wynberg in the Cape Colony, Jordan was of mixed race. He became a trader and hunter in what is now Botswana and Namibia. In 1880 he established a trading post in southern Angola.

Having bought a large area of land from the Ovambo people, Jordan donated some of it to Boer settlers who, in 1885, established the short-lived republic of Upingtonia. This did not long survive his death in 1886.

Jordan's Journal of the Trek Boers to Mossamedes appeared in the Cape Quarterly Review in 1881. In 1883, his From Damaraland to the Nhemba Country: Extract from the Diary of W. W. Jordan appeared in the same journal.

Wynberg, Cape Town
Wynberg (/ˈwaɪnbɜːrɡ/ WYNE-burg) is a southern suburb of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape, South Africa. It is situated between Plumstead and Kenilworth, and is a main transport hub for the Southern Suburbs of Cape Town.
Cookeite
Cookeite is a mineral species of the silicate group and the phyllosilicate subgroup, part of the chlorite family, with the formula LiAl4(Si3Al)O10(OH)8. This soft, low-density mineral of variable color has a crystalline structure made up of alternating layers LiAl2(OH)6 and Al2O4(OH)2Si8O12 having several polytypes. Cookeite is often found as a product of hydrothermal alteration of silicates in pegmatites. It forms at relatively low temperatures (below 200 °C) and variable pressures.

Crystal polymorphism
In crystallography, polymorphism is the phenomenon where a compound or element can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.

The preceding definition has evolved over many years and is still under discussion today. Discussion of the defining characteristics of polymorphism involves distinguishing among types of transitions and structural changes occurring in polymorphism versus those in other phenomena.
Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd
Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd [1974] 1 WLR 798 (/ˈruːtəm/) is an English land law and English contract law case, concerning the measure and availability of damages for breach of negative covenant in circumstances where the court has confirmed that a covenant is legally enforceable and refused, as unconscionable, to issue an order for specific performance or an injunction.

Such a remedy, which had precedent before the judgment, has since become generally known as Wrotham Park damages, which are awarded (in lieu of specific performance or an injunction) under the jurisdiction created (powers vested in the court) by s. 2 of the Chancery Amendment Act 1858 (also known as Lord Cairns' Act). Such damages centre on the hypothetical negotiated value for a release of the covenant, and so in turn may look to a share of the profits from the business venture enabled by the breach; the court decided 5% of profits should be made payable.

Unconscionability
Unconscionability (sometimes known as unconscionable dealing/conduct in Australia) is a doctrine in contract law that describes terms that are so extremely unjust, or overwhelmingly one-sided in favor of the party who has the superior bargaining power, that they are contrary to good conscience.  Typically, an unconscionable contract is held to be unenforceable because no reasonable or informed person would otherwise agree to it. The perpetrator of the conduct is not allowed to benefit, because the consideration offered is lacking, or is so obviously inadequate, that to enforce the contract would be unfair to the party seeking to escape the contract.
Ambato, Ambohidratrimo
Ambato is a rural commune in Analamanga Region, in the  Central Highlands of Madagascar.

It is bordered in the north by the communes of Androvakely, in its east by Sadabe, in the west by Anjanadoria, in the south by Manjakavaradrano and in its south-east by Avaratsena.

Central Highlands (Madagascar)
The Central Highlands, Central High Plateau, or Hautes-Terres are a mountainous biogeographical region in central Madagascar. They include the contiguous part of the island's interior above 800 m (2,600 ft) elevation. The Central Highlands are separated from the Northern Highlands of the northern tip of Madagascar by a low-lying valley, the Mandritsara Window, which has apparently acted as a barrier to dispersal for species in the highlands, leading to species pairs such as Voalavo gymnocaudus and Voalavo antsahabensis in the Northern and Central Highlands. Species restricted to the Central Highlands include the bats Miniopterus manavi and Miniopterus sororculus; the rodents Brachyuromys betsileoensis and Voalavo antsahabensis; the tenrecs Hemicentetes nigriceps and Oryzorictes tetradactylus; and the lemur Cheirogaleus sibreei. Because of the continuous habitat of the Central Highlands, there is little local endemism, unlike the Northern Highlands.
The Lacquer Screen
The Lacquer Screen is a gong'an detective novel written by Robert van Gulik and set in Imperial China (the early decades of the Tang dynasty). It is a fiction based on the real character of Judge Dee (Ti Jen-chieh or Di Renjie), a magistrate and statesman of the Tang court, who lived roughly 630–700 AD.

The book features fourteen illustrations by the author.

Gong'an fiction
Gong'an or crime-case fiction (Chinese: 公案小说) is a subgenre of Chinese crime fiction involving government magistrates who solve criminal cases. Gong'an fiction first appeared in the colloquial stories of the Song dynasty. Gong'an fiction developed into one of the most popular genres of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Judge Dee and Judge Bao stories are the best known examples of the genre.
Cockstock incident
The Cockstock incident was an altercation between Indigenous peoples and settlers in the Willamette Valley. It originated as a dispute between Cockstock, a Native, and James D. Saules, a free Black settler. On 4 March 1844, conflict erupted between Cockstock's party and settlers; with Cockstock and two white settlers dying. The event has been called "the most significant occurrence of violence" in the Oregon Country between indigenous peoples and settlers prior to the Cayuse War.

In the aftermath of the violence, white settlers feared that Black settlers could insult local Indigenous peoples enough to provoke an uprising. The Cockstock incident influenced the adoption an 1844 black exclusion law that banned black settlers from living in the Oregon Country. Historian Thomas McClintock has written that the connection between the Cockstock incident and the Exclusion Law is "unquestionable".

Oregon Historical Society
The Oregon Historical Society (OHS) is an organization that encourages and promotes the study and understanding of the history of the State of Oregon, within the broader context of U.S. history. Incorporated in 1898, the Society collects, preserves, and makes available materials of historical character and interest, and collaborates with other groups and individuals with similar aims. The society operates the Oregon History Center that includes the Oregon Historical Society Museum in downtown Portland.
Wetmoreana decipioides
Wetmoreana decipioides is a rare species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Gangwon Province, South Korea, it was described as a new species in 2011. The lobate thallus of the species is orange in colour and grows radiately in rosettes with marginal lobes, covered by smaller, irregularly arranged, often overlapping lobes in the centre.

Soredium
Soredia are common reproductive structures of lichens.  Lichens reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. These can be either scattered diffusely across the surface of the lichen's thallus, or produced in localized structures called soralia. Fungal hyphae make up the basic body structure of a lichen. The soredia are released through openings in the upper cortex of the lichen structure. After their release, the soredia disperse to establish the lichen in a new location.
Stade Saint-Germain
Stade Saint-Germainois, often known as Stade Saint-Germain, was a French football club founded on 21 June 1904. On 12 August 1970, it merged with Paris FC to form Paris Saint-Germain FC. It was based in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the western suburbs of Paris. The club's badge was the town's coat of arms, with the cot, the fleur-de-lis and the date making reference to the commune being the birthplace of King Louis XIV.

Before merging with Paris FC, Stade Saint-Germain's best performance in the Coupe de France was in 1968–69, when it reached the quarter-finals of the competition before losing to Olympique de Marseille.

Infant bed
An infant bed (commonly called a cot in British English, and, in American English, a crib, or far less commonly, stock) is a small bed especially for infants and very young children. Infant beds are a historically recent development intended to contain a child capable of standing. The cage-like design of infant beds restricts the child to the bed.  Between one and two years of age, children can climb out and are moved to a toddler bed to prevent an injurious fall while escaping the bed.

Infant beds are more common in Western countries, employed by the majority of parents as an alternative to sharing a bed (co-sleeping).
Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology
The Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology (KCSRN) is a Russian interdisciplinary institute for synchrotron-based research. The source is used for research in fields such as biology, chemistry, physics and palaeontology.

As with all synchrotron sources, the Kurchatov source is a user facility.

Kurchatov, Russia
Kurchatov (Russian: Курча́тов) is a town in Kursk Oblast, Russia, located on the Seym River 42 kilometers (26 mi) west of Kursk. Population: 40,318 (2021 Census); 42,706 (2010 Census); 45,556 (2002 Census); 41,085 (1989 Soviet census).
The Future of the Mind
The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku. 
The book was initially published on February 25, 2014 by Doubleday.

In 2015 the book was translated into Hebrew.

Futurist
Futurists (also known as futurologists, prospectivists, foresight practitioners and horizon scanners) are people whose specialty or interest is future studies or futurology or the attempt to systematically explore predictions and possibilities about the future and how they can emerge from the present, whether that of human society in particular or of life on Earth in general.
Doug Newton
Douglas Richard Newton (born 5 July 1950) is an Australian politician.

Newton was born at Ivanhoe to clerk Cecil James Newton and Gwendaline Clare Bowden. He attended La Trobe University, where he received a Bachelor of Science, and later Hawthorn State College for a Diploma of Education. From 1973 to 1975 he worked as a research assistant in the Victorian Forest Commission's fire research section, moving to Melbourne University's Westernport Bay Environmental Study Group from 1975 to 1978. From 1979 to 1982 he taught at Preston East Technical School. On 27 December 1980 he married fellow schoolteacher Helen Frances Eldridge; they had one daughter. A Labor Party member since 1974, he was vice-president of the Ashwood branch and directed the campaign for the federal seat of Chisholm in 1980.

In 1982 Newton was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Bennettswood; he was defeated in 1985.

Ivanhoe, Victoria
Ivanhoe is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north-east of Melbourne's central business district, located within the City of Banyule local government area. Ivanhoe recorded a population of 13,374 at the 2021 census.
2020 Tour of Romania
The 2020 Tour of Romania was a six-day cycling stage race that took place in Romania from 8 to 13 September. The race was the 53rd edition of the Tour of Romania. The tour was rated as a 2.2 event, as part of the 2020 UCI Europe Tour.

Oradea
Oradea (UK: /ɒˈrɑːdiə/, US: /ɔːˈr-, -djɑː/, Romanian: [oˈrade̯a]; Hungarian: Nagyvárad [ˈnɒɟvaːrɒd]; German: Großwardein [ˌɡʁoːsvaʁˈdaɪn]) is the capital of the Crișana region in Romania. It serves as the administrative centre of Bihor County. The city is situated on both banks of the Crișul Repede River.

As of 2021, Oradea is Romania's ninth most populous city. It is located approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Hungarian border. The municipality covers 11,556 hectares (28,560 acres) and lies between the Apuseni Mountains and the Crișana-Banat plain.

The Oradea Fortress is a historic fortification located within the city, whose origins date back to the 11th century when it served as an episcopal residence and religious centre. Throughout the Middle Ages, the fortress played a strategic role in the border region between Central and Eastern Europe.

The city features Art Nouveau architecture, and is a member of both the Réseau Art Nouveau Network and the Art Nouveau European Route.