hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Descriptive fallacy
The descriptive fallacy refers to reasoning which treats a speech act as a proposition, which would be mistaken when the meaning of the statement is not based on its truth condition. It was suggested by the British philosopher of language J. L. Austin in 1955 in the lectures now known as How to Do Things With Words. Austin argued that performative utterances are not meaningfully evaluated as true or false but rather by other measures, which would hold that a statement such as "thank you" is not meant to describe a fact and to interpret it as such would be to commit the descriptive fallacy.

How to Do Things with Words
How to Do Things with Words is a posthumously published book of lectures by the English philosopher J. L. Austin. First issued in 1962 by Clarendon Press and Harvard University Press, it is based on the William James Lectures that Austin delivered at Harvard University in 1955. The work is widely regarded as the founding text of speech act theory and a classic of ordinary language philosophy and linguistic pragmatics.

In the lectures Austin introduces and develops the notion of a performative utterance, analyses the conditions under which such utterances are happy or unhappy, and ultimately replaces the simple contrast between constative and performative sentences with a more general theory of locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. The book has had a lasting impact on philosophy, linguistics, literary theory, legal theory and other disciplines concerned with language and communication.
How Do You Fall in Love
"How Do You Fall in Love" is a song written Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry and Greg Fowler, and recorded by American country music group Alabama.  It was released in August 1998 as the first single from their compilation album  For the Record.  It peaked at number 2 in the United States, and number 9 in Canada.

Randy Owen
Randy Yeuell Owen (born December 13, 1949) is an American country musician. He is best known for his role as the lead singer of Alabama, a country music band that saw commercial success throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Alabama became the most successful band in country music, releasing over 20 gold and platinum records, dozens of number 1 singles, and selling over 75 million records during their career. Owen also maintains a career as a solo performer. He released his solo debut One on One in late 2008 and charted two singles from it.

Owen was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2005 and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2019, both as a member of Alabama.
Xinuos
Xinuos is an American software company that was created in 2011. It was first called UnXis until assuming its current name in 2013. (Both names are variations on the spelling of the Unix operating system.) Xinuos develops and markets the Unix-based OpenServer 6, OpenServer 5, and UnixWare 7 operating systems under a SCO branding indicative of prior product owners the Santa Cruz Operation and The SCO Group. Xinuos formerly sold the FreeBSD-based OpenServer 10 operating system.

Ars Technica
Ars Technica is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998. It publishes news, reviews, and guides on issues such as computer hardware and software, science, technology policy, and video games.

Ars Technica was privately owned until May 2008, when it was sold to Condé Nast Digital, the online division of Condé Nast Publications. Condé Nast purchased the site, along with two others, for $25 million and added it to the company's Wired Digital group, which also includes Wired and, formerly, Reddit. The staff mostly works from home and has offices in Boston, Chicago, London, New York City, and San Francisco.

The operations of Ars Technica are funded primarily by advertising, and it has offered a paid subscription service since 2001.
Moldenke
Moldenke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Edward Moldenke (1860–1935), American Egyptologist

Edward Frederick Moldenke (1836–1904), Lutheran theologian and missionary of Germany and the U.S.

Harold Norman Moldenke (1909–1996), American botanist and taxonomist

Harold Norman Moldenke
Harold Norman Moldenke, also known as simply Moldenke (1909–1996) was an American botanist/taxonomist. His expertise is largely in the study of Verbenaceae, Avicenniaceae, Stilbaceae, Dicrastylidaceae, Symphoremaceae, Nyctanthaceae and Eriocaulaceae.
Donut Shop
Donut Shop is a 2-disc collection of previously unreleased instrumental hip hop songs by J Dilla, former founding member of Slum Village. The collection was posthumously released in 2010 by joint venture of Stones Throw, the J Dilla Estate, and Serato.

Slum Village
Slum Village is an American hip hop group from Detroit, Michigan. The group was formerly composed of the rappers Baatin (1974–2009), T3, and rapper / producer J Dilla (1974–2006). J Dilla left in 2001 to pursue a solo career with MCA Records. Elzhi joined in his absence, after which Baatin also left due to health complications.

Following J Dilla's death in 2006 and Baatin's death in 2009, T3 remains the sole surviving member of the original lineup. Over its history the group has been through several line-up changes, which once included J Dilla's younger brother Illa J, but now the group exists as a duo of T3 and producer Young RJ.
Dad (2005 film)
Dad is a 2005 British television film made by BBC Wales. It stars Richard Briers, Kevin Whately, Jean Heywood, Sinéad Cusack and Hannah Daniels. It is written by Lucy Gannon, produced by Hilary Bevan Jones and directed by Sarah Harding.

BBC Cymru Wales
BBC Cymru Wales is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Wales.

It is one of the four BBC national regions, alongside the BBC English Regions, BBC Northern Ireland and BBC Scotland. Established in 1964, BBC Cymru Wales is based in Cardiff and directly employs some 1,200 people to produce a range of programmes for television, radio and online services in both English and Welsh.

BBC Cymru Wales operates two TV channels (BBC One Wales, BBC Two Wales) and three radio stations (BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru and BBC Radio Cymru 2). The total budget for BBC Cymru Wales (including S4C's £76 million) is £151 million, £31 million of which is for BBC-produced television productions.
Karl Bomansson
Karl August Bomansson (5 April 1827 in Saltvik – 7 February 1906 in Helsinki), was a Finnish historian and archivist. Between 1870 and 1883 he was chief archivist at the National Archives of Finland. From 1862 he was associate professor in history at Helsinki University.

In 1853 he was organizing the Finnish senates archives, and modernizing it into better standards. As a man of science he was foremost interested in the history of Åland. He wrote Kastelholm (1856), and Om Ålands folkminnen (1859), which was the first work on the archaeological subject in Finland. Bomansson took part in the excavations in Kökar in 1867. His assistant was then Johan Reinhold Aspelin.

Saltvik
Saltvik is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. The total area is 1 161,8 km2, of which 150,7 km2 is land, 4,7 km2 lakes and 1006,4 km2 sea.

The archipelago north of Saltvik is perhaps the most beautiful one in Åland. Closest to land are the big islands Boxö, Sommarö, Flatö and Ryssö. Beyond, the horizon opens up and after passing Saggö it is more or less unbroken.
Gerhard Walter
Gerhard Walter (born 27 September 1915; date of death unknown) was a Swiss footballer who played two seasons for FC Basel in the early 1930s. He played as goalkeeper.

Walter joined Basel's first team in 1931. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game at the Landhof on 30 August 1931 as Basel lost 1–4 against Young Fellows Zürich.

In the two Basel seasons 1931–32 and 1932–33 Walter played a total of eight games for Basel Six of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and two in the Swiss Cup.

Swiss Cup
The Swiss Cup (German: Schweizer Cup; French: Coupe de Suisse; Italian: Coppa Svizzera; Romansh: Cuppa Svizra)  is a football cup competition that has been organised annually since 1925–26 season by the Swiss Football Association.

The Swiss Cup final is usually the most important game of the year with a high attendance. The competition is also shaped by games in the first rounds when villages celebrate the tie of their club with a professional team leading to infrastructure improvements and often thousands of spectators at the local football pitch. Since 1999 the cup winners earns the chance to qualify for the UEFA Europa League or the UEFA Conference League in accordance with the rankings of Switzerland in the UEFA coefficient.
1996 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1996 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame as an independent during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by Lou Holtz in his 11th and final season as head coach, the Fighting Irish compiled a record of 8–3. The team played home games at Notre Dame Stadium in Notre Dame, Indiana.

Notre Dame participated in the Emerald Isle Classic, billed as the Shamrock Classic that year. The game was played in Dublin on November 2 at Croke Park, where Notre Dame beat Navy by a score of 54–27. Despite finishing the regular season 8–3, Notre Dame did not play in a bowl game. The Fighting Irish turned down an invitation to play the Auburn Tigers in the Independence Bowl.

1996 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1996 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy (USNA) as an independent during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by second-year head coach Charlie Weatherbie.

This was the Midshipmen's first winning season since 1982, and their first bowl appearance since 1981, with their first bowl win since 1978.
Anuak people
The Anyuak, also known as Anyuaa and Anywaa, are a Luo Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting parts of East Africa. The Anuak belong to the larger Luo family group. Their language is referred to as Dha-Anywaa.They primarily reside and are native in the Gambela Region of western Ethiopia, and South Sudan. Group members number between 200,000 and 300,000 people worldwide. Many of the Anyuak people now follow Christianity. It is one of the first of the Nilotic groups to become almost entirely Christian, following the Shilluk people.

Cultural Survival
Cultural Survival is an Indigenous-led nonprofit organization (501(c)(3)), based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, that advocates for the rights of Indigenous Peoples around the world. Founded in 1972, the organization supports Indigenous communities in achieving self-determination, preserving their cultures, languages, and traditional knowledge, and strengthening political and environmental resilience. As of 2025, Cultural Survival holds a four-star rating from Charity Navigator.
There's Only One Jimmy Grimble
There's Only One Jimmy Grimble, also known as Jimmy Grimble, is a 2000 British sports comedy drama film directed by John Hay, starring Robert Carlyle, Ray Winstone, Lewis McKenzie, Gina McKee, Ben Miller and Samia Ghadie. Set in Greater Manchester Jimmy is a young aspiring footballer who plays for his school team and after receiving a pair of old football boots that once belonged to one of Manchester City's greatest ever players begins to see his skills on the field change.

The movie has become nostalgically linked to Manchester City, with the movie released in the midst of a golden era for local rivals Manchester United.

Sports film
A sports film is a film genre in which any particular sport plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central theme. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role. Furthermore, sports fans are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.
Killing Patient Zero
Killing Patient Zero is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Laurie Lynd and released in 2019. The film is a portrait of Gaëtan Dugas, the Canadian man who was one of the earliest diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients in North America, but became incorrectly demonized as "patient zero" for the epidemic after his role in the early story of the disease was used to illustrate contact tracing in Randy Shilts's 1987 book And the Band Played On.

The film premiered on April 26, 2019, at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. It was released commercially on July 26, 2019.

Index case
The index case or patient zero is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population, or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study. 
It can also refer to the first case of a condition or syndrome (not necessarily contagious) to be described in the medical literature, whether or not the patient is thought to be the first person affected. An index case can achieve the status of a "classic" case study in the literature, as did Phineas Gage, the first known person to exhibit a definitive personality change as a result of traumatic brain injury.
1929 Londonderry by-election
The 1929 Londonderry by-election was held on 29 January 1929.  The by-election was held due to the appointment as High court judge of the incumbent UUP MP, Malcolm Macnaghten.  It was won by the UUP candidate Ronald Deane Ross. who was unopposed.

Londonderry (UK Parliament constituency)
Londonderry was a parliamentary constituency in Northern Ireland represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament, as well as a constituency in elections to various regional bodies. It was replaced in boundary changes in 1983. Londonderry returned two MPs (1801–1885) and later one (1922–1983).
Xinkaihe Subdistrict
Xinkaihe Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 新开河街道; traditional Chinese: 新開河街道; pinyin: Xīnkāihé Jiēdào) is a subdistrict located on northwestern Hebei District, Tianjin, China. It is situated to the southeast of Tianmu Town, southwest of Tiedong Road Subdistrict, north of Hongshunli and Santiaoshi Subdistricts, and east of Xigu and Dingzigu Subdistricts. It was home to 82,661 as of 2010.

The subdistrict was named after Xinkai (Chinese: 新开; lit. 'New Open') River that is located on its southeast.

Hebei, Tianjin
Hebei District (Chinese: 河北区; pinyin: Héběi Qū) is a district of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Its name literally means "District north of the River", as the district is located on the northern shore of the Hai River, part of the Grand Canal. Tianjin's famous Zhongshan Park lies within the district. Tianjin's North Train Station and many other train structures are also located in Hebei District. The district administers ten streets in total.
Choctawhatchee and Northern Railroad
The Choctawhatchee and Northern Railroad was one of many proposed railroad projects that never made it beyond the planning stage, this one in the Florida Panhandle.  Chartered in February 1927 "To construct, acquire, maintain, lease, or operate a line of railroad or railroads from a point between Galliver and Crestview on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in Okaloosa County, to a point in said county on Choctawhatchee Bay, a distance of approximately 28 mi (45 km)," the line was envisioned as part of a Port Dixie (now Shalimar, Florida) development plan.

Crestview, Florida
Crestview is the largest city and county seat of Okaloosa County, Florida, United States. The population was 27,134 at the 2020 census, up from 20,978 at the 2010 census. With an elevation of 236 feet (72 m) above sea level, it is one of the highest points in the state.

Crestview is a principal city of the Crestview–Fort Walton Beach–Destin, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Wosret
Wosret, Waset, or Wosyet meaning "the powerful female one" was an Egyptian goddess whose cult was centered on Thebes in Upper Egypt and her name was the same as the Egyptian name of the city, Waset. She was a minor goddess, but three pharaohs during the Twelfth Dynasty plus an additional one during the second intermediate peroiod incorporated her name into theirs: Senwosret, or Senusret, means "man of Wosret".

Wosret was rarely depicted, and no temples to her have been identified. When she was depicted, it was wearing a tall crown with the Was "power" sceptre (which was related to her name) upon her head and carrying other weapons such as spears and a bow and arrows.

She was Amun's first wife (John Ray calls her "the theological equivalent of the girl next door"), and was replaced by Mut, although it is possible that Mut is simply a later name for Wosret.

Girl next door
The girl next door is a young female stock character who is often used in romantic stories. She is named so because she often lives next door to the protagonist or is a childhood friend. They start out with a friendship that later often develops into romantic attraction. A similar expression is "boy next door".
Hanscotte centre-rail system
The Hanscotte system was a design for railway locomotives and track using, in addition to the conventional load-bearing driving wheels, pairs of horizontal driving wheels mounted underneath the locomotive and pressing inwards upon a central rail, to improve adhesion and traction. The engineer Jules Hanscotte developed the system while working for Société de construction des Batignolles (SCB), Paris, in about 1904.

SCB intended to use the system for braking very heavy trains, but the most notable deployment was on the Chemin de Fer du Puy-de-Dôme,  a tourist light railway between Clermont Ferrand and the summit of the Puy-de-Dôme, in 1906.

Traction (mechanics)
Traction, traction force or tractive force is a force used to generate motion between a body and a tangential surface, through the use of either dry friction or shear force.
It has important applications in vehicles, as in tractive effort.

Traction can also refer to the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction; when this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the coefficient of traction (similar to coefficient of friction). It is the force which makes an object move over the surface by overcoming all the resisting forces like friction, normal loads (load acting on the tiers in negative Z axis), air resistance, rolling resistance, etc.
Richard I. Gregory
Richard I. Gregory is Professor in the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and Principal Investigator in The Stem Cell Program in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at Boston Children's Hospital. He is also Principal faculty member of The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and a 2008 Pew Scholar.

He received a PhD from Cambridge University, UK in 2001, studying genomic imprinting at the Babraham Institute. Gregory performed his postdoctoral work at the Fox Chase Cancer Center and the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia. His postdoctoral research focused on mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis and function, and was supported by a Jane Coffin Childs Research Fellowship.

Fox Chase Cancer Center
Fox Chase Cancer Center is a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center research facility and hospital located in the Fox Chase section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The main facilities of the center are located on property adjoining Burholme Park. The center is part of the Temple University Health System (TUHS) and specializes in the treatment and prevention of cancer.
2012 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012, to elect the 13 U.S. representatives from the state of North Carolina. The elections coincided with the U.S. presidential election, N.C. gubernatorial election, statewide judicial elections, Council of State elections, and various local elections. Primary elections were held on May 8, 2012; for races in which no candidate received 40 percent of the vote in the primary, runoff elections (officially known as "second" primaries) were held on July 17.

North Carolina was one of five states in which the party that won the state's popular vote did not win a majority of seats in 2012, along with Arizona, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

National Right to Life Committee
The National Right to Life Committee (NRLC) is the oldest and largest national anti-abortion organization in the United States with affiliates in all 50 states and more than 3,000 local chapters nationwide.

Since the 1980s, NRLC has influenced abortion policy at national and state levels through campaign financing of anti-abortion (and almost exclusively Republican) candidates and writing model legislation that would restrict or ban abortion.
Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions
Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society publications have made a series of predictions about Christ's Second Coming and the advent of God's kingdom, each of which has gone unfulfilled. Almost all the predictions for 1878, 1881, 1914, 1918, and 1925 were later reinterpreted as a confirmation of the eschatological framework of the Bible Student movement and Jehovah's Witnesses, with many of the predicted events viewed as having taken place invisibly. Further expectations were held for the arrival of Armageddon in 1975.

English researcher George D. Chryssides has argued that although there have been some "unrealized expectations", changes in Watch Tower chronology are attributable more to changed chronological schemes, rather than to failed predictions. The Watch Tower Society has acknowledged errors, which it said helped "sift" the unfaithful from its ranks, but says adherents remained confident that "God's Word" had not failed.

Armageddon
Armageddon (/ˌɑːrməˈɡɛdən/ ⓘ AR-mə-GHED-ən; Ancient Greek: Ἁρμαγεδών, romanized: Harmagedṓn; Late Latin: Armagedōn; from Hebrew: הַר מְגִדּוֹ, romanized: Har Məgīddō) is the prophesied gathering of armies for a battle during the end times, according to the Book of Revelation in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Armageddon is variously interpreted as either a literal or a symbolic location, although the term has since become more often used in a generic sense to refer to any end-of-the-world scenario. In Islamic theology, Armageddon is also mentioned in Hadith as the Greatest War or Al-Malhama Al-Kubra.
Ineffabilis Deus
Ineffabilis Deus (Latin for 'Ineffable God') is an apostolic constitution by Pope Pius IX. It defines the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The document was promulgated on December 8, 1854, the date of the annual Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception, and followed from a positive response to the encyclical Ubi primum.

Mary's immaculate conception is a pronouncement made ex cathedra and is therefore considered by the Catholic Church to be infallible through the extraordinary magisterium.

Encyclical
An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from the Late Latin encyclios (originally from the Latin encyclius, a Latinization of Greek ἐγκύκλιος (enkyklios), meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia).

The term is now primarily associated with papal encyclicals from the Catholic Church for letters outlining the church's perspective on a topic, but is also used among Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox Church.