hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Drop and insert
In a multichannel transmission system, drop and insert is a process that diverts (drop) a portion of the multiplexed aggregate signal at an intermediate point, and introduces (insert) a different signal for subsequent transmission in the same position.

Drop and insert is practiced, for example, in time-division multiplexing (TDM) when a time slot or frequency band is replaced from another source. The diverted signal may be demodulated or reinserted into another transmission system in the same or another time slot or frequency band. The time slot or frequency band vacated by the diverted signal need not necessarily be reoccupied by another signal. Likewise, a previously unoccupied time slot or frequency band may be occupied by a signal inserted at the drop-and-insert point.

Signals not of interest at the drop-and-insert point are not diverted.

Demodulation
Demodulation is the process of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a carrier wave. A demodulator is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software-defined radio) that is used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave. There are many types of signal modulation, and there are many types of demodulators. The signal output from a demodulator may represent sound (an analog audio signal), images (an analog video signal) or binary data (a digital signal).

These terms are traditionally used in connection with radio receivers, but many other systems use many kinds of demodulators. For example, in a modem, which is a contraction of the terms modulator/demodulator, a demodulator is used to extract a serial digital data stream from a carrier signal which is used to carry it through a telephone line, coaxial cable, or optical fiber.
Mainline DHT
Mainline DHT is the name given to the Kademlia-based distributed hash table (DHT) used by BitTorrent clients to find peers via the BitTorrent protocol. The idea of using a DHT for distributed tracking in BitTorrent was first implemented in Azureus 2.3.0.0 (now known as Vuze) in May 2005, from which it gained significant popularity. Unrelated but around the same time, BitTorrent, Inc. released a similar DHT into their client called Mainline DHT, and thus popularized the use of distributed tracking in the BitTorrent protocol. Measurement showed that by 2013, the concurrent number of users of Mainline DHT is from 16 million to 28 million, with intra-day changes of at least 10 million.

Rainberry, Inc.
Rainberry, Inc., formerly known as BitTorrent, Inc., is an American company responsible for μTorrent and BitTorrent Mainline. The company was founded on September 22, 2004 by Bram Cohen and Ashwin Navin. It was successful during the Great Recession under the leadership of CEO Eric Klinker. In 2018, the company was acquired by cryptocurrency startup TRON, and Bram Cohen left the company. In March 2022, the SEC charged Rainberry with fraud for selling cryptocurrencies Tronix (TRX) and BitTorrent (BTT) as unregistered securities.
New Zealand cricket team in Pakistan in 1955–56
The New Zealand national cricket team toured Pakistan in October and November 1955 and played a three-match Test series against the Pakistan national cricket team. It was the first Test series between the two teams. Pakistan won the Test series 2–0. New Zealand were captained by Harry Cave and Pakistan by Abdul Hafeez Kardar.

After the Test series, the team went on to India, where they played a five-Test series.

Abdul Hafeez Kardar
Abdul Hafeez Kardar PP, HI  (Urdu: عبد الحفیظ کاردار) (17 January 1925 – 21 April 1996) was a Pakistani cricketer, politician, and diplomat. He was the first captain of the Pakistan cricket team and one of only three players to have played Test cricket for both India and Pakistan. Known as "The Skipper," Kardar led the Pakistan cricket team in its first 23 Test matches, spanning from 1952 to 1958, and later became the nation's foremost cricket administrator.

Widely regarded as the father figure of Pakistan cricket, Kardar received the Pride of Performance Award from the Government of Pakistan in 1958. In addition to his cricketing achievements, he served as a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab and held the position of Punjab Minister for Food under the Bhutto government.
Camptocarpus
Camptocarpus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae.

Its native range is the islands of the western Indian Ocean – Comoros, Madagascar, Rodrigues, and Réunion.

Species:

Camptocarpus acuminatus (Choux) Venter

Camptocarpus cornutus Klack.

Camptocarpus crassifolius Decne.

Camptocarpus decaryi (Choux) Venter

Camptocarpus lanceolatus Klack.

Camptocarpus linearis Decne.

Camptocarpus mauritianus (Lam.) Decne.

Camptocarpus semihastatus (Decne.) Klack.

Camptocarpus sphenophyllus (Balf.f.) Venter

Comoro Islands
The Comoro Islands are a group of volcanic islands in the Mozambique Channel, an arm of the Indian Ocean lying between Madagascar and the African mainland. Three of the islands form the Union of the Comoros, a sovereign nation, while Mayotte belongs to France.
Demographics of Podgorica
Podgorica is the capital and largest city of Montenegro. According to 2011 census, the population of Podgorica city proper is 150,799, while Podgorica Capital City (analogous to metropolitan area, and similar to opština/municipality subdivision in the rest of Montenegro) has a population of 185,937.

Opština
Opština, općina, občina, obshtina or obshchina (Cyrillic: општина, опћина or община), is a local government unit in Slavic-speaking countries, most commonly translated as municipality in English. It is used by the following countries:
Zhaslyk (airfield)
Zhaslyk was an airfield of the Soviet Armed Forces located 9 km north-east of Zhaslyk in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union. In English-language sources it is designated Beleuli North.

It was built in the mid-1980s to serve the “Eighth Chemical Defense Station” located near Zhaslyk, intended for testing chemical weapons and means of protection against them. The test site was operated by military personnel from units stationed in Nukus: a chemical testing regiment (Military Unit Number (V/ch) 44105) and a center for the development of means of protection against chemical weapons (military unit 26382). For aviation support of the test site, the 287th separate test aviation squadron (Antonov An-26 aircraft, Mi-8 helicopters), based at the Nukus Airport, was used.

Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It spans the northwestern portion of Uzbekistan. Its capital is Nukus (Nókis / Нөкис). Karakalpakstan has an area of 166,590 km2 (64,320 sq mi), and has a population of about 2 million people. Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarazm, which in classical Persian literature was known as Kāt (کات).
Phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine is a medication which, when excreted by the kidneys into the urine, has a local analgesic effect on the urinary tract. It is often used to help with the pain, irritation, or urgency caused by urinary tract infections, surgery, or injury to the urinary tract.

In 2023, it was the 275th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.

Urination
Urination is the release of urine from the bladder through the urethra in placental mammals,: 38, 364  or through the cloaca in other vertebrates. It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medically as micturition, voiding, uresis, or, rarely, emiction, and known colloquially by various names including peeing, weeing, pissing, and euphemistically number one. The process of urination is under voluntary control in healthy humans and other animals, but may occur as a reflex in infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury. It is normal for adult humans to urinate up to seven times during the day.

In some animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness. Physiologically, urination involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centres that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex.
Lauderdale, Minnesota
Lauderdale is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,271 at the 2020 census. Lauderdale is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area and is bordered by Minneapolis, St. Paul, Roseville, and Falcon Heights. Along with Roseville, it is one of two cities to be bordered directly by Minneapolis and St. Paul.

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota affiliated with the national Democratic Party. The party was formed by a merger between the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1944. The DFL is one of two state Democratic Party affiliates with a different name from that of the national party, the other being the neighboring North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party.

The DFL controls four of Minnesota's eight United States House of Representatives seats, both of its United States Senate seats, the Minnesota Senate, and all other statewide offices, including the Governor of Minnesota, making it the dominant party in the state. In the Minnesota House of Representatives, it has a power-sharing agreement with its main political rival, the Republican Party of Minnesota, following a tie in the 2024 Minnesota House of Representatives election.
Peter Crawley (headmaster)
Peter Crawley (born 16 October 1953) is the Australian former headmaster of Trinity Grammar School, Victoria, Knox Grammar School and St Hilda's School. He has authored and co-authored a number books on educational issues. In 2023 he was appointed as a member of the college council at his old school Newington College.  Prior to his appointment to Newington council he served as chairman of the council of The Hills Grammar School.

The Hills Grammar School
The Hills Grammar School (commonly referred to as Hills Grammar) is an independent nonsectarian co-educational early learning, primary and secondary day school, located in Kenthurst, a suburb in the Hills district of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1982, the school has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for over 1,000 students from early learning, through Kindergarten to Year 12. In 2010, the school opened the Early Childhood Education Centre (ECEC), catering for 3–4 year olds. Main intake years are ECEC, Kindergarten, Year 7, and Year 11; however, if vacancies exist in other years, admissions can be made.

Hills Grammar is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Heads of Independent Co-Educational Schools (HICES) and the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA).
Yunnanilus chui
Yunnanilus chui is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Yunnanilus. The specific name honours the ichthyologist Chu Xin-Luo. The type locality for this species is Fuxian Lake at Haikou, Hainan in China.

Nemacheilidae
The Nemacheilidae, or stone loaches, are a family of cypriniform fishes that inhabit stream environments, mostly in Eurasia, with one genus, Afronemacheilus, found in Africa. The family includes about 790 species.
Besbicus maculosus
Besbicus maculosus, formerly Andricus maculosus and Cynips maculosa, also known as the pear gall wasp, is an uncommon species of cynipid wasp that induces galls on oak trees on the west coast of North America. The wasp oviposits on leather oak and scrub oak leaves.  Fresh galls are green. This wasp has been observed in California.

Quercus durata
Quercus durata, commonly known as leather oak, is a species of oak in the white oak group (subgenus Quercus, section Quercus). The common name "leather oak" is derived from the leathery texture on the lop of its leaves.

It is endemic to California, common in the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is found nearly exclusively on serpentine soil.
Takamaka
Takamaka is the name of several places in the Indian Ocean:

Takamaka, Réunion,  a village in Réunion

Takamaka, Seychelles is a region of Mahé, Seychelles

Île Takamaka (disambiguation), the name of two islands in the Chagos Archipelago

Calophyllum tacamahaca, a genus of tropical flowering plants

Takamaka, Seychelles
Takamaka is one of the 26 administrative regions of Mahé, Republic of Seychelles.  It is located on the southern part of the island of Mahé. Three other districts cover the two other main islands of the Republic, Grand' Anse and Baie Sainte Anne on the island of Praslin and the inner islands district which comprise the 3rd largest island, La Digue.  The population of Takamata is estimated at around 3,000.
Syd Young
Sydney Young (3 March 1918 – 15 June 2013) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and Claremont Football Club in the Western Australian Football League (WAFL). He died in 2013.

Claremont Football Club
The Claremont Football Club, nicknamed Tigers, is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont, Western Australia, that currently plays in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW). Its official colours are navy blue and gold. Formed as the "Cottesloe Beach Football Club" in 1906, the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the "Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club"', changing its name to the present in 1935. Claremont have won 12 senior men's premierships since entering the competition, including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships.
East Branch Roaring Brook
East Branch Roaring Brook is a tributary of Roaring Brook in Wayne County and Lackawanna County, in Pennsylvania in the United States. It is approximately 3.7 miles (6.0 km) long and flows through Sterling Township in Wayne County and Madison Township and Covington Township in Lackawanna County. The watershed of the stream has an area of 5.90 square miles (15.3 km2). Wild trout naturally reproduce within the stream and many macroinvertebrate taxa inhabit it. The surficial geology in the area consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, alluvium, bedrock, fill, sand and gravel pits, and wetlands.

Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
Lackawanna County (/ˌlækəˈwɒnə/; Unami: Lèkaohane) is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It had a population of 215,615 in 2022. Its county seat and most populous city is Scranton. The county is part of the Northeast region of the commonwealth.

The county was created on August 13, 1878, following decades of trying to gain its independence from Luzerne County. Lackawanna was Pennsylvania's last county to be created, and the only county to be created after the American Civil War. It is named for the Lackawanna River.

Lackawanna County is the second largest county in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan statistical area. It lies northwest of the Pocono Mountains approximately 40 miles (64 km) from the New Jersey border in Montague Township, and approximately 25 miles (40 km) from New York state in Kirkwood. The Lehigh River, a 109-mile-long (175 km) tributary of the Delaware River, flows through Lackawanna County.
Yeonbaek County
Yeonbaek County (Yeonbaek-gun) or Yonbaek County (Yonbaek-gun) was a county in Hwanghae Province, Korea. It was established in 1914 by uniting Yonan County and Paechon County. It was divided during the Division of Korea. The part of Yeonbaek county under South Korean authorities were administered under Gyeonggi Province. During the Korean War, North Korea took all of Yeonbaek County, and after briefly establishing the regions formerly under South Korean control as South Yeonbaek county (남연백군), North Korea disestablished Yeonbaek County and reestablished former Yonan County and Paechon County in 1952.

Hwanghae Province
Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-do [hwa̠ŋ.ɦɛ.do̞]) was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon era. Hwanghae was located in the northwest of Korea. The provincial capital was Haeju. The regional name for the province was  Haeseo (Korean: 해서). It is a region of Korea that occupies what is now North Hwanghae and South Hwanghae provinces of North Korea, as well as Baengnyeong Island and Ongjin County of South Korea.
Kerstin Walther
Kerstin Walther (born 15 April 1961 in Altenburg, Thuringia) is a retired East German sprinter.

She won both the 100 metres, the 200 metres and the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1979 European Athletics Junior Championships. At the 1983 World Championships she won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay.

Walther represented the sports club SC DHfK Leipzig, and won a silver medal at the East German championships in 1983 (400 metres). Her personal best times were 11.34 in the 100 metres, achieved in May 1982 in Jena, 22.34 in the 200 metres, achieved in June 1984 in Erfurt and 51.12 in the 400 metres, achieved in May 1983 in Jena.

Walther is 1.75 metres tall; during her active career she weighed 65 kg.

East German Athletics Championships
The East German Athletics Championships (German: DDR Leichtathletik-Meisterschaften) was an annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the East German Athletics Federation, which served as the East German national championships for the sport. The three- or four-day event was held in summer months, varying from late June to early September, and the venue changed on an annual basis.

The German Athletics Championships had a long history dating back to 1898. Following the division of Germany as part of the end of World War II, the organising body of the all-Germany championships, German Athletics Association, remained based in West Germany. As a result, a new national competition and sports body was created in East Germany, starting from 1948. This competition predated the formal formation of the country, thus the first two editions in 1948 and 1949 were known as Eastern Zone Athletics Championships, reflecting the Soviet occupied area of the country.
L2TPv3
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3 is an IETF standard related to L2TP that can be used as an alternative protocol to Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) for encapsulation of multiprotocol Layer 2 communications traffic over IP networks. Like L2TP, L2TPv3 provides a pseudo-wire service, but scaled to fit carrier requirements.

L2TPv3 can be regarded as being to MPLS what IP is to ATM: a simplified version of the same concept, with much of the same benefit achieved at a fraction of the effort, at the cost of losing some technical features considered less important in the market. In the case of L2TPv3, the features lost are teletraffic engineering features considered important in MPLS. However, there is no reason these features could not be re-engineered in or on top of L2TPv3 in later products. The protocol overhead of L2TPv3 is also significantly bigger than MPLS.

Multiprotocol Encapsulation
Multiprotocol Encapsulation, or MPE for short, is a Data link layer protocol defined
by DVB which has been published as part of ETSI EN 301 192. It
provides means to carry packet oriented protocols (like for instance
IP) on top of MPEG transport stream (TS).

Another encapsulation method is Unidirectional Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE) which was developed and standardized within the IETF as RFC 4326.
Parornix strobivorella
Parornix strobivorella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Pennsylvania and Maine in the United States.

The larvae feed on Pyrus and Sorbus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
Pseudo bit error ratio
Pseudo bit error ratio (PBER) in adaptive high-frequency (HF) radio, is a bit error ratio derived by majority logic decoding  to processes redundant transmissions.

Note:  In adaptive HF radio automatic link establishment, PBER is determined by the extent of error correction, such as by using the fraction of non-unanimous votes in the 2-of-3 majority decoder.

This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).

Automatic link establishment
Automatic Link Establishment, commonly known as ALE, is the worldwide de facto standard for digitally initiating and sustaining HF radio communications. ALE is a feature in an HF communications radio transceiver system that enables the radio station to make contact, or initiate a circuit, between itself and another HF radio station or network of stations. The purpose is to provide a reliable rapid method of calling and connecting during constantly changing HF ionospheric propagation, reception interference, and shared spectrum use of busy or congested HF channels.
Kayleigh
"Kayleigh" is a song by British neo-prog band Marillion. It was released as the first single from the concept album Misplaced Childhood. It is the band's most successful single in the UK, where it peaked at number two and stayed on the UK singles chart for 14 weeks. It also became the band's most successful single worldwide, reaching the top 10 in Ireland, Norway, and West Germany. In the United States, it gave the band their sole appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching number 74 in October 1985.

The song popularised the name Kayleigh in the UK. It was later performed by the band's lead singer, Fish, at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at Wembley Stadium, with Midge Ure on guitar and Phil Collins on drums.

Neo-prog
Neo-progressive rock (commonly abbreviated neo-prog) is a subgenre of progressive rock that developed in the UK in the early 1980s. The genre's most popular band, Marillion, achieved mainstream success in the decade. Several bands from the genre have continued to record and tour.
Ivan Zalkind
Ivan Abramovich Zalkind (Russian: Иван Абрамович Залкинд; 1 May 1885 in Saint Petersburg, Russia – 27 November 1928 in Leningrad, Soviet Union), also known as Ivan Artamonov (Russian: Иван Артамонов), was a Jewish Soviet diplomat. Originally a biologist who got his doctorate from the Sorbonne in Paris, Zalkind took part in the October Revolution on the side of Leon Trotsky. When Trotsky 1917 became People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs (de facto: Soviet foreign minister), he made Zalkind his first deputy (de facto: Permanent Under Secretary of State or Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs). When Trotsky resigned as foreign minister (because of the peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), Zalkind was sent as plenipotentiary and consul to Switzerland (Zürich, 1918), Turkey (Istanbul, 1922), Latvia (Liepāja, 1923) and Italy (Genoa, 1924, and Milan, 1925). Back in the Soviet Union, after Trotsky's downfall he was expelled from the Communist party and shot himself.

Permanent secretary
A permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant of a department or ministry charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day activities. Permanent secretaries are the non-political civil service chief executives of government departments or ministries, who generally hold their position for a number of years (thus "permanent") at a ministry as distinct from the changing political secretaries of state to whom they report and provide advice. The role originated in the civil service of the United Kingdom and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system.