hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of Uruguay
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uruguay.

Uruguay is in the southeastern part of South America and has a population of over 3 million people, almost half of whom live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River, to the southwest lies the estuary of Río de la Plata, with Argentina across the banks of either of those bodies of water, while to the southeast lies the Atlantic Ocean. Uruguay, at 177,880 square kilometres (68,679 sq mi), is the second-smallest nation of South America in terms of area after Suriname.

Postal history
Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is attributed to Robson Lowe, a professional philatelist, stamp dealer and stamp auctioneer, who made the first organised study of the subject in the 1930s and described philatelists as "students of science", but postal historians as "students of humanity".  More precisely, philatelists describe postal history as the study of rates, routes, markings, and means (of transport).
Voorburg railway station
Voorburg is a railway station located in Voorburg, Netherlands on the Gouda–Den Haag railway.  The station was opened on 1 May 1870 and The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The station also has a bus terminal, serving HTM routes 23, 26, and 28, as well as EBS routes 45 and 46.

Nederlandse Spoorwegen
Nederlandse Spoorwegen ([ˈneːdərlɑntsə ˈspoːrˌʋeːɣə(n)] ⓘ, lit. 'Dutch Railways', NS [ɛnˈɛs] ⓘ) is the principal passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. It is a Dutch state-owned company founded in 1938.

The rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight operator NS Cargo merged with DB Cargo in 2000. NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers. The NS also provides international rail services from the Netherlands to other European destinations and carries out concessions on some foreign rail markets through its subsidiary Abellio.
Heidenstam
Heidenstam or von Heidenstam is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gustaf von Heidenstam (1822–1887), Swedish engineer

Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940), Swedish poet and novelist

Hugo von Heidenstam (1884–1966), Swedish diplomat and engineer

Oscar Heidenstam (1911–1991), Cyprus-born British bodybuilder

Hugo von Heidenstam
August Werner Hugo von Heidenstam (29 April 1884 – 27 July 1966) was a Swedish diplomat and engineer. In 1910 von Heidenstam was appointed chief engineer of the Shanghai Commission for Port and River and worked there until 1926. Meanwhile, he was a member of several Chinese flood control commissions, and also worked as a consulting engineer. He returned to Stockholm in 1930 and was a partner of the Swedish Hydraulic Engineering Company (AB Vattenbyggnadsbyrån) from 1930 to 1936 and director of Svenska entreprenad AB from 1933 to 1936. During the period 1936-1942 he was the Swedish envoy in Tehran and Baghdad. He has in several publications dealt with Chinese engineering issues.
Prince Nymph
The Prince Nymph is a nymph attractor wet fly used in fly fishing. It was created by Doug Prince of Oakland, California, in the 1930s.  It was originally known as the "Brown Forked Tail" and tied without a bead head and used black ostrich herl instead of peacock herl in the body.  This fly is weighted.  It is productive and popular fly and numerous variations have been created.

Nymph (biology)
In biology, a nymph (from Ancient Greek νύμφα nūmphē meaning "bride") is the juvenile form of some invertebrates, particularly insects, which undergoes gradual metamorphosis (hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult stage.  Unlike a typical larva, a nymph's overall form already resembles that of the adult, except for a lack of wings (in winged species) and the emergence of genitalia. In addition, while a nymph moults, it never enters a pupal stage. Instead, the final moult results in an adult insect. Nymphs undergo multiple stages of development called instars.
Kherai
Kherai is the greatest religious festival of Boros. Boros are agriculturalists and their relation with agriculture resonates in their festivals. Kherai festival is performed for the welfare of public and private lives as well as for good harvest. It is intended to appease Bathou or Sibrai along with Mainao or Lakhsmi  (The Goddess of Harvest) and host of other deities. It is of four kinds, namely Darshan kherai celebrated in first week of Kartik, Umrao kherai celebrated during Ashara at the end of "Amthisua", Phalo kherai celebrated at full moon day of Magh and Nowaoni Kherai celebrated whenever the family needs to. Darshan kherai is connected to Sali crops and it is meant for Mainao or Lakshmi. Umrao kherai is performed for the well-being of villagers as well as the Ashu crops. Nowaoni kherai is performed to get out of trouble by the family. There are similarities between Ker puja of Tripuris and Kherai puja of Boros.

Tripuri people
The Tripuri people (Kókborok: Tripuri dópha rok), also known as Tripura, Tipra, Twipra, Tipperah, are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking ethnic group of Indian state of Tripura and Bangladesh. They are the descendants of the inhabitants of the Twipra/Tripura Kingdom in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Manikya dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for over 600 years starting from 1400 until the kingdom joined the Indian Union on 15 October 1949.
Hermann Raich
Hermann Raich (2 May 1934 – 9 October 2009) was the first Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wabag in Papua New Guinea.

Born in Jerzens, Austria, Raich was ordained to the priesthood on 29 April 1962. On 8 March 1982, Pope John Paul II appointed Raich bishop, and he was ordained a bishop on 29 April 1982. Bishop Raich retired on 30 June 2008.

Jerzens
Jerzens is a municipality and a village in the district of Imst (district) and is located 8 km south of Imst at the Pitze River in the valley with the same name. Settlement of the area began around 600. The village was mentioned in a register in 1313 for the first time. Jerzens has 1008 inhabitants and its main source of income is agriculture and tourism.
Ros Sopheap
Ros Sopheap (Khmer: រស់ សុភាព; born 1962) is a Cambodian women's rights activist. She is the founder and former executive director of Gender and Development Cambodia (GADC), a non-governmental organisation involved in preventing domestic violence against women and promoting women in leadership roles. During her 20-year career with GADC, she advocated on behalf of women in Cambodia and was central to the Cambodian women's rights movement. Sopheap also served as the president of the Committee to Promote Women in Politics.

Women in Cambodia
Women in Cambodia, due to the influence of the dominant Khmer culture, are traditionally expected to be modest and soft-spoken. They are to be well-mannered, industrious, and hold a sense of belonging to the household. It is expected that they act as the family's caregivers and caretakers, financial administrators, and serve as the "preserver of the home". As financial administrators, women can be identified as having household authority at the familial level. Khmer women are expected to maintain virginity until marriage, become faithful wives, and act as advisors to their husbands. Women in Cambodia have also be known as “light” walkers-- "light" walking and refinement of the Khmer women is further described as being "quiet in […] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their silk skirt rustling".

In recent years, women have become more active in the traditionally male-dominated spheres of work and politics in Cambodia.
Tom Donahoe
Tom Donahoe is an American former professional football executive in the National Football League (NFL). He served as the general manager of the Buffalo Bills and Pittsburgh Steelers and the senior advisor and director of player personnel for the Philadelphia Eagles.

General manager (American football)
A general manager (GM) in American football is a sports management executive that typically oversees rosters and contracts for a team. GMs answer directly to the team's owner in such an organizational model and are viewed as the team's most senior position in football operations. Notable National Football League (NFL) general managers include Tex Schramm, Bill Polian, Ron Wolf, Bobby Beathard, Gil Brandt, and George Young.
Ray (optics)
In optics, a ray is an idealized geometrical model of light or other electromagnetic radiation, obtained by choosing a curve that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light, and that points in the direction of energy flow.  Rays are used to model the propagation of light through an optical system, by dividing the real light field up into discrete rays that can be computationally propagated through the system by the techniques of ray tracing. This allows even very complex optical systems to be analyzed mathematically or simulated by computer.  Ray tracing uses approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations that are valid as long as the light waves propagate through and around objects whose dimensions are much greater than the light's wavelength.  Ray optics or geometrical optics does not describe phenomena such as diffraction, which require wave optics theory. Some wave phenomena such as interference can be modeled in limited circumstances by adding phase to the ray model.

Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference. The resultant wave may have greater amplitude (constructive interference) or lower amplitude (destructive interference) if the two waves are in phase or out of phase, respectively.
Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves as well as in loudspeakers as electrical waves.
Princess Josephine of Baden
Princess Josephine Friederike Luise of Baden (21 October 1813 – 19 June 1900) was Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen from 27 August 1848 to 7 December 1849 during the brief reign of her husband, Prince Karl Anton. Josephine was the second daughter of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden, and Stéphanie de Beauharnais. She was the mother of the first king of Romania, Carol I. Through her younger daughter Marie, she is the ancestress of the Belgian royal family, the grand ducal family of Luxembourg as well as the last Queen of Italy and her descendants. Through her son, Leopold, she is also ancestress of the Romanian royal family and the Serbian and Yugoslav Royal House.

Monarchy of Belgium
The monarchy of Belgium is the constitutional and hereditary institution of the monarchical head of state of the Kingdom of Belgium. As a popular monarchy, the Belgian monarch uses the title king/queen of the Belgians and serves as the country's head of state and commander-in-chief of the Belgian Armed Forces.

There have been seven Belgian monarchs since independence in 1830. The incumbent, Philippe, ascended the throne on 21 July 2013, following the abdication of his father Albert II.
P. Wayne Sexton Sr.
Paul Wayne Sexton Sr. (born August 5, 1942) was a Republican former member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's sixty-sixth House district, including constituents in Forsyth and Rockingham counties. He was appointed to the seat on July 12, 1993, after Peggy Wilson resigned.  A retiree from Eden, North Carolina, Sexton served six terms until 2005. He was born in Roanoke, Virginia.

North Carolina House of Representatives
The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate. Representatives serve two-year terms.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution, and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although the latter provision is no longer enforced.

Prior to the Constitution of 1868, the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons.
1950 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
Budge Patty defeated Frank Sedgman in the final, 6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1950 Wimbledon Championships. Ted Schroeder was the defending champion, but decided not to play.

Ted Schroeder
Frederick Rudolph "Ted" Schroeder (July 20, 1921 – May 26, 2006) was an American tennis player who won the two most prestigious amateur tennis titles, Wimbledon and the U.S. National. He was the No. 1-ranked American amateur player in 1942; the No. 2 for 4 consecutive years, 1946 through 1949, and the latter year saw Schroeder ranked World No. 1 amateur by Pierre Gillou (president of the Fédération Française de Tennis).  He was born in Newark, New Jersey, but developed as a tennis player in Southern California under the guidance of Perry T. Jones.
Herbert F. Standing
Herbert Fox Standing (5 July 1857 – 24 December 1943) was an English paleontologist and Quaker medical missionary in Madagascar. He was the author of the book The Children of Madagascar (1887) and the Headmaster of the Boys' High School of the Friends' Foreign Mission Association in Antananarivo.

Standing is responsible for describing four species of subfossil lemur, including Archaeoindris fontoynontii (1909), Mesopropithecus pithecoides (1905), Palaeopropithecus maximus (1903), Megaladapis grandidieri (1903), and other subfossil taxa that have since become taxonomic synonyms. Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi) is named after him.

Standing married Lucy Glynn in 1881. They had seven children.

Palaeopropithecus
Palaeopropithecus is a recently extinct genus of large sloth lemurs from Madagascar related to living lemur species found there today. Three species are known, Palaeopropithecus ingens, P. maximus, and P. kelyus. Radiocarbon dates indicate that they may have survived until around 1300–1620 CE. Malagasy legends of the tretretretre or tratratratra are thought to refer to P. ingens.

Evidence suggests a solely arboreal lifestyle with frequent upside down suspension, hence the name sloth lemur.
1977 Northern Mariana Islands general election
General elections were held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 10 December 1977. Carlos S. Camacho of the Democratic Party was elected Governor, defeating Jose C. Tenorio of the Territorial Party. Camacho's running mate Francisco Ada became Lieutenant Governor after a win over Olympio T. Borja. Democratic Party candidate Edward Pangelinan was elected as the territory's member of the United States House of Representatives, defeating Juan T. Lizama of the Territorial Party.

Although it lost the elections for the main posts, the Territorial Party won the legislative election, taking five of the nine seats in the Senate and eight of the fourteen seats in the House of Representatives. Felicidad Ogumoro, who was elected to the House in Saipan, became the first woman elected to the islands' legislature.

Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands has a self-governing government consisting of a locally elected governor, lieutenant governor and the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature.

The current lieutenant governor is Dennis C. Mendiola, since July 23, 2025.
Vestfossen IF
Vestfossen Idrettsforening is a Norwegian sports club from Vestfossen, Øvre Eiker, Buskerud. It has sections for association football, team handball, Nordic skiing, gymnastics and tennis.

It was founded on January 20, 1910.

The men's football team plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football.

The club has also been represented in the leadership of Norwegian sports, since Tove Paule represents the club.

Norwegian Third Division
The Norwegian Third Division, also called Norsk Tipping-Ligaen, is the fourth highest division of the men's football league in Norway. Like the rest of the Norwegian football league system, the season runs from spring to autumn, running approximately from April to October. After the 2010 season, the league was reorganised, reducing the number of teams to 164 and halving the number of parallel sections from 24 to 12. After the 2016 season, the league was again reorganised, reducing the number of teams from 164 to 84, and halved the number of groups from twelve to six.

All six group winners promote to 2. divisjon, while the bottom four in all groups are relegated to 4. divisjon.
Gandhinagar, Vijayawada
Gandhi Nagar or Gandhinagar, also Gandhinagaram, is a major commercial area of Vijayawada in Vijayawada Central mandal of NTR district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is part of Vijayawada revenue division. Vijayawada railway station was located here, as is the Pushparam Ghat reservoir, built in 1962.

NTR district
NTR district is a district in coastal Andhra Region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located at Vijayawada. The district is named after former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N. T. Rama Rao. The district shares boundaries with  Guntur,  Palnadu,  Krishna,  Eluru,  Khammam and  Suryapet districts.
Chiang Wei-shui
Chiang Wei-shui (Chinese: 蔣渭水; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chiúⁿ Ūi-súi; 6 August 1890 – 5 August 1931) was a Taiwanese physician and activist. He was a founding member of the Taiwanese Cultural Association and the Taiwanese People's Party. He is seen as one of the most important figures in Taiwan's resistance movement against Japanese rule.

He once wrote a short essay on Taiwan called Certificate of Bedside Diagnosis or Certificate of Clinical Diagnosis (臨床講義) about how the patient (Taiwan) suffered from severe culture malnutrition. Written in the form of a medical examination, it is his most famous work.

Resistance movement
A resistance movement is an organized group of people that tries to resist or try to overthrow a government or an occupying power, causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability. Such a movement may seek to achieve its goals through either the use of violent or nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. In multiple cases, as for example in the United States during the American Revolution, or in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country.
Persiaran Kerjaya, Glenmarie
Persiaran Kerjaya, or Jalan Glemarie, Federal Route 3213, is a major highway in Klang Valley, Selangor, Malaysia. It is a toll-free highway and act as alternative route to Federal Highway.

The Kilometre Zero is located at Jalan Subang-Batu Tiga junction near Shah Alam.

At most sections, the Federal Route 3213 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

Klang Valley
2°40′54″N 101°39′41″E﻿ / ﻿2.68168°N 101.66127°E﻿ / 2.68168; 101.66127

Klang Valley (Malay: Lembah Klang) is an urban agglomeration in Malaysia centred on the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, along with their surrounding cities and towns in the state of Selangor. It is part of the larger Greater Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area.

The Klang Valley is geographically defined by the Titiwangsa Mountains to the east and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It stretches to Rawang in the northwest, Semenyih in the southeast and Klang and Port Klang in the southwest. The conurbation forms the core of Malaysia's industrial and commercial activity. As of 2022, the Klang Valley is home to around 9 million people, nearly one third of Malaysia's total population of 32 million.
Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School
Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School is a magnet public high school in the Los Angeles Unified School District with a focus on serving students who plan to study in the healthcare field. It is located near the LAC+USC Medical Center, in the Lincoln Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States.

As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,841 students and 70.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 26.2:1. There were 1,583 students (86.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 69 (3.7% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Secondary education in the United States
Secondary education is the last six or seven years of statutory formal education in the United States. It reaches the climax with twelfth grade (age 17–18). Whether it begins with sixth grade (age 11–12) or seventh grade (age 12–13) varies by state and sometimes by school district.

Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first, as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade, seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade.

The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school.
Sleep Like a Tiger
Sleep Like a Tiger, written by Mary Logue and illustrated by Pamela Zagarenski, is a picture book published by HMH Books for Young Readers in 2012. Sleep Like a Tiger was a Caldecott Medal Honor Book in 2013.

Other works of Zagarenski are Red Sings from Treetops: A Year in Colors, which was also a Caldecott Medal Honor Book in 2010, and This Is Just to Say: Poems of Apology and Forgiveness, a 2008 Lee Bennett Hopkins Poetry Award Honor Book.

Lee Bennett Hopkins
Lee Bennett Hopkins (April 13, 1938 – August 8, 2019) was an American educator, poet, author, and anthologist. He was the author or editor of over 100 books for children, as well as a number of books and articles for adults.
Tihomil Vranješ
Tihomil Vranješ  (born 10 November 1977) is a Croatian male water polo player. He was a member of the Croatia men's national water polo team, playing as a driver. He was a part of the  team at the 2004 Summer Olympics. On club level he played most notably for VK Jug Dubrovnik in Croatia and Olympiacos in Greece.

VK Jug
Vaterpolski klub Jug  (English: Jug Water Polo Club) is a professional water polo club based in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The club was established in 1923 as part of sports society "JUG". As of the 2025–26 season, VK Jug competes in the Croatian League and Euro Cup.