hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bang–bang control
In control theory, a bang–bang controller (hysteresis, 2 step or on–off controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between two states. These controllers may be realized in terms of any element that provides hysteresis. They are often used to control a plant that accepts a binary input, for example a furnace that is either completely on or completely off. Most common residential thermostats are bang–bang controllers. The Heaviside step function in its discrete form is an example of a bang–bang control signal. Due to the discontinuous control signal, systems that include bang–bang controllers are variable structure systems, and bang–bang controllers are thus variable structure controllers.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
Banco del Libro
10°29′27″N 66°50′59″W﻿ / ﻿10.4907°N 66.8497°W﻿ / 10.4907; -66.8497

Banco del Libro is a non-profit organization for the promotion of children's literature, with headquarters in Caracas, Venezuela. It was established in 1960 as a centre for the exchange of textbooks – hence the name Banco del Libro (Book Bank). As it has grown it has diversified to promote reading in Venezuela, in every conceivable arena and genre of children’s literature.

In 2007 Banco del Libro won the biggest prize in children's literature, the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award from the Swedish Arts Council, recognising its "long-term sustainable work" as a promoter of reading. It is one of two institutions to win the award (2003 to 2012).

Since 1980, the organization has annually nominated and awarded the best children's and young adult literature books published in Spanish. These awards, which have become a benchmark of literary quality, are among the most prestigious awards in the Spanish-language literary world.

Swedish Arts Council
The Swedish Arts Council (Swedish: Statens kulturråd, or Kulturrådet) is a Swedish administrative authority organized under the Ministry of Culture, and is tasked with promoting culture and its availability by distributing and following up on government grants, on the basis of the national cultural policy objectives, as determined by the Riksdag. The agency works to promote particular artistic and cultural-valuable development in activities related to the performing arts, music, literature, art magazines, public libraries and the fine arts; as well as museums and exhibitions, regional cultural activities and national minorities' culture.
AAFES Depot Grünstadt
49°33′16″N 8°10′35″E﻿ / ﻿49.5545°N 8.1763°E﻿ / 49.5545; 8.1763

AAFES Depot Grünstadt is the German name for the GRDC Gruenstadt Distribution Center of the AAFES. In Grünstadt it is simply called the “depot”. The "depot" was founded in 1953. The bakery located in the depot  Grünstadt is providing most of the bakery products for US Service Members and their families in Germany and Europe. In the 1970 and 1980 the depot was one of the most important source for work in Grünstadt, but in our days (2007) it has lost most of its economic importance for the regional economy of Grünstadt and its surroundings like the Leiningerland.

Some historical information about the "Grünstadt Depot" can be found under : "USAREUR Units - AAFES-Eur".

Bakery
A bakery (also known as a bakehouse, baker's shop or bake shop) is an establishment that produces and sells flour-based baked goods made in an oven such as bread, cookies, cakes, doughnuts, bagels, pastries, and pies. Some retail bakeries are also categorized as cafés, serving coffee and tea to customers who wish to consume the baked goods on the premises. In some countries, a distinction is made between bakeries, which primarily sell breads, and pâtisseries, which primarily sell sweet baked goods.
NovaStor
NovaStor is a privately held software company based in Agoura Hills, California, with offices in Hamburg, Germany, and Zug, Switzerland.

The company's primary focus is providing backup and recovery software to home users, small- and medium-sized businesses, and enterprises. NovaStor and its products are often compared to other backup and data protection services, such as Symantec and EMC.

Zug
Zug (Standard German: [tsuːk] ⓘ, Alemannic German: [tsuːɡ̊]; French: Zoug; Italian: Zugo; Romansh: Zug; Neo-Latin: Tugium) is the largest town and capital of the Swiss canton of Zug. Zug is renowned as a hub for some of the wealthiest individuals in the world and is known for its high concentration of wealth.

The municipality had a total population of 30,934 on 31 December 2020. The official language of Zug is the Swiss variety of Standard German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Today Is the Day (EP)
Today Is the Day is an EP by Yo La Tengo, released in 2003 on Matador Records. The title track is a rock version of a song from the album Summer Sun.

The EP features a cover of the song “Needle of Death” by Bert Jansch. The album artwork imitates the artwork for Ornette Coleman’s Something Else!!!!.

Yo La Tengo
Yo La Tengo (Spanish for "I've got it"; also abbreviated as YLT) is an American indie rock band formed in Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1984. Since 1992, the lineup has consisted of Ira Kaplan (guitars, piano, vocals), Georgia Hubley (drums, piano, vocals), and James McNew (bass, vocals). In 2015, original guitarist Dave Schramm rejoined the band and appeared on their fourteenth album, Stuff Like That There.

Despite achieving limited mainstream success, Yo La Tengo has been called "the quintessential critics' band" and maintains a strong cult following. Though they mostly play original material, the band performs a wide repertoire of cover songs both in live performance and on record.
Les Cèdres
The Jardin botanique "Les Cèdres" (French pronunciation: [ʒaʁdɛ̃ bɔtanik lɛ sɛːdʁ]) (14 hectares), often called simply Les Cèdres or the Jardin de la villa "Les Cèdres", is a private botanical garden located at 57 Avenue Denis Séméria, Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.

Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɑ̃ kap fɛʁa]; Occitan: Sant Joan de Cap Ferrat; Italian: San Giovanni Capo Ferrato) is a resort town and commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2012, Cap Ferrat was named the second most expensive residential location in the world, after Monaco.

Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat is located on a peninsula next to Beaulieu-sur-Mer and Villefranche-sur-Mer and extends out to Cap Ferrat. Its tranquility and warm climate make it a favourite holiday destination among the European aristocracy and international rich who visit the French Riviera.
Casa dos Estudantes do Império
The Casa dos Estudantes do Império (Portuguese for House of Students of the Empire) was a common home where Portuguese, Angolan, Cape Verdean and Mozambican students—and possibly Goan too—who stood up for the interests of the Portuguese colonies.

Goans
Goans (Romi Konkani: Goenkar, Portuguese: Goeses) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, formerly part of Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia). They form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries. They speak different dialects of the Konkani language, collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.
Swedish Book Review
The Swedish Book Review is a literary journal, first appearing in 1983. Its founding publisher was St. David's University College in Lampeter. Then it began to be published by Norvik Press, which was formerly based at the University of East Anglia and then at the Department of Scandinavian Studies at University College London.

The journal is published twice yearly. These issues come out in spring and autumn and are prepared for the London Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair, respectively. In addition, a specialised “supplement” edition is produced each year.

The journal aims to bring Swedish-language literature – including Swedish literature and Finland-Swedish literature – to an English-speaking audience, and does so through reviews, translations, and features dealing with Swedish literary matters.

Frankfurt Book Fair
The Frankfurt Book Fair (German: Frankfurter Buchmesse, abbr. FBM) is the world's largest trade fair for books, based on the number of publishing companies represented. The five-day annual event in mid-October is held at the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The first three days are restricted exclusively to professional visitors; the general public attend the fair on the weekend.

Several thousand exhibitors representing book publishing, multimedia and technology companies, as well as content providers from all over the world gather in order to negotiate international publishing rights and license fees. The fair is organised by Frankfurter Buchmesse GmbH, a subsidiary of the German Publishers and Booksellers Association. More than 7,300 exhibitors from over 100 countries and more than 286,000 visitors took part in the year 2017.
Acacia hamersleyensis
Acacia hamersleyensis, also known as Karijini wattle or Hamersley Range wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the north-west of Western Australia. It is a spreading, shrubby, sometimes spindly shrub or tree with narrowly elliptic, leathery, slightly asymmetric phyllodes, spikes of golden yellow flowers and narrowly oblong, firmly papery pods.

Phyllode
Phyllodes are modified petioles or leaf stalks, which are leaf-like in both appearance and function. In some plants, these  become flattened and widened, while the leaf itself becomes reduced or vanishes altogether. Thus the phyllode comes to serve the purpose of the leaf. Some important examples are Euphorbia royleana which are cylindrical and Opuntia which are flattened.

They are common in the genus Acacia, especially the Australian species, at one time put in Acacia subg. Phyllodineae. Sometimes, especially on younger plants, partially formed phyllodes bearing reduced leaves can be seen. The illustration (to the right) of Acacia suaveolens from Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen shows the juvenile true leaves, together with the developing phyllodes, and the phyllodes of the mature plant.

The genus, Daviesia, in the family Fabaceae, is characterised in part by the plants having phyllodes.
Felicia Zhang
Felicia Zhang (born September 22, 1993) is an American former pair skater. With Nathan Bartholomay, she is a two-time U.S. national medalist (silver in 2014, bronze in 2013) and competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held at the Iceberg Skating Palace in Sochi, Russia. The five events took place between 6–22 February 2014. For the first time at the Winter Olympics, a figure skating team event was held.
Shiver and Shake
Shiver and Shake was a British comic magazine published every Monday by IPC Magazines Ltd. It ran from (issue dates) 10 March 1973 to 5 October 1974, when it merged with Whoopee! As often happens with British comics, many names of strips were a play on popular television programmes and films of the time. The theme of the strips were mainly horror (albeit of a comic nature); similar to the later Monster Fun; indeed, Frankie Stein appeared in both comics.

In an idea borrowed from the successful Whizzer and Chips, it was two comics in one; Shake being a pull-out section from Shiver. The main star of Shiver was a ghost of the same name, while the eponymous Shake was an elephant. Both had their own strips in their respective sections (The Duke's Spook and Shake). In 1973, the comic also featured a one-page strip starring stand-up comedian Charlie Williams.

Shiver and Shake ran for 79 issues. It also had eight specials, from 1973 to 1980, and 13 annuals, from 1974 to 1986.

TI Media
TI Media Ltd. (formerly International Publishing Company, IPC Magazines Ltd, IPC Media and Time Inc. UK) was a consumer magazine and digital publisher in the United Kingdom, with a portfolio selling over 350 million copies each year. Most of its titles now belong to Future plc.
Wendy Koenig
Wendy Koenig (also known as Wendy Knudson; born May 28, 1955) is an American middle-distance runner. She competed in the 800 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Koenig competed in the AIAW for the Colorado State Rams track and field team, finishing runner-up in the 880 yards at the 1974 AIAW Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

1974 AIAW Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1974 AIAW Outdoor Track And Field Championships were the 6th annual Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of women's collegiate track and field events in the United States. They were contested May 17−18, 1974 in Denton, Texas by host Texas Woman's University. There were not separate AIAW Division I, II, and III championships for outdoor track and field until 1981.

84 schools participated. Prairie View A&M University, which was said to have a well-rounded team, won over the University of California Los Angeles which relied on distance running strength. Jamaica's Andrea Bruce competed in four events and won three of them for Prairie View, while Francie Larrieu won the half-mile, mile, and 2-mile runs and ran on UCLA's relay team.
A Régiséggyűjtő
A Régiséggyűjtő (translation: The Antiquarian) is a 1918 short comedy Hungarian film directed by Alfréd Deésy and featuring Béla Lugosi and Norbert Dan. The film's title could also translate as The Antique Dealer.

Alfréd Deésy
Alfréd Deésy (22 September 1877 – 18 July 1961) was a Hungarian film director, screenwriter and actor. He directed 77 films between 1915 and 1947. Deésy also appeared as an actor in 28 films between 1913 and 1960.
Somerby (Juxta Bigby)
Somerby (also known as Somerby juxta Bigby or Somerby by Brigg) is a hamlet and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) east from the town of Brigg and in the ecclesiastical parish of Somerby. Somerby lies in the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, between the villages of Bigby and Searby.

Lincolnshire Wolds
The Lincolnshire Wolds are a range of low hills in Lincolnshire, England. The hills run roughly parallel with the North Sea coast, from the Humber Estuary just west of the town of Barton-upon-Humber in North Lincolnshire, towards the flat Lincolnshire Fens in the south-east of the county as far south as the East Lindsey village of East Keal. The Wolds form the highest land in eastern England between Yorkshire and Kent.

Natural England define a Lincolnshire Wolds National Character Area covering an area of 844 square kilometres (326 sq mi). Within this, an area of 560 square kilometres (220 sq mi) is designated as the Lincolnshire Wolds National Landscape, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
Christiane Koch
Christiane P. Koch is a German physicist whose research involves quantum mechanical versions of control theory, including the use of lasers to achieve coherent control of chemical reactions. She has also performed research on efficiently testing the accuracy of quantum computing devices. She is a professor at the Free University of Berlin.

Coherent control
Coherent control is a quantum mechanics-based method for controlling dynamic processes by light.  The basic principle is to control quantum interference phenomena, typically by shaping the phase of laser pulses. The basic ideas have proliferated, finding vast application in spectroscopy, mass spectra, quantum information processing, laser cooling, ultracold physics and more.
Robert Pape
Robert Anthony Pape (/pæp/; born April 24, 1960) is an American political scientist who studies national and international security affairs, with a focus on air power, political violence, social media propaganda, and terrorism. He is currently a professor of political science at the University of Chicago and founder and director of the Chicago Project on Security and Threats (CPOST).

Airpower
Airpower or air power consists of the application of military aviation, military strategy and strategic theory to the realm of aerial warfare and close air support. Airpower began in  the advent of powered flight early in the 20th century. Airpower represents a "complex operating environment that has been subjected to considerable debate". British doctrine defines airpower as "the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events." The Australian Experience of Air Power defines Airpower as being composed of Control of the Air, Strike, Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance, and Air Mobility roles.
Webster Glacier
Webster Glacier (79°6′S 86°11′W﻿ / ﻿79.100°S 86.183°W﻿ / -79.100; -86.183) is a glacier in the Founders Peaks of the Heritage Range, flowing generally north between Frazier Ridge and Pipe Peak to enter Minnesota Glacier. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Charles W. Webster, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) meteorologist and member of the winter party at Wilkes Station in 1963.

Wilkes Station
Wilkes Station is a former Australian Antarctic research station. It was established in January 1957 by the United States in Antarctica. It was taken over by the Australian Antarctic Division on 7 February 1959. Environmental difficulties at this site lead to it being abandoned in 1969, with the Australians establishing a new base, Casey Station. The old base is still awaiting remediation, with contamination left at the site threatening to affect the environment.
Gottfried Semper
Gottfried Semper (German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈzɛmpɐ]; 29 November 1803 – 15 May 1879) was a German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture who designed and built the Semper Opera House in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. In 1849 he took part in the May Uprising in Dresden and was put on the government's wanted list. He fled first to Zürich and later to London. He returned to Germany after the 1862 amnesty granted to the revolutionaries.

Semper wrote extensively on the origins of architecture, especially in his book The Four Elements of Architecture (1851), and was one of the major figures in the controversy surrounding the polychrome architectural style of ancient Greece. He designed works at all scales—from major urban interventions such as the redesign of the Ringstraße in Vienna, to a baton for Richard Wagner. His unrealised design for an opera house in Munich was, without permission, adapted by Wagner for the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.

Art critic
An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogues and on websites. Some of today's art critics use art blogs and other online platforms in order to connect with a wider audience and expand debate.
Arrondissement of Coutances
The arrondissement of Coutances is an arrondissement of France in the Manche department in the Normandy region. It has 80 communes. Its population is 70,454 (2021), and its area is 1,142.1 km2 (441.0 sq mi).

Manche
Manche (/mɒ̃ʃ/; French: [mɑ̃ʃ] ⓘ; Norman: Maunche) is a coastal French department in Normandy on the English Channel, which is known as La Manche, literally "the sleeve", in French. Manche is bordered by Ille-et-Vilaine and Mayenne to the south, Orne and Calvados to the east, the English Channel to the west and north and by sharing maritime borders with the Crown Dependencies of Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey of the United Kingdom to the west. It had a population of 495,045 in 2019.
Kansas City Suburban Belt Railroad
The Kansas City Suburban Belt Railroad was a 20-mile railway located throughout the suburban Kansas City area and is considered the first company in what would become the Kansas City Southern Railroad.

The railroad ran from the Argentine District of Kansas City, Kansas through Kansas City, Missouri to Independence, Missouri.  The tracks which were close to the Kansas River and Missouri River served industries along the river.    The railway was incorporated by Arthur Stilwell and Edward L. Martin in 1887, and began operation in 1890.  In September 1900, it was placed under the receivership control of Stuart R. Knott and Edward F. Swinney with the aim of merging the railroad into the Kansas City Southern Railway system.

Edward F. Swinney
Edward Fletcher Swinney (August 1, 1857 – October 24, 1946) was an American prominent businessman and banker. Swinney served as president of the American Bankers Association and later as president of the First National Bank of Kansas City (now a part of the Bank of America). Swinney served on the Kansas City School Board from 1894 until 1918.

Swinney was also a philanthropist who created, in 1944, the Edward F. Swinney Trust whose mission is "to be used for the furtherance and development of such public charitable and public educational purposes in the State of Missouri". The Swinney Recreation Center bears his name.
Güzelyurt, Mut
Güzelyurt is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mut, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 103 (2022). It is located in the Göksu River valley to the north of Mut. Its distance to Mut is 45 kilometres (28 mi) and to Mersin is 205 kilometres (127 mi). Village economy depends agriculture.

Mersin
Mersin (pronounced [ˈmæɾsin]) is a large city and port on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey. It is the provincial capital of the Mersin Province (formerly İçel). It is made up of four district governorates, each having its own municipality: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir.

A larger metropolitan region which combines Mersin with Tarsus and Erdemli houses more than 1.7 million inhabitants. Çukurova International Airport (COV) situated 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Mersin city centre, is its closest international airport. There are ferry services from Mersin to Famagusta (Mağusa) in Northern Cyprus. Mersin is linked to Adana via Tarsus by way of TCDD trains.