hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Bullock (chamberlain)
William Bullock (died c. 1343), Chamberlain of Scotland, was a Scottish noble.

He was a former ecclesiastical man, who was appointed Chamberlain of Scotland by Edward Balliol in 1334. Bullock while constable of Cupar Castle in 1339, surrendered the castle to William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale, who had laid siege to the castle, and changed allegiance to the Bruce side. He assisted with the siege of Perth in 1339 and Edinburgh Castle in 1341. He served as Chamberlain of Scotland between 1341 and 1342, under David II of Scotland. Following the murder of Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie by William Douglas of Liddesdale, David II had Bullock arrested by David de Barclay in 1342, on charges of treason, possibly in retaliation for Ramay's murder but possibly because he was conspiring with the English again. Bullock was imprisoned in Lochinorb Castle and was starved to death.

Edward Balliol
Edward Balliol or Edward de Balliol (Scottish Gaelic: Èideard Balliol; c. 1283 – January 1364) was a claimant to the Scottish throne during the Second War of Scottish Independence.  With English help, he ruled parts of the kingdom from 1332 to 1356.
Kappes
Kappes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andreas Kappes (1965–2018), German cyclist

Anthony Kappes (born 1973), British road and track racing cyclist

Bob Kappes, American football player and coach

Stephen Kappes (born 1951), American intelligence official

Stephen Kappes
Stephen R. Kappes (born August 22, 1951) was the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DDCIA), until his resignation on April 14, 2010. He had served in the CIA since 1981, with a two-year hiatus. A career clandestine operations professional, Kappes supervised the extraordinary rendition program, a non-judicial system of rendering persons suspected of terrorism to secret locations where most of them were interrogated.  Kappes also helped persuade Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to abandon his nuclear weapons program in 2003.  In 2009, Kappes was convicted in absentia by an Italian court for his headquarters-based role in the rendition and torture of an Egyptian citizen who was kidnapped from Italian soil by the CIA.
Cheng Sui
Cheng Sui (Chinese: 程邃; pinyin: Chéng Suì; 1605–1691) was a Qing dynasty Chinese landscape painter, poet, seal cutter, and calligrapher.

Cheng was born in She County, Anhui. His courtesy name was 'Muqian' and his sobriquet was 'Gou daoren'. Cheng's landscapes were painted using dry and dark brushstrokes. He died in 1691.

Sobriquet
A sobriquet (/ˈsoʊ.brɪ.ˌkeɪ, ˌsoʊ.brɪ.ˈkeɪ/ SOH-brih-kay, -⁠KAY) is a descriptive nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another. A sobriquet is distinct from a pseudonym in that it is typically a familiar name used in place of a real name without the need for explanation; it may even become more familiar than the original name.

An example is Mohandas Gandhi, who is better known as Mahatma Gandhi ("mahatma" means "great soul" in Sanskrit).

The term sobriquet is equally applicable as a name for a person, group of people, historical event, or place. Well-known places often have sobriquets, such as New York City, often called the "Big Apple", or Rome, the "Eternal City", or Vienna, the "Golden Apple" or Paris the "City of Light".
Lionel Hitchings
Lionel Hitchings (born 15 May 1936) was an English cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Buckinghamshire. He was born in Hereford.

Hitchings, who represented Buckinghamshire in the Minor Counties Championship between 1956 and 1968, made a single List A appearance for the side, during the 1965 season, against Middlesex. From the upper-middle order, Hitchings scored 3 runs.

Hereford
Hereford (/ˈhɛrɪfərd/ ⓘ HERR-if-ərd) is a cathedral city and the county town of the ceremonial county of Herefordshire, England. It is on the banks of the River Wye and lies 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 23 miles (37 km) north-west of Gloucester and 24 miles (39 km) south-west of Worcester. With a population of 61,900 in 2024, it is the largest settlement in Herefordshire.

An early town charter from 1189, granted by Richard I of England, describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed in October 2000. Hereford has been a civil parish since 2000.

Products from Hereford include cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals and sausage rolls, as well as the Hereford breed of cattle.
Ellai
Ellai is an administrative unit, known as Union council of Buner District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

District Buner has 6 Tehsils i.e. Daggar, Chagharzai, Chamla, Khudu Khel, Gagra and  Gadezai.. Each tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils. There are 27 union councils in district Buner.

Elai have population of 23,678 as of 2017.

Chagharzai
The Chagharzais or Chagarzais are a division of the Malaizai clan of the Yousafzai tribe. Colonel Harold Carmichael Wylly, 1858–1932, a British military historian described these people in the following words:

The Yousafzai is an agriculturist, generally fine, well-limbed man, of a good physique and appearance with great deal of race-pride, well dressed and cheery, while his hospitality is proverbial.
Centerville, Tyler County, West Virginia
Centerville (Formerly Ripley Mills) — also known as Alma — is an unincorporated community in Tyler County, West Virginia, United States. Centerville is located along West Virginia Route 18, 5.4 miles (8.7 km) southeast of Middlebourne. Centerville has a post office with ZIP code 26320; the post office uses the name Alma.

West Virginia Route 18
West Virginia Route 18 is a north–south state highway in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of West Virginia. The southern terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 47 in Troy, Gilmer County. The northern terminus is at the Sistersville Ferry on Catherine St in Sistersville, Tyler County. WV 18 uses Charles St, Main St and Catherine St through Sistersville to reach the ferry. As of September 2015, WVDOH signage does not show WV 18 on WV 2.
Bad Oldesloe
Bad Oldesloe (German pronunciation: [ˌbaːt ˈʔɔldəsˌloː] ⓘ) is a town located in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It is the capital of the district of Stormarn.

The area has been inhabited since Mesolithic times. The flint tools found here from that era (6000–4500 BC) are clearly defined and known as the Oldesloer Stufe. For a number of years in the 18th century the Moravian Church had a congregation in Bad Oldesloe. It was called "Pilgerruh", i.e. "Pilgrims' Rest". It was given up because of difficulties with the Danish Church authorities. At that time, the Duchy of Holstein was ruled by the kings of Denmark within the Holy Roman Empire.

On 24 April 1945, the town was heavily bombed by Allied forces in the final days of the Second World War in Germany. Three hundred buildings were destroyed, and 706 people were killed as a result of the operation.

Duchy of Holstein
The Duchy of Holstein (German: Herzogtum Holstein; Danish: Hertugdømmet Holsten) was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It originated when King Christian I of Denmark had his County of Holstein-Rendsburg elevated to a duchy by Emperor  Frederick III in 1474. Members of the Danish House of Oldenburg ruled Holstein – jointly with the Duchy of Schleswig – for its entire existence.

From 1490 to 1523 and again from 1544 to 1773 the Duchy was partitioned between various Oldenburg branches, most notably the dukes of Holstein-Glückstadt (identical with the Kings of Denmark) and Holstein-Gottorp. The duchy ceased to exist when the Kingdom of Prussia annexed it in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War.
2000 Guam Republican presidential caucuses
The 2000 Guam Republican presidential caucuses were held on February 26, 2000, as part of the 2000 Republican Party primaries for the 2000 presidential election. 4 delegates to the 2000 Republican National Convention were allocated to the presidential candidates. The contest was alongside primaries in American Samoa and Virgin Islands.

2000 Republican National Convention
The 2000 Republican National Convention convened at the First Union Center (now the Xfinity Mobile Arena) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 31 to August 3, 2000. The 2,066 delegates assembled at the convention nominated Texas Governor George W. Bush for president and former U.S. Secretary of Defense Richard B. "Dick" Cheney for vice president.
Pantethine
Pantethine (bis-pantethine or co-enzyme pantethine) is a dimeric form of pantetheine, which is produced from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) by the addition of cysteamine. Pantethine was discovered by Gene Brown, a PhD student at the time. Pantethine is two molecules of pantetheine linked by a disulfide bridge. Pantetheine is an intermediate in the production of coenzyme A by the body. Most vitamin B5 supplements are in the form of calcium pantothenate, a salt of pantothenic acid, with doses in the range of 5 to 10 mg/day. In contrast, pantethine is sold as a dietary supplement for lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides at doses of 500 to 1200 mg/day.

Cysteamine
Cysteamine is an organosulfur compound with the formula HSCH2CH2NH2. A white, water-soluble solid, it contains both an amine and a thiol functional group.  It is often used as the salt of the ammonium derivative [HSCH2CH2NH3]+, including the hydrochloride,  and the bitartrate.  Another derivative is phosphocysteamine, H3NCH2CH2SPO3Na. The intermediate pantetheine is broken down into cysteamine and pantothenic acid.

It is biosynthesized in mammals, including humans, by the degradation of coenzyme A. It is the biosynthetic precursor to the neurotransmitter hypotaurine.
Art Interview – International Online Artist Competition
The Art Interview - International Online Artists' Competition is a quarterly international art award.

Since its inception in 2004, the award has been given to many emerging artists who have become known to the general public for the first time. It has also been awarded to artists who are considered to be more established, such as Bill Wray, Marcus Antonius Jansen, and Erika Blumenfeld, whose works can be found in museums and other collections. The prize winners receive long-term publication of their winning artwork with the sponsoring online magazine (art-interview.com). The first-place winner of the award receives a published interview in Art Interview Online Magazine alongside the interviews of well-established artists such as: El Anatsui, Artists Anonymous, Jim Avignon, David Černý, Richard Estes, Janet Fish, Eric Fischl, Alex Katz, Oleg Kulik, Jesus Moroles, Sylvia Sleigh, Richard Stipl and Kehinde Wiley.

Richard Estes
Richard Estes (born May 14, 1932) is an American artist, best known for his photorealist paintings. The paintings generally consist of reflective, clean, and inanimate city and geometric landscapes. He is regarded as one of the founders of the international photo-realist movement of the late 1960s, with such painters as John Baeder, Chuck Close, Robert Cottingham, Audrey Flack, Ralph Goings, and Duane Hanson.  Author Graham Thompson writes "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  It is also called super-realism or hyper-realism and painters like Richard Estes, Denis Peterson, Audrey Flack, and Chuck Close often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."
Odendisa Runestone
The  Odendisa Runestone (Swedish: Odendisastenen), sometimes called the Hassmyra Runestone, is a Viking Age runestone erected at Hassmyra, Västmanland, Sweden.
It is exceptional in that it has a metric inscription, and that it commemorates a woman.

The stone was first described in the 1660s. According to tradition, a farmer discovered the runestone while he ploughed the field. A few years later it cracked in half. It was mended in 1900 and raised anew where it is now.

Runestone
A runestone is typically a raised stone with a runic inscription, but the term can also be applied to inscriptions on boulders and on bedrock. The tradition of erecting runestones as a memorial to dead men began in the 4th century and lasted into the 12th century, but the majority of the extant runestones date from the late Viking Age. While most of these are located in Scandinavia, particularly Sweden, there are also scattered runestones in locations that were visited by Norsemen. Runestones were usually brightly coloured when erected, though this is no longer evident as the colour has worn off.
Dr. John W. Messick House and Office
Dr. John W. Messick House and Office is a historic home and office located at Georgetown, Sussex County, Delaware. It was built in 1876 and is a 1+1⁄2-story, three-bay, L-shaped frame dwelling with a two-story, five-bay rear wing. It has a recessed turret structure attached at the front as a fourth bay.  The house is in a Late Gothic Revival style with a mansard roof in the Second Empire style.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Sussex County, Delaware
Sussex County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of Delaware, on the Delmarva Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population was 237,378, making it the state's second most populated county behind New Castle and ahead of Kent. The county seat is Georgetown.

The first European settlement in the state of Delaware was founded by the Dutch in 1631 near the present-day town of Lewes on the Atlantic Coast. However, Sussex County was not organized until 1683 under English colonial rule.

Sussex County forms the Seaford, Delaware, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Chauvé
Chauvé (French pronunciation: [ʃove] ⓘ; Gallo: Chauvàè, Breton: Kalveg) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.

Inhabited since prehistoric times, as evidenced by the numerous menhirs found there, Chauvé is located to the west of Loire-Atlantique, a few kilometers from the coast. The commune is part of historic Brittany, in the traditional region of the Pays de Retz and in the historic region of the Pays Nantais.

Chauvé is located 33 km south of Saint-Nazaire and 42 km west of Nantes.

Loire-Atlantique
Loire-Atlantique (French pronunciation: [lwaʁ atlɑ̃tik] ⓘ; Gallo: Louére-Atantique; Breton: Liger-Atlantel; before 1957: Loire-Inférieure, Breton: Liger-Izelañ) is a department in Pays de la Loire on the west coast of France, named after the river Loire and the Atlantic Ocean. It had a population of 1,429,272 in 2019.
Maurice Manning
Maurice Manning (born 14 June 1943) is an Irish academic and former Fine Gael politician. Manning was a member of the Oireachtas for 21 years, serving in both the Dáil and the Seanad. On 12 March 2009 he was elected Chancellor of the National University of Ireland, while remaining president of the Human Rights Commission. From 2002 to 2014, he was president of the Irish Human Rights Commission.

Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (/ˈɛrəktəs/ EH-rək-təs; Irish: [ˈɛɾʲaxt̪ˠəsˠ]), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the bicameral parliament of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of the president of Ireland and the two houses of the Oireachtas (Irish: Tithe an Oireachtais): a lower house called Dáil Éireann and an upper house called Seanad Éireann.

The houses of the Oireachtas sit in Leinster House in Dublin, an eighteenth-century ducal palace. The directly elected Dáil is the more powerful of the houses of the Oireachtas.
The Flashing Blade
The Flashing Blade (French: Le Chevalier Tempête) is a French television serial made in the late 1960s. It was first broadcast in the UK on BBC children's television during the 1960s, with several re-runs throughout the 1970s. The British version of twelve 25 minutes episodes was created from the original four French 75-minute episodes.

The fictional story is based upon historical events during the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) between France and Spain and its allies. Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, a supporter of Spain, laid siege to Casale, the capital of Montferrat on the Savoie (Savoy) border. Despite numerous attempts to scale the defences, the beleaguered garrison held out. The Savoy army was eventually defeated by a French relief force on 18 March 1629.

The castle of Casale, seen being besieged in the opening credits, was filmed at Château Gaillard in France.

Montferrat
Montferrat (UK: /ˌmɒntfəˈræt/ US: /-ˈrɑːt/; Italian: Monferrato [moɱferˈraːto]; Piedmontese: Monfrà, locally [mʊŋˈfrɒ]; Latin: Mons Ferratus) is a historical region of Piedmont, in northern Italy. It comprises roughly (and its extent has varied over time) the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti. Montferrat is one of the most important wine districts of Italy. It also has a strong literary tradition, including the 18th-century Asti-born poet and dramatist Vittorio Alfieri and the Alessandrian Umberto Eco.

The territory is cut in two by the river Tanaro. The northern part (the Basso Monferrato, "Low Montferrat"), which lies between that river and the Po, is an area of rolling hills and plains. The southern part (the Alto Monferrato, "High Montferrat") rises from the banks of the Tanaro into the mountains of the Apennines and the water divide between Piedmont and Liguria.

On 22 June 2014, Montferrat was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Luke Winslow-King
Luke Winslow-King Balzuweit (born March 12, 1983) is an American guitarist, multi-instrumentalist, singer, composer, and lyricist based out of Calatayud, Aragon, Spain. Winslow-King plays vintage blues and jazz music and is known for his slide guitar work. He is a music traditionalist, playing a mixture of "people's music" and improvisational jazz based in collective improvisation. He has been influenced by the music of New Orleans, where he was based for 15 years. These influences include jazz, Delta blues, ragtime, pre-war American folk, Béla Bartók and Antonín Dvořák's String Quartet No. 12 (American String Quartet), and Woody Guthrie.

American Songwriter
American Songwriter is an American bimonthly magazine covering songwriting. Established in 1984, it features interviews, songwriting tips, news, reviews and lyric contest. The magazine is based in Nashville, Tennessee.
Onaka (grape)
Onaka is one of a number of hardy hybrid grape cultivars produced by the prolific breeder Nels Hansen at South Dakota State University. It is a product of a cross of Beta (a hybrid of Vitis labrusca and Vitis riparia known for its cold hardiness) and Salem (a Vitis labrusca x Vitis vinifera hybrid). Although never widely cultivated and today largely forgotten, it has contributed to the cold-climate grape-breeding efforts of breeders such as Elmer Swenson, who suspected a nearby vine of Onaka to be a likely parent of his variety Kay Gray.

South Dakota State University
South Dakota State University (SDSU or SD State) is a public land-grant research university in Brookings, South Dakota, United States. Founded in 1881, it is the state's largest university and is the second oldest continually operating university in the state. The university is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents.

South Dakota State University is a land-grant university founded under the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act. This land-grant heritage and mission has led the university to place a special focus on academic programs in agriculture, engineering, nursing, and pharmacy, as well as liberal arts. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The graduate program is classified as Doctoral, Science, Technology, Engineering, Math dominant.
Thirteen Cents
Thirteen Cents is the debut novel of South African author K. Sello Duiker. It was published in 2000 to critical acclaim and immediate success in South Africa and abroad, winning the 2002 Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best First Book, Africa.: viii : 44  The first edition of Thirteen Cents outside South Africa was published by Ohio University Press in 2013 as part of the Modern African Writing series with an introduction by Professor Shaun Viljoen.

The novel is set in post-apartheid South Africa and depicts the brutal reality of South African street children.: 37  As a crime novel and bildungsroman, it follows the 12-year-old orphan Azure and his efforts to survive on the streets of Cape Town amidst an underworld of gangsters, drug use, violence, and prostitution. The novel addresses serious themes including sexual exploitation, corruption, and drug use. As a social-political novel, it critiques the ongoing social injustice in post-apartheid South Africa.

Ohio University Press
Ohio University Press (OUP) is a university press associated with Ohio University. Founded in 1947, it is the oldest and largest scholarly press in the state of Ohio. Ohio University Press is also a member of the Association of University Presses, and many of its publications are available via the OHIO Open Library.
Maria Cristina Falls
Maria Cristina Falls is a waterfall of the Agus River in the Northern Mindanao region of the Philippines. It is sometimes called the "twin falls" as the flow is separated by a rock at the brink of the waterfall.  The name come from  the Spanish queen, Maria Christina of Austria. It is located 9.3 kilometers away southwest of Iligan City at the boundaries of Barangays Maria Cristina, Ditucalan, and Buru-un. Known for its natural grandeur, the 321.5 feet (98.0 meters) high waterfall is also the primary source of electric power for the city's industries, being harnessed by the Agus VI Hydroelectric Plant.

Maria Christina of Austria
Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria (Spanish: María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena; 21 July 1858 – 6 February 1929) was Queen of Spain as the second wife of Alfonso XII. She was queen regent during the vacancy of the throne between her husband's death in November 1885 and the birth of their son Alfonso XIII in May 1886, and subsequently also until her son came of age in May 1902.
Chopin (crater)
Chopin is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 131 kilometers. Chopin is named for the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin (lived 1810–49). Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976.  The crater was first imaged by Mariner 10 in 1974.

Mariner 10
Mariner 10 was an American robotic space probe launched by NASA on 3 November 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It was the first spacecraft to visit Mercury and the first to perform a flyby of multiple planets.

Mariner 10 was launched approximately two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. (Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were allocated to the Voyager program and redesignated Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.)

The mission objectives were to measure Mercury's environment, atmosphere, surface, and body characteristics and to make similar investigations of Venus. Secondary objectives were to perform experiments in the interplanetary medium and to obtain experience with a dual-planet gravity assist mission. Mariner 10's science team was led by Bruce C. Murray at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.