hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chinese computational linguistics
Chinese computational linguistics is a subset of computational linguistics; it is the scientific study and information processing of the Chinese language by means of computers. The purpose is to obtain a better understanding of how the language works and to bring more convenience to language applications. The term Chinese computational linguistics is often employed interchangeably with Chinese information processing, though the former may sound more theoretical while the latter more technical.

Rather than introducing computational linguistics in a general sense, this article will focus on the unique issues involved with implementing the Chinese language compared to other languages. The contents include Chinese character information processing, word segmentation, proper noun recognition, natural language understanding and generation, corpus linguistics, and machine translation.

Text segmentation
Text segmentation is the process of dividing written text into meaningful units, such as words, sentences, or topics.  The term applies both to mental processes used by humans when reading text, and to artificial processes implemented in computers, which are the subject of natural language processing. The problem is non-trivial, because while some written languages have explicit word boundary markers, such as the word spaces of written English and the distinctive initial, medial and final letter shapes of Arabic, such signals are sometimes ambiguous and not present in all written languages.

Compare speech segmentation, the process of dividing speech into linguistically meaningful portions.
Daniela Kerkelova
Daniela Kerkelova (original name: Даниела Керкелова, born (1969-11-08)8 November 1969 in Devin) was a Bulgarian weightlifter, competing in the 69 kg category and representing Bulgaria at international competitions.

She participated at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 69 kg event. She competed at world championships, most recently at the 1999 World Weightlifting Championships.

1999 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1999 World Weightlifting Championships were held at Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus, Athens, Greece from November 21 to November 28, 1999.

It was the main qualifying events in the sport for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.
Aranatha
Aranath(Arnath) was the eighteenth Jain Tirthankar of the present half cycle of time (Avasarpini). He was also the eighth Chakravartin and thirteenth Kamadeva. According to Jain beliefs, he was born around 16,585,000 BCE. He became a siddha i.e. a liberated soul which has destroyed all of its karmas. Aranath was born to King Sudarshana and Queen Devi (Mitra) at Hastinapur in the Ikshvaku dynasty. His birth date was the tenth day of the Migsar Krishna month of the Indian calendar.

Avasarpiṇī
Avasarpiṇī (Sanskrit: अवसर्पिणी) is the descending half of the cosmic time cycle in Jainism and the one in which the world is said to be at present. According to Jain texts it is marked by a decline in goodness and religion. The ascending half of the cycle is called Utsarpiṇī, which is marked by the ascent of goodness and religion.
Hool Express
The 22321 / 22322 Hool Express is a daily Superfast Express train run by Eastern Railway, which connects Siuri and Howrah. It has been upgraded from regular Express with number combination of 13051/13052. It is now running as a Superfast train with a number combination of 22321/22322.

Passengers are charged Superfast charge accordingly from October 1, 2016. This train was inaugurated on July 30, 2007.

Eastern Railway zone
22°34′21.8″N 88°21′50.2″E﻿ / ﻿22.572722°N 88.363944°E﻿ / 22.572722; 88.363944

The Eastern Railway (abbreviated ER) is among the 19 zones of the Indian Railways. Its headquarters is at Fairley Place (Kolkata) and comprises four divisions: Howrah, Malda, Sealdah, and Asansol. Each division is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM). The name of the division denotes the name of the city where the divisional headquarters is located. Eastern Railway oversees the largest and second largest rail complexes in the country, Howrah Junction and Sealdah railway station, and also contains the highest number of A1 and A Category Stations like Howrah, Malda Town,
Sealdah, Asansol, Kolkata, Durgapur, Barddhaman, Jasidih, Madhupur, Rampurhat Junction, Bhagalpur, Jamalpur, Bandel and Naihati. Eastern Railways operates India's oldest train, Kalka Mail.
Patrick Muglia
Patrick Muglia (born November 23, 1962, in La Rochelle, France) is an Olympic sailor, world champion, Pan-am gold medalist, and College national champion. He has sailed since age 11, with sailors such as America's Cup and Olympic medalists Dennis Conner, Mark Reynolds, John Kostecki and John Shadden.

Muglia was awarded the O'Leary Trophy in 1981, when he won the Snipe world championship as a crew of Jeff Lenhart, and the Commodore Charles E. Heinzerling Trophy in 1985. In the Snipe class, he also won the 1983 Pan American Games. He became US national team race and overall college champion with the USC Trojans in 1985.

In the 1988 Olympic Games, Muglia sailed with Pete Melvin in the Tornado class.

Melvin was also the lead designer of Team New Zealand's AC72 catamaran sailed in the 2013 America's Cup in San Francisco.

AC72
The AC72 (America's Cup 72 class) is a class of catamarans with wingsails and hydrofoils, built to a box rule for yachts competing in the 2013 Louis Vuitton and the America's Cup races. The class was subsequently replaced by the smaller AC50 class.
Yara Kastelijn
Yara Kastelijn (born 9 August 1997) is a Dutch racing cyclist, who currently competes in cyclo-cross for UCI Cyclo-cross Team Credishop–Fristads, and in road cycling for UCI Women's WorldTeam Fenix–Deceuninck.

In 2019, she won the elite race at the European Cyclo-cross Championships. In 2023, Kastelijn won stage 4 at the Tour de France Femmes, as well as holding the polka dot jersey of the mountains classification for 3 stages.

Koppenbergcross
The Cyclo-cross Koppenberg is a cyclo-cross race held since 1988 in Oudenaarde, Belgium, and is part of the Cyclo-cross Trophy. The cyclo-cross race uses the Koppenberg climb that has been used many times in the Belgian Classic the Tour of Flanders. This is a very steep and cobbled climb that is part of the course of which the riders do eight laps. Fifteen thousand spectators were reported to have watched the 2006 edition of the event which was won by Belgian Sven Nys.

In the 2021 the women edition was renamed the G.P. Jolien Verschueren.
Grand Island (California)
Grand Island (formerly referred to as Taylor Island or La Isla de los Quenensias) is an island lying between Steamboat Slough and the Sacramento River. A post office operated at Grand Island from 1854 to 1919. It is shown, labeled "Taylor Island", on an 1850 survey map of the San Francisco Bay area made by Cadwalader Ringgold and an 1854 map of the area by Henry Lange.

Grand Island is located in Sacramento County, California at 38°14′08″N 121°34′45″W﻿ / ﻿38.23556°N 121.57917°W﻿ / 38.23556; -121.57917, and managed by Reclamation District 3.

Reclamation district
Reclamation districts are a form of special-purpose districts in the United States (and possibly other countries) which are responsible for reclaiming and/or maintaining land that is threatened by permanent or temporary flooding for agricultural, residential, commercial, or industrial use.  The land is reclaimed by removing and/or preventing water from returning via systems of levees, dikes, drainage ditches, and pumps.
Batote
Batote is a town and a notified area committee, near Ramban town in Ramban district of Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir on NH 44 (former name NH 1A) just beyond Ramban, Patnitop while going towards Srinagar.

Patnitop
Patnitop is a hill station, located, between Ramban Town and Udhampur city in the Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is in located on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway (which is part of National Highway 44, formerly 1A), 112 km (70 mi) from Jammu, on the way from Udhampur to Srinagar. Situated on a plateau in the Shivalik belt of the Himalayas, Patnitop sits at an altitude of 2,024 m (6,640 ft). The river Chenab flows in close proximity to this location.
Democratic Bloc of Diambour
Democratic Bloc of Diambour (in French: Bloc Démocratique du Diambour) was a political party in Diambour, Senegal. BDD merged into the Senegalese Party of Socialist Action.

Source: Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. Les partis politiques sénégalais. Dakar: Editions Clairafrique, 1984.

Senegalese Party of Socialist Action
Senegalese Party of Socialist Action (in French: Parti Sénégalais de l'Action Socialiste) was a political party in Senegal led by Lamine Guèye. PSAS was formed as the Senegalese section of the African Socialist Movement (MSA) in 1957, following the breakaway from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

In February 1957 PSAS absorbed the African Democratic Rally of Abbas Gueye.

Following the merger of the African Convention and MSA in 1958, PSAS merged with the Senegalese Popular Bloc (Senegalese section of the Convention) to form the Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS).
Six Romances, Opus 38 (Tchaikovsky)
The opus Six Romances was composed in 1878 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 – 1893) for voice and piano, and was published as Opus 38 later that year.  Of these six songs, "Don Juan's Serenade" was the most successful, becoming one of the best-known works among the approximately 100 romances that Tchaikovsky composed during his lifetime.

At this point in his life, the composer was rebounding from a personal crisis, having married and quickly separated the year before.  Tchaikovsky characterized the creation of this opus as "something between relaxation and work".

Romance (music)
The term romance (Spanish: romance/romanza, Italian: romanza, German: Romanze, French: romance, Russian: романс, Portuguese: romance, Romanian: romanţă) has a centuries-long history. Applied to narrative ballads in Spain, it came to be used by the 18th century for simple lyrical pieces not only for voice, but also for instruments alone. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that "generally it implies a specially personal or tender quality".
Bishop of Connor
The Bishop of Connor is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Connor in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The title is currently used by the Church of Ireland, but in the Roman Catholic Church it has been united with another bishopric.

Kells and Connor
Kells (Irish: Na Cealla) is a village near Ballymena in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The village of Connor lies close by, and the two are often spoken of collectively. Kells and Connor had a population of 2,053 people (808 households) in the 2011 census. The villages are in the civil parish of Connor.

A Christian settlement in Connor was established in 480 AD and a monastery in Kells in 500 AD. The church at Connor became a cathedral  in the 12th century, and there is still a Bishop of Connor in the Church of Ireland and a Bishop of Down and Connor in the Roman Catholic Church, though neither has his seat here.
Ghostdancing
"Ghost Dancing" is a song written by Jim Kerr, Charlie Burchill and Mick MacNeil and recorded by Scottish rock band Simple Minds. It was released as the fourth single from the band's 1985 album Once Upon a Time. According to the band's website, the first live performance of the song was at John F. Kennedy Stadium as part of their Live Aid performance. The song also appears on their "Glittering Prize (81-92)" album. The song reached number 13 in the UK singles charts.

Glittering Prize 81/92
Glittering Prize 81/92 is a compilation album by Simple Minds, released in October 1992.

It spans the period from Sons and Fascination/Sister Feelings Call (the first album recorded by Simple Minds for Virgin Records) to Real Life.

The album omits the earliest period of Simple Minds' recording career, which yielded three albums released on Arista (only reissues are on Virgin).

At the time of its release, the album was promoted by the double A-side single "Love Song/Alive and Kicking", where "Love Song" appeared in a remixed form. Both "Love Song" (from 1981) and "Alive and Kicking" (from 1985) appear in their original 7-inch edits on the album.

The namesake video collection, featuring promo videos and various live versions, was released simultaneously.
Church and 18th Street station
Church and 18th Street station (also known as Right Of Way/18th Street) is a light rail stop on the Muni Metro J Church line, located in the northwest corner of Dolores Park in San Francisco, California. The stop opened with the line on August 11, 1917. The eastbound (inbound) platform is located inside Dolores Park on Muni's right of way; the westbound (outbound) platform is a traffic island on Church Street. Mini-high platforms providing access to people with disabilities are located inside the park next to 18th Street.

The stop is also served by bus route 33 plus the J Bus which provides service along the J Church line during the early morning when trains do not operate.

In March 2014, Muni released details of the proposed implementation of their Transit Effectiveness Project (later rebranded MuniForward), which included a variety of stop changes for the J Church line. Under that proposal, the westbound platform would be moved inside Dolores Park opposite the eastbound platform.

San Francisco Municipal Railway
The San Francisco Municipal Railway (SF Muni or Muni /ˈmjuːni/ MEW-nee) is the primary public transit system within San Francisco, California. It operates a system of bus routes (including trolleybuses), the Muni Metro light rail system, three historic cable car lines, and two historic streetcar lines. Previously an independent agency, the San Francisco Municipal Railway merged with two other agencies in 1999 to become the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA). In 2018, Muni served 46.7 square miles (121 km2) with an operating budget of about $1.2 billion. Muni is the seventh highest-ridership transit system in the United States, with 145,641,700 rides in 2024, and the second highest in California after the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
WBLK
WBLK (93.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Depew, New York, United States, that serves Western New York, the Buffalo metropolitan area and the Niagara Region of Ontario. WBLK is owned by Townsquare Media and has an urban contemporary format.

WBLK can be classified as a "heritage" station, holding the same format and call letters since its debut. It is the oldest urban FM radio station in the U.S. The station also regularly ranks in the top 5 radio stations in Buffalo's Nielsen ratings. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 47,000 watts. The transmitter is atop the Rand Building in Downtown Buffalo and the studios are on a lower floor of the building.

Depew, New York
Depew (/dəˈpju/) is a village in Erie County, New York. The population was 15,303 at the time of the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The village is named for Chauncey Depew, a politician and one of the original investors who bought the land for the village, which was incorporated in 1894.

The village extends across the boundary between the towns of Lancaster and Cheektowaga. The village lies on both sides of NY Route 78 (Transit Road), a major north-south route.

Village residents voted on January 17, 2017, to not dissolve the Village of Depew into the Towns of Lancaster and Cheektowaga, by a margin of 3,006–1,165.
Arrondissements of the Nord department (France)
The 6 arrondissements of the Nord department are:

Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, (subprefecture: Avesnes-sur-Helpe) with 151 communes. Its population was 225,391 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Cambrai, (subprefecture: Cambrai) with 116 communes. Its population was 158,753 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Douai, (subprefecture: Douai) with 64 communes. Its population was 244,710 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Dunkirk (Dunkerque), (subprefecture: Dunkirk) with 111 communes. Its population was 371,736 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Lille, (prefecture of the Nord department: Lille) with 124 communes. Its population was 1,260,060 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Valenciennes, (subprefecture: Valenciennes) with 82 communes. Its population was 350,643 in 2021.

Avesnes-sur-Helpe
Avesnes-sur-Helpe (French pronunciation: [avɛn syʁ ɛlp] ⓘ; West Flemish: Avenne aan de Helpe), Picard: Avinne-su-Helpe) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the Nord department. It is situated 14 km from the Belgian border, and 18 km south of Maubeuge, the nearest larger town. The river Helpe Majeure, a tributary of the Sambre, flows through the town. Upstream of Avesnes on the river there is the Lac du Val-Joly, an artificial lake.
Antonio Michele Stanca
Antonio Michele Stanca (22 May 1942 – 19 March 2020) was an Italian geneticist.

He was born in Soleto, Italy. He graduated in University of Bari, majoring in agricultural science. He had been a professor at the University of Milan, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Piacenza, Institut national agronomique de Tunisie (INAT) of Tunis, and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, he died of COVID-19 on 19 March 2020 in Fidenza, aged 77.

University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italian: Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia), located in Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, is one of the oldest universities in Europe, founded in 1175, with a population of 20,000 students.

The medieval university disappeared by 1338 and was replaced by "three public lectureships" which did not award degrees and were suspended in the 1590s "for lack of money". The university was not reestablished in Modena until the 1680s and did not receive an imperial charter until 1685.

Some famous students who attended the university include Ludovico Antonio Muratori, a noted Italian historian and scholar who graduated in 1694, the playwright Carlo Goldoni in the 17th century and, in the last century, Sandro Pertini, who became President of the Italian Republic.
Cristina Marcos
Cristina Marcos (born 19 December 1963) is a Spanish actress. She had her first feature film credit in Maravillas (1981). She won the Goya Award for Best Actress for her performance in All Men Are the Same (1994).

Goya Award for Best Actress
The Goya Award for Best Actress (Spanish: Premio Goya a la mejor interpretación femenina protagonista) is one of the Goya Awards, Spain's principal national film awards. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.
Bell Craig
Bell Craig is a hill in the Ettrick Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is part of a ridge that runs parallel to the A708 road on its southern side, with White Coomb in the Moffat Hills directly opposite. The northern slopes are designated as part of the 'Moffat Hills' SSSI and SAC - the summit marks a corner of the area.

Southern Uplands
The Southern Uplands (Scottish Gaelic: Na Monaidhean a Deas) are the southernmost and least populous of mainland Scotland's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Lowlands and the Highlands). The term is used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of hills and mountains within this region. An overwhelmingly rural and agricultural region, the Southern Uplands are partly forested and contain many areas of open moorland - the hill names in the area are congruent with these characteristics.
Silchar railway station
Silchar railway station is a railway station situated at Tarapur, Silchar in Assam. The railway station falls under the jurisdiction of the Northeast Frontier Railway zone of the Indian Railways. The railway gauge functioned here is broad gauge. The station consists of single diesel line". It is one of the oldest railway station in India built under Assam Bengal Railway. The station has three platforms with a total of 14 originating trains. It serves Silchar, as well as the whole Barak Valley. Trains operate to different cities of India from Silchar including Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Kanpur, Patna, Prayagraj, Hyderabad , Coimbatore, Vijayawada, Guwahati, Bhubaneswar, Thiruvananthapuram, Agartala & Dibrugarh. As of now, 170 stations across India are directly connected to Silchar railway station.

Agartala
Agartala (/əˈɡɑːrtələ/, Bengali: [ˈagɔɾˌtɔla] ⓘ, Kok Borok: [aguli]) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Tripura, situated on the banks of Haora/Saidra River, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the border with Bangladesh and about 2,499 km (1,552 mi) from the national capital, New Delhi. According to 2022 AMC data, Agartala is the second most populous city after Guwahati in Northeast India. It is India's third international internet gateway and being developed under the Smart Cities Mission.
Amarna letter EA 5
Amarna Letter EA5, one of the Amarna letters (cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna"), is a correspondence between Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenhotep III.

The letter exists as two artifacts, one at the British Museum (BM29787) and one in the Cairo Museum (C12195).

The letter is part of a series of correspondences from Babylonia to Egypt, which run from EA2 to EA4 and EA6 to EA14. EA1 and EA5 are from Egypt to Babylonia.

Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (Egyptian Arabic: المتحف المصرى, romanized: al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [elˈmætħæf elˈmɑsˤɾi]) and also called the Cairo Museum or the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (EMC), is a national history museum in Cairo, Egypt.

An Egyptological museum, it houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world, including over 170,000 items. The Egyptian Museum occupies a building constructed in 1901 on Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt, and is one of the largest museums in Africa as well as the first national museum of the Middle East.
John Ziegler (guitarist)
John Ziegler aka "JohnZguitar"  is an  American guitarist based in Los Angeles, California who plays in the groups VOLTO!, Bubbatron, Pigmy Love Circus, and is host of the long-running "Monday Night Jamz" residency at The Baked Potato night club in Studio City, Los Angeles.

Studio City, Los Angeles
Studio City is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, United States, in the southeast San Fernando Valley, just west of the Cahuenga Pass. It is named after the studio lot that was established in the area by film producer Mack Sennett in 1927, now known as Radford Studio Center.
Lapisteride
Lapisteride (INN; CS-891) is a dual inhibitor of both isoforms of the enzyme 5α-reductase. It was under investigation for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenic alopecia, but was never marketed.

5α-Reductase
5α-Reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism. They participate in three metabolic pathways: bile acid biosynthesis, androgen and estrogen metabolism.  There are three isozymes of 5α-reductase encoded by the genes SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3.

5α-Reductases catalyze the following generalized chemical reaction:

a 3-oxo-5α-steroid + acceptor ⇌ a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid + reduced acceptor

Where a 3-oxo-5α-steroid and acceptor are substrates, and a corresponding 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid and the reduced acceptor are products. An instance of this generalized reaction that 5α-reductase type 2 catalyzes is:

where dihydrotestosterone is the 3-oxo-5α-steroid, NADP+ is the acceptor and testosterone is the 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid and NADPH the reduced acceptor.