hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Arsenal Stadium Mystery
The Arsenal Stadium Mystery is a 1939  British mystery film  directed by Thorold Dickinson and starring Leslie Banks and Greta Gynt. It was written by Dickinson, Donald Bull, Patrick Kirwan and Alan Hyman, adapted from the 1939 novel of the same title by Leonard Gribble.

Thorold Dickinson
Thorold Barron Dickinson CBE (16 November 1903 – 14 April 1984) was a British film director, screenwriter, film editor, film producer, and Britain's first university professor of film. Dickinson's work received much praise, with fellow director Martin Scorsese describing him as "a uniquely intelligent, passionate artist... They're not in endless supply."
Karunagappally Assembly constituency
Karunagappally State assembly constituency is one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala in southern India. It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency. As of the 2021 assembly elections, the current MLA is C. R. Mahesh of Indian National Congress.

Alappad
Alappad is a coastal village in the Kollam district of the Indian state Kerala. It is situated on a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Arabian Sea and the TS Canal – the village is approximately 16 km long and its narrowest point is as thin as 33 meters. Connect to the mainland is by bridge as well as by country boat ferries, operated by the Panchayat and private parties. Until recently there was only one bridge at the southern point of the land strip, but after the 2004 tsunami, two other bridges have been constructed. The protests are taking place in the village against Unscientific sand mining by IREL.
Brimin Kipruto
Brimin Kiprop Kipruto (born 31 July 1985) is a Kenyan professional middle-distance runner who specialises in the 3000 metres steeplechase. He was born in Korkitony, Keiyo District. He holds a personal best of 7:53.64 minutes which is the second fastest time ever run, and the African Record.  His personal best is only 0.01 of a second behind the world record of former country mate Saif Saaeed Shaheen, who switched national affiliation to Qatar after growing up as Stephen Cherono in the Keiyo District.

He won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics at the age of nineteen and improved to win the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics four years later. A World Championships bronze medallist in 2005, he took his first global title in the steeplechase with a win at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics.

Keiyo District
Keiyo District (also known as Elgeyo district or Elgeiyo) is a defunct administrative district in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya. The district was formed in 1994, when the Elgeyo-Marakwet District was split into two — the other half was Marakwet District. According to the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Keiyo District had a population of 182,875 . Its capital was located in the Iten/Tambach town. In 2010, the districts were re-joined as Elgeyo-Marakwet County.

Local people are mostly of the Keiyo tribe.  Many famous Kenyan runners come from the district, including Saif Saaeed Shaheen (born Stephen Cherono), Vivian Cheruiyot and Lornah Kiplagat. The world record marathon holder, Kelvin Kiptum, was also from the region. The area is used by local and foreign athletes for high-altitude training.

Mining of fluorite by the Kenya Fluorspar Company is the largest industry in the former district.
All Africa Music Awards 2021
The 2021 All Africa Music Awards (also known as AFRIMA), were held on November 21, at the Eko Convention Centre in Lagos, Nigeria. This marked the fifth time in eight years that the venue is hosting the show. The show was hosted by South African actress Pearl Thusi, and British-Congolese comedian Eddie Kadi.

The ceremony, under the theme ‘Still We Sing’, was broadcast on DSTV channel 198, GOTV 98, HIPTV, TVC,  PlusTV Africa, AIT and AfroMusicPop among others. AFRIMA has taken place each year since 2014, except in 2020, owing to the coronavirus pandemic.

Iba One from Mali, and Wizkid were the most awarded artists of the night with five and three awards respectively, followed by Kenya's Nikita Kering. Beyoncé bagged the ‘Best Global Act’ award, as the D.R. Congo's Koffi Olomide was gifted the "Legend Award".

Pearl Thusi
Sithembile Xola Pearl Thusi  (born 13 May 1988) is a South African actress, model, and presenter. She is known for her roles as Patricia Kopong in the BBC/HBO comedy-drama series The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, Dayana Mampasi in the ABC thriller Quantico and Samkelo in the romance film Catching Feelings. In 2020, she starred in the title role of Netflix's first African original series, Queen Sono.
Stephen Harvey Smith
Stephen Harvey Smith is a salaried judge of the United Kingdom's Upper Tribunal, Immigration and Asylum Chamber. He was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn in 2003. In 2018, he was appointed as a salaried judge of the First-tier Tribunal, Immigration and Asylum Chamber and was also appointed as a recorder. One year later, he was appointed an Upper Tribunal Judge.

Upper Tribunal
The Upper Tribunal is a superior court of record and general tribunal in the United Kingdom.

It was created in 2008 as part of a programme, set out in the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, to rationalise the tribunal system, and to provide a common means of handling appeals against the decisions of lower tribunals. It is administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service.

The Upper Tribunal is a superior court of record, giving it equivalent status to the High Court and meaning that it can both set precedents and can enforce its decisions (and those of the First-tier Tribunal) without the need to ask the High Court or the Court of Session to intervene. It is also the first (and only) tribunal to have the power of judicial review.
Arthur O'Neill (rugby union)
Arthur O'Neill (14 April 1878 – 12 May 1954) was an English international rugby union player.

Born in Teignmouth, Devon, O'Neill was educated at Newton College, where he learned his rugby.

O'Neill played rugby for St. Bartholomew Hospital RFC and was captain of Devon. He gained his England opportunity in 1901 as a replacement for John Daniell and appeared in all three of their Home Nations fixtures.

Newton Abbot
Newton Abbot is a market town and civil parish on the River Teign in the Teignbridge District of Devon, England. Its population was 24,029 in 2011, and was estimated at 26,655 in 2019. It grew rapidly in the Victorian era as the home of the South Devon Railway locomotive works. This later became a major steam engine shed, retained to service British Railways diesel locomotives until 1981. It now houses the Brunel industrial estate. The town has a race course nearby, the most westerly in England, and a country park, Decoy. It is twinned with Besigheim in Germany and Ay in France.
Getskär
Getskär and Renskär are two islands in the north of the Swedish sector of the Bay of Bothnia, in the Kalix archipelago, that have become joined through uplift of the land due to post-glacial rebound and are now one.

Bothnian Bay
The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia (Swedish: Bottenviken; Finnish: Perämeri) is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea. The land holding the bay is still rising after the weight of ice-age glaciers has been removed, and within 2,000 years the bay will be a large freshwater lake since its link to the south Kvarken is mostly less than 20 metres (66 ft) deep. The bay today is fed by several large rivers, and is relatively unaffected by tides, so has low salinity. It freezes over each year for up to six months. Compared to other parts of the Baltic, it has little plant or animal life.
Service Industries Limited
Service Industries Limited, doing business as Servis, is a Pakistani shoes and tire manufacturer which is based in Lahore, Pakistan.

Service factories are located in the Pakistani cities of Gujrat, Muridke, Nooriabad, Raiwind, Negombo, Sri Lanka. The company had humble beginnings in 1941. Servis Shoes is a shoe manufacturing company and Servis Tyres is a tire manufacturing company working under the Servis Industries Limited.

Muridke
Muridke (Punjabi / Urdu: مریدکے), is a city and headquarters of Muridke Tehsil of Sheikhupura District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 37th most populous city of Pakistan as well 25th of the province Punjab. Muridke is a commercial area situated near the city of Lahore, at an elevation of 205 m (675 ft).
Ajahn Lee Dhammadharo
Phra Suddhidhammaransi Gambhiramedhacarya (Thai:พระสุทธิธรรมรังสี คัมภีรเมธาจารย์; January 31, 1907 – April 26, 1961), commonly known as Ajahn Lee Dhammadharo (Thai: พระอาจารยย์ลี ธมฺมธโร), was a prominent meditation master of the Thai Forest Tradition in the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order of Theravāda Buddhism. He was a direct disciple of Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta Thera, and later became the founding abbot of Wat Asokaram.

Ajahn Lee is regarded as one of the most influential teachers of the Thai Forest Tradition in the 20th century. He is remembered for devising comprehensive meditation instructions and detailed expositions of the jhānas, as well as for bringing the practices of the Forest Tradition into the mainstream of Thai religious life. Though he never spoke of his attainments, his disciples widely believed he possessed advanced psychic powers.

Abhijñā
Abhijñā (Sanskrit: अभिज्ञा; Pali pronunciation: abhiññā; Standard Tibetan: མངོན་ཤེས mngon shes; Chinese: 六通／神通／六神通; pinyin: Liùtōng/Shéntōng/Liùshéntōng; Japanese: 六神通, romanized: Rokujinzū/Rokujintsū) is a Buddhist term generally translated as "direct knowledge", "higher knowledge" or "supernormal knowledge." In Buddhism, such special knowledge is obtained through virtuous living and meditation. The attainment of the four jhanas, or meditative absorptions, is considered a prerequisite for their attainment. In terms of specifically enumerated knowledges, these include mundane extra-sensory abilities (such as seeing past lives and various supranormal powers like levitation) as well as the supramundane, meaning the extinction of all mental intoxicants (āsava).
Calliphorinae
The Calliphorinae are a subfamily of the blow fly family Calliphoridae. The distinguishing characteristics of this subfamily are: the stem vein is bare, the lower calypter and the proepisternal depression are bristly, but the suprasquamal region is bare or with only a few random bristles. The thorax is dull and bears fine hairs, and the abdomen is usually colored shining blue.

The Bengaliinae (which have more yellowish and dull abdomens) have sometimes been included herein, as have the Luciliinae and Polleniinae in older treatments. These are all considered separate lineages in recent works, with Polleniinae treated as a family, Polleniidae.

Calypter
A calypter is either of two posterior lobes of the posterior margin of the forewing of flies between the extreme posterior wing base and the alula, which covers the halteres.

The lower calypter is the proximal calypter (synonyms: squama (of some authors), tegula) and the upper calypter is the distal calypter (synonym: squamula).

Species of the subsection Acalyptratae are noted for lacking calypters.
The Blackbird
The Blackbird is a 1926 American silent crime film directed by Tod Browning and starring Lon Chaney. The screenplay was written by Waldemar Young, based on a story "The Mockingbird" by Tod Browning (which was originally supposed to be the film's title). Cedric Gibbons and Arnold Gillespie handled the set design. Makeup man Cecil Holland also played one of the old men living at the mission. Character actors Eddie Sturgis and Willie Fung appeared in several other Lon Chaney movies during this time period. The film took 31 days to shoot at a cost of $166,000. The tagline was "Lon Chaney in his successor to The Unholy Three".  Stills on the internet shows Chaney in his dual role. In April 2012, the film became available on DVD from the Warner Archive collection.

Lon Chaney
Leonidas Frank "Lon" Chaney (April 1, 1883 – August 26, 1930) was an American actor and makeup artist. He is regarded as one of the most versatile and powerful actors of cinema, renowned for his characterizations of tortured, often grotesque and afflicted, characters and for his groundbreaking artistry with makeup. Chaney was known for his starring roles in such silent horror films as The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). His ability to transform himself using makeup techniques that he developed earned him the nickname "The Man of a Thousand Faces".
Parker Teenie Two
The Parker Teenie Two is a single-seat, single-engine sport aircraft first built in the United States in 1969 and marketed for homebuilding. It is a low-wing, cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration and fixed tricycle undercarriage. The cockpit was designed to be left open, but plans for a canopy to enclose it were made available, the use of which would increase the top speed of the aircraft. The Teenie Two was specifically designed to use a converted Volkswagen automobile engine for power. The outer wing panels can be detached for transport or storage.

It was featured on the cover of a Popular Mechanics magazine issue in May, 1971. The caption on the cover read, "Build a VW-Powered Plane for $750."

The Teenie Two may be certified in the Experimental category in the US. A pilot certificate is required to fly it, as it is not considered an ultralight aircraft in the United States. The airplane does however meet the Light Sport Aircraft requirements as defined by the FAA

Ultralight aircraft in the United States
Ultralight aircraft in the United States   are not considered to be light-sport aircraft, are not regulated as aircraft, and are exempt from aircraft rules by the FAA. Instead, they are treated as powersport items and have to follow their own ruleset, FAR-103, which is the most compact aviation regulation in existence.

While ultralights in other countries might have airworthiness certificates, an airworthiness certificate is not allowed for an ultralight vehicle in the USA. Any existing airworthiness certificate has to be surrendered to the issueing agency, including foreign agencies, before usage as an ultralight vehicle becomes legal. The FAA emphasizes that airworthiness and compliance with FAR-103 is the responsibility of the user during every flight.

In the United States, ultralights are not registered, nor is the pilot required to have a pilot's certificate.
Guntur East Assembly constituency
Guntur East is a constituency in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh that elects representatives to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. It is one of the seven assembly segments of Guntur Lok Sabha constituency.

Mohammed Naseer Ahmed is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Telugu Desam Party. As of 2024, there are a total of 2,50,790 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 2008, as per the Delimitation Orders (2008).: 15

Telugu Desam Party
The Telugu Desam Party (abbr. TDP; transl. Party of the Telugu Land) is an Indian regional political party primarily active in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It was founded by Telugu matinée idol N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) on 29 March 1982 and has focused on supporting Telugu people. The party has won a five-time majority in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly and has emerged as the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the ruling party in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

From 1 September 1995, the TDP was led by N. T. Rama Rao's son-in-law, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu as the national president of the party. The headquarters of the party is called N. T. R. Bhavan, which is located at Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh.
Timetoget
Timetoget Bratsbergbanen AS, trading as Timetoget ("the Hourly Train"), is a defunct railway company that tried to start operating passenger trains on the Bratsberg Line in Norway. The concept was launched in 1998, and in 1999 an agreement was made with the incumbent, Norwegian State Railways (NSB), to start operation in 2000. The founders were Gjermund Jamtveit and Halvor Grene, while NSB owned a third of the company. The company bought three used Y1 railcars from Sweden.

NSB soon bought all the shares of the company, and also made an agreement that operations on the Arendal Line would be taken over by Timetoget. However, the new company tried to take a short-cut in giving engineers only a six-week training program, instead of the usual 18 months. This made NSB want to discontinue operations. They bought out the rest of the shareholders, and liquidated the company. Timetoget never ran anything but trials on the Bratsberg Line.

Rail transport company
A rail transport company is a company active within the rail industry. It can be:

a manufacturing company,

a railway undertaking providing services through operating rolling stock,

a railway infrastructure manager.

In some jurisdictions such as the United States, railway companies may combine these roles. Railway companies can be private or public.
Mustafa Ferit Arsan
Mustafa Ferit Arsan (1876 – 9 October 1941) was a Turkish politician who represented Gaziantep in the 2nd and 3rd Parliaments of Turkey, and was the leader of the local Association for Defence of National Rights in Aintab, which organized the Turkish militias against the French siege.

Mustafa Ferit was born in Aintab to Mustafa Nuri and Ayşe in 1876. He had two wives, Hatice and Naime, and 6 children, Abdullah, İsmail, Hüseyin Ferit, Hilmi, Beşire, and Ayşe. He went to the local middle school of Aintab and then studied in the French school, where he mastered French and Armenian. After his education, he was particularly involved in trade in Erzurum. During the Franco-Turkish War, he rebelled against the French forces in Aintab and was ultimately captured and held for 9 months, until the French retreat. He died in Ankara on 9 October 1941.

Erzurum
Erzurum (Armenian: Կարին, romanized: Karin; Kurdish: Erzîrom) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. It is the site of ancient Theodosiopolis.

The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age.

Erzurum has winter sports facilities, hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade, and the 2023 Winter Deaflympics (in March 2024).
George Kashdan
George Kashdan (May 17, 1928 – June 3, 2006) was an American comic book writer and editor, primarily for DC Comics, who co-created such characters as Tommy Tomorrow, Mysto the Magician Detective, and others. He was a screenwriter for such animated television series as The Mighty Hercules and The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure.

House of Secrets (DC Comics)
The House of Secrets a mystery, fantasy, and horror comics anthology published by DC Comics. It is the title that introduced the character the Swamp Thing. It had a companion series titled The House of Mystery.
Sérgio Reis (politician, born 1974)
Artur Sérgio de Almeida Reis (born 18 August 1974) is a Brazilian politician serving as mayor of Lagarto since 2025. From 1999 to 2003, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He is the son of Jerônimo Reis, the brother of Fábio Reis, the grandson of Artur Reis, and the nephew of Goretti Reis.

Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
The Chamber of Deputies (Portuguese: Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current president of the chamber is the Deputy Hugo Motta (Republicanos-PB), who was elected on 1 February 2025.
Solomon Carpet
Solomon Carpet (Persian: قالی سلیمان) is an Iranian acrylic and BCF yarn spinning and machine-made carpet producer located in Isfahan. This company is one of the leading manufacturers/exporters of machine-made carpets in the Middle East. The company registered as "Rasoul Isfahan Industrial Company" produces a variety of yarns and machine-made carpets in different sizes and patterns.

The company was founded in 1982 by Hassan Kardan, Hossein Asadi, Reza Monzavizadeh, Ali Kardanpour, and other partners in the historical city of Isfahan. The current owners of the company are Reza Monzavizadeh and Ali Kardanpour. Many countries such as Canada, the UK, Sweden, Russia, UAE, South Korea, Singapore, etc. use its exquisite silk carpets. In 2019, Reza Rahmani, Minister of Industry, Mine and Trade of Iran acknowledged this company as the prominent industrial unit of Isfahan province. Solomon Carpet has over 1,150 workers.

Reza Rahmani
Reza Rahmani (Persian: ‌‌رضا رحمانی; born 1966) is an Iranian politician who currently serves as the governor general of West Azerbaijan Province since 2024. He was former Minister of Industry, Mines and Business.
Betta kuehnei
Betta kuehnei is a species of gourami. It is native to Asia, where it occurs in Malaysia and Thailand. It is typically found in shallow, shaded forest creeks among aquatic plants such as Cryptocoryne cordata and leaf litter. The water in which the species occurs is clear, with a pH of 7, a hardness of 3 dGH, and a temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). It is known to occur alongside the species Parosphromenus paludicola and Trichopsis vittata. The species reaches 8 cm (3.1 inches) in total length and is known to be a facultative air-breather. Males of the species exhibit mouthbrooding.

Hard water
Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.

Drinking hard water may have moderate health benefits. It can pose critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water.

In domestic settings, hard water is often indicated by a lack of foam formation when soap is agitated in water, and by the formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a concern, water softening is commonly used to reduce hard water's adverse effects.
Free World Trust v Électro Santé Inc
Free World Trust v Électro Santé Inc, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 1024, 2000 SCC 66, is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on patents, namely claim construction and the necessity to identify essential elements and non-essential elements.  Along with the related decision, Camco v. Whirlpool (2001), 9 C.P.R. (4th) 129 (SCC), the Supreme Court of Canada rejected the doctrine of equivalents applied in the United States and adopted the doctrine of purposive construction, as originally applied by the United Kingdom House of Lords in Catnic v. Hill & Smith.  This was a landmark decision as it resolved the uncertainty in Canadian case law between the two doctrines.

The Court also articulated the scope of protection provided by patents and the requirements for infringement.

Doctrine of equivalents
The doctrine of equivalents is a legal rule in many (but not all) of the world's patent systems that allows a court to hold a party liable for patent infringement if the infringing device or process does not fall within the literal scope of a patent claim but is nevertheless equivalent to the claimed invention. In the United States, Judge Learned Hand has described its purpose as being "to temper unsparing logic and prevent an infringer from stealing the benefit of the invention."