hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Forcing function
Forcing function can mean:

In differential calculus, a function that appears in the equations and is only a function of time, and not of any of the other variables.

In differential calculus as applied in climate science, radiative forcing

In interaction design, a behavior-shaping constraint, a means of preventing undesirable user input usually made by mistake.

A forcing function is any task, activity or event that forces one to take action and produce a result.

Forcing function (differential equations)
In a system of differential equations used to describe a time-dependent process, a forcing function is a function that appears in the equations and is only a function of time, and not of any of the other variables.  In effect, it is a constant for each value of t.

In the more general case, any nonhomogeneous source function in any variable can be described as a forcing function, and the resulting solution can often be determined using a superposition of linear combinations of the homogeneous solutions and the forcing term.

For example,  is the forcing function in the nonhomogeneous, second-order, ordinary differential equation:
Pipe Shed
The Pipe Shed in Methven, New Zealand, is a section of pipe cast in 1940 that was converted to a shed for storing explosives. The pipe was one of approximately 800 manufactured for the Rangitata Diversion Race (RDR), and is the only one that remains visible. It serves as a memorial to what was the largest public works project of its time, and is registered as a Category I structure by Heritage New Zealand.

Heritage New Zealand
Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (initially the National Historic Places Trust and then, from 1963 to 2014, the New Zealand Historic Places Trust; in Māori: Pouhere Taonga) is a Crown entity that advocates for the protection of ancestral sites and heritage buildings in New Zealand. It was set up through the Historic Places Act 1954 with a mission to "...promote the identification, protection, preservation and conservation of the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand" and is an autonomous Crown entity. Its current enabling legislation is the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014.
Permanent Council of the Russian Empire
The Permanent Council was the highest deliberative body of the Russian Empire, established on April 11, 1801 and abolished in 1810; predecessor of the State Council.

It consisted of twelve representatives of the titled nobility under the emperor Alexander I (representatives were Dmitry Troshchinsky, Pyotr Zavadovsky, Alexander Vorontsov, Platon Zubov and Valerian Zubov, and others), the chairman was Count Nikolai Saltykov.

The council could protest the actions and Ukases of the emperor. At the beginning of its activities, the Permanent Council considered a number of important issues and prepared several reforms, including a Decree on Free Ploughmen.

With the establishment of ministries and the Committee of Ministers in 1802, insignificant and intricate cases came to the consideration of the Permanent Council, and after the establishment of the State Council, the Permanent Council was finally abolished.

Valerian Zubov
Count Valerian Aleksandrovich Zubov (Russian: Валериа́н Алекса́ндрович Зу́бов; 1771–1804) was a Russian general who led the Persian Expedition of 1796. His siblings included Platon Zubov and Olga Zherebtsova.
Grabow (Meckl) station
Grabow (Meckl) station is located on the Berlin–Hamburg railway in Grabow in the south west of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Together with four other stations, which also opened on 15 October 1846, it is the oldest station in the state. The Neoclassical entrance building, which dates from the opening of the line, and some other buildings in the station area are heritage-listed.

Berlin–Hamburg railway
The Berlin–Hamburg railway is a roughly 286 km (178 mi) long railway line for passenger, long-distance and goods trains. It was the first high-speed line upgraded in Germany to be capable of handling train speeds of over 200 km/h (120 mph) (up to 230 km/h).

The line was built by the Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company, work starting on 6 May 1844, and was taken into service on 15 December 1846. It was then the longest trunk route in the German states, and ran from Berlin's Hamburg station (from October 1884 from Lehrte station), via Spandau, Neustadt (Dosse), Wittenberge, Ludwigslust, Büchen and along the already existing 15.6 kilometres (9.7 mi) route of the Hamburg-Bergedorf Railway to the Berlin station in Hamburg.
Carex siderosticta
Carex siderosticta is a species of sedge native to East Asia. It is the only species of Carex known to produce "pseudo-lateral" culms, which appear to be lateral, but derive from the apical meristem. It is the type species of Carex subg. Siderosticta.

Culm (botany)
A culm is the aerial (above-ground) stem of a grass or sedge. It is derived from the Latin word culmus, meaning "stalk". It originally referred to the stem of any type of plant.

In horticulture or agriculture, it is especially used to describe the stalk or woody stems of bamboo, cane or grain grasses.
Mercy Medical Center (Oshkosh, Wisconsin)
Mercy Medical Center, officially Ascension Northeast Wisconsin Mercy Hospital, is a hospital founded in 1891 that serves the city of Oshkosh, in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. Its emergency department is a level III trauma center.

Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Oshkosh (/ˈɒʃkɒʃ/ ⓘ) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located on the western shore of Lake Winnebago, adjacent to the much less populous Town of Oshkosh in the north. The population was 66,816 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Oshkosh metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Winnebago County, had 171,730 residents. Oshkosh is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.
Eurybia spinulosa
Eurybia spinulosa, commonly called the Apalachicola aster or pinewoods aster, is a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the south eastern United States, where it is present only in the Florida panhandle. Due to its restricted habitat, which is confined to the Apalachicola River drainage, as well as to ongoing development in these areas, the species is of serious conservation concern. It has been listed as critically imperiled by the Nature Conservancy and endangered by the state of Florida.

Flowers emerge between May and July to show pale purple ray florets and yellow disc florets.

Apalachicola River
The Apalachicola River /æpəlætʃɪˈkoʊlə/ is a river, approximately 160 miles (260 km) long, in the state of Florida. The river's large watershed, known as the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint (ACF) River Basin, drains an area of approximately 19,500 square miles (50,500 km2) into the Gulf of Mexico. The distance to its furthest head waters (as the Chattahoochee River) in northeast Georgia is approximately 500 miles (800 km). Its name comes from Apalachicola Province, an association of Native American towns located on what is now the Chattahoochee River. The Spanish included what is now named the Chattahoochee River as part of one river, calling all of it from its origins in the southern Appalachian foothills down to the Gulf of Mexico the Apalachicola.
Sicklinghall
Sicklinghall is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England that is situated between the town of Wetherby (3 miles (5 km) to the east) and the village of Kirkby Overblow.

In 2007 the population was recorded as 300, increasing to 336 at the 2011 Census.

The village is surrounded by granges; on the eastern side lie Skerry Grange and Sicklinghall Grange and on the western Addlethorpe Grange. Sicklinghall Grange is set in a 107-acre (0.43 km2) estate, it is the UK residence of racehorse owner, Sir Robert Ogden. However the 'big house' is Stockeld Park, a Grade I-listed palladian villa that sits at the heart of a 2,000-acre estate and is home to the Grant family.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Harrogate, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Borough of Harrogate
The Borough of Harrogate was a local government district with borough status in North Yorkshire, England, from 1974 to 2023. Its council was based in the town of Harrogate, but it also included surrounding settlements, including the cathedral city of Ripon, and almost all of the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. At the 2011 Census, the borough had a population of 157,869.

The borough was abolished on 31 March 2023, and its functions were transferred to the new unitary North Yorkshire Council on 1 April 2023.
Micheál Webster
Micheál Webster is an Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer who played as a full-forward for the Tipperary senior team.

Webster made his first appearance for the Tipperary senior football team during the 2003 National League and was a regular dual player until his retirement after the 2009 hurling championship. During that time he won 2 Munster, 1 National League hurling & 1 Railway Cup medals. He has ended up as an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion in 2009.

At club level Webster is a dual county senior championship medalist with Loughmore–Castleiney.

Waterford GAA
The Waterford County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste Phort Láirge) or Waterford GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for all levels of Gaelic games in County Waterford. The County Board is also responsible for the Waterford county teams. The county board's offices are based at Walsh Park in the city of Waterford. The Waterford County Board was founded in 1886.

Hurling is the dominant sport, with the county having won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) on two occasions: in 1948 and 1959. While football is the secondary sport in the county, it is widely played nonetheless. Waterford's greatest footballing achievement was reaching the 1898 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, which the team lost to Dublin.
Estadio Benito Juárez
Estadio Benito Juárez was a stadium in Oaxaca, Mexico. It had a capacity for 12,500 people for sports events and 20,000 for non-sport events. It was founded in December 1987 in an inaugural football match between the Chapulineros de Oaxaca and Pioneros de Cancún. The stadium was closed in 2015 and demolished the following year. It was demolished to make way for the Oaxaca Cultural and Convention Center.

Chapulineros de Oaxaca
Club de Fútbol Chapulineros de Oaxaca is a Mexican professional football club based in Oaxaca, that plays in the Liga Premier, the third level division of Mexican football. The club previously participated in the Liga de Balompié Mexicano (2020–2025), which was a semi-professional league not recognized by FMF and FIFA.
Still Don't Care
"Still Don't Care" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor. It was released on November 12, 2025, through Epic Records. Written by Caroline Ailin, Ellis Robert McKay Lawrie, Trainor, Scott Harris and Steve Mac, the song serves as the lead single from her upcoming seventh album under Epic, Toy with Me (2026). "Still Don't Care" is a pop song which concentrates on themes of self-confidence, freedom, and authenticity.

Steve Mac
Steve McCutcheon (born 15 January 1972), known professionally as Steve Mac, is a British record producer, songwriter and musician. A multi-award-winning producer, he is one of the most prolific songwriters and record producers in modern British music, with contributions to 30 number one singles in the UK Singles Chart.
Shimura-sakaue Station
Shimura-sakaue Station (志村坂上駅, Shimura-sakaue-eki) is an underground metro station located in the Shimura district of Itabashi City, Tokyo, Japan. It is operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei Subway) and serves the Toei Mita Line, designated as station code I-21

Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation
The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (東京都交通局, Tōkyō-to Kōtsū-kyoku), also known as Toei Transportation (都営交通, Toei Kōtsū), Toei Transport, or simply Toei (都営), is a bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which operates public transport services in Tokyo. Among its services, the Toei Subway is one of two rapid transit systems which make up the Tokyo subway system, the other being Tokyo Metro.
U.S. Route 14 in Wisconsin
U.S. Highway 14 (US 14) in the state of Wisconsin runs northwest–southeast across the western to southwest portions of the state. It links La Crosse and the southwestern portion of the state with Madison and Janesville. US 14 is mostly two-lane surface road with the exception of a few multilane urban arterials and a freeway section around Madison that it mostly shares with US 12.

La Crosse, Wisconsin
La Crosse (/ləˈkrɒs/ ⓘ lə-KROSS) is a city in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. Positioned alongside the Mississippi River, La Crosse is the most populous city on Wisconsin's western border. The population was 52,680 at the 2020 census. The La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents.

La Crosse's economy serves as a regional educational, medical, manufacturing, and transportation hub for Western Wisconsin producing a gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.1 billion for the La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area as of 2023. Home to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, Viterbo University, and Western Technical College, the city has nearly 20,000 students. The La Crosse area is home to the headquarters or regional offices of Kwik Trip, Organic Valley, Mayo Clinic, Gundersen Health System, Gensler, La Crosse Technology, City Brewing Company, and Trane.
Pristimantis peruvianus
Pristimantis peruvianus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the upper Amazon Basin in western Brazil, southern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and southeast Colombia. Records from Bolivia likely refer to an undescribed species, although it is possible that also the "true" Pristimantis peruvianus is to be found there.
Its natural habitats are upland cloud forests, flooded lowland forests, and oxbow palm swamp forests. It is a common species.

Strabomantidae
The Strabomantidae, sometimes called cloud forest landfrogs, are a family of frogs native to South America. These frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature "froglets". This family includes Pristimantis, the most speciose genus of any vertebrate. Based on molecular dating, the Holoadeninae in particular appears to have originated in the Eocene. The Oligocene-Miocene transition was also found to be important to their biogeographical history. However, the lack of Holoadeninae fossils and limited nucleotide data ambiguates the results, by the authors' admission.
Centre Valley station
Center Valley is a defunct train station formerly operated by SEPTA Regional Rail on the former Bethlehem Line in Center Valley in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania in the United States. It closed in 1981 when SEPTA terminated all diesel train service and was subsequently demolished.

Bethlehem Line
The Bethlehem Line was a SEPTA Regional Rail service on the former Reading Company Bethlehem Branch between Lansdale and Bethlehem. Some trains continued over the electrified Lansdale/Doylestown Line to the Reading Terminal in Philadelphia.

Between 1978 and 1979, SEPTA extended service to Allentown. Service ended altogether in 1981 as SEPTA eliminated its former Reading diesel services. The Bethlehem Line is  owned by SEPTA and is utilized for freight service by the Pennsylvania Northeastern Railroad between Lansdale and Telford and the East Penn Railroad between Telford and Quakertown.

The Quakertown–Bethlehem section has been dormant since the early 1990s: several portions of the rail bed currently serve as the interim rail trails. It is not officially abandoned.

As of the 2020s, advocates are pushing for the return of rail service to Quakertown on the Bethlehem Branch.
Prince Charles, Count of Flanders
Prince Charles, Count of Flanders (Dutch: Karel, German: Karl; 10 October 1903 – 1 June 1983) was a member of the Belgian royal family who served as regent of Belgium from 1944 until 1950, while a judicial commission investigated his elder brother, King Leopold III of Belgium, as to whether he betrayed the Allies of World War II by an allegedly premature surrender in 1940 and collaboration with the Nazis during the occupation of Belgium. Charles' regency ended when Leopold was allowed to return to Belgium. Shortly after returning and resuming his monarchical duties, Leopold abdicated in favour of his son, Baudouin.

During the Second World War Charles was known as General du Boc, in order to hide his identity for security reasons. He had an association with RAF Hullavington in Wiltshire, where many top officers from Allied nations were based or transported to and from.

RAF Hullavington
Royal Air Force Hullavington, or more simply RAF Hullavington, (ICAO: EGDV) was a Royal Air Force station located at Hullavington, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, England. The station opened in June 1937 and was primarily used for training. It closed on 31 March 1992 when it was transferred to the British Army and renamed Buckley Barracks. The airfield part of the site, known as Hullavington Airfield, continued to be used for RAF gliding operations until 2016 when it was sold to technology company Dyson.
1988 New York Giants season
The 1988 New York Giants season was the franchise's 64th season in the National Football League (NFL). The team finished 10–6, but due to the Philadelphia Eagles, who also went 10–6, completed a season sweep of New York Giants, a loss to the New York Jets in the season finale kept them out of the playoffs for the second consecutive season due to them also losing the conference tiebreaker to the Los Angeles Rams for the final wild-card berth. The season was marked early by the suspension for substance abuse of star linebacker Lawrence Taylor by the NFL for the first four games of the season. Following the end of the season, the Giants would see two longtime defensive stalwarts; defensive end George Martin and future Hall-of-Fame inside linebacker Harry Carson, announce their retirement.

1988 Los Angeles Rams season
The 1988 Los Angeles Rams season was the franchise's 51st season in the National Football League, their 52nd overall, and their 43rd in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The team improved on a disappointing 6–9 record the previous year, going 10–6 and qualifying as a Wild Card before losing to the Minnesota Vikings 28–17 in the NFC Wild Card game.
Attention!
Attention! is the third studio album by German singer Alexander Klaws. It was released by Sony BMG on Hansa Records on 10 March 2006 in German-speaking Europe. Recorded after a short-living hiatus, it marked a departure from Klaws' previous work with Deutschland sucht den Superstar judge and musical mentor Dieter Bohlen, who gained no credit on the record. Instead, the album features a wider range of producers, including Terri Bjerre, David Stenmarck, Sandi Strmljan, Thorsten Brötzmann, Ivo Moring, and Mirko von Schlieffen.

The album reached the top twenty of the album charts in Austria and Germany, becoming the singer's lowest–charting album then following the number-one success of his previous albums Take Your Chance (2003) and Here I Am (2004). Attention! spawned two singles, "All (I Ever Want)", the theme song to the musical The Three Musketeers, featuring vocals by German singer Sabrina Weckerlin and leading single "Not like You".

Thorsten Brötzmann
Thorsten Brötzmann is a German record producer, composer, and arranger. He collaborated with No Angels, Bro'Sis, Christina Stürmer, Monrose, Jeanette, Nina Kraljić, Oonagh, Alexander Klaws, and Modern Talking.
Hernán Casanova
Hernán Casanova (born 6 February 1994) is an Argentine tennis player.

Casanova had a career high ATP singles ranking of World No. 221 achieved on 24 October 2022. Casanova also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No. 160 achieved on 24 October 2022.

Casanova made his ATP doubles main draw debut at the 2022 Argentina Open after entering into the main draw as alternates with Sergio Galdós.

Casanova also made his ATP singles main draw debut at the 2022 Generali Open Kitzbühel as a qualifier where he lost to Jurij Rodionov.

Jurij Rodionov
Jurij Rodionov (born 16 May 1999) is an Austrian professional tennis player.
He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 87 achieved on 19 February 2024. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of No. 199 achieved on 14 July 2025. He is the current No. 3 Austrian player.
Lowell E. Jacoby
Vice Admiral Lowell Edwin Jacoby, USN (born 28 August 1945)  was the 14th Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.  Previously he was Director for Intelligence (J-2) Joint Staff in the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1999 to 2002, and the Director of Naval Intelligence and Commander, Office of Naval Intelligence from 1997 to 1999. He was the Director for Intelligence, U.S. Pacific Command from 1994 to 1997 and Commander, Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific from 1992 to 1994.  He was Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, U.S. Pacific Fleet from 1990 to 1992.

Lowry Air Force Base
Lowry Air Force Base (Lowry Field from 1938–1948) is a former United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) training base during World War II and a United States Air Force (USAF) training base during the Cold War. From 1955-1958, it served as the initial site of the U.S. Air Force Academy. It is a U.S. Formerly Used Defense Site (B08CO0505).
The Virgin Years – Souvenir Box
The Virgin Years – Souvenir Box is a three-CD limited-edition box set by English avant-rock group Henry Cow. It was released in 1991 by Recommended Records and East Side Digital Records, and contains three albums Henry Cow made for Virgin Records between 1973 and 1975: Legend, Unrest and In Praise of Learning. Included in the box set is a 24-page souvenir booklet and a Henry Cow fold-out family tree.

Recommended Records
Recommended Records (RēR) is a British independent record label and distribution network founded by Chris Cutler with Nick Hobbs in March 1978. RēR features largely "Rock in Opposition" and related music, but it also distributes selected music released on other independent labels.

In 1982 Cutler established November Books, the publishing wing of Recommended Records, and between 1985 and 1997, Recommended Records and November Books published RēR Quarterly, a "quarterly" sound-magazine edited by Cutler.

In 1989 Recommended Records became known as RēR Megacorp with a turnover of £180,000 in 1994.
Simla Special
Simla Special is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by Muktha Srinivasan, starring Kamal Haasan in the lead role. S. V. Shekher, Sripriya, Thengai Srinivasan, Y. G. Mahendran and Manorama appear in supporting roles. It was released on 14 April 1982.

Thengai Srinivasan
Thengai Srinivasan (21 October 1937 – 9 November 1987) was an Indian actor who appeared in Tamil-language films and plays from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was given the prefix Thengai (coconut) after his role as a coconut-seller in the play Kal Manam. Although originally a comedian, he also performed in other genres and enacted several lead and antagonistic roles.