hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Melford Rural District
Melford Rural District was a rural district in the county of West Suffolk, England. It was created in 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894 from that part of the Sudbury rural sanitary district in West Suffolk (the rest becoming Belchamp Rural District in Essex). It was named after Long Melford and administered from Sudbury. Shortly after its creation, in 1896, the parish of Glemsford was made a separate urban district.

On 1 April 1935 it lost the parishes of Cavendish and Hawkedon to the Clare Rural District. At the same time the Glemsford Urban District was abolished and restored to the district.

Since 1 April 1974 it has formed part of the District of Babergh.

Sanitary district
Sanitary districts were established in England and Wales in 1872 and in Ireland in 1878.  The districts were of two types, based on existing structures:

Urban sanitary districts in towns with existing local government bodies

Rural sanitary districts in the remaining rural areas of poor law unions.

Each district was governed by a local board of health, which was responsible for various public health matters such as providing clean drinking water, sewers, street cleaning, and clearing slum housing.

In England and Wales both rural and urban sanitary districts were replaced under by the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) by the more general rural districts and urban districts.  A similar reform was carried out in Ireland in 1899 under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.
American Matchmaker
American Matchmaker, or אמעריקאנער שדכן (Americaner Shadchen) is a 1940 Yiddish-language American comedy film directed by Edgar G. Ulmer and starring Leo Fuchs (known as "the Yiddish Fred Astaire"), Judith Abarbanel, Judel Dubinsky and Anna Guskin. The film's music was composed by Sam Morgenstern and its screenplay was written by Shirley Kassler Ulmer under the name Shirle Castle.

American Matchmaker was restored by the National Center for Jewish Film, the largest archive of Jewish film outside of Israel.

National Center for Jewish Film
The National Center for Jewish Film is a non-profit motion picture archive, distributor, and resource center. It houses the largest collection of Jewish-themed film and video outside of Israel.  Its mission is to collect, restore, preserve, catalogue, and exhibit films with artistic and educational value relevant to the Jewish experience, and to disseminate these materials to the widest possible audience.

Founded in 1976 by Miriam Saul Krant, the National Center for Jewish Film (NCJF or the Center) became an independent 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in 1981. The Center is located on the campus of Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts.
Louis III, Count of Chiny
Louis III (d. August 12? 1189), Count of Chiny, son of Albert, Count of Chiny, and his spouse Agnes of Bar.

He succeeded his father in 1162 and continued the family's support of the Abbey of Orval. He entered the Third Crusade alongside Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, dying in transit in Belgrade.

He married Sophie (d. 1207), whose family is unknown. Their children were:

Louis IV, Count of Chiny

Gertrude, married to Thierry II, Seigneur de Walcourt, Count of Montaigu.

Upon his death, his son Louis assumed the role of Count of Chiny.

Walcourt
Walcourt (French pronunciation: [walkuʁ] ⓘ; Walloon: Walcoû) is a municipality and city of Wallonia located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006, the municipality had 17,516 inhabitants. The total area is 123.18 km2, giving a population density of 142 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Berzée, Castillon, Chastrès, Clermont, Fontenelle, Fraire, Gourdinne, Laneffe, Pry, Rognée, Somzée, Tarcienne, Thy-le-Château, Vogenée, Walcourt, Yves-Gomezée.
Canton of Saint-Étienne-Sud-Est-1
The canton of Saint-Étienne-Sud-Est-1 is a French former administrative division located in the department of Loire and the Rhône-Alpes region. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It had 24,054 inhabitants (2012). The canton comprised part of the commune of Saint-Étienne.

Loire (department)
Loire (/lwɑːr/; French pronunciation: [lwaʁ]; Arpitan: Lêre; Occitan: Léger or Leir) is a landlocked department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France occupying the river Loire's upper reaches. Its prefecture is Saint-Étienne. It had a population of 765,634 in 2019.
Qizilsu
The Qizilsu (Tajik: Қизилсу) or Kyzylsu (Russian: Кызылсу) is a river that rises on the southern slopes of the Vakhsh Range in the north-east of Tajikistan's Khatlon Region and runs south-west until joining the Panj on the border with Afghanistan. The river is 230 kilometres (140 mi) long and has a basin area of 8,630 square kilometres (3,330 sq mi). It merges with the Yakhsu (Akhshu) as a major left tributary south of the town of Kulob. It irrigates the cotton-growing Qizilsu Valley between Kulob and Panj in the south-east of Khatlon Province. It is not the Kyzyl-Suu River that rises in Kyrgyzstan and flows through Tajikistan as Surkhob, then Vakhsh, following a course north-west of Qizilsu.

Kulob
Kulob or Khatlon is a city in Khatlon Region in southern Tajikistan. Located 203 km (126 mi) southeast of the capital Dushanbe on the river Yakhsu (a right tributary of Panj), it is one of the largest cities in the country.  Its population is estimated at 106,300 for the city proper and 214,700 for the city with the outlying communities (2020). The city is served by Kulob Airport.
Nigorella aethiopica
Nigorella aethiopica is the type species of the genus Nigorella. A jumping spider  that lives in Ethiopia and named in honour of the country in which it is found, it was first described in 2008 by Wanda Wesołowska and Beata Tomasiewicz. The spider is larger than others in the species with a cephalothorax that is between 4.1 and 4.8 mm (0.16 and 0.19 in) long and an abdomen that is between 4.3 and 5.6 mm (0.17 and 0.22 in) long. The carapace is generally brown and hairy, although the male is darker. While the male abdomen is marked by a light stripe on the topside and dots underneath, the female abdomen has a pattern of a light stripe and patches on the top and dark stripes on the bottom. As well as its larger size, the species can be distinguished by its copulatory organs. The split at the end of the appendage on the pedipalp tibia marks out the male, and the female has longer seminal ducts and thinner spermathecae than others in the genus.

Palpal bulb
The two palpal bulbs – also known as palpal organs and genital bulbs – are the copulatory organs of a male spider. They are borne on the last segment of the pedipalps (the front "limbs" of a spider), giving the spider an appearance often described as like wearing boxing gloves. The palpal bulb does not actually produce sperm, being used only to transfer it to the female. Palpal bulbs are only fully developed in adult male spiders and are not completely visible until after the final moult. In the majority of species of spider, the bulbs have complex shapes and are important in identification.
Countably generated module
In mathematics, a module over a (not necessarily commutative) ring is countably generated if it is generated as a module by a countable subset. The importance of the notion comes from Kaplansky's theorem (Kaplansky 1958), which states that a projective module is a direct sum of countably generated modules.

More generally, a module over a possibly non-commutative ring is projective if and only if (i) it is flat, (ii) it is a direct sum of countably generated modules and (iii) it is a Mittag-Leffler module. (Bazzoni–Stovicek)

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Balbir
Balbir is an Indian name.

Balbir Singh (disambiguation) is a common name among the Punjabi Sikhs.

Other notable people named Balbir include:

Nalini Balbir (born 1955), French Indologist

Balbir Prasad Chaudhary, member of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly

Balbir Dutt, Indian journalist

Rani Balbir Kaur, Punjabi theater personality

Balbir Madhopuri, Punjabi language writer, poet and translator

Balbir Punj, Indian journalist and columnist

Balbir Madhopuri
Balbir Madhopuri is a Punjabi language writer, poet and translator. He is best known for his autobiography, Chhangiya Rukh. His writings are primarily focused on the issues related to the oppressed and depressed classes, especially Dalits. In 2021, He has received The Dhahan Prize for Punjabi Literature for his novel Mitti Bol Payi.
2013 Hong Kong–Shanghai Inter Club Championship
The 2013 Hong Kong–Shanghai Inter Club Championship was held on 5 November and 8 November 2012. The first leg will be played at Shanghai Stadium, Shanghai, China PR, with the second leg taken place at Mong Kok Stadium, Mong Kok, Hong Kong.

Current defending champions of Hong Kong First Division League South China was selected to represent Hong Kong while Chinese Super League club Shanghai Tellace represents Shanghai.

Shanghai Dongya won 2–1 at home but was defeated by 0–1 in Hong Kong. Match ended in 2–2 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liu Stephen Garlock's penalty miss in the seventh round crowned Shanghai Dongya the champions of 2013 Hong Kong–Shanghai Inter Club Championship.

Shanghai Stadium
The Shanghai Stadium (Chinese: 上海体育场; pinyin: Shanghai Tiyuchang) is a football-specific stadium in Shanghai, China. Between 2009 and 2019, the stadium hosted home matches of the Chinese Super League team Shanghai SIPG, and has been the current home of Shanghai Shenhua since 2023.
Trillium viride
Trillium viride, commonly called the wood wakerobin, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is found in the central United States, in certain parts of Missouri and Illinois. The specific epithet viride means "youthful" or "fresh-green", an apparent reference to the color of the plant's flower petals. For this reason, it is also called the green trillium, not to be confused with other green-flowered trilliums such as T. viridescens and the green form of T. sessile, both of which are found in Missouri.

Melanthiaceae
Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to the family Liliaceae, in part because both their sepals and petals closely resemble each other and are often large and showy like those of lilies, while some more recent taxonomists have placed them in a family Trilliaceae. The most authoritative modern treatment, however, the APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 2003 APG II system and the 1998 APG system), places the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. Circumscribed in this way, the family includes up to 17 genera.

Familiar members of the family include the genera Paris and Trillium.
Alex Sears
Alexander David Sears (born 17 December 1989) is an English former first-class cricketer.

Sears was born at Grantham in December 1989. He was educated at The King's School in Grantham, before going up to Homerton College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club against Oxford University in the 2014 University Match at Oxford. Batting once in the match, he was dismissed for 29 runs in the Cambridge first innings by Abidine Sakande. In the Oxford first innings he took a five wicket haul with his fast-medium bowling, with figures of 5 for 73. He followed this up in their second innings with figures of 3 for 49.

Five-wicket haul
In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five–for" or "fifer") occurs when a bowler takes five or more wickets in a single innings, commonly abbreviated as 5wI. Taking five wickets is regarded as a notable achievement, equivalent to a century by a batter. In 2001, Glenn McGrath invented the tradition of a bowler raising the ball to the crowd at the completion of a five-wicket haul.

Taking a five-wicket haul at Lord's earns the bowler a place on the Lord's honours boards.
Jonathan Skrmetti
Jonathan Thomas Skrmetti (born January 4, 1977) is an American attorney and public official who has served as the 28th attorney general of Tennessee since 2022. Born and raised in Connecticut, and educated at George Washington University, Oxford University, and Harvard Law School, Skrmetti worked as a lawyer in Memphis, Tennessee, both in private practice and as a federal prosecutor in the office of the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee. He subsequently served as Tennessee's chief deputy attorney general and as chief counsel to Governor Bill Lee, prior to his appointment as attorney general.

United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee
The United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee (in case citations, W.D. Tenn.) is the federal district court covering the western part of the state of Tennessee. Appeals from the Western District of Tennessee are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).
Arthur Bold
Arthur Bold (c 1604 - 22 May 1677) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1677.

Bold was the son of Arthur Bold, of Petersfield, Hampshire. He matriculated at  Magdalen Hall, Oxford on 26 June  1621, aged 17. He was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1634 and became a bencher in 1658.

In 1660, Bold was elected Member of Parliament for Petersfield in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Petersfield in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1677. In 1663 he was Autumn Reader at his Inn.

Petersfield
Petersfield is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 15 miles (24 km) north of Portsmouth. The town has its own railway station on the Portsmouth Direct line, the mainline rail link connecting Portsmouth and London. Situated below the northern slopes of the South Downs, Petersfield lies wholly within the South Downs National Park.

The town is on the crossroads of well-used north–south (formerly the A3 road which now bypasses the town) and east–west routes (today the A272 road) and it grew as a coach stop on the Portsmouth to London route. Petersfield is twinned with Barentin in France, and Warendorf in Germany.
Bekulu people
Bekulu people (or Bakulu; Hausa: Ikulu, Ikolu; Jju: Ba̱yinkrum; Tyap: A̱sunkurum) are a people found in Zangon Kataf, Kachia and Kauru Local Government Areas of southern Kaduna State of Middle Belt, Nigeria. They speak a Plateau language called Kulu. They call their land Akulu.

Jju language
Jju (Tyap: Jhyuo; Hausa: Kaje, Kache) is the native language of the Bajju people of Kaduna State in central Nigeria. As of 1988, there were approximately 300,000 speakers. Jju is one of the Southern Kaduna languages. Although usually listed separately from the Tyap cluster, Jju's separation, according to Blench R.M. (2018), seems to be increasingly ethnic rather than a linguistic reality.
Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia
The Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church in Malaysia. It comes under the episcopal jurisdiction of the Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Sydney and its Affiliated Regions, a diocese of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.

The Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia currently has only one organised community in Malacca known as the St. Mary & St. Mark Church served by Fr. Joseph Sim, who was ordained on 15 March 2008.

The Coptic Orthodox Church in Malaysia is an affiliate member of the Council of Churches of Malaysia.

Council of Churches of Malaysia
The Council of Churches of Malaysia (CCM) is an ecumenical fellowship of Churches and Christian organisations in Malaysia. It is one of the three constituent members of the Christian Federation of Malaysia.

It is affiliated with the Commission on World Mission and Evangelism of the World Council of Churches and a member of the Christian Conference of Asia. It also participates in the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism as part of the Christian Federation of Malaysia.
2011 Emir of Qatar Cup
The 2011 Emir of Qatar Cup was the 39th edition of a men's football tournament in Qatar. It is played by the 1st and 2nd Level divisions of the Qatari football league structure.

The top four sides of the 2010–11 Qatar Stars League season enter at the Quarter-final stage.

Al-Rayyan were the defending champions and successfully defended the title.

The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the 2012 AFC Champions League.

2012 AFC Champions League
The 2012 AFC Champions League was the 31st edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the 10th under the current AFC Champions League title.

Ulsan Hyundai from South Korea won their first title, defeating Al-Ahli from Saudi Arabia with a 4-1 win in the final.
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Alipurduar
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Alipurduar or locally called as JNV Barobisha is a boarding, co-educational  school in Alipurduar district of West Bengal in India. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian Ministry of Human Resources Development and administered  by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry.

Ministry of Education (India)
The Ministry of Education (MoE) is a ministry of the Government of India, responsible for the implementation of the National Policy on Education. The ministry is further divided into two departments: the Department of School Education and Literacy, which deals with primary, secondary and higher secondary education, adult education and literacy, and the Department of Higher Education, which deals with university level education, technical education, scholarships, etc.

The current education minister is Dharmendra Pradhan, a member of the Council of Ministers. India has had a Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, the Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), and with the newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, the Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to the Ministry of Education.
Risk aversion (psychology)
Risk aversion is a preference for a sure outcome over a gamble with higher or equal expected value. Conversely,  rejection of a sure thing in favor of a gamble of lower or equal expected value is known as risk-seeking behavior.

The psychophysics of chance induce overweighting of sure things and of improbable events, relative to events of moderate probability.  Underweighting of moderate and high probabilities relative to sure things contributes to risk aversion in the realm of gains by reducing the attractiveness of positive gambles. The same effect also contributes to risk seeking in losses by attenuating the aversiveness of negative gambles. Low probabilities, however, are overweighted, which reverses the pattern described above: low probabilities enhance the value of long-shots and amplify aversion to a small chance of a severe loss. Consequently, people are often risk seeking in dealing with improbable gains and risk averse in dealing with unlikely losses.

Somatic marker hypothesis
The somatic marker hypothesis, formulated by Antonio Damasio and associated researchers, proposes that emotional processes guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making.

"Somatic markers" are feelings in the body that are associated with emotions, such as the association of rapid heartbeat with anxiety or of nausea with disgust. According to the hypothesis, somatic markers strongly influence subsequent decision-making. Within the brain, somatic markers are thought to be processed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the amygdala. The hypothesis has been tested in experiments using the Iowa gambling task.
DHL Air UK
DHL Air UK, incorporated as DHL Air Ltd., is a British cargo airline based in Orbital Park, Hounslow, London Borough of Hounslow. It is wholly owned by Deutsche Post and provides services on the group's DHL-branded parcel and express network in Europe. Its main base is East Midlands Airport. It forms a part of the greater DHL Aviation division.

Cargo airline
Cargo airlines (or air freight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines.
In 2018, airline cargo traffic represented 262,333 million tonne-kilometres with a 49.3% load factor: 52.1% for dedicated cargo operations, and 47.9% within mixed operations (belly freight of passenger airliners).

Dedicated cargo airlines such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, operate a fleet of cargo aircraft and handle the entire freight transportation process. Many airlines, like Emirates and Qatar Airways, have dedicated cargo divisions that operate their own fleet of cargo aircraft alongside their passenger operations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, airlines like American Airlines, Air Canada, and Delta Air Lines utilized their passenger planes, removing seats to create space for cargo, to meet the demand for freight transport.
2016 Speedway World Cup
The 2016 Monster Energy FIM Speedway World Cup (SWC) was the sixteenth FIM Speedway World Cup, the annual international speedway world championship tournament. It took place between 23 July and 30 July 2016 and involved nine national teams. It was won by Poland, the first time they achieved success since 2013, and the seventh time in total. They beat hosts Great Britain by seven points, while defending champions Sweden finished third with Australia in fourth.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.