hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rout
A rout /raʊt/ is a panicked, disorderly and undisciplined retreat of troops from a battlefield, following a collapse in a given unit's command authority, unit cohesion and combat morale (esprit de corps).

Morale
Morale (/məˈræl/ mə-RAL, UK also /-ˈrɑːl/ -⁠RAHL) is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship. Morale is often referenced by authority figures as a generic value judgment of the willpower, obedience, and self-discipline of a group tasked with performing duties assigned by a superior. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose". With good morale, a force will be less likely to give up or surrender. Deliberately attempting to reduce another group's morale is called demoralization.  Morale is usually assessed at a collective, rather than an individual level. In wartime, civilian morale is also important.
Preston C. Clayton
Preston Copeland Clayton (September 23, 1903 – June 20, 1996) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama from 1953 to 1954.

Born in Eufaula, Alabama, Clayton enrolled at the University of Alabama at the age of 16, and received a B.A. there in 1924. He read law under Judge Walter B. Jones to gain admission to the bar in 1931.

He served in the Alabama Senate from 1939 to 1953, and served in the U.S. Army in World War II, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel, and commanded an artillery unit in the Italian and North African campaigns.

In 1953, Governor Gordon Persons appointed Clayton to a seat on the Supreme Court of Alabama vacated by the death of Joel B. Brown.

Clayton raised pure-bred Arabian horses as a hobby, and organized and lead organizations for Arabian horse enthusaists.

Clayton married Jewel Gladys Robinson of Clio in 1933, with whom he had three daughters and one son. He died at his home in Clayton, Alabama, at the age of 92.

Reading law
Reading law was the primary method used in common law countries, particularly the United States, for people to prepare for and enter the legal profession before the advent of law schools. In Commonwealth countries, becoming an articled clerk was a similar practice.

It consisted of an extended internship or apprenticeship under the tutelage or mentoring of an experienced lawyer. The practice largely died out in the early 20th century. A few U.S. states, namely California, Maine, New York, Vermont, Virginia and Washington, still permit people to become lawyers by reading law instead of attending some or all of law school, although the practice is uncommon.

In this sense, "reading law" specifically refers to a means of entering the profession, although in England it is still customary to say that a university undergraduate is "reading" a course, which may be law or any other.
Howard Shannon
Howard Huntley Shannon, CMG, (29 March 1892 – 15 August 1976) served as a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for the Electoral district of Murray from 8 April 1933 to 18 March 1938 and for the Electoral district of Onkaparinga from 19 March 1938 to 1 March 1968. In 1960, Shannon was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George for his service as a member of the House of Assembly.

Electoral district of Onkaparinga
Onkaparinga is a defunct electoral district that elected members to the House of Assembly, the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of South Australia. It was established in 1857, abolished in 1902; re-established in 1938 and abolished again in 1970. It was named after the Onkaparinga River.
Chronicle of a Boy Alone
Chronicle of a Boy Alone (Spanish: Crónica de un niño solo), also known as Chronicle of a Lonely Child, is a 1965 Argentine film directed by Leonardo Favio. It won the Silver Condor Award for Best Film.

It was selected as the greatest Argentine film of all time in a poll conducted by the Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken in 2000. In a new version of the survey organized in 2022 by the specialized magazines La vida util, Taipei and La tierra quema, presented at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival, the film reached the 5 position.

Argentine Film Critics Association
The Argentine Film Critics Association (Spanish: Asociación de Cronistas Cinematográficos de la Argentina) is an organization of Argentine-based journalists and correspondents. The association presents the Silver Condor Awards (Premios Cóndor de Plata) honoring achievements in Argentine cinema. The awards are considered Argentina's equivalent of the Academy Awards.

The association was organized on July 10, 1942, and the annual awards have been given since 1943, with breaks in between. The Argentine Film Critics Association is a member of the International Federation of Film Critics, also known as FIPRESCI.
William R. Boggs
Brigadier General William Robertson Boggs (March 18, 1829 – September 11, 1911) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was noted as a military engineer who constructed the fortifications that protected some of the Confederacy's most important seaports.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Minister of Seafaring (Denmark)
Minister of Seafaring  (Danish: Minister for søfart) was a Danish Government ministerial office. The office was introduced with the first cabinet of Niels Neergaard on 12 October 1908. The position was connected with the Minister of Commerce throughout its history, apart from 1929 to 1935, where it was connected with Minister of Fisheries.

Ministry of Business (Denmark)
The Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs (Danish: Erhvervsministeriet, lit. 'Ministry of Business') is a Danish ministry focused on business policy and economic growth. As of 2022, Morten Bødskov is its minister.

Within the Danish government, the ministry serving this function and occupying this position has changed names several times. Its current name was officially instated by Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen in 2016.
Liberty Bell Park bus bombing
The Liberty Bell Park bus bombing was a suicide bombing which occurred on February 22, 2004 in Egged bus No. 14A in Jerusalem. Eight passengers were killed in the attack and over 60 people were injured, many of them were children on their way to school. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack.

Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (Arabic: كتائب شهداء الأقصى, romanized: Katāʾib Shuhadāʾ al-Aqṣā) are a Fatah-aligned coalition of Palestinian armed groups in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Created in 2000 amidst the Second Intifada, the Brigades previously operated as the official armed wing of the Fatah political party before separating from them in 2007. Presently, the organization continues to be politically aligned with Fatah and nonetheless sometimes still presents itself as the party's armed wing, an association rejected by Fatah leadership.

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades have conducted various armed attacks on Israeli military and civilian targets since 2000. Notably, they have participated in the ongoing Gaza war (2023–present) alongside Hamas and other allied Palestinian factions.

The Brigades have been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the European Union, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States.
Böklund
Böklund (Danish: Bøglund) is a municipality in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 10 km north of Schleswig, and 22 km southeast of Flensburg.

Böklund is the seat of the Amt ("collective municipality") Südangeln.

Amt
Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe. Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county.
Autostrada A11 (Italy)
The Autostrada A11 or Autostrada Firenze - Mare  ("Florence-Sea Motorway") is an autostrada (Italian for "motorway") 81.7 kilometres (50.8 mi) long in Italy located in the region of Tuscany, which connects Florence to Pisa. It is a part of the E76 European route. The Autostrada A11 it is currently operated by Autostrade per l'Italia. It is the busiest road in Tuscany and connects Florence to the central-northern Tyrrhenian coast, crossing the Arno river plain, the densely populated and industrialized plain of Prato and Pistoia, the Valdinievole and the plain of Lucca. An 18.2 kilometres (11.3 mi) connection, built in the 1970s, connects Lucca to Viareggio, facilitating the connection with the Autostrada A12 towards Genoa.

Lucca
Lucca (/ˈluːkə/ LOO-kə, Italian: [ˈlukka] ⓘ) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain.

The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower, a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century  and the Cathedral of San Martino.

The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.
Katy Moran
Katy Moranis a British contemporary artist whose work is in the collection of the Arts Council, The Tate,The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Walker Art Center, and the Government Art Collection, amongst others. She is represented by Pippy Houldsworth Gallery and Sperone Westwater.

Moran's first solo exhibition was for Stuart Shave/Modern Art, in London, 2006. Her first institutional solo exhibition was at Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art in 2008. In 2025 she will have a solo exhibition with Pippy Houldsworth Gallery.

She has also had solo exhibitions at Andrea Rosen Gallery, The Wexner Center for the Arts, Parasol Unit, Sperone Westwater, Station Gallery, and the Tate St Ives.

Parasol Unit Foundation for Contemporary Art
The Parasol Unit Foundation for Contemporary Art is a not-for-profit arts organisation established in 2004.

Parasol Unit was established by its director and curator, Ziba Ardalan. A graduate in the History of Art from Columbia University New York, Ardalan worked as Guest Curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art. She guest curated the exhibition 'Winslow Homer and the New England Coast' at the Whitney's Stamford, Ct. Branch (1984). Ardalan became the first Director/Curator of New York City's Swiss Institute in 1987, before moving to Zurich, Switzerland, and then relocating to UK and founding Parasol Unit. She has curated numerous exhibitions and has also lectured and written about art. Prior to her career in art, Ardalan obtained a Ph.D. in physical chemistry.
Harish Raghavan
Harish Raghavan (born May 19, 1982) is an Indian American jazz bassist. His music combines aspects of Indian classical music and jazz.

The first instrument he picked up was the mridangam, but he switched to the upright bass at the age of 16. He received a Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Southern California, under the tutelage of John Clayton, Dave Carpenter and Robert Hurst. He finished as a semi-finalist in the Thelonious Monk Institute's International Jazz Bass Competition in 2009. After 12 years playing professionally, Raghavan released his debut album as a leader Calls for Action in 2019, teaming up with the group on Joel Ross's KingMaker album.

Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz
The Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz is a non-profit music education organization founded in 1986. Before 2019, it was known as the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz, but was then renamed after its longtime board chairman, Herbie Hancock.

The institute has held its International Jazz Competition annually since 1987 and offered a full scholarship graduate-level college program since 1995. It organizes free jazz education programs in public schools throughout the United States and the world “to encourage imaginative thinking, creativity, a positive self-image and respect for one’s own and others’ cultural heritage.” It is also the lead non-profit responsible for coordinating the annual celebration of International Jazz Day, a United Nations initiative.
1994 Big League World Series
The 1994 Big League World Series took place from August 12–20 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. In a championship rematch, Taipei, Taiwan defeated host Broward County, Florida twice in the championship game. It was Taiwan's second straight championship.

After using a two bracket system for US and International teams in 1993, the traditional 11 team bracket returned.

Broward County, Florida
Broward County (/ˈbraʊ.ərd/ BROURD) is a county in Florida, United States, located in the Miami metropolitan area. It is Florida's second-most populous county after Miami-Dade County and the 17th-most populous in the United States, with 1,944,375 residents as of the 2020 census. Its county seat and most populous city is Fort Lauderdale, which had a population of 182,760 as of 2020. The county is part of the South Florida region of the state.

Broward County is one of the three counties that make up the Miami metropolitan area, which is home to 6.14 million people as of 2020. It is also one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the entire country. As of 2022, Broward County has a gross domestic product of $124.8 billion, the second-largest GDP of Florida's 67 counties and the 25th-largest for the nation's 3,033 counties.
Mike Burns (producer)
Mike Burns (born 1973) is an American film director, GRAMMY nominated songwriter, and music executive . He was a member of EDM production duo "Interstate". His work “I Found You“ written for the 2004 release Creamfields for DJ and recording artist Paul Oakenfold earned him a Grammy nomination as both a songwriter and a music producer. From 2010 to 2020 Burns worked exclusively with Lionsgate Entertainment as a music supervisor and EPK producer. He has over 80 feature film credits since launching his career in 1999. and most recently directed two feature films,  “Out of Death” and “Wrong Place” both starring Bruce Willis, alongside actresses Ashley Greene and Jaime King. He also composed the original score for both of the films he produced.

Starz Entertainment
Starz Entertainment Corp., formerly known as Lions Gate Entertainment Corporation, or simply Lionsgate, is a Canadian-American entertainment company currently headquartered in Santa Monica, California. Founded by Frank Giustra on July 10, 1997, it is/was domiciled and incorporated in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Prior to 2024, the then-named Lionsgate owned film and television studios under its own umbrella. It was spun-off into Lionsgate Studios on May 14, 2024, of which Starz owned 87% until its separation on May 7, 2025. The company trades on Nasdaq with the stock symbol STRZ.
2025 Super GT Malaysia Festival
The 2025 Super GT Malaysia Festival was the third round of the 2025 Super GT Series. It was held at the Sepang International Circuit in Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia on June 28, 2025.

The GT500 category was won by Giuliano Alesi and Ukyo Sasahara in the #37 TGR Team Deloitte TOM'S Toyota GR Supra, whilst Takashi Kobayashi and Yuto Nomura won the GT300 category in the #18 Team UpGarage Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo.

Giuliano Alesi
Giuliano Ryu Alesi (born 20 September 1999) is a French professional racing driver. He is the son of French racing driver and Formula One Grand Prix winner Jean Alesi and Japanese actress and TV personality Kumiko Goto.
NGC 575
NGC 575  is a barred spiral galaxy of Hubble type SB(rs)c in the constellation Pisces. It is approximately 145 million light years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of about 70,000 light years.

The object was discovered on October 17, 1876, by Édouard Stephan (listed as NGC 575) and on January 18, 1896, by Stéphane Javelle (listed as IC 1710).

Stéphane Javelle
Stéphane Javelle (Lyon, 16 November 1864 – 3 August 1917) was a French astronomer. Since 1888 he worked assisting Henri Perrotin at the Nice Observatory, and observed 1431 objects published in the Index Catalogue.  He initially worked as an accountant before his employer's friend, Louis Thollon recommended him to Perrotin. He was awarded the Valz Prize in 1910 by the French Academy of Sciences.
Amud, Idlib
Amud, Idlib (Arabic: عامود)  is a Syrian village located in Darkush Nahiyah in Jisr al-Shughur District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Amud, Idlib had a population of 828 in the 2004 census.

Idlib Governorate
Idlib Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة ادلب, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 square kilometres (2,291 sq mi)2 to 6,097 square kilometres (2,354 sq mi)2. The provincial capital is Idlib.
33rd Golden Disc Awards
The 33rd Golden Disc Awards ceremony was held from January 5 to 6, 2019. The JTBC network broadcast the show from the Gocheok Sky Dome in Seoul. Lee Seung-gi and Park Min-young served as hosts on the first day, with Kang So-ra and Sung Si-kyung on the second.

Gocheok Sky Dome
The Gocheok Sky Dome (Korean: 고척스카이돔) is a domed baseball stadium in Gocheok-dong, Seoul, South Korea. It is the home ballpark of KBO club Kiwoom Heroes. The stadium is primarily used for baseball and has a capacity for 16,744 spectators for baseball games. The stadium replaced Dongdaemun Baseball Stadium and opened on 15 September 2015. It also serves as a concert venue, with a capacity for around 25,000 spectators.
Dry distillation
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break).

If there are no chemical changes, just phase changes, it resembles classical distillation, although it will generally need higher temperatures. Dry distillation in which chemical changes occur is a type of destructive distillation or cracking.

Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).
Mashigo
Mashigo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Boipelo Mashigo (born 2003), South African soccer player

Katlego Mashigo (born 2001), South African soccer player

Koko Mokgalong-Mashigo, South African politician and civil servant

Mohale Mashigo (born 1983), South African singer-songwriter and novelist

Nhlanhla Mashigo (born 2002), South African cricketer

Refilwe Mashigo (born 1947), South African politician

Mohale Mashigo
Mohale Mashigo, born Kgomotso Carol Mashigo (and also known by her stage name Black Porcelain) is a South African singer-songwriter, novelist, and former radio presenter. Her debut novel The Yearning (Pan Macmillan, 2016) won the 2017 University of Johannesburg Prize for South African Debut Writing and was longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award 2018. She lives in Cape Town.
Oatland, Ontario
Oatland is an unincorporated place and railway point in geographic Lougheed Township, in the Unorganized North part of Algoma District in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental railway main line between the railway points of Elsas to the west and Missonga to the east, has a passing track, and is passed but not served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains. Oatland is on Shiners Creek, a right tributary of the Nemegosenda River.

The Canadian
The Canadian (French: Le Canadien) is a transcontinental passenger train operated by Via Rail on its Western Canada service between Union Station in Toronto, Ontario, and Pacific Central Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Canadian Pacific introduced this service on April 24, 1955, serving Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. In 1978, Via Rail Canada acquired the service, and, on January 15, 1990, designated the Canadian as its sole transcontinental service, between Toronto and Vancouver. The new service replaced the former Super Continental, Canadian National's flagship passenger service, and continues to run primarily over CN tracks.
Budy Szynczyckie
Budy Szynczyckie [ˈbudɨ ʂɨnˈt͡ʂɨt͡skʲɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czarnocin, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) west of Czarnocin, 19 km (12 mi) north of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 28 km (17 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Piotrków Trybunalski
Piotrków Trybunalski ([ˈpʲɔtrkuf trɨbuˈnalskʲi] ⓘ; also known by alternative names), often simplified to Piotrków, is a city in central Poland with 71,252 inhabitants (2021). It is the capital of Piotrków County and the second-largest city in the Łódź Voivodeship.

Founded in the late Middle Ages, Piotrków was once a royal city and holds an important place in Polish history; the first parliament sitting was held here in the 15th century. It then became the seat of a Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city also hosted one of Poland's oldest Jewish communities, which was entirely destroyed by the Holocaust. The old town in Piotrków features many historical and architectural monuments, including tenements, churches, synagogues and the medieval Royal Castle.
Pitsj
Pitsj (founded 1999 in Oslo, Norway) is a female Norwegian a cappella quintet. The band consists of Anine and Benedikte Kruse, the twin sisters Ane Carmen and Ida Roggen, and Anja Eline Skybakmoen (who replaced Tora Augestad when she left Pitsj in 2007).

Quintet
A quintet is a group containing five members. It is commonly associated with musical groups, such as a string quintet, or a group of five singers, but can be applied to any situation where five similar or related objects are considered a single unit.