hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Paulett Liewer
Paulett Creyke Liewer (born 1945) is an American plasma physicist whose research has spanned scales from particle-in-cell simulation and microturbulence in tokamaks to the observation of solar flares and the boundary of the heliosphere. She is a principal scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Particle-in-cell
In plasma physics, the particle-in-cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations.  In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.

PIC methods were already in use as early as 1955,
even before the first Fortran compilers were available. The method gained popularity for plasma simulation in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Buneman, Dawson, Hockney, Birdsall, Morse and others. In plasma physics applications, the method amounts to following the trajectories of charged particles in self-consistent electromagnetic (or electrostatic) fields computed on a fixed mesh.
2008 NCAA Division III baseball tournament
The 2008 NCAA Division III baseball tournament was played at the end of the 2008 NCAA Division III baseball season to determine the 33rd national champion of college baseball at the NCAA Division III level.  The tournament concluded with eight teams competing at Time Warner Cable Field at Fox Cities Stadium in Grand Chute, Wisconsin for the championship.  Eight regional tournaments were held to determine the participants in the World Series. Regional tournaments were contested in double-elimination format, with five regions consisting of six teams and three consisting of eight, for a total of 54 teams participating in the tournament, up from 53 in 2007. The tournament champion was Trinity (CT), who defeated Johns Hopkins for the championship.

University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh
The University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh (UW Oshkosh or UWO) is a public university in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the University of Wisconsin System and offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs.
Palakion
Palakion (Παλάκιον), according to Strabo, was a Scythian fortress in the steppes of Crimea. The only information about it is from an inscription on the gravestone of a dweller of Chersonesos who died in a battle at the walls of Palakion.

Strabo suggests that Palakion,  Chabon (Chabaioi) and Scythian Neapolis  were named after sons of Scythian ruler Skilurus (Palakus, in the case of Palakion).

Peter Simon Pallas speculated that the name of Balaklava is a corruption of 'Palakion'. There is no historical evidence to this.

Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist, botanist, ethnographer, explorer, geographer, geologist, natural historian, and taxonomist. He studied natural sciences at various universities in early modern Germany and worked primarily in the Russian Empire between 1767 and 1810.
Clebopride
Clebopride is a dopamine antagonist drug with  antiemetic and prokinetic properties used to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders. Chemically, it is a substituted benzamide, closely related to metoclopramide.

A small Spanish study found that more adverse reactions are reported with clebopride than with metoclopramide, particularly extrapyramidal symptoms.

Prokinetic agent
A prokinetic agent (also prokineticin, gastroprokinetic agent, gastrokinetic agent or propulsive) is a type of drug which enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing the frequency or strength of contractions, but without disrupting their rhythm. They are used to treat certain gastrointestinal symptoms, including  abdominal discomfort, bloating, constipation, heart burn, nausea, and vomiting; and certain gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis, and functional dyspepsia.

Most prokinetic agents are grouped under the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (a World Health Organization drug classification system), as ATC code A03F.
Reservation price
In economics, a reservation (or reserve) price is a limit on the price of a good or a service. On the demand side, it is the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay; on the supply side, it is the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a good or service.

Reservation prices are commonly used in auctions, but the concept can be extended beyond. A party's best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), is closely related to their reservation price. Once a party determines their BATNA, they can further calculate their reservation price. In negotiations surrounding the price of a particular good or service, the reservation price is a singular number. However, this is not the only situation where reservation prices are seen. When multiple issues are being discussed, such as the size of salary and amount of benefits when applying for a new job position, the reservation price would be represented as a package, where multiple requirements need to be met.

Economic surplus
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), is either of two related quantities:

Consumer surplus, or consumers' surplus, is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

Producer surplus, or producers' surplus, is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for; this is roughly equal to profit (since producers are not normally willing to sell at a loss and are normally indifferent to selling at a break-even price).

The sum of consumer and producer surplus is sometimes known as social surplus or total surplus; a decrease in that total from inefficiencies is called deadweight loss.
Marquess of Comillas
Marquess of Comillas (Spanish: Marqués de Comillas) is a hereditary title in the Spanish nobility, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee. On 3 July 1878, the title Marquess of Comillas was granted to Antonio López y López by the King Alfonso XII, in recognition of his contribution to the town of Comillas in northern Spain. The title recalls the name of his hometown.

The first Marquess of Comillas built a gothic palace in Comillas in 1888. Its architect was Joan Martorell, renowned Catalan architect. The Palace of Sobrellano, as it is known, was the first building in Spain to make use of electrical lighting, patented by Thomas Edison a year before its construction.

The current marquesses of Comillas are also the Counts of Güell. The third marquess was also the 2nd Count of Güel and the 6th Count of Ruiseñada .

Alfonso XII
Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo de Borbón y Borbón; 28 November 1857 – 25 November 1885), also known as El Pacificador (Spanish: the Peacemaker), was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885.

After the Glorious Revolution of 1868 deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne, Alfonso studied in Austria and France. His mother abdicated in his favour in 1870, and he returned to Spain as king in 1874 following a military coup against the First Spanish Republic. Alfonso died aged 27 in 1885, leaving his pregnant widow, Maria Christina of Austria, as regent of Spain. Their son, Alfonso XIII, became king upon his birth the following year. Maria Christina continued as regent until Alfonso XIII came of age in 1902.
Tiffani Faison
Tiffani Faison is an American celebrity chef and restaurateur. She is based in Boston, has served as a judge on Food Network's television series Chopped, and is a four-time James Beard Award Finalist for Best Chef: Northeast (2018, 2019, 2020, 2022). She was the winner of Season 3 of Tournament of Champions and was named Boston's Best Chef by Boston Magazine in 2022. She was one of two finalists on the first season of Bravo's reality show Top Chef, where she finished second to Harold Dieterle.

Her company, Big Heart Hospitality has owned the following restaurants: Sweet Cheeks Q, Orfano, Fool's Errand, Bubble Bath, Tenderoni's, Dive Bar, and Tiger Mama.

Restaurateur
A restaurateur is a person who opens and runs restaurants professionally. Although over time the term has come to describe any person who owns a restaurant, it traditionally refers to a highly skilled professional who is proficient in all aspects of the restaurant business.
Josiah T. Settle
Josiah "Joe" Thomas Settle (September 30, 1850 – August 21, 1915) was an American lawyer, active in Washington, D.C., Sardis, Mississippi, and Memphis, Tennessee. He was a part of Howard University's first graduating class in 1872. In 1875, he moved to Mississippi and was elected a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1883. In 1885 he moved to Memphis where he was appointed Assistant Attorney-General in Shelby County. He held that position for two years before turning to private practice.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
Tahuanía District
Tahuanía District is one of the four districts of the province Atalaya in Peru.

The district was created by Law No. 9815 of 2 July 1943, during the government of President Manuel Prado Ugarteche.

In this district of the Peruvian Amazon lives the ethnic Pano group Shipibo-Conibo self-named Joni.

Tsimané
The Tsimané, also known as the Tsimane' or Chimane, are an indigenous people of lowland Bolivia, living chiefly in the Beni Department municipalities of San Borja, San Ignacio de Moxos, Rurrenabaque, and Santa Ana del Yacuma. The Tsimané are the main residents of the T'simane Council Territory (Spanish: Territorio del Consejo T'simane) and the Pilón Lajas Reserve. They are primarily a subsistence agriculture culture, although hunting and fishing contribute significantly to many of the settlements' food supply. Those Tsimané living in the Reserve are affiliated with the multiethnic Consejo Regional Tsimane Moseten (CRTM), which holds the title to the Reserve as a Native Community Land or TCO.
Inside Nature's Giants
Inside Nature's Giants is a British science documentary, first broadcast in June 2009 by Channel 4. The documentary shows experts performing dissection on some of nature's largest animals, including whales and elephants.

The programme is presented by Mark Evans. The series attempts to uncover the secrets of the animals examined. Mark is assisted by evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins and Simon Watt, and comparative anatomist Joy Reidenberg. In 2012, it aired on PBS in the United States, and repeats occasionally air on Eden and Watch in the UK.

U&Eden
U&Eden is a British free-to-air television channel owned by UKTV, and broadcasts factual entertainment and drama programming. It originally launched on 8 March 2004 and relaunched in its current format on 27 January 2009. Eden was a pay television channel until 2024.

On 29 November 2023, UKTV announced its intention to launch 'U' – a new masterbrand that will unite its family channels and its streaming. Eden rebranded to U&Eden on 16 October 2024.

Launched on 16 July 2024, UKTV's streaming service UKTV Play became U; and its family of free-to-air channel adopted the "U&..." branding: U&Dave, U&Drama, U&W, and U&Yesterday.

On 16 August 2024, Ofcom gave UKTV a new broadcasting licence for U&Eden to become a free-to-air channel. U&Eden launched on Freeview on 16 October, replacing U&Yesterday+1.

Gold and Alibi rebranded to U&Gold and U&Alibi on 7 November 2024.
Meyers synthesis
The Meyers synthesis is an organic synthesis for the preparation of unsymmetrical aldehydes via hydrolysis of an oxazine. The reaction is named after the American chemist Albert Meyers.

The starting compound is a dihydro-1,3-oxazine with an alkyl group in the 2 position. The alpha proton is acidic and can be abstracted by a strong base such as butyl lithium and subsequently alkylated by an alkyl halide (haloalkane). In the next step the nitrogen to carbon double bond (imine) is reduced with sodium borohydride and the resulting oxazine (a hemiaminal) hydrolyzed with water and oxalic acid to the aldehyde.

Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds. Organic compounds  are molecules consisting of combinations of covalently-linked hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Within the general subject of organic synthesis, there are many different types of synthetic routes that can be completed including total synthesis, stereoselective synthesis, automated synthesis, and many more. Additionally, in understanding organic synthesis it is necessary to be familiar with the methodology, techniques, and applications of the subject.
Appenzell (village)
Appenzell (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈapn̩ˌtsɛl] ⓘ) is a village, though considered as a town by the FSO, and the capital of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland. Appenzell has no municipal government of its own; rather, the different parts of Appenzell belong to and are governed by the districts Appenzell and Schwende-Rüte. Because of that, for firefighting, energy and water, the village of Appenzell has a special-purpose municipality, the Feuerschaugemeinde.

St. Gallen S-Bahn
The St. Gallen S-Bahn (German: S-Bahn St. Gallen) is an S-Bahn-style commuter rail in Eastern Switzerland and neighbouring areas. The network connects stations in the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Grisons, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, Thurgau and Zurich, as well as a few stations in Austria (Bregenz, Vorarlberg) and Germany (Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg and Lindau, Bavaria). Some services also operate as part of the Bodensee S-Bahn.

Services are operated by Appenzeller Bahnen (AB), Südostbahn (SOB), and Thurbo. Within Switzerland and until Konstanz, services operate within the Tarifverbund Ostwind (Ostwind fare network)  of northeastern Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
Kurdsat
Kurdsat Broadcasting Corporation (Kurdish: کوردسات, romanized: Kurdsat) is a satellite television station in Kurdistan Region, Iraq, broadcasting since 8 January 2000. It belongs to the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and is based in Sulaymaniyah.

The channel broadcast programs in Kurdish. Other languages such as Persian, English and Arabic were also used in some programs with Kurdish subtitles. First established following the Gulf War, Kurdsat was among the Kurdish satellite stations in Kurdistan.

Kurdsat's headquarters is at Dabashan - As Sulaymaniyah.

Romanization of Kurdish
The romanization of Kurdish language is the practice of transcribing the Kurdish, traditionally written in both Arabic and Latin scripts, into a standardized Latin alphabet. The development of Kurdish romanization systems supports the need for digital communication, linguistic research, and accessibility for Kurdish speakers and Kurdish speakers in diaspora communities. These systems strive to maintain phonetic precision and consistency across the diverse Kurdish dialects.
White-eared pocket mouse
The white-eared pocket mouse (Perognathus alticola) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains and the Tehachapi Mountains of southern California in the United States.  There are two subspecies of P. alticola in California, P. a. alticola and P. a. inexpectatus, both of which are considered species of special concern by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

California Department of Fish and Wildlife
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), formerly known as the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), is an American state agency under the California Natural Resources Agency. The Department of Fish and Wildlife manages and protects the state's wildlife, wildflowers, trees, mushrooms, algae (kelp and seaweed) and native habitats (ecosystems). The department is responsible for regulatory enforcement and management of related recreational, commercial, scientific, and educational uses. The department also prevents illegal poaching.
Jimi Salonen
Jimi Salonen (born 3 October 1994 in Muurame) is a Finnish freestyle skier, specializing in moguls.

Salonen competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Finland. He placed 20th in the first qualifying round in the moguls, not advancing. He then finished 3rd in the second qualifying round, advancing to the final. In the first run of the three-run final, he placed 18th, failing to advance.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 8th, in the 2013 dual moguls.

Salonen made his World Cup debut in December 2011. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 13th, at Val St. Come in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in moguls is 33rd, in 2013–14.

FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2013
The 2013 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships were held at Voss, Norway from March 5–10, 2013.  Voss was acclaimed as the host in May 2008 as no other bids were received.    Skiers competed in six disciplines: Moguls, Dual Moguls, Ski Cross, Slopestyle, Half Pipe and Aerials.  These were the first FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships held in Norway.
Żytkiejmy
Żytkiejmy ([ʐɨtˈkʲɛi̯mɨ]; Lithuanian: Žydkiemis, literally Jewish courtyard) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dubeninki, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Dubeninki, 25 km (16 mi) east of Gołdap, and 156 km (97 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

In the past, it was also known in Polish as Szytkiejmy.

Three annual fairs were held in the village in the late 19th century.

Gołdap County
Gołdap County (Polish: powiat gołdapski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its administrative seat and only town is Gołdap, which lies 133 kilometres (83 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

When powiats were re-introduced in the Polish local government reforms of 1999, the present Gołdap and Olecko Counties made up a single entity (called powiat olecko-gołdapski or Olecko-Gołdap County). This was divided into two in 2002.

The county covers an area of 771.93 square kilometres (298.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 26,825, out of which the population of Gołdap is 13,716 and the rural population is 13,109.
Gradina Tower
Gradina Tower  is a remainder of a military fortification (Gradina) in the village of Radljevo, 11 kilometers from Ivanjica, in Serbia. Today, the tower is a culturally-historical monument.

The monument consists of a tower and remains of a bastion of a military fortification. Next to the fortress, there is a church dedicated to St. Elias.

To the ramparts, whose highest point is at 635m, leads a steep winding dirt road. From one side protected by Moravica and the rocks, this object could easily control communication route from Užice to Sjenica, but also the one that leads to the valley of the Ibar River.

Fortified tower
A fortified tower (also defensive tower or castle tower or, in context, just tower) is one of the defensive structures used in fortifications, such as castles, along with defensive walls such as curtain walls. Castle towers can have a variety of different shapes and fulfil different functions.
R10
R10 can refer to:

HMS Indefatigable (R10)

Radial Road 10 or R-10, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines

R10 (New York City Subway car)

R10: Flammable, a risk phrase

Audi R10 TDI, a sports prototype racing car built by Audi

Expressway R10, an expressway in Czech Republic

Neman R-10, a World War II Russian bomber

USS R-10 (SS-87), a 1919 R-class coastal and harbor defense submarine of the United States Navy

Kellett XR-10, an American helicopter

R10 (Rodalies de Catalunya), a former commuter rail line in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

Canon EOS R10, a 2022 mirrorless camera

and also:

a nickname for footballer Ronaldinho

The R10 series of preferred numbers

Carbon tetrachloride (R-10), a solvent

The R10 battery, an old IEC 1.5 V battery size with dimensions 20x36 mm

receptor 10, the tenth in line of a series of cellular receptors, generally at the end of an acronym

Radial Road 10
Radial Road 10 (R-10), informally known as the R-10 Road, and commonly Road 10, is a network of roads and bridges which will comprise the tenth radial road of Manila in the Philippines once completed. It is the westernmost of the radial roads north of the Pasig River, running north–south close to the shoreline of Manila Bay. When completed, the road would link the city of Manila with Navotas and the northern coastal provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, and Bataan in Central Luzon.

At present, only the Manila–Navotas segment of the road is complete.
Lovesick Sentimental
Lovesick Sentimental is the second studio album by Australian alternative rock group Pacific Avenue. It was announced in November 2025 and scheduled for release on 6 March 2026. It was surprise released a week earlier on 27 February 2026 due to anticipation.

Upon release drummer Dom Littrich told The Music "This last album was a bit of a process. We had a few factors that were out of our control. We linked up with producer Doug Bowen from LA, kicking things off after our headline tour over there. But then the fires happened in LA, Harry got a bit sick, and everything was delayed. The silver lining was that it gave us a bit more time to create it all as a body of work rather stand-alone songs and singles. There's an overarching theme, but we all agree as a band that it's got this stadium rock kind of vibe. As in big sounds with lyrics that allow people to sing along in a ballad-type way."

The album will be supported by the Australian Lovesick Sentimental tour in March 2026.

The Music (magazine)
The Music (formerly known as and now incorporating Drum Media) is an online Australian music magazine. It previously existed as a street press devoted to long-form music journalism and commentary, music news, and artist interviews. In its printed form, it was based in Sydney and distributed throughout Sydney, Wollongong, Newcastle, Canberra and surrounding areas. The magazine changed its name to The Music (incorporating Drum Media) in 2013, following the merge with two other magazines, Brisbane's Time Off and Melbourne's Inpress, owned by Street Press Australia. In 2020 the print edition was paused.