hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reinisch
Reinisch is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Leo Reinisch (1832–1919), Austrian linguist and Egyptologist

Franz Reinisch (1903–1942), Austrian Roman Catholic priest

June Reinisch (born 1943), American psychologist

Rica Reinisch (born 1965), East German swimmer

Franz Reinisch
Franz Reinisch, SAC (1 February 1903 – 21 August 1942) was an Austrian Catholic priest of the Society of the Catholic Apostolate who refused to take the so-called Hitler Oath, for which he was executed.
Battle of Szydłowiec
The Battle of Szydłowiec took place in the night of 22–23 January 1863, during the January Uprising. It began when Polish insurgents under Captain August Jasiński and Colonel Marian Langiewicz attacked the town of Szydłowiec (Congress Poland), where a garrison of the Imperial Russian Army stayed.

Szydlowiec was defended by an infantry regiment under Major Rudigier. Polish insurgents attacked the town three times, but after initial successes, they were forced to retreat, losing five men. The town eventually remained in Russian hands. After retreating, Langiewicz's unit went to Wąchock.

Five insurgents were killed, several wounded, and three wounded Poles were taken prisoner by the Russians. Among the Polish casualties were high school students. Russian losses totaled 24 killed, wounded or taken prisoner.

Wąchock
Wąchock [ˈvɔ̃xɔt͡sk] ⓘ is a town in Starachowice County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland, near Starachowice, within the historical region of Lesser Poland. In 2006, it had 2,777 inhabitants.
Stephen Minot
Stephen Minot (May 27, 1927 – December 1, 2010) was an American novelist and short story author.

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Minot graduated from Harvard College in 1951.  He taught creative writing at several colleges, including Bowdoin College, Trinity College, and the University of California, Riverside.

His novels have been reviewed by many prominent publications, including the New York Times.

In addition to his fiction, he is the author of two textbooks, including Three Genres, the Writing of Poetry, Fiction, and Drama, which is often on creative writing curricula.

In 1966, Minot ran for the US Congress in Connecticut's 6th congressional district as a third-party candidate in opposition to the Vietnam War.  He garnered 5,731 votes, or 3.4% of the vote.

Bowdoin College
Bowdoin College (/ˈboʊdɪn/ ⓘ BOH-din) is a private liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, United States. It was chartered in 1794.

In addition to its Brunswick campus, Bowdoin owns a 118-acre (48 ha) coastal studies center on Orr's Island and a 200-acre (81 ha) scientific field station on Kent Island in the Bay of Fundy.

The college was a founding member of its athletic conference, the New England Small College Athletic Conference, and the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium, an athletic conference and inter-library exchange with Bates College and Colby College. Bowdoin has over 30 varsity teams, and the school mascot was selected as a polar bear in 1913 to honor Robert Peary, a Bowdoin alumnus who claimed to have led the first successful expedition to the North Pole.
Zaks (surname)
Zaks is a surname. Among Jews, it can be a variant of the German surname, Sachs, the patronymic variant of the Hebrew biblical male personal name Yitzchak/Isaac or it can originate in the acronym surname Za'Ks, which stands for the Hebrew words, Zera Kodesh Shemo, literally meaning "his name is Holy Seed," a quotation from Isaiah 6:13 and implying "his name descends from martyrs." This acronym can also refer to the town of martyrdom, such as Speyer or Stendal, indicating a holy martyr from such a town. Notable people with the surname include:

Amram Zaks (1926–2012), Israeli Rosh yeshiva

Hillel Zaks (1931-2015), Israeli Rosh yeshiva

Jerry Zaks (born 1946), German actor

Mendel Zaks (1898–1974), American rabbi

Rodnay Zaks (born 1946), American author

Shmuel Zaks (born 1949), Israeli scientist

Jerry Zaks
Jerry Zaks (born September 7, 1946) is an American stage and television director, and actor. He won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play and Drama Desk Award for directing The House of Blue Leaves (1986), Lend Me a Tenor (1989), and Six Degrees of Separation (1991) and the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical and Drama Desk Award for Guys and Dolls (1992).
Croydon Court House
Croydon Court House is a heritage-listed former courthouse at Samwell Street, Croydon, Shire of Croydon, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Colonial Architect's Office and built in 1887. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Queensland Government Architect
The Queensland Government Architect is a position within the public service of Queensland, Australia with responsibility for the design of government buildings in Queensland. It was formerly known as the Queensland Colonial Architect. The position is located within the Queensland Department of Housing and Public Works.
Lee Suik-houng
Lee Suik-Houng (Korean: 이석형; born January 13, 1971) is a retired South Korean handball player.

In 1997, Lee participated in the World Men's Handball Championship held in Japan and helped South Korea reach to the quarterfinals. He also competed in the men's tournament at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Handball at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's handball competition, one of two events of handball at the 2000 Summer Olympics, in Sydney, took place at The Dome (Sydney Olympic Park) during the preliminary round, quarter-finals, semi-finals and medal matches. A total of 180 players, distributed among twelve national teams, participated in this tournament.
Grande Holdings
Grande Holdings Ltd (Chinese: 嘉域集團有限公司) (SEHK: 186) is the original name of Nimble Holdings, a Chinese manufacturer of consumer and professional audio and HiFi components based in Kowloon, Hong Kong.

In the past, Grande Holdings has purchased several Japanese HiFi manufacturers, including Akai and Nakamichi. It also owns Kawa, a Chinese domestic hifi company, and has owned Singer Corporation, a company best known for its sewing machines. The company has since sold off Singer as a brand.

Kowloon
Kowloon (/ˌkaʊˈluːn/) is one of the three areas of Hong Kong, along with Hong Kong Island and the New Territories. It is an urban area comprising the Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon. It has a population of 2,019,533  and a population density of 43,033/km2 (111,450/sq mi) in 2006. It is the smallest, second most populous, and most densely populated of the divisions.
Palabala
Palabala is a village in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is mentioned in The River Congo from its mouth to Bólobó; with a general description of the natural history and anthropology of its western basin (1895) by Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston. It was a stop on the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo railway. Several American missionaries served there.

According to Johnston it is south of Vivi and near the Lualaba River. He described it as "on the crest of a great hill, 1600 feet high" and described a missionary presence with inhabitants greeting him with "morning".

Many Baptist missionaries were stationed there in the late 19th century.

A plaque in the area commemorates the railway connecting Matadi to Stanley-Pool.
An orphan named "Quangu" from Palabala was given the name Estey Carolina and was sent so Estey Seminary in the United States. Missionary Ezra Cole Boone died in Palabala.

Harry Johnston
Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston GCMG KCB (12 June 1858 – 31 July 1927) was a British explorer, botanist, artist, colonial administrator, and linguist who travelled widely across Africa to speak some of the languages spoken by people on that continent. He published 40 books on subjects related to the continent of Africa and was one of the key players in the Scramble for Africa that occurred at the end of the 19th century.
Équeurdreville-Hainneville
Équeurdreville-Hainneville (French pronunciation: [ekœʁdʁəvil ɛnvil]) is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin. Its population was 15,772 in 2022.

It was formed when Équeurdreville and Hainneville merged on 1 January 1965.

Manche
Manche (/mɒ̃ʃ/; French: [mɑ̃ʃ] ⓘ; Norman: Maunche) is a coastal French department in Normandy on the English Channel, which is known as La Manche, literally "the sleeve", in French. Manche is bordered by Ille-et-Vilaine and Mayenne to the south, Orne and Calvados to the east, the English Channel to the west and north and by sharing maritime borders with the Crown Dependencies of Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey of the United Kingdom to the west. It had a population of 495,045 in 2019.
Gloria Lasso
Rosa Vicenta Montserrat Coscolín Figueras (28 October 1922 – 4 December 2005) known professionally as Gloria Lasso was a Spanish-born canción melódica singer, long based in France. In the 1950s, she was one of the major competitors to Dalida.

Born in Vilafranca del Penedès (Barcelona) in Catalonia, Spain, she achieved a degree of fame and success in the 1950s and 1960s, with songs such as Amour, castagnettes et tango (1955), Etranger au paradis (1956, a French version of Stranger in paradise by Tony Bennett), Buenas noches mi amor (1957) and Bon voyage (1958).

Eventually superseded by Dalida, she moved to Mexico, but attempted a comeback to France in 1985 performing at the Paris Olympia. She was reportedly married six times.

She died from a myocardial infarction, aged 83, at her Cuernavaca, Mexico home.

Canción melódica
Canción melódica (pronounced [kanˈθjom meˈloðika]; Spanish for "melodic song"), also known as canción ligera ("light song") is a genre of Spanish-language popular music typically defined by sentimental ballads with light, orchestral arrangements. It grew out of traditional forms Latin music such as bolero, cuplé and copla, and later incorporated strong influences of French chanson and the Italian pop popularized in the Sanremo Music Festival.
Opportunity cost
In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the best alternative forgone where, given limited resources, a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives. Assuming the best choice is made, it is the "cost" incurred by not enjoying the benefit that would have been had if the second best available choice had been taken instead. The New Oxford American Dictionary defines it as "the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen". As a representation of the relationship between scarcity and choice, the objective of opportunity cost is to ensure efficient use of scarce resources. It incorporates all associated costs of a decision, both explicit and implicit. Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs: the real cost of output forgone, lost time, pleasure, or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered an opportunity cost.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
The Ammonite Violin & Others
The Ammonite Violin & Others is Caitlin R. Kiernan's sixth short story collection.  The twenty stories included first appeared in issues 1-23 of Sirenia Digest, Kiernan's monthly digest of weird and dark fiction.  It was published by Subterranean Press in July, 2010. The cover features an illustration by Richard A. Kirk, who has provided artwork for several of Kiernan's other collections. Jeff VanderMeer wrote the introduction. The collection was nominated for both the World Fantasy Award and Shirley Jackson Award, and appeared on the cover of Publishers Weekly.

"A Child’s Guide to the Hollow Hills" and "The Hole With a Girl In Its Heart" originally appeared as "Untitled 23" and "Untitled 26," respectively.

Subterranean Press
Subterranean Press is a small press publisher in Burton, Michigan. Subterranean is best known for publishing genre fiction, primarily horror, suspense and dark mystery, fantasy, and science fiction. In addition to publishing novels, short story collections and chapbooks, Subterranean also produced a quarterly publication called Subterranean Magazine from 2005 to 2014, specialising in short fiction and edited by William Schafer; it had also an online direct seller. In addition to trade editions, the company produces collector's and limited editions. These books are issued with author signatures, in both numbered and lettered states, and are produced using high-grade book papers and bindings with matching slipcases and traycases.

Subterranean Press won the 2025 Locus Award for Best Publisher.
Stevington Marsh
Stevington Marsh is a 7.5-hectare (19-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Pavenham in Bedfordshire. It was notified in 1987 under Section 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and the local planning authority is Bedford Borough Council.

The site is marshland along the banks of the River Great Ouse. The river, marshes and pastures form varied habitats. The marshes are floristically rich, with the largest one being dominated by great horsetail. The wetland communities and Jurassic limestone grassland are rare habitats in eastern England.

There is access by a footpath from Mill Lane.

Equisetum telmateia
Equisetum telmateia, the great horsetail, is a species of Equisetum (horsetail) native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. It was formerly widely treated in a broader sense including a subspecies (subsp. braunii) in western North America, but this is now treated as a separate species, Equisetum braunii.
Lloyd International Airways
Lloyd International Airways Ltd was a private, British independent airline formed in 1961 to operate worldwide charter flights. It commenced operations with a single Douglas DC-4 piston airliner from Cambridge Marshall Airport. Lloyd International concentrated on passenger and cargo charters with four-engined, long-range aircraft. It also had links in Hong Kong since its inception and flew to the Far East regularly. During the mid-1960s, the airline began re-equipping its fleet with Bristol Britannia and Canadair CL-44 turboprops, all of which featured large cargo doors and palletised freight systems. Long-range Boeing 707 jets joined the Lloyd International fleet during the early 1970s for use on affinity group passenger and freight charters to North America and the Far East. Lloyd International ceased operations in June 1972.

Cost accounting
Cost accounting is defined by the Institute of Management Accountants as

a systematic set of procedures for recording and reporting measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and performing services in the aggregate and in detail. It includes methods for recognizing, allocating, aggregating and reporting such costs and comparing them with standard costs.

Often considered a subset or quantitative tool of managerial accounting, its end goal is to advise the management on how to optimize business practices and processes based on cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future.

Cost accounting information is also commonly used in financial accounting, but its primary function is for use by managers to facilitate their decision-making.
Yvonne Leuthold
Yvonne Leuthold (born 30 January 1980) is a British-Swiss former handball player. She played both for the British national team and the Swiss national team. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, representing Britain. She was born in Bern but qualified to represent Great Britain through her Welsh father.

A right back, Leuthold began her career with the University of Bern's handball team. From 2003 to 2009, she played with DHB Rotweiss Thun. Following her spell with the club, she left to play in Germany with SG BBM Bietigheim and SV Allensbach. Following the Olympics, she returned to DHB Rotweiss Thun, playing there until her retirement in 2017.

In 2019, she was elected to the board of the SPAR Premium League.

SPAR Premium League
The SPAR Premium League (SPL) is the premier women's handball league in Switzerland, established in 1970. LC Brühl is the championship's most successful club by a large margin with 31 titles including two 11-years winning streaks, followed by ATV Basel-Stadt with four and TSV St. Otmar and Spono Nottwil with three.

Currently the league is contested by eight teams. The champion is granted a spot in the Champions League's qualifying tournament.
Manheim, West Virginia
Manheim is a small neighborhood located near the Cheat River that is incorporated within the town of Rowlesburg in Preston County, West Virginia, United States.

The community was named, directly or indirectly, after Manheim, in Germany.

Cheat River
The Cheat River is a 78.3-mile-long (126.0 km) tributary of the Monongahela River in eastern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. Via the Ohio River, the Cheat and Monongahela are part of the Mississippi River watershed. Owing to the ruggedness of the surrounding Allegheny Mountains, the Cheat remains largely remote with few settlements or developments along its banks. Its headwaters are in the Cheat-Potomac Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest.
Marada arcanum
Marada arcanum is an extinct species of marsupial discovered in 2001 at the Oligocene Hiatus Site at Riversleigh. It is the only member of the genus Marada. It exhibits plesiomorphic and apomorphic features making the determination of its taxonomic placement difficult. It has been placed within its own family, Maradidae. The specimen consists of the right dentary, with the first incisor but missing the crown, the whole of the horizontal ramus with intact premolar three and molars one to four. The posterior is missing the coronoid process, the articular condyle and the angular process.

The new species, genus, and family were described in 2007 by the Australian palaeontologist Karen Black

Karen H. Black
Karen H. Black (born c. 1970), is an Australian palaeontologist at the University of New South Wales. Black is the leading author on research describing new families, genera and species of fossil mammals. She is interested in understanding faunal change and community structure in order to gain  new understandings of past, current and future changes in biodiversity which are driven by climate.

Karen Black won the Dorothy Hill medal, from the Australian Academy of Science in 2012, for research on the genus Nimbadon, and is recognised by fellow researchers in the specific epithet of Hypsiprymnodon karenblackae.
Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement
Saint-Raphaël (Haitian Creole: Sen Rafayèl) is an arrondissement in the Nord department of Haiti. As of 2015, the population was 169,867 inhabitants. Postal codes in the Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement start with the number 14.

Departments of Haiti
In the administrative divisions of Haiti, the department (French: département d'Haïti, pronounced [depaʁtəmɑ̃ d‿aiti]; Haitian Creole: depatman Ayiti) is the first of four levels of government. Haiti is divided administratively into ten departments, which are further subdivided into 42 arrondissements, 145 communes, and 571 communal sections.

In 2014, there was a proposal by the Chamber of Deputies to increase the number of departments from 10 to 14 —perhaps as high as 16.
Insular monasticism
Insular monasticism refers to a distinct form of Christian monastic life that developed in the British Isles (Ireland and Britain) during the early medieval period—roughly between the 5th and 9th centuries. It is associated especially with Celtic Christianity and the monastic traditions of Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and northern England.

There is archaeological evidence of insular monasticism as early as the mid 5th century, influenced by establishments in Gaul such as the monastery of Martin of Tours at Marmoutier, the abbey established by Honoratus at Lérins; the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel; and that of Germanus at Auxerre. Many Irish monks studied at Candida Casa near Whithorn in what is now Galloway in Scotland.

Monasticism
Monasticism (from Ancient Greek  μοναχός (monakhós) 'solitary, monastic'; from  μόνος (mónos) 'alone'), also called monachism or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual activities. Monastic life plays an important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican traditions as well as in other faiths such as Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. In other religions, monasticism is generally criticized and not practiced, as in Islam and Zoroastrianism; or plays a marginal role, as in modern Judaism.

Many monastics live in abbeys, convents, monasteries, or priories to separate themselves from the secular world, unless they are in mendicant or missionary orders.
Armed Occupation Act
The Florida Armed Occupation Act of 1842 (5 Stat. 502) was passed by Congress as an incentive to increase the white population of Florida.

The Act granted 160 acres (0.6 km2) of unsettled land south of the line separating townships 9 and 10 South
(an east–west line about three miles (4.8 km) north of Palatka and about ten miles (16 km) south of Newnansville) to any head of a family as long he satisfied the following conditions:

be a white male resident of Florida and not having 160 acres (0.6 km2) of land in Florida when asking for the permit;

get a permit from the Lands Office;

he or his heirs reside for five consecutive years on the grant;

clear, enclose and cultivate 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land during the first year;

build a house on the lot during the first year;

the land should be two or more miles away from a garrisoned military post.

The total land to be granted should not be more than 200,000 acres (810 km2) under the act.

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).