hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sapieha
The House of Sapieha is a Polish–Lithuanian noble and magnate family of Ruthenian origin, descending from the medieval boyars of Smolensk and Polotsk. The family acquired great influence and wealth in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 16th century.

Magnate
A magnate was a man from the higher nobility, a man who belonged to the high office-holders, or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage. In Poland the szlachta (nobles) constituted one of the largest proportions of the population (around 10–12%) and 'magnat' refers to the richest nobles, or nobles of the nobility - even though they had equal voting rights in Poland's electoral monarchy.
Being Mortal
Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End is a 2014 non-fiction book by American surgeon Atul Gawande. The book addresses end-of-life care, hospice care, and also contains Gawande's reflections and personal stories. He suggests that medical care should focus on well-being rather than survival. Being Mortal has won awards, appeared on lists of best books, and been featured in a documentary.

End-of-life care
End-of-life care is health care provided in the time leading up to a person's death. End-of-life care can be provided in the hours, days, or months before a person dies and encompasses care and support for a person's mental and emotional needs, physical comfort, spiritual needs, and practical tasks.

End-of-life care is most commonly provided at home, in the hospital, or in a long-term care facility with care being provided by family members, nurses, social workers, physicians, and other support staff. Facilities may also have palliative or hospice care teams that will provide end-of-life care services.  Decisions about end-of-life care are often informed by medical, financial and ethical considerations.

In most developed countries, medical spending on people in the last twelve months of life makes up roughly 10% of total aggregate medical spending, while those in the last three years of life can cost up to 25%.
John Amis
John Preston Amis (17 June 1922 – 1 August 2013) was a British broadcaster, classical music critic, music administrator, and writer. He was a frequent contributor for The Guardian and to BBC radio and television music programming.

Tait Memorial Trust
The Tait Memorial Trust (TMT) is a charitable foundation first established in the United Kingdom. The TMT was founded by Isla Baring OAM in memory of her father, Sir Frank Tait and his brothers, who played an important part in the establishment of theatre and the performing arts in Australia. Sir Frank, the youngest of the Tait brothers, carried the firm J. C. Williamson's into its most successful years dominated by the Sutherland-Williamson opera company in 1965 which brought Joan Sutherland back to her homeland.
2017–18 RFU Junior Vase
The 2017–18 RFU Junior Vase is the 28th version of the RFU Junior Vase national cup competition (9th using the name RFU Junior Vase) for clubs at level 9 and below of the English rugby union system. The competition consists of 134 clubs divided into four regions. The winners of each region then advance to the national semi-finals with the final being held at Twickenham Stadium in London at the end of the season, along with the RFU Intermediate Cup and RFU Senior Vase finals.

The 2017–18 champions were Yorkshire club, Old Otliensians, who defeated the Devon side, South Molton, 31–21 in the final. Old Otliensians were worthy winners of the competition, scoring over 260 points on route to the final, whilst conceding only 15, a run which included a club record 126–0 over Wallsend in the early stages. Old Otliensians victory was the 11th by a Yorkshire club since the competition began in 1990.

Midlands 4 West (North)
Counties 3 Midlands West (North) (formerly Midlands 4 West (North)) is a level 9 English Rugby Union league and level 4 of the Midlands League, made up of teams from the northern part of the West Midlands region including Shropshire, parts of Birmingham and the West Midlands and occasionally Cheshire, with home and away matches played throughout the season.  Each year some of the clubs in this division also take part in the RFU Junior Vase - a level 9-12 national competition.

Formed for the 2005-06 season, the division was originally known as Midlands 5 West (North) but changed to its present name for the 2008–09 season due to league restructuring.  Further restructuring followed in the wake of the RFU's Adult Competition Review and from season 2022-23 it has been known by its current name.

Promoted teams move up to Counties 2 Midlands West (North) while relegated teams drop to Counties 4 Midlands West (North).
MAMA Award for Best Vocal Performance
The MAMA Award for Best Male / Female Vocal Performance – Solo or Group (베스트 보컬 퍼포먼스 (솔로/그룹 – 남자/여자)) is an award presented annually by CJ E&M Pictures (Mnet).

It was first awarded at the 12th Mnet Asian Music Awards ceremony held in 2010; Gummy and 2AM won the awards for their vocal performance in "Because You're a Man" and "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die" respectively, and it is given in honor for the artist/s with the best vocal performance in the music industry.

Davichi
Davichi (Korean: 다비치; RR: Dabichi) is a South Korean pop duo, formed in 2008, that consists of Lee Hae-ri and Kang Min-kyung.

The duo has released three studio albums and seven extended plays to date, and featured on several soundtracks for television dramas such as Big (2012), Iris II (2013), It's Okay, That's Love (2014), Descendants of the Sun (2016) and Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo (2016). Since their debut with the single "I Love You Even Though I Hate You", they have experienced consistent commercial success, with seven number-one singles in Korea. They have a less pop aesthetic than usually defines K-pop and Hallyu, focusing more on power ballads influenced with R&B. They have sold over 42 million digital singles, making them one of the best-selling girl groups.
David Franzoni
David Harold Franzoni (born March 4, 1947) is an American screenwriter and film producer. He conceived the story for, co-wrote and co-produced the 2000 film Gladiator, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Academy Award for Best Picture. His other screenplays include King Arthur (2004), Amistad (1997), and Jumpin’ Jack Flash (1986).

Jumpin' Jack Flash (film)
Jumpin' Jack Flash is a 1986 American spy comedy film starring Whoopi Goldberg. The film was directed by Penny Marshall in her theatrical film directorial debut. The soundtrack has two versions of the song "Jumpin' Jack Flash": the original by the Rolling Stones, and a cover by Aretha Franklin in the end credits. Franklin's version was not on the film's soundtrack album but was released as a single.
Treleaven
Treleaven is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dick Treleaven (born 1934), Canadian politician

Freeman Ferrier Treleaven (1884–1952), Canadian lawyer and politician

Ross Treleaven (1907–1994), Australian rules footballer

Scott Treleaven, Canadian artist and filmmaker

Freeman Ferrier Treleaven
Freeman Ferrier Treleaven, QC (October 8, 1884 – October 30, 1952) was a lawyer and Canadian politician.

Born in London, Ontario, Treleaven graduated the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall Law School. He subsequently moved to Hamilton, Ontario, where in 1919, he was elected as alderman for Ward 1. He served in this post until he was elected to the Board of Control in 1922.  After four years on the Board of Control, he was elected mayor in 1926 and served two one-year terms.
Sedlacekia
Sedlacekia is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae, distributed in New Guinea. It contains only one species, Sedlacekia  pandani, which was described from several specimens collected from the Southern Highlands and Enga provinces in Papua New Guinea. It resembles the genus Pseudolpus, but differs from it by being less globose, having very small eyes, a transversely oblong prothorax, and strongly ridged elytra that are strongly narrowed towards the back and subvertical at the sides. The genus is named after Josef and Marie Sedlacek, who collected part of the type material.

Prothorax
The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on each side. The prothorax never bears wings in extant insects (except in some cases of atavism), though some fossil groups possessed wing-like projections. All adult insects possess legs on the prothorax, though in a few groups (e.g., the butterfly family Nymphalidae) the forelegs are greatly reduced. In many groups of insects, the pronotum is reduced in size, but in a few it is hypertrophied, such as in all beetles (Coleoptera). In most treehoppers (family Membracidae, order Hemiptera), the pronotum is expanded into often fantastic shapes that enhance their camouflage or mimicry. Similarly, in the Tetrigidae, the pronotum is extended backward to cover the flight wings, supplanting the function of the tegmina.
Float shifting
Float shifting, or floating gears, is the process of changing gears, in typically a non-synchronous transmission, without depressing the clutch. Shifting in this manner is also used with synchronous manual transmissions, particularly after a clutch failure, to prevent destroying the synchromeshes with the power of the engine.

Drivers can shift non-synchronous transmissions without using the clutch by bringing the engine to precisely the right speed in neutral before attempting to complete a shift. If done improperly, it can damage or destroy a transmission. Some truck drivers use this technique with the higher gears. The technique is sometimes also used on motorcycles, but has largely been replaced by quickshifters for competitive use.

Clutch
A clutch is a mechanical device that allows an output shaft to be disconnected from a rotating input shaft. The clutch's input shaft is typically attached to a motor, while the clutch's output shaft is connected to the mechanism that does the work.

In a motor vehicle, the clutch acts as a mechanical linkage between the engine and transmission. By disengaging the clutch, the engine speed (RPM) is no longer determined by the speed of the driven wheels.

Another example of clutch usage is in electric drills. The clutch's input shaft is driven by a motor and the output shaft is connected to the drill bit (via several intermediate components). The clutch allows the drill bit to either spin at the same speed as the motor (clutch engaged), spin at a lower speed than the motor (clutch slipping) or remain stationary while the motor is spinning (clutch disengaged).
Kol people
The Kol people referred to a group of tribal communities of Chotanagpur in eastern parts of India. Historically, the Mundas, Santhal, Ho, and Bhumijs were called Kols by the British.

It also refers to some tribes and castes of south-east Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. They are mostly indigenous people and dependent on forest produce to make a living, and they have their own land. The caste has several exogamous clans, including the Bhil, Chero, Monasi, Rautia, Raut, Gauthiya Rojaboria, kol-teli‚ Rautel and Thakuria. They speak the Baghelkhandi dialect. Around 1 million lives in Madhya Pradesh while another 5 lakh lives in Uttar Pradesh.

Once spelled "Kole", the swaths of land they inhabited in the 19th-century were called "Kolean".[1]

Thakar (tribe)
Thaker is an Adivasi tribe of Maharashtra, India. This tribe was originally living in hilly areas of Maharashtra and is now also found scattered all over the Maharashtra state of India.
(Not to be confused with Thakar)
Fort Gross Fredericksburg
Fort Gross Fredericksburg, is a fortification located in Princestown, in the Western Region of Ghana. The Brandenburg Africa Company, led by Benjamin Raule, under the patronage of Frederick William of Brandenburg (for whom the fort was named), built Fort Gross Fredericksburg in 1683–1684 as their headquarters. The fort is the only fort in Ghana of German construction.

Princes Town, Ghana
Princes Town or Pokesu is located 5 km east of Fort Saint Antonio on Manfro Hill in the Ahanta West District of the Western Region of south Ghana, Africa. It lies between Axim to the west and Sekondi-Takoradi to the east.

It was originally developed by Germans as a colonial fort in the late 17th century. On 1 January 1681, a Brandenburger expedition of two ships commanded by Otto Friedrich von der Groeben arrived in the Gold Coast and began to build a strong fort between Axim and the Cape of Three Points. The fort was completed in 1683 and was named Fort Fredericksburg (German: Groß Friedrichsburg, Groß-Friedrichsburg, Großfriedrichsburg) in honour of Prince Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg. Because the fort was named after a prince, it has been referred to as Princes Town. The fort was to be the headquarters of the Brandenburgers in Africa.

Fort Fredericksburg was a part of the Brandenburger Gold Coast colony during its years from 1682-1721.
George Perry (Ontario politician)
George Perry (7 Oct 1818 – 9 Jan 1891) was a Canadian politician and teacher who represented Oxford North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1867 to 1872.

Perry was a teacher and also served as reeve of Blenheim Township. He gave up his seat in 1872 to allow Oliver Mowat to sit in the legislature. He later served as sheriff for Oxford County.

Perry Township in Parry Sound District, Ontario was named after him.

Oxford North (federal electoral district)
Oxford North was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act 1867.

In 1882, the North Riding of the county of Oxford was defined to consist of the townships of East Nissouri, West Zorra, East Zorra, Blandford, South Easthope and North Easthope, the town of Woodstock, and the village of Embro.

In 1903, the riding was redefined to exclude the townships of South Easthope and North Easthope, and include the township of Blenheim.

In 1914, the riding was redefined to include the part of the village of Tavistock situated in the township of Zorra East.

The electoral district was abolished in 1933 when it was merged into Oxford riding.
Choral Arts Society of Washington
The Choral Arts Society of Washington is a major choral organization based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1965 by Norman Scribner, it is regarded as one of the premier symphonic choruses in the United States. The Choral Arts Society of Washington consists of three vocal ensembles; the Choral Arts Chorus, the Choral Arts Chamber Singers, and the Choral Arts Youth Choir.

Spoleto
42°45′23″N 12°41′08″E﻿ / ﻿42.7564791°N 12.68547°E﻿ / 42.7564791; 12.68547
Spoleto (/spəˈleɪtoʊ/, also US: /spoʊˈleɪtoʊ, spoʊˈliːtoʊ/, UK: /spoʊˈlɛtoʊ/, Italian: [spoˈleːto]; Latin: Spoletium) is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines. It is 20 km (12 mi) south of Trevi, 29 km (18 mi) north of Terni, 63 km (39 mi) southeast of Perugia; 212 km (132 mi) southeast of Florence; and 126 km (78 mi) north of Rome.
United States women's national under-18 3x3 team
The USA Women's under-18 3x3 Teams are two of the under-18 3x3 basketball teams under the auspices of the USA Basketball organization. In 2011, International Basketball Federation (FIBA) held the FIBA 3x3 U18 World Cup. It is an 3x3 under-18 basketball tournament held in every year. But the tournament was not held in 2014 and 2018 due to 3x3 basketball being an event at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. In 2020, it was not held due to COVID-19 pandemic.

As of 2024, the team has won eight times 3x3 U18 World Cup titles. Also the team won two times Youth Olympic Games gold medals.

3x3 basketball at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Basketball at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 18 to 26 August at the Wutaishan Sports Center in Nanjing, China. As in 2010 the 3x3 format returned, along with a new event, the skill challenge.
Court Yard Hounds (album)
Court Yard Hounds is the debut studio album by American country duo the Court Yard Hounds, founded as a side project of the Dixie Chicks by sisters Emily Robison and Martie Maguire. The album was released on May 4, 2010, via Columbia Records. It was mainly recorded in Maguire's home studio in Austin, and co-produced with Jim Scott (who was also the Grammy-winning sound mixer/engineer on the Dixie Chicks' latest album Taking the Long Way and Playlist: The Best of the Dixie Chicks).

Playlist: The Very Best of Dixie Chicks
Playlist: The Very Best of Dixie Chicks is the greatest hits album from American country band the Dixie Chicks. The album consists of twelve songs personally selected by the Dixie Chicks from their fourth through seventh studio albums. It was released in the United States on June 1, 2010. The group supported the album by touring with the Eagles in 2010.  It is a part of Sony BMG's Playlist series. It was also re-released on Sony's midprice sub-label Camden entitled Wide Open Spaces: The Collection in 2012.
Charles William Heckethorn
Charles William Heckethorn (c. 1829 – 13 January 1902) was a Swiss-born, naturalized British, author best known for his history of secret societies which was produced in two editions and translated into German, and his works relating to the history of London.

History of London
The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural centres. It has withstood plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment, terrorist attacks, and riots.

The City of London is the historic core of the Greater London metropolis, and is today its primary financial district, though it represents only a small part of the wider metropolis.
Cima da Lägh
Cima da Lägh (also known as Cima di Lago) is a mountain in the Oberhalbstein Range of the Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. On its southern side it overlooks the Val Bregaglia.

Oberhalbstein Alps
The Oberhalbstein Alps (German: Oberhalbsteiner Alpen) or Platta Group (Italian: Alpi del Platta) are a mountain range in the Alps of eastern Switzerland and northern Italy. They are considered to be part of the Central Eastern Alps. The Oberhalbstein Alps are separated from the Lepontine Alps in the west by the Splügen Pass; from the Plessur Alps in the north by the river Albula; from the Albula Alps in the east by the Septimer Pass and the river Gelgia; from the Bernina Range in the south by the Val Bregaglia.

The Oberhalbstein Alps are drained by the rivers Hinterrhein, Gelgia, Liro and Mera.
Echo Point (lookout)
Echo Point is a lookout about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia. It attracts an estimated 1.5–2 million visitors each year. The lookout offers a view to Three Sisters, Mount Solitary and the rock formation known as the Ruined Castle. A short walk from Echo Point leads to the Giant Stairway which provides access to a number of nature walks through the Jamison Valley.

Echo Point

View from Echo Point

View across the Jamison Valley, from Echo Point

Jamison Valley
The Jamison Valley forms part of the Coxs River canyon system in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia.  It is situated approximately 100 kilometres west of Sydney, capital of New South Wales, and a few kilometres south of Katoomba, the main town in the Blue Mountains.
Arifin Siregar
Arifin Mohamed Siregar (11 February 1934 – 23 September 2019) was an Indonesian banker and politician who served as Minister of Trade from 1988 to 1993, having previously been the Governor of Bank Indonesia from 1983 to 1988. He was born in Medan, and died, aged 85, in Jakarta.

University of Münster
The University of Münster (German: Universität Münster, until 2023 German: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, WWU) is a public research university located in the city of Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

With more than 43,000 students and over 120 fields of study in 15 departments, it is Germany's fifth largest university and one of the foremost centers of German intellectual life. The university offers a wide range of subjects across the sciences, social sciences and the humanities. Several courses are also taught in English, including PhD programmes as well as postgraduate courses in geoinformatics, geospational technologies or information systems.

Professors and former students have won ten Leibniz Prizes, the most prestigious as well as the best-funded prize in Europe, one Fields Medal and two Nobel Prizes. The University of Münster has also been successful in the German government's Excellence Initiative.
Echiodon
Echiodon is a genus of pearlfishes, with these currently recognized species:

Echiodon anchipterus J. T. Williams, 1984 (closefin pearlfish)

Echiodon atopus M. E. Anderson, 2005

Echiodon coheni J. T. Williams, 1984

Echiodon cryomargarites Markle, J. T. Williams & Olney, 1983 (messmate)

Echiodon dawsoni J. T. Williams & Shipp, 1982 (Chain pearlfish)

Echiodon dentatus (G. Cuvier, 1829)

Echiodon drummondii W. Thompson, 1837

Echiodon exsilium Rosenblatt, 1961 (nocturnal pearlfish)

Echiodon neotes Markle & Olney, 1990

Echiodon pegasus Markle & Olney, 1990

Echiodon prionodon Parmentier, 2012

Echiodon pukaki Markle & Olney, 1990

Echiodon rendahli (Whitley, 1941) (Rendahl's messmate)

The name derives from Ancient Greek εχις (echis, "viper") and ὀδόν (odon, "tooth").

Viper
Vipers are snakes in the family Viperidae, found in most parts of the world, except for Antarctica, Australia, Hawaii, Madagascar, Ireland, and various other isolated islands. All vipers are venomous, and have long (relative to non-vipers), hinged fangs that permit deep envenomation of their prey. Three subfamilies are currently recognized. They are also known as viperids. The name "viper" is derived from the Latin word vipera, -ae, also meaning viper, possibly from vivus ("living") and parere ("to beget"), referring to the trait viviparity (giving live birth) common in vipers like most of the species of Boidae. The earliest known vipers are believed to have diverged from the rest of the clade Caenophidia in the early Eocene.
Trazpiroben
Trazpiroben (developmental code name TAK-906) is a dopamine antagonist drug which was under development for the treatment of gastroparesis. It acts as a peripherally selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. The drug has been found to strongly increase prolactin levels in humans, similarly to other peripherally selective D2 receptor antagonists like domperidone. Clinical development of trazpiroben was discontinued before April 2022. Trazpiroben was originated by Altos Therapeutics and was under development by Takeda Oncology.

Dopamine receptor D2
Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene. After work from Paul Greengard's lab had suggested that dopamine receptors were the site of action of antipsychotic drugs, several groups, including those of Solomon H. Snyder and Philip Seeman used a radiolabeled antipsychotic drug to identify what is now known as the dopamine D2 receptor. The dopamine D2 receptor is the main receptor for most antipsychotic drugs.  The structure of DRD2 in complex with the atypical antipsychotic risperidone has been determined.