hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erasmus (surname)
Erasmus is the surname of:

Alan Erasmus (born 1949), British actor and co-founder of Factory Records in Manchester

Daniel Erasmus, South African Paralympic athlete

Daniel Erasmus (cricketer) (born 1973), Zimbabwean cricketer

Daniel Jacobus Erasmus (1830–1913), South African Boer politician, acting president of Transvaal between 1871 and 1872, nicknamed 'van Straat'/'van Straten'

Daniel Jacobus Elardus Erasmus (1845-1914), Second Boer War general, nicknamed Maroela

Douglas Erasmus (born 1990), South African swimmer

Frans Erasmus (1896–1967), South African politician

Georges Erasmus (born 1948), Canadian politician

Gerhard Erasmus (born 1995), Namibian cricketer

Jaco Erasmus (born 1979), Italian rugby union player

Kermit Erasmus (born 1990), South African football player

Marais Erasmus (born 1974), South African cricket umpire

Rassie Erasmus (born 1972), South African rugby union coach and former player

Daniel Erasmus
Daniel Erasmus is a South African athlete who won twelve medals at the Paralympic Games.

At the 1964 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, Erasmus competed in athletics and medalled in all four of his events, taking gold in the discus and shot put and silver in the club throw and javelin. At the 1968 games in Tel Aviv, Israel, he took part in five athletics events and medalled in four, taking gold in shot put and javelin and silver in club throw and discus. He also competed in lawn bowls that year, winning the singles event and taking second in pairs. His last Paralympic appearance was at the 1972 games in Heidelberg, West Germany, where he took silver in shot put and bronze in javelin.
Athens Area School District
The Athens Area School District is a mid-sized, rural, public school district which serves the borough of Athens and Ridgebury, Athens, Smithfield, Ulster, and Sheshequin townships in Bradford County, Pennsylvania.

Athens Area School District encompasses approximately 178 square miles (460 km2). As of the 2000 U.S. census, the district serves a resident population of 15,533.

Ulster Township, Pennsylvania
Ulster Township is a township in Bradford County, Pennsylvania. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 1,337 at the 2010 census.

It was named after the province of Ulster in Ireland.
Manchester Assize Courts
The Manchester Assize Courts was a building housing law courts on Great Ducie Street in the Strangeways district of Manchester, England. It was 279 ft (85 m) tall and from 1864 to 1877 the tallest building in Manchester. Widely admired, it has been referred to as one of Britain's 'lost buildings'. It was severely damaged by wartime bombing in the Manchester Blitz, and then the remains were demolished in 1957.

Court
A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties  and administer justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

Courts generally consist of judges or other judicial officers, and are usually established and dissolved through legislation enacted by a legislature. Courts may also be established by constitution or an equivalent constituting instrument.

The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction, which describes the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions, or petitions put to it. There are various kinds of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, administrative courts, international courts, and tribunals.
Glen Arm, Maryland
Glen Arm is an unincorporated community in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States.  Glen Arm lies along what is now Glen Arm Road, which was once part of Old Harford Road, one of the early routes used for conveying agricultural products from parts of Harford and Baltimore Counties and southern Pennsylvania to the port of Baltimore. Glen Arm was also served until 1958 by the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad (the "Ma & Pa"). In 1921, at the railroad's crossing of Glen Arm Road, what generally is recognized as the nation's first train-actuated railroad crossing signal was installed by the railroad's Superintendent of Signals Charles Adler, Jr.  Adler later designed early traffic-actuated traffic lights for the City of Baltimore, and also invented the system of flashing warning lights used on aircraft.

Harford County, Maryland
Harford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 260,924. Its county seat is Bel Air. Harford County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state.
EastLink Trail
The EastLink Trail is a shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians in the outer eastern/southeastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The trail gets its name from the north-south EastLink tollway, along which it follows for most of its length from Ringwood to Dandenong, until it joins the Dandenong Creek Trail near the Dandenong Bypass bridge at the tri-suburban junction between Dandenong, Dandenong South and Keysborough.

Ringwood, Victoria
Ringwood is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 25 km (16 mi) east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maroondah local government area. Ringwood recorded a population of 19,144 at the 2021 census.

Ringwood has many parks and reserves, most notably Ringwood Lake, an 8.5-hectare park is used for various recreational activities which includes a lake with bridge, sound shell, mining history display, playground, picnic shelters, barbecues and a bushland walking circuit.
Megapallifera mutabilis
Megapallifera mutabilis, common name the changeable mantleslug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Philomycidae. It eats primarily algae, and lives in live trees such as American beech. The species is native to eastern North America.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Foreign relations of Somalia
Foreign relations of Somalia are handled primarily by the President as the head of state, the Prime Minister as the head of government, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Government.

According to Article 54 of the national constitution, the allocation of powers and resources between the Federal Government and the Federal Republic of Somalia's constituent Federal Member States shall be negotiated and agreed upon by the Federal Government and the Federal Member States, except in matters pertaining to foreign affairs, national defense, citizenship and immigration, and monetary policy. Article 53 also stipulates that the Federal Government shall consult the Federal Member States on major issues related to international agreements, including negotiations vis-a-vis foreign trade, finance and treaties.

Somaliland is an unrecognised de facto sovereign state that maintains consulate-level informal relations with some foreign governments.

Consulate
A consulate is the office of a consul. A type of mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually an embassy (or, only between two Commonwealth countries, a high commission). The term "consulate" may refer not only to the office of a consul, but also to the building occupied by the consul and the consul's staff. The consulate primarily serves its visiting nationals to the region in which it is based, and prospective visitors, commercial entities, or regional governments, who wish access or connections to the consulate's home country. There is usually also consular services in the capital too, and in those cases, the consulate may share premises with the embassy itself.
Laminotomy
A laminotomy is an orthopaedic neurosurgical procedure that removes part of the lamina of a vertebral arch in order to relieve pressure in the vertebral canal. A laminotomy is less invasive than conventional vertebral column surgery techniques, such as laminectomy because it leaves more ligaments and muscles attached to the spinous process intact and it requires removing less bone from the vertebra. As a result, laminotomies typically have a faster recovery time and result in fewer postoperative complications. Nevertheless, possible risks can occur during or after the procedure like infection, hematomas, and dural tears. Laminotomies are commonly performed as treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis and herniated disks. MRI and CT scans are often used pre- and post surgery to determine if the procedure was successful.

Hematoma
A hematoma, also spelled haematoma, or blood suffusion is a localized bleeding outside of blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries. A hematoma is benign and is initially in liquid form spread among the tissues including in sacs between tissues where it may coagulate and solidify before blood is reabsorbed into blood vessels. An ecchymosis is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10 mm.

They may occur among and or within many areas such as skin and other organs, connective tissues, bone, joints and muscle.

A collection of blood (or even a hemorrhage) may be aggravated by anticoagulant medication (blood thinner). Blood seepage and collection of blood may occur if heparin is given via an intramuscular route; to avoid this, heparin must be given intravenously or subcutaneously.
Melissa Hart (politician)
Melissa Ann Hart (born April 4, 1962) is an American lawyer and politician. She was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2007, representing western Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. In the 2006 midterm elections, Hart lost her bid for re-election to Democrat Jason Altmire. She challenged Altmire again in the 2008 election, but was defeated again.

She was a candidate for Republican nomination in the 2022 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, but dropped out on May 13, four days before the primary election and endorsed  Lou Barletta.

Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district
Pennsylvania's fourth congressional district, effective January 3, 2023, encompasses the majority of Montgomery County and most of Berks County northeast of Reading in southeastern Pennsylvania. In the 2020 redistricting cycle, the Pennsylvania district pushed northwards, further into Berks County, effective with the 2022 elections. The area has been represented by Democrat Madeleine Dean since 2019.
Krymbek Kusherbayev
Krymbek Eleuuly Kusherbayev (Kazakh: Қырымбек Елеуұлы Көшербаев, Qyrymbek Eleuūly Köşerbaev; born 20 May 1955) is a Kazakh politician who's serving as the State Secretary of Kazakhstan since 2019. Prior to that, Kusherbayev served as the head of the Presidential Administration, akim of Kyzylorda Region from 2013 to 2019, First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2013, akim of Mangystau Region from 2006 to 2011, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Russia, Finland and Armenia from 2003 to 2006, akim of West Kazakhstan Region from 2000 to 2003, and the Minister of Education and Science from 1997 to 2000.

Kazaly District
Kazaly (Kazakh: Қазалы ауданы, Qazaly audany) is a district of Kyzylorda Region in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the urban-type settlement of Ayteke Bi. Population: 74,900 (2013 estimate); 72,315 (2009 census results); 68,777 (1999 census results).
Planar Riemann surface
In mathematics, a planar Riemann surface (or  schlichtartig Riemann surface) is a Riemann surface sharing the topological properties of a connected open subset of the Riemann sphere. They are characterized by the topological property that the complement of every closed Jordan curve in the Riemann surface has two connected components. An equivalent characterization is the differential geometric property that every closed differential 1-form of compact support is exact. Every simply connected Riemann surface is planar. The class of planar Riemann surfaces was studied by Koebe who proved in 1910, as a generalization of the uniformization theorem, that every such surface is conformally equivalent to either the Riemann sphere or the complex plane with slits parallel to the real axis removed.

Poincaré lemma
In mathematics, the Poincaré lemma gives a sufficient condition for a closed differential form to be exact (while an exact form is necessarily closed). Precisely, it states that every closed p-form on an open ball in Rn is exact for p with 1 ≤ p ≤ n. The lemma was introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1886.
Gerrit-Jan van Velze
Gerrit-Jan van Velze (born 21 February 1988) is a South African rugby union footballer. He plays for Bath Rugby in the Gallagher Premiership. He is a versatile forward and can play as a lock, flanker or number 8.

He previously played for the Bulls in Super Rugby, making his franchise debut during the 2010 Super 14 season against the Crusaders. He also made 65 appearances for the Blue Bulls in the Currie Cup and Vodacom Cup competitions.

He joined Worcester Warriors ahead of the 2014-15 English Premiership season.

He has signed for Bath Rugby ahead of the 2022-23 English Premiership season.

He retired from professional Rugby at Bath Rugby at the end of the 2023-24 English Premiership season.

He since been appointed as the Player Innovation and Performance Futures position at Bath Rugby

Currie Cup
The Currie Cup (Afrikaans: Curriebeker) is South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. The Currie Cup dates back to 1891.
Soria railway station
Soria Railway Station (IATA: RII) is the railway station of Soria, Spain.

It is a terminus, but in the past trains continued into the interior of the province.

The line runs 94 km from Soria to Torralba, where it joins the conventional Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona line.

Madrid–Barcelona railway
The Madrid–Barcelona railway is the conventional railway line linking the Spanish capital Madrid with the country's second largest city of Barcelona, Catalonia. It now primarily serves local commuter rail services and regional traffic since the opening of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line in 2008, prior to which only 1.98 million annual passengers travelled between the two cities.
Martti Nõmme
Martti Nõmme (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈmɑrt::i ˈnɤmme], born 7 August 1993) is an Estonian ski jumper. He was born in Võru.

He competed in the 2015 World Cup season.

He competed at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 in Val di Fiemme, and represented Estonia at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 in Falun.

He represented Estonia at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Estonia at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Estonia competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea from 9 to 25 February 2018.

Estonian 15-year old freestyle-skier Kelly Sildaru, the gold medal favorite for the women's ski slopestyle, missed the games due to an injury.
Ostroushko
Ostroushko (Russian: Остроушко, Ukrainian: Остроушко) is a surname of Ukrainian origin. Notable people with this surname include:

Peter Ostroushko (1953–2021), American violinist and mandolinist

Marge Ostroushko (born 1951), American public radio producer

Vladimir Ostroushko (born 1986), Russian rugby union player

Peter Ostroushko
Peter Ostroushko (August 12, 1953 – February 24, 2021) was an American violinist and mandolinist. He performed regularly on the radio program A Prairie Home Companion and with a variety of bands and orchestras in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and nationally. He won a regional Emmy Award for the soundtrack he composed for the documentary series Minnesota: A History of the Land (2005).
The Women on the 6th Floor
The Women on the 6th Floor (French: Les Femmes du 6e étage; also known as Service Entrance) is a 2010 French film directed and part-written by Philippe Le Guay. Principal roles are taken by Fabrice Luchini, Sandrine Kiberlain, Natalia Verbeke and Carmen Maura.

Set in Paris in 1962, the story alternates between two different worlds. One is a traditional wealthy family in a comfortable apartment, whose lives are devoted to making money and meaningless socialising. The other is the underpaid and overworked domestic servants living in cramped conditions above them. As few French people want such work, the jobs are taken by Spanish women, eager to escape the poverty and oppression of Francoist Spain, who bring with them their native solidarity and human warmth.

Sandrine Kiberlain
Sandrine Kiberlain (born Sandrine Kiberlajn; 25 February 1968) is a French actress and singer. Her most notable roles were in the films The Patriots (1994), A Self Made Hero (1996), For Sale (1998), Alias Betty (2001), Mademoiselle Chambon (2009), 9 Month Stretch (2013), and Number One Fan (2014). Kiberlain has appeared in over sixty films and won two César Awards from eight nominations.

In 2021, she made her directorial debut with the drama film A Radiant Girl.
Stéphane Cassard
Stéphane Cassard (born 11 November 1972) is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Sochaux, Le Havre, Montpellier, Créteil, Troyes, Strasbourg and Boulogne.

He later worked as a goalkeeping coach at Marseille.

ES Troyes AC
Espérance Sportive Troyes Aube Champagne (ESTAC), commonly known as Troyes, is a French professional association football club based in Troyes that competes in Ligue 2. It plays its home matches at the Stade de l'Aube. Founded in 1986, it is the third professional club from the city, after AS Troyes-Savinienne and Troyes AF. The club is part of the City Football Group.
Don Quixote (2000 film)
Don Quixote is a 2000 television film produced by Hallmark Entertainment and aired on TNT on April 9, 2000. It was directed by Peter Yates, and the teleplay, by John Mortimer, was adapted from Miguel de Cervantes' novel  Don Quixote. The film was shown in three parts in Europe but in one installment in the U.S.

The film was produced by Dyson Lovell, with Robert Halmi Sr. and John Lithgow as executive producers and cinematography by David Connell. The original music is by Richard Hartley. The film stars Lithgow as Don Quixote de La Mancha (Quixote's real name is Alonso Quijano), and Bob Hoskins as Sancho Panza, and features Isabella Rossellini, Vanessa Williams, Lambert Wilson, Amelia Warner, Tony Haygarth, Peter Eyre, Lilo Baur, James Purefoy, and Trevor Peacock.

Halcyon Studios
Halcyon Studios, LLC, formerly known as Sonar Entertainment, RHI Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, Qintex Entertainment, HRI Group and Robert Halmi Inc., was an American entertainment company specializing in the production and distribution of scripted television content, part of Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment. It was founded in 1979 by Robert Halmi Jr. and Robert Halmi Sr. (1924–2014) as Robert Halmi, Inc. The company used the direct-to-series model for TV series. In July 2024, Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment was placed in Chapter 7 liquidation, which would instigate the cessation of its subsidiaries, including Halcyon Studios.
The B-Book
The B-Book is a book by Jean-Raymond Abrial on the B-Method, a formal method approach to software development, originally developed by him. It was published in 1996 by Cambridge University Press. The book is available in hardback (ISBN 978-0521496193, 1996), paperback (ISBN 978-0521021753, 2005), and ebook form (ISBN 978-0511624162, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511624162, 2010).

The book includes a tribute by C.A.R. Hoare and a foreword by Pierre Chapron of GEC-ALSTHOM Transport. Part I of the book covers Mathematics, Part II Abstract Machines, Part III Programming, and Part IV Refinement. The book also includes six appendices and an index.
It was reviewed in The Computer Journal and The Times Higher Education Supplement.

Alstom
Alstom SA (French: [alstɔm]) is a French multinational rail transport systems manufacturer. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, rail services, signalling, and locomotives, producing high-speed, suburban, regional and urban trains along with trams.

The company and its name (originally spelled Alsthom) were formed by a merger between the electric engineering division of Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (Als) and Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston (thom) in 1928. Significant acquisitions later included the Constructions Électriques de France (1932), shipbuilder Chantiers de l'Atlantique (1976), and parts of ACEC (late 1980s).
Zane Meas
Zane Meas (born 15 September 1965) is a South African actor, writer, producer and director. He is known for his roles in the television soap operas 7de Laan and Isidingo and for his appearances in films including Ludik, Kite, Forgiveness and Tarzan and the Lost City.

Tarzan and the Lost City
Tarzan and the Lost City is a 1998 American adventure film directed by Carl Schenkel, written by Bayard Johnson and J. Anderson Black, and starring Casper Van Dien, Jane March, and Steven Waddington. The screenplay by Bayard Johnson and J. Anderson Black is loosely based on the Tarzan stories by Edgar Rice Burroughs. The film received largely negative reviews and was a box-office bomb.

One of the film's producers, Stanley S. Canter, had previously produced another Tarzan film for Warner Bros. Pictures, Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984).
Alyssa Brugman
Alyssa Brugman (born May 1974) is an Australian author of fiction for young adults.  She was born in Rathmines, a suburb of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia and attended five public schools before completing a Marketing Degree at the University of Newcastle.  She resides in the Hunter Region.

City of Lake Macquarie
The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area (LGA) in the Hunter Region in New South Wales, Australia. It was proclaimed a city on 7 September 1984.  It is adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle area. The city is approximately 150 km (93 mi) north of Sydney. One of its major tourist attractions is its lake, also named Lake Macquarie.

The mayor of the city is Councillor Adam Shultz, a member of the Labor Party.

The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the city on 9 August 1991.
Empire United Railways
The Empire United Railways was an interurban railway that was owned by Clifford D. Beebe of Syracuse, New York. The Beebe Syndicate controlled interurbans that ran from Rochester to Syracuse, to Auburn to Oswego on Lake Ontario.

The company was consolidated into the Empire State Railway in 1917.

Auburn, New York
Auburn is a city in Cayuga County, New York, United States. Located at the north end of Owasco Lake, one of the Finger Lakes in Central New York, the city had a population of 26,866 at the 2020 census. It is the largest city of Cayuga County, the county seat, and the site of the maximum-security Auburn Correctional Facility, as well as the William H. Seward House Museum and the house of abolitionist Harriet Tubman.