hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boole's inequality
In probability theory, Boole's inequality, also known as the union bound, says that for any finite or countable set of events, the probability that at least one of the events happens is no greater than the sum of the probabilities of the individual events. This inequality provides an upper bound on the probability of occurrence of at least one of a countable number of events in terms of the individual probabilities of the events. Boole's inequality is named for its discoverer, George Boole.

Formally, for a countable set of events A1, A2, A3, ..., we have

In measure-theoretic terms, Boole's inequality follows from the fact that a measure (and certainly any probability measure) is σ-sub-additive. Thus Boole's inequality holds not only for probability measures , but more generally when  is replaced by any measure.

Countable set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers. Equivalently, a set is countable if there exists an injective function from it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or that the elements of the set can be counted one at a time, although the counting may never finish due to an infinite number of elements.

In more technical terms, assuming the axiom of countable choice, a set is countable if its cardinality (the number of elements of the set) is not greater than that of the natural numbers. A countable set that is not finite is said to be countably infinite.

The concept is attributed to Georg Cantor, who proved the existence of uncountable sets, that is, sets that are not countable; for example the set of the real numbers.
The Best in Mystery
The Best in Mystery is an American anthology and mystery television series  that ran for three years as a summer replacement series for the  crime drama The Big Story.

The series aired on NBC from July 16, 1954, to September 3, 1954, presenting eight episodes on Friday nights from 9 to 9:30 p.m., from July 1955 to September 1955, and from July 13, 1956, to August 31, 1956. The 1955 broadcasts featured MCA-TV productions, most of which had been broadcast on The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse or Studio 57. Episodes aired in 1956 featured Dick Powell as Willie Dante, owner of the San Francisco night club Dante's Inferno. They were first broadcast as part of Four Star Playhouse on CBS.

The program was sponsored on alternate weeks by Simoniz and American Tobacco Company, with American Tobacco and the Toni Company alternating in 1956.

American Tobacco Company
The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".
Timeline of the Anglophone Crisis (2017)
This is a timeline of the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon during 2017.

The Anglophone Crisis is an ongoing armed conflict in the Republic of Cameroon in Central Africa, where historically English-speaking Ambazonian separatists are seeking the independence of the former British trust territory of Southern Cameroons, which was unified with Cameroon since 1961.

Cameroonian English
Cameroonian English (CamE), also known as Cameroon English, or sometimes Cameroon Anglophone English or Ambazonian English, is an English dialect spoken predominantly in Cameroon. It shares some similarities with English varieties in neighbouring West Africa, as Cameroon lies at the west of Central Africa; however, its distinctive phonetics, phonology and lexicon, influenced both by French and by indigenous Cameroonian languages, distinguish it as an independent variety. It is primarily spoken in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.

It is a postcolonial variety of English, long in use in the territory (Southern Cameroons, now split into Northwest and Southwest). Over the years, it has developed characteristic features, particularly in lexis but also in phonology and grammar. Those characteristics were once regarded as errors but are now increasingly accepted as distinctive Cameroonian contributions to the English language.
Eastern tent caterpillar
The eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) is a species of moth in the family Lasiocampidae, the tent caterpillars or lappet moths. It is univoltine, producing one generation per year. It is a tent caterpillar, a social species that forms communal nests in the branches of trees. It is sometimes confused with the spongy moth (whose larvae look similar) and the fall webworm (which also builds tents), and may be erroneously referred to as a bagworm, which is the common name applied to unrelated caterpillars in the family Psychidae. The moths oviposit almost exclusively on trees in the plant family Rosaceae, particularly cherry (Prunus) and apple (Malus).  The caterpillars are hairy with areas of blue, white, black and orange. The blue and white colors are structural colors created by the selective filtering of light by microtubules that arise on the ball cuticle.

Cuticle
A cuticle (/ˈkjuːtɪkəl/), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.
May Sumbwanyambe
May Sumbwanyambe is a playwright, radio dramatist, and academic from Edinburgh, Scotland.

His play Enough of Him about the life of Joseph Knight won awards for Best Play at the 2023 Critics' Awards for Theatre in Scotland and at the UK Theatre Awards. His other works include After Independence, a play set on a white-owned farm in Zimbabwe in 1998.

UK Theatre Awards
The UK Theatre Awards, established in 1991 and known before 2011 as the TMA Awards, are presented annually by UK Theatre (formerly the Theatrical Management Association) in recognition of creative excellence and outstanding work in regional theatre throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
1995 GJ
1995 GJ might be a trans-Neptunian object and high-inclination cubewano from the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System, and based on the calculated distance and brightness is assumed to be approximately 175 kilometers (110 miles) in diameter. It is a lost minor planet that has only been observed six times on the nights of 3–4 April 1995, by David Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, using the UH88 telescope, and has not been observed ever since. The object is estimated to have been discovered right at perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at a distance of 39±1900 AU from the Sun. On the night of discovery, the object is estimated to have been moving away from Earth at 16 km/s with the uncertainty in the velocity being an unrealistic ±238000 km/s (80% the speed of light).

David C. Jewitt
David Clifford Jewitt (born 1958) is an astronomer who studies the Solar System, especially its minor bodies. He is based at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is a Member of the Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, the Director of the Institute for Planets and Exoplanets, Professor of Astronomy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Professor of Astronomy in the Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. He is best known for being the first person (along with Jane Luu) to discover a body beyond Pluto and Charon in the Kuiper belt.
Mountain Cablevision
Mountain Cable was one of three cable television service providers for the city of Hamilton, Ontario and its surrounding area, specifically the Hamilton Mountain area and Haldimand County. Its operations were acquired by Shaw Communications in 2009, which then resold them to Rogers in 2013. The other two providers in the Hamilton area are Cogeco and Source Cable (formerly known as Southmount Cable).

Haldimand County
Haldimand County is a rural city-status single-tier municipality on the Niagara Peninsula in Southern Ontario, Canada, on the north shore of Lake Erie, and on the Grand River. Despite its name, it is no longer a county by definition, as all municipal services are handled by a single level of government. Municipal offices are located in Cayuga.

The county is adjacent to Norfolk County, the County of Brant, the City of Hamilton, the townships of West Lincoln and Wainfleet, and the Six Nations reserve.
Reto Capadrutt
Reto Capadrutt (4 March 1912 – 3 February 1939) was a Swiss bobsledder who competed in the 1930s. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he won a silver medal in the two-man event in 1932 and another silver medal in the four-man event in 1936.

Capadrutt also won three medals at the FIBT World Championships, with one gold (Two-man: 1935) and two bronzes (Two-man: 1937, Four-man: 1935).

At the time of the 1932 Winter Olympics, he was linked to a romantic relationship with Elizabeth "Betty" Hood, daughter of John Ahearn. Ahearn was involved in New York City's Tammany Hall politics during the 1920s and 1930s.

While competing in the 1939 Boblet Grand Prix at St. Moritz, Capadrutt went off course, crashed into a tree, and died from his injuries.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (German: IV. Olympische Winterspiele) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.
Bjørnar Olsen
Bjørnar Julius Olsen (born 2 January 1958, Finnmark, Norway) is professor at UiT - The Arctic University of Norway. He is a Norwegian archaeologist who specializes in archaeological theory, material culture, museology, northern/Arctic archaeology, and contemporary archaeology. Olsen is a prominent figure in the turn to things in humanities and social sciences, including symmetrical archaeology.

Museology
Museology (also called museum studies or museum science) is the study of museums. It explores the history of museums and their role in society, as well as the activities they engage in, including curating, preservation, public programming, and education.
A. Velladurai
A. Velladurai was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as a Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Vasudevanallur constituency in the 1967 and 1971 elections.

Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency
Vasudevanallur is a legislative assembly constituency in Tenkasi district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is reserved for members of the Scheduled Castes. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below. It is a part of Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.
Khvastovichi
Khvastovichi (Russian: Хвастовичи) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Khvastovichsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Russia. Population: 4,425 (2021 Census); 4,509 (2010 Census); 4,596 (2002 Census); 4,485 (1989 Soviet census).

Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast (Russian: Калу́жская о́бласть, romanized: Kaluzhskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga. The 2021 Russian Census found a population of 1,069,904.
Pieter De Spiegeleer
Pieter De Spiegeleer (born 2 October 1981) is a Belgian politician who is a member of the Chamber of Representatives for the Vlaams Belang party.

De Spiegeleer worked as a civil servant at the Federal Public Service Employment the and later for the Flanders Investment and Trade department. He has claimed he was bullied from his workplace as a result of his support for Vlaams Belang. In 2015, he set up a new Vlaams Belang chapter in Haaltert after the party did not compete in the municipality during 2012 local elections and lost its representatives. He took part in the municipal elections in 2015 for the first time with the renewed Haaltertse Vlaams Belang chapter and was elected as a municipal councilor. During the 2019 Belgian federal election De Spiegeleer stood in fourth place on the East Flanders constituency list and was subsequently elected to the federal parliament.

De Spiegeleer currently lives in Heldergem.

Federal Public Service Employment
The FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue (Dutch: FOD Werkgelegenheid, Arbeid en Sociaal Overleg, French: SPF Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale, German: FÖD Beschäftigung, Arbeit und Soziale Konzertierung), more commonly referred to as the FPS Employment or the FPS Labour, is a Federal Public Service of Belgium. It was created by Royal Order on 3 February 2002, as part of the plans of the Verhofstadt I Government to modernise the federal administration. It is responsible for managing labour relations, ensuring the protection and promotion of occupational well-being, and participating in the development of social legislation.

The FPS Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue is responsible to the Federal Minister of Employment.
Bedlay Castle
Bedlay Castle is a former defensive castle, dating from the late 16th and 17th centuries. It is located between Chryston and Moodiesburn in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The castle is just off the A80 road, around 8 miles to the north-east of Glasgow, at NS692700. This castle has several ghostlore stories associated with it.

Ghostlore
Ghostlore is the body of traditional beliefs and folklore surrounding ghosts and hauntings. Such tales often feature souls of the deceased that are believed to linger in the physical world, either to communicate with the living or to seek vengeance for past wrongs. Ghostlore is a widespread phenomenon, and narratives of hauntings and ghostly encounters are found in cultures around the world.

The term "ghost" eludes a singular definition; its meaning has evolved across cultures, shaped by various interpretations rooted in religious beliefs, folklore, and historical context. Interpretations of ghosts vary based on religious beliefs, cultural values, and historical contexts.
Phalcon (framework)
Phalcon is a PHP web framework based on the model–view–controller (MVC) pattern. Originally released in 2012, it is an open-source framework licensed under the terms of the BSD License.

Unlike other PHP frameworks that are written purely in PHP, Phalcon is implemented as a web server extension written in Zephir and C, aiming to boost execution speed, reduce resource usage, and handle more HTTP requests per second than comparable frameworks written primarily in PHP. One drawback of this approach is that root/administrative access is required on the server to install Phalcon by building a custom binary or using a precompiled one.

BSD licenses
BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have share-alike requirements. The original BSD license was used for its namesake, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system. The original version has since been revised, and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses.

BSD is both a license and a class of license (generally referred to as BSD-like). The modified BSD license (in wide use today) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix. The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format, or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format. The BSD license (unlike some other licenses e.g. GPL) does not require that source code be distributed at all.
C Duncan
Christopher Duncan (born 29 July 1989) is a Scottish composer and musician. His compositions have been featured on various television programmes, including Waterloo Road, and have been performed by Icebreaker and the Sirens of Titan choir. His first solo single, "For", was released in December 2014. He is currently signed to Bella Union.

His debut album Architect was nominated for the 2015 Mercury Music Prize. In October 2016, he released his second album The Midnight Sun. On 18 January 2019 Duncan announced his third album, Health, would be released on 29 March 2019. On the same day, he released the first single from Health, "Impossible". Health was produced by Elbow's Craig Potter at Blueprint Studios at Salford, Manchester, and will be Duncan's first album he did not record and produce entirely by himself.  The album was shortlisted for the Scottish Album of the Year Award 2019.

Mercury Prize
The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released by a musical act from the United Kingdom or Ireland. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992 as an alternative to the Brit Awards.
Fax (surname)
Fax is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Elton Fax (1909–1993), American illustrator, cartoonist, and author

Jesslyn Fax (1893–1975), American actress

Mark Fax (1911–1974), American composer

Matt Fax (born 1996), French electronic musician and record producer

Matt Fax
David Ciekanski (born 14 December 1996), better known by his stage name Matt Fax, is a French electronic music DJ and record producer.

Having started his career in 2009, Fax encountered early success with support from renowned DJs and artists around the world, such as Depeche Mode, Armin van Buuren, Above & Beyond and Gareth Emery. Throughout his career, he has produced numerous tracks and remixes. His music is a blend of progressive house, trance music and techno.
Alexey Sitnikov (politician)
Alexey Vladimirovich Sitnikov (Russian: Алексей Владимирович Ситников; June 19, 1971, Krasnoye-na-Volge, Kostroma Oblast) is a Russian political figure, deputy of the 8th State Duma.

From 2004 to 2016, Sitnikov was the deputy of the Kostroma Oblast Duma of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th convocations. In 2011, he was elected deputy of the 6th State Duma. In 2016 and 2021, he was re-elected for the 7th and 8th State Dumas.

7th State Duma
The State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 7th convocation (Russian: Государственная Дума Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации седьмого созыва) is a former convocation of the lower house of Russian parliament.

The composition of the 7th State Duma was based on the results of the 2016 parliamentary election. Elections were held using a mixed system: 225 deputies were elected on party lists and 225 — in single-member constituencies. Of the 14 parties participating in the elections, only four were able to overcome the required 5% electoral threshold. Two more parties and one independent candidate were able to enter the State Duma via single-mandate constituencies.
Nachiketa
Nachiketas (Sanskrit: नचिकेतस्, romanized: Naciketas), also rendered Nachiketā and Nachiketan, is a character in Hindu literature. He is the son of the sage Vājashravas, or Uddalaki, in some traditions. He is the child protagonist of an ancient Indian dialogical narrative about the nature of the atman (soul).

His allegorical story is told in the Katha Upanishad, though the name has several earlier references. He was taught self-knowledge, knowledge about the atman (soul), and the Brahman (Ultimate Reality), by Yama, the god of death. Nachiketa is noted for his rejection of material desires, which are ephemeral, and for his single-minded pursuit of the path of self-realisation moksha.

Hindu texts
Hindu texts or Hindu scriptures are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. Some of the major Hindu texts include the Vedas, the Upanishads,  the Itihasa (Mahabharata and the Ramayana) and Puranas. Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of Hinduism, but many list the Agamas as Hindu scriptures, and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu scriptures as well.
David Wade Correctional Center
David Wade Correctional Center (DWCC) is a Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections prison located in an unincorporated area of Claiborne Parish, between Homer and Haynesville, Louisiana. The prison is located near the Louisiana-Arkansas border.

The N-5 Special Management Unit, which as of 2001 holds some 50 prisoners, is a special protection unit for prisoners at risk. The unit houses former prison officials, convicted ex-police officers from New Orleans, contract killers, pedophiles, and young people with life sentences.

Wade opened in 1980. Thirty-nine percent of the beds at Wade are "maximum custody."

As is typical of prisons in rural areas, many of the correctional officers who work at Wade are from the local Haynesville-Homer area.

Governor of Louisiana
The governor of Louisiana (French: Gouverneur de la Louisiane; Spanish: Gobernador de Luisiana) is the chief executive  of the U.S. state government of Louisiana. The governor also serves as the commander in chief of the Louisiana National Guard. Republican Jeff Landry has held the office since January 8, 2024.