hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Allusion
Allusion, or alluding, is a figure of speech that makes a reference to someone or something (a person, object, location, etc.)  without mentioning it by name or without explaining how it relates to the given context, so that the audience must realize the connection in their own minds. When a connection is directly and explicitly explained (as opposed to indirectly implied), it is instead often simply termed a reference. In the arts, a literary allusion puts the alluded text in a new context under which it assumes new meanings and denotations. Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices.

In a wider, more informal context, an allusion is a passing or casually short statement indicating broader meaning. It is an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication, such as "In the stock market, he met his Waterloo."

Jakobson's functions of language
Roman Jakobson defined six functions of language (or communication functions), according to which an effective act of verbal communication can be described. Each of the functions has an associated factor. For this work, Jakobson was influenced by Karl Bühler's organon model, to which he added the poetic, phatic and metalingual functions.
Dominica at the Commonwealth Games
Dominica have attended nine Commonwealth Games to date. The first came in 1958, with further appearances coming in 1962 and 1970, then they did not take part for twenty-four years. They have appeared at every Games since 1994. Dominica won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

During the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Thea LaFond of Dominica created history for becoming the first Dominican athlete to win a medal for Dominica at the Commonwealth Games after securing a bronze medal in the women's triple jump event.

1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games (Welsh: Gemau Ymerodraeth Prydain a'r Gymanwlad 1958) were held in Cardiff, Wales, from 18 to 26 July 1958. It was the sixth edition of what would come to be known as the Commonwealth Games, the second Games held in the United Kingdom, and the second held under the name British Empire and Commonwealth Games.

Thirty-five nations sent a total of 1,130 athletes and 228 officials to the Cardiff Games and 23 countries and dependencies won medals, including, for the first time, Singapore, Ghana, Kenya and the Isle of Man. 178,000 tickets were eventually sold during the Games.

The Cardiff Games introduced the Queen's Baton Relay, which has been conducted as a prelude to every Commonwealth Games ever since. England topped the medal table.
Smitty the Jumper
H. Truesdell  Smith—known variously as "H. T. Smith", "Henry Truesdell Smith", "Harold Truesdell Smith", or "Daredevil Smitty" but best known as "Smitty the Jumper"—was an American exhibition parachutist and skydiver of the 1920s and 1930s. He made periodic returns to skydiving starting in the late 1950s, jumping in every subsequent decade until his death, becoming widely known as "the oldest living skydiver", a title he claimed until his death in 1995 at the age of 96.

Barnstorming
Barnstorming was a form of entertainment in which stunt pilots performed tricks individually or in groups that were called flying circuses. Devised to "impress people with the skill of pilots and the sturdiness of planes," it became popular in the United States during the Roaring Twenties.

Barnstormers were pilots who flew throughout the country to sell airplane rides and perform stunts. Charles Lindbergh first began flying as a barnstormer. Barnstorming was the first major form of civil aviation in the history of manned flight.
Mayhem (crime)
Mayhem (from Anglo-Norman  maiuhem, from Old French  mahaigne 'injury, damage, wrong, etc.'; cognate to maim) is a common law criminal offence consisting of the intentional maiming of another person.

Under the law of England and Wales and other common law jurisdictions, it originally consisted of the intentional and wanton removal of a body part that would handicap a person's ability to defend themselves in combat. Under the strict common law definition, initially this required damage to an eye or a limb, while cutting off an ear or the nose was not deemed to be sufficiently disabling. In the many years since, the meaning of the crime expanded to encompass any type of mutilation, disfigurement, or crippling act done using any instrument.

Combat
Combat is a purposeful violent conflict between multiple combatants with the intent to harm the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed (not using weapons). Combat is resorted to either as a method of self-defense or to impose one's will upon others. An instance of combat can be a standalone confrontation or part of a wider conflict, and its scale can range from a fight between individuals to a war between organized groups. Combat may also be benign and recreational, as in the cases of combat sports and mock combat.

Combat may comply with, or be in violation of, local or international laws regarding conflict. Examples of rules include the Geneva Conventions (covering the treatment of people in war), medieval chivalry, the Marquess of Queensberry Rules (covering boxing), and the individual rulesets of various combat sports.
Roland Kuhn
Roland Kuhn (4 March 1912 – 10 October 2005) was a Swiss psychiatrist who discovered that the drug imipramine had antidepressant properties. he was born in Biel and died in Scherzingen. In 1957, Kuhn published the results of his observations of the antidepressant properties of Imipramine in the Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift (Swiss Weekly Medical Journal). More recently, it was discovered that he tested drugs on patients and children without informed consent and without proper approval by the authorities during his time at the psychiatric hospital in Münsterlingen (where he was director 1971–1980), a practice that is highly unethical.

Kuhn studied medicine in Basel, and moved into psychiatry as a second choice of specialty. He trained under Jakob Klaesi, the inventor of sleep therapy.

Deep sleep therapy
Deep sleep therapy (DST), also called prolonged sleep treatment or continuous narcosis, is a discredited form of ostensibly psychiatric treatment in which drugs are used to keep patients unconscious for a period of days or weeks. The controversial practice led to the death of 25 patients in Chelmsford Private Hospital in New South Wales, Australia, from the early 1960s to late 1970s.
Vavoua
Vavoua is a city in west-central Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Vavoua Department in Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District. Vavoua is also a commune. In the 2021 census, its population was 132,528.

In October 2018, the city elected Bonaventure Kalou, the former international Ivorian footballer, as its new mayor.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Vavoua was 132,528.

Haut-Sassandra
Haut-Sassandra Region is one of the 31 regions of Ivory Coast and is one of two regions in Sassandra-Marahoué District. The region's seat is Daloa. The region's area is 15,190 km², and its population in the 2021 census was 1,739,697, making it the most populous region of Ivory Coast.
Caribous of Colorado
The Caribous of Colorado were an American soccer team that competed in the North American Soccer League (NASL) during the 1978 season.  The team was based in Denver, Colorado and played their home games at Mile High Stadium.  After the season, the club was sold and moved to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Chiefs.

Dan Wood (soccer)
Daniel Phillip Wood (May 21, 1946 – May 7, 2020) was an American collegiate and professional soccer coach. He was also a professional golfer who was the top money winner on the 1996 Senior Series Golf Tour.
Majid Qodiri
Majid Qodiri (Kadyrov) ('Abd-ul-Majid-khan, son of 'Abd-ul-Qodir-khan (Kadyrov) (Uzbek: Abdul-Majidxon Qori Abdul-Qodirxon Qori o'g'li), (Uzbek: Majid Qodiriy,Мажид Қодирий) (Arabic: مجید قَارِئ قادری),(May 2, 1886, Qori-Yoghdi Mahalla, Sheyhantahur daha, Tashkent — October 4, 1938, Tashkent) was an Uzbek literary scholar, public figure, and publicist who was the author of the first Uzbek tutorials and textbooks of literature, history, and arithmethi.  He was one of the founders of Jadidism in Turkestan.

National University of Uzbekistan
National University of Uzbekistan (NUUz; Uzbek: Mirzo Ulugʻbek nomidagi Oʻzbekiston milliy universiteti, OʻzMU) is a public research university located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. NUUz is the oldest and largest university in Uzbekistan.

The National University of Uzbekistan is named after Mirzo Ulugbek. NUUz professors and teaching staff work with modern materials and science and have relationships with the world's most distinguished scientific schools.
Grahamstown, New South Wales
Grahamstown is a village community in the central east part of the Riverina and situated about 12 kilometres north of Adelong and 13 kilometres south of Tumblong.  At the 2016 census, Grahamstown had a population of 61 people.

Grahamstown consists of a small number of private residences on the Adelong to Tumblong road and the somewhat dilapidated Billy Goat Hall.

The area now known as Grahamstown lies on the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri people.

Gold was mined in the area at Gibraltar Hill and alluvial deposits were mined there by dredge.

Grahamstown Post Office opened on 16 December 1881 and closed in 1981.

Wiradjuri
The Wiradjuri people (Wiradjuri northern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjd̪uːraj]; Wiradjuri southern dialect pronunciation [wiraːjɟuːraj]) are a group of Aboriginal Australian people from central New South Wales, united by common descent through kinship and shared traditions. They survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers, in family groups or clans, and many still use knowledge of hunting and gathering techniques as part of their customary life.

In the 21st century, major Wiradjuri groups live in Condobolin, Peak Hill, Narrandera and Griffith. There are significant populations at Wagga Wagga and Leeton and smaller groups at West Wyalong, Parkes, Dubbo, Forbes, Cootamundra, Darlington Point, Cowra and Young.
Thomas Bullock (priest)
Christianity portal

Thomas Bullock, D.D. (24 March 1694, in Herefordshire – 30 May 1760, in Norwich) was an Anglican Dean in the eighteenth century.

Bullock was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He held livings at Mitcham, Surrey; Thurne and North Creake. He was Chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich from 1727 to 1738; and Dean of Norwich from 2 August 1739 until his death.

Mitcham
Mitcham is an area within the London Borough of Merton in South London, England. It is centred 7.2 miles (11.6 km) southwest of Charing Cross. Originally a village in the county of Surrey, today it is mainly a residential suburb, and includes Mitcham Common. It has been a settlement throughout recorded history.

Amenities include Mitcham Library and Mitcham Cricket Green. Nearby major districts are Croydon, Sutton, Beddington, Wimbledon, Morden, Tooting, Streatham, Norbury and Colliers Wood. Mitcham, most broadly defined, had a population of 63,393 in 2011, formed from six wards including Pollards Hill.
2009 Icelandic Men's Football League Cup
2009 Icelandic Men's Football League Cup was the 14th season of the Icelandic Men's League Cup, a pre-season professional football competition in Iceland. The competition started on 20 February 2009 and concluded on 1 May 2009. FH beat Breiðablik 3–0 in the final and won their fifth League Cup title.

The 24 teams were divided into 4 groups of 6 teams. Every team played every other team of its group once, either home or away. Top 2 teams from each group qualified for the quarter-finals.

Icelandic Men's Football League Cup
The Icelandic Men's Football League Cup (Icelandic: Deildarbikar karla), also known as the Lengjubikar karla for sponsorship reasons, is a pre-season professional football competition in Iceland. It is considered the third most important competition in Icelandic football.

The pre-season tournament involves the top 22 clubs in Iceland from the previous season and the two clubs promoted from 2. deild, for a total of the 24 teams that will comprise the top two divisions in Iceland the following season. It generally takes place between February and May. The number of teams in the 2008 edition rose from 16 to 24.
Cara Silverman
Cara Ruth Silverman (September 24, 1959 - September 22, 2014) was an American film editor.

Born in New York City, Silverman received a degree in political science from American University, then took an internship at WNET in New York. She began her career as an assistant editor on projects such as The Bonfire of the Vanities, Cape Fear and A Bronx Tale, then secured her first solo project with Party Girl.

Silverman frequently collaborated with several directors: John Whitesell (See Spot Run, Malibu's Most Wanted), Mark Rosman (A Cinderella Story, The Perfect Man), Ken Kwapis (He's Just Not That Into You, Big Miracle) and James Gunn (Super, Movie 43).

Silverman was busy working on several projects shortly before her death on September 22, 2014.

Big Miracle
Big Miracle, originally known as Everybody Loves Whales, is a 2012 comedy-drama film directed by Ken Kwapis. It stars Drew Barrymore and John Krasinski. The film is based on Tom Rose's 1989 book Big Miracle (originally titled Freeing the Whales), which covers Operation Breakthrough, the 1988 international effort to rescue gray whales trapped in ice near Point Barrow, Alaska.
Theatre Calgary production history
Theatre Calgary is theatre company in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, established as a professional company in 1968. The following is a chronological list of the productions that have been staged since its inception as Musicians and Actors Club (MAC) from 1964 to 1968, and Theatre Calgary from 1968 onwards.

The Glass Menagerie
The Glass Menagerie is a memory play by Tennessee Williams that premiered in 1944 and catapulted Williams from obscurity to fame. The play has strong autobiographical elements, featuring characters based on its author, his histrionic mother, and his mentally fragile sister. In writing the play, Williams drew on an earlier short story, as well as a screenplay he had written under the title of The Gentleman Caller.

The play premiered in Chicago on 26 December 1944. After a shaky start, it was championed by Chicago critics Ashton Stevens and Claudia Cassidy, whose enthusiasm helped build audiences so the producers could move the play to Broadway where it won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award in 1945. The Glass Menagerie was Williams' first successful play; he went on to become one of America's most highly regarded playwrights.
2025 Dakar Rally
The 2025 Dakar Rally was a rally raid event that took place in Saudi Arabia. It is the 47th edition of the Dakar Rally, organized by Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), and the 6th time Saudi Arabia has hosted the event. The event took place from 3 to 17 January 2025. For the fourth year running, the event will also be the first round of the 2025 World Rally-Raid Championship.

Rally raid
Rally raid is a type of off-road motorsport event competed with different types of vehicles. Along with shorter baja rallies, rally raid constitutes cross-country rallying. Both the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) co-organise a common World Rally-Raid Championship featuring the same events and types of vehicles.

The length of a rally raid can be as short as 2–3 days to as long as 15 days with marathon rally raids like the Dakar Rally. With skill in navigation being key, the driving skill and endurance of riders, drivers, co-drivers, and machines are put to the test. The total distance covered can be between 600 km to over 5,000 km with terrain ranging from sandy dunes, forest roads, mountain roads, and dry river beds; among others.
Kulai District
The Kulai District is a district in the state of Johor, Malaysia. Its district capital is Kulai Town. It covers Kulai Town, Ayer Bemban, Bandar Putra Kulai, Bukit Batu, Indahpura, Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai, Kelapa Sawit, Saleng, Sedenak, Seelong, Senai, and Sengkang. Kulai is also within Iskandar Malaysia economic zone.

Malaysia Federal Route 1
The Federal Route 1 is the first federal road in Malaysia, the oldest federal road in Malaysia, and among the nation's earliest public roadways ever constructed. The Federal Route 1 was the backbone of the road system in the western states of Peninsular Malaysia before being supplanted by the North–South Expressway (E1 and E2).
Miller Airport (Ohio)
40°58′54″N 081°02′31.7″W﻿ / ﻿40.98167°N 81.042139°W﻿ / 40.98167; -81.042139

Miller Airport (FAA LID: 4G3) is a privately owned, public-use airport six miles northeast of Alliance, in Mahoning County, Ohio. It is closed indefinitely.

Alliance, Ohio
Alliance is a city in Stark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 21,672 at the 2020 census. It was established in 1854 by the merger of three smaller communities and was a manufacturing and railroad hub in the 20th century. Alliance is associated with the state flower of Ohio, the scarlet carnation, and is known as the "Carnation City". The University of Mount Union, a private liberal arts college established in 1846, is located in the city. Partially extending into Mahoning County, Alliance is part of the Canton–Massillon metropolitan area.
Allal al Fassi Dam
The Allal al Fassi Dam is an embankment dam located 18 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of Sefrou on the Sebou River in the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco. Completed in 1991, it provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power production. The dam was named after the famous Moroccan Allal al-Fassi.

Sebou River
The Sebou (Berber: Asif en Sbu, Arabic: سبو) is a river in northern Morocco.  At its source in the Middle Atlas mountains it is known as the Guigou River (Berber: Asif n Gigu). The river is 496 kilometers long and has an average water flow of 137 m3/s, which makes it the largest North African river by volume. It passes near Fes, the second largest city in Morocco, and discharges to the Atlantic Ocean at Mehdya. Sebou is navigable for only 16 km as far as the city of Kenitra, which has the only river port in Morocco. Its most important tributaries are the Ouergha River, Baht River and Inaouen River. The river supports irrigation in Morocco's most fertile region: the Gharb.
Amelia Hernández
Amelia Hernández Bonilla (born June 7, 1971), is a Venezuelan chess Women FIDE Master (WFM) (1988), five-times Venezuelan Women's Chess Championships winner (1985, 1986, 1992, 1994, 2018), Women's Chess Olympiad individual gold medalist (1994).

Chess Olympiad
The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.
Grönåsen Älg- och Lantdjurspark
56°49′56″N 15°24′20″E﻿ / ﻿56.83222°N 15.40556°E﻿ / 56.83222; 15.40556

Grönåsen Älg- och Lantdjurspark ("Grönåsen Elk and Farm animal Park") is a Swedish zoo located in Kosta in Kronoberg County, Sweden, specialized in moose and display the rare white colored moose.

Kosta, Sweden
Kosta (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈkûːsta]) is a locality situated in Lessebo Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 884 inhabitants in 2010.

It is located between the cities of Kalmar and Växjö, in the forested Småland province.

Kosta is known for the glassworks, Kosta Boda.
Music history of Italy
The modern state of Italy did not come into being until 1861, though the roots of music on the Italian Peninsula can be traced back to the music of ancient Rome. However, the underpinnings of much modern Italian music come from the Middle Ages.

Comic opera
Comic opera, sometimes known as light opera, is a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature, usually with a happy ending and often including spoken dialogue.

Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy. By the 1730s, a new operatic genre, opera buffa, emerged as an alternative to opera seria. It quickly made its way to France, where it became opéra comique, and eventually, in the following century, French operetta, with Jacques Offenbach as its most accomplished practitioner.

The influence of Italian and French forms spread to other parts of Europe. Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera, incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions. Examples include German singspiel, Viennese operetta, Spanish zarzuela, Russian comic opera, English ballad and Savoy opera, North American operetta and musical comedy.
National Party (Romania)
The Partida Naţională din Ţara Românească (English: National Party of Wallachia) was a Romanian political organization active in the period of 1837–1848 in the Danubian Principalities, made up of the boyars who opposed foreign interference. It was established by Ion Câmpineanu. It was a loose group which helped to popularize Romanian nationalism, and finally the union of the Principalities.

Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia
The boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia were the nobility of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The title was either inherited or granted by the Hospodar, often together with an administrative function. The boyars held much of the political power in the principalities and, until the Phanariote era, they elected the Hospodar.

As such, until the 19th century, the system oscillated between an oligarchy and an autocracy with power concentrated in the Hospodar's hands.
Tōgō Heihachirō
Tōgō Heihachirō (東郷 平八郎; 27 January 1848 – 30 May 1934), served as a gensui or admiral of the fleet in the Imperial Japanese Navy and became one of Japan's greatest naval heroes. As Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, he successfully confined the Russian Pacific naval forces to Port Arthur before winning a decisive victory over a relieving fleet at Tsushima in May 1905. Western journalists called Tōgō "the Nelson of the East". He remains deeply revered as a national hero in Japan, with shrines and streets named in his honour.

Order of Merit
The Order of Merit (French: Ordre du Mérite) is an order of merit for the Commonwealth realms, recognising distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or the promotion of culture. Established in 1902 by Edward VII, admission into the order remains the personal gift of its Sovereign—currently Edward VII's great-great-grandson Charles III—and is restricted to a maximum of 24 living recipients from the Commonwealth realms, plus honorary members. While all members are awarded the right to use the post-nominal letters OM and wear the badge of the order, the Order of Merit's precedence among other honours differs between countries.
Wode
Wode is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Peter Atte Wode (fl. c. 1325–1382), English judge

Thomas Wode (died 1502), British judge

Thomas Wode (MP) (by 1469–1532), English politician

Thomas Atwode
Thomas Atwode (Awode, Wode, Wodde) (by 1469 – 1532), of Canterbury, Kent, was an English politician.

Atwode was born by 1469, the third son of Thomas Atwode, who died in 1498. The family were from Canterbury, and his brother, William Atwode, was also an MP. Atwode was educated at Gray's Inn.

Atwode married Margaret Moyle, a daughter of the MP John Moyle of Eastwell.

He was an alderman of Canterbury by 1500, chamberlain from 1500 to 1503 and mayor for 1504–05, 1512–13 and 1530–31.

Atwode was a Member of Parliament for Canterbury 1504, 1510, 1515, and 1529.

On his death he was buried in the chapel which he had built in the church of St. Mildred, Canterbury.