hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Macaulay brackets
Macaulay brackets are a notation used to describe the ramp function

A popular alternative transcription uses angle brackets, viz. . 
Another commonly used notation is + or + for the positive part of , which avoids conflicts with  for set notation.

Sign (mathematics)
In mathematics, the sign of a real number is its property of being either positive, negative, or 0. Depending on local conventions, zero may be considered as having its own unique sign, having no sign, or having both positive and negative sign. In some contexts, it makes sense to distinguish between a positive and a negative zero.

In mathematics and physics, the phrase "change of sign" is associated with exchanging an object for its additive inverse (multiplication with −1, negation), an operation which is not restricted to real numbers. It applies among other objects to vectors, matrices, and complex numbers, which are not prescribed to be only either positive, negative, or zero.

The word "sign" is also often used to indicate binary aspects of mathematical or scientific objects, such as odd and even (sign of a permutation), sense of orientation or rotation (cw/ccw), one sided limits, and other concepts described in § Other meanings below.
Nuseirat refugee camp
Nuseirat Camp (Arabic: مخيّم النصيرات) is a Palestinian refugee camp located in the middle of the Gaza Strip, five kilometers north-east of Deir al-Balah. The refugee camp is in the Deir al-Balah Governorate, Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the refugee camp had a population of 31,747 and the surrounding Nuseirat municipality had a population of 54,851 in 2017. The camp was established after the 1948 Palestinian expulsion during the 1948 Palestine war.

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS; Arabic: الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء الفلسطيني, romanized: al-Jihāz al-Markazī lil-Iḥṣāʼ al-Filasṭīnī) is the official statistical institution of Palestine. Its main task is to provide credible statistical figures at the national and international levels. It is a state institution that provides service to the governmental, non – governmental and private sectors in addition to research institutions and universities. It is established as an independent statistical bureau. The PCBS publishes the Statistical Yearbook of Palestine and the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook annually.

The head office of the agency is in Ein Munjed Quarter, Ramallah.
1906 Naef
1906 Naef (prov. designation:1972 RC) is a stony vestoid asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1972, by Swiss astronomer Paul Wild at Zimmerwald Observatory near Bern, Switzerland. It was later named after Swiss banker and amateur astronomer Robert A. Naef.

Zimmerwald Observatory
The Zimmerwald Observatory (German: Observatorium Zimmerwald) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Bern It has five telescopes of various sizes.
Karrigan
Finn Andersen (born 14 April 1990), better known as karrigan, is a Danish-German professional Counter-Strike 2  player and captain for FaZe Clan. He has also played for other teams including Fnatic, Team Dignitas, Team SoloMid, Astralis and Mousesports. Andersen was a founding member of Astralis, a player-owned team established in 2015. He began playing competitively in 2006 during the Counter-Strike 1.6 era. He is widely considered to be one of the best in-game leaders in Counter-Strike history.

Perfect World Shanghai Major 2024
The Perfect World Shanghai Major 2024 was the second Counter-Strike 2 Major Championship and twenty-first Counter-Strike Major overall. It was held in Shanghai, China from November 30 to December 15, 2024, and was the first Major organized by Perfect World. For the first time since Rio 2022, each stage of the tournament was in front of large audiences. The Opening and Elimination stages were held at the Shanghai World Expo Exhibition and Convention Center, while the Playoffs stage were held at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center. Twenty-four teams qualified from regional qualifiers for the tournament, which included a prize pool of US$1,250,000.

Team Spirit were the Major's champions, following a 2–1 victory over FaZe Clan. 17-year-old Spirit player Danil "donk" Kryshkovets was named the tournament's MVP, making him the highest-rated ever as well as the youngest ever, since Markus "Kjaerbye" Kjærbye at Atlanta 2017.
Independent Collectors
Independent Collectors is an online community and editorial platform for contemporary art collectors. Founder Christian Kaspar Schwarm originally launched the site in June 2008. Independent Collectors is said to be the largest online resource of privately owned art and also offers a forum to discuss topics on collecting. Independent Collectors is based in Berlin, Germany. Die Zeit has described the site as a "Facebook for aesthetics".

Die Zeit
Die Zeit (German pronunciation: [diː ˈtsaɪt], lit. 'The Time') is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles.
Hearts Up EP
Hearts Up EP is the first extended play from V. Rose. Inpop Records released the EP on October 30, 2015. It is her first release with the label. She worked with Broken City and Spec, in the production of this album.

Inpop Records
Inpop Records is an independent contemporary Christian music record label based in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. It was launched in July 1999 by Australians Peter Furler, Dale Bray, and Wes Campbell. The name was derived from the idea of wanting to highlight the talents of international pop artists, though they have signed an equal number of American artists.
Filomeno Codiñera
Filomeno Codiñera Jr. (March 25, 1939 – October 25, 2016), also known as Boy Codiñera, was a Filipino baseball and softball player. He has represented both the men's national softball and baseball teams of the Philippines. He played as an outfielder in softball and as a third baseman in baseball.

Adamson University
Adamson University (Filipino: Pamantasang Adamson; AdU or ADU) is a private Catholic university operated by the Congregation of the Mission located in Manila, Philippines. The university has academic programs in graduate school, law, the liberal arts, sciences, engineering, nursing, pharmacy, architecture, business administration, and education, as well as secondary, elementary, and preschool. It is one of the universities in the country to receive an autonomous status by the Commission on Higher Education.

Adamson is a member of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines. In its 80th season, the university won first place in the cheerdancing competition.
Allette Brooks
Allette Brooks is an American folk singer-songwriter from Long Beach, California. She graduated from Stanford University, majoring in human biology. Her song "Silicon Valley Rebel", about a feminist Web designer who "comes in to work every day in her bike shorts and political T-shirts", was featured in "Silicon Valley USA", a BBC radio documentary. She also teaches Forrest yoga and Restorative Yoga.

Forrest Yoga
Forrest Yoga is a style of yoga as exercise. It was created by and named for Ana T. Forrest in 1982. It is known for "its long holding of positions, emphasis on abdominal core work, and standing series that can go on for 20 poses on each side". Reputed for its intensity, the style emphasizes connecting to one's feelings in order to work through physical and emotional trauma.
Ken Allred
George Kenneth (Ken) Allred (born December 30, 1940, in Pincher Creek, Alberta) is a politician in Alberta, Canada, who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, in which he sat as a member of the Progressive Conservative caucus.  He is also a former municipal councillor in St. Albert, Alberta and former candidate for the House of Commons of Canada.

St. Albert, Alberta
St. Albert is a suburban city in Alberta, Canada, next to the Sturgeon River, northwest of the City of Edmonton, the provincial capital. It was originally settled as a Métis community, and is now the second-largest city in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region. St. Albert first received its town status in 1904 and was reached by the Canadian Northern Railway in 1906. Originally separated from Edmonton by several miles of farmland, the 1980s expansion of Edmonton's city limits placed St. Albert immediately adjacent to the larger city on St. Albert's southern and eastern sides.
Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union
The Ngāti Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union (NPEC) is a constituent union in the New Zealand Rugby Union located on the East Coast of the North Island.  Its provincial team plays in the Heartland Championship and its home ground is Whakarua Park, Ruatoria. It is the smallest Union in New Zealand in the sense of player numbers and population base.

The union was previously called East Coast. Due to the high number of players from the Ngāti Porou iwi, the team became known as Ngāti Porou East Coast and in August 2023 the Union was officially renamed the Ngāti Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union on the New Zealand incorporated societies register.

Heartland Championship
The Heartland Championship is an annual round-robin rugby union competition in men's domestic New Zealand rugby. First played in 2006, it is the third highest level of competition in New Zealand alongside the Ranfurly Shield. It is organised by New Zealand Rugby (NZR) and since 2021, it has been known as the Bunnings Heartland Championship after Bunnings, its naming rights sponsor.

Following the 2005 National Provincial Championship the NPC was restructured into two competitions. The Heartland Championship would include semi-professional and amateur players, and consist of the bottom twelve populated and performing regional teams. The higher ranked teams would compete in the reformed professional National Provincial Championship.
Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care
Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care (French: Waypoint Centre de soins de santé mentale), formerly known as Mental Health Centre Penetanguishene, is a 315-bed hospital providing mental health, addictions and geriatric care, located on Georgian Bay in the Town of Penetanguishene, approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Toronto. Waypoint provides both acute and longer-term mental health, addiction and geriatric inpatient and outpatient care to Simcoe County, Dufferin County, Muskoka and Parry Sound. In addition, Waypoint is home to the Waypoint Research Institute and operates Ontario’s only high secure forensic mental health units, serving patients involved in both the mental health and justice systems. The hospital is affiliated with the University of Toronto. It is also the largest employer in North Simcoe Region.

Dufferin County
Dufferin County is a county and census division located in Central Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Orangeville, and the current Warden is Janet Horner. The current chief administrative officer is Sonya Pritchard.  Dufferin covers an area of 1,486.77 square kilometres (574.05 sq mi), and its population was 66,257 at the time of the 2021 Census.
Kulakara
In Jainism, kulakara (also manu) refers to the wise men who teach people how to perform the laborious activities for survival. According to Jain Cosmology, when the third ara (epoch) of the avasarpani (present descending half-cycle of cosmic age) was nearing its end, felicities due to ten type of Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling trees) started declining. The number of the sages who thus appeared is said to be fourteen, the last of whom was Nabhirai, the father of the first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha.

Avasarpiṇī
Avasarpiṇī (Sanskrit: अवसर्पिणी) is the descending half of the cosmic time cycle in Jainism and the one in which the world is said to be at present. According to Jain texts it is marked by a decline in goodness and religion. The ascending half of the cycle is called Utsarpiṇī, which is marked by the ascent of goodness and religion.
Confusion Hill
39°55′08.1″N 123°45′53.8″W﻿ / ﻿39.918917°N 123.764944°W﻿ / 39.918917; -123.764944﻿ (Confusion Hill)

Confusion Hill is a roadside attraction in Piercy, California. The attraction, which opened in 1949, includes what is dubbed as a "gravity house", a structure built to give the interior visitors tilt-induced optical illusions, similar to the perspective on a gravity hill. Occupants experience the need to stand upright when they actually already are. Also included in the attraction is the Mountain Train Ride a 1+1⁄2-mile (2.4 km) 20 in (508 mm) narrow gauge built in a switchback layout along the side of a steep hill.

For 60 years, Confusion Hill was on the heavily traveled US 101 highway, also known as the Redwood Highway. Due to repeated mudslides obstructing the road, US 101 was realigned in 2009 to the Confusion Hill Bridges, bypassing the attraction. In 2010 Confusion Hill was granted California Points of Historical Interest status.

Piercy, California
Piercy is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County, California. It is located on the South Fork of the Eel River, 9 miles (14 km) north-northwest of Leggett, at an elevation of 794 feet (242 m).

The first post office at Piercy opened in 1920. The name honors Sam Piercy, who settled there around 1900.
Association football headgear
Association football headgear is worn by association football players to protect the head from injury. The headgear is designed to absorb the impact of blows to the head by external physical forces in order to reduce the chance of a concussion, a noteworthy example in international football being Czech goalkeeper Petr Čech from Chelsea. These collisions can occur from head to head, head to ground, head to goal post, or head to body extremity contact. It is flexible, not a rigid helmet.

Injury
Injury is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether in humans, in other animals, or in plants.

Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with penetration by sharp objects such as teeth or with blunt objects, by heat or cold, or by venoms and biotoxins. Injury prompts an inflammatory response in many taxa of animals; this prompts wound healing. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of pathogens such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete antimicrobial chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of immune responses for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can repair damage to a certain degree.
Cargo liner
A cargo liner, also known as a passenger-cargo ship or passenger-cargoman, is a type of merchant ship which carries general cargo and often passengers.

They became common just after the middle of the 19th century, and eventually gave way to container ships and other more specialized carriers in the latter half of the 20th century.

Cargo
In transportation, cargo refers to goods transported by land, water or air, while freight refers to its conveyance. In economics, freight refers to goods transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. The term cargo is also used in case of goods in the cold-chain, because the perishable inventory is always in transit towards a final end-use, even when it is held in cold storage or other similar climate-controlled facilities, including warehouses.

Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, especially by shipping lines and logistics operators. When empty containers are shipped each unit is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, the contents are termed containerized cargo. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with an associated packing list of the items contained within.
2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+)
In enzymology, a 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC 1.2.1.23) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

a 2-oxoaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O  a 2-oxo acid + NADH + H+

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoaldehyde, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxo acid, NADH, and H+.

This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism.

Hydrogen ion
A hydrogen ion is an ion created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. 
Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions (hydrons) and negatively charged (hydride) ions.
The Target (The Wire)
"The Target" is the series premiere of the American police drama The Wire. It debuted on June 2, 2002, on HBO in the United States. The episode was written by David Simon from a story by Simon and Ed Burns and was directed by Clark Johnson. The story focuses on Baltimore Police Detective Jimmy McNulty setting his sights on Stringer Bell and Avon Barksdale's drug-dealing organization as the target of an investigation.

Nearly 3.7 million viewers watched "The Target" on its debut. Critical reception was largely positive, with praise for the writing, character development, and exploration of a police department's workings.

Series premiere
A series premiere is the first aired installment of an episodic entertainment series, most often a television series. In the United States, many series premieres are aired in the fall time or, for mid-season replacements, either in the spring or late winter.
89 Combat Flying School
89 Combat Flying School is a disbanded unit of the South African Air Force, active from 1986 to 1992. The unit was formed on 1 July 1986 from the Mirage Flight of 85 Combat Flying School at AFB Pietersburg and its main role was to train aircrew to fly the Dassault Mirage aircraft.

On 26 July 1986, the school began receiving the dual seat Atlas Cheetah D aircraft and started offering a Cheetah conversion course to pilots already qualified on the Atlas Impala aircraft. The school was the first unit of the South African Air Force to receive the Cheetah D.

89 Combat Flying School began merging with 2 Squadron SAAF on 6 November 1992, to become Training Flight, 2 Squadron. Flying operations were conducted by 2 Squadron from 6 November 1992 and 89 Combat Flying School was disbanded on 29 November 1992. All remaining personnel and equipment was transferred to AFB Louis Trichardt during January 1993.

Air Force Base Makhado
Air Force Base Makhado (ICAO: FALM), formerly Air Force Base Louis Trichardt, is an airbase of the South African Air Force. It is the SAAF's northernmost base, situated at Louis Trichardt near the border with Zimbabwe, as well as being its most modern, and is known unofficially as Fighter Town, RSA.

The base motto is Castrum Borealis (Fortress of the North).
Diana Berg
Diana Olehivna Berg (Ukrainian: Діа́на Оле́гівна Берг; born 7 December 1979) is a Ukrainian activist from Donetsk who advocates for human rights. She started the Donetsk pro-Ukrainian movement in 2014 following the Euromaidan. The Platform Tu Space and Tu art-group, which is centered on the center of social changes and the promotion of human rights and freedoms via art and culture.

Social change
Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Sustained at a larger scale, it may lead to social transformation or societal transformation.
Larissa Football Clubs Association
Larissa Football Clubs Association (Greek: Ένωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Λάρισας) is an association football organization in Larissa Prefecture that is part of Hellenic Football Federation. LFCA is responsible for organizing the prefectural football (soccer) championships in four divisions (named A, A1, B and C) and the LFCA Cup. LFCA also organizes championship and cup competitions for youth and development teams.The LFCA Championship (winner of LFCA A Division) is promoted to the Third National Division, while the LFCA Cup winner enters the Greek Football Amateur Cup.

Larissa (regional unit)
Larissa (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Λάρισας) is one of the regional units of Greece, located in the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Larissa, after which it is named. According to the 2021 census, it has a total population of 268,963.
Via de la Valle, San Diego
Via de la Valle is a small residential neighborhood in northern San Diego, California. The neighborhood is bordered by the City of Solana Beach to the north and west, the unincorporated San Diego County community of Rancho Santa Fe to the east, and undeveloped natural areas of North City, San Diego to the south. Due to its zip code, properties in the neighborhood typically use a Del Mar, California address despite being within San Diego city limits. Approximately 125 acres (51 hectares) in size, Via de la Valle is the smallest community planning area in the City of San Diego.

Solana Beach, California
Solana Beach (Solana, Spanish for "sunny side") is a beach city in San Diego County, California, on the South Coast. Its population was at 12,940 at the 2020 U.S. census, up from 12,867 at the 2010 census.
Ludecke
Ludecke, Lüdecke, Luedecke, Lüddecke or Luddecke is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alvin Luedecke (1910–1998), United States Air Force general

Cornelia Lüdecke (born 1954), German polar researcher

Kristin Ludecke (born 1977), American beauty pageant contestant

Kurt Ludecke (1890–1960), German Nazi

Old Man Luedecke, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician

Otto-Joachim Lüdecke (1895–1971), German general

Fritz Lüddecke (1920-1944), German Nazi fighter pilot

Kurt Lüdecke
Kurt Lüdecke (5 February 1890 – 1960) was an ardent German nationalist and international traveler who joined the Nazi Party in the early 1920s and who used his social connections to raise money for the NSDAP. Before attending a rally at which Adolf Hitler was a featured speaker, Lüdecke had assumed that Hitler was simply "one more fanatic" but after hearing Hitler speak at a mass demonstration at the Königsplatz in Munich, he adopted Hitler as his hero: "His appeal to German manhood was like a call to arms, the gospel he preached a sacred truth." The next day, he spoke to Hitler for four hours and offered himself to Hitler and the Nazi cause "without reservation ... I had given him my soul."
Devin Vargas
Devin Vargas (born December 25, 1981) is an American professional boxer. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games and competed at the 2004 Olympics, both in the heavyweight division.

2003 Pan American Games
The 2003 Pan American Games, officially the XIV Pan American Games (Spanish: XIV Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Santo Domingo 2003, were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from August 1 to 17, 2003.  The successful bid for the Games was made in the mid-1990s, when Dominican Republic had one of the highest growth rates in Latin America.

All 42 PASO countries and over 5,223 athletes pre-registered for participation in the XIV Pan American Games. An additional 2,425 trainers and delegates attended. The United States pre-registered the most athletes (713) and Saint Lucia entered the least (6).  The host country entered 562 athletes.