hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Naum Z. Shor
Naum Zuselevich Shor (Russian: Наум Зуселевич Шор) (1 January 1937 – 26 February 2006) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician specializing in optimization.

He made significant contributions to nonlinear and stochastic programming, numerical techniques for non-smooth optimization, discrete optimization problems, matrix optimization, dual quadratic bounds in multi-extremal programming problems.

Shor became a full member of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine in 1998.

Stochastic programming
In the field of mathematical optimization, stochastic programming is a framework for modeling optimization problems that involve uncertainty. A stochastic program is an optimization problem in which some or all problem parameters are uncertain, but follow known probability distributions. This framework contrasts with deterministic optimization, in which all problem parameters are assumed to be known exactly. The goal of stochastic programming is to find a decision which both optimizes some criteria chosen by the decision maker, and appropriately accounts for the uncertainty of the problem parameters. Because many real-world decisions involve uncertainty, stochastic programming has found applications in a broad range of areas ranging from finance to transportation to energy optimization.
1988 AAA Championships
The 1988 AAA Championships was an outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA), held from 5–7 August at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham, England.It served as the trials for the 1988 British Olympic team. It was considered the de facto national championships for the United Kingdom, ahead of the 1989 UK Athletics Championships.

For the first time, men's and women's events were contested at the same championships, with the WAAA Championships merging with the previously men-only AAA Championships.

The men's decathlon, women's heptathlon and women's 5000 metres events were hosted in Stoke-on-Trent. The women's 10,000 m walk was held in London.

Great Britain at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Great Britain, represented by the British Olympic Association (BOA), competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. 345 competitors, 219 men and 126 women, took part in 191 events in 22 sports. British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games.

Similarly to the previous two Summer Olympics, British athletes once again won five gold medals.
Anna Green (footballer)
Anna Green (born 20 August 1990), is a former association footballer who played as a Defender. She has also played for Three Kings United (ASB League), Adelaide United and Lokomotive Leipzig (Bundesliga).

In January 2014 Green agreed a transfer to Notts County of the FA WSL. Under the terms of the deal she would join the English club after finishing the Australian season with Sydney FC and taking part in the Cyprus Cup. After seeing out her contract with Reading, Green decided to return to New Zealand and play part-time in the National Women's League while working as an accountant.

Adelaide United FC (women)
Adelaide United Football Club is an Australian women's soccer team based in Adelaide, South Australia. Founded in 2008, it is the affiliated women's team of Adelaide United. The team competes in the country's premier women's soccer competition, the A-League Women.
2002 Soul Train Music Awards
The 2002 Soul Train Music Awards were held on 30 March 2002 at the Los Angeles Memorial Sport Arena in Los Angeles, California. The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall, Yolanda Adams, Faith Evans and Shemar Moore.

Fallin' (Alicia Keys song)
"Fallin'" is a song by American singer-songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released as the lead single from her debut studio album, Songs in A Minor (2001), and as Keys' debut single. Written and produced by Keys, "Fallin'" is generally considered her signature song. It was released on March 28, 2001, by J Records. The official remix features rappers Busta Rhymes and Rampage.

"Fallin'" attained global commercial success, reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and the top 10 in several countries, topping the charts of Flanders, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In 2009, "Fallin'" was named the 29th most successful song of the 2000s, on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade. Critically acclaimed, it won three Grammy Awards at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards in 2002, including Song of the Year, Best R&B Song, and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and was also nominated for Record of the Year.
Glendon, Alberta
Glendon is a village in northern Alberta, Canada that is north of St. Paul. The community has the maiden name of an early postmaster's mother.

In 1993, the town unveiled its roadside tribute to the perogy. Their "Giant Perogy," complete with fork, is 7.6 m (24.9 ft) in height. It is one of the Giants of the Prairies. Glendon is home to former NHLer Stan Smyl.

St. Paul, Alberta
St. Paul, originally known as St-Paul-de-Métis or St-Paul-des-Métis, is a town in East-Northern Alberta, Canada that is surrounded by the County of St. Paul No. 19. It was known as St. Paul de(s) Métis between 1912 and 1936.

The community of St-Paul-de-Métis has historical significance related to the Métis people in the region. The area was settled by Métis families who played a vital role in the fur trade and the early development of the region. The Métis, with their mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, established themselves in the area and contributed to its cultural heritage.

The community takes its name from the Catholic mission and parish established in the late 19th century. The parish was dedicated to Saint Paul the Apostle and became a focal point for religious, social, and cultural activities for the local Métis population.
Akalpur
Akalpur is a village in Phillaur tehsil of Jalandhar District of Punjab State, India. It is 2 km from Phillaur, 45.8 km from Jalandhar, and 112 km from state capital at Chandigarh. The nearest train station is situated in Phillaur, nearest domestic airport is 33 km away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is 140 km away in Amritsar. The village is administered by the Sarpanch who is an elected representative of the village. It has its postal head office 2 km away in Phillaur.

Phillaur
Phillaur is a town and a municipal council as well as a tehsil in Jalandhar district in the Indian state of Punjab. The city is situated 20 km from Ludhiana, 45 km from Jalandhar and 140 km from Amritsar. It is situated on the border of the Doaba and Puadh regions.This city was Founded by a Rajput Maharaja Ratan Pal Naru, during the 12-13th century to 1947 as Kingdom of Phulnagar, but later came to be known as Phillaur.
Netherlands Maritime University Rotterdam; Master Shipping and Transport
The Netherlands Maritime University Rotterdam (STC-NMU) is a specialised educational institute founded by the STC Group (Shipping and Transport College), Rotterdam. It offers a specialised 40-week Master Shipping and Transport program that trains students for management positions in the shipping and transport industry.

Freight transport
Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commercial products and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
Seppo Pääkkönen
Seppo Sakari Pääkkönen (born 15 June 1957 in Kuhmo) is a Finnish actor.

He is married to Virve Havelin. Their son Jasper Pääkkönen is also an actor.

Pääkkönen played Matti's father in the 2006 film Matti: Hell Is for Heroes, where his real-life son plays his on-screen son.

His younger brother Antti Pääkkönen is also an actor.

Kuhmo
Kuhmo (known as Kuhmoniemi until 1937) is a town and a municipality in Finland and is located at the south-eastern corner of the Kainuu region. The municipality has a population of 7,413 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 5,456.78 square kilometres (2,106.87 sq mi) of which 649.97 km2 (250.95 sq mi) is water. The population density is 1.54 inhabitants per square kilometre (4.0/sq mi). It shares a border of 120 kilometres (75 mi) with Russia (Finnish-Russian border). Neighbouring towns are Hyrynsalmi, Lieksa, Nurmes, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo and Suomussalmi. A neighbour city across the Russian border is Kostomuksha. Vartius, one of the border crossing points between Finland and Russia, is located in northern Kuhmo.

Kuhmo's eastern border is located at a drainage divider, and the town area is within the drainage basin of Oulujärvi.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.
Marcgraviastrum sodiroi
Marcgraviastrum sodiroi is a species of plant in the Marcgraviaceae family endemic to Colombia and Ecuador.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

It was first published in Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 955 in 1999.

The specific epithet of sodiroi refers to Luis Sodiro (1836–1909), who was an Italian Jesuit priest and a field botanist, who collected many plants in Ecuador.

Marcgraviaceae
The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accompanied by modified, fleshy, saccate bracts which produce nectar. The flowers are pentamerous. The fruits are capsules.
USS Benfold
USS Benfold (DDG-65) is a Flight I Arleigh Burke-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She is a multi-mission platform capable of anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) with the powerful Aegis Combat System suite and anti-aircraft missiles, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), with towed sonar array, anti-submarine rockets, anti-surface warfare (ASUW) with Harpoon missiles, and strategic land strike using Tomahawk missiles. Benfold was one of the first ships fitted with the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System and during the 2010 Stellar Daggers exercise was the first ship to simultaneously engage a ballistic missile and a cruise missile.

Former Benfold commanding officers include Admiral Mark Ferguson, Admiral Michael Gilday, Vice Admiral Thomas H. Copeman III, and author Captain D. Michael Abrashoff.

Anti-surface warfare
Anti-surface warfare (ASuW or ASUW) is the branch of naval warfare concerned with the suppression of surface combatants. More generally, it is any weapons, sensors, or operations intended to attack or limit the effectiveness of an adversary's surface ships. Before the adoption of the submarine and naval aviation, all naval warfare consisted of anti-surface warfare. The distinct concept of an anti-surface warfare capability emerged after World War II, and literature on the subject as a distinct discipline is inherently dominated by the dynamics of the Cold War.
Flyover complex
In organometallic chemistry, a flyover complex features two metals bridged by the fragment OC(RC=CR)2.  Some flyover complexes are symmetrical and some are not.

Common examples are the iron carbonyl derivatives, which are typically air-stable, soluble in nonpolar solvents, and red-orange in color. These diiron complexes arise by the reaction of alkynes with iron carbonyls.  Such reactions are known to generate many products, e.g. complexes of cyclopentadienones and para-quinones.

Some ferrole complexes react with tertiary phosphines to give the substituted flyover complex Fe2(CO)5(PR3)(C4R4CO).  They insert alkynes en route to tropones (R6C7O).

Tropone
Tropone or 2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one is an organic compound with some importance in organic chemistry as a non-benzenoid aromatic. The compound consists of a ring of seven carbon atoms with three conjugated alkene groups and a ketone group. The related compound tropolone (2-hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one) has an additional alcohol (or an enol including the double bond) group next to the ketone.  Tropones are uncommon in natural products, with the notable exception of the 2-hydroxyl derivatives, which are called tropolones.

Tropone has been known since 1951 and is also called cycloheptatrienylium oxide. The name tropolone was coined by M. J. S. Dewar in 1945 in connection to perceived aromatic properties.
Ieya
"Ieya" is a song by the English new wave band Toyah, fronted by Toyah Willcox. It was first released as a single in 1980 by Safari Records to promote the album The Blue Meaning. It was re-recorded and re-issued in 1982, and met with minor chart success in the UK.

Toyah (band)
Toyah was an English new wave band fronted by namesake Toyah Willcox between 1977 and 1983. The only other consistent band member throughout this period was Joel Bogen, Willcox's principal co-writer and guitarist.
Stary Durulguy
Stary Durulguy (Russian: Старый Дурулгуй) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ononsky District, Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. Population: 114 (2021 census); 154 (2010 census); 184 (2002 census);  There are 5 streets in this selo.

Ononsky District
Ononsky District (Russian: Оно́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-one in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai, and borders Aginsky District in the north, Borzinsky District in the east, and Akshinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 5,800 square kilometers (2,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Nizhny Tsasuchey. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 11,199, with the population of Nizhny Tsasuchey accounting for 30.0% of that number.
Water right
In water law, water right is the right of a user to use water from a water source, e.g., a river, stream, pond or source of groundwater. In areas with plentiful water and few users, such systems are generally not complicated or contentious. In other areas, especially arid areas where irrigation is practiced, such systems are often the source of conflict, both legal and physical. Some systems treat surface water and ground water in the same manner, while others use different principles for each.

Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are an important concept in law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology.

The history of social conflicts has often involved attempts to define and redefine rights. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived".
Evans Chebet
Evans Kiplagat Chebet (born 10 November 1988) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in road races. In 2022, he became the third man this century to win both the Boston Marathon and New York City Marathon. Chebet successfully defended his title at the 2023 Boston Marathon for his third consecutive World Marathon Major victory in a row. He finished third at the 2016 Berlin Marathon.

In September 2019, after finishing in the top six of every marathon he had finished, Chebet won his first international race, the Buenos Aires Marathon, in a time of 2:05:00. The year after, in March 2020, he won the Lake Biwa Marathon with 2:07:29. In December of the same year, he lowered his personal best by exactly two minutes and set a world lead when he won the 2020 Valencia Marathon in 2:03:00, kicking down Lawrence Cherono and winning by four seconds.

2016 Berlin Marathon
The 2016 Berlin Marathon was the 43rd edition of the Berlin Marathon. The marathon took place in Berlin, Germany, on 25 September 2016 and was the fourth World Marathon Majors race of the year. The men's race was won by Kenenisa Bekele in 2 hours, 3 minutes and 3 seconds, the second fastest time ever. Wilson Kipsang was only 10 seconds behind him.
Thom–Sebastiani Theorem
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Thom–Sebastiani Theorem states: given the germ  defined as  where  are germs of holomorphic functions with isolated singularities, the vanishing cycle complex of  is isomorphic to the tensor product of those of .  Moreover, the isomorphism respects the  monodromy operators in the sense: .

The theorem was introduced by Thom and Sebastiani in 1971.

Observing that the analog fails in positive characteristic, Deligne suggested that, in positive characteristic, a tensor product should be replaced by a (certain) local convolution product.

René Thom
René Frédéric Thom (French: [ʁəne tɔm]; 2 September 1923 – 25 October 2002) was a French mathematician, who received the Fields Medal in 1958.

He made his reputation as a topologist, moving on to aspects of what would be called singularity theory; he became world-famous among the wider academic community and the educated general public for one aspect of this latter interest, his work as the founder of catastrophe theory (later developed by Christopher Zeeman).
Johanne Andersen
Johanne Hermansen Andersen (1913–1999) was a Danish Lutheran priest, one of the first three women to be ordained into the Church of Denmark. As a result of legislation introduced by the Church Minister Carl Hermansen in 1947, the following year, together with Edith Brenneche Petersen and Ruth Vermehren, she was ordained by Bishop Hans Øllgaard in Odense Cathedral. Denmark thus became the first country in the world to have women priests. Andersen was the first woman in Denmark to serve as a parish priest. In 1948, she was appointed parish priest in Nørre Ørslev on the island of Falster and later moving to Vigerslev Church in Copenhagen. In 1965, she became the parish priest of the newly established Margarethe Church, also in Copenhagen.

Falster
Falster (Danish: [ˈfælˀstɐ]) is an island in south-eastern Denmark with an area of 486.2 km2 (187.7 sq mi) and 43,398 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010. Located in the Kattegat, Belts and Sound area, it is part of Region Zealand and is administered by Guldborgsund Municipality. Falster includes Denmark's southernmost point, Gedser Odde, near Gedser.

The largest town is Nykøbing Falster with over 40% of the island's inhabitants. Other towns include Stubbekøbing, Nørre Alslev and Gedser.

Falster has motor and railway links both to the larger island of Zealand to the north and to the island of Lolland to the south-west. These links also lead to the smaller islands of Masnedø and Farø. European route E47 links Copenhagen to Hamburg (Germany) via Falster.
William E. Starke
William Edwin Starke (1814 – September 17, 1862) was a wealthy Gulf Coast businessman and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was killed in action at the Battle of Antietam while commanding the famed "Stonewall Division," a unit first made famous under Stonewall Jackson.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Elater
An elater is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic, and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment. Elaters come in a variety of forms, but are always associated with plant spores. In many plants that do not have seeds, they function in dispersing the spores to a new location. Mosses do not have elaters, but peristomes which change shape with changes in humidity or moisture to allow for a gradual release of spores.

Helix
A helix (/ˈhiːlɪks/; pl. helices) is a shape like a cylindrical coil spring or the thread of a machine screw. It is a type of smooth skew curve with tangent lines at a constant angle to a fixed axis. Helices are important in biology, as the DNA molecule is formed as two intertwined helices, and many proteins have helical substructures, known as alpha helices. The word helix comes from the Greek word ἕλιξ, "twisted, curved". 
A "filled-in" helix – for example, a "spiral" (helical) ramp – is a surface called a helicoid.
Portrait of Juliette de Villeneuve
Portrait of Juliette de Villeneuve is an 1824 portrait painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David. It depicts a young woman Juliette de Villeneuve posing with a harp. David went into permanent exile in Brussels following the downfall of Napoleon and the Bourbon Restoration. This was the last original painting he produced before his death. The only subsequent work he created was a replica of his earlier The Anger of Achilles.

Juliette de Villeneuve (1802–1840) was part of the group of Napoleonic exiles who had taken shelter in Brussels, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. She was the niece of Julie Clary, the wife of Joseph Bonaparte the former king of Spain. These exiles provided most of the commissions David undertook in his final years. He received 6,000 francs as payment from the sitter's mother.

The painting is now in the Louvre in Lens, which acquired it in 1997.

Lens
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.
Stephen Hester
Sir Stephen Alan Michael Hester (born 14 December 1960) is a British business executive and banker who has been serving as chairman of Nordea Abp since 2022 and chairman of easyJet since 2021. He is also the former chief executive of RSA Insurance Group and British Land.

British Land
The British Land Company Public Limited Company is one of the largest property development and investment companies in the United Kingdom.  The firm became a real estate investment trust when REITs were introduced in the UK in January 2007.  It is headquartered in London, England, and is a founding member of the European Public Real Estate Association. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.