hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edmund Copeland
Edmund "Ed" J. Copeland (/ˈkoʊplənd/) is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and professor of physics working in the Faculty of Science at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Copeland won the 2013 Rayleigh Medal and Prize awarded by the Institute of Physics for his work on particle/string cosmology. He obtained his PhD from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1985, with the thesis Quantum Aspects of Kaluza–Klein Cosmologies.

Copeland is well known for his appearances on the physics-popularizing YouTube channel Sixty Symbols, as well as the mathematics-popularizing channel Numberphile.

Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based not-for-profit learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000. The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry. In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council; it also holds its own separate Royal Charter. The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.
John Dugard
Christopher John Robert Dugard (born 23 August 1936) is a South African professor of international law. His main academic specializations are in Roman-Dutch law, public international law, jurisprudence, human rights, criminal procedure and international criminal law. He has served on the International Law Commission, the primary UN institution for the development of international law, and has been active in reporting on human-rights violations by Israel in the Palestinian territories.

He has written several books on human rights and international law, especially the crime of apartheid, in addition to coauthoring textbooks on criminal law and procedure and international law. He has written extensively on South African apartheid.

Apartheid Convention
The 1973 United Nations International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid was the first binding international treaty which declared the crime of apartheid and racial segregation under international law. It was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 and came into force on 18 July 1976. It passed by 91 votes in favor, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. 110 countries are currently parties to the convention, with 26 signatories.
Southwark Cathedral Merbecke Choir
The Southwark Cathedral Merbecke Choir was established in late 2003 to provide a choir for ex-cathedral choristers (boys and girls) to continue singing.  It also comprises other young singers - often ex-choral scholars from university college choirs and student singers based in London.

The Merbecke Choir is the only amateur chamber choir attached to a London cathedral.

The choir is named after John Merbecke, an English theological writer and musician known for producing a song-noted edition of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer. He was tried and convicted of heresy in the retroquire of Southwark Cathedral in 1543 but received a pardon owing to the intervention of the Bishop of Winchester, Stephen Gardner.

John Merbecke
John Marbeck, Merbeck or Merbecke (c. 1510 – c. 1585) was an English choral composer and theological writer whose musical setting of the early Anglican liturgy standardised the sung Anglican service until the late 20th century. He is also known today for his setting of the Mass, Missa Per arma justitiae.
Sheldon-Hart Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex
The Sheldon-Hart Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a management unit of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.  It comprises two wildlife refuges, the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in Oregon and the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge in Nevada, that are managed as a single unit from an office in Lakeview, Oregon.

The two national wildlife refuges are noncontiguous but are managed together.  The two refuges protect sections of a common ecoregion, the High Lava Plains ecoregion, and many of the flora and fauna found here are common to both refuges.

Lakeview, Oregon
Lakeview is a city in Lake County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,418 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Lake County. The city bills itself as the "Tallest Town in Oregon" because of its elevation, 4,757 feet (1,450 m) above sea level. Lakeview is situated in the Goose Lake Valley at the foot of the Warner Mountains and at the edge of Oregon's high desert country. Its economy is based on agriculture, lumber production, and government activities. In addition, tourism is an increasingly important part of the city's economy. Oregon's Outback Scenic Byway passes through Lakeview.
Wavertree Technology Park
Wavertree Technology Park is a technology park in the Wavertree area of Liverpool, England between the city centre and the M62 motorway. It comprises single storey parades of pavilion-style office units.

The park is served by Wavertree Technology Park railway station, which opened in 2000.

Science park
A science park (also called a research park, technology park, technopark, technopolis, technopole, or a science and technology park [STP]) is a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms and is affiliated with a university, government, or private research body based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance. This is so that knowledge can be shared, innovation promoted, technology transferred, and research outcomes progressed to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment and promoting exports.
Peter Pöllhuber
Peter Pöllhuber (born 30 April 1985) is an Austrian professional association football player, currently playing for Wiener Viktoria as a defender. He is the twin brother of SC Rheindorf Altach defender Alexander Pöllhuber.

SC Rheindorf Altach
Sportclub Rheindorf Altach, also known as Rheindorf Altach, SCR Altach or simply SCRA, is an Austrian association football club based in Altach, Vorarlberg. It plays in the Austrian Football Bundesliga. The club is currently also known as CASHPOINT SCR Altach due to sponsorship of Austrian sports betting company Cashpoint.
Alte Elbe
Alte Elbe (lit. Old Elbe) is the German name for oxbows of the Elbe, i.e. cut-off meanders. With about 20 km (12 mi) the largest one of these is the Dornburger Alte Elbe, a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

It branches of the Elbe near Dornburg, a district of Gommern.
It flows into the Elbe at Magdeburg.

Gommern
Gommern (German pronunciation: [ˈɡɔmɐn] ⓘ) is a town in the Jerichower Land district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated approximately 15 km (9 mi) southeast of Magdeburg. On January 1, 2005, the municipalities Dannigkow, Dornburg, Karith, Ladeburg, Leitzkau, Menz, Nedlitz, Vehlitz and Wahlitz have been incorporated into Gommern. On January 1, 2008, Prödel was incorporated, and on January 1, 2009, Lübs was incorporated.
Blakistonia bassi
Blakistonia bassi is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Idiopidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2018 by Australian arachnologists Sophie Harrison, Michael Rix, Mark Harvey and Andrew Austin. The specific epithet bassi honours Daniel Bass for his research support.

Mark Harvey (arachnologist)
Mark Stephen Harvey (born 17 September 1958) is a museum scientist and biologist specializing in Australian arachnids. Since 1989 he has been based at the Western Australian Museum as Curator of Arachnids and Myriapods. He has described over 1,000 species, being one of the few biologists to do so.
Bąsewice
Bąsewice [bɔ̃sɛˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Wieś Lęborska, within Lębork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Lębork County
Lębork County (Kashubian: Lãbòrsczi kréz, Polish: powiat lęborski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Lębork, which lies 61 kilometres (38 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. The only other town in the county is Łeba, lying 29 km (18 mi) north-west of Lębork.

The county covers an area of 706.99 square kilometres (273.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 66,196, out of which the population of Lębork is 35,333, that of Łeba is 3,644, and the rural population is 27,219.

Lębork County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Lębork County is bordered by Wejherowo County to the east, Kartuzy County to the south-east, Bytów County to the south and Słupsk County to the west. It also borders the Baltic Sea to the north.
Brundish
Brundish is a village and civil parish in the English county of Suffolk. The village is 3.6 miles (6 km) south-east of Stradbroke and 1.75 miles (3 km) north of Dennington in the Mid Suffolk district. The B1118 road runs through the village, which had a population at the 2001 census of 192, including Tannington, increasing to 287 at the 2011 Census.

The village church is dedicated to St Lawrence. The hamlet of Crown Corner, where the former village pub is located (now a residence), lies north of the village along the B1118. The nearest secondary school is at Stradbroke. Children attend primary school in Wilby, the former village school now being used as the village hall and IT training centre.

The name Brundish originates from the old English words burna (stream) and edisc (pasture); the surname Brundage originates from it.

Stradbroke High School
Stradbroke High School is a secondary school with academy status for 11- to 16-year-olds in the village of Stradbroke in the English county of Suffolk. Founded in 1953 as a secondary modern school on the edge of the village, Stradbroke High School serves a catchment covering almost 400 square miles (1,000 km2) including the parishes of Athelington & Horham, Fressingfield, Laxfield, Mendham, Wilby, Worlingworth, and Cratfield. As of 2006, this represents a catchment population of some 7,500 people. It usually has lees than 400 pupils.

The school is small and therefore able to know and support each pupil individually.  In 2018 the school's GCSE students attained the second highest results in Suffolk and Norfolk. The school was the highest performing secondary school in Suffolk for GCSE results in 2022 and 2023.
Victor Wang (curator)
Victor Wang (Chinese: 王宗孚; pinyin: Wáng Zōngfú) is a curator, art historian and museum director. He is the Executive Director of Artspace, an independent, not-for-profit contemporary art centre in Sydney, Australia and an Adjunct Curator at the Mori Art Museum in Tokyo. Wang is the former Executive and Artistic Director of the M WOODS Museum, a contemporary art museum with sites in Beijing and Chengdu.

Wang has organised exhibitions with institutions including the Palais de Tokyo, Tate Modern in London and the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. In 2021, he curated the first collaborative exhibition between the British Museum (U.K.) and a not-for-profit art museum in China (M WOODS).

Wang is known for his exhibitions, cross-cultural collaborations, and work in contemporary and performance art. He is the founder of the Institute of Asian Performance Art (IAPA) and has contributed to publications including Artforum, ArtReview and Yishu: Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art.

Haroon Mirza
Haroon Mirza (born 1977) is a British contemporary visual artist, of Pakistani descent. He is best known for sculptural installations that generate audio compositions. In 2011, he won the Silver Lion at the Venice Biennale for Most Promising Artist.
Initial-stress-derived noun
Initial-stress derivation is a phonological process in English that moves stress to the first syllable of verbs when they are used as nouns or adjectives. (This is an example of a suprafix.) This process can be found in the case of several dozen verb-noun and verb-adjective pairs and is gradually becoming more standardized in some English dialects, but it is not present in all. The list of affected words differs from area to area, and often depends on whether a word is used metaphorically or not.  At least 170 verb-noun or verb-adjective pairs exist.  Some examples are:

record.

as a verb, "Remember to recórd the show!".
as a noun, "I'll keep a récord of that request."

permit.

as a verb, "I won't permít that."
as a noun, "We already have a pérmit."

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
Friends of Real Lancashire
Friends of Real Lancashire (FORL) is an apolitical pressure group affiliated to the Association of British Counties, calling for the wider recognition of the historic boundaries of Lancashire in England. Its chairman is Philip Walsh and its president is the former Gorton and Denton MP, Andrew Gwynne.

Ceremonial counties of England
Ceremonial counties, formally known as counties for the purposes of the lieutenancies, are areas of England to which lord-lieutenants are appointed.  A lord-lieutenant is the monarch's representative in an area.

Shrieval counties have the same boundaries and serve a similar purpose, being the areas to which high sheriffs are appointed. High sheriffs are the monarch's judicial representative in an area.

The ceremonial counties are defined in the Lieutenancies Act 1997, and the shrieval counties in the Sheriffs Act 1887. Both are defined as groups of counties used for local government.
2008 Morpeth flood
The 2008 Morpeth flood occurred on Saturday 6 September 2008 in Morpeth, a town in Northumberland, northeastern England, when, following sustained heavy rainfall during the previous twenty-four hours, the River Wansbeck burst its banks and overwhelmed the town's flood defences.  Nearly one thousand properties,  mostly residential, were damaged.

River Wansbeck
The River Wansbeck runs through the county of Northumberland, England. It rises above Sweethope Lough on the edge of Fourlaws Forest in the area known locally as The Wanneys (Great Wanney Crag, Little Wanney Crag; thus the "Wanneys Beck"); runs through the town of Ashington before discharging into the North Sea at Sandy Bay near Newbiggin-by-the-Sea.

The River flows through the village of Kirkwhelpington, Hartburn, where the tributary Hart Burn joins, the village of Mitford, where the River Font joins, and the town of Morpeth.

The River Wansbeck is nicknamed the River Wanney. The term 'The Wilds of Wanney' is used by people of Tyneside to refer to the rural areas of Northumberland where the Wansbeck rises.

The River lent its name to the former Wansbeck district which was based in Ashington, and included Newbiggin-by-the-Sea, Bedlington and Stakeford.

Castle Island is an ait of the River Wansbeck.
Ventura Díaz
Ventura Díaz (born 26 August 1937) is a Spanish former road cyclist, who competed professionally from 1961 to 1976. He competed in the individual road race at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He also rode in thirteen editions of the Vuelta a España, finishing 9th in 1974, as well as two of the Tour de France and one Giro d'Italia. His biggest wins were the 1970 Vuelta a los Valles Mineros and the 1970 Vuelta a la Comunidad Valenciana.

1974 Vuelta a España
The 29th Edition Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 23 April to 12 May 1974. It consisted of 19 stages covering a total of 2,987 km (1,856 mi), and was won by José Manuel Fuente of the Kas–Kaskol cycling team. José Luis Albilleira won the mountains classification while Domingo Perurena won the points classification.
Terrance Carroll
Terrance D. Carroll (born January 16, 1969) is an American lawyer, minister, former Colorado legislator and former Speaker of the Colorado House of Representatives, the first African American ever to hold that office in Colorado. Carroll was elected as a Democrat in 2002 and represented House District 7 which encompasses parts of Denver, Colorado.

Colorado House of Representatives
The Colorado House of Representatives is the lower house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Colorado. The House is composed of 65 members from an equal number of constituent districts, with each district having roughly 80,000 people.  Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and are limited to four consecutive terms in office, but can run again after a four-year respite.

The Colorado House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Denver.
American Clean Energy and Security Act
The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) was an energy bill in the 111th United States Congress (H.R. 2454) that would have established a variant of an emissions trading plan similar to the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. The bill was approved by the House of Representatives on June 26, 2009, by a vote of 219–212. With no prospect of overcoming a threatened Republican filibuster, the bill was never brought to the floor of the Senate for discussion or a vote.
The House passage of the bill was the "first time either house of Congress had approved a bill meant to curb the heat-trapping gases scientists have linked to climate change."

The bill was also known as the Waxman-Markey Bill, after its authors, Representatives Henry A. Waxman of California and Edward J. Markey of Massachusetts, both Democrats. Waxman was at the time the chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee, and Markey was the chairman of that committee's Energy and Power Subcommittee.

Congressional Budget Office
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government that provides budget and economic information to Congress. It is headquartered at the Ford House Office Building in Washington, DC. Inspired by California's Legislative Analyst's Office that manages the state budget in a strictly nonpartisan fashion, the CBO was created as a nonpartisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974.

Whereas politicians on both sides of the aisle have criticized the CBO when its estimates have been politically inconvenient, economists and other academics overwhelmingly reject that the CBO is partisan or that it fails to produce credible forecasts. There is a consensus among economists that "adjusting for legal restrictions on what the CBO can assume about future legislation and events, the CBO has historically issued credible forecasts of the effects of both Democratic and Republican legislative proposals."
Stephen Milosz
Stephen Joseph Milosz (26 December 1955 – 20 July 2022) was an Australian cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Western Australia from 1983–84 to 1985–86, and then for Tasmania in 1986–87, before returning to Western Australia for his final first-class season in 1987–88. He was a right-arm leg-spin bowler.

Western Australia cricket team
The Western Australian men's cricket team, formerly nicknamed the Western Warriors, represent the Australian state of Western Australia in Australian domestic cricket. The team is selected and supported by the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA), and plays its home games at the WACA Ground and Perth Stadium in Perth.

The team mainly plays matches against other Australian states in the first-class Sheffield Shield competition and the 50 over One-Day Cup, but occasionally plays matches against touring international sides. Western Australia previously also fielded sides at Twenty20 level, but was replaced by the Perth Scorchers for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the Big Bash League. Western Australia's current captains are Sam Whiteman in the Sheffield Shield and Ashton Turner in the One-Day Cup, and the current coach is Adam Voges.
PSPS U-21
PSPS U-21, an acronym for Persatuan Sepak Bola Pekanbaru dan Sekitarnya Under-21 is an Indonesian football team based in Pekanbaru. They compete in the division of Indonesian football, Liga Indonesia. In media, the club is often referred as the tautology PSPS Pekanbaru.

Tautology (language)
In literary criticism and rhetoric, a tautology is a statement that repeats an idea using near-synonymous morphemes, words or phrases, effectively "saying the same thing twice". Tautology and pleonasm are not consistently differentiated in literature. Like pleonasm, tautology is often considered a fault of style when unintentional. Intentional repetition may emphasize a thought or help the listener or reader understand a point. Sometimes logical tautologies like "Boys will be boys" are conflated with language tautologies, but a language tautology is not inherently true, while a logical tautology always is.
Banknotes of the Norwegian krone
Norwegian banknotes are circulated, in addition to Norwegian coins, with a denomination of Norwegian kroner, as standard units of currency in Norway. From 1877, after the establishment of the Scandinavian Monetary Union, Norwegian banknotes of 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 10 and 5 kroner have been put into circulation. The first 200 kroner banknote was first published in 1994. The others have been in use since 1877. Banknotes of 5 and 10 kroner were in use until 1963 and 1983 when they were replaced by coins.

From 1917 to 1925 and 1940-1950 there was a shortage of small change, and 1 and 2 kroner banknotes were printed as "arbitration coins banknotes." The first edition was canceled in 1926, while the second edition was formally valid right up to 1999.

Constitution of Norway
The Constitution of Norway (complete name: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway; Danish: Kongeriget Norges Grundlov; Norwegian Bokmål: Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov; Norwegian Nynorsk: Kongeriket Noregs Grunnlov) was adopted on 16 May and signed on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. The latter date is the National Day of Norway; it marks the establishment of the constitution.

It is the fourth oldest written single-document national constitution in Europe after the Constitution of Poland, the French constitution of 1791, and the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The document is also the second oldest working national constitution in the world, after the Constitution of the United States. In May 2014, the Storting passed the most substantial changes since 1814, particularly by including paragraphs on human rights.