hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tugade
Tugade is a Pangasinan-language surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Tugade (born 1946), Filipino businessman and lawyer

Lordy Tugade (born 1977), Filipino basketball player

Regine Tugade (born 1998), Guamanian sprinter

Pangasinan language
Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwestern La Union, as well as in the municipalities of Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pangasinan. A few Aeta groups and most Sambal in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.
Camp Henderson
Camp Henderson was a military outpost in the District of Oregon in 1864, built on Crooked Creek about five miles from where it joins the Owyhee River, 330 miles from Walla Walla.  The camp was located at the foot of cliffs on the east side of the valley south of an historical marker located along the highway (Oregon 78, U.S. 95) about six miles east of Burns Junction, Oregon.

A detachment of the 1st Oregon Cavalry Regiment established the camp in mid spring 1864, and named it after James Henry Dickey Henderson, one of Oregon's first congressmen.  This camp, near the mouth of Jordan Creek, was the center of operations for the Snake War in Southeastern Oregon for some time afterward.

Camp Henderson was abandoned March 25, 1866, leaving no trace of it today except for the names of soldiers that carved their names into the cliffs behind the camp.

Jordan Creek (Owyhee River tributary)
Jordan Creek is a 99-mile (159 km) tributary of the Owyhee River in the northwestern United States. It generally flows west from near Silver City, Idaho, in the Owyhee Mountains to near Rome in the Oregon High Desert. Major tributaries are Big Boulder, Soda, Louse, Spring, Rock, Meadow, Combination, and Louisa creeks in Idaho and Cow Creek in Oregon. The creek is named for Michael M. Jordan, who led a party that discovered gold along the creek in 1863.
Pat Calathes
Patrick Sean Calathes (Greek: Πατρίκιος Σον "Πατ" Καλάθης, born on December 12, 1985) is a Greek-American former professional basketball player. At a height of 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) tall, he played at both the small forward and power forward positions. He was the 2013 Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP.

Kazakhstan Basketball Championship
The Kazakhstan Basketball Championship (Russian: Чемпионата Казахстана по баскетболу, romanized: Chempionata Kazakhstana po basketbolu) is the highest professional basketball league in Kazakhstan, organised by the National Basketball Federation Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan is a member of FIBA Asia, as the country lies partly in Asia, and Kazakhstan Championship sides have played in the competitions such as the FIBA Asia Champions Cup and the West Asia Super League. However, the country also partly lies in Europe, and the league's teams have participated in FIBA Europe competitions such as the FIBA EuroChallenge and the FIBA Europe Cup. The league's clubs therefore are also eligible, and often compete, in the Eastern European regional leagues such as the Baltic League and the VTB United League.
Elvira Ziyastinova
Elvira Rinatovna Ziyastinova (Russian: Эльвира Ринатовна Зиястинова; born 13 February 1991) is a Russian footballer who plays for FC Minsk on loan from Lokomotiv Moscow and the Russia national team.

She played for Russia at UEFA Women's Euro 2017.

UEFA Women's Euro 2017
The 2017 UEFA European Women's Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Women's Euro 2017, was the 12th edition of the UEFA Women's Championship, the quadrennial international football championship organised by UEFA for the women's national teams of Europe. The competition was expanded to 16 teams (from 12 teams in the previous edition).

The Netherlands was chosen to host the tournament by the UEFA Executive Committee on 4 December 2014.

Germany's 22-year reign as champions of Europe was ended after losing 1–2 to Denmark in the quarter-finals. It was only Germany's second loss in the tournament since 1993. Another former winner, Norway, lost to both finalists, the Netherlands and Denmark, and ended without any goals or points.

The Netherlands won their first ever title since the men's UEFA Euro 1988 by beating fellow first time finalists Denmark 4–2 in the final.

Austria, Belgium, Portugal, Scotland and Switzerland made their debuts at the tournament.
Buddleja davidii
Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called butterfly-bush, orange eye, or summer lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to most of China except for the far northeast. It is widely used as an ornamental plant, and many named cultivars are in cultivation. The genus was named Buddleja after the English botanist, Reverend Adam Buddle. The species name, davidii, is after the French missionary and explorer in China, Father Armand David, who was the first European to report the shrub. It was found near Yichang by Dr Augustine Henry about 1887 and sent to St Petersburg. Another botanist-missionary in China, Jean-André Soulié, sent seed to the French nursery Vilmorin, and B. davidii entered commerce in the 1890s.

B. davidii was accorded the RHS Award of Merit (AM) in 1898, and the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) in 1941.

Award of Merit
The Award of Merit, or AM, is a mark of quality awarded to plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS).  The award was instituted in 1888, and given on the recommendation of Plant Committees to plants deemed "of great merit for exhibition" i.e. for show, not garden, plants. A higher exhibition award is the First Class Certificate (FCC) given to plants "of outstanding excellence for exhibition".

The Award of Merit should not be confused with the Award of Garden Merit (AGM), given to plants of "outstanding excellence for garden decoration or use", i.e. to garden, greenhouse or house plants.
Li Family Fist
Li Family Fist, a martial art from Guangdong, is one of the schools of   Chinese martial arts. It belongs to the Nanquan style and is a branch of Shaolin martial arts. It is a martial art of Hakka culture and is an intangible cultural heritage of Meizhou.

Nanquan (martial art)
Nanquan refers to a classification of Chinese martial arts that originated in Southern China.

The southern styles of Chinese martial arts are characterized by emphasis on "short hitting" and specific arm movements, predominantly in southern styles such as Hung Kuen, Choi Lei Fut, Hak Fu Mun, Wuzuquan, Wing Chun, and so on.
Ozark Valley Railroad
The Ozark Valley Railroad is a 27-mile shortline railroad connecting Arthur Spur, Missouri and Fulton, Missouri. The railroad was founded in 2007 to take over for Kansas City Southern (KCS) in the 22 mile track between Mexico, Missouri and Fulton, Missouri.

Fulton, Missouri
Fulton is the largest city in and the county seat of Callaway County, Missouri, United States. Located about 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Jefferson City and the Missouri River and 20 miles (32 km) east of Columbia, the city is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,600 at the 2020 census. The city is home to two universities, Westminster College and William Woods University; the Missouri School for the Deaf; the Fulton State Hospital; and the Fulton Reception and Diagnostic Center state prison. Missouri's only nuclear power plant, the Callaway Plant is located 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Fulton.
The River Line (play)
The River Line is a 1952 stage play by the British writer Charles Langbridge Morgan, based on his own 1949 novel of the same title. It premiered at the Manchester Opera House before transferring to the Lyric Theatre in Hammersmith and then the Strand Theatre in London's West End. Its combined London run at the Lyric and the Strand lasted for 205 performances between 2 September 1952 and 7 March 1953. The London cast featured Paul Scofield, Phil Brown, Michael Goodliffe, John Westbrook, Robert Hardy, Marcel Poncin, Pamela Brown, Marjorie Fielding and Virginia McKenna.

Pamela Brown (actress)
Pamela Mary Brown (8 July 1917 – 19 September 1975) was a British actress. For her portrayal of Queen Victoria's mother Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent in Victoria Regina (1961) she was awarded the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
University of Findlay
The University of Findlay is a private liberal arts university in Findlay, Ohio, United States. It was established in 1882 through a joint partnership between the Churches of God General Conference and the city of Findlay. The University of Findlay has nearly 80 undergraduate programs of study leading to baccalaureate degrees and offers 11 master's degrees and five doctorate-level degree programs. Nearly 4,200 students from approximately 35 countries are enrolled at Findlay with an international student population of approximately 500. Approximately 1,250 students live on campus in university housing. The University of Findlay has a 76-acre (31 ha) main campus and five off-campus facilities.

Dormitory
A dormitory (originated from the Latin word dormitorium, often abbreviated to dorm,) is a room that sleeps multiple people. It may also refer (in the US) to a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people such as student accommodation for university or college students,  or, with reference to military personnel, a barracks.

A building providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people may also be called a house (members of a religious community or pupils at a boarding school), or a hostel (students, workers or travelers).
Benjamin S. Liddon
Benjamin S. Liddon (September 7, 1853 – December 21, 1909) was a justice of the Florida Supreme Court from 1894 to 1896.

Born in Marianna, Florida, Liddon taught school while studying to become a lawyer. He began practicing law in 1875 and formed a partnership with Francis B. Carter, who would eventually succeed him on the supreme court.

Although Justice Raney's term did not expire until the end of 1894, he resigned a few months early and Liddon was appointed to the seat as Chief Justice, and was then elected in the fall to a full six-year term as associate justice. He served 2 years and 7 months from June 1, 1894, to January 1897.

Liddon resigned in January 1897 and moved to Pensacola to resume a  law practice. Governor William D. Bloxham appointed Francis Carter to succeed him on January 11, 1897. He died December 21, 1909, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

William D. Bloxham
William Dunnington Bloxham (July 9, 1835 – March 15, 1911) was the 13th and 17th Governor of Florida in two non-consecutive terms. Prior to his first term as governor, he served in the Florida House of Representatives. He was a Democrat.

His family had a plantation and he attended boarding schools in Virginia. He served in the Confederate army and opposed Reconstruction policies. As governor he sold off land for development.

In between his terms as governor, he served as state Comptroller when Francis P. Fleming was Governor. Bloxham was only the second governor of Florida to be born in the state.
Rolls-Royce Crecy
The Rolls-Royce Crecy was a British experimental two-stroke, 90-degree, V12, liquid-cooled aero-engine of 1,593.4 cu.in (26.11 L) capacity, featuring sleeve valves and direct petrol injection. Initially intended for a high-speed "sprint" interceptor fighter, the Crecy was later seen as an economical high-altitude long-range powerplant. Developed between 1941 and 1946, it was among the most advanced two-stroke aero-engines ever built. The engine never reached flight trials and the project was cancelled in December 1945, overtaken by the progress of jet engine development.

The engine was named after the Battle of Crécy, after Rolls-Royce chose battles as the theme for naming their two-stroke aero engines. Rolls-Royce did not develop any other engines of this type.

Bore (engine)
In a piston engine, the bore (or cylinder bore) is the diameter of each cylinder.

Engine displacement is calculated based on bore, stroke length and the number of cylinders:

displacement = π (⁠1/2⁠ × bore)2 × stroke × ncylinders

The stroke ratio, determined by dividing the bore by the stroke, traditionally indicated whether an engine was designed for power at high engine speeds (rpm) or torque at lower engine speeds. The term "bore" can also be applied to the bore of a locomotive cylinder or steam engine pistons.
Lyle H. Miller
Lyle Holcombe Miller (March 10, 1889 – March 11, 1973) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps, who reached the rank of brigadier general. He is most noted for his service as chief of staff of Samoa Defense Force during World War II. He disgraced his good service record by incident with Dai Li, Chiang Kai-shek's Military Intelligence Service Chief, in late 1944.

William J. Donovan
William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat. He is best known for serving as the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), during World War II. He is regarded as the founding father of the CIA, and a statue of him stands in the lobby of the CIA headquarters building in Langley, Virginia.

A veteran of World War I, Donovan is believed to be the only person to have been awarded all four of the following decorations: the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and the National Security Medal. He is also a recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart, as well as decorations from a number of other nations for his service during both World Wars.
Halo Manash
Halo Manash is a project of Anti Ittna Haapapuro originating from Finland. It is dark ambient / experimental combining electronics, percussions, e-bowed guitars, bone flute and various other sounds. The creation process of Halo Manash began originally around 1998 as a nameless project (containing only Anti Ittna H.).

Halo Manash is part of the Helixes musical collective.

The first Halo Manash album, entitled 'Se Its En', was released via Blue Sector in which Anti also involved. However, due to various reasons, he felt a need to establish a label of his own.

The band's 2008 album, Am Kha Astrie, received a 8.5 rating from Chronicles of Chaos.

EBow
The EBow is an electronic device used for playing string instruments, most often the electric guitar. It was invented by the American guitarist Greg Heet in 1969 and introduced in 1976. The EBow uses a pickup and a magnetic feedback circuit to vibrate strings without touching them, allowing players to sustain notes indefinitely.
1985 Samoa National League
The 1985 Samoa National League, or also known as the Upolo First Division, was the 7th edition of the Samoa National League, the top league of the Football Federation Samoa. Kiwi F.C. won their second title, eventually becoming the second in a three title streak.

Samoa National League
Samoa National League is an association football league in Samoa and the top division of the Football Federation Samoa. The 3,500 capacity Toleafoa JS Blatter Soccer Stadium is the sole venue of the national league.
Alfred Mouton
Jean-Jacques-Alfred-Alexandre "Alfred" Mouton (February 18, 1829 – April 8, 1864) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. Although trained at West Point, he soon resigned his commission to become a civil engineer and then a sugarcane grower, while also serving as a brigadier general in the Louisiana State Militia.

On the outbreak of the Civil War, he commanded the 18th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, where he proved a strict disciplinarian who was also notably friendly and sociable with the rank and file. Wounded at Shiloh, he was made a brigade commander under General Richard Taylor, with whom he successfully obstructed Union efforts to secure the Bayou Teche region of southern Louisiana. In the Red River Campaign, Mouton was killed at the Battle of Mansfield, while leading his men in a cavalry charge.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Umburatiba
Umburatiba is a Brazilian municipality located in the north-east of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 2,596 living in a total area of 405 km2. The city belongs to the statistical mesoregion of Vale do Mucuri and to the statistical microregion of Nanuque.  It became a municipality in 1962.

Microregions of Brazil
A microregion (Portuguese: Microrregião) was a legally defined area in Brazil consisting of a group of municipalities. They were abolished in 2017 and replaced by Intermediate and Immediate Geographic Regions. Microregions were grouped together into mesoregions. In theory, Brazilian law provided for member municipalities to cooperate on matters of common interest, but in practice, the divisions were used primarily for statistical purposes by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
Design Research Unit
The Design Research Unit (DRU) was one of the first generation of British design consultancies combining expertise in architecture, graphics and industrial design.

It was established in 1943 by the poet Herbert Read, architect Misha Black and graphic designer Milner Gray. It became well known for its work in relation to the Festival of Britain in 1951 and its influential corporate identity project for British Rail in 1965. In 2004, DRU merged with Scott Brownrigg architects.

Corporate identity
A corporate identity or corporate image is the manner in which a corporation, firm or business enterprise presents itself to the public. The corporate identity is typically visualized by branding and with the use of trademarks, but it can also include things like product design, advertising, public relations etc. Corporate identity is a primary goal of corporate communication, aiming to build and maintain company identity.

In general, this amounts to a corporate title, logo (logotype and/or logogram) and supporting devices commonly assembled within a set of corporate guidelines. These guidelines govern how the identity is applied and usually include approved color palettes, typefaces, page layouts, fonts, and others.
Enrico Martini
Enrico Martini (nom de guerre "Mauri") Mondovì, 29 January 1911 – Turkey, 19 September 1976) was an Italian soldier and partisan, an Alpini Major, founder of the 1 Group Alpine Divisions in the Italian Resistance, and a recipient of the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

Cuneo
Cuneo (Italian: [ˈkuːneo] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Coni [ˈkʊni]; Occitan: Coni [ˈkuni]; French: Coni [kɔni]) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the fourth largest of Italy's provinces by area.

It is located at an elevation of 550 metres (1,800 ft) in the south-west of Piedmont, at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso.

Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Boves, Busca, Caraglio, Castelletto Stura, Centallo, Cervasca, Morozzo, Peveragno, Tarantasca and Vignolo.

It is located near six mountain passes:

Colle della Maddalena at 1,996 metres (6,549 ft)

Colle di Tenda at 1,871 metres (6,138 ft) – Tunnel of Tenda at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long

Colle del Melogno at 1,027 metres (3,369 ft)

Colle San Bernardo at 957 metres (3,140 ft)

Colle di Nava at 934 metres (3,064 ft)

Colle di Cadibona at 459 metres (1,506 ft).
Naomi Standen
Naomi Standen is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Birmingham and Senior Research Fellow at Jesus College, University of Oxford. She specialises in Eurasian history with a focus on regions within what is now China, North Korea and Mongolia. Standen joined the University of Birmingham in 2011, previously at Newcastle University from 2000 becoming a senior lecturer in 2007.

Standen is on the editorial board for the Journal of the British Association for Chinese Studies, from 2012, and the Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities since 2005. She was a council member for the British Association for Chinese Studies, 2011 to 2014.

Standen was a member of the expert panel for BBC Radio 4's In Our Time for the episodes on Genghis Khan (2007), the Silk Road (2009) and the An Lushan rebellion (2012).

In Our Time (radio series)
In Our Time is a BBC Radio 4 discussion series and podcast exploring a wide variety of historical, scientific and philosophical topics. First aired in October 1998, it is one of Radio 4's most successful discussion programmes, acknowledged to have "transformed the landscape for serious ideas at peak listening time". The series passed its 1,000th episode in September 2023 and attracts a weekly audience exceeding two million listeners.

The show was presented by Melvyn Bragg, from its first broadcast in 15 October 1998. On 3 September 2025, the BBC reported that Bragg had decided to retire from the programme ahead of its new series as a new presenter would be announced in due course. On 3 December 2025, the BBC announced that Misha Glenny would take over as the new presenter from 15 January 2026.
Sunburst Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Sunburst Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge in Emmons County, North Dakota.  It is managed under Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

This is a limited-interest national wildlife refuge. The FWS has an easement on private property allowing it to manage wildlife habitat, but the land remains private property. There is no public access although wildlife may be observed from adjacent public roads. Limited-interest refuges were created in the 1930s and 1940s in response to declining waterfowl populations and the need to get people back to work during the Great Depression. Many landowners sold easements allowing the federal government to regulate water levels and restrict hunting.

Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge, located in south-central North Dakota, was established in 1932 as a migratory bird refuge by President Herbert Hoover. The 22,300-acre (90 km2) refuge consists of a 15,000-acre (61 km2) saline basin that is 18 miles (29 km) long and is named "Long Lake". Long Lake is relatively shallow; it is normally 3–4 feet (0.91–1.22 m) deep. During extended wet periods, Long Lake reaches depths up to 7 feet (2.1 m).

The shallow depths and lengths of meandering shoreline provide vast expanses of habitat that attract migrating and nesting species of waterfowl, shorebirds, and rare migrant birds. In recognition of the Refuge's significance in the ongoing effort to conserve wild birds and their habitat, Long Lake was designated as a "Globally Important Bird Area" in 2001. Also, due to the special importance of Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge to migrating shorebirds, the Refuge was recently recognized as a "Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network" site.