hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities
The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities (also called The Guild) is a university network founded in 2016. It currently comprises 23 of Europe's research-intensive universities in 17 countries.

The Guild released a series of position papers as part of the European Commission's consultation for Horizon 2020, Horizon Europe and the next Framework Programme (FP10).

Its current Chair is Anders Hagfeldt, Vice-Chancellor Uppsala University, in Sweden.

Anders Hagfeldt
Anders Hagfeldt (born 16 February 1964) is a Swedish material scientist. Since 2021 he has been vice-chancellor of Uppsala University, where he is a professor of physical chemistry and where he received his PhD in 1993.

His h-index – according to Scopus – is 157, based on 677 published documents. Times Higher Education listed him as the 46th top material scientist of the past decade. His memberships include the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He has an honorary doctorate from the Université Paris Diderot and is a professeur honoraire of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland.

He is deputy editor-in-chief of the Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

He received the Björkén Prize in 2016.

In September 2023 he was cleared in a research misconduct case.
2017 NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series
The 2017 NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series was the tenth season of the NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series and the thirteenth season organized by NASCAR Mexico. The series returned after one-year hiatus. It was the first season with PEAK as the series' title sponsor. It began with the Difrenosa 120 at Autódromo Monterrey on March 26 and concluded with the Gran Premio FedEx at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez on November 12. Rubén García Jr. entered the season as the defending Drivers' Champion. Abraham Calderón won his second career championship.

In 2017, was created the NASCAR FedEx Challenge Series and NASCAR Mikel's Truck Series as supporting series of NASCAR PEAK Mexico Series.

NASCAR Mexico
NASCAR Mexico is a joint-venture between NASCAR and OCESA, a Mexican entertainment company, aiming to develop, manage and operate local motorsports events and oversee television distribution, sponsorship and licensing.

The venture attempts to create marketing programs to increase interest in local NASCAR events as well as NASCAR events in the United States that are televised in Mexico.

NASCAR Mexico had been responsible for the organization of The Chilango 150, a former NASCAR Nationwide Series race at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City.

It also organizes and sanctions two racing series, the NASCAR Mexico Series and the NASCAR Mexico T4 Series.

The series experienced its first fatality on June 14, 2009, when Carlos Pardo was killed in an accident on the final lap. Pardo was declared the winner of the same race he was killed in after he led the final completed lap.
Huawei Qingyun L540
Qingyun L540 is a Chinese laptop computer product of Huawei released in 2023 with market target to Enterprise and China's public sector. It uses ARM technology Kirin 9006c SoC microprocessor 5 nm architecture, supports 16 GB RAM, 512 GB UFS. It has a 14-inch 4k display. It's predecessor Huawei Qingyun L420 with English name called, 'Dyna Cloud L420' model released in 2021 from TSMC 2020 production of the same stockpiled chips. The first model, Huawei Qingyun L410 featured, Kirin 990 released in May 2021, earlier in the year, that runs Unity Operating System like all successor models.

Unity Operating System
Unity Operating System (also known as Unified Operating System or UOS, Chinese: 统一操作系统) is a Linux distribution developed by UnionTech (Chinese: 统信软件, Tǒngxìn) based on Deepin, which is based on Debian. It is used in China as part of a government initiative beginning in 2019 to replace foreign-made software such as Microsoft Windows with domestic products.
IEEE 802.11h-2003
IEEE 802.11h-2003, or simply 802.11h, refers to a 2003 amendment added to the IEEE 802.11 standard for Spectrum and Transmit Power Management Extensions.  It addresses problems like interference with satellites and radar using the same 5 GHz frequency band. It was originally designed to address European regulations but is now applicable in many other countries.  The standard provides Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC) to the 802.11a PHY.  It has since been integrated into the full IEEE 802.11-2007 standard.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Netcode
Netcode is a blanket term most commonly used by gamers relating to networking in online games, often referring to synchronization issues between clients and servers.

Players often blame "bad netcode" when they experience lag or reverse state transitions when synchronization between players is lost. Although these events are sometimes caused by bugs, other networking-related causes include high latency between server and client, packet loss, or network congestion. Depending on the game implementation, these issues can also be caused by non-network factors such as frame rendering time or inconsistent frame rate. Netcode is often designed to mask networking irregularities and create a synchronous and smooth gamestate across multiple users.

Gamer
A gamer is someone who plays interactive games, either video games, tabletop role-playing games, skill-based card games, or any combination thereof, and who often plays for extended periods of time. Originally a hobby, gaming has evolved into a profession for some, with some gamers routinely competing in games for money, prizes, or awards. In some countries, such as the US, UK, and Australia, the term "gaming" can refer to legalized gambling, which can take both traditional and digital forms, such as through online gambling. There are many different gamer communities around the world. Since the advent of the Internet, many communities take the form of Internet forums or YouTube or Twitch virtual communities, as well as in-person social clubs. In 2021, there were an estimated 3.24 billion gamers across the globe.
Listed buildings in Upper Denton
Upper Denton is a civil parish in the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England.  It contains ten buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, two are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  Hadrian's Wall (the Roman Wall) passes through the parish, and a stretch of the wall is listed.  Many of the buildings are constructed from stone taken from the wall, and one listed building, Willowford and its attached farm buildings, is built between the wall and its vallum.  Two of the listed buildings originated as bastle houses, and the other listed buildings comprise farmhouses, farm buildings, houses, a redundant church, and a railway bridge.

Bastle house
Bastel, bastle, or bastille houses are a type of construction found along the Anglo-Scottish border, in the areas formerly plagued by border reivers.  They are fortified farmhouses, characterised by security measures against raids.  Their name is said to derive from the French word "bastille".
Roberta Alexander
Roberta Alexander (March 3, 1949 – October 14, 2025) was an American operatic soprano. She began her career as a lyric soprano in 1975 and spent the next three decades performing principal roles with opera houses internationally, based in the Netherlands. She was celebrated for her performances of Mozart characters like Elettra, Fiordiligi, and Countess Almaviva, performed first at the Opernhaus Zürich with Nikolaus Harnoncourt conducting. She was a leading soprano at the Metropolitan Opera from 1983 to 1991, particularly successful with roles such as Mimì in Puccini's La bohème and the title role in Janáček's Jenůfa. She later performed secondary character roles and taught voice.

Elektra (opera)
Elektra, Op. 58, is a one-act opera by Richard Strauss, to a German-language libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, which he adapted from his 1903 drama Elektra. The opera was the first of many collaborations between Strauss and Hofmannsthal. It was first performed at the Königliches Opernhaus in Dresden on 25 January 1909. It was dedicated to his friends Natalie and Willy Levin.
Morgan Stickney
Morgan Stickney (born June 16, 1997) is an American para swimmer who represented the United States at the 2020 and 2024 Summer Paralympics. She is a three-time Paralympic gold medalist and holds four para swimming world records.

Para swimming
Para swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Para swimmers compete at the Summer Paralympic Games and at other sports competitions throughout the world. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Both men and women compete in para swimming, racing against competitors of their own gender.
Political divisions of Karafuto Prefecture
Between 1905 and 1945, the Empire of Japan administered the southern half of Sakhalin, using the name Karafuto (樺太).  The area was designated a chō (廳), the same term given to Hokkaidō at the time.  It is commonly referred to as Karafuto Prefecture in English.  The prefecture was divided into 4 subprefectures (支廳, shichō), which in turn were subdivided into 11 districts, in turn divided into 41 municipalities (1 city, 13 towns, and 27 villages)

Subprefectures of Japan
Subprefecture of Japan (支庁, shichō) are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level. It acts as part of the greater administration of the state and as part of a self-government system.
Ann Robertson (businesswoman)
Ann Robertson (née West, 17 May 1825 – 14 December 1922) was a New Zealand accommodation-house owner, businesswoman and litigant. She was born in New Scone, Perthshire, Scotland in 1825.

Robertson rose to notability by involvement in two early legal test cases relating to property in Rotorua. The first related to the Ohinemutu Hotel on the lakefront near the marae at Ohinemutu, which she lost in a private case to prominent businessman Robert Graham. The second was a thriving bakery was declared illegal under the Thermal-Springs Districts Act 1881. She is reputed to be the first woman to address the New Zealand House of Representatives, when she appealed in person for redress.

These were relatively early cases in the complex socio-legal scenario related the occupation and leasing of Māori land which is now called the Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements.

Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements
Claims by Māori based on historic grievances against the Crown, and the claims' subsequent settlements, have been a significant feature of New Zealand politics since the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 and the Waitangi Tribunal that it established to hear those claims. Successive governments have increasingly provided formal legal and political opportunity for Māori to seek redress for what Maori claim were breaches by the Crown of obligations set out in the Treaty of Waitangi. While it has resulted in putting to rest a number of significant longstanding grievances, the process has been subject to criticisms.
Château Fortia
44°03′07″N 4°50′20″E﻿ / ﻿44.052°N 4.839°E﻿ / 44.052; 4.839

Château Fortia is a French wine producing estate in the Châteauneuf-du-Pape region of the Rhône Valley. With a history dating back to the eighteenth century (on land that has been producing wine since at least the fourteenth century), Château Fortia has long been a notable producer in the southern Rhône. In the early twentieth century, the estate came under the direction of Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarié. Baron Le Roy went on to be co-founder of the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO) and guided the creation of the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) system which is the basis of not only French wine laws but has also been influential in the laws and appellation systems around the globe.

Harvest (wine)
The harvesting of wine grapes (vintage) is one of the most crucial steps in the process of wine-making. The time of harvest is determined primarily by the ripeness of the grape as measured by sugar, acid and tannin levels with winemakers basing their decision to pick based on the style of wine they wish to produce. The weather can also shape the timetable of harvesting with the threat of heat, rain, hail, and frost which can damage the grapes and bring about various vine diseases. In addition to determining the time of the harvest, winemakers and vineyard owners must also determine whether to use hand pickers or mechanical harvesters. The harvest season typically falls between August & October in the Northern Hemisphere and February & April in the Southern Hemisphere. With various climate conditions, grape varieties, and wine styles the harvesting of grapes could happen in every month of the calendar year somewhere in the world. In the New World it is often referred to as the crush.
Jake Wheatley
Jake Wheatley Jr. is an American politician who served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 19th district, covering the Hill District, North Side, South Side, Allentown, Hazelwood, Downtown Pittsburgh, The Bluff, Knoxville, Beltzhoover, Manchester, Arlington, Arlington Heights, and North, South and West Oakland.

Knoxville (Pittsburgh)
Knoxville is a neighborhood in southern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of zip code 15210, and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 3 (Central South Neighborhoods).
Mr. Six (film)
Mr. Six (Chinese: 老炮儿) (previously known as Fading Wave) is a 2015 Chinese crime drama film directed by Guan Hu and written by Dong Runnian. It stars Feng Xiaogang, Zhang Hanyu, Xu Qing, Li Yifeng and Kris Wu. The film closed the 72nd Venice International Film Festival in an out-of-competition screening and was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. Feng won the Best Actor Award at the 52nd Golden Horse Awards for his performance in the film. Mr. Six was released on 24 December 2015 in China.

Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards
The Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Taipei Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 台北金馬影展; pinyin: Táiběi Jīnmǎ Yǐngzhǎn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak Kim-má iáⁿ-tián) are a film festival and associated awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The festival and ceremony were founded in 1962 by the Government Information Office of the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and is now run as an independent organisation. The awards ceremony is usually held in November or December in Taipei, although the event has also been held in other locations in Taiwan in recent times.
Laramidia
Laramidia was an island continent that existed during the Late Cretaceous period (99.6–66 Ma), when the Western Interior Seaway split the continent of North America in two. In the Mesozoic era, Laramidia was an island land mass separated from Appalachia to the east by the Western Interior Seaway. It was home to many dinosaurs including ankylosaurs, ceratopsians, and tyrannosaurs. The seaway eventually shrank, split across the Dakotas, and retreated toward the Gulf of Mexico and the Hudson Bay. The masses joined, forming the continent of North America.

Laramidia is named after the Laramide orogeny. The name was coined by J. David Archibald in 1996.

Dakotas
The Dakotas, also known as simply Dakota, is a collective term for the U.S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota. It has been used historically to describe the Dakota Territory, and is still used for the collective heritage, culture, geography, fauna, sociology, economy, and cuisine of the two states.
Vehniä
Vehniä (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈʋehniæ]) is a village in the municipality of Laukaa in Central Finland, Finland. It is located along Highway 4 (E75), about 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of the city of Jyväskylä near Jyväskylä Airport. As of 31 December 2020, the statistical area of Vehniä had a population of 915.

The historical center of the village is the Vehniä Manor, located on the shores of Lake Alasenjärvi. Gustaf Oskar Schöneman (1839–1894), known as the lyricist of the Christmas carols "Joulupuu on rakennettu" and Finnish translation of "Silent Night", was born in the manor. The village is home to the Vehniä Baptist Church, and one of Finland's three Lidl distribution centers is also located there.

European route E75
European route E 75 is part of the International E-road network, which is a series of main roads in Europe.

The E 75 starts at the town of Vardø in Norway by the Barents Sea, and it runs south through Finland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Greece.  The road ends after about 4,380 kilometres (2,720 mi) (not counting ferries) at the town of Sitia on the eastern end of the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea, it being the most southerly point reached by an E-road. (The northernmost one is the E69.)

From the beginning of the 1990s until 2009, there was no ferry connection between Helsinki and Gdańsk. However, Finnlines started a regular service between Helsinki and Gdynia. It is also possible to take a ferry from Helsinki to Tallinn and drive along the E67 from Tallinn to Piotrków Trybunalski in Poland and then continue with the E75.
Valentina Moscatt
Valentina Moscatt (born 16 March 1987) is an Italian judoka. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's 48 kg event, in which she was eliminated in the first round by Văn Ngọc Tú.

Moscattis an athlete of the Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Oro.

Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Oro
The Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Oro is the sport section of the Italian police force Polizia di Stato.

The color of the competition jerseys of the athletes of the Fiamme Oro is crimson, therefore the athletes of the sports group are sometimes called cremisi (Italian for crimson).
Niilo Kosola
Niilo Vilho Kosola (22 February 1911 – 15 March 1996) was a Finnish agronomist, farmer and politician, born in Lapua. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1951 to 1970, representing the National Coalition Party. He served as Deputy Minister of Agriculture from 29 August 1958 to 13 January 1959. He was a presidential elector in the 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections. Niilo Kosola was the younger son of Vihtori Kosola.

1962 Finnish presidential election
Two-stage presidential elections were held in Finland in 1962. On 15 and 16 January the public elected presidential electors to an electoral college. They in turn elected the President. The result was a victory for Urho Kekkonen, who won on the first ballot. The turnout for the popular vote was 81.5%.
Josiah Judah
Josiah Judah (born August 21, 1978) is an American former professional boxer.

He is the brother of welterweight champion Zab Judah and former U.S. Boxing Association light heavyweight champion Daniel Judah. Judah has fought on the undercard of brother Zab Judah's fights. His trainer is his father, Yoel Judah.

Card (sports)
In sports, a card lists the matches taking place in a title match combat-sport event. Cards include a main event match and the undercard listing the rest of the matches. The undercard may be divided into a midcard and a lower card, according to the perceived importance of the matches.  Promoters schedule matches to occur in ascending order of importance.
The Decay of the Angel
The Decay of the Angel (天人五衰, Tennin Gosui)  is a novel by Yukio Mishima and is the fourth and last in his Sea of Fertility tetralogy. It was published in Shinchosha (orig.) on 25 February 1971, three months after Yukio Mishima's suicide.

Miho no Matsubara
Miho no Matsubara (三保の松原, Pinery of Miho, Pine grove at Miho) is a scenic area on the Miho Peninsula in Shimizu Ward of Shizuoka City, Japan.  Its seven-kilometre seashore is lined with pine trees.  It is the location of the legend upon which the Noh drama Hagoromo is based; on the second Saturday and Sunday of October, the city of Shizuoka holds a Hagoromo Festival and a performance of the Noh drama takes place near the pine tree of the legend.

It was designated as a National Places of Scenic Beauty of Japan  in 1922. In 2013 the pine groves were added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site.
Shume
4°42′0″S 38°13′0″E﻿ / ﻿4.70000°S 38.21667°E﻿ / -4.70000; 38.21667

Shume is a town in Tanzania in the Usambara Mountains in Lushoto District of Tanga Region. It was formerly known as New Hornow (German: Neu-Hornow) and was the location of a sawmill during the country's colonial period. Around 1910, a cable railway was constructed to link the mill with the Usambara line to permit export to Germany.

Tanga Region
Tanga Region (Swahili: Mkoa wa Tanga) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 26,667 km2 (10,296 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Burundi. The regional capital is the municipality of Tanga city. Located in northeast Tanzania, the region is bordered by Kenya and Kilimanjaro Region to the north; Manyara Region to the west; and Morogoro and Pwani Regions to the south. It has a coastline to the east with the Indian Ocean. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,615,597.
HMS Wellington
At least three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Wellington:

The French brig Oreste was renamed HMS Wellington after her capture in 1810 but never commissioned and was broken up in 1812.

HMS Wellington (1816) was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line. Initially named Hero during construction, the vessel was renamed first to Wellington and then HMS Akbar in 1861, when the vessel was converted to a training ship. The ship was broken up in 1908.

HMS Wellington (U65) is a Grimsby-class sloop, launched in 1934. After World War II she was converted to the "Head Quarters Ship" HQS Wellington at Chatham Dockyard and moored at Victoria Embankment, London. Until 2023 she was the floating livery hall of the Honourable Company of Master Mariners.

Chatham Dockyard
Chatham Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard located on the River Medway in Kent. Established in Chatham in the mid-16th century, the dockyard subsequently expanded into neighbouring Gillingham; at its most extensive (in the early 20th century) two-thirds of the dockyard lay in Gillingham, one-third in Chatham.

It came into existence at the time when, following the Reformation, relations with the Catholic countries of Europe had worsened, leading to a requirement for additional defences. Over 414 years Chatham Royal Dockyard provided more than 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was at the forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans and covered 400 acres (1.6 km2). Chatham dockyard closed in 1984, and 84 acres (34 ha) of the Georgian dockyard is now managed as the Chatham Historic Dockyard visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.