hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
San Estanislao, Bolívar
San Estanislao is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.

San Estanislao is also informally known as Arenal by the locals, Arenal is Spanish for "sand", which earned its nickname in result that the town accumulates high amounts of sand during rain and wind.  A mission was established on the present site in 1650.  Access to the town can be challenging as the roads that access the town are unpaved and often water-logged after long periods of rain. Inhabitants of San Estanislao generally support themselves through family farms yielding a variety of produce and meat products, which are they often trade amongst themselves.

Bolívar Department
Bolívar (Spanish pronunciation: [boˈliβaɾ]) is a department of Colombia. It was named after one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. It is located to the north of the country, extending roughly north–south from the Caribbean coast at Cartagena near the mouth of the Magdalena River, then south along the river to a border with Antioquia Department. The departments of Sucre and Córdoba are located to the west, and Atlántico Department to the north and east (most of the border formed by the Canal del Dique). Across the Magdalena River to the east is Magdalena Department. The flag of the department bears a resemblance to the flag of Lithuania.

Its capital is Cartagena de Indias. Other important cities include Magangué, El Carmen de Bolívar and Turbaco.
Naval Station Rota
Naval Station Rota, also known as NAVSTA Rota (IATA: ROZ, ICAO: LERT) (Spanish: Base Naval de Rota), is a Spanish naval base, that is jointly used by the Spanish Navy and the United States Navy. Located in Rota in the Province of Cádiz, NAVSTA Rota is the largest American military community in Spain, housing U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps personnel. There are also small U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force contingents on the base.

Strait of Gibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar, also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa.
The two continents are separated by 7.7 nautical miles (14.2 kilometers, 8.9 miles) at its narrowest point. Ferries cross between the two continents every day in as little as 35 minutes. The Strait's depth ranges between 300 and 900 metres (980 and 2,950 feet; 160 and 490 fathoms).

The strait lies in the territorial waters of Morocco, Spain, and the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, foreign vessels and aircraft have the freedom of navigation and overflight to cross the strait of Gibraltar in case of continuous transit.
2008 Munster Senior Hurling Championship final
The 2008 Munster Senior Hurling Championship final was a hurling match played on 13 July 2008 in the Gaelic Grounds, Limerick. It was contested by Tipperary and Clare. Tipperary claimed their first Munster Senior Hurling title since 2001 and 37th title overall, as they overcame Clare by a score of 2–21 to 0–19.

The match was screened live by RTÉ as part of The Sunday Game programme.

By winning the final Tipperary maintained their unbeaten run in 2008, under Liam Sheedy in his first year as manager.

Clare county hurling team
The Clare county hurling team represents Clare in hurling and is governed by Clare GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions - the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Munster Senior Hurling Championship and the National Hurling League.

Clare's home ground is Cusack Park, Ennis. The team's manager is Brian Lohan of the Wolfe Tones, Shannon, club.

The team last won the Munster Senior Championship in 1998, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 2024 and the National League in 2024.
Bonanza season 13
The thirteenth season of the American Western television series Bonanza premiered on NBC on September 19, 1971, with the final episode airing April 2, 1972. The series was developed and produced by David Dortort. Season thirteen starred Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, and Michael Landon.  The season consisted of 26 episodes of a series total 431 hour-long episodes, the entirety of which was produced in color. Season thirteen was aired on Sundays at 9:00 p.m. It fell to #20 in the Nielsen ratings.

Mitch Vogel
Mitchel L. "Mitch" Vogel (born January 17, 1956) is an American former child actor, musician and director. As of 2023, he is one of two surviving main cast members from Bonanza, next to Tim Matheson.

Having begun his professional acting career at age 10, Vogel is widely known for his role as the red-headed orphan, Jamie Hunter-Cartwright on the NBC western series Bonanza, as well as for his feature film roles: as Tommy North in Yours, Mine and Ours and as Lucius McCaslin in  The Reivers.
Madison Nguyen
Madison Nguyen is an American politician from California. She served on the San Jose City Council from 2005 to 2014, representing District 7, and she additionally served as Vice-Mayor from 2011 to 2014.  She was the first Vietnamese-American elected to the city council.

Nguyen previously served as the executive vice president of the Silicon Valley Organization, now known as the San Jose Chamber of Commerce.

San Jose Chamber of Commerce
The San Jose Chamber of Commerce is a chamber of commerce representing business interests in the Greater San Jose, California Area. It is the largest chamber of commerce in the Silicon Valley region. Founded in 1886, the chamber has played a role in the development of the local economy and politics.
Optical mouse
An optical mouse is a computer mouse which uses a light source, typically a light-emitting diode (LED), and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes, to detect movement relative to a surface. Variations of the optical mouse have largely replaced the older mechanical mouse design, which uses moving parts to sense motion.

The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces.  Modern optical mice work on most opaque diffusely reflective surfaces like paper, but most of them do not work properly on specularly reflective surfaces like polished stone or transparent surfaces like glass. Optical mice that use dark field illumination can function reliably even on such surfaces.

Agilent Technologies
Agilent Technologies, Inc. is an American global company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, that provides instruments, software, services, and consumables for laboratories. Agilent was established in 1999 as a spin-off from Hewlett-Packard. The resulting IPO of Agilent stock was the largest in the history of Silicon Valley at the time. From 1999 to 2014, the company produced optics (LED, laser), semiconductors, EDA software and test and measurement equipment for electronics; that division was spun off to form Keysight. Since then, the company has continued to expand into pharmaceutical, diagnostics & clinical, and academia & government (research) markets.
Sulkovian dialect
The Sulkovian dialect (Silesian: sułkowski djalekt; Polish: dialekt sułkowski) is one of the Silesian dialects, extracted by Feliks Steuer in his work Dialekt sułkowski (1934). It is a part of the Silesian-Lach border dialects; its name derives from Steuer's native village Sułków.

The works Ostatni gwojźdźaurz and Z naszej źymjy ślůnskej were written in this dialect.

The characteristic features of Sulkovian phonology are:

the evolution of former long a into au, pronounced [aw];

keeping of hard k and g in the combinations ky and gy, e.g. okynka (windows), pługy (ploughs);

so-called "anticipation of softness" - adding the consonant j, e.g. kujźńa (smithy);

the evolution of nasal vowel at the end of a word into am, e.g. cebulam (onion, the accusative case).

Sułków, Opole Voivodeship
Sułków [ˈsuwkuf] is a village in south-western Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, Głubczyce County, Gmina Baborów.

The name of the village comes from the Old Polish male name Sulisław. The oldest known mention of the village dates back to 1340, when it was purchased by Euphemia of Racibórz, local Polish princess of the Piast dynasty. From the unification of Germany in 1871 until 1945, it was part of the German Empire and later Nazi Germany, however, in the late 19th century the local population was entirely Polish and predominantly Catholic. In 1936 the German administration changed the name to Zinnatal to erase traces of Polish origin. The original Polish name was restored after the village became once again part of Poland after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II.
Berlyn, Ukraine
Berlyn (Ukrainian: Берлин) is a village (selo) in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine. It belongs to Brody urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

From 1918 to 1939, the village was in Tarnopol Voivodeship in Poland.

Until 18 July 2020, Berlyn belonged to Brody Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.

Tarnopol Voivodeship
Tarnopol Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo tarnopolskie; Ukrainian: Тернопільське воєводство, romanized: Ternopilske voievodstvo) was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939), created on 23 December 1920, with an area of 16,500 km2 and provincial capital in Tarnopol (now Ternopil, Ukraine). The voivodeship was divided into 17 districts (powiaty). At the end of World War II, at the insistence of Joseph Stalin during the Tehran Conference of 1943 without official Polish representation whatsoever, the borders of Poland were redrawn by the Allies. The Polish population was forcibly resettled after the defeat of Nazi Germany and the Tarnopol Voivodeship was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. Since 1991, the territory of the voivodeship has been split between the eastern part of the Lviv region and the central and southern parts of the Ternopil region in sovereign Ukraine.
South Walker Creek coal mine
The South Walker Creek Coal Mine is an Open Cut coal mine in Strathfield, Isaac Region, Central Queensland region of Australia. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 298 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. As at 2012, the mine had an annual production capacity of 3.6 million tonnes of coal.

South Walker Creek mine is located 40 km west of Nebo within the Bowen Basin. Exports travel to port via the Goonyella railway line.  The mine is owned by Stanmore Resources Pty Ltd.

South Walker Creek mine is the site of a significant megafauna fossils.  20 ancient species have been discovered at the mine.

Central Queensland
Central Queensland is an imprecisely defined geographical division of Queensland (a state in Australia) that centres on the eastern coast, around the Tropic of Capricorn. Its major regional centre is Rockhampton. The region extends from the Capricorn Coast west to the Central Highlands at Emerald, north to the Mackay Regional Council southern boundary, and south to Gladstone. The region is also known as Capricornia. It is one of Australia's main coal exporting regions.

At the 2011 Australian Census the region recorded a total population from the six local government areas of 233,931.
Medefaidrin
Medefaidrin (Medefidrin), or Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ, is a constructed language and script created as a Christian sacred language by an Ibibio congregation in 1930s Nigeria. It has its roots in glossolalia ('speaking in tongues').

Sacred language
A sacred language, liturgical language or holy language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like church service) by people who speak another, primary language in their daily lives.

Some religions, or parts of them, regard the language of their sacred texts as in itself sacred. These include Ecclesiastical Latin in Roman Catholicism, Hebrew in Judaism, Arabic in Islam, Avestan in Zoroastrianism, Sanskrit and Tamil in Hinduism, Meitei in Sanamahism, and Punjabi in Sikhism. By contrast Buddhism and Christian denominations outside of Catholicism do not generally regard their sacred languages as sacred in themselves.
Rotary English Medium School, Ranibennur
Rotary English Medium School, founded in 1979, was the first English medium school in Ranibennur. 
It was started by the local chapter of the Rotary International Club. The school, that started with just two classrooms, is now a junior composite college with a bachelors program spreading over 7 acres (28,000 m2).

Among the founding members of the school were Mr Veerabhadra Shetty, Dr K. S. Nadiger, Dr C. V. Punit and other eminent local personalities. The first head mistress of the school was Ms. Sumangala.  She was succeeded by Mrs. Mariamma Mathen, who headed the institution for almost 15 years.  The school is currently under the management of Mr. V. P. Linganagoudar as general secretary.

Ranebennuru
Ranebennuru [Ranebennur] (AMRUT city) is a major city in Haveri district and in Central Karnataka, India. It is situated 300 kilometres (190 mi) northwest of Bengaluru, the capital of Karnataka. Other nearby cities include Hubballi (108 km) and Mangaluru (271 km). It is also the largest city in Haveri district.
Optical conductivity
Optical conductivity is the property of a material which gives the relationship between the induced current density in the material and the magnitude of the inducing electric field for arbitrary frequencies. This linear response function is a generalization of the electrical conductivity, which is usually considered in the static limit, i.e., for time-independent or slowly varying electric fields.

While the static electrical conductivity is vanishingly small in insulators (such as diamond or porcelain), the optical conductivity always remains finite in some frequency intervals (above the optical gap in the case of insulators). The total optical weight can be inferred from sum rules. The optical conductivity is closely related to the dielectric function, the generalization of the dielectric constant to arbitrary frequencies.

Linear response function
A linear response function describes the input-output relationship of a signal transducer, such as a radio turning electromagnetic waves into music or a neuron turning synaptic input into a response. Because of its many applications in information theory, physics and engineering there exist alternative names for specific linear response functions such as susceptibility, impulse response or impedance; see also transfer function. The concept of a Green's function or fundamental solution of an ordinary differential equation is closely related.
Madghis (king)
Madghis or Madghes (Berber: ⵜⵎⴰⵖⴷⵉⵙ - Madɣis), is the first recorded legendary king of  Numidia, during the 4th century BC.

Numidia was located in North Africa and participated in the second Punic War, changing alliances, going from the Carthaginians to Rome. According to the myth, Madghis unified the territory and created his kingdom.

According to Ibn Khaldun, Madghis was the ancestor of the Numidians and the Berbers of the Botr branch, Zenata, Banou Ifren, Maghraouas (Aimgharen), Marinids, Zianids and Wattassids · .

He is also believed to be the ancestor of the Sanhaja (Zirids), Hammadids, and Almoravids, as well as other Berber tribes such as the Ketama and Kutama, etc.

The Arabs gave him the nickname al-Abtar ("without descendants" or "amputated" in Arabic).

The Medracen is believed to be named after him.

Zenata
The Zenata (Berber languages: ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵜⵏ, romanized: Iznaten; Arabic: زناتة, romanized: Zanāta) are a group of Berber tribes, historically one of the largest Berber confederations along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda. Their lifestyle was either nomadic or semi-nomadic.
Ağlı District
Ağlı District is a district of the Kastamonu Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Ağlı. Its area is 225 km2, and its population is 3,006 (2021). According to the Law No. 3644, which entered into force on 20 May 1990, it became a district.

Kastamonu Province
Kastamonu Province (Turkish: Kastamonu ili) is a province of Turkey, in the Black Sea region in the north of the country. It is surrounded by Sinop to the east, Bartın, Karabük to the west, Çankırı to the south, Çorum to the southeast and the Black Sea to the north. Its area is 13,064 km2, and its population is 378,115 (2022). The population density is 29 inhabitants per km2. The provincial capital Kastamonu has a population of 128,707 (2022).
Bufliaz
Bufliaz, or Bafliaz, is a village and the headquarters of the eponymous community development block in Surankote tehsil of Poonch district in the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It lies on the Poonch–Rajouri road and is also the starting point of the Mughal Road that leads into the Kashmir Valley through Shopian.

According to local legend, Bufliaz was the place where Bucephalus, the favourite horse of Macedonian king Alexander was killed in battle with the son of Porus. They claim Bafilyaz is the corrupted form of Buccaphalus.

Rajouri
Rajouri or Rajauri (/rəˈdʒɔːri/; Hindustani pronunciation: [ɾɑːd͡ʒɔːɾiː]; IAST: rājaurī) is a city in the Rajouri district of the Jammu division of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located about 155 kilometres (96 mi) from Srinagar and 150 km (93 mi) from Jammu city on the Poonch Highway.
Aperregi
Aperregi (Basque pronunciation: [apereɣi], Spanish: Aperregui [apeˈreɣi]) is a hamlet and concejo located in the municipality of Zuia, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It lies between Lukiano and Domaikia.

Concejo (Álava)
The concejos (Basque: kontzejuak, Spanish: concejos) are a type of sub-municipal administrative unit in the province of Álava, Basque Country, Spain.

Within the Spanish legal framework, the general name for such sub-municipal units is minor local entity (formally in Spanish: entidad de ámbito territorial inferior al municipio, lit. 'entity of sub-municipal territorial scope' also known by their acronym EATIMs).

The existence of concejos in Álava is documented since the 13th century. Their current status dates from 1984, when a law providing for elections to the concejos was passed; and from 1995, when their juridical status was clarified.
Jabel Robinson
Jabel Robinson (11 December 1831 – 9 November 1907) was a Canadian farmer, lumber merchant and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Elgin West in the House of Commons of Canada from 1900 to 1904 as an Independent.

He was born in Linslade, Buckinghamshire, the son of William Robinson and May Clover, and was educated in England. He first worked as a carpenter and joiner. He was married twice: to Caroline Barnwell in 1854 and to Mary S. Mines in 1887. He served as a member of the St. Thomas town council and as a member of the council for Southwold Township.

Southwold, Ontario
Southwold is a township in Elgin County, in Ontario, Canada, located on the north shore of Lake Erie.  It is a rich agricultural zone producing predominantly corn and soybeans.  It is part of the London census metropolitan area.
Battle of Angaco
The Battle of Angaco (16 August 1841), was a battle in the Argentine Civil Wars between Unitarian and Federalist  forces at Angaco, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) NNE of San Juan, Argentina, that gave an ephemeral advantage to the Unitarians. 
The federal leader was General José Félix Aldao and the Unitarians were led by Mariano Acha.
This was the bloodiest of all battles of the Argentine civil wars. 
The Unitarians won a transitory victory, because soon after Federalists retook the city of San Juan and defeated, captured and killed Acha.

Federalist Party (Argentina)
The Federalist Party (Spanish: Partido Federal) was the nineteenth century Argentine political party that supported federalism.  It opposed the Unitarian Party that claimed a centralised government of Buenos Aires Province, with no participation of the other provinces of the custom taxes benefits of the Buenos Aires port. The federales supported the autonomy of the provincial governments and the distribution of external commerce taxes among the provinces.

The federalists advocated a form of political organization that would ensure coexistence between autonomous provinces and a central government with limited powers. They took as a model the federalism of the United States.

The view on the most prominent historical leader of the movement is controversial. Juan Manuel de Rosas is considered by his detractors as a "dictator". Among the various possible ways of characterizing him, his supporters call him a "man of order."
Katlamari, West Bengal
Katlamari is a village in West Bengal, India. It is located near the Bangladesh–India border, about 37 kilometres northeast of the district seat Berhampore. As of 2011, Katlamari had a population of 33,290, in 7,555 households.

Bangladesh–India border
The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the Radcliffe line, is an international border running between the republics of Bangladesh and India. Six Bangladeshi divisions and five Indian states lie along the border.

Bangladesh and India share a 4,096-kilometre-long (2,545 mi) international border, the sixth-longest land border in the world, including 262 km (163 mi) in Assam, 856 km (532 mi) in Tripura, 318 km (198 mi) in Mizoram, 443 km (275 mi) in Meghalaya and 2,217 km (1,378 mi) in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides.
Endaural phenomena
Endaural phenomena are sounds that are heard without any external acoustic stimulation. Endaural means "in the ear". Phenomena include transient ringing in the ears (that sound like sine tones), white noise-like sounds, and subjective tinnitus. Endaural phenomena need to be distinguished from otoacoustic emissions, in which a person's ear emits sounds. The emitter typically cannot hear the sounds made by his or her ear. Endaural phenomena also need to be distinguished from auditory hallucinations, which are sometimes associated with psychosis.

Otoacoustic emission
An otoacoustic emission (OAE) is a sound that is generated from within the inner ear. Having been predicted by Austrian astrophysicist Thomas Gold in 1948, its existence was first demonstrated experimentally by British physicist David Kemp in 1978, and otoacoustic emissions have since been shown to arise through a number of different cellular and mechanical causes within the inner ear. Studies have shown that OAEs disappear after the inner ear has been damaged, so OAEs are often used in the laboratory and the clinic as a measure of inner ear health.

Broadly speaking, there are two types of otoacoustic emissions: spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), which occur without external stimulation, and evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs), which require an evoking stimulus.
Joe Brown (actor)
Joe Brown (February 11, 1884 in New York City - October 13, 1965 in Hollywood, California) was an American actor. He is best remembered for roles in films such as Me, Gangster (1928), Sunny Side Up (1929), Protection (1929), Born Reckless (1930) and Charlie Chan's Chance (1932).

Born Reckless (1930 film)
Born Reckless is a 1930 American pre-Code crime film directed by John Ford and staged by Andrew Bennison from a screenplay written by Dudley Nichols based on the novel Louis Beretti. The film starred Edmund Lowe, Catherine Dale Owen and Marguerite Churchill.
Jean Gaubert
Jean Gaubert (born 3 March 1947) was a member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented Côtes-d'Armor's 2nd constituency for three periods, 1985-1986, then 1992-1993 and then 1997-2012, as a member of the Socialiste, radical, citoyen et divers gauche.

Côtes-d'Armor's 2nd constituency
The 2nd constituency of the Côtes-d'Armor is a French legislative constituency in the Côtes-d'Armor département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round.