hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
English three farthing coin
The silver three-farthing (3⁄4d) coin was introduced in Queen Elizabeth I's third and fourth coinages (1561–1582), as part of a plan to produce large quantities of coins of varying denominations and high metal content. It was worth 1⁄16 shilling, or 1⁄320 pound sterling.

The obverse shows a left-facing bust of the queen, with a rose behind her and the legend E D G ROSA SINE SPINA – Elizabeth, by the grace of God a rose without a thorn – while the reverse shows the royal arms with the date above the arms and a mint mark at the beginning of the legend reading CIVITAS LONDON – City of London, the Tower Mint.

The three-farthings coin closely resembles the three-halfpence coin, differing only in the diameter, which is 14 mm (0.55 in) for an unclipped coin, compared to 16 mm (0.63 in) for the three-halfpence.

All the coins are hammered, except for the extremely rare milled three-farthings of 1563, of which only three examples are known to exist.

Money portal

By the Grace of God
By the Grace of God (Latin: Dei Gratia, abbreviated D.G.) is a formulaic phrase used especially in Christian monarchies as an introductory part of the full style of a monarch. In England and later the United Kingdom, the phrase was formally added to the royal style in 1521 and continues to be used. It is also used by bishops. For example, on UK coinage, the abbreviation DG appears today.
Grzegorz Nowik
Grzegorz Nowik (born July 10, 1954) is a Polish historian specializing in scouting, scout instructor, scoutmaster (harcmistrz), writer and publicist. He is a professor, habilitated doctor of history and an employee of the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Head of the Department of History and Scientific Research of the Józef Piłsudski Museum in Sulejówek. Editor-in-chief of Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy (2000–2009), deputy director of the Military Bureau of Historical Research (2004–2009), chairman of the Scouting Association of the Republic from 2016 to 2021.

Polish Academy of Sciences
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored national academy of sciences and institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars and a network of research institutes.

It was established in 1951, during the early period of the Polish People's Republic following World War II.
Chatswood Reservoirs No. 1 and No. 2
Chatswood Reservoirs No. 1 and No. 2 are two heritage-listed reservoirs located at 559 Pacific Highway in the Sydney suburb of Artarmon, New South Wales, Australia. They were designed and built by the NSW Public Works Department. They are also known as WS024 & WS025 respectively. The reservoirs are owned by Sydney Water, a State-owned statutory corporation of the Government of New South Wales. The reservoirs were added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 18 November 1999.

NSW Public Works
NSW Public Works (or New South Wales Public Works) is a statutory agency of the Government of New South Wales that is responsible for providing expert advice to government and professional services, as well as government agency clients in New South Wales, Australia.

The agency manages a range of large and small projects and facilities contracts with an annual value of more than A$1 billion. It merged with Property NSW to form a new Property and Advisory Group of the New South Wales Public Works Advisory in July 2016.

The agency was led by Deputy Director-General, presently Brian Baker, who reported to the Director General of the Department of Finance, Services and Innovation, most recently Martin Hoffman, who reported to the Minister for Finance, Services and Property, most recently Victor Dominello MP.

NSW Public Works is an active agency as of 2024
Wilmington Wildcats
The Wilmington University Wildcats, also referred to as the WilmU Wildcats, are the athletic teams that represent Wilmington University, located in New Castle, Delaware, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. Most of the university's athletics facilities are at the Wilmington University Athletics Complex in Newark, rather than on its main campus in New Castle.

The Wildcats are full members of the Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference, which is home to 16 of its 17 athletic programs. The women's bowling team competes in East Coast Conference. Wilmington has been a member of the CACC since 1999.

Newark, Delaware
Newark (/ˈnjuːɑːrk/ NEW-ark) is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. Home to the University of Delaware, it is located 8 miles (13 km) west-southwest of Wilmington and 28 miles (45 km) southwest of Philadelphia. According to the 2020 census, the town's population is 30,601. It constitutes part of the Delaware Valley, and the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Khufi language
Khufi is a Pamir language spoken in Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. It is closely related to Shughni, and is traditionally considered a dialect of it, but it is quite distinct. It is spoken in the villages of Khuf and Pastkhuf in the Khufdara River gorge, a right-hand tributary of Panj that descends from the Rushan Range south of the Bartang River and the town of Rushon.

Bartang
The Bartang (Russian and Tajik: Бартанг, Persian: برتنگ) is a river of Central Asia, and is a tributary to the Panj which itself is a tributary to the Amu Darya. In its middle and upper reaches, it is respectively known as the Murghab and Aksu; it flows through the Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, then through the Rushon District of the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region, Tajikistan. The river is 528 km (328 mi) long (133 km (83 mi) excluding Aksu and Murghab) and has a basin area of 24,700 km2 (9,500 mi2).
Harry Ferguson (footballer)
Henry Ferguson (1907–1983) was a Scottish footballer who played as a wing half or inside forward, mainly for St Johnstone.

He spent twelve seasons with the Perth side (they were relegated from the top division in 1929–30 but were promoted again in 1931–32), with short loans to Alloa Athletic and King's Park, featuring solely in the Scottish Cup. He was eventually made Saints club captain, and was granted a testimonial against Manchester City in 1935. Two years later he moved on to Dunfermline Athletic for a single season, followed by a similar spell with King's Park before the outbreak of World War II brought his professional career to an end.

1931–32 Scottish Division One
The 1931–32 Scottish Division One season was won by Motherwell by five points over nearest rival Rangers. Dundee United and Leith Athletic finished 19th and 20th respectively and were relegated to the 1932–33 Scottish Division Two.
Saleem Ali (politician)
Mohamed Saleem Ali (މުހަންމަދު ސަލީމް އަލީ ) (died 25 December 2007), commonly referred to in the Maldives as Sto, Saleem, was a Parliament member of the Maldivian Democratic Party, elected for president in Huvadhu Atoll with high popularity. Due to his criticism of the dictator Gayoom, over the years he was arrested and sentenced several times.

Saleem, best known for organizing protests against President Gayoom's visits to the MDP heartlands in the south of the country, was a prominent figure within the Maldives' main opposition party. "Mr. Saleem Ali's passing away causes deep sorrow to all who knew him," said a party statement. "A tireless campaigner for reform [Mr Saleem] will be indelible in the party's records as well as the country's history."

Opposition (politics)
In politics, the opposition comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the government, party or group in political control of a city, region, state, country or other political body.

The degree of opposition varies according to political conditions. For example, in authoritarian and democratic systems, opposition may be respectively repressed or desired. Members of an opposition generally serve as antagonists to the other parties. Political opposition is generally considered a key aspect of democracy, as the opposition restrains the incumbent government and seeks to enlarge the rights available to those out of power. According to Seymour Martin Lipset, "over time, in both new and revived democracies, conflict between the governing and opposition parties helps establish democratic norms and rules."
A9 highway (Lithuania)
The A9 highway is a highway in Lithuania (Magistraliniai keliai). It runs from Panevėžys, through Radviliškis to Šiauliai.  The length of the road is 78.94 kilometres.
The speed limit for most of the road's length is 90 km/h. This route is a part of International E-road network (part of European route E272).

The stretch of the road between Radviliškis and Šiauliai is modern expressway, with limited access and a 120 km/h speed limit. There are also distant plans to build an expressway to Šeduva, bypassing Radviliškis.

Panevėžys
Panevėžys (Lithuanian pronunciation: [pɐnʲɛvʲeːˈʑiːs] ⓘ) is the fifth-largest city in Lithuania. As of 2021, it occupies 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) with 89,100 inhabitants. As defined by Eurostat the population of the Panevėžys functional urban area that stretches beyond the city limits is estimated at 124,412 (as of 2022).

Panevėžys is an important cultural and economic hub in the country's northeast. Located on the banks of the Nevėžis river, the city is known for its strong industrial heritage and vibrant arts scene. Panevėžys is also considered as a gateway to the picturesque landscapes of the Aukštaitija region.

The city is still known in the Jewish world for the eponymous Ponevezh Yeshiva.
Roccamandolfi
Roccamandolfi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Isernia in the Italian region Molise, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Campobasso and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Isernia.

Roccamandolfi borders the following municipalities: Cantalupo nel Sannio, Castelpizzuto, Gallo Matese, Letino, Longano, San Gregorio Matese, San Massimo and Santa Maria del Molise.

Letino
Letino (Campanian: Letinë) is a comune and small village in the province of Caserta, in Campania, southern Italy.

It was one of the villages liberated by the Italian Libertarian Communist Insurrection of 1877 by Errico Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero, Pietro Cesare Ceccarelli, the Russian Stepniak and 30 other comrades. Another village in the same province, Gallo Matese, was also involved.
Deaths in January 2024
The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2024.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Secretariat of Energy
In Mexico, the Secretariat of Energy (Spanish: Secretaría de Energia) is the government department in charge of production and regulation of energy. This secretary is a member of the Executive Cabinet.
In the Future (album)
In the Future is the second album by Black Mountain, which was released January 21, 2008.  It follows their eponymous debut album which was released in 2005.  A "limited edition" of the album was released on the same day with three bonus tracks on a second disc. It debuted on the UK Albums Chart at number 72.

The album art was designed by keyboardist Jeremy Schmidt, who was influenced by Storm Thorgerson's work.

The album was a nominee for the 2008 Polaris Music Prize.

Franz Nicolay, of The Hold Steady, listed the album as one of his favourite releases in 2008.

Storm Thorgerson
Storm Elvin Thorgerson (28 February 1944 – 18 April 2013) was an English art director and music video director. He is best known for closely working with the group Pink Floyd through most of their career, and also created album or other art for 10cc, the Alan Parsons Project, Black Sabbath, Catherine Wheel, the Cranberries, Led Zeppelin, the Mars Volta, Muse, and Phish.
COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020 with the first confirmed case reported in Melbourne, Australia. The virus has spread to all sovereign states and territories in the region. Australia and New Zealand were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction in the community.

As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant however, by August 2021, the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts. In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.

Lautoka
Lautoka (Fijian pronunciation: [lɔu̯toka] ⓘ, Fiji Hindi: लौटोका) is the second largest metropolitan area in Fiji. It is on the west coast of the island of Viti Levu, in the Ba Province of the Western Division. Lying in the heart of Fiji's sugar cane-growing region, the city has come to be known as the Sugar City. Covering an area of 32 square kilometres, it had a population of 71,573 at the 2017 census, the most recent to date.
Morsano al Tagliamento
Morsano al Tagliamento (Standard Friulian: Morsàn da lis Ocjis,
Western Friulian: Morsan) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Pordenone.

Province of Pordenone
The province of Pordenone (Italian: provincia di Pordenone; Friulian: provincie di Pordenon; Venetian: provincia de Pordenon) was a province in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy, subdivided from the province of Udine in 1968. Its capital was the city of Pordenone. The province was abolished on 30 September 2017; it was reestablished in 2019 as the regional decentralization entity of Pordenone (Italian: ente di decentramento regionale di Pordenone; Friulian: ent di decentrament regjonâl di Pordenon), and was reactivated on 1 July 2020. It has a total population of 312,794 inhabitants.
Rinchengang
Rinchengang

(Tibetan: རིན་ཆེན་སྒང, Wylie: rin chen sgang, THL: rin chen gang, ZWPY: Rinqêngang)
or Renqinggang
(Chinese: 仁青岗村; pinyin: Rén qīng gǎng cūn) is a town in the Chumbi Valley and the headquarters of the Xia Yadong Township of Yadong County, Tibet region of China. It is in the valley of Amo Chu where the route from Sikkim's Jelep La pass meets Amo Chu. It is also close to the Bhutan–China border (Doklam area), which is currently in dispute. In December 2018, Rinchengang village had a population of around 550 people. The inhabitants are engaged in animal grazing or work as forest rangers. Some also carry supplies to Chinese border troops.

In 2003, the governments of India and China agreed to use Rinchengang as a border trade mart, along with Changgu in Sikkim. It is also the corresponding trade mart  for Sherathang.

THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
The THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (or THL Phonetic Transcription for short) is a system for the phonetic rendering of the Tibetan language.

It was created by David Germano and Nicolas Tournadre and was published on 12 December 2003. It is essentially a simplified form of the Tournadre Phonetic System, which is used by Tournadre in his Tibetan-language textbooks.

THL (formerly THDL) stands for the "Tibetan and Himalayan Library" project, which is hosted at the University of Virginia.
Brian O'Keeffe
Brian O'Keeffe (born 1977) is an Irish hurler who played as a right corner-forward for the Cork senior team.

Born in Blackrock, Cork, O'Keeffe first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He joined the senior panel during the 2001 championship. O'Keeffe went on to play a bit part for Cork over the next few years.

At club level O'Keeffe is a three-time championship medallist with Blackrock.

Throughout his career Prendergast made just one championship appearance for Cork. He retired form inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 2002 championship.

1997 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship
The 1997 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship was the 34th staging of the All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1964. The championship began on 18 June 1997 and ended on 21 September 1997.

Galway entered the championship as the defending champions.

On 21 September 1997, Cork won the championship following a 3-11 to 0-13 defeat of Galway in the All-Ireland final. This was their 10th All-Ireland title overall and their first championship title since 1988.

Tipperary's Eugene O'Neill was the championship's top scorer with 5-18.
Humpty Dumpty (pinball)
Humpty Dumpty is a pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include electromechanical flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines.

In 2008, the Popular Mechanics website included the machine on a list of the top eight most innovative pinball machines of all time.

Popular Mechanics
Popular Mechanics (often abbreviated as PM or PopMech) is a magazine of popular science and technology, featuring automotive, home, outdoor, electronics, science, do it yourself, and technology topics. Military topics, aviation and transportation of all types, space, tools and gadgets are commonly featured.

It was founded in 1902 by Henry Haven Windsor, who was the editor and—as owner of the Popular Mechanics Company—the publisher. For decades, the tagline of the monthly magazine was "Written so you can understand it." In 1958, PM was purchased by the Hearst Corporation, now Hearst Communications.

In 2013, the US edition changed from twelve to ten issues per year, and in 2014 the tagline was changed to "How your world works." The magazine added a podcast in recent years, including regular features Most Useful Podcast Ever and How Your World Works.
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) is an astronomical observatory in Shanghai. It has a long history of astrometry and also operates the 25-meter (82 ft) Sheshan radio telescope as part of the Chinese VLBI array and the European VLBI Network (EVN).

European VLBI Network
The European VLBI Network (EVN) is a network of radio telescopes located primarily in Europe and Asia, with additional antennas in South Africa and Puerto Rico, which performs very high angular resolution observations of cosmic radio sources using very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI). The EVN is the most sensitive VLBI array in the world, and the only one capable of real-time observations. The Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) acts as the central organisation in the EVN, providing both scientific user support and a correlator facility. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) achieves ultra-high angular resolution and is a multi-disciplinary technique used in astronomy, geodesy and astrometry.

The EVN operates an open-sky policy, allowing anyone to propose an observation using the network
Castle of Vila Viçosa
Castle of Vila Viçosa (Portuguese: Castelo de Vila Viçosa/Castelo e cerca urbana de Vila Viçosa) is a castle located in the civil parish of Nossa Senhora da Conceição e São Bartolomeu, in the municipality of Vila Viçosa, in the Portuguese Alentejo. It was the seat of House of Braganza, prior to the construction of the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa.

Concelho
Concelho (Portuguese: [kõˈseʎu]) is the Portuguese-language term for municipality, referring to the territorial subdivision in local government. In comparison, the word município ([muniˈsipiu]) refers to the organs of State. This differentiation is still in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but is no longer in use in Brazil following the abolition of these organs, in favour of the French prefecture system. It is similar to borough and council.
Stream Global Services
Stream Global Services (formerly known as Global BPO Services Corp.), was a BPO company acquired by Convergys through a definitive merger, together with more than 37,000 employees in 22 countries and 50 contact centers. The company's footprint includes countries across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.

Business process outsourcing
Business process outsourcing (BPO) is a subset of outsourcing in which a company contracts the operations and responsibilities of a specific business process to a third-party service provider.

BPO offers organizations significant advantages, including increased flexibility, cost efficiency, and a sharper focus on core competencies. By transforming fixed costs into variable costs, companies can accelerate business processes and leverage specialized expertise from third-party providers. Challenges also arise from unclear contracts, changing requirements, unmet service levels, and over-dependence on providers.
Anup Ghoshal
Anup Ghoshal (1944/1945 – 15 December 2023) was an Indian playback singer and composer in Hindi and other vernacular Indian films, especially Bengali-language. He was known in his native Bengal primarily as one of the foremost artists of the golden age of Nazrulgeeti (c. 1930s–1970s).

Masoom (1983 film)
Masoom (transl. The Innocent) is a 1983 Indian Hindi-language drama film, the directorial debut of Shekhar Kapur. It is an adaptation of the 1980 Erich Segal novel Man, Woman and Child, which was also adapted into a Malayalam movie Olangal and an American movie Man, Woman and Child. The film stars Shabana Azmi, Naseeruddin Shah and Saeed Jaffrey in lead roles, with Tanuja and Supriya Pathak in special appearances. It features Urmila Matondkar, Aradhana and Jugal Hansraj in their debuts as child actors. The screenplay, dialogues and lyrics are by Gulzar with music by R.D. Burman. The film has been remade into a Telugu movie named Illalu Priyuralu and in Turkish as Bir Akşam Üstü.
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a medical condition characterized by loss of vision caused by damage to the optic nerve as a result of ischemia, or insufficient blood supply. The key symptom of NAION is optic disc swelling, which typically resolves within 2 months, but often leads to  optic atrophy. The likelihood of vision improvement after developing this condition is low.

NAION is characterized by localized disruptions in blood flow to the optic nerve, often linked with broader systemic vascular conditions. Key risk factors include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, sleep apnea, diabetes, and hypertension. Currently, there is no universally accepted, scientifically proven treatment for NAION. However, there is a general consensus on the importance of managing underlying risk factors to prevent further complications. This includes controlling blood pressure, managing diabetes, and treating sleep apnea.

PDE5 inhibitor
A phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 inhibitor) is a vasodilating drug that works by blocking the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells lining the blood vessels supplying various tissues. These drugs dilate the corpora cavernosa of the penis, facilitating erection with sexual stimulation, and are used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Sildenafil was the first effective oral treatment available for ED. Because PDE5 is also present in the smooth muscle of the walls of the arterioles within the lungs, two PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil and tadalafil, are FDA-approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. As of 2019, the wider cardiovascular benefits of PDE5 inhibitors are being appreciated.