hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
English-language vowel changes before historic /r/
In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by /r/ in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by /r/ that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of vowel distinctions, so fewer vowel phonemes occur before /r/ than in other positions of a word.

Vowel shift
A vowel shift is a systematic sound change in the pronunciation of the vowel sounds of a language.

The best-known example in the English language is the Great Vowel Shift, which began in the 15th century. The Greek language also underwent a vowel shift near the beginning of the Common Era, which included iotacism. Among the Semitic languages, the Canaanite languages underwent a shift in which Proto-Semitic *ā became ō in Proto-Canaanite (a language likely very similar to Biblical Hebrew).

A vowel shift can involve a merger of two previously different sounds, or it can be a chain shift.
Johannes Philippus de Lignamine
Johannes Philippus de Lignamine (1420 – ??) was a Sicilian printer/publisher and tax collector from Messina active at Monte Cassino near Rome and a courtier to Pope Sixtus IV. He is best known for his publication of Herbarium Apuleii Platonici in 1481.

While Italy was the first country to use Johannes Gutenberg's new printing techniques, it was also the first country in which the German monopoly of the printing industry was lost. On 3 August 1470 the Institutio Oratoria, a book by Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (AD30-AD96) was typeset on an Italian press operated by Johannes Philippus de Lignamine. This first edition was edited by Giovanni Antonio Campani and was based on a corrupt copy of the manuscript found by Poggio Bracciolini.

Research by Margaret M. Smith concluded that de Lignamine was the first printer to use small capitals.

Quintilian
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (Latin: [kʷiːntɪliˈaːnʊs]; c. 35 – c. 100 AD) was a Roman educator and rhetorician born in Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing. In English translation, he is usually referred to as Quintilian (/kwɪnˈtɪliən/ kwin-TIL-ee-ən), although the alternate spellings of Quintillian and Quinctilian are occasionally seen, the latter in older texts.
Decca HF200
The HF200 is a height finder radar designed and first built by Decca Radar in 1957, and continuing sales into the 1970s after the division was purchased by Plessey in 1965. It was one of the company's successful heavy radar projects, winning the contract for many of the ROTOR stations in the UK and additional sales around the world with a total production run of about 40 examples. These served into the 1980s, and in one case, 1993, before 3D radars removed the need for separate height-finders.

Height finder
A height finder is a ground-based aircraft altitude measuring device. Early height finders were optical range finder devices combined with simple mechanical computers, while later systems migrated to radar devices. The unique vertical oscillating motion of height finder radars led to them also being known as nodding radar. Devices combining both optics and radar were deployed by the U.S. Military.
Kristin Capp
Kristin Capp (born 1964) is an American photographer, author and educator. Capp's work has been exhibited both nationally and internationally. Her work is included in collections at the Whitney Museum in New York, the Lyman Allyn Art Museum in Connecticut, the International Center of Photography in  New York and the Harvard Art Museum. She was one of sixty international artists selected for the Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art in 2017. Her work has appeared in the Bursa International Photofest in Turkey, as well as in Switzerland, France, Belgium, Germany and the United States.

She has published three books of photography: Hutterite: A World of Grace (1998), Americana (2000) and Brasil (2016).

Lyman Allyn Art Museum
The Lyman Allyn Art Museum is located in New London, Connecticut, and was founded in 1926 by Lyman Allyn's daughter Harriet Upson Allyn. Its collection includes European and non-Western art as well as American fine and decorative art, 17th-century European works on paper, 19th-century American paintings, and contemporary art. The museum also conducts educational programs.

The Deshon-Allyn House on the museum's campus is a Federal style house built in 1829 by Daniel Deshon, sold to Lyman Allyn, and occupied by various members of his family. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) was an evolutionary radiation of marine animal life throughout the Ordovician period, 40 million years after the Cambrian explosion, whereby the distinctive Cambrian fauna fizzled out to be replaced with a Paleozoic fauna rich in suspension feeder and pelagic animals.

It followed a series of Cambrian–Ordovician extinction events, and the resulting fauna went on to dominate the Palaeozoic oceans relatively unchanged. Marine diversity increased to levels typical of the Palaeozoic, and morphological disparity was similar to today's. The diversity increase was neither global nor instantaneous; it happened at different times in different places. The interplay of many geological and ecological factors likely produced the diversification. Consequently, there is unlikely to be a simple or straightforward explanation for the whole event.

Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event
The Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event, also known as the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary event, was an extinction event that occurred approximately 485 million years ago (mya) in the Paleozoic era of the early Phanerozoic eon. It was preceded by the less-documented (but probably more extensive) End-Botomian mass extinction around 517 million years ago, and the Dresbachian extinction event about 502 million years ago.

The Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event ended the Cambrian period, and led into the subsequent Ordovician period. It eliminated many brachiopods and conodonts, and severely reduced the number of trilobite species.
University of Caldas
The University of Caldas (Spanish: Universidad de Caldas), is a public, coeducational, research university based in Manizales, Caldas, Colombia. It is the most important higher education institution in the Department of Caldas. It is a public university of national character, subject to inspection and surveillance through Law 1740 of 2014 and Law 30 of 1992 of the Ministry of Education of Colombia; it houses students from all corners of Colombia and abroad;  It is considered the best university in the "eje cafetero" and one of the best in Colombia.

Caldas Department
Caldas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaldas]) is a department of Colombia named after Colombian patriotic figure Francisco José de Caldas. It is part of the Paisa Region and its capital is Manizales. The population of Caldas is 998,255, and its area is 7,291 km2. Caldas is also part of the Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis region along with the Risaralda and Quindio departments, which were politically separated from Caldas in 1966.
Loitering with Intent
Loitering with Intent is a novel by Scottish author Muriel Spark. Published in 1981 by The Bodley Head, it was short-listed for the Booker Prize that year. It contains many autobiographical references to Spark's early career and was reprinted in 2001 by New Directions, in the US, and in 2007 by Virago Press in the UK (with a foreword by Mark Lawson).

The Bodley Head
The Bodley Head is an English book publishing imprint of Penguin Random House. Founded in 1887 by John Lane and Elkin Mathews, The Bodley Head existed as an independent entity or as part of multiple consortia until it was acquired by Random House in 1987 alongside sister companies Jonathan Cape and Chatto & Windus. Random House used The Bodley Head as a children's book imprint until April 2008, when it was repositioned as an adult non-fiction imprint within the Vintage Books division.

The Bodley Head launched Penguin Books as an imprint in 1935, which John Lane spun off as an independent company the following year. The Bodley Head acquired several other imprints prior to the Random House acquisition, including Martin Hopkinson and Gerald Howe in 1941, Nonesuch Press in 1953, Werner Laurie in 1957, and Hollis & Carter in 1962.
Arthur Galston
Arthur W. Galston (April 21, 1920 – June 15, 2008) was an American plant physiologist and bioethicist. As a plant biologist, Galston studied plant hormones and the effects of light on plant development, particularly phototropism. He identified riboflavin and other flavins as what are called phototropins, photoreceptor proteins for phototropism (the bending of plants toward light), challenging the prevailing view that carotenoids were responsible.

As a graduate student in 1943, Galston studied the use of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to encourage the flowering of soybeans and noted that high levels had a defoliant effect. The British and U.S. military later developed TIBA into Agent Orange which was employed extensively in Malaya and Vietnam. Galston became a bioethicist, and spoke out against such uses of science. As chairman of Yale's botany department, Galston's ethical objections led President Nixon to end the use of Agent Orange.

Plant physiology
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. A professional in this field is called a Plant physiologist.

Plant physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function, and transpiration. Plant physiology interacts with the fields of plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biology, genetics, biophysics and molecular biology.
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup statistics
The following article outlines the statistics for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, which took place in Canada from 6 June to 5 July.

Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

Célia Šašić
Célia Šašić (née Okoyino da Mbabi; German pronunciation: [ˈtseːlja ˈʃaːʃɪtʃ]; born 27 June 1988) is a German former footballer who played as a striker for SC 07 Bad Neuenahr, 1. FFC Frankfurt and the Germany national team before retiring in 2015.
Ishaat Hussain
Ishaat Hussain is an Indian businessman and the former director of Tata Sons and Tata Steel, and  chairman of Tata Sky. He was also chairman of the Tata Group company, Voltas. Between November 2016 and September 2017, he was the interim chairman of Tata Consultancy Services, following the removal of Cyrus Mistry. He joined the Tata Group in 1981 and retired in September 2017.

In the media, he has often been called the "Wise Man of Bombay House".

Tata Play
Tata Play is an Indian subscription-based satellite television (DTH) service provider owned by Tata Group. it was using MPEG-4 digital compression technology, transmitting using INSAT-4A GSAT-10 and CMS-02 satellites. Incorporated in 2005, it currently offers 690+ channels, 579+ SD channels, 110+ HD channels and 1 UHD channel, along with 50+ other value added services in Standard definition and High definition, free SD+1 and HD+1 services with some channels and many internet based channels. Tata Play is the largest DTH service provider in India. As of March 2023, according to TRAI Tata Play serves 21.3 million subscribers which is 32.65% of total DTH users in India.

Tata Play entered into an agreement with French firm Vantiva to supply 4K set top boxes from early 2015. The company was formerly known as Tata Sky.
Because They Can
Because They Can is the second album from American rock group Nelson, released by Geffen Records in 1995.

The album had a shaky production history as a result of creative differences between brothers Matthew and Gunnar Nelson and the Geffen Records executives, the latter led by John Kalodner. After the success of their debut album, After the Rain, the band recorded the heavier and darker follow-up Imaginator. When Kalodner and other Geffen executives were displeased with it, Nelson was told to record a lighter album. After more than a year of writing and recording, Nelson came up with Because They Can. The band left Geffen shortly after the release of the album.

Brett Garsed
Brett Edward Garsed (born 20 April 1963) is an Australian guitarist, best known for his work as a guitarist with John Farnham and T. J. Helmerich, as well as being a former member of the rock band Nelson. He was featured on Derek Sherinian's solo records Planet X (1999) and Planet X's Quantum (2007), and more recently Sherinian's Molecular Heinosity (2010).
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival
The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival is an annual award presented by the Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in professional London theatre. The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976, and renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor and director Laurence Olivier.

This award was introduced in 1991, presented through to 1995, set aside from 1996 to 2002, and reintroduced for the 2003 Olivier Awards.

2002 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 2002 Laurence Olivier Awards were presented by the Society of London Theatre on 15 February 2002 at the Victoria Palace Theatre in London, celebrating excellence in West End theatre.  The ceremony was hosted by comedy writer and television presenter Clive Anderson.
Keirsten Alley
Keirsten Alley (born September 17, 1973) is an American former professional tennis player.

Alley, who comes from Melrose, Massachusetts, played college tennis for UC Berkeley. A four-time All-American, she won two Pac-10 doubles championships partnering Pam Nelson and with the same player was an NCAA doubles semi-finalist in 1995.

From 1995 to 1997, Alley competed on the professional tour and reached a best singles ranking of 276, winning ITF titles in Curaçao and Santo Domingo. As a doubles player she made a WTA Tour main draw appearance at the 1997 Stanford Classic with Laxmi Poruri.

Melrose, Massachusetts
Melrose is a city located in the Greater Boston metropolitan area in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. Its population as of the 2020 census was 29,817. It is a suburb located approximately seven miles north of Boston. It is situated in the center of the triangle created by Interstates 93, 95 and U.S. Route 1.

The land that comprises Melrose was first settled in 1628 and was once part of Charlestown and then Malden. It became the Town of Melrose in 1850 and then the City of Melrose in 1900.
Odinland
Odinland (Danish: Odin Land), also Odinsland in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts, is a peninsula in the King Frederick VI Coast, southeastern Greenland. It is a part of the Sermersooq municipality.

The peninsula is fully exposed to the influence of the Greenland Ice Sheet. In spite of the proximity of the coast and despite being located south of the Arctic Circle, an ice cap climate prevails in Odinland.

Sermersooq
Sermersooq (Greenlandic pronunciation: [sɜm.mɜs.sɔːq̚]) is a municipality in Greenland, formed on 1 January 2009 from five previous, smaller municipalities, and is the largest municipality in the world by area. Its administrative seat is the city of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, and it is the most populous municipality in the country, with 24,229 inhabitants as of January 2025.
Yuriko Miki
Yuriko Miki (三木 佑里子, Miki Yuriko; born 1 October 1989) is a Japanese retired badminton player from Panasonic badminton team, and in 2013, started to play for the Hokuto Bank. Teamed-up with Koharu Yonemoto, they won the 2011 New Zealand and Austrian International tournament. They also won the Grand Prix title at the 2014 Russia Open tournament.

2014 Russia Open Grand Prix
The 2014 Russia Open Grand Prix was the thirteenth grand prix gold and grand prix tournament of the 2014 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. The tournament was held in Sports Hall Olympic, Vladivostok, Russia July 22 until July 27, 2014 and had a total purse of US$50,000.
Henry Carden
Christianity portal

The Ven Henry Craven Carden (23 December 1882 – 30 October 1964) was Archdeacon of Lahore from 1929 to 1934.

Born into an aristocratic family, he was educated at Hatfield College, Durham and ordained in 1907.  He was  Curate at St Peter with St Owen, Hereford then St Mary, Ross-on-Wye. He was Chaplain at Lahore Cathedral until war broke out when he became a Chaplain with the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force. When peace returned he served the church in the North Western Frontier Province at Peshawar, Abbottabad and Hazara before his appointment as Archdeacon; and at Kilmeston in Hampshire afterwards.

Ross-on-Wye
Ross-on-Wye is a market town and civil parish in Herefordshire, England, near the border with Wales. It had a population estimated at 10,978 in 2021. It lies in the south-east of the county, on the River Wye and on the northern edge of the Forest of Dean.
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
The Men's 4 x 10 kilometre relay was held on 4 March 2011 at 13:00 CET The defending world champions were the Norwegian team of Eldar Rønning, Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset, Tore Ruud Hofstad and Petter Northug while the defending Olympic champions were the Swedish team of Daniel Rickardsson, Johan Olsson, Anders Södergren, and Hellner.

Johan Olsson (skier)
Johan Arne Olsson (born 19 March 1980) is a Swedish cross-country skiing coach and former skier. He is a two-time Olympic champion who raced from 1998 to 2017. Olsson won five individual FIS Cross-Country World Cup victories and two additional podium finishes during his career.
Prisoners from the Front
Prisoners from the Front is an 1866 painting by American artist Winslow Homer. One of Homer's most notable early works, the painting depicts a scene in which Confederate officers surrender to Union Brigadier General Francis Channing Barlow during the American Civil War. Homer's experience as a war correspondent likely contributed to his rendering of the work.

Citing Prisoners' style, tone, and provenance, American art critic Peter Schjeldahl once called Homer's work "The most telling of all paintings about the Civil War."

Infrared photography and numerous studies indicate that the painting underwent many changes in the course of completion.

Peter Schjeldahl
Peter Charles Schjeldahl (/ˈʃɛldɑːl/; March 20, 1942 – October 21, 2022) was an American art critic, poet, and educator. He was noted for being the head art critic at The New Yorker, having earlier written for The Village Voice, ARTnews, and The New York Times.
Gorakhdham Express
The 12555 / 12556 Gorakhdham Superfast Express is a daily Superfast Express class train service of Indian Railways, which runs between the cities of Gorakhpur and Bathinda via Basti station, state capital of Uttar Pradesh; Lucknow, city of Kanpur and national capital New Delhi.  It is considered one of the important trains of North Eastern Railway and Indian Railways as well.
Recently the train is running with the new LHB rakes.

Rohtak Junction railway station
Rohtak Junction Railway Station (station code: ROK) is a main railway station in Rohtak, Haryana. Its code is ROK. The station consists of three platforms. There are many trains available for Delhi, Panipat, Rewari, Bhiwani, Jind and Hansi as well as for long-distance journey.

Rohtak is connected to Bahadur Garh through Delhi line, to Gohana through Panipat line, to Meham through Hansi line and Jhajjar through Rewari line. Delhi and Jind connections are part of the Delhi–Fazilka line, and the line is double tracked from Delhi to Bhatinda, Punjab, India, and is electrified between Delhi and Rohtak. All other lines are single track, and unelectrified. A new railway line from Rohtak to Rewari via Jhajjar became operational from January 2013.

First CNG train of India also runs between Rohtak and Rewari via Jhajjar.
Ralph Nicholson (cricketer)
Ralph Charles Nicholson (May/June 1816 – 16 July 1879) was an English first-class cricketer.

The son of John Nicholson, he was born in 1816 at Slaugham, Sussex. He was a member of the family which owned the J&W Nicholson & Co gin distillery based in Clerkenwell and Three Mills. Nicholson made four appearances in first-class cricket, firstly for the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players fixture of 1841 at Lord's, before making three first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1842 against Cambridge University, the North of England and Sussex. He scored 39 runs in his four first-class matches, at an average of 6.50 and a high score of 29 not out. Nicholson later emigrated to the United States, where he died in July 1879 at Newell, Iowa. His brother, William, was a distiller, politician and first-class cricketer. His brothers John and Richard were also first-class cricketers.

Three Mills
The Three Mills are former working mills and an island of the same name on the River Lea. It is one of London’s oldest surviving industrial centres. The mills lie in the London Borough of Newham, but despite lying on the Newham side of the Lea, access is principally from the western, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, side of the river.

The River Lea Tidal Mill Trust Ltd owns the House Mill and the Miller's House buildings, which are used for educational projects and as conference spaces. The Lower Lea Project is also based at Three Mills in The Miller's House.
Newton Ogle
Newton Ogle (1726–1804) was a Church of England clergyman and member of the landowning Ogle family. The son of Nathaniel Ogle and Elizabeth Newton, he served as a prebendary of Durham Cathedral and from 1769 to 1804 as Dean of Winchester. His wife Susanna Thomas (whom he married in 1757) was daughter of John Thomas, Bishop of Winchester.

In 1762, he inherited Kirkley Hall from his brother Dr Nathaniel Ogle – he bought up most of the land lying between Blagdon Hall and Milbourne Hall and between Ponteland and Morpeth, developed the Hall on its present site, built a new eastern archway, and also added an obelisk nearby to mark the centenary of the Glorious Revolution. On his death in 1804, the Hall was inherited by his sons Nathaniel and the Reverend John Saville Ogle.

His daughter, Hester Jane, married the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan in 1795.

Prebendary
A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church.  When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir stalls, known as prebendal stalls.
P. M. Hubbard
Philip Maitland Hubbard (9 November 1910 – 17 March 1980) was a British writer. He was known principally for his crime and suspense novels and stories, although he wrote in other genres as well, contributing short stories and poetry to The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and articles, verse, and parliamentary reports for Punch.

Suspense
Suspense is a state of anxiety or excitement caused by mysteriousness, uncertainty, doubt, or undecidedness.  In a narrative work, suspense is the audience's excited anticipation about the plot or conflict (which may be heightened by a violent moment, stressful scene, puzzle, mystery, etc.), particularly as it affects a character for whom the audience feels sympathy. However, suspense is not exclusive to narratives.