hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Causes of mental disorders
A mental disorder is an impairment of the mind disrupting normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or social interactions, and accompanied by significant distress or dysfunction. The causes of mental disorders are very complex and vary depending on the particular disorder and the individual. Although the causes of most mental disorders are not fully understood, researchers have identified a variety of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Most mental disorders result in a combination of several different factors rather than just a single factor.

Social relation
A social relation is the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences, and describes any voluntary or involuntary interpersonal relationship between two or more conspecifics within and/or between groups. The group can be a language or kinship group, a social institution or organization, an economic class, a nation, or gender. Social relations are derived from human behavioral ecology, and, as an aggregate, form a coherent social structure whose constituent parts are best understood relative to each other and to the social ecosystem as a whole.
Markus Schwaninger
Markus Schwaninger (born 26 December 1947) is an Austrian economist and Professor of Management at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and Director of the International World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics. He is known for his co-authorship of the St. Galler Management-Model.

University of St. Gallen
The University of St. Gallen (HSG) (German: Universität St. Gallen) is a public research university located in St. Gallen, Switzerland, that specialises in business administration, economics, law, international affairs, and computer science. It was established in 1898. It consistently ranks as one of the best business schools in Europe. In 2022, it had 9,590 students, of which 3,757 were master's students and 584 were doctoral students.

Although it is one of Switzerland's smallest universities, HSG has Switzerland's largest faculty for business administration. It has produced more billionaires in Europe than any other European university. It is a member of the CEMS and APSIA and is EQUIS, AACSB and AMBA accredited (triple crown accreditation). Its campus is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The university is owned by the canton of St. Gallen.
Nightlife (Erase Errata album)
Nightlife is the third studio album by the band Erase Errata, released in 2006 on Kill Rock Stars, and the first not to feature Sara Jaffe. The album also marked the first time they made an official music video, for "Tax Dollar." directed by Jeremy Solterbeck.

Kill Rock Stars
Kill Rock Stars is an independent record label founded in February 1991 by Slim Moon and Tinuviel Sampson, and based in both Olympia, Washington, and Portland, Oregon. The label has released a variety of work in different genres, but it was originally known for its commitment to underground punk rock bands and the Olympia area music scene.
Sports photography
Sports photography refers to the genre of photography that covers all types of sports.

In the majority of cases, professional sports photography is a branch of photojournalism, while amateur sports photography, such as photos of children playing association football, is a branch of vernacular photography.

The main application of professional sports photography is for editorial purposes. Dedicated sports photographers usually work for newspapers, major wire agencies or sports magazines. However, sports photography is also used for advertising purposes both to build a brand and to promote a sport in a way that cannot be accomplished by editorial means.

Depth of field
The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image captured with a camera. See also the closely related depth of focus.
Bishops Cap
Bishops Cap (9,127 feet (2,782 m)) is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Located above the Garden Wall and straddling the Continental Divide, when viewed from the south at Logan Pass, the peak appears to resemble a Bishop's headwear. The name Bishops Cap is descriptive only. The name has no known origin.

Garden Wall
The Garden Wall is a steep alpine area within Glacier National Park well known during the summer months to be heavily covered in dozens of species of flowering plants and shrubs. Located along the west side of the Continental divide and extending northward from Logan Pass, the Garden Wall can be traversed via the popular Highline Trail and for a distance of over  5 mi (8.0 km) to the Granite Park Chalet. The Going-to-the-Sun Road also passes through portions of the Garden Wall northwest of Logan Pass. The Weeping Wall is a short stretch of the Going-to-the-Sun Road where water cascades over the Garden Wall to the roadway below. The Garden Wall is an arête or rock spine that separates the Many Glacier region of the park from Lake McDonald valley.  From Highline Trail it is a 2 miles (3.2 km) round trip hike up Garden Wall Trail to Glacier Overlook, which overlooks Grinnell Glacier from the Garden Wall.
Matura
Matura or its translated terms (mature, matur, maturita, maturità, Maturität, maturité, матура, érettségi) is a Latin name for the secondary school exit exam or "maturity diploma" in various European countries, including Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine.

It is taken by young adults (usually aged from 17 to 20) at the end of their secondary education, and generally must be passed in order to apply to a university or other institutions of higher education. Matura is a matriculation examination and can be compared to A-Level exams, the Abitur or the Baccalauréat.

Informatics
Informatics is the study of computational systems. According to the ACM Europe Council and Informatics Europe, informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession, in which the central notion is the transformation of information. In some cases, the term "informatics" may also be used with different meanings, e.g., in the context of social computing or library science.
Rurópolis
Rurópolis is a municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil.

The municipality contains part of the Trairão National Forest, in which logging is permitted subject to a management plan.
It also holds part of the Tapajós National Forest, a 549,067 hectares (1,356,770 acres) sustainable use conservation unit created in 1974.

North Region, Brazil
The North Region of Brazil (Portuguese: Região Norte do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔʁtʃi du bɾaˈziw]) is the largest region of Brazil, accounting for 45.27% of the national territory. It has the second-lowest population of any region in the country, and accounts for a minor percentage of the national GDP. The region is slightly larger than India and slightly smaller than the whole European Union. It comprises the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins.

It has the lowest population density out of all the regions of Brazil, with only 4.5 inhabitants per km2. Most of the population is centered in urban areas.

Belém International Airport and Manaus International Airport connect the North Region with many Brazilian cities and also operate some international flights. The region is home to the Federal University of Amazonas and the Federal University of Pará, among others.
Dallia delicatissima
Dallia delicatissima is a species of mudminnow in the genus Dallia of the order Esociformes. It is endemic to the Chukchi Peninsula in far eastern Siberia, Russia, being known from only two lakes of the Kolychiskaya Guba Bay basin: Pil'khykai Lagoon, and a nameless lake in the upper river Kalheurer-veyemm, flowing into the southwestern part of the Kolyuchin Bay.

Chukchi Peninsula
The Chukchi Peninsula (also Chukotka Peninsula or Chukotski Peninsula; Russian: Чуко́тский полуо́стров, Chukotskiy poluostrov, short form Russian: Чуко́тка, Chukotka), at about 66° N 172° W, is the easternmost peninsula of Asia.
Charlie (2015 soundtrack)
Charlie is the soundtrack to the 2015 Malayalam film of the same name directed by Martin Prakkat starring Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy Thiruvothu and Aparna Gopinath. The soundtrack featured eight songs composed by Gopi Sundar with lyrics written by Rafeeq Ahamed and Santhosh Varma. Six of them were released as an album on 7 December 2015 through Muzik 247 label, while two of the songs—"Chithirathira" and "Chundari Penne" (which was sung by Salmaan)—released separately.

Muzik 247
Muzik 247 based out of Chennai, acquires music rights for South Indian Cinema films, mainly Tamil, Malayalam and Tulu. The company was founded in 2012 by Naveen Bhandari, and has achieved a large market share of the Malayalam film music.
Casaus
Casaus is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert de Casaus (died 1544) was the Master of the Order of Preachers

Luis Figueroa y Casaus (1781–1853), Spanish soldier, businessman, and merchant

Martin Casaus (born 1985), American entrepreneur, content creator, and professional wrestler

Nicolau Casaus (1913–2007), Catalan businessman and sports leader

Yolanda Casaus Rodríguez (born 1974), Spanish politician

Yolanda Casaus Rodríguez
Yolanda Casaus Rodríguez (Alcañiz, Teruel Province, 3 July 1974) is a Spanish politician who belongs to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.

Single, Casaus worked as an infant teacher in the Juan Ramón Alegre de Andorra state school in Teruel. She was affiliated with the major Spanish Trade Union the Unión General de Trabajadores and served as a Union representative. She also held positions of responsibility in the Young Socialists of Aragon, the local youth wing of the PSOE.

In 2004 she was elected to the national parliament as a deputy for Teruel, being re-elected in 2008.
Melbourne City School
Melbourne City School was an independent, co-educational Prep to Year 9 school located in the Melbourne Central Business District on King Street. Melbourne City School was founded in 2010 as an initiative of Eltham College, but closed at the end of 2012 due to low enrolments.

King Street, Melbourne
King Street is a main road in the Melbourne central business district, Australia. It is considered a key hub of Melbourne's nightlife and is home to many pubs, nightclubs, restaurants, and adult entertainment venues.

Part of the original Hoddle Grid laid out in 1837, the road has become a main traffic thoroughfare connecting Southbank and North Melbourne through the city centre. King Street is named for Captain Philip Gidley King, the third Governor of New South Wales.
Ruppertstein Castle
Ruppertstein Castle (German: Burg Ruppertstein) is the ruins of a hill castle located at an elevation of 452 m above sea level (NN) near the village of Lemberg in the collective municipality of Pirmasens-Land in the county of Südwestpfalz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is situated on top of the Ruppertstein hill south of the village of Ruppertsweiler.

Südwestpfalz
Südwestpfalz (pronounced [zyːtˈvɛstˌpfalts], lit. 'Southwest Palatinate') is a district (Kreis or more precise Landkreis) in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarpfalz, the district-free city Zweibrücken, the districts Kaiserslautern and Bad Dürkheim, the district-free city Landau  (the Taubensuhl/Fassendeich forest part of the city), Südliche Weinstraße, and the French département Bas-Rhin. The district-free city Pirmasens is surrounded by the district.
McCormick family
The McCormick family of Chicago and Virginia is an American family of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent that attained prominence and fortune starting with the invention of the McCormick reaper, a machine that revolutionized agriculture and established the modern grain trade by beginning the mechanization of the harvesting of grain. Through the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and later, the International Harvester Company and other investments, the McCormicks became one of the wealthiest families in America.  The name became ubiquitous in agriculture starting in the 19th century and the press dubbed the McCormicks the "Reaper Kings". Later generations expanded into media and publishing (Tribune Company), finance (William Blair & Company), and real estate (McCormick Estates).  Various family members were well known as civic leaders. The family was originally Presbyterian.

Civic engagement
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and improve the quality of community life.

Civic engagement is "a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern" and is "instrumental to democracy". Underrepresentation in government can lead to the concerns of minority, low-income, and younger populations being overlooked. In turn, issues for higher voting groups are addressed more frequently, causing more bills to be passed to fix these problems.
Hollins Hill
Hollins Hill is a gritstone hill in the Derbyshire Peak District near the village of Hollinsclough. The summit is 450 metres (1,480 ft) above sea level. The hill is the source of Swallow Brook, which flows into the River Dove running along the south side of the hill.

The Bronze Age burial mound at the summit is a protected Scheduled Monument. Hollins Hill barrow features a bowl-shaped pit within a round cairn about 13 metres (43 ft) wide. It was excavated by Thomas Bateman in 1851 and subsequently by Micah Salt in 1894. Their finds included human bones, burnt from cremation, in a grave cut into the rock.

The east side of the hill is designated as 'Open Access' land, following the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.

Hollins Hill is one of the 95 Ethels hills of the Peak District, launched by the countryside charity CPRE in 2021.

CPRE
The Campaign to Protect Rural England, formerly known by names such as the Council for the Preservation of Rural England and the CPRE, the countryside charity, is a charity in England. Formed in 1926 by Patrick Abercrombie to limit urban sprawl and ribbon development, CPRE claims to be one of the longest-running environmental groups in the UK. CPRE campaigns for a "sustainable future" for the English countryside. It states it is "a vital but undervalued environmental, economic and social asset to the nation." It aims to "highlight threats and promote positive solutions." It campaigns using its own research to lobby the public and all levels of government.
Schinderhannes bartelsi
Schinderhannes bartelsi is a fossil species of hurdiid radiodont (anomalocaridid), known from a single specimen from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate in Germany. Its discovery expanded the known range of radiodonts, the latest members of which were previously known only from the Early Ordovician, over 60 million years earlier than Schinderhannes bartelsi.

Cuticle
A cuticle (/ˈkjuːtɪkəl/), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.
2014 Waterloo Region municipal elections
The 2014 Waterloo Region municipal elections were held on October 27, 2014 in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, to elect Waterloo Regional Council, the mayors and city councils of Cambridge, Kitchener, North Dumfries, Waterloo, Wellesley, Wilmot, and Woolwich, the Waterloo Region District School Board (Public), the Waterloo Catholic District School Board, and the regional members of Conseil Scolaire de District Catholiques Centre-Sud and Conseil Scolaire Viamonde (Public). The election was held in conjunction with the provincewide 2014 municipal elections.

Names in bold denotes elected candidates.
(X) denotes incumbent.

Waterloo, Ontario
Waterloo is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (formerly Waterloo County). Waterloo is situated about 94 km (58 mi) west-southwest of Toronto, but it is not considered to be part of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Due to the close proximity of the city of Kitchener to Waterloo, the two together are often referred to as "Kitchener–Waterloo", "K-W", or "The Twin Cities". Nearby Cambridge, Ontario is also sometimes grouped in, creating KWC or "Tri-cities".

While several unsuccessful attempts to combine the municipalities of Kitchener and Waterloo have been made, following the 1973 establishment of the Region of Waterloo, less motivation to do so existed, and as a result, Waterloo remains an independent city. At the time of the 2021 census, the population of Waterloo was 121,436.
Thornwood
Thornwood is the name of several places:

In the United Kingdom

Thornwood, Essex

Thornwood, Glasgow, Scotland

Thornwood Common, Essex

In the United States

Thornwood, New York

Thornwood, Washington

Thornwood, South Elgin, a planned community in Illinois

South Elgin, Illinois
South Elgin is a village in Kane County, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 23,865. In 2007, Money magazine named South Elgin as 82nd of 100 entries in its "America's Best Places to Live" edition and again in 2011 as 98th of 100 entries.
Subminor and supermajor
In music, a subminor interval is an interval that is noticeably wider than a diminished interval but noticeably narrower than a minor interval. It is found in between a minor and diminished interval, thus making it below, or subminor to, the minor interval. A supermajor interval is a musical interval that is noticeably wider than a major interval but noticeably narrower than an augmented interval. It is found in between a major and augmented interval, thus making it above, or supermajor to, the major interval. The inversion of a supermajor interval is a subminor interval, and there are four major and four minor intervals, allowing for eight supermajor and subminor intervals, each with variants.

Traditionally, "supermajor and subminor, [are] the names given to certain thirds [9:7 and 17:14] found in the justly intoned scale with a natural or subminor seventh."

Diminution
In Western music and music theory, diminution (from Medieval Latin diminutio, alteration of Latin deminutio, decrease) has four distinct meanings. Diminution may be a form of embellishment in which a long note is divided into a series of shorter, usually melodic, values (also called "coloration"; Ger. Kolorieren). Diminution may also be the compositional device where a melody, theme or motif is presented in shorter note-values than were previously used. Diminution is also the term for the proportional shortening of the value of individual note-shapes in mensural notation, either by coloration or by a sign of proportion. A minor or perfect interval that is narrowed by a chromatic semitone is a diminished interval, and the process may be referred to as diminution (this, too, was sometimes referred to as "coloration").
Heathcliff (1980 TV series)
Heathcliff is a half-hour Saturday morning animated series based on the Heathcliff comic strip created by George Gately and produced by Ruby-Spears Productions. It premiered on ABC on October 4, 1980, with a total of 26 episodes produced under the titles Heathcliff and Dingbat and Heathcliff and Marmaduke.

Ruby-Spears
Ruby-Spears Enterprises (also known as Ruby-Spears Productions) was an American entertainment production company founded by veteran writers and the creators of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, in 1977, before closing in 1996. Specialized in animation, it was headquartered in Burbank, California, with another branch in Rome, Italy.
2016 Men's Junior NORCECA Volleyball Championship
The 2016 Men's Junior Continental Championship is the tenth edition of the bi-annual tournament. It is played from 5–10 July on Gatineau, Quebec. The tournament will consist of seven teams. The top finisher at the final standing will qualify to 2017 U-21 World Championship.

Gatineau
Gatineau (/ˈɡætɪnoʊ/ GAT-in-oh; French: [ɡatino] ⓘ) is a city in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, directly across from Ottawa, Ontario. Gatineau is the largest city in the Outaouais administrative region of Quebec and is also part of Canada's National Capital Region. As of 2021, Gatineau is the fourth-largest city in Quebec with a population of 291,041. Gatineau is also part of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area with a population of 1,488,307, making it the fourth largest in Canada.

Gatineau is coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of the same name, whose geographical code is 81. It is the seat of the judicial district of Hull.

It is also the most bilingual (French-English) city in Canada.
Janneken Øverland
Janneken Øverland (born 22 August 1946) is a Norwegian editor, biographer and publishing house executive. She was born in Stavanger. She edited the literary magazine Vinduet from 1980 to 1984. She was co-editor of the three-volume Norsk kvinnelitteraturhistorie (1988-1990), and has written a biography on Cora Sandel. From 1997 until her retirement in 2013 she was editorial manager for the publishing house Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, responsible for translated literature.

Vinduet
Vinduet (Norwegian: The Window) is an online literary magazine. It was a print publication between 1947 and 2021. Its first issue as purely an online publication was started in Autumn 2021. The magazine is based in Oslo, Norway.
Homenaje a Dos Leyendas
Homenaje a Dos Leyendas (Spanish for "Homage to Two Legends") is the collective name of a series of annual lucha libre (or professional wrestling) major shows promoted by Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). The show started out as Homenaje a Salvador Lutteroth, honoring CMLL founder Salvador Lutteroth, it would later honor Lutteroth and El Santo until 2005 where the event would honor Lutteroth and a different retired or deceased luchador each year. CMLL has held a total of 29 Homenaje events, starting in 1996 and one each year since then. The shows are usually main evented by a Lucha de Apuestas or "Bet match" where competitors wager either their wrestling mask or hair on the outcome of the match.

Perro Aguayo
Pedro Aguayo Damián (18 January 1946 – 3 July 2019), better known as "(El) Perro Aguayo" (Aguayo the dog) and El Can de Nochistlan (The Nochistlan Dog), was a Mexican wrestler through the 1970s to the 1990s.

Aguayo was the first person crowned the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion, though pre-1997 title reigns are not included in WWE's official history for that title. In 2012, Aguayo was inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame. Aguayo was notably the last major rival of El Santo. Often prone to blading, Aguayo has been described by American pundits as a cross between Terry Funk and Bruno Sammartino (for his willingness to brawl and overpower opponents). One of the biggest box office attractions in lucha libre history, prominent professional wrestling journalist and historian Dave Meltzer described Aguayo as "one of the hardest working and most charismatic wrestlers ever".

Aguayo's son also wrestled as Perro Aguayo Jr. or El Hijo del Perro Aguayo ("The Son of Perro Aguayo").