hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surface plasmon resonance
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs where electrons in a thin metal sheet become excited by light that is directed to the sheet with a particular angle of incidence, and then travel parallel to the sheet. Assuming a constant light source wavelength and that the metal sheet is thin, the angle of incidence that triggers SPR is related to the refractive index of the material; even a small change in the refractive index will cause SPR to not be observed. This makes SPR a possible technique for detecting particular substances (analytes) and SPR biosensors have been developed to detect various important biomarkers.

Biomarker
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers are used in many scientific fields.
Thusitha Jayasundera
Thusitha Jayasundera (born 1971) is a Sri Lankan actress who lives in the United Kingdom. She attended an all-girls school run by Australian missionaries, and graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1993.

Jayasundera played Tushura 'Tash' Bandara in the BBC hospital drama Holby City for three years from December 1999 to June 2002. She played DS Ramani De Costa in the ITV police drama The Bill from 2003 to 2006, and DS Ayesha Masood in the BBC series Silent Witness.

She appeared in the National Theatre adaptation of Michael Morpurgo's novel, War Horse. In 2009 she appeared in the play Dreams of Violence by Stella Feehily for Out of Joint and Soho Theatre.

In 2015, she played Ros Mahendra in the BBC drama Doctor Foster. On 17 March 2019, Jayasundera appeared in Midsomer Murders in the episode "Death of the Small Coppers".

In December 2020, she was cast in the Amazon Prime Video series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, which premiered on 2 September 2022.

Michael Morpurgo
Sir Michael Andrew Bridge (né Bridge; born 5 October 1943) is an English book author, poet, playwright, and librettist who is known best for children's novels such as War Horse (1982). His work is noted for its "magical storytelling", for recurring themes such as the triumph of an outsider or survival, for characters' relationships with nature, and for vivid settings such as the Cornish coast or the trenches of the First World War. Morpurgo was the third Children's Laureate, from 2003 to 2005, and is President of BookTrust, a children's reading charity.
Large plaque parapsoriasis
Large plaque parapsoriasis  are skin lesions that may be included in the modern scheme of cutaneous conditions described as parapsoriasis. These lesions, called plaques, may be irregularly round-shaped to oval and are 10 cm (4 in) or larger in diameter. They can be very thin plaques that are asymptomatic or mildly pruritic. Large-plaque parapsoriasis is a common associate of retiform parapsoriasis, can be accompanied by poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans, and can in rare occasions be a precursor to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Itch
An itch (also known as pruritus) is a sensation that causes a strong desire or reflex to scratch. Itches have many similarities to pain, and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a withdrawal reflex, whereas itches lead to a scratch reflex.

Unmyelinated nerve fibers for itches and pain both originate in the skin. Information for them is conveyed centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle and spinothalamic tract.
Betty's Burgers
Betty’s Burgers & Concrete Co. is an Australian fast food and casual dining burger restaurant chain owned by parent company Retail Zoo. Betty’s Burgers was formed in 2014 with its first store located in Noosa, Queensland. The company is currently under rapid expansion. As of February 2026, there are 74 restaurants located throughout all states of mainland Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Types of restaurant
Restaurants fall into several industry classifications, based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing, as well as the means by which the food is served to the customer. This article mainly describes the situation in the US, while categorisation differs widely around the world.
Nucleate boiling
In fluid thermodynamics, nucleate boiling is a type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux is below the critical heat flux. For water, as shown in the graph below, nucleate boiling occurs when the surface temperature is higher than the saturation temperature (TS) by between 10 and 30 °C (18 and 54 °F). The critical heat flux is the peak on the curve between nucleate boiling and transition boiling. The heat transfer from the surface to the liquid is greater than that in film boiling.

Nucleate boiling is common in electric kettles and is responsible for the noise that occurs before boiling occurs. It also occurs in water boilers where water is rapidly heated.

Thermal fluids
Thermal fluids, or thermofluids, is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields: heat transfer, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and combustion.

The term is a combination of "thermo", referring to heat, and "fluids", which refers to liquids, gases and vapors. Temperature, pressure, equations of state, and transport laws all play an important role in thermofluid problems.  Phase transition and chemical reactions may also be important in a thermofluid context. The subject is sometimes also referred to as "thermal fluids".
Ashlee Jones
Ashlee Ageron Jones (born 4 August 1987) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spartan South Midlands League Premier Division club Haringey Borough.

Jones came through the ranks at Southampton where he was a member of the squad that reached the FA Youth Cup Final in 2005. He later played in the Football League for Darlington, and includes Rushden & Diamonds, Wycombe Wanderers, Braintree Town and Lowestoft Town among his former clubs.

Spartan South Midlands Football League
The Spartan South Midlands Football League is an English football league covering Hertfordshire, northwest Greater London, central Buckinghamshire and southern Bedfordshire. It is a feeder to the Southern Football League or the Isthmian League, and consists of five divisions – three for first teams (Premier Division, Division One and Division Two), and two for reserve teams (Reserve Division One and Reserve Division Two).

The Premier Division is at step 5 (or level 9) and Division One at step 6 (level 10) of the National League System (NLS) respectively. Division Two, at level 11, and the reserve divisions are not part of the NLS.
My First Summer in the Sierra
My First Summer in the Sierra is a book by Scottish-American naturalist John Muir, published by Houghton Mifflin in 1911. Based on journal entries from the summer of 1869, when Muir accompanied a shepherd and a flock of sheep into the Sierra Nevada of California, the book records his observations of the landscape, flora, fauna, and geology of the range from the foothills near La Grange to the High Sierra around Tuolumne Meadows.

The original field notes date from 1869; Muir revised them around 1887. Selections appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in 1911, before Houghton Mifflin brought out the full work in June, forty-two years after the journey. Branch compared its influence to that of Aldo Leopold's A Sand County Almanac and Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. Solnit criticized Muir for writing indigenous peoples out of the Sierra landscape.

François E. Matthes
François Émile Matthes ((1874-03-16)March 16, 1874 – (1948-06-21)June 21, 1948) was a geologist and an expert in topographic mapping, glaciers, and climate change. He mapped remote areas of the American West for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). His maps coincided with the development of those areas into national parks. He is one of the founders of the Association of American Geographers and served as its president. Matthes resolved a dispute about formation of the Yosemite Valley and his findings on glaciers introduced the terms nivation and Little Ice Age.
Reineri Andreu
Reineri Andreu Ortega (born 1 April 1998) is a Cuban freestyle wrestler. He is a two-time U23 World Champion, two-time Pan American gold medalist and Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalist.

Pan American Wrestling Championships
The Pan American Wrestling Championships is the continental wrestling championships for nations from North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Three wrestling styles, recognized internationally by UWW, have been contested annually since the inception, namely: Greco-Roman, freestyle and sambo wrestling. Since 1997, women's freestyle has also been contested along with the mentioned wrestling styles.
Bunt Island
Bunt Island (67°9′S 50°57′E﻿ / ﻿67.150°S 50.950°E﻿ / -67.150; 50.950) is an island just east of Bowl Island at the head of Amundsen Bay in Enderby Land. It was sighted in 1956 by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions airborne field party, and named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for J. Bunt, biologist at Mawson Station in 1956.

Amundsen Bay
Amundsen Bay, also known as Ice Bay, is a long embayment 39 kilometres (24 mi) wide, close west of the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land, Antarctica. The bay was seen as a large pack-filled recession in the coastline by Sir Douglas Mawson on 14 January 1930. Seen by Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen in charge of a Norwegian expedition during an airplane flight on 15 January and subsequently mapped nearer its true position by the Norwegians. The bay was mapped in detail by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions party landed by aircraft in 1956 and another landed by launch from Thala Dan in February 1958. It was named by Mawson after Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer who was first to reach the South Pole.
Cabin Fever 3 (mixtape)
Cabin Fever 3 is the thirteenth mixtape by American rapper Wiz Khalifa. It was released on December 15, 2015, by Rostrum Records and Taylor Gang Records. The tape marks as the third installment to his Cabin Fever trilogy. During an interview with HipHopDX, Wiz previewed a track, which was produced by Sonny Digital. The tape features guest appearances from Kevin Gates, Curren$y, 2 Chainz, K Camp, Project Pat, Yo Gotti, Problem and King Los, along with Taylor Gang members Juicy J and Chevy Woods.

Sonny Digital
Sonny Corey Uwaezuoke (born March 5, 1991), better known by his stage name Sonny Digital, is an American record producer, rapper, and DJ. He first saw recognition for his production work on YC's 2011 single "Racks", which peaked within the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100. Throughout the following decade, he was credited on a string of commercially successful hip hop and trap singles including ILoveMakonnen's "Tuesday", Future's "Same Damn Time", 50 Cent's "I'm the Man", 2 Chainz's "Birthday Song", and Travis Scott's "Stargazing". Uwaezuoke has also produced for XXL Magazine's Freshman Hip Hop Cyphers in 2017 and 2018, and pursued a lukewarmly-received career as a recording artist.

Early in their respective careers, he discovered and worked in tandem with Metro Boomin, 808 Mafia, Southside, and TM88 for his productions. He signed with Universal Music Publishing Group in 2014.
Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and for the Civilization of Africa
The Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and for the Civilization of Africa was an organisation set up in London in June 1839 to oppose the slave trade. Fowell Buxton was the principal person behind its establishment. Slavery had been abolished in 1833 throughout the British Empire.

Fowell Buxton
Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet Buxton of Belfield and Runton (1 April 1786 – 19 February 1845), was an English Member of Parliament, brewer, abolitionist and social reformer. He married Hannah Gurney, whose sister became Elizabeth Fry, and became a great friend of her brother Joseph John Gurney and the extended Gurney family.
Robert Brown Somerville
Robert Brown Somerville (1812 – 1904) was a Scottish-born merchant and political figure in Quebec. He represented Huntingdon in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1854 to 1866.

He was born in Athelstaneford, son of Andrew Somerville, a landowner in East Lothian, and was educated in Haddington. Somerville came to Lower Canada in 1833 and settled at Athelstan, where he operated mills and a tannery. He was a school commissioner, justice of the peace and commissioner for the Trial of Small Causes. He commanded a volunteer unit during the Lower Canada Rebellion and reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the local militia. He was mayor of Huntingdon and served on the councils for Hinchinbrook and Godmanchester counties. In 1840, he married Mary Susan Macnider. Somerville supported Confederation.

Huntingdon (federal electoral district)
Huntingdon was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It was amalgamated into the Châteauguay—Huntingdon electoral district in 1914.
Scott Gourlay
Scott Gourlay (born 8 January 1971) is a former Scottish international cricketer who represented the Scottish national side between 1995 and 1999. He played as an all-rounder, bowling right-arm medium pace and batting right-handed.

Gourlay was born in Kirkcaldy, and attended Bell Baxter High School in Cupar. His club cricket was played for the Freuchie Cricket Club. Gourlay made his debut for Scotland at the 1995 British Isles Championship, against Ireland. He made his List A debut the following year, playing three games in the 1996 Benson & Hedges Cup. At the 1997 ICC Trophy in Malaysia, Gourlay played in six of Scotland's nine matches, and took eight wickets. His best performance, 3/26 from 9.2 overs, came against Kenya, while he also took 2/62 from seven overs against Bangladesh. Gourlay's final matches for Scotland came at the 1999 NatWest Trophy, where the team made the third round for the first time.

Freuchie Cricket Club
The Freuchie Cricket Club is a cricket club based in the village of Freuchie, Scotland. The club was formed in 1908, and with some disruption in the war years, has been going strong ever since. They currently play in the SPCU North East Championship
DoYouDo
DoYouDo, Inc. is a Beverly Hills, California company that owns the patent to an anonymous matching service designed to detect mutual attraction between friends or acquaintances based on confidential lists they create of people they are interested in. On September 7, 1999, Israeli businessmen  Gil S. Sudai and   David J. Blumberg patented the methodology, which represented a departure from the approaches employed by other online dating services and dating systems. It focused on matching up people who already had a non-romantic relationship offline, rather than matching up strangers, and was designed to help solve the problems associated with unwanted romantic overtures on the one hand, and inhibition resulting from fears of unrequited love on the other.

Several websites have implemented similar anonymous matching systems, including eCRUSH (claiming 350,000 legitimate matches).

ECRUSH
The eCRUSH network consisted of two sites: eCRUSH.com and eSPIN.com. The network was acquired by Hearst Media on December 31, 2006. The original eCRUSH site was opened on February 14, 1999 in Chicago by Clark Benson and Karen DeMars Pillsbury. It pre-dated social networking sites such as Friendster, MySpace and Facebook.
NGC 4144
NGC 4144 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the Ursa Major constellation. It was discovered by the German-born British astronomer William Herschel on April 10, 1788. The galaxy is also known by several other catalog names, including IRAS F12074+4644, 2MASX J12095860+4627258, UGC 7151, and PGC 38688. It has an apparent magnitude of 12.17 in the blue band.

2MASS
The Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) was an astronomical survey of the whole sky in infrared light. It took place between 1997 and 2001, in two different locations: at the U.S. Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins, Arizona, and at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, each using a 1.3-meter telescope for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. It was conducted in the short-wavelength infrared at three distinct frequency bands (J, H, and K) near 2 micrometres, from which the photometric survey with its HgCdTe detectors derives its name.

2MASS produced an astronomical catalog with over 300 million observed objects, including minor planets of the Solar System, brown dwarfs, low-mass stars, nebulae,  star clusters and galaxies. In addition, 1 million objects were cataloged in the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog (2MASX). The cataloged objects are designated with a "2MASS" and "2MASX" prefix, respectively.
2017 WTA Shenzhen Open – Doubles
Vania King and Monica Niculescu were the defending champions, but King chose not to participate this year. Niculescu played alongside Simona Halep, but lost in the first round to Natela Dzalamidze and Veronika Kudermetova.

Andrea Hlaváčková and Peng Shuai won the title, defeating Raluca Olaru and Olga Savchuk in the final, 6–1, 7–5.

Vania King
Vania King (born February 3, 1989) is a retired American tennis player. A former top-10 doubles player, King won both the Wimbledon and US Open women's doubles titles in 2010 with partner Yaroslava Shvedova, with whom she also reached the final of the 2011 US Open. She won a total of 15 doubles titles on the WTA Tour and reached a career-high ranking of No. 3 in the world. She also ended runner-up in the mixed-doubles final at the French Open in 2009, with Marcelo Melo.

In singles, King has been ranked as high as No. 50 in the world. Her biggest accomplishments included a WTA Tour title at the 2006 Bangkok Open and two runner-up finishes at the 2013 Guangzhou International and 2016 Jianxi International. She also progressed as far as the third round in Grand Slam tournaments, doing so on four occasions (the 2009 US Open, the 2011 French Open, the 2011 US Open, and the 2012 Australian Open).

King announced her retirement on April 6, 2021
Arizona Center
Arizona Center is a mixed-use development consisting of an open-air shopping center and enclosed  office complex located in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, opening in 1989–1990 as a festival marketplace and office complex. However, as of February 2026, the mall portion has failed, and is currently being redeveloped into a community space. PALMTower, part of the redevelopment, was completed in 2024.

Food court
A food court (in Asia-Pacific also called food hall or hawker centre) is generally an indoor plaza or common area within a facility that is contiguous with the counters of multiple food vendors and provides a common area for self-serve dining.

Food courts may be found in shopping malls, airports, and parks. In various regions (such as Asia, the Americas, and Africa), a food court may be a standalone development. In some places of learning such as high schools and universities, food courts have also come to replace or complement traditional cafeterias.
Solva Lifeboat Station
Solva Lifeboat Station was located at Trinity Quay in Upper Solva, a village on the north shore of the River Solva estuary, on the northern side of St Brides Bay, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) east of St David's, in Pembrokeshire, South Wales.

A lifeboat was first stationed at Solva by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1869.

After operating for just 18 years, Solva Lifeboat Station was closed in 1887.

St Davids
St Davids or St David's (Welsh: Tyddewi, [tiː ˈðɛwi], lit. "David's house”) is a cathedral city in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It lies on the River Alun and is part of the community of St Davids and the Cathedral Close. It is the resting place of Saint David, Wales's patron saint, and named after him.

St Davids is the United Kingdom's smallest city by population (number of residents within the wider community was 1,751 in 2021) and urban area, but it is not the smallest city by local authority boundary area (which is the City of London). St Davids was given city status in the 12th century. This does not derive automatically, but in England and Wales was traditionally given to cathedral towns under practices laid down in the early 1540s, when Henry VIII founded dioceses. City status was lost in 1886, but restored in 1994 at the request of Queen Elizabeth II.
Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center
Fort Chaffee Joint Maneuver Training Center, also known as Fort Chaffee, is an Arkansas Army National Guard installation located in western Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Fort Smith. Established as Camp Chaffee in 1941, renamed to Fort Chaffee in 1956, it has served as a U.S. Army base, training camp, prisoner-of-war camp, and refugee camp. The fort was realigned following the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission round. Since that time, the Arkansas National Guard has been using 66,000 acres (270 km2) as a training facility. The State of Arkansas received 6,000 acres (24 km2), about half of which have been redeveloped as of 2014. The main environmental concern has been asbestos, released during various fires.

Military base
A military base is a facility directly owned and operated by or for the military or one of its branches that shelters military equipment and personnel, and facilitates training and operations. A military base always provides accommodations for one or more units, but it may also be used as a command center, training ground or proving ground. In most cases, military bases rely on outside help to operate. However, certain complex bases are able to endure on their own for long periods because they are able to provide food, drinking water, and other necessities for their inhabitants while under siege. Bases for military aviation are called air bases. Bases for military ships are called naval bases.
Spirne
Spirne (Ukrainian: Спі́рне; Russian: Спорное; lit. "disputed") is a rural settlement in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to the Soledar urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

A gas compression station and farm are located in the settlement, and the Mount Vesuvius Nature Reserve is located nearby.

Compressor
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Many compressors can be staged, that is, the gas is compressed several times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage is physically smaller than the primary stage, to accommodate the already compressed gas without reducing its pressure. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not used).
Douyu (town)
Douyu (simplified Chinese: 窦妪; traditional Chinese: 竇嫗; pinyin: Dòuyù) is a town of Luancheng District of Shijiazhuang in southwestern Hebei province, China, located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of the county seat and about the same distance south of Shijiazhuang near the interchange of G20 Qingdao–Yinchuan Expressway with China National Highway 107. In 2011, it had 17 villages under its administration.

G20 Qingdao–Yinchuan Expressway
The Qingdao–Yinchuan Expressway (Chinese: 青岛—银川高速公路), designated as G20 and commonly referred to as the Qingyin Expressway (Chinese: 青银高速公路) is an expressway that connects the cities of Qingdao, Shandong, China, and Yinchuan, Ningxia. It is 1,600 km (990 mi) in length.