hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bethanization
Bethanization is a process patented by the Bethlehem Steel Company to protect steel from corrosion by plating it with zinc, a process similar to electrogalvanization. In advertising materials, Bethlehem Steel claimed the process was more effective than hot dip galvanization, the most common means of using zinc to protect steel.

The process is similar to that of electrolytic sulfuric acid zinc plating, with few differences from bethanization. The electrolytic sulfuric acid zinc plating process uses zinc anodes, while bethanization uses inert mild steel anodes instead. The electrolytes used are manufactured by using zinc oxide dross, and dissolving it in sulfuric acid.

In 1936, Bethlehem Steel spent $30 million (1936 dollars) to build a factory in Johnstown, Pennsylvania capable of creating large amounts of Bethanized wire.

Zinc oxide
Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It is a white powder which is insoluble in water. ZnO is used as an additive in numerous materials and products including cosmetics, food supplements, rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, sunscreens, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, semi conductors, and first-aid tapes. Although it occurs naturally as the mineral zincite, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically.
James Chambers (Irish footballer)
James Chambers (born 14 February 1987) is an Irish coach and former professional footballer who was most recently the head coach of USL Championship club Colorado Springs Switchbacks.

Chambers played for Shelbourne, Waterford United, Drogheda United, Shamrock Rovers and St Patrick's Athletic in Ireland, Solihull Moors in England, Hamilton Academical in Scotland and Bethlehem Steel in the United States.

Leinster Senior Cup (association football)
The Leinster Senior Cup is an association football cup competition organized by the Leinster Football Association. It is currently contested by LFA affiliated League of Ireland clubs, Leinster Senior League Senior Division clubs and invited teams from the various LFA affiliated junior leagues. Before the introduction of the FAI Cup, it was considered the major cup competition for clubs in what is now the Republic of Ireland. It is also the oldest association football cup competition in the Republic of Ireland.
Robert Hay (bishop of Buckingham)
Christianity portal

Robert Milton Hay (30 August 1884 – 23 October 1973) was the third Bishop of Buckingham from 1944 to 1960.

Hay was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St John's College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1909- the year he married Esmay Foster, this wife was related to Myles Birket Foster. After a curacy at St Pancras and spells as the incumbent at Summerstown, Buckinghamshire and Taplow in the same county he was appointed Rural Dean of Oxford before his ascension to the episcopate. His first wife died in 1959 and the following year he married Agnes Shaw, the eldest daughter of the first bishop of Buckingham. That same  year he retired, although he then served another ten years as an assistant bishop within the same diocese.

St John's College, Oxford
St John's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. Founded as a men's college in 1555, it has been coeducational since 1979. Its founder, Sir Thomas White, intended to provide a source of educated Roman Catholic clerics to support the Counter-Reformation under Queen Mary.

St John's is the wealthiest college in Oxford, with assets worth over £790 million as of 2022, largely due to nineteenth-century suburban development of land in the city of Oxford of which it is the ground landlord.

The college occupies a site on St Giles' and in 2024 had a student body of 419 undergraduates and 244 postgraduates. There are over 100 academic staff, and a like number of other staff. In 2018 St John's topped the Norrington Table, the annual ranking of Oxford colleges' final results, and in 2021, St John's ranked second with a score of 79.8.
1999 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
The 1999 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship—known as the Bórd na Gaeilge All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship for sponsorship reasons—was the high point of the 1999 season and the first final to be played with 15 players a side. The championship was won by Tipperary who defeated Kilkenny by a single point margin in the final. It was Tipeprary's first success after seven previous final losses. The attendance, a then record of 15,084, included President Mary McAleese and Taoiseach Bertie Ahern.

Foras na Gaeilge
Foras na Gaeilge ([ˈfˠɔɾˠəsˠ n̪ˠə ˈɡeːlʲɟə], "Irish Institute";  FnaG)  is a public body responsible for the promotion of the Irish language throughout the island of Ireland, including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It was set up on 2 December 1999, assuming the roles of the Irish language board Bord na Gaeilge (including the book distributor Áisíneacht Dáiliúchan Leabhar), the publisher An Gúm, and the terminological committee An Coiste Téarmaíochta, all three of which had formerly been state bodies of the Irish government.
1965 van de Kamp
(1965) van de Kamp, provisional designation 2521 P-L, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S Palomar Observatory, California. It was later named after Dutch astronomer Peter van de Kamp.

Palomar Observatory
The Palomar Observatory is an astronomical research observatory in the Palomar Mountains of San Diego County, California, United States. It is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Research time at the observatory is granted to Caltech and its research partners, which include the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Yale University, and the National Astronomical Observatories of China.

The observatory operates several telescopes, including the 200-inch (5.1 m) Hale Telescope, the 48-inch (1.2 m) Samuel Oschin telescope (dedicated to the Zwicky Transient Facility, ZTF), the Palomar 60-inch (1.5 m) Telescope, and the 30-centimetre (12-inch) Gattini-IR telescope. Decommissioned instruments include the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and the first telescopes at the observatory, an 18-inch (46 cm) Schmidt camera from 1936.
Aerocar Aero-Plane
The Aerocar II Aero-Plane was an unusual light aircraft flown in the United States in 1964. It was developed from designer Moulton Taylor's Aerocar roadable aircraft, but could not be driven as a road vehicle. It used the wings and tail designed for the Aerocar, with a new fibreglass cabin. Excluding the parts needed for road operation allowed two more passengers to be carried. Only a single example was built.

Flying car
A flying car or roadable aircraft is a type of vehicle which can function both as a road vehicle and as an aircraft. The term "flying car" includes vehicles that are classified as motorcycles when operated on public roads. It is also sometimes used to include hovercars and/or VTOL personal air vehicles. Since the early 20th century, many prototypes have been built, employing a variety of flight technologies. Most have been designed to take off and land conventionally using a runway. Although VTOL projects are increasing, none has yet been produced in significant quantities.

Their appearance is often predicted by futurologists, and many concept designs have been promoted. Their failure to become a practical reality has led to the catchphrase "Where's my flying car?", as a paradigm for the failure of predicted technologies to appear. Flying cars are also a popular theme in fantasy and science fiction stories.
Christopher Packe (politician)
Sir Christopher Packe (c. 1593 – 27 May 1682) was an English merchant and politician who served as the  Lord Mayor of London in 1654. Born in Northamptonshire, he subsequently moved to London and became a member of the Worshipful Company of Drapers and the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. In 1655, Packe was knighted and appointed as an commissioner of the Admiralty. A strong ally of Oliver Cromwell, he proposed on 23 February 1656 in the Second Protectorate Parliament the Humble Petition and Advice, which unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Cromwell to crown himself. After the Stuart Restoration, Packe was barred from holding public office and died in 1682.

Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London was a trading company founded in the City of London in the early 15th century. It brought together leading merchants in a regulated company in the nature of a guild. Its members’ main business was exporting cloth, especially white (undyed) broadcloth, in exchange for a large range of foreign goods. It traded in northern European ports, competing with the Hanseatic League. It came to focus on Hamburg.
Fiddle Creek
Fiddle Creek is a stream in northeast Franklin County in east central Missouri.

The stream headwaters are located adjacent to Missouri Route 100 approximately one mile northeast of Gray Summit at 38°30′19″N 90°48′21″W﻿ / ﻿38.50528°N 90.80583°W﻿ / 38.50528; -90.80583 and the confluence with the Missouri River is at 38°35′58″N 90°45′45″W﻿ / ﻿38.59944°N 90.76250°W﻿ / 38.59944; -90.76250. The stream enters the Missouri River floodplain after crossing under Missouri Route T at Oetters and then runs along the south margin of the floodplain past St Albans to enter the Missouri River approximately 1.5 miles northeast of St Albans.

Fiddle Creek got its name because fiddling was a popular pastime among early settlers near the creek.

Franklin County, Missouri
Franklin County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri. At the 2020 census, the population was 104,682. Its county seat is Union. The county was organized in 1818 and is named after Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. Franklin County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area and contains some of the city's exurbs. It is located along the south side of the Missouri River. The county has wineries that are included in the Hermann AVA (American Viticultural Area) and is part of the region known as the Missouri Rhineland, which extends on both sides of the Missouri River.
Jalil Zaland
Jalil Zaland (Dari/Pashto: جلیل زلاند, also romanized Jalil Zoland; c. 1935 - 2009) was a veteran singer and composer of Afghanistan's golden music era. Zaland was one of the biggest music stars of Afghanistan, earning the honorific Ustad and was therefore best known as Ustad Zaland (استاد زولاند or استاد زلاند). As a Persian speaker, his classic melodies were also highly acclaimed in Iran and Tajikistan.

Zaland along with Salim Sarmast and Nangyalai created the first amateur band for Radio Afghanistan. He also composed several national anthems of Afghanistan and was also known for the composition of hit song "Man Amadeam", famously performed by Iranian star Googosh. Also at Radio Afghanistan he led the creation of a 30-piece orchestra of Eastern and Western music, which was very influential in the history of the music of Afghanistan. Zaland was one of the early teachers of Ahmad Wali.

Ustad
Ustad, ustadh, ustaz or ustadz (abbreviated as Ust., Ut. or Ud.; from Persian استاد ustād) is an honorific title used in West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is used in various languages, including Persian, Arabic (as أستاذ ’ustāḏ), Azerbaijani, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Dhivehi, Punjabi, Pashto, Turkish, Kazakh, Uzbek, Indonesian, Malay and Kurdish.
Bobby Morse
Robert J. Morse (born October 3, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a running back and return specialist in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles, San Francisco 49ers, and New Orleans Saints. He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans. Morse was selected by the Eagles in the 12th round of the 1987 NFL draft but was placed on reserve status in April 1988 and did not play football for the remainder of that year. He was traded to the Saints in 1989 and was on and off the roster several times during the year. He was signed by the San Francisco 49ers for five days in November 1989 but did not play in a regular season game before re-signing, and finishing his career, with the Saints.

Michigan State Spartans football
The Michigan State Spartans football program represents Michigan State University (MSU) in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level. The Spartans are members of the Big Ten Conference. Michigan State claims a total of six national championships, including two (1952, 1965) from the major wire-services: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll. The Spartans have also won eleven conference championships, with two in the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association and nine in the Big Ten.

Home games of the Spartans are played at Spartan Stadium, which is located on the main university campus. Spartan Stadium is consistently ranked among the NCAA's top 25 in attendance. The Spartans are currently coached by Pat Fitzgerald.
Gawler East, South Australia
Gawler East is a town north of Adelaide, South Australia in the Town of Gawler. It is on the rising ground of the Adelaide Hills east of the town of Gawler. Some parts of the suburb date from as early as the settlement of Gawler. Other parts including newer housing estates up to still being developed in the 2010s.

Gawler East has private and public primary schools. It is also the site of the Gawler Hospital and an aged care facility.

Gawler East is bounded on the northern side by the Barossa Valley railway line and traversed by the Barossa Valley Way (known locally as Lyndoch Road) and Calton Road both providing access from the higher land down to the town of Gawler. There is also proposed to be a new road built from Gawler East to Evanston Park, bypassing the Gawler town centre and providing a new bridge across the South Para River gorge.

Barossa Valley railway line
The Barossa Valley railway line is a closed railway line in South Australia. It was first opened in 1911, extending from the Gawler line to Angaston with later branches being built to Penrice and Truro. Much of the line from Gawler to Penrice remained open up until June 2014 (passenger services had ceased much earlier in December 1968). The section of line from Nuriootpa to Truro was removed in the 1990s. The section of line from Nuriootpa to Angaston was taken up in 2010 and replaced with a rail trail.
Theta structure
A theta structure is an intermediate structure formed during the replication of a circular DNA molecule. Two replication forks can proceed independently around the DNA ring and when viewed from above the structure resembles the Greek letter "theta" (θ). Originally discovered by John Cairns, it led to the understanding that (in this case) bidirectional DNA replication could take place. Proof of the bidirectional nature came from providing replicating cells with a pulse of tritiated thymidine, quenching rapidly and then autoradiographing. Results showed that the radioactive thymidine was incorporated into both forks of the theta structure, not just one, indicating synthesis at both forks in opposite directions around the loop.

Theta
Theta (UK: /θiːtə/ ⓘ, US: /θeɪtə/ ⓘTHAY-tə) uppercase Θ; lowercase θ; Ancient Greek: θῆτα thē̂ta Greek pronunciation: [tʰɛ̂ːta]; Modern: θήτα thī́ta Greek pronunciation: [θita]) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth 𐤈. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9.
Julius Schiller
Julius Schiller (c. 1580 – 1627) was a lawyer from Augsburg who, like his fellow citizen and colleague Johann Bayer, published a star atlas in celestial cartography.

In the year of his death, Schiller, with Bayer's assistance, published the star atlas Coelum Stellatum Christianum which replaced the pagan names of constellations with biblical and early Christian figures. Specifically, Schiller replaced the zodiacal constellations with the twelve apostles, the northern constellations by figures from the New Testament, and the southern constellations by figures from the Old Testament.

The planets, sun, and moon were also replaced by biblical figures.

Lucas Kilian was the artist who engraved the plates.

The star atlas was considered merely a curiosity and, in contrast to Bayer's Uranometria, did not gain wide acceptance.
Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius (1660) included star maps for Schiller's constellations after the pagan ones.

Lucas Kilian
Lucas Kilian (Lucas Kilianus Augustanus; 1579–1637) was a German engraver and etcher from the Kilian family of engravers in Augsburg. He became renowned as an engraver in the city of Augsburg working for the Custos workshop founded by his step father. He produced portraits, mythological drawings as well as anatomical illustrations.
Lincoln Henry Jelliff
Lincoln Henry Jelliff (26 April 1865 – 24 September 1948) served as a Member of Parliament in the Lethbridge riding from 1921 to 1930. He was born in Oneida, Illinois, United States. He was elected as a Progressive in 1921 Canadian federal election and 1925 and was then re-elected in 1926 representing the United Farmers of Alberta. He did not run for re-election in 1930 and retired from parliament.

Lethbridge (federal electoral district)
Lethbridge (formerly known as  Lethbridge—Foothills) is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1917. It incorporates the City of Lethbridge and Lethbridge County.

Lethbridge has had a centre-right MP at the federal level since the 1930s. The current MP for Lethbridge is Rachael Thomas, who was first elected to parliament in 2015 for the Conservatives.
Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (Arabic: یحیی ابن ابی منصور), also called  Bizist, son of Firuzan (Persian: بزیست فیروزان; d. 830) was a senior Persian official from the Banu al-Munajjim family, who served as an astronomer and an astrologer at the court of Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. Since his father Abu Mansur Aban was an astrologer in service of caliph al-Mansur, it can be concluded that Yahya spent his childhood in Baghdad.

Yahya ibn Abi Mansur's first known position was as an astrologer for al-Fadl ibn Sahl, vizier of the caliph al-Ma'mun. After the assassination of al-Fadl, Yahya converted to Islam and adopted his Arabic name. He is associated with the House of Wisdom, and is mentioned as a teacher of the Banu Musa. He died near Aleppo in 830.

Al-Mansur
Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (/ælmænˈsʊər/; Arabic: أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 714 – 6 October 775) usually known simply as by his laqab al-Manṣūr (المنصور) was the second Abbasid caliph, reigning from 754 to 775 succeeding his brother al-Saffah (r. 750–754). He is known for founding the 'Round City' of Madinat al-Salam, which was to become the core of imperial Baghdad.

Modern historians regard al-Mansur as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the largest polities in world history, for his role in stabilizing and institutionalizing the dynasty.: 265
Diode modelling
In electronics, diode modelling refers to the mathematical models used to approximate the actual behaviour of real diodes to enable calculations and circuit analysis. A diode's I-V curve is nonlinear.

A very accurate, but complicated, physical model composes the I-V curve from three exponentials with a slightly different steepness (i.e. ideality factor), which correspond to different recombination mechanisms in the device; at very large and very tiny currents the curve can be continued by linear segments (i.e. resistive behaviour).

In a relatively good approximation a diode is modelled by the single-exponential Shockley diode law. This nonlinearity still complicates calculations in circuits involving diodes 
so even simpler models are often used.

This article discusses the modelling of p-n junction diodes, but the techniques may be generalized to other solid state diodes.

Solid-state electronics
Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs).  The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay, in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay, or the solid-state drive (SSD), a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives, which store data on rotating disks.
Ateliosis
Ateliosis or ateleiosis is a diagnosis used in the early 1900s to describe patients with short stature. Ateliosis literally means "failure to achieve perfection", and was used to describe proportional dwarfism. The term was popularised by Hastings Gilford, who used the term to refer to forms of dwarfism associated with and without sexual maturation.

Ateliosis was reported as early as 1904 in relation to progeria, a syndrome of premature aging.

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, it is "dwarfism associated with anterior pituitary deficiencies and marked by essentially normal intelligence and proportions though often retarded sexual development". The physical characteristics include: normal facial features, childlike high pitched voice, proportioned body, and abnormal genitalia. Their mental development is normal to slightly delayed. Hastings Gilford originated the term to describe patients with "continuous youth".

Hastings Gilford
Hastings Gilford (July 2, 1861 – September 6, 1941) F.R.C.S. was an English surgeon, best known for his description of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome in 1897. Gilford was also an alternative cancer treatment advocate who wrote under the pseudonym John Cope.
Clarence Denmark
Clarence Traneil Denmark (born September 29, 1985) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played seven seasons for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL).  Prior to his time in the CFL, Denmark was a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Mississippi Delta Community College, Troy University, and Arkansas-Monticello.

University of Arkansas at Monticello
The University of Arkansas at Monticello (UAM) is a public university in Monticello, Arkansas, United States, with Colleges of Technology in Crossett and McGehee. UAM is part of the University of Arkansas System and offers master's degrees, baccalaureate degrees, and associate degrees. The city is in the Arkansas Timberlands, and UAM is home to the state's only School of Forest Resources.

The university is governed by the University of Arkansas Board of Trustees, which also oversees the operation of universities and other post-secondary educational institutions in Batesville, DeQueen, Fayetteville, Fort Smith, Helena, Hope, Little Rock, Morrilton, and Pine Bluff, Arkansas.

UAM offers in-state tuition rates not only to Arkansas residents but also to regional residents of Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Tennessee.