hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence upconversion
Fluorescence upconversion (FU) is an  ultrafast laser spectroscopic technique. It is a variant of sum-frequency generation (of which the second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a special case) but applied to the detection of the incoherent fluorescence. It is therefore closely related to the Optical Kerr Gating (OKG) technique.
FU has become a widely used tool in the field of Femtochemistry, the study of chemical reactions on very short timescales.

Fluorescence upconversion should not be confused with photon upconversion, sometimes called upconversion fluorescence.

Photon upconversion
Photon upconversion (UC) is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength. It is an anti-Stokes type emission. An example is the conversion of infrared light to visible light. Upconversion can take place in both organic and inorganic materials, through a number of different mechanisms. Organic molecules that can achieve photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation are typically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Inorganic materials capable of photon upconversion often contain ions of d-block or f-block elements. Examples of these ions are Ln3+, Ti2+, Ni2+, Mo3+, Re4+, Os4+, and so on.
Loch of Boardhouse
The Loch of Boardhouse is a freshwater loch in the parish of Birsay in the north west of the mainland of Orkney, Scotland. It acts as a reservoir for public water supply and is popular for trout fishing. Nearby are the Loch of Hundland and the Loch of Swannay.

The loch was surveyed in 1906 by Sir John Murray and later charted as part of the Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

On 2nd August 2016, brothers Andrew Crawford Livingstone (known as Andy) and Stanley Boyd Livingstone (known as Boyd) from the nearby village of Dounby went missing after going fishing on the loch. A search began on 3rd August 2016. Andy was found the same day. Boyd remained missing until 14th August 2016.  Both post mortems reported deaths as a result of drowning. Boyd's ashes were scattered at his favourite fishing spot, just off the coast of Hoy, Orkney.  Andy's son, Adam, prevented the family from claiming his remains.

Dounby
Dounby (UK: /ˈduːnbiː/) is a village on Mainland in Orkney, in the north of Scotland.

Dounby village is situated at the crossroads of what are now the A986 and B9057, and has grown close to the meeting point of the three parishes of Sandwick, Birsay and Harray (mainly lying in Sandwick). It features an Asda Express petrol station and store, a doctor's surgery, pharmacy, care home, pub, post office, hairdressers, church and a community school that serve the parishes of Birsay, Harray, & Sandwick which until the 1970s each of the three parishes had its own School's.

The West Mainland Agricultural Show (commonly called the Dounby Show) occurs here every August on the Thursday before the Orkney County Show in Kirkwall. The County show is always the 2nd Saturday in August.
Salik Ram Govind
Dr. Salik Ram Govind is a Fijian politician and former Member of the Parliament of Fiji for the FijiFirst Party. He was elected to Parliament in the 2018 election. He did not run for re-election in 2022 Election.

2018 Fijian general election
General elections were held in Fiji on 14 November 2018. The result was a victory for the ruling FijiFirst party of Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama, which received just over 50% of the vote and 27 of the 51 seats in Parliament, a loss of five seats. The main opposition party, Social Democratic Liberal Party, gained six seats, whilst the National Federation Party retained its three seats.

The elections also saw female representation in Parliament rise to nearly 20 percent, with 10 of the 51 members being women.
Curtis McClarin
Curtis L. McClarin (December 19, 1969 – March 3, 2014) was an American film, television and stage actor. He began all three careers in the beginning of the 1990s, appearing in films such as The Hard Way and Fresh, in the television film Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry Story about the death of Edmund Perry, and on Broadway in the Tony Award nominated musical Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk.

Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk
Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk is a musical that debuted Off-Broadway at the New York Shakespeare Festival/Public Theater in 1995 and moved to Broadway in 1996. The show was conceived and directed by George C. Wolfe, and featured music by Daryl Waters, Zane Mark and Ann Duquesnay; lyrics by Reg E. Gaines, George C. Wolfe and Ann Duquesnay; and a book by Reg E. Gaines. The choreography was by Savion Glover.
1947–48 Aston Villa F.C. season
The 1947–48 English football season was Aston Villa's 49th season in The Football League, Villa played the  1947–48 English football season in the Football League First Division, the top-tier of English football.

There were debut appearances for  Keith Jones (185), Albert J Brown (30), Albert Vinall (11) and Harry Chapman (6). "Sailor" Brown arrived from Forest  in October 1947 for a fee of £10,000, After making 30 appearances and scoring nine goals, he was appointed as Gorleston player-manager in August 1948. In later life Brown did scouting for Villa.

A brace by Trevor Ford (120) gave Villa a 2–0 victory over Brentford at Griffin Park. It would be the 2023–24 season before Villa would record their next win away to Brentford.

2023–24 Aston Villa F.C. season
The 2023-24 season was Aston Villa's 29th season in the Premier League and the 149th season in the history of Aston Villa Football Club, their fifth consecutive season in the Premier League, and their 110th overall season in the top flight of English football. In addition to playing in the domestic league, the club participated in the FA Cup, the EFL Cup and the UEFA Europa Conference League, the latter being their first European campaign since the 2010–11 season.

On 14 May 2024, the club officially clinched fourth place in the league and qualification to the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 1982–83 season, when it was still known as the European Cup. This league marked the highest Aston Villa Premier League finish since 1995–96.
2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb
The 2016 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb was the 49th edition of the annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Zagreb, Croatia. It was held at the Dom sportova in December 2016 as part of the 2016–17 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Natalia Zabiiako
Natalia Aleksandrovna Zabiiako (Russian: Наталья Александровна Забияко, born 15 August 1994) is a Russian-Estonian competitive pair skater. Competing for Russia with Alexander Enbert, she was the 2019 World bronze medalist, 2018 European bronze medalist, 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki champion, 2018 NHK Trophy champion, 2016 Rostelecom Cup silver medalist, and three-time Russian national medalist.

Zabiiako competed for Estonia until 2014, partnered with Sergei Muhhin, Sergei Kulbach, and Alexandr Zaboev. With Zaboev, she placed tenth at the 2014 European Championships. Although they qualified a spot for Estonia in the pairs' event at the 2014 Winter Olympics, they did not compete in Sochi because Zaboev's fast-track citizenship application was declined.
Eurocar
Eurocar PrJSC is the official manufacturer of Škoda cars in Ukraine, owned by Atoll Holding. It is one of the largest passenger car manufacturers in Ukraine. The plant's share in the total production of passenger vehicles in 2020 comprised 81%. The plant's production capacity amounts to 80 thousand cars per year (SKD assembly – 30 thousand cars, CKD production – 50 thousand cars per year) with the potential for further capacity expansion. The production site has a railway terminal capable of transporting to the EU and CIS countries.

The Eurocar plant is located in the village of Solomonovo, Uzhhorod Raion, Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine, at a distance of 1.5 km from the border with Hungary and 2 km from the border with Slovakia. The Solomonovo industrial park being a part of the Transcarpathian automotive cluster is located next to the plant.

Uzhhorod Raion
Uzhhorod Raion (Ukrainian: Ужгородський район; Hungarian: Ungvári járás) is one of the raions (districts) of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is located in the city of Uzhhorod. Over 30% of population in the raion speak the Hungarian language according to the latest census. Population: 255,000 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Zakarpattia Oblast was reduced to six, and the area of Uzhhorod Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 71,640 (2020 est.).

Some Romanians live in this raion. They live more precisevly in the area of Poroshkovo and are known in Romanian as volohi.
Asplenium chathamense
Asplenium chathamense, also called Chatham Island spleenwort, is a species of spleenwort in the fern family Aspleniaceae. It is endemic and found near coasts on the Chatham Islands. The species was described in 1985 by Patrick Brownsey. It is categorized as "naturally uncommon" in the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

New Zealand Threat Classification System
The New Zealand Threat Classification System is used by the Department of Conservation to assess conservation priorities of species in New Zealand.

The system was developed because the IUCN Red List, a similar conservation status system, had some shortcomings for the unique requirements of conservation ranking in New Zealand. As of 2011, plants, animals, and fungi are evaluated, though the lattermost has yet to be published. Algae were assessed in 2005 but not reassessed since.  Other protists have not been evaluated.
Shahid Rajaee Dam
Shahid Rajaee Dam, also known as the Soleyman Tangeh Dam, is an arch dam on the Tajan River, located about 38 km (24 mi) south of Sari in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The dam was built for hydroelectric power production, flood control and to provide water for industrial and agricultural use. Construction on the dam began in 1987 and it was complete in 1997. In 2000 the power plant portion of the project was given to Iran Water & Power Resources Development Co. from the Mazandaran Regional Water Authority. An earthquake halted the project in 2002 but the power plant was completed in 2007.

It is named after ex-prime minister and president of Iran, Mohammad-Ali Rajai who was killed in a terrorist attack.

Mohammad-Ali Rajai
Mohammad-Ali Rajai (Persian: محمدعلی رجایی; 15 June 1933 – 30 August 1981) was an Iranian politician who served as the second president of Iran from 2 August 1981 until his assassination four weeks later. Before his presidency, Rajai had served as prime minister under Abolhassan Banisadr, while concurrently occupying the position of foreign affairs minister from 11 March 1981 to 15 August 1981. He died in a bombing on 30 August 1981 along with then-prime minister Mohammad-Javad Bahonar.
Nikita Panin
Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (Russian: Ники́та Ива́нович Па́нин; September 29 [O.S. September 18] 1718 – April 11 [O.S. March 31] 1783) was an influential Russian statesman and political mentor to Catherine the Great for the first 18 years of her reign (1762–1780). In that role, he advocated the Northern Alliance, closer ties with Frederick the Great of Prussia and the establishment of an advisory privy council. His staunch opposition to the Partitions of Poland led to his being replaced by the more compliant Prince Alexander Bezborodko. Catherine appointed many men to the Senate who were related to Panin's powerful family.

During Elizabeth's reign, he served as ambassador extraordinary to Denmark–Norway (1747–48), as well as ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Sweden (1748–59, and until June 1760). Under Catherine, he was the "first present" of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs (1765–83, actually until 1781; since 1763 and further).

Collegium of Foreign Affairs
The Collegium of Foreign Affairs (Russian: Коллегия иностранных дел или иностранная коллегия Российской империи) was a collegium of the Russian Empire responsible for foreign policy from 1717 to 1832.

The Collegium of Foreign Affairs was created by Peter the Great as part of his government reforms to replace the existing posolsky prikaz, with Fyodor Golovin serving as its first president. It functioned as Russia's foreign ministry until it was replaced by the new Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1802, and continued to exist as a child agency of the ministry until it was abolished in 1832.
Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry
The Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry - AI4I (Italian: Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale) is an Italian research institute established by the Italian Government based in Turin, Italy, European Union. Its primary mission is to conduct transformative, application-oriented research in artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to drive innovation, industrial transformation, and economic growth. AI4I focuses on integrating AI into various industrial processes, products, and services, with a particular emphasis on sectors like manufacturing, aerospace, and automotive. The institute supports young researchers and startups by providing competitive pay, access to high-performance computing resources, state-of-the-art laboratories, and industrial collaborations.

University of Turin
The University of Turin (Italian: Università degli Studi di Torino, UNITO) is a public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the oldest universities in Europe and continues to play an important role in research and training.
Robert Seifert
Robert Seifert (born January 31, 1988, in Dresden) is a German short-track speed-skater.

Seifert competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics for Germany. In the 500 metres, he placed third in his round one heat, failing to advance. As a member of the German 5000 metre relay team, he finished 3rd in the semifinal and 2nd in the B Final, ending up 5th overall. In the 500 metres, he finished 18th overall.

As of 2013, Seifert's best performance at the World Championships came in 2011, when he won a silver medal as a member of the German 5000m relay team. His best individual performance at a World Championships was in 2012, when he came 4th in the 500 metres. He also won a silver medal as a member of the German relay team at the 2010 European Championships.

As of 2013, Seifert has two ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup victories, one as part of the relay team in 2010–11 at Dresden, and in the 500 metres at Nagoya in 2012–13. His top World Cup ranking is 5th, in the 500 metres in 2012–13.

2011 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships
The 2011 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships took place between 11 and 13 March 2011 at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield, England. The World Championships were organised by the ISU which also runs world cups and championships in speed skating and figure skating.
Ilir Latifi
Ilir Latifi (born July 28, 1983) is a Swedish mixed martial artist who fights in the Heavyweight division, most recently in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A two-time national wrestling champion and a professional MMA competitor since 2008, Latifi has also competed in Shark Fights, Rumble of The Kings, and GLORY.

Bellator MMA
Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) was an American mixed martial arts promotion founded in 2008 by Bjorn Rebney and operated until 2025. The promotion takes its name from bellātor, the Latin word for "warrior". Bellator's first event was in 2009, and the promotion held 313 "numbered" events.

Bellator was considered the second largest MMA promotion in the United States, and one of the largest combat sport promotions in the world. Paramount Global (formerly Viacom) purchased majority ownership of Bellator from Rebney in 2011, with Paramount's television networks serving as the promotion's media broadcasters in the United States. On November 20, 2023, after then-broadcast home Showtime announced the discontinuation of its sports division, Bellator MMA was acquired by the Professional Fighters League (PFL).
Hatton Road
Hatton Road (Chinese: 克頓道), also known as "The Morning Trail", is a paved, steep, motor vehicle-free road in western Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, on Lung Fu Shan. It is largely used as a fitness trail for walking, running, and cycling.

Lung Fu Shan
Lung Fu Shan (Chinese: 龍虎山) or Hill Above Belcher's is a 831-foot (253 m) hill on the northwestern part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, and an area on the northeastern slope of the hill where the main campus and centennial campus of the University of Hong Kong are located.

The southern limit of the City of Victoria passes through the northern side of the hill at the 700-foot (210 m) contour. The upper part of the hill, along with Pinewood Battery, are designated part of the Lung Fu Shan Country Park. The hill is located between the Victoria Peak ("The Peak" colloquially), Mount Davis and High West.
Altha Lake
Altha Lake is a lake in the Sierra Nevada in eastern Madera County, California.

It is within the boundaries of the Ansel Adams Wilderness, and in the Sierra National Forest.

History

Altha Lake was likely named for Altha Branson Summers, the wife of a local hotel owner.

Madera County, California
Madera County (/məˈdɛərə/ ⓘ; Madera, Spanish for "Wood"), officially the County of Madera, is a county located at the geographic center of the U.S. state of California. It features a varied landscape, encompassing the eastern San Joaquin Valley and the central Sierra Nevada, with Madera serving as the county seat. Established in 1893 from part of Fresno County, Madera County reported a population of 156,255 in the 2020 census.

The name Madera is Spanish for "wood," a reference to the county’s early lumber industry. Portions of Yosemite National Park lie within the county, and tourism, along with agriculture—particularly almonds, grapes, and pistachios—form major parts of the local economy. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county’s median household income is below the state average, and its poverty rate is higher than the California average.
Fuero de Sepúlveda
The Fuero de Sepúlveda was a medieval municipal charter (fuero) that governed the towns that make up the Villa y Tierra de Sepúlveda. It was confirmed in 1076 by Alfonso VI of León and ratified by King Ferdinand IV of Castile in 1305. Its text reproduces privileges dating from 940 in the time of Count Fernán González. Its relevance in the Reconquest process led to its later application to other towns, such as Roa or Uclés (1179) in the Kingdom of Castilla and Teruel (1172) in the Kingdom of Aragon.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (/kæˈstiːl/; Spanish: Reino de Castilla: Latin: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (Spanish: Condado de Castilla, Latin: Comitatus Castellae), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the Kingdom of León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.

Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
Thomas A. Aldrich
Thomas Albert Aldrich (November 30, 1923 – September 13, 2019) was a major general in the United States Air Force who served as commander, Twenty-Second Air Force, Military Airlift Command, with headquarters at Travis Air Force Base, California.

Twenty-Second Air Force
Twenty-Second Air Force (22 AF) is a Numbered Air Force component of Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC).  It was activated on 1 July 1993 and is headquartered at Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Georgia.

In the event of mobilization, some of the Twenty-Second Air Force's subordinate units would come under the operational control (OPCON) of the Air Mobility Command's (AMC) 21st Expeditionary Mobility Task Force, headquartered at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, while others would come under OPCON of Air Education and Training Command's 19th Air Force at Randolph AFB, Texas.
Baramidze
Baramidze or in German transcriptions also as Baramidse (Georgian: ბარამიძე, Russian: Барамидзе) is a Georgian family name which – apart from the cities of  Tbilisi and Batumi – is most frequently to be found in the southwestern Guria and Adjara regions of Georgia. Most Baramidzes live in the Tbilisi (846), Batumi (525), Ozurgeti (312), Lanchkhuti (219) and Chokhatauri (209) districts.

Adjara
Adjara (Georgian: აჭარა Ach’ara [at͡ʃʼara] ⓘ) or Achara, officially known as the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (Georgian: აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა Ach’aris Avt’onomiuri Resp’ublik’a [atʃʼaris avtʼonomiuri respʼublikʼa] ⓘ), is a political-administrative region of Georgia. It is in the country's southwestern corner, on the coast of the Black Sea, near the foot of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, north of Turkey. It is an important tourist destination and includes Georgia's second most populous city of Batumi as its capital. About 401,100 people live on its 2,880 km2 (1,110 sq mi).

Adjara is home to the Adjarians, a regional subgroup of Georgians. The name can be spelled in a number of ways: Ajara, Ajaria, Adjaria, Adzharia, Atchara and Achara. Under the Soviet Union, Adjara was part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic as the Adjarian ASSR. The autonomous status of Adjara is guaranteed under article 6 of the Treaty of Kars.
Yudai Baba
Yudai Baba (馬場 雄大, Baba Yūdai; born 7 November 1995) is a Japanese professional basketball player for Nagasaki Velca of the B.League. He played college basketball for the University of Tsukuba. Baba has been a member of the Japan men's national basketball team.

Chiba Jets
The Chiba Jets Funabashi (千葉ジェッツふなばし, Chiba Jettsu Funabashi) are a Japanese professional basketball team based in Funabashi, Chiba. They compete in the Eastern Conference of the First Division of the Japanese B.League. Owned by Mixi, they have also won five Emperor's Cups.

The Jets also won the East Asia Super League (EASL) in 2024, and an exhibition season title in 2017. The 2024 championship was won behind season MVP Yuki Togashi, who scored 20 points in the final against Seoul SK Knights.
Madambakkam
Madambakkam (Tamil: [maːɖambaːkkam]) is a neighborhood in the city of Tambaram, situated within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Tamil Nadu, India.

It borders Selaiyur in the west, Sembakkam in north and Vengaivasal in north east and Sithalapakkam in east. The area is well known for its greeneries and the centuries old Dhenupureeswarar temple. Formerly a town panchayat, it was merged into Tambaram City Municipal Corporation in 2021.

Chennai metropolitan area
Chennai metropolitan area or Greater Chennai is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in India and the 35th most populous in the world. It consists of the core city of Chennai, which is coterminous with the Chennai district, and its suburbs in Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, Thiruvallur and Ranipet districts.

The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority is the nodal agency that handles town planning and development within the metro area. In 1974, an area encompassing 1,189 km2 (459 sq mi) around the city was designated as the metropolitan area which was subsequently expanded to 5,904 km2 (2,280 sq mi) in 2022.