hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chittenden Memorial Bridge
The Chittenden Memorial Bridge is a 120 feet (37 m) concrete and steel arch bridge across the Yellowstone River just upstream from the Upper Yellowstone Falls in Yellowstone National Park. First constructed in 1903 as a Melan arch bridge by park engineer Captain Hiram M. Chittenden of the US Army Corps of Engineers, the bridge was known as Chittenden Bridge from 1912 until 1963, when it was replaced with the current structure. This bridge provides road access from the Grand Loop Road to the secondary road on the south rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone that allows visitors to see the upper and lower Yellowstone Falls from the south rim.

Yellowstone River
The Yellowstone River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 671 miles (1,080 km) long, in the Western United States. Considered the principal tributary of the upper Missouri, via its own tributaries it drains an area with headwaters across the mountains and high plains of southern Montana and northern Wyoming, and stretching east from the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park. It flows northeast to its confluence with the Missouri River on the North Dakota side of the border, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Williston.
Variational quantum eigensolver
In quantum computing, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm for quantum chemistry, quantum simulations and optimization problems. It is a hybrid algorithm that uses both classical computers and quantum computers to find the ground state of a given physical system. Given a guess or ansatz, the quantum processor calculates the expectation value of the system with respect to an observable, often the Hamiltonian, and a classical optimizer is used to improve the guess. The algorithm is based on the variational method of quantum mechanics.

It was originally proposed in 2014, with corresponding authors Alberto Peruzzo, Alán Aspuru-Guzik and Jeremy O'Brien. The algorithm has also found applications in quantum machine learning and has been further substantiated by general hybrid algorithms between quantum and classical computers. It is an example of a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) algorithm.

Ansatz
In physics and mathematics, an ansatz (/ˈænsæts/; German: [ˈʔanzats] ⓘ, meaning: "initial placement of a tool at a work piece", plural ansatzes or, from German, ansätze /ˈænsɛtsə/; German: [ˈʔanzɛtsə] ⓘ) is an educated guess or an additional assumption made to help solve a problem, and which may later be verified to be part of the solution by its results.
Maniototo Area School
Maniototo Area School is an area school in Ranfurly, Central Otago, New Zealand, serving students aged 5–18. Founded in 1879, it has 150 students as of October 2025. The school has a strong sporting tradition and an academic programme bolstered by video conferencing lessons and the OtagoNet project.

It is located near a winter sports centre and the Otago Central Rail Trail.

Area school
In New Zealand and Australia, an area school is a school that takes children from kindergarten age (usually 4 or 5 years old) all the way through to tertiary entrance exams (at about age 18). They tend to be built in small towns where the cost of separate primary and secondary schools cannot be justified because there are too few pupils to have separate schools. These schools distinguish between primary and secondary stages internally but there is a single headteacher, faculty and administration.

The New Zealand Area Schools Association (NZASA) is the organisation that represents the interests of area schools, and concerns itself with educational matters in rural areas.
Poupart
Poupart can refer to:

Alfred Poupart (1876-1963), French archer who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London

Brigitte Poupart, Canadian actress and filmmaker

Chaiyapol Julien Poupart (born 1990), Thai actor and model

François Poupart (1661–1708) French physician, anatomist, entomologist, who described:
Poupart's ligament, another name for the inguinal ligament in anatomy

Henri-Pierre Poupart or Henri-Pierre Poupard, renamed himself Henri Sauguet, (1901-1989), French composer

Henri Poupart-Lafarge (born 1969), French business executive

Jean Frédéric André Poupart de Neuflize (1850 – 1928), French banker and equestrian

Roberte Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough, née Poupart de Neuflize (1892–1979), French noblewoman

Samuel Poupart, English owner of the land that became:
Shaftesbury Park Estate which is served by the rail junction

Susan "Suzy" Poupart (1960–1990) victim in the Murder of Susan Poupart

Alfred Poupart
Alfred Poupart (5 June 1876- February 1963) was a French archer.  He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. Poupart entered the men's double York round event in 1908.  He was the only archer of the 27-man field to not finish, withdrawing partway through the first round with only 36 points.  He then competed in the Continental style contest, placing 16th at 155 points.
Roland Romanelli
Roland Romanelli (born 1946 in Algiers) is a French accordionist, keyboardist, composer, and arranger. He became well known as the accordionist for the singer Barbara from 1966 to 1986. He has also accompanied other prominent French singers including Johnny Hallyday and Michel Delpech. During his career, he has collaborated with Rusty Egan and other notable figures in popular music. He was an early adopter of the Fairlight system.

In his youth, Romanelli was a dancer. He moved to Paris in 1966. He was a session player on accordion and keyboards for the singer Barbara. He soon worked for other musicians including Charles Aznavour. In the late 1970s, he worked in the French space disco scene, and was a founding member of the popular band Space. He took up synthesizers, which helped his career grow in the 1980s. His 1982 album Connecting Flight was also released in the US on PolyGram Records.

Fairlight CMI
The Fairlight CMI (short for Computer Musical Instrument) is a digital synthesizer, music sampler, and digital audio workstation (DAW) introduced in 1979 by Fairlight. It was based on a commercial licence of the Qasar M8 developed by Tony Furse of Creative Strategies in Sydney, Australia. It was one of the earliest electronic music workstations with an embedded sampler and is credited for coining the term sampling in music. It rose to prominence in the early 1980s and competed with the Synclavier from New England Digital.
Bogan River
Bogan River, a perennial river that is part of the Macquarie–Barwon catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the central west and Orana regions of New South Wales, Australia.

From its origin near Parkes, the Bogan River flows for about 617 kilometres (383 mi) in length and flows into the Barwon River between Brewarrina and Bourke.

The name Bogan is supposedly an Australian Aboriginal (Wiradjuri or Ngiyambaa) term meaning 'the birthplace of a notable headman of the local tribe'; this may be in reference to the Wiradjuri people of the Bulgandramine Aboriginal Mission, whose word for "leader" is “Balgabalgar”. The word is also a Gaelic term meaning bog.

Central West (New South Wales)
The Central West is a region in central New South Wales, Australia. The region stretches from Lithgow in the east and to as far west as Lake Cargelligo, on the Lachlan River. The Central West is known for its attractions such as the Jenolan Caves, near Oberon and also wineries, as well as rural farmland and natural landscapes. The region includes major towns like Bathurst, Orange, Mudgee, Lithgow, Parkes and Cowra. It has an area of 63,262 square kilometres (24,426 sq mi). The region also includes the sub-region known as the Central Tablelands, located in the eastern part of the region. The region known as the Orana, which includes the area surrounding Dubbo is typically classed as being a part of the Central West also.

Major population and service centres in the Central West include Bathurst, Cowra, Lithgow, Mudgee, Orange, and Parkes. Bathurst and Orange are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University, and Lithgow housing the University of Notre Dame Regional Clinical School.
Sarna (Polish surname)
Sarna is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Angelika Sarna (born 1997), Polish athlete

Jonathan Sarna (born 1955), American historian

John Sarna (1935–2021), American politician

Linda Sarna, American nursing researcher and academic

Mirosława Sarna (born 1942), Polish athlete

Nahum Sarna (1923–2005), American Bible scholar

Paweł Sarna (canoeist) (born 1984), Polish slalom canoeist

Paweł Sarna (poet) (born 1977), Polish writer and academic

Yehuda Sarna, Canadian-American rabbi

Mirosława Sarna
Mirosława Kazimiera Sarna (née Sałacińska; born 8 June 1942) is a Polish former track and field athlete who competed in the long jump, short sprints and the women's pentathlon. She was the gold medallist in the long jump at the 1969 European Athletics Championships and was twice a bronze medallist in that discipline at the European Athletics Indoor Championships.

An 8-time Polish national champion, she represented her country at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Her long jump best was 6.54 m (21 ft 5+1⁄4 in).
Premier Sports
Premier Sports is a group of pay sports television channels owned by SSBL Limited that are available in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Premier Sports holds exclusive live rights to La Liga, Scottish League Cup, Elite Ice Hockey League, NHL and NASCAR. Premier Sports has shared rights to the United Rugby Championship in the Britain and exclusive live rights to 53 Premier League games in the Republic of Ireland. They also hold shared rights to the Scottish Cup with BBC Scotland.

Rugby Football League
The Rugby Football League (RFL) is the governing body for rugby league in England. Founded in 1895 as the Northern Rugby Football Union following 22 clubs resigning from the Rugby Football Union, it changed its name in 1922 to the Rugby Football League.

Based at Sportcity in Manchester, it is responsible for organising professional competitions and, in association with the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA), the community game. It also provides match officials for every level as well as administering the England national team

The Rugby Football League has been a member of the International Rugby League (IRL) since 1948 and European Rugby League (ERL) since its foundation in 2003.
Miss Universe Thailand 2024
Miss Universe Thailand 2024 was the 25th Miss Universe Thailand pageant, held at the MCC Hall, The Mall Lifestore Bangkapi in Bangkok, Thailand, on 14 July 2024.

Suchata Chuangsri of Bangkok was crowned by Anntonia Porsild of Nakhon Ratchasima as Miss Universe Thailand 2024. Chuangsri represented Thailand at Miss Universe 2024 in Mexico and was third runner-up. After the pageant, Karnruethai Tassabut of Ubon Ratchathani was appointed as Miss Cosmo Thailand 2024 and was runner-up at Miss Cosmo 2024.

Contestants from thirty-nine provinces and the capital city competed in the pageant. The competition was presented by Kornkan Sutthikoses, while Miss Universe Thailand 2022 Anna Sueangam-iam, Rawiphol Teeramethapong, and Teenarupakorn Muangmai served as backstage correspondents.

Anna Sueangam-iam
Anna Sueangam-iam (Thai: แอนนา เสืองามเอี่ยม, RTGS: Aenna Suea-ngam-iam, pronounced [ʔɛ̄(ː)n.nāː sɯ̌a̯.ŋāːm.ʔìa̯m]; born 10 November 1998) is a Thai actress and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Universe Thailand 2022. She represented Thailand at Miss Universe 2022, and was Unplaced.
Science in the ancient world
Science in the ancient world encompasses the earliest history of science from the protoscience of prehistory and ancient history to late antiquity. In ancient times, culture and knowledge were passed through oral tradition. The development of writing further enabled the preservation of knowledge and culture, allowing information to spread accurately.

The earliest scientific traditions of the ancient world developed in the Ancient Near East, with Ancient Egypt and Babylonia in Mesopotamia. Later traditions of science during classical antiquity were advanced in ancient Persia, Greece, Rome, India, China, and Mesoamerica. Aside from alchemy and astrology that waned in importance during the Age of Enlightenment, civilizations of the ancient world laid the roots of modern sciences.

Protoscience
In the philosophy of science, protoscience (adj. protoscientific) is a research field that has the characteristics of an undeveloped science that may ultimately develop into an established science.  Philosophers use protoscience to understand the history of science and distinguish protoscience from science and pseudoscience.

The word "protoscience" is a hybrid Greek-Latin compound of the roots proto- + scientia, meaning a first or primeval rational knowledge.

Examples of protoscience include alchemy, Wegener's original theory of continental drift and political economy (the predecessor to the modern economic sciences).
Naturschutzgebiet
A Naturschutzgebiet (German pronunciation: [naˈtuːɐ̯ʃʊtsɡəˌbiːt] ⓘ; abbreviated NSG) is a category of protected area (nature reserve) within Germany's Federal Nature Conservation Act (the Bundesnaturschutzgesetz or BNatSchG).
Although often translated as 'Nature Reserve' in English, the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) refers to them as 'Nature Conservation Areas'. It meets the criteria of an IUCN Category IV – habitat or species management area.

IUCN protected area categories
IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world's natural environment and biodiversity. The IUCN has developed the protected area management categories system to define, record and classify the wide variety of specific aims and concerns when categorising protected areas and their objectives. Further supplementary guidelines have been developed specific to marine protected areas (MPAs).

This categorisation method is recognised on a global scale by national governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
The Defence of Hougoumont
The Defence of Hougoumont is an 1815 history painting by the British artist Denis Dighton. It portrays the fighting around Hougoumont on 18 June 1815 during the Battle of Waterloo.

Waterloo was the final major battle of the Napoleonic Wars. Hougoumont, a walled farmhouse, was one of the key strategic points of the battlefield along with La Haye Sainte. It was garrisoned by Allies forces,  who faced repeated French attacks to seize it during the day. The painting focuses on a detachment of the Coldstream Guards engaged in fierce fighting with the French Army.

Dighton, known for his paintings of military scenes, visited the battlefield not long after the fighting and sketched it extensively and produced a number of depictions of the campaign. He was appointed "military painter to the Prince of Wales". Today the painting is in the National Army Museum in London.

Hougoumont
The Château d'Hougoumont (possibly originally Goumont or Gomont) is a walled manorial compound, situated at the bottom of an escarpment near the Nivelles road in the Braine-l'Alleud municipality, near Waterloo, Belgium. The site served as one of the advanced defensible positions of the Anglo-allied army under the Duke of Wellington, that faced Napoleon's Army at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.

Hougoumont, which had become dilapidated, was fully restored in time for the 200th anniversary of the battle and opened to the public on 18 June 2015.
Field hockey at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
The Field hockey competition at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games was held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The tournament was scheduled to be held from 15 to 30 July 2006. The top two teams in each tournament qualified to compete at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games
Field hockey at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro was held over a ten-day period beginning on July 15 and culminating with the medal finals on July 24 and July 25. All games were played at the Círculo Militar Deodoro. Each team was allowed to enter a maximum of sixteen athletes. The winner of each tournament qualified to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.

Argentina were the reigning Pan American Games champions in both the men's and women's competitions. The men failed to defend their title, losing to Canada 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out in the final. The women defeated the United States 4–2 in the final, winning the tournament for the 6th time.
Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom became the world leader of offshore wind power generation in October 2008 when it overtook Denmark.

Government direction in the development of offshore wind power advanced in 2016 with the development of strategies and systems.

The total offshore wind power capacity installed in the United Kingdom at the start of 2022 was 11.3 GW. By 2023, the United Kingdom had over 11,000 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 30 gigawatts (GW): 15 GW onshore and 15 GW offshore,

The UK has set a target to have 50GW of offshore wind capacity by 2030.

Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm
Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm is a 172 MW wind farm about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) off the Clacton-on-Sea coast in the Northern Thames Estuary.

The 108 MW Gunfleet Sands 1 wind farm gained planning consent in 2003/4; in 2006 DONG Energy (now Ørsted) acquired the project and submitted an application for a second 64 MW windfarm Gunfleet Sands 2 adjacent to the first, which received consent in 2008. Construction of both mounting Siemens Wind Power SWT-3.6-107 turbines took place between 2008 and 2010.

In 2010 planning began on a demonstration project Gunfleet Sands 3, used to test Siemens' 6 MW wind turbine model; two such turbines were installed in 2013.
Weave Magazine
Weave Magazine was an American literary magazine based in Pittsburgh. It was established in order to remedy a perceived gender imbalance in contemporary literary publishing. Weave published literary fiction, poetry, nonfiction, reviews and artwork biannually in January and July. The magazine was last published in 2016.

Literary magazine
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish a mix of fiction and non-fiction. Short stories and poetry are common literary forms published, but some magazines may publish serial literature—a novel which is revealed in sections over multiple issues. Non-fiction writing may be from staff of the literary magazine to make commentary about their magazine or about culture related to literature. Non-fiction from contributors may take the form of essays, literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews, and letters. Literary magazines are often called literary journals (or little magazines) to contrast them with larger, commercial magazines.
David Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl
David Strathbogie (died 6 August 1270) was the first Strathbogie Earl of Atholl.

David was the son of John de Strathbogie and Ada of Atholl. David's mother, Ada, was suo jure Countess of Atholl, she held the title of countess in her own right, and upon her death, David succeeded her as Earl of Atholl.

He died at Tunis (or Carthage) in the Eighth Crusade, in the company of Louis IX of France, having married before June 1266, Isabel (d. 1292), daughter of Richard de Dover, feudal baron of Chilham, Kent, by his spouse Maud, suo jure Countess of Angus. In 1266, Isabel was heiress to her brother, Richard de Dover, by which she inherited the barony of Chilham, with the manor of Chingford Earls, Essex. In 1270, they leased the latter to the Knights Templar by licence from the king.

David was succeeded by his only son, John of Strathbogie, 9th Earl of Atholl, Warden and Justiciar of Scotland.

Strathbogie, Scotland
57°23′N 2°49′W﻿ / ﻿57.39°N 2.81°W﻿ / 57.39; -2.81

Strathbogie (Scottish Gaelic: Srath Bhalgaidh) is the valley of the River Bogie in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was formerly a lordship belonging to the Gordon family, who received it from Robert the Bruce. The Gordons' seat was at Huntly.
Kalkrieser Berg
The Kalkrieser Berg (also called the Schmittenhöhe) is a hill, 157 m high, between the villages of Venne and Engter in the district of Osnabrück. The Kalkrieser Berg is a northern bulge of the Wiehen Hills. To the north is the great bog of Großes Moor at a height of about 47 m above sea level (NHN), the Mittelland Canal, built in the 20th century, and the Bramsche parish of Kalkriese.

Most historians believe that the narrow point – between the Kalkrieser Berg and the great bog – was where the decisive Battle of the Teutoburg Forest between the Romans and the Germanic tribes took place. In the area of  Kalkriese artifacts believed to be from the battle have been recovered and many are on display in the Kalkriese Museum and Park.

Mittelland Canal
52°25′16″N 9°42′4″E﻿ / ﻿52.42111°N 9.70111°E﻿ / 52.42111; 9.70111

The Mittelland Canal, also known as the Midland Canal, (German: Mittellandkanal, German: [ˈmɪtl̩lantkaˌnaːl] ⓘ) is a major canal in central Germany. It forms an important link in the waterway network of the country, providing the principal east-west inland waterway connection. Its significance goes beyond Germany as it links France, Switzerland and the Benelux countries with Poland, the Czech Republic and the Baltic Sea.

At 325.7 kilometres (202.4 mi) in length, the Mittelland Canal is the longest artificial waterway in Germany.
Lachenalia corymbosa
Lachenalia corymbosa, the corymbous Cape cowslip, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Lachenalia native to the southwest Cape Provinces of South Africa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Cape Provinces
The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape, the Northern Cape and the Western Cape, together making up most of the former Cape Province.

The area includes the Cape Floristic Region, the smallest of the six recognised floral kingdoms of the world, an area of extraordinarily high diversity and endemism, home to more than 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic.
Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff
Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff (17 January 1927 – 12 January 2015) was a Swedish nature photographer and children's writer. She received the Astrid Lindgren Prize in 1984.

Born in Stockholm, she was the daughter of Dagny Lindhé and the well-known zoologist and adventurer Sten Bergman. She was a photographer and children's writer for most of her life. Her interest in photography started when she got a job as an assistant to a Stockholm photographer before she turned 20. As a photographer, she was active in documentary, art and nature photography. She also worked as a press photographer during her early career. She wrote several books, including children's books. She died on 12 January 2015 in Skara, Sweden, where she lived near the end of her life.

Skara
Skara is a locality and the seat of Skara Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden with 18,580 inhabitants in 2013. Despite its small size, it is one of the oldest cities in Sweden, and has a long educational and ecclesiastical history. One of Sweden's oldest high schools, Katedralskolan (cathedral school), is situated in Skara. The former county of Skaraborg was named after a fortress near the town.