hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pragmatic maxim
The pragmatic maxim, also known as the maxim of pragmatism or the maxim of pragmaticism, is a maxim of logic formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce. Serving as a normative recommendation or a regulative principle in the normative science of logic, its function is to guide the conduct of thought toward the achievement of its purpose, advising on an optimal way of "attaining clearness of apprehension". Here is its original 1878 statement in English when it was not yet named:

It appears, then, that the rule for attaining the third grade of clearness of apprehension is as follows: Consider what effects, that might conceivably have practical bearings, we conceive the object of our conception to have. Then, our conception of these effects is the whole of our conception of the object.
(Peirce on p. 293 of "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 286–302. Reprinted widely, including Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (CP) v. 5, paragraphs 388–410.)

Norm (philosophy)
Norms, in philosophy, are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to affecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express. Normative sentences imply "ought-to" (or "may", "may not") types of statements and assertions, in distinction to sentences that provide "is" (or "was", "will") types of statements and assertions. Common normative sentences include commands, permissions, and prohibitions; common normative abstract concepts include sincerity, justification, and honesty. A popular account of norms describes them as reasons to take action, to believe, and to feel.
Preferred charge
A preferred charge is an interim step in the United States' military justice system.

According to Jonathan Turley, a law professor at George Washington University, testifying before the Senate Intelligence Committee, the US military justice system equivalent of a formal charge is only leveled following the recommendation of an article 32 hearing -- a hearing held under the authority of article 32 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Military justice
Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces. Many nation-states have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces.  Some states use special judicial and other arrangements to enforce those laws, while others use civilian judicial systems.  Legal issues unique to military justice include the preservation of good order and discipline, the legality of orders, and appropriate conduct for members of the military. Some states enable their military justice systems to deal with civil offenses committed by their armed forces in some circumstances.

Military justice is distinct from martial law, which is the imposition of military authority on a civilian population as a substitute for civil authority, and is often declared in times of emergency, war, or civil unrest. Most countries restrict when and in what manner martial law may be declared and enforced.
John Fisher (opera director)
John Fisher (born 29 July) is a Scottish conductor, opera manager, vocal coach,  and record producer. The former Artistic Administrator of La Scala in Milan, he served as the Chief Executive and Artistic Director of the Welsh National Opera (WNO) from 2006 until 2011. He has worked as a record producer of opera recordings for both Deutsche Grammophon and Decca Records, and collaborated with opera director Jean-Pierre Ponnelle on several opera films for Unitel Films.

Deutsche Grammophon
Deutsche Grammophon (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ɡʁamoˈfoːn]; DGG) is a German classical music record label that was the precursor of the corporation PolyGram. Headquartered in Berlin Friedrichshain, it is now part of Universal Music Group (UMG) since its merger with the MCA family of labels in 1999. Deutsche Grammophon is the world's oldest surviving established record company. Presidents of the company are Frank Briegmann, Chairman and CEO Central Europe of Universal Music Group and Clemens Trautmann.
Desning Hall
Desning Hall was a manor house in Dalham, Risbridge Hundred, in Suffolk, England, dating from Anglo-Saxon times. Desning Hall's last resident was Sidney Arthur King who left the property in 1927. The house then stood vacant, becoming derelict, until the early 1980s when it was demolished.

Dalham
Dalham is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. The name, meaning 'homestead/village in a valley' is of Old English origin and first recorded in the Domesday Book.

Dalham is 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of the town of Bury St Edmunds and, at the 2001 census, had a population of 191,. increasing to 210 at the 2011 Census. The Icknield Way Path passes through the village on its 110-mile journey from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk. The Icknield Way Trail, a multi-user route for walkers, horse riders and off-road cyclists also passes through the village.
Bolus (Belgium)
The bolus or baulus is a brioche pastry based on flour, milk, butter, cassonade and raisins, in spiral shape. It is a Belgian and especially Brussels speciality, similar to Zeeuwse bolus but with raisins.

Raisin
A raisin is a dried grape. Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in cooking, baking, and brewing. The word raisin is commonly used for the dried dark-colored seedless grape, while sultana is a golden-colored dried grape, and currant is a dried small Black Corinth seedless grape.
Toona sinensis
Toona sinensis, commonly called Chinese mahogany, Chinese cedar, Chinese toon, beef and onion plant, or red toon (Chinese: 香椿; pinyin: xiāngchūn; Korean: 참죽, romanized: chamjuk; Hindi: डारलू, romanized: ḍāralū; Malay: suren; Vietnamese: hương xuân) is a species of Toona native to eastern and southeastern Asia, ranging from northern Korean peninsula through most of eastern, central, and southwestern China, in Nepal, northeastern India, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and even present in Malaysia and western Indonesia.

Devanagari transliteration
Devanagari transliteration is the process of representing text written in Devanagari script—an Indic script used for Classical Sanskrit and many other Indic languages—in the Latin script, preserving pronunciation and spelling conventions. There are several methods of transliteration from Devanagari to the Latin script (i.e., romanisation), including the IAST notation. Romanised Devanagari is also called Romanagari.
Fata Sini
Iefata "Fata" Sini (born 24 December 1966) is a Samoan former professional rugby league, and international rugby union footballer. After representing Samoa in the 1995 Rugby Union World Cup, playing fly half, he was signed by English rugby league club Salford Reds. He also played for York, Doncaster and Workington Town.

Workington Town
Workington Town  is a semi-professional rugby league club based in Workington, West Cumbria, England. The club plays home games at Derwent Park and competes in the RFL Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Workington have won the League Championship once in 1951 and Challenge Cup in 1952.

The club's traditional home colours are white shirt with a blue band. Their main rivals are Whitehaven, while they also have a Cumbrian rivalry with Barrow Raiders.
Joseph Miller (Michigan politician)
Joseph Miller was an American pioneer and politician who served on the Michigan Territorial Council in 1825.

Miller was one of the first settlers of Shelby Township in Macomb County, Michigan.

When the government of the Territory of Michigan was restructured to include a new legislative council, Miller was one of the top 18 vote-earners in a general election. Those names were sent to President James Monroe, but Miller was not among the nine chosen to form the First Michigan Territorial Council. Following the death of council member William H. Puthuff during the council's session in 1824, Miller was proposed as a replacement, since he had received the highest vote total of the remaining nine men. He was nominated by Monroe on December 16, 1824, and confirmed by the Senate on December 21. He was seated on January 31, 1825.

1st Michigan Territorial Council
The First Michigan Territorial Council was a meeting of the legislative body governing Michigan Territory, known formally as the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan. The council met in Detroit in two regular sessions between June 7, 1824, and April 21, 1825, during the term of Lewis Cass as territorial governor.
When the Heart Calls
When the Heart Calls is a 1912 American silent era short Western comedy film starring Lee Moran, Russell Bassett, Louise Glaum, and Victoria Forde.

Directed by Al Christie and produced by the Nestor Company, it was distributed by the Universal Film Company.

When the Heart Calls was filmed at Nestor Studios, the first studio actually located in Hollywood, which was merged with Universal in 1912. It marked Glaum's movie debut.

Film distributor
A film distributor is a person responsible for the marketing of a film. The distribution company may be the same as, or different from, the production company. Distribution deals are an important part of financing a film.

The distributor may set the release date of a film and the method by which a film is to be exhibited or made available for viewing; for example, directly to the public either theatrically or for home viewing (DVD, video-on-demand, download, television programs through broadcast syndication etc.). A distributor may do this directly, if the distributor owns the theaters or film distribution networks, or through theatrical exhibitors and other sub-distributors. A limited distributor may deal only with particular products, such as DVDs or Blu-ray, or may act in a particular country or market. The primary distributor will often receive credit in the film's credits, one sheet or other marketing material.
Antonio Noguera
Antonio Noguera Rodríguez (born 26 February 1988) is a  professional baseball player who plays as a pitcher for Italian Baseball League club Nettuno Baseball City. Born in Venezuela, he represents Spain internationally.

He was born in Venezuela and signed as an amateur free agent by the Houston Astros in 2005 and started his career with their Venezuelan Summer League team. After playing in the Astros low minors through 2009 he was released. He played in Spain for the Marins Puerto Cruz in 2010 and played in Italy for the  Novara United in 2011–2012.

Italian Baseball League
The Italian Baseball League (IBL, Italian: Campionato italiano di baseball), officially known as the Serie A (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈa]), is the top-level baseball league in Italy. Founded in 1948, it is governed by the Italian Baseball & Softball Federation (FIBS), which has its headquarters in Rome.

Many of the teams are based in the northern Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, which has historically been the hotbed of baseball in the country; a team from the Republic of San Marino also plays in Serie A.

Like most sports leagues in Europe, and unlike professional baseball leagues in North America and Asia, the IBL uses a promotion and relegation system; the bottom five clubs are relegated to the Serie B minor league. Winners of the league are awarded a scudetto, and earn the right to represent Italy in the European Champions Cup.
Tim Gajser
Tim Gajser (born 8 September 1996) is a Slovenian professional motocross racer. He has competed in the FIM Motocross World Championships since 2012. Gajser is a four-time MXGP & a MX2 World Champion. Gajser ranks fifth on the all-time list of FIM Motocross World Championship Grand Prix wins.

Gajser signed and raced for Honda from 2014 to 2025. A relationship lasting 11 years included 4 MXGP & 1 MX2 Motocross World Championships.

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme
The International Motorcycling Federation (Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme) or (FIM) is the global governing/sanctioning body of motorcycle racing. It represents 123 national motorcycle federations that are divided into six continental unions.

There are ten motorcycle-racing disciplines that FIM covers, encompassing 62 international championships as well as 188 secondary championships of circuit racing, enduro, Speedway Racing, Trials, Off-Roading, Motorcross, Supercross, Sno-Cross, Sidecars, and E-Bikes. FIM is also involved in many non-racing activities that promote the sport, its safety, and support relevant public policy. The FIM is also the first international sporting federation to publish an Environmental Code, in 1994. In 2007, a Commission for Women in Motorcycling was created by the FIM in order to promote the use of powered two-wheelers and the motorcycle sport among women.
Castilleja CF
Castilleja Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team based in Castilleja de la Cuesta, Province of Seville, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1929, they play in División de Honor – Group 1, holding home games at Estadio Municipal Antonio Almendro, with a capacity of 1,000 people.

Tercera Federación
Tercera Federación, previously known as Tercera RFEF, is the fifth tier of the Spanish football league system. It is below the La Liga, Segunda División, and its fellow semi-professional divisions Primera Federación and Segunda Federación. It was founded in 1929 as the third tier, and dropped down to the fourth and fifth tiers in 1977 and 2021, respectively.
Effin
Effin (Irish: Eimhín) is a townland and civil parish in County Limerick, Ireland. It is on the R515 road, midway between Kilmallock and Charleville. The population of the parish is about 1,000. Effin is partly in the barony of Coshlea, but chiefly in that of Coshma. The parish lies in the Golden Vale, Munster's rich dairyland, and intensive dairying is practised there. The Ballyhoura Mountains, which separate County Limerick from County Cork, are at the southern end of the parish.

Golden Vale
52°24′N 8°24′W﻿ / ﻿52.4°N 8.4°W﻿ / 52.4; -8.4

The Golden Vale (Irish: Machaire méith na Mumhan) is the historic name given to an area of rolling pastureland in the province of Munster in southwestern Ireland. The area covers parts of three counties: Cork, Limerick and Tipperary. Considered the best land in Ireland for dairy farming, the region has been described as the "heart of the Munster dairying country".
Menard River
The Ménard River is a tributary of the Wawagosic River, flowing into the municipality of Eeyou Istchee James Bay (municipality), in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in Quebec, in Canada. The course of the Ménard River crosses successively the cantons of Lemaire and Brabazon.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities, second. The area is served by some secondary forest roads.

The surface of the river is usually frozen from the end of November to the end of April, however safe ice circulation is generally from early December to mid-April.

James Bay
James Bay (French: Baie James, pronounced [bɛ dʒɛmz]; Cree: ᐐᓂᐯᒄ, romanized: Wînipekw, lit. 'dirty water') is a body of water located on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is politically part of Nunavut. Its largest island is Akimiski Island.

Numerous waterways of the James Bay watershed have been modified with dams or diversion for several major hydroelectric projects. These waterways are also destinations for river-based recreation. Several communities are located near or alongside James Bay, including a number of Aboriginal Canadian communities, such as the Kashechewan First Nation and nine communities affiliated with the Cree of northern Quebec.

As with the rest of Hudson Bay, the waters of James Bay routinely freeze over in winter. It is the last part of Hudson Bay to freeze over in winter, and the first to thaw in summer.
Iron Cross (Belgium)
The Iron Cross (French: Croix de fer, Dutch: IJzeren Kruis) was established by law in 1833 following the end of the Belgian Revolution to recognise serious wounds received and bravery in battle by Belgian citizens taking part in the fight for Belgian independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands between 25 August 1830 and 4 February 1831. A further royal decree of 22 August 1834 created a second class to the Iron Cross for award to all wounded combatants.  Due to the lower perceived importance of the second class award and discontent among recipients, the Iron Cross second class was short-lived and amalgamated to the Iron Cross first class by decree of 21 February 1835.  All recipients now received the (original) first class award.

Lion (heraldry)
The lion is a common charge in heraldry. It traditionally symbolises courage, nobility, royalty, strength, stateliness and valour, because historically the lion has been regarded as the "king of beasts". The lion also carries Judeo-Christian symbolism. The Lion of Judah stands in the coat of arms of Jerusalem. Similar-looking lions can be found elsewhere, such as in the coat of arms of the Swedish royal House of Bjälbo, from there in turn derived into the coat of arms of Finland, formerly belonging to Sweden.
Jhabiran
Jhabiran is a village situated near Sarsawa in the Nakur tehsil of Saharanpur District in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is about 600 kilometres from the state capital Lucknow.

Jhabiran is a mid-sized village with a population of about 7,000 people in around 800 households. It is a predominantly Hindu village, and most of the remainder are Muslim.  More than half of the population belongs to the Jat community. Other castes include Faqir, Nai, Kumhar, Teli, Chamar, Valmiki and Brahmin.

National Highway 344 is 1 km north of Jhabiran.

Teli
Teli is a caste traditionally occupied in the oil pressing and trade in India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Members may be either Hindu or Muslim; Muslim Teli are called Roshandaar or Teli Malik. They are included in Other Backward Class (OBC) category list by the Central government but not the higher sub castes within Teli such as Telik Vaishya.
São Pedro clock
The São Pedro Clock is an open-air monument located in Salvador, the capital of the Brazilian state of Bahia. It is located in Largo de São Pedro, next to the monument to the Baron of Rio Branco, and where the São Pedro Church was previously located, demolished in 1913 for the construction of Avenida Sete de Setembro promoted by the then governor of Bahia J. J. Seabra. The result of an initiative by the Association of Employees in the Commerce of Bahia, it was inaugurated on November 15, 1916 (the day of the Proclamation of the Republic), already under the state government of Antonio Muniz de Aragão.

José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco
José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, Baron of Rio Branco (Portuguese: Barão do Rio Branco; 20 April 1845 – 10 February 1912) was a Brazilian statesman, diplomat, geographer, historian, politician and professor, considered to be the "Patron of Brazilian diplomacy". Rio Branco was the son of statesman José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco.

As a representative of Brazil, he managed to peacefully resolve all the country's border disputes with its South American neighbours in the early 20th century, incorporating 900 thousand square kilometers (roughly 10% of Brazil's current territory) through his diplomacy alone. He was also a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, occupying its 34th chair from 1898 until his death in 1912.
Engagement (sculpture)
Engagement is a series of sculptures by Dennis Oppenheim depicting two diamond engagement rings. One version was installed in 2005 at Sunset Beach in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Others are at the Nevada Museum of Art in Reno, Nevada, San Diego, California, Ruoholahti, Finland, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, and Leoben, Austria.

Sha Tin
Sha Tin, also spelt Shatin, is a neighbourhood along Shing Mun River in the eastern New Territories, Hong Kong. Administratively, it is part of the Sha Tin District. Sha Tin is one of the neighbourhoods of the Sha Tin New Town project.

The new town was founded in 1973 under the New Towns Development Programme of the Hong Kong government. Its current name was named after the nearby village of Sha Tin Wai.  The literal English translation is 'Sand Fields'.
2021 Jordanian Pro League
The 2021 Jordanian Pro League (known as The Jordanian Pro League),   was the 69th season of Jordanian Pro League since its inception in 1944. The season started on 8 April and finished on 4 November 2021,  Al-Ramtha won the title for the 3rd time after the first two titles in 1981 and 1982 .

Al-Wehdat are the defending champions of the 2020 season. Al-Baqa'a and Al-Jalil joined as the promoted clubs from the 2020 Jordan League Division 1. They replaced Al-Sareeh and Al-Ahli who were relegated to the 2021 Jordan League Division 1.

Al-Ramtha SC
Al-Ramtha Sports Club (Arabic: نادي الرمثا الرياضي) is a professional football club based in Ar Ramtha, Jordan. They compete in the Jordanian Pro League, the top flight of Jordanian football.Al-Ramtha sports Club is famous by winning the league title every 30 years
Thomas Embling
Thomas Embling (26 August 1814 – 17 January 1893) was a medical doctor from the United Kingdom who took an interest in the humane treatment of inmates in asylums before emigrating to Melbourne, Australia where he set about reforming the Yarra Bend Asylum.  Later on Thomas Embling took up the cause of the gold miners in Eureka and had a successful career in the early parliament of Victoria.

The Argus (Melbourne)
The Argus was an Australian daily morning newspaper in Melbourne from 2 June 1846 to 19 January 1957, and was considered to be the general Australian newspaper of record for this period. Widely known as a conservative newspaper for most of its history, it adopted a left-leaning approach from 1949. The Argus's main competitor was David Syme's more liberal-minded newspaper, The Age.
Diplom
A Diplom (German: [diˈploːm] ⓘ, from Ancient Greek: δίπλωμα, romanized: diploma) is an academic degree in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland and a similarly named degree in some other European countries including Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine and only for engineers in France, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Brazil.

Education in Brazil
Education in Brazil underwent multiple phases: it first began with Jesuit missions, that controlled education for a long time; then, two hundred years after their arrival, the Jesuits' powers were limited by the Marquis of Pombal; shortly after that, the Brazilian government took over education, which is now run by the government through the Ministry of Education.

Issues in education are now seen through PISA, the Programme for International Student Assessment, and the Idep assessment now used by the Ministry. They have historically tested below average on all topics but are improving in mathematics.

Brazil uses both public and private school systems. They have the traditional primary, secondary, tertiary and technical school levels.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Brazil is doing 86.8% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to education.
Songkhla Hospital
Songkhla Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลสงขลา) is one of the two main hospitals of Songkhla Province, Thailand, operated by the Ministry of Public Health the other being the larger Hatyai Hospital. It is classified under the Ministry of Public Health as a general hospital. It has a CPIRD Medical Education Center which trains doctors for the Faculty of Medicine of Princess of Naradhiwas University. It is an affiliated teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University.

Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)
The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH; Thai: กระทรวงสาธารณสุข, RTGS: Krasuang Satharanasuk) is a Thai governmental body responsible for the oversight of public health in Thailand. It is commonly referred to in Thailand by its abbreviation so tho (สธ.).

The headquarters of the ministry is located in Mueang Nonthaburi, Nonthaburi, and served by Ministry of Public Health MRT station on the MRT Purple Line.