hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus
Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus (c. 200 BC or before 178 BC – after 136 BC) was a Roman statesman. He was a son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and brother of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. First Calvus used to be a Praetor, later a Consul and Governor of Hispania in 142 BC, where he fought, without success, against Viriathus, then he became a Proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in 141 BC, and from 140 BC to 139 he was a Legate. Also during those years, Calvus participated in an embassy to some Eastern states.

Roman governor
A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many provinces constituting the Roman Empire.

The generic term in Roman legal language was rector provinciae, regardless of the specific titles, which also reflects the province's intrinsic and strategic status, and corresponding differences in authority.

By the time of the early Empire, two types of provinces existed—senatorial and imperial—and several types of governor would emerge. Only proconsuls and propraetors fell under the classification of promagistrate.
Rautalanka
Rautalanka is a style of rock music that emerged in Finland in the 1960s, though the term is also used to refer to instrumental rock in general. The term translates literally as "iron wire", referring to the strings of the electric guitar.

Rautalanka is typically played by a quartet consisting of a lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drum kit, but can also include other instruments and vocals. The heyday of rautalanka was in the early 1960s, but it has enthusiasts until the present day. Typical features of rautalanka are sharp and clear melodies, fast tempos and extensive use of tape echo, but little or no overdrive or distortion. The twist-beat is a typical rhythm used. Melodies tend to be in minor keys and melancholic, based on folk tunes and schlager songs.

Schlager music
Schlager (German: [ˈʃlaːɡɐ], "hit(s)") is a style of European popular music generally defined by catchy instrumental accompaniments to vocal pieces of pop music with simple, easygoing, and often sentimental lyrics.

Schlager tracks are typically light pop tunes or sweet, sentimental ballads with simple, catchy melodies. Their lyrics typically center on love, relationships, and feelings. The northern variant of schlager (notably in Finland) has taken elements from Finnic, Nordic, Slavic, and Eastern European folk songs, with lyrics tending toward melancholic and elegiac themes. Musically, schlager bears similarities to styles such as easy listening.

The style was frequently represented in the early years of the Eurovision Song Contest  but has now been replaced by other pop music styles.
Mohan Lal Verma
Mohan Lal Verma was a leader of Indian independence movement and a lifelong follower of Mahatma Gandhi. After independence he was appointed as MLC - Member of the State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) from Hardoi constituency from 1948 to 1952. After this tenure he also served the district of Hardoi for a decade as MLA- Member of the Legislative Assembly for two consecutive terms from 1957 to 1967. He won his first MLA election from Sandila constituency in 1957 and again in 1962 from erstwhile Gondwa constituency. Even after his political career he continued to serve the people of Hardoi and bring development to the district until his death.

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council, also known as Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad, is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Uttar Pradesh, a state in India. Uttar Pradesh is one of the six states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council). The Legislative Council is a permanent house, consisting of 100 members.
Streptomyces mutabilis
Streptomyces mutabilis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil.Streptomyces mutabilis produces the antibiotic mutalomycin.
Streptomyces mutabilis UAE1 has been found to promote plant growth in gray mangroves under greenhouse conditions by producing polyamines putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm).

Spermine
Spermine is a polyamine involved in cellular metabolism that is found in all eukaryotic cells.  The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. It is an essential growth factor in some bacteria as well. It is found as a polycation at physiological pH. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids and is thought to stabilize helical structure, particularly in viruses. It functions as an intracellular free radical scavenger to protect DNA from free radical attack. Spermine is the chemical primarily responsible for the characteristic odor of semen.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described crystals of spermine phosphate in human semen in 1678. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was established in the 1920s, independently by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling in England and by Wrede et al. in Germany.
United States Senate Committee on Patents
The United States Senate Committee on Patents was a committee of the United States Senate.  It was established September 7, 1837, as the "Committee on Patents and the Patent Office" when the Senate approved a resolution of Henry Hubbard of Kentucky. Prior to this, legislation and other matters relating to patents and the Patent Office were referred to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

Newton Booth
Newton Booth (December 30, 1825 – July 14, 1892) was an American entrepreneur and politician who served as the 11th governor of California from 1871 to 1875 and as U.S. Senator from California from 1875 to 1881. He was the only member of the Anti-Monopoly Party elected to the U.S. Senate.
Mazraat Beit Jinn
Mazraat Beit Jinn (Arabic: مزرعة بيت جن), also known as Mazraat Beit Jenn or Mazraat Bayt Jinn, is a Syrian village in the Qatana District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Mazraat Beit Jen had a population of 5,073 at  the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims. It was the site of a fierce battle in the Yom Kippur War.

Nearby localities include Beit Jinn to the west, Arnah to the northwest, Darbal to the north, Hinah to the north-northeast, Maghar al-Mir to the east, Harfa to the south, and Hader to the southwest.

Hader, Quneitra Governorate
Hader (also spelt Hadar; Arabic: حضر) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Khan Arnabah Subdistrict of the Quneitra Governorate. It is in the portion of the governorate that is under de jure Syrian control. The village has been occupied by Israel since 2024. The outer suburbs of the town are within the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone. Nearby localities include Beit Jinn to the northeast, Harfa to the east, Jubata al-Khashab to the south, Majdal Shams in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights to the west and Shebaa in Lebanon to the northwest.
Easington railway station
Easington railway station served the town of Easington Colliery and Easington Village in County Durham, North East England. It was located on the Durham Coast Line between the stations at Horden and Seaham (originally Seaham Colliery).

Easington, County Durham
Easington, also known as Easington Village, is a village and civil parish in eastern County Durham, England. It is located at the junction of the A182 and B1283, leading north-west to Hetton-le-Hole and south east to Horden.

It is near the A19, which travels north to Seaham and Sunderland as well as south to Peterlee and Stockton-on-Tees. The population of Easington Village was 2,164 in 2001, increasing slightly to 2,171 at the 2011 Census.
Parasuramapura
Parasuramapura  is a Town in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Challakere taluk of Chitradurga district in Karnataka, it is 60 km from Chitradurga, and geographically it is arid region. The River Vedavathi flows adjacent to village during rainy season and area records temperature of around 40-45 during peak summer and a minimal rainfall in rainy season, it borders with Ananthpur district of Andhra pradesh. One of the largest solar park in Asia being set up at pavagada, which is 50 km away. Nearest railway Station is at Challakere, 30 km away.

Chitradurga district
Chitradurga district is an administrative district of Karnataka state in south-western India. The city of Chitradurga is the district headquarters. Chitradurga city gets its name from 'Chitrakaldurga', meaning 'picturesque castle' in Kannada.
Eleonora Mærsk
Eleonora Mærsk is one of the world's largest container ships operated by A. P. Moller and registered to Svendborg, Denmark. It was constructed in 2006 at the Odense Steel Shipyard. There are seven other identical sister ships in the A. P. Moller fleet. Eleonora Mærsk and the other seven ships of the E class are among the biggest ever built.

Svendborg
Svendborg (Danish: [ˈsvenˌpɒˀ] ⓘ) is a town on the island of Funen in south-central Denmark, and the seat of Svendborg Municipality. With a population of 27,616 (1 January 2025), Svendborg is Funen's second largest city. In 2000 Svendborg was declared "Town of the year" in Denmark, and in 2003 it celebrated its 750th anniversary as a market town. By road, Svendborg is located 195 kilometres (121 mi) southwest of Copenhagen, 183 kilometres (114 mi) south of Aarhus, 44.2 kilometres (27.5 mi) south of Odense, and 28.5 kilometres (17.7 mi) east of Faaborg.

Svendborg is home to "Danmarks Forsorgsmuseum" social history museum and "Naturama" natural history museum. The latter holds a wide variety of taxidermy from whales and bears to birds and Foxes.

The largest container ship company in the world, A.P. Møller-Mærsk has its origins in Svendborg, in the "Villa Anna".
Historical Christian hairstyles
The hairstyles adopted in the Christian tradition have varied widely over time as well as between locations, social and economic classes, ethnicities, denominations, and the cultures from which Christians have emerged. Among the Clergy and consecrated religious hair styles have also varied between orders and positions with in the church. These variations, along with the regulation of hair styles by church dress code, enabled hair styles to convey information about their wearers role in the church and their relationship to faith.

Dress code
A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regard to what clothing groups of people must wear. Dress codes are created out of social perceptions and norms, and vary based on purpose, circumstances, and occasions. Different societies and cultures are likely to have different dress codes, Western dress codes being a prominent example.

Dress codes are symbolic indications of different social ideas, including social class, cultural identity, attitude towards comfort, tradition, and political or religious affiliations. Dress code also allows individuals to read others' behavior as good, or bad by the way they express themselves with their choice of apparel.
Domain wall (optics)
A domain wall is a term used in physics which can have similar meanings in optics, magnetism, or string theory.  These phenomena can all be generically described as topological solitons which occur whenever a discrete symmetry is spontaneously broken.

As of 2009, a phase-locked dark-dark vector soliton was observed only in fiber lasers of positive dispersion while a phase-locked dark-bright vector soliton was obtained in fiber lasers of either positive or negative dispersion. Numerical simulations confirmed the experimental observations, and further showed that the observed vector solitons are the two types of phase-locked polarization domain-wall solitons theoretically predicted. Another novel type of domain wall soliton is the vector dark domain wall, consisting of stable localized structures separating the two orthogonal linear polarization eigenstates of the laser emission, with a dark structure that is visible only when the total laser emission is measured.

Domain wall (string theory)
In string theory, a domain wall is a theoretical (d−1)-dimensional singularity. A domain wall is meant to represent an object of codimension one embedded into space (a defect in space localized in one spatial dimension). For example, D8-branes are domain walls in type II string theory. In M-theory, the existence of Horava–Witten domain walls, "ends of the world" that carry an E8 gauge theory, is important for various relations between superstring theory and M-theory.

If domain walls exist, their interactions are hypothesized to emit gravitational waves that would be detectable by LIGO and similar experiments.
Harold Innis's communications theories
Harold Adams Innis (November 5, 1894 – November 8, 1952) was a professor of political economy at the University of Toronto and the author of seminal works on Canadian economic history and on media and communication theory. He helped develop the staples thesis, which holds that Canada's culture, political history and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of staples such as fur, fish, wood, wheat, mined metals and fossil fuels. Innis's communications writings explore the role of media in shaping the culture and development of civilizations. He argued, for example, that a balance between oral and written forms of communication contributed to the flourishing of Greek civilization in the 5th century BC. But he warned that Western civilization is now imperiled by powerful, advertising-driven media obsessed by "present-mindedness" and the "continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity."

Parchment
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves and goats. It has been used as a writing medium in West Asia and Europe for more than two millennia. By 400 AD many of the written works intended for preservation in these regions had been transferred from papyrus to parchment. Vellum is a type of fine-quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves.

The generic term animal membrane is sometimes used by libraries and museums that wish to avoid distinguishing between parchment and vellum.
Robert Baynard (died 1636)
Sir Robert Baynard (1563–1636) was an English barrister and member of parliament.

He was the eldest son of Edward Baynard of Lackham, Wilshire, educated at Clare College, Cambridge (1580) and trained in the law at the Middle Temple (1581). He succeeded his father in 1576 and was knighted in 1618.

He was elected a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Chippenham in 1584 and Westbury in 1586. He was on the Wiltshire bench as a Justice of the Peace by 1595 and was appointed High Sheriff of Wiltshire for 1629–30.

He married Ursula, the daughter of Sir Robert Stapleton of Wighill, Yorkshire, with whom he had a daughter.

After his death, a series of brass plaques were placed in the floor of St Cyriac's Church in Lacock, commemorating his life. These were stolen in mid-2004, but quickly returned after a national appeal by police.

Lacock
Lacock is a village and civil parish in the county of Wiltshire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) south of the town of Chippenham, and about 3.7 miles (6.0 km) outside the Cotswolds area. The village is owned almost in its entirety by the National Trust and attracts many visitors by virtue of its unspoiled appearance.

The parish includes Bowden Hill, a small village 1 mile (1.6 km) to the east of Lacock, and the hamlets of Bewley Common, Notton and Reybridge. The Chippenham–Melksham section of the A350 primary route crosses the parish from north to south, as does the River Avon.

A scarecrow festival is held annually in Lacock and is popular with visitors from the local area. All funds raised are donated to Lacock Primary School.
NJ-STEP
NJ-STEP (New Jersey Scholarship and Transformative Education in Prison Consortium) is a prison education initiative in New Jersey which seeks to provide education and rehabilitation to incarcerated people. It was established in 2012. Todd Clear, provost of Rutgers University-Newark and former dean of the Rutgers School of Criminal Justice, is the founder of the NJ-STEP program. The organization began receiving funding in 2013. The NJ-STEP program was created to provide qualifying incarcerated individuals with classes to receive their college degrees. NJ-STEP partners with colleges Princeton University, Rutgers University-Newark, Drew University, the College of New Jersey, Mercer University, Raritan Valley, Essex County College, Salem College, and Rutgers University-Camden.

The College of New Jersey
The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) is a public university in Ewing Township, New Jersey. It is part of New Jersey's public system of higher education. Established in 1855 as the New Jersey State Normal School, TCNJ was the first normal school, or teaching college, in the state of New Jersey and the fifth in the United States. It was originally located in Trenton proper and moved to its present location in adjacent Ewing Township during the early to mid-1930s. Since its inception, TCNJ has undergone several name changes, the most recent being the 1996 change from "Trenton State College" to its current name.

The institution is organized into seven schools, all of which offer bachelor's degree programs and several of which offer master's degree programs. Emphasis is placed on liberal arts education via the college's general education requirements. Much of TCNJ is built in Georgian colonial revival architecture style on a 289-acre (117 ha) tree-lined campus.
Amanda Spiteri Grech
Amanda Spiteri Grech is a Maltese politician from the Labour Party. She was elected to the Parliament of Malta in the 2022 Maltese general election through the gender quota mechanism.

She is a former One News journalist.

Gender quota
A gender quota is a quota used by countries and parties to increase the amount of women or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. Women are largely underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. Around the world, quotas vary greatly in their enforcement and the stage of electoral process targeted, creating three main types of quotas: legislated candidate quotas, voluntary party quotas, and reserved seats. Regardless of their prevalence, they are a controversial measure, creating debates concerning their impacts, both negative and positive.
Ohio State Route 174
State Route 174 (SR 174) is a 9.56-mile (15.39 km) long north–south state highway in the northeastern quadrant of the U.S. state of Ohio.  The highway runs from its southern terminus at a T-intersection with Old Mill Road in a quiet residential neighborhood in the eastern Cleveland suburb of Gates Mills to its northern terminus at a signalized intersection with U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Willoughby that doubles as the eastern terminus of SR 640.

Willoughby, Ohio
Willoughby is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States, along the Chagrin River. The population was 23,959 at the time of the 2020 census. A suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.
Forgetful functor
In mathematics, more specifically in the area of category theory, a forgetful functor (also known as a stripping functor) "forgets" or drops some or all of the input's structure or properties before mapping to the output. For an algebraic structure of a given signature, this may be expressed by curtailing the signature: the new signature is an edited form of the old one. If the signature is left as an empty list, the functor is simply to take the underlying set of a structure. Because many structures in mathematics consist of a set with an additional added structure, a forgetful functor that maps to the underlying set is the most common case.

Signature (logic)
In mathematical logic, a signature is a description of the non-logical symbols of a formal language. In universal algebra, a signature lists the operations that characterize an algebraic structure. In model theory, signatures are used for both purposes. They are rarely made explicit in more philosophical treatments of logic.
Second Gutwein ministry
The Second Gutwein Ministry is a former ministry of the Government of Tasmania, led by Peter Gutwein of the Tasmanian Liberals. It was formed on 19 May 2021, after the Liberal Party won the 2021 Tasmanian state election. The ministry dissolved on 8 April 2022, after Gutwein resigned from his premiership and quit politics, and was succeeded by the Rockliff ministry.

Peter Gutwein
Peter Carl Gutwein (/ɡʌtwən/, German: [ˈɡuːtvaɪ̯n]; born 21 December 1964) is a former Australian politician who was the 46th premier of Tasmania from 2020 to 2022. He was a Liberal Party member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 2002 to 2022, representing the electorate of Bass. He succeeded Will Hodgman as leader of the Liberal Party and Tasmanian Premier on 20 January 2020.
Edward V. Long
Edward Vaughn Long (July 18, 1908 – November 6, 1972) was a United States senator from Missouri and a member of the Democratic Party. He served in the United States Senate from 1960 until 1968. One of his most notable accomplishments as a US Senator writing the final draft of the Freedom of Information Act which passed in 1966 after 11 years of research, creation, and fight by the "Father of the Freedom of Information Act", Representative John E. Moss (D) of Sacramento, California.

John E. Moss
John Emerson Moss (April 13, 1915 – December 5, 1997) was an American World War II veteran and politician of the Democratic Party, noted for his championing of the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) through multiple sessions of the United States House of Representatives where he served from 1953 to 1978.
Mumboism
Mumboism, also known as the Mumbo cult, was a new religious movement founded by Onyango Dunde in the early 20th century. Followers of the religion, known as Mumboites, were most active in the Nyanza region of Kenya near Lake Victoria. The movement had anti-imperial teachings and was suppressed by the colonial government of Kenya.

Nyanza Province
Nyanza Province (Kenyan English: [ˈɲaːnzə]; Swahili: Mkoa wa Nyanza) was one of Kenya's eight administrative provinces before the formation of the 47 counties under the 2010 constitution. Six counties were organised in the area of the former province.

The region is located in the southwestern part of Kenya around Lake Victoria. It includes part of the eastern edge of the lake and is inhabited predominantly by the Luo people and Kisii people.  There are also Bantu-speaking tribes, such as the Kuria, and some Luhya, living in the province. The province derives its name from Nyanza, a Bantu word which means a large mass of water.

The provincial capital was Kisumu, the third-largest city in Kenya. The province had a population of 4,392,196 at the 1999 census within an area of 16.162 km2, or 12.613 km2 of land.

The climate is tropical humid.
Northwestern Regional School District No. 7
Northwestern Regional School District No. 7 (NWR7) is a school district headquartered in Winsted, Connecticut.

Its service area includes Barkhamsted, Colebrook, New Hartford, and Norfolk. Its service area does not include Winsted.

Within the total student body New Hartford residents comprise, in a given year, around 48% to 51%.

It operates two schools:

Northwestern Regional High School

Northwestern Regional Middle School

In 2023 the district selected Steve LePage as the superintendent.

New Hartford, Connecticut
New Hartford is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 6,658 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region. The town center is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the New Hartford Center census-designated place (CDP). The town is mainly a rural community consisting of farms, homes, and parks. Brodie Park and Ski Sundown are located in New Hartford.