hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Senja District Court
Senja District Court (Norwegian: Senja tingrett) was a district court located in the town of Finnsnes in Troms county, Norway. The court served the central and southeastern part of the county which included the municipalities of Bardu, Berg, Dyrøy, Lenvik, Målselv, Torsken, Tranøy, and Sørreisa. The court was subordinate to the Hålogaland Court of Appeal. The court was led by the chief judge (Sorenskriver) Frank Kjetil Olsen. This court employed a chief judge and two other judges.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

Lay judge
A lay judge, sometimes called a lay assessor, is a person assisting a judge in a trial. Lay judges are used in some civil law jurisdictions. Lay judges are appointed volunteers and often require some legal instruction. However, they are not permanent officers. They attend proceedings about once a month, and often receive only nominal or "costs covered" pay. Lay judges are usually used when the country does not have juries. Lay judges may be randomly selected for a single trial (as jurors are), or politically appointed. In the latter case they may usually not be rejected by the prosecution, the defense, or the permanent judges. Lay judges are similar to magistrates of England and Wales, but magistrates sit about twice as often.
Eustache Muhanzi
Eustache Muhanzi Mubembe is a Congolese politician. He was a former Minister of Water Resources and Electricity of Democratic Republic of the Congo, under Ilunga government that ran from September 2019 to April 2021, as well as a member of parliament. He is a member of Union for Democracy and Social Progress.

Union for Democracy and Social Progress
The Union for Democracy and Social Progress (French: Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social, UDPS) is a major political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Founded in 1982, amid the one-party rule of Mobutu Sese Seko and his Popular Movement of the Revolution, it is the country's oldest existing party. During the presidency of Joseph Kabila, it was the largest opposition party in the country. The party identifies as social democratic.

The party is led by Félix Tshisekedi, who has served as President of the DRC since his election in 2018. Tshisekedi's assumption of the presidency was the first peaceful transition of power in the country since it became independent from Belgium in 1960. He was reelected in 2023. His father Étienne Tshisekedi previously led the party.
Glutamicibacter protophormiae
Glutamicibacter protophormiae is a bacterium belonging to the genus Glutamicibacter. It contains a glycolipid 3-[O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl]-sn-1,2-diglyceride (DMDG). It has peptidoglycan type A4α with a bridge of (Lys–Ala–L-Glu). It has unsaturated menaquinones, dominated by MK-8. It does not contain the lipid phosphatidylinositol.

The species was described by O. Lysenko in 1959 with genus Brevibacterium. B. protophormiae was reclassified in 1984 as Arthrobacter protophormiae and as Glutamicibacter protophormiae in 2016.

The cell wall of G. protophormiae contains a teichoic acid that contains glucose, glycerol, glucosamine, and galactosamine.

Glucosamine
Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of two polysaccharides, chitosan and chitin. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of shellfish exoskeletons or, less commonly, by fermentation of a grain such as corn or wheat. Glucosamine has various names depending on the country and its intended use.

Although a common dietary supplement, there is little clinical evidence that it is effective for relief of arthritis or pain, and is not an approved prescription drug in most countries, although it is listed as a medicinal product in Europe. Worldwide, there are no clinical organizations that recommend use of glucosamine as a treatment for arthritis.
Tosa Obake Zōshi
The Tosa Obake Zōshi (土佐お化け草紙; lit. 'Tosa ghost book') is a Japanese yōkai emaki (illustrated scroll). It was written by an unknown author and is set in Tosa Province (now Kōchi Prefecture), with 16 sections about yōkai in total; it was created during the Edo period. There are two editions, the private collection, originally owned by the Horimi family, and the collection of the Sakawa Education Committee of Sakawa, Kōchi Prefecture.

Sakawa, Kōchi
Sakawa (佐川町, Sakawa-chō) is a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 August 2022, the town had an estimated population of 12,306 in 6036 households and a population density of 120 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 100.8 square kilometres (38.9 sq mi).
Voiceless (series)
The Voiceless series is a series of musical drama novels by a Wattpad author under the name of HaveYouSeenThisGirL. The original, unedited story was first posted on the online literary site Wattpad. The story was split into two books by PSICOM Publishing Inc.

In May 2014, in a segment at Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho, it was announced that the series will be getting its own film adaptation. Viva Films acquired the title and currently has no confirmed released date. This is the fourth movie adaptation to be announced of a story first published in Wattpad after Diary ng Panget, She's Dating the Gangster, and Talk Back and You're Dead.

Viva Films
Viva Films, Inc. (also known as Viva Films, stylized as VIVA Films) is a Philippine film production and distribution company owned by Viva Communications. It was founded in 1981 by Vic del Rosario Jr. and his sister Tess Cruz. Viva Films is one of the largest film studios in the Philippines, along with Star Cinema, Regal Entertainment and GMA Pictures.
Strong partition cardinal
In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice, a strong partition cardinal is an uncountable well-ordered cardinal  such that every partition of the set of size  subsets of  into less than  pieces has a homogeneous set of size .

The existence of strong partition cardinals contradicts the axiom of choice. The axiom of determinacy implies that ℵ1 is a strong partition cardinal.

Partition of a set
In mathematics, a partition of a set is a grouping of its elements into non-empty subsets, in such a way that every element is included in exactly one subset.

Every equivalence relation on a set defines a partition of this set, and every partition defines an equivalence relation. A set equipped with an equivalence relation or a partition is sometimes called a setoid, typically in type theory and proof theory.
Izberbash Pedagogical College
Izberbash Pedagogical College (Russian: Избербашский педагогический колледж), officially designated the M. M. Medzhidov Professional and Pedagogical College, is among the oldest institutions of public education in Dagestan and served as the first center in the republic for the training of schoolteachers. It traces its origins to the Temir-Khan-Shura Real School (in present-day Buynaksk), which was established in 1880. The college functions as a state-funded institution of secondary vocational education and is in the city of Izberbash, Dagestan.

Its academic structure comprises three departments: music, art and graphics, and elementary education.

Buynaksk
Buynaksk (Russian: Буйнакск; Avar: Шура, romanized: Şura; Kumyk: Темирхан-Шура, romanized: Temirxan-Şura; Lak: ЩурахӀи, romanized: Schurahi) is a town in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus on the Shura-Ozen River, 40 kilometers (25 mi) southwest of the republic's capital Makhachkala. Population: 62,623 (2010 Census); 61,437 (2002 Census); 56,783 (1989 Soviet census); 40,000 (1970).
John FitzSymond
Sir John FitzSymond (c. 1342 – c. 1392), of North Shoebury, Essex, was an English politician.

He was the son and heir of Sir Edmund Fitzsymond of North Shoebury, Essex

FitzSymond was appointed High Sheriff of Essex and High Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 1378–1379 and was elected a member of parliament for Essex in April 1384, 1385 and September 1388.

North Shoebury
North Shoebury is part of Shoeburyness, a suburb of the city of Southend-on-Sea in Essex, England. North Shoebury was historically a separate village and parish. The civil parish was abolished in 1933, when the western part of the parish, including the village itself, was absorbed into Southend-on-Sea, and the eastern part of the parish was added to Great Wakering. Although abolished as a civil parish, North Shoebury remains an ecclesiastical parish. The area around the small village of North Shoebury saw extensive development during the 20th century, and it and Shoeburyness have become part of the built up area of Southend.
Veronica peregrina
Veronica peregrina is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by several common names including neckweed, American speedwell, purslane speedwell and hairy purslane speedwell. It is native to the Americas, and is known on other continents as an introduced species and a common weed. It can be weedy in its native range as well, growing on roadsides, on fields, and in other disturbed habitat. It is an annual herb growing from a taproot. The two subspecies are defined generally on the basis of hairiness: ssp. xalapensis is coated in glandular hairs and ssp. peregrina is a hairless variety. The plant produces erect stems up to about 30 centimeters tall. The leaves vary in shape from linear to lance-shaped to spoon-shaped with smooth or serrated edges; the lower leaves are borne on petioles. The inflorescence is a loose terminal raceme of flowers and lance-shaped bracts. The flowers are generally white and 2 or 3 millimeters wide.

Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae, the plantain family or veronica family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain". In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, often abbreviated as PEX and sometimes as PES or PXS, is an aging-related systemic disease manifesting itself primarily in the eyes which is characterized by the accumulation of microscopic granular amyloid-like protein fibers. Its cause is unknown, although there is speculation that there may be a genetic basis. It is more prevalent in women than men, and in persons past the age of seventy. Its prevalence in different human populations varies; for example, it is prevalent in Scandinavia. The buildup of protein clumps can block normal drainage of the eye fluid called the aqueous humor and can cause, in turn, a buildup of pressure leading to glaucoma and loss of vision (pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, exfoliation glaucoma). As worldwide populations become older because of shifts in demography, PEX may become a matter of greater concern.

Optic nerve
In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.
Eugene Crum Foshee
Eugene Crum Foshee, Sr. (December 13, 1937 – March 18, 2017) was an American politician.

Born in Red Level, Alabama, Foshee owned a cotton and peanut farm in Red Level. He served in the Alabama House of Representatives from 1966 to 1970 and was a Democrat. Foshee then served in the Alabama Senate and retired in 1994. After he retired, Foshee was a consultant in government relations.

Alabama Senate
32°22′36″N 86°17′56″W﻿ / ﻿32.37667°N 86.29889°W﻿ / 32.37667; -86.29889

The Alabama State Senate is the upper house of the Alabama Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Alabama. The body is composed of 35 members representing an equal number of districts across the state, with each district containing at least 127,140 citizens. Similar to the lower house, the Alabama House of Representatives, the senate serves both without term limits and with a four-year term.

The Alabama State Senate meets at the State House in Montgomery.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the United States Senate, the senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions and boards.
Hathor 27
Hathor 26 – Coptic calendar – Hathor 28

The twenty-seventh day of the Coptic month of Hathor, the third month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to November 23, of the Julian calendar, and December 6, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.

Hathor (month)
Hathor (Coptic: Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Hathōr), also known as Athyr (Ancient Greek: Ἀθύρ, Athýr) and Hatur (Arabic: هاتور), is the third month of the ancient Egyptian and Coptic calendars. It lies between November 10 and December 9 of the Gregorian calendar.

The month of Hathor is also the third month of the season of Akhet (Inundation) in Ancient Egypt, when the Nile floods historically covered the land of Egypt; they have not done so since the construction of the High Dam at Aswan.
Jesús Inostroza
Jesús Inostroza Toro is a Chilean photographer. He was official photographer of Chilean presidents Patricio Aylwin, Eduardo Frei and Ricardo Lagos, between 1990 and 2001.

He studied Fine Arts, mention in photography, in the Institute of Art of Universidad de Chile from 1975 to 1980.

He worked as a sport photographer in magazines Foto Sport, Estadio, Deporte Total and Triunfo. Between 1987 and 1990 he worked in La Época, a leftish newspaper.

From 1990 to 2001, he worked as a photographer and Head of photography department for Chilean presidents Patricio Aylwin, Eduardo Frei and Ricardo Lagos.

Then, he worked as a photographer in the Metropolitan Zoo in Santiago and was the editor for La Nación newspaper in 2005. He has also taught in universities and institutes.

La Nación (Chile)
La Nación is a Chilean newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila. It was a private company until 1927, when it was expropriated by dictator Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, and has remained a state property till 2014.  Currently it is owned by Comunicaciones LANET S.A..

Is published by the SA La Nacion newspaper company that also publishes the Official Journal of the Republic of Chile. Company revenues come primarily from sales of the Official Journal and the printing division of the company, and currently the market share of the newspaper (except La Nación Domingo, the Sunday edition) is marginal, due to its low circulation.
Filippo Valguarnera
Filippo Valguarnera (born August 27, 1977) is an Italian-Swedish legal scholar dedicated mainly to the study of access to nature and access to justice. He earned his law degree and Ph.D. at the University of Florence (Italy). Filippo Valguarnera spent time as a visiting fellow at Uppsala University and New York University.  Filippo Valguarnera is currently member of the law faculty at University of Gothenburg (Sweden).
Filippo Valguarnera leads together with Ugo Mattei (University of California - Hastings) and  Saki Bailey (International University College of Turin) a research project on access to commons in the frame of the Common Core of European Private Law.

Ugo Mattei
Ugo Mattei (born 1961) is the Emeritus Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, in San Francisco, California, and a full professor of civil law in the University of Turin, Italy. He is the academic coordinator of the International University College of Turin, Italy, a school where issues of law and finance in global capitalism are critically approached. He is also a columnist for the Italian newspapers Il Manifesto and Il Fatto Quotidiano. For his ground-breaking studies on the commons, in 2017 Mattei won the Elinor Ostrom Award for the Collective Governance of the Commons.
Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air
Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air is a sampler issued by the Harvest Records label, originally released in 1970 and notable for including the previously unreleased Pink Floyd song, "Embryo".

The similarly-entitled A Breath of Fresh Air – A Harvest Records Anthology 1969–1974 released on 14 May 2007 borrowed most of the original title, but had only three tracks in common with its precursor (Pink Floyd's "Embryo", Panama Limited's "Round and Round", and Quatermass' "Black Sheep of the Family"). Although most tracks featured were of similar vintage, the album was a retrospective compilation, rather than a promotional sampler.

Michael Chapman (singer)
Michael Chapman (24 January 1941 – 10 September 2021) was a British singer-songwriter and guitarist who released 58 albums, displaying a "fusion of jazz, rock, Indian and ragtime styles [that] made him a cult hero". He began playing with jazz bands, mainly in his home town of Leeds, and became well known in the folk clubs of the late 1960s, as well as on the progressive music scene. Having celebrated fifty years as a professional musician in 2016, he continued to regularly tour the UK, Europe and US.

The significance of Chapman's work underwent several favourable reappraisals, particularly in the 1990s and 2010s. Thurston Moore, with whom Chapman collaborated, cited him as an inspiration in the formation of Sonic Youth.
Birmingham–Peterborough line
The Birmingham–Peterborough line is a cross-country railway line in England, linking Birmingham, Leicester and Peterborough, via Nuneaton, Oakham and Stamford

Since the Beeching Axe railway closures in the 1960s, it has been the only direct railway link between the West Midlands and the East of England. The line is important for cross-country passenger services; east of Peterborough, the route gives access from the Midlands to various locations in the East of England, such as Ely, Cambridge and Stansted Airport via the West Anglia lines. It is also strategically important for freight, for it allows container trains from the Port of Felixstowe to travel to the Midlands and beyond.

East of England
The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of ITL for statistical purposes.  It consists of the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. The northern part of the region, consisting of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, is known as East Anglia. The latter region has been considered an informal region in its own right due to its differing cultural identity.

The population of the East of England in 2024 was 6,576,306. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford and Cambridge are the most populous settlements. Peterborough is the largest city in the East of England at 215,000. The southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt.
2023 Coosa Valley Open – Doubles
Enzo Couacaud and Andrew Harris were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Luke Johnson and Sem Verbeek won the title after defeating Gabriel Décamps and Alex Rybakov 6–2, 6–2 in the final.

Gabriel Décamps
Gabriel Décamps (born 7 August 1999) is a Brazilian tennis player. Décamps has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 262, achieved on 19 September 2022 and a doubles ranking of No. 406, achieved on 6 March 2023.

Décamps played college tennis at Central Florida.

In April 2023, he announced his temporary withdrawal of professional tennis due mental health issues. In September of that year, he returned to tennis activities.
Kirwan map
In differential geometry, the Kirwan map, introduced by British mathematician Frances Kirwan, is the homomorphism

where

is a Hamiltonian G-space; i.e., a symplectic manifold acted by a Lie group G with a moment map .

is the equivariant cohomology ring of ; i.e.. the cohomology ring of the homotopy quotient  of  by .

is the symplectic quotient of  by  at a regular central value  of .

It is defined as the map of equivariant cohomology induced by the inclusion  followed by the canonical isomorphism .

A theorem of Kirwan says that if  is compact, then the map is surjective in rational coefficients. The analogous result holds between the K-theory of the symplectic quotient and the equivariant topological K-theory of .

Universal bundle
In mathematics, the universal bundle in the theory of fiber bundles with structure group a given topological group G, is a specific bundle over a classifying space BG, such that every bundle with the given structure group G over M is a pullback by means of a continuous map M → BG.
Speck Products
Speculative Product Design, doing business as Speck Products is a San Mateo, California-based company that makes protective cases for portable electronic devices including iPad, iPhone, MacBook, Android devices, Windows Phone devices, tablets and eReaders. It became a subsidiary of Samsonite on 29 May 2014. who later sold Speck to Telementum Global, LLC in July 2021.

E-reader
An e-reader, also called an e reader or e device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.

Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability, and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantage over printed books is portability: an e-reader is capable of storing thousands of books while weighing less than a single one. Another advantage is the convenience provided by add-on features.
Eufrasia de Guzmán
Eufrasia de Guzmán (fl. 1592) was a Spanish courtier.  She was the long-term royal mistress of King Philip II of Spain.

She was the lady-in-waiting of Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal from 1550. She was the mistress of Philip in 1559–1564, when the king waited for his wife Elizabeth of Valois to be old enough to sexually consummate their marriage.

She had a son with Philip in 1564, after which Philip arranged a marriage for her (to a prince of Ascoli) and terminated the relationship.

Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal
Joanna of Austria (Spanish: Doña Juana de Austria; in Portuguese, Dona Joana de Áustria;  24 June 1535 – 7 September 1573) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and Princess of Portugal by marriage to João Manuel, Prince of Portugal. She served as regent of Spain for her brother Philip II during his trips to England to marry Mary I from 1554 to 1556, and 1556 to 1559. She was the mother of King Sebastian of Portugal.

Married at 16 to her even younger husband, Joanna was widowed after two years, giving birth in the same month to her only child. Later that year Joanna returned to Spain at her father's request, leaving her young son in the care of her mother-in-law, who was also her aunt. She never saw Sebastian again, but corresponded and had portraits sent. In later life Joanna was active in religious affairs.