hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hubasha
Hubasha was one among the greatest marketplaces of Arabia. It was in the territory of the Azdi tribe in Tihama, six days' journey from Mecca. It was the last of the Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic Arabia) markets to be destroyed.  For many years, it was overseen annually during the month of Rajab by troops appointed by the governor of Mecca.  This state of affairs continued until 197 AH (AD 812–813), when the governor's appointee was killed by a tribesman.  Under the advice of Meccan scholars, the Governor of Mecca, Da'ud b. ‘Isa b. Musa, decided to destroy the market.

Azd
The Azd (Arabic: أَزْد), or Al-Azd (Arabic: ٱلْأَزْد), is an ancient Arabian tribe originating from South Arabia. The lands of Azd occupied an area west of Bisha and Al Bahah in what is today Saudi Arabia.
History of Azad Kashmir
The history of Azad Kashmir, a disputed part of the Kashmir region currently administered by Pakistan, is related to the history of the Kashmir region during the Dogra rule. Azad Kashmir borders the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the south and west respectively, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the east. The region is claimed by India and has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947.

Hari Singh
Sir Hari Singh Bahadur GCSI GCIE GCVO (September 1895 – 26 April 1961) was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir of the Dogra dynasty.

Hari Singh was the son of Amar Singh and Bhotiali Chib. In 1923, following his uncle's death, Singh became the new Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. After Indian Independence in 1947, Singh wanted Jammu and Kashmir to remain as an independent kingdom. He acceded to the Dominion of India to get the support of Indian troops against an invasion by tribal armed men and the Pakistan Army into his state. Singh remained the titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished by the Indian government. After spending his final days in Bombay, he died on 26 April 1961.

Singh was a controversial ruler. He faced an agitation in Kashmir in 1931 and successful rebellions in Poonch and Gilgit-Baltistan in 1947. He was  complicit in the 1947 Jammu massacres.
Caravan to Vaccarès
Caravan to Vaccarès is a novel by author Alistair MacLean, originally published in 1970. This novel is set in the Provence region of southern France. The novel was originally written as a screenplay for producer Elliot Kastner.

Elliott Kastner
Elliott Kastner (January 7, 1930 – June 30, 2010) was an American film producer, whose best known credits include Where Eagles Dare (1968), The Long Goodbye (1973), The Missouri Breaks (1976), and Angel Heart (1987).
History of Sufism
Sufism is the mystical branch of Islam in which Muslims seek divine love and truth through direct personal experience of God. This mystic tradition within Islam developed in several stages of growth, emerging first in the form of early asceticism, based on the teachings of Hasan al-Basri, before entering the second stage of more classical mysticism of divine love, as promoted by al-Ghazali and Attar of Nishapur, and finally emerging in the institutionalised form of today's network of fraternal Sufi orders, based on Sufis such as Rumi and Yunus Emre. At its core, however, Sufism remains an individual mystic experience, and a Sufi can be characterized as one who seeks the annihilation of the ego in God.

Attar of Nishapur
Faridoddin Abu Hamed Mohammad Attar Nishapuri (Persian: فریدالدین ابوحامد محمد عطار نیشابوری; c. 1145 – c. 1221), better known by his pen-names Faridoddin (فریدالدین) and Attar of Nishapur (عطار نیشاپوری, Attar means apothecary), was a Persian poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer from Nishapur who had an immense and lasting influence on Persian poetry and Sufism. He wrote a collection of lyrical poems and number of long poems in the philosophical tradition of Islamic mysticism, as well as a prose work with biographies and sayings of famous Muslim mystics. The Conference of the Birds, Book of the Divine, and Memorial of the Saints are among his best known works.
Alsamixer
alsamixer is a terminal user interface mixer program for the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) that is used to configure sound settings and adjust the volume. It uses ncurses to draw its user interface. It supports multiple sound cards with multiple devices.

Text-based user interface
In computing, text-based user interfaces (TUI) (alternately terminal user interfaces, to reflect a dependence upon the properties of computer terminals and not just text), is a retronym describing a type of user interface (UI) common as an early form of human–computer interaction, before the advent of bitmapped displays and modern conventional graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Like modern GUIs, they can use the entire screen area and may accept mouse and other inputs. They may also use color and often structure the display using box-drawing characters such as ┌ and ╣. The modern context of use is usually a terminal emulator.
Doluküp, Tunceli
Doluküp (Kurdish: Merxo) is a village in the Tunceli District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Suran tribe and had a population of 45 in 2021.

The hamlets of Ağaçlı and Taşpınar are attached to the village.

Tunceli Province
Tunceli Province (Turkish: Tunceli ili), formerly Dersim Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Dêrsim; Zazaki: Dêsim wilayet; Armenian: Տէրսիմի մարզ), is a province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Its central city is Tunceli. The province has a Kurdish majority. Moreover, it is the only province in Turkey with an Alevi majority. The province has eight municipalities, 366 villages and 1,087 hamlets.
Rondoy
Rondoy (possibly from Quechua runtuy: "to hail" or "to lay an egg") is a 5,870-metre-high (19,259 ft) mountain in the north of the Huayhuash mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Ancash Region, Bolognesi Province, Pacllón District, and in the Huánuco Region, Lauricocha Province, Queropalca District. Rondoy lies north of Yerupajá and Jirishanca and southwest of Lake Mitococha.

Department of Ancash
Ancash (Quechua: Anqash; Spanish: Áncash pronounced [ˈaŋkaʃ]) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's west, it is bordered by the departments of La Libertad on the north, Huánuco and Pasco on the east, Lima on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Huaraz, and its largest city and port is Chimbote.
Arbëreshë
Arbën/Arbër, from which derived Arbënesh/Arbëresh  originally meant all Albanians, until the 18th century. Today it is used for different groups of Albanian origin, including:

Arbër (given name), an Albanian masculine given name

Arbëreshë people, a population group of Italy
Arbëresh, the language variety spoken by the Arbëreshë

Arvanites, a population group of Greece
Arvanitika, the language variety spoken by the Arvanites

Arbanasi people, a population group of Croatia
Arbanasi dialect

Arvanitika
Arvanitika (/ˌɑːrvəˈnɪtɪkə/; Arvanitika: αρbε̰ρίσ̈τ, romanized: arbërisht; Greek: αρβανίτικα, romanized: arvanítika), also known as Arvanitic, is the variety of Albanian traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece. Arvanitika was brought to Southern Greece during the late Middle Ages by Albanian settlers who moved south from their homeland in present-day Albania in several waves. The dialect preserves elements of medieval Albanian, while also being significantly influenced by the Greek language. Arvanitika is today endangered, as its speakers have been shifting to the use of Greek and most younger members of the community no longer speak it.
Crave Entertainment
Crave Entertainment (aka Crave Games) was an American video game publisher founded in 1997 by Nima Taghavi. Its headquarters was in Newport Beach, California. It was acquired by Handleman Company in 2005 in a deal valued up to $95 million but was then sold to Fillpoint LLC in early 2009 for only $8.1 million due to Handleman's bankruptcy and pending liquidation. During its lifetime it published games for Dreamcast, Wii, Nintendo DS, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo 64, GameCube, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PSP, Xbox, and Xbox 360. Crave mainly focused on budget titles, and imported games such as Tokyo Xtreme Racer series.

Newport Beach, California
Newport Beach is a city in southern Orange County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, Newport Beach had a population of 85,239. Located about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of downtown Los Angeles, Newport Beach is known for its sandy beaches. The city's harbor once supported maritime industries; today, it is used mostly for recreation. Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path and easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants.
Harri Greville
Harri Greville (born 28 November 1990) is a Welsh former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2010s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for South Wales Scorpions in the Rugby League National Championship 1, as a prop.

RFL League One
The Rugby Football League's League One (known as the Betfred League One) was the third-highest division of rugby league in Britain. It was also the lowest level of professional rugby league in Britain.

Introduced in 2003 as National League 2 it was the first time British rugby league had a third tier since the old Third and Second Divisions merged  in 1998. The league was rebranded as Championship 1 in 2009, then League 1 in 2015, and League One in 2022.

The league was disbanded at the conclusion of 2025 due to the merger of the Championship and League One for the 2026 season.
Alden House (Bentonville, Arkansas)
The Alden House is a historic house in a rural part of southern Bentonville, Arkansas.  It stands in an agricultural area which lies on 0.75 miles (1.21 km) north and 0.4 miles (0.64 km) west of the community of Osage Mills.  It is a 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, most notable for a single-story porch, which wraps around three sides of the house. The main entrance is located in the beveled northwest corner of the building. The house, built in c. 1900 by the son of Philo Alden, a leading local farmer of the time, has a distinctive combination of Colonial Revival and Eastlake Victorian features.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Bentonville, Arkansas
Bentonville, Arkansas is a city in and the county seat of Benton County, Arkansas, United States. The city is centrally located in the county with Rogers adjacent to the east. The city proper had a population of 54,164 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in Arkansas. It is one of the four main cities in the three-county Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area, with 546,725 residents in 2020.

The city is the birthplace and headquarters of Walmart, the world's largest retailer. Bentonville is one of the fastest-growing cities in the state.
Dean Ornish
Dean Michael Ornish (born July 16, 1953) is an American physician and researcher. He is the president and founder of the nonprofit Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California, and a clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. The author of Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease, Eat More, Weigh Less and The Spectrum, he advocates for diet and lifestyle changes he believes can treat and prevent heart disease.

Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General or MGH) is a teaching hospital located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the original and largest clinical education and research facility of Harvard Medical School/Harvard University, and houses the world's largest hospital-based research program with an annual research budget of more than $1.2 billion in 2021. It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States with a patient capacity of 999 beds. Along with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General is a founding member of Mass General Brigham, formerly known as Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts.
Dr. Belisario Domínguez Municipality
Dr. Belisario Domínguez is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at San Lorenzo. The municipality covers an area of 7,877 km2.

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 2,911, up from 1,453 as of 2005.

The municipality had 41 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

It acquired its present name in 1935 in honor of Belisario Domínguez, a senator for Chiapas murdered during the Mexican Revolution.

Belisario Domínguez
Belisario Domínguez Palencia (April 25, 1863 in Comitán, Chiapas – October 7, 1913 in Mexico City) was a Mexican physician and liberal politician. He served as senator and gave a memorable speech in the Congress during the Mexican Revolution against the dictator Victoriano Huerta, for which he was murdered.
Thomas Anderson (chemist)
Thomas Anderson (2 July 1819 – 2 November 1874) was a 19th-century British chemist. In 1853 his work on alkaloids led him to discover the correct formula/composition for codeine. In 1868 he discovered pyridine and related organic compounds such as picoline through studies on the distillation of bone oil and other animal matter.

As well as his work on organic chemistry, Anderson made important contributions to agricultural chemistry, writing over 130 reports on soils, fertilisers and plant diseases. He kept abreast of all areas of science, and was able to advise his colleague Joseph Lister on Pasteur's germ theory and the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.

Phenol
Phenol (also known as carbolic acid, phenolic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire.

The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. It is acutely toxic and is considered a health hazard.

Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 million tonnes a year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds, and is a liquid when manufactured. It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, explosives such as picric acid, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.
Saje Natural Wellness
Saje Natural Wellness is a Canadian retailer of private-label essential oils and skin care products. The company was founded in 1992 by Kate and Jean-Pierre LeBlanc in Lonsdale Quay, Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2016, the company opened their first international location in California. The company is currently headquartered in the Vancouver neighborhood of Mount Pleasant.

Skin care
Skin care or skincare is the practice of maintaining and improving the health and appearance of the skin. It includes washing, moisturizing, protecting from the sun, and treating skin problems like acne and dryness.

Skin care is at the interface of cosmetics and dermatology. Skin care differs from dermatology by its inclusion of non-physician professionals, such as estheticians and nursing staff. Skin care includes modifications of individual behavior and of environmental and working conditions. Skin care is applied during recovery from wound healing, radiation therapy, and the management of some medications.

Skin care needs vary according to age, diseases, wounds, exposure to the sun, environmental extremes, and chemicals. Skin care products exist as regulated prescription drugs and as topical agents marketed as cosmetics but having no clinical proof of efficacy. A skin care physician is called a dermatologist.
Steung Saen River
Steung Saen River (ស្ទឹងសែន), sometimes spelt Steung Sen, is a river in Cambodia. It is a major tributary of the Tonlé Sap River. The Stung Sen River Basin is the largest among the 11 main tributaries around Tonlé Sap with a catchment surface of 16,344 km2 (1,634,400 ha). The basin receives about 1,500 mm (59 in) of rain per year.

The river passes through Preah Vihear Province and Kampong Thom Province. The northern extent of the river basin corresponds to the border with Thailand as in 1904, Siam and the French colonial authorities ruling Cambodia formed a joint commission to demarcate their mutual border to largely follow the watershed line of the Dângrêk mountain range.

Dângrêk Mountains
The Dângrêk Mountains (/ˈdɑːŋrɛk/; Khmer: ជួរភ្នំដងរែក, Chuŏr Phnum Dângrêk [cuə pʰnom ɗɑːŋrɛːk]; Thai: ทิวเขาพนมดงรัก, RTGS: Thio Khao Phanom Dongrak [tʰīw kʰǎw pʰānōm dōŋrák], lit. 'Mountain of Carrying stick shape'), also the Dângrêk Range, is a mountain range forming a natural border between Cambodia and Thailand. Anlong Veng became the final headquarters of the Khmer Rouge of Democratic Kampuchea and Pol Pot is buried there.
Cola clavata
Cola clavata is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is native to Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, and Tanzania. In Mozambique it is found in the coastal forests of Zambezia and Sofala.

It is affected by habitat loss from the destruction of its native forests by human-caused fires and conversion to agriculture. Only small patches of undisturbed forest remain.

Sofala Province
Sofala [suˈfalɐ] is a province of Mozambique. It has a population of 2,259,248 (2017 census). Beira is the capital of the province, named for the ruined port of Sofala which is 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the south.
Firewood (album)
Firewood is the second album from the Swedish occult rock band Witchcraft. The album was released in 2005 by Rise Above Records. At roughly 8:50 in to the last track "Attention!", there is a cover of the Pentagram song "When the Screams Come". The vinyl edition does not include "When the Screams Come", but does include a bonus track entitled "The Invisible". This track also appears on the Japanese version released by Leaf Hound Records.

Occult rock
Occult rock (also known as doom rock or witch rock) is a subgenre of rock music that originated in the late 1960s to early 1970s, pioneered by bands such as Coven and Black Widow.

The genre is influenced by hard rock, proto-metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock and blues, as well as commonly incorporating lyrics referencing the occult with influences from classic horror movies to books by Dennis Wheatley. Despite the common perception, it has been noted that occult rock is not inherently gloomy nor dark, although many bands have made music with these qualities.
Bakkar
Bakkar (Arabic: بكار) is an Egyptian cartoon series that was produced by the Egyptian Radio and Television Union to be aired on Channel One and was traditionally broadcast during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan from 1998 to 2006, and from 2015 to 2016, running for a single episode for each of the total 11 seasons.

The series revolves around the adventures of a young Nubian-Egyptian boy named Bakkar, his pet goat Rashida, and his friends. It was written by Amr Samir Serif, and directed by Mona Abul-Nasr. The opening and closing songs are by famed Nubian-Egyptian singer Mohammed Mounir, and written by longtime collaborator Kawthar Mostafa. Sherif Nour is one of the composers.

National Media Authority
The National Media Authority (Arabic: الهيئة الوطنية للإعلام, romanized: al-Hayʾa l-Waṭaniyya li-l-ʾIʿlām), formerly known as Egyptian State Broadcasting (ESU; Arabic: الهيئة الوطنية للإعلام, romanized: Alhayyat Alwataniat Lil'iielam), is the state and public broadcaster of Egypt, operated by the Egyptian government. It is a member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the Arab States Broadcasting Union (ABSU).
Tyrol Basin
Tyrol Basin is a ski and snowboard area located in the town of Vermont, Wisconsin, near Mount Horeb, Wisconsin. It has runs at beginner, intermediate, advanced and expert level. Tyrol Basin has 22 runs, and 300–foot vertical, of average size for Midwest ski resorts. The ski area attracts many skiers and snowboarders from nearby Madison, Wisconsin.

Piste
A piste (/piːst/) is a marked trail or path down a mountain for snow skiing, snowboarding, or other mountain sports.

This term is French ("trail", "track") and synonymous with 'trail', 'slope', or 'run' in North America. The word is pronounced using a long "e" sound so that it rhymes with "beast".

North Americans employ its antonym, 'off piste', to describe backcountry skiing, especially when referring to skiing outside officially approved areas of a ski resort.
Bagra Peak
Bagra Peak (Bulgarian: връх Багра, romanized: vrah Bagra, IPA: [ˈvrɤɣ ˈbaɡrɐ]) is the peak rising to 1990 m in the north part of Petvar Heights, southeast Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica, and overlooking Kornicker Glacier to the northwest, Razboyna Glacier to the northeast, and Drama Glacier to the east.

The peak is named after the settlement of Bagra in Southern Bulgaria.

Kornicker Glacier
Kornicker Glacier (78°43′S 84°35′W﻿ / ﻿78.717°S 84.583°W﻿ / -78.717; -84.583) is a glacier draining northeastwards from the cirque bounded by Mount Liptak, Mount Southwick, Mount Milton and Mount Mullen in the southern Sentinel Range of the  Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica. The glacier flows along the northwestern side of Petvar Heights and merges with the terminus of the southeast-flowing Thomas Glacier as both glaciers emerge from the range.
Bilateral monopoly
A bilateral monopoly is a market structure consisting of both a monopoly (a single seller) and a monopsony (a single buyer).

Bilateral monopoly is a market structure that involves a single supplier and a single buyer, combining monopoly power on the selling side (i.e., single seller) and monopsony power on the buying side (i.e., single buyer). This market structure emerges in situations where there are limitations on the number of participants, or where exploring alternative suppliers is more expensive than dealing with a single supplier. In a bilateral market, both buyers and sellers aim to maximize their profits. Although the seller may attempt to increase the product prices as the only supplier, the buyer can still negotiate for the lowest possible price since the seller has no other buyers to sell to.

Double marginalization
Double marginalization is a vertical externality that occurs when two firms with market power (i.e., not in a situation of perfect competition), at different vertical levels in the same supply chain, apply a mark-up to their prices. This is caused by the prospect of facing a steep demand curve slope, prompting the firm to mark-up the price beyond its marginal costs. Double marginalization is clearly negative from a welfare point of view, as the double markup induces a deadweight loss, because the retail price is higher than the optimal monopoly price a vertically integrated company would set, leading to underproduction. Thus all social groups are negatively affected because the overall profit for the company is lower, the consumer has to pay more and a smaller amount of units are consumed.
Get 100
Get 100 is a British television children's quiz programme that was broadcast by CBBC between 16 April 2007 and 26 February 2009. It was originally hosted by Reggie Yates for the first series, then Hardeep Singh Kohli for the second series.

CBBC
CBBC (short for Children's BBC) is a British free-to-air public broadcast children's television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It is also the brand used for all BBC content for children aged from 6 to 12. Its sister channel, CBeebies, is aimed at children aged 6 and under. It broadcasts every day from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm, timesharing with BBC Three.