hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Perovskite (structure)
A perovskite is a crystalline material of formula ABX3 with a crystal structure similar to that of the mineral perovskite, this latter consisting of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3). The mineral was first discovered in the Ural mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski (1792–1856). In addition to being one of the most abundant structural families, perovskites have wide-ranging properties and applications.

Lev Perovski
Count Lev Alekseyevich von Perovski (Russian: Лев Алексе́евич Перо́вский, also transliterated as Perofsky, Perovskii, Perovskiy, Perovsky, Perowski, and Perowsky; also credited as L.A. Perovski) (9 September 1792 – 21 November 1856) was a Russian nobleman and mineralogist who also served as Minister of Internal Affairs under Nicholas I of Russia.

In 1845, he proposed the creation of the Russian Geographical Society.

The mineral perovskite is named after him.
Khingansk
Khingansk is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement)  in  Obluchensky District of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. Population:  2,151 (2010 Census); 2,543 (2002 Census); 3,089 (1989 Soviet census).

Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan.

The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the Jewish population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population. Since then, the share of Jews steadily declined, and according to the 2021 Russian census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%).

Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia provides that the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being Israel. It is one of the few places in the world where Yiddish is a recognized minority language.
Abdulafees Abdulsalam
Abdulafees Abdulsalamlistenⓘ (born 13 April 1984) is a Nigerian football player. He is an attacking player who can play striker based on his physical capability and football sense.

Abdulafees has played for clubs in Nigeria, Benin, China, Malaysia, and the Middle East.

In the second transfer window of the 2014 Malaysia Super League in April 2014, he joined Perak FA after a successful trial.

He was a part of the Nigeria U17 in 2001 African U-17 Championship, who finished as the first rank in Group A, making it through to the next round, before winning gold medal in Seychelles

Hidd SCC
Al-Hidd Sports and Cultural Club (Arabic: نادي الحد الرياضي الثقافي) is a Bahraini football club based in Al Hidd, Muharraq Island. They currently compete in the Bahraini Premier League, the top division of Bahraini football league. Hidd SCC also operates a futsal team, which competes in Bahrain Futsal League.
Thout 21
Thout 20 – Coptic calendar – Thout 22

The twenty-first day of the Coptic month of Thout, the first month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to September 18, of the Julian calendar, and October 1, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Akhet, the season of inundation.

Season of the Inundation
The Season of the Inundation or Flood (Akhet in Egyptian) (Ancient Egyptian: Ꜣḫt) was the first season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the intercalary month of Days over the Year (Ḥryw Rnpt) and before the Season of the Emergence (Prt). In the Coptic and Egyptian calendars this season begins at the start of the month of Thout (about 11 September), continues through the months of Paopi and Hathor, before concluding at the end of Koiak (about 8 January).: 453
University of Calgary Solar Car Team
The University of Calgary Solar Car Team is a multi-disciplinary student-run solar car racing ("raycing") team at the University of Calgary, based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was established to design and build a solar car to compete internationally in the American Solar Challenge (ASC) (previously named the North American Solar Challenge) and the World Solar Challenge (WSC). The team is primarily composed of undergraduate students studying Engineering, Business, Science, Arts and Kinesiology. The mission of the University of Calgary Solar Car Team is to educate the community about sustainable energy and to serve as an interdisciplinary project through which students and faculty from various departments can collaborate in supporting sustainable energy.

Kevlar
Kevlar (para-aramid) is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. It is typically spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such, or as an ingredient in composite material components.

Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to bulletproof vests, due to its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is five times stronger than steel. It is also used to make modern marching drumheads that withstand high impact, and for mooring lines and other underwater applications.

A similar fiber, Twaron, with the same chemical structure was developed by Akzo in the 1970s. Commercial production started in 1986, and Twaron is manufactured by Teijin Aramid.
Samuel Darío Maldonado Vivas
Samuel Darío Maldonado Vivas (February 7, 1870, Ureña, Táchira State, Venezuela – October 6, 1925, Caracas, Venezuela) was a Venezuelan surgeon, anthropologist, writer, journalist and politician. He is known for his work as a sanitary doctor and as director of the National Health Office during the government of Juan Vicente Gómez.

In the field of literature and journalism, he stood out for his poetic work, the creation of newspapers, and his opinion articles in important Venezuelan papers such as El Cojo Ilustrado, El Universal and El Tiempo. He also conducted anthropological studies on the indigenous peoples of the Venezuelan Amazon jungle and the east of the country.

El Universal (Caracas)
El Universal is a major Venezuelan newspaper, headquartered in Caracas. El Universal is part of the Latin American Newspaper Association (Spanish, Periódicos Asociados Latinoamericanos), an organization of leading newspapers in Latin America. Its main rival is El Nacional. The newspaper does not disclose circulation figures.
Black-legged kittiwake
The black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) is a seabird species in the gull family Laridae. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Larus tridactylus. The English name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'. In North America, this species is known as the black-legged kittiwake to differentiate it from the red-legged kittiwake, but in Europe, where it is the only member of the genus, it is often known just as kittiwake.

New Siberian Islands
The New Siberian Islands (Russian: Новосиби́рские Oстрова, romanized: Novosibirskiye Ostrova; Yakut: Саҥа Сибиир Aрыылара, romanized: Saŋa Sibiir Arıılara) are an archipelago in the Extreme North of Russia, to the north of the East Siberian coast between the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea north of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, of whose Bulunsky District they are administratively a part.
Ray B. McCandless
Raymond Beebe McCandless (October 6, 1889 – January 8, 1931) was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. He served as the head football coach at Chadron State College in 1919, Nebraska Wesleyan University from 1920 to 1922, Bowling Green State Normal School—now known as Bowling Green State University—in 1923, Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia for the 1924 season, and York College in York, Nebraska from 1928 to 1930, compiling a career college football record of 29–37–10. McCandless was also the head basketball coach at Nebraska Wesleyan from 1920 to 1923, at Bowling Green State Normal during the 1923–24 season, and at Bethany for the 1924–25 season, amassing a career college basketball record of tallying a mark of 60–43. In addition, he was the head baseball coach at Bowling Green State Normal in the spring of 1924, tallying a mark of 2–2–2. McCandless played football at Nebraska Wesleyan. He died on January 8, 1931, in York, Nebraska.

Bethany, West Virginia
Bethany is a town in southern Brooke County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 756 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area. It is best known as the home of Bethany College, a private liberal arts college that was the first institution of higher education in what is now West Virginia.
Dennison Reef
Dennison Reef (66°29′S 66°50′W﻿ / ﻿66.483°S 66.833°W﻿ / -66.483; -66.833) is a reef between the Shull Rocks and the Pauling Islands, lying east of the south end of the Biscoe Islands in Crystal Sound. It was mapped from air photos obtained by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947–48) and from surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (1958–59). It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for David M. Dennison, a  physicist who took x-ray diffraction pictures which were used to interpret the crystal structure of ice.

Biscoe Islands
Biscoe Islands is a series of islands, of which the principal ones are Renaud, Lavoisier (named Serrano by Chile and Mitre by Argentina), Watkins, Krogh, Pickwick and Rabot, lying parallel to the west coast of Graham Land and extending 150 km (81 nmi) between Southwind Passage on the northeast and Matha Strait on the southwest. Another group of islands are the Adolph Islands.

The islands are named for John Biscoe, the commander of an English expedition which explored the islands in March 1832.
Princess Rong'an
Gurun Princess Rong'an (20 June 1855 – 5 February 1875) was a princess of the Qing Dynasty, and the only daughter of the Xianfeng Emperor and his Consort Li. She was born in the fourth year of the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor. She married Fuzhen of the Gūwalgiya clan in August 1873, on the order of Empress Dowager Cixi in accordance with Manchu imperial customs. She was pregnant when she heard news of the death of her half-brother, the Tongzhi Emperor. The emotional stress caused her to suffer a miscarriage. She died a month later at the age of 19 without any children.

Gūwalgiya clan
Gūwalgiya was one of the most powerful Manchu clans. It is often listed by historians as the first of the eight prominent Manchu clans of the Qing dynasty. After the demise of the dynasty, some of its descendants sinicized their clan name to the Han Chinese surname Guan (關).
SunGard
SunGard was an American multinational company based in Wayne, Pennsylvania, which provided software and services to education, financial services, and public sector organizations. It was formed in 1983, as a spin-off of the computer services division of Sun Oil Company. The name of the company originally was an acronym which stood for Sun Guaranteed Access to Recovered Data, a reference to the disaster recovery business it helped pioneer. SunGard was ranked at 480th in the U.S. Fortune 500 list in the year 2012.

In August 2005, the company was acquired by seven private equity firms for $11.3 billion and de-listed from the NYSE.
SunGard was one of the title sponsors of the Tinkoff pro cycling team until the end of 2011.

In August 2015, FIS announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire SunGard.

Fortune 500
The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes publicly held companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or superset Fortune 1000.
Sylvanshine
Sylvanshine is an optical phenomenon in which dew-covered foliage with wax-coated leaves retroreflect beams of light, as from a vehicle's headlights. This effect sometimes makes trees appear snow-covered at night during summer. The phenomenon was named and explained in 1994 by Alistair Fraser of Pennsylvania State University, an expert in meteorological optics. According to his explanation, the epicuticular wax on the leaves causes water to form beads, which in effect, become lenses. These lenses focus the light to a spot on the leaf surface, and the image of this spot is directed as rays in the opposite direction.

Opposition surge
The opposition surge (sometimes known as the opposition effect, opposition spike or Seeliger effect) is the brightening of a rough surface, or an object with many particles, when illuminated from directly behind the observer. The term is most widely used in astronomy, where generally it refers to the sudden noticeable increase in the brightness of a celestial body such as a planet, moon, or comet as its phase angle of observation approaches zero. It is so named because the reflected light from the Moon and Mars appear significantly brighter than predicted by simple Lambertian reflectance when at astronomical opposition. Two physical mechanisms have been proposed for this observational phenomenon: shadow hiding and coherent backscatter.
Huanan Bridge
Huanan Bridge (simplified Chinese: 华南大桥; traditional Chinese: 華南大橋; pinyin: Huánándàqiáo) is a bridge crossing the Pearl River in Guangzhou, China.

The bridge carries the Huanan Expressway, which connects the Haizhu District and southern Panyu District with the Tianhe District. It also serves as an important connection between the grounds of the biannual Canton Fair in Pazhou and the new central business district of Zhujiang New Town.

Canton Fair
The Canton Fair or China Import and Export Fair, is a trade fair held in the spring and autumn seasons each year since the spring of 1957 in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is the oldest, largest, and the most representative trade fair in China.

Its full name since 2007 has been China Import and Export Fair (中国进出口商品交易会), renamed from Chinese Export Commodities Fair (中国出口商品交易会). The fair is co-hosted by the Ministry of Commerce of China and the provincial government of Guangdong Province and organized by China Foreign Trade Centre.
Needles Lighthouse
The Needles Lighthouse is an active 19th century lighthouse on the outermost of the chalk rocks at The Needles on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, near sea level. Designed by James Walker, for Trinity House at a cost of £20,000, it was completed in 1859 from granite blocks. It stands 33.25 metres (109.1 ft) high and is a circular tower with straight sides. It replaced an earlier light tower on top of a cliff overhanging Scratchell's Bay, which was first lit on 29 September 1786.

Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed under the sea by the accumulation and lithification of hard parts of organisms, mostly microscopic plankton, which had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum.
Copan Dam
Copan Dam is a dam in the US state of Oklahoma, Washington County, in the northeastern part of the state.

Construction of the earthen dam began in 1972 and was completed in 1983 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, with a height of 73 feet (22 m)  and a length of 7,730 feet (2,360 m)  long at its crest.  It impounds Little Caney River for flood control and municipal drinking water.  The dam is owned and operated by the Corps of Engineers.

The reservoir it creates, Copan Lake, has a water surface of 7.6 square miles (20 km2), has a maximum capacity of 338,000 acre-feet (417,000,000 m3), and normal capacity of 43,400 acre-feet (53,500,000 m3).

Copan Wildlife Area is a wildlife management area that was leased to the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks from the Corps of Engineers in 1981. The wildlife area is part of an overall project with the Copan Reservoir, located in Oklahoma. It  covers 2,360 acres (9,600,000 m2) in Montgomery County, Kansas.

Montgomery County, Kansas
Montgomery County is a county located in Southeast Kansas.  Its county seat is Independence, and its most populous city is Coffeyville.  As of the 2020 United States census, the county population was 31,486.  The county was named after Richard Montgomery, a major general during the American Revolutionary War.
Old-Fashioned Cupcake
Old-Fashioned Cupcake (Japanese: オールドファッションカップケーキ, Hepburn: Ōrudo Fasshon Kappukēki) is a Japanese manga series by Sagan Sagan. It has been serialized in the boys' love manga magazine ihr Hertz since January 31, 2019. A live-action television drama adaptation was broadcast from June 13, 2022, to July 4, 2022.

Serial (literature)
In literature, a serial is a printing or publishing format by which a single larger work, often a work of narrative fiction, is published in smaller, sequential installments. The installments are also known as numbers, parts, fascicules or fascicles, and may be released either as separate publications or within sequential issues of a periodical publication, such as a magazine or newspaper.

Serialisation can also begin with a single short story that is subsequently turned into a series.  Historically, such series have been published in periodicals. Popular short-story series are often published together in book form as collections.
Neethan Shan
Neethan Shanmugarajah (born December 24, 1978) is a Canadian politician and youth advocate. He currently represents Ward 25 Scarborough—Rouge Park on Toronto City Council, and is Toronto's first Tamil-Canadian councillor.

2006 Markham municipal election
The 2006 Markham municipal election was held in Markham, Ontario on November 13, 2006. The election was held as required by law for municipalities in the Province of Ontario. Markham has a dual-tier government system where constituents elect ward councillors to town council and regional councillors to regional council and a mayor elected to both town council and regional council.
Foxcroft School
Foxcroft School, founded in 1914 by Charlotte Haxall Noland, is a college-preparatory boarding and day school for girls in grades 9-12 & PG, located near Middleburg, Virginia, United States.

In its century of existence, Foxcroft has educated the daughters of corporate titans and congressmen, including women from the Rockefeller, Carnegie, Roosevelt, Mellon, du Pont, Auchincloss and Astor families. It is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools and the National Association of Independent Schools, and is a founding member of the International Coalition of Girls' Schools.

Foxcroft’s mission is "to help every girl explore her unique voice and to develop the skills, confidence, and courage to share it with the world".

Astor family
The Astor family achieved prominence in business, society, and politics in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries. With German roots, some of their ancestry goes back to the Italian and Swiss Alps,
the Astors settled in Germany, first appearing in North America in the 18th century with John Jacob Astor, one of the wealthiest people in history.
Wheelchair fencing at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Men's sabre B
The men's sabre B wheelchair fencing competition at the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held on 17 September at the Olympic Green Convention Center.

The competition began with a preliminary stage where fencers were divided into three pools and played a round robin tournament.
In this stage, the winner of a bout was the first person to score five hits or the person with the highest score at the end of four minutes.
Next was a knock-out stage, where fencers competed in three three-minute bouts with a one-minute break between each.
The winner was the first to reach fifteen hits, or the one with the highest score at the end of the last bout.
In the event of a tie, another one-minute bout was held, with the winner being the first to score a hit.

The event was won by Laurent Francois, representing  France.

Wheelchair fencing
Wheelchair fencing (also called Parafencing) is a version of fencing for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair fencing is governed by the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation, which is a federation of the International Paralympic Committee, and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games take place every four years in different countries.
Literacy in China
The People's Republic of China's adult literacy rate, defined as literacy in those aged 15 and above, was measured at 97% in 2020 by the World Bank. Youth literacy, defined as literacy in those aged 15–24, was 100% since 2010 and remained so in 2020.

All-China Federation of Trade Unions
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) is the national trade union center and people's organization of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest trade union in the world with 302 million members in 1,713,000 primary trade union organizations. The ACFTU is divided into 31 regional federations and 10 national industrial unions. The ACFTU is the country's sole legally mandated trade union, with which all enterprise-level trade unions must be affiliated. There has been dispute over whether ACFTU is an independent trade union or a trade union at all. The federation owns a higher education institution—the China University of Labor Relations.
Women's Armed Services Integration Act
Women's Armed Services Integration Act (Pub. L. 80–625, 62 Stat. 356, enacted June 12, 1948) is a United States law that enabled women to serve as permanent, regular members of the armed forces in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and the recently formed Air Force. Prior to this act, women, with the exception of nurses, served in the military only in times of war. During World War II, over 150,000 women had served in the WAVES (the Navy) and the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps and were still serving when the act was enacted. Women also took part in the SPARS, which was created by the Coast Guard, and the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, during the war. In total, 350,000 American women joined and served during World War II. Section 502 of the act limited service of women by excluding them from aircraft and vessels of the Navy that might engage in combat.

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).