hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2022 South Dakota Senate election
The 2022 South Dakota Senate elections were held on November 8, 2022, as part of the biennial 2022 United States elections. All 35 seats in the South Dakota Senate were up for election. Primary elections were held on June 7, 2022. The elections coincided with elections for other offices in South Dakota, including the US Senate, US House, South Dakota Governor, South Dakota Secretary of State, South Dakota Attorney General, and the South Dakota House.

Following the 2022 elections, Republicans maintained their supermajority by losing only one seat, giving them a 31-to-4 member advantage over Democrats.

South Dakota Democratic Party
The South Dakota Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The party currently has very weak electoral power in the state, controlling none of South Dakota's statewide or federal elected offices.

Important members in the history of the South Dakota Democratic Party include Dick Kneip, Jim Abourezk, George McGovern, Tom Daschle, Tim Johnson and Stephanie Herseth Sandlin.
Alexander Timashev
Alexander Yegorovich Timashev (15 April 1818 – 1 February 1893) was a Russian statesman. He served as Adjutant General (1859), Cavalry General (1872); Chief of Staff of the Gendarme Corps and Manager of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery (1856–1861); Minister of Posts and Telegraphs (1867–1868); and  Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire (1868–1878).

Order of Leopold (Austria)
The Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold (German: Österreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopold-Orden) (Hungarian: Osztrák Császári Lipót-rend) was founded by Franz I of Austria on 8 January 1808 for military merit. The order's statutes stipulated only three grades: Grand Cross, Commander and Knight. During the war, in common with the other Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian decorations, war decoration (represented by a laurel wreath) and/or swords were added to reward meritorious service and bravery in the face of the enemy.

An Imperial Decree of 1 February 1901 ordered that in future, the senior grade would be split into two separate awards. From then onwards, there were four ranks: Grand Cross, First Class, Commander, Knight.

Until 18 July 1884, the award of the order also entitled the recipient, if he was not already of that standing, to be raised to the following appointments and/or ranks of the nobility:

Grand Cross: Privy Councillor

Commander:	Baron

Knight: Ritter
Khes
Khes (Punjabi: Shahmukhi:کھیس, Gurmukhi:ਖੇਸ੍) (Punjabi pronunciation: [kʰeːsː]) is a thick cotton blanket cloth in the Indian subcontinent; it is a damask cloth used for blankets and winter wraps. Khes is generally hand-woven with coarse cotton yarns.  Khes as a garment is a simple clothing item to wear loosely to cover the upper body by men in Pakistan and northwest India. Khes is an important cloth in the Sindh and Punjab, regions which are famous for its production and historically has been known for not only the production of Khes but also many other coarse cotton textiles, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. Khes is a comfort object used in bedding, and is also usable as a cover.

Damask
Damask (/ˈdæməsk/; Arabic: دمشق) is a woven, reversible patterned fabric. Damasks are woven by periodically reversing the action of the warp and weft threads. The pattern is most commonly created with a warp-faced satin weave and the ground with a weft-faced or sateen weave.

True damask is made entirely of silk. Over time, however, damask has become a broader term for woven fabrics with a reversible pattern, not just silks. Yarns now used to create damasks include silk, wool, linen, cotton, and synthetic fibers, but damask is best shown in cotton and linen.

There are a few types of damask: true, single, compound, and twill. Single damask has only one set of warps and wefts and thus is made of up to two colors. Compound damask has more than one set of warps and wefts and can include more than two colors. Twill damasks include a twill-woven ground or pattern.
Pittsburgh Magazine
Pittsburgh Magazine is a lifestyle magazine covering the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. It hosts an annual "40 Under 40" featuring prominent young Pittsburghers. It's known for listicles including Pittsburgh's 25 Best Restaurants, Best of the 'Burgh, Top Doctors, Top Dentists and annual City Guide. It is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA).

Greater Pittsburgh
Greater Pittsburgh is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Pittsburgh in Western Pennsylvania, United States. The region includes Allegheny County,  Pittsburgh's urban core county and economic hub, and seven adjacent Pennsylvania counties: Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Lawrence, Washington, and Westmoreland in Western Pennsylvania, which constitutes the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.

As of the 2020 census, the Greater Pittsburgh region had a population of over 2.45 million people. Pittsburgh, the region's core city, has a population of 302,971, the second-largest in the state after Philadelphia. Over half of the region's population resides within Allegheny County, which has a population of 1.24 million and is the state's second-largest county after Philadelphia County.
2007 Jakarta gubernatorial election
A gubernatorial election was held in Jakarta on 8 August 2007 to elect the Governor of Jakarta for the five-year term between 2007 and 2012. It was the first direct election for the capital city. Incumbent Sutiyoso did not participate in the election, with his deputy Fauzi Bowo facing off against former police general Adang Daradjatun.

Fauzi Bowo, which received the political support of a major coalition of political parties, won the election and secured nearly 58% of the 3.6 million votes while his opponent received about 1.5 million despite being backed by just PKS.

Fauzi Bowo
Fauzi Bowo (born 10 April 1949) is an Indonesian politician and diplomat who was the Indonesian Ambassador to Germany from 2013 to 2018. He was the governor of Jakarta between 2007 and 2012 and previously served as deputy governor from 2002 to 2007 under Sutiyoso's governorship.

He has worked for the Jakarta municipal administration since 1977 and was once a treasurer of the Golkar political party from 1992 to 1997. On 9 August 2007, he was elected governor of Jakarta for the 2007–2012 term, defeating his only rival Adang Daradjatun 57.9% to 42.1% in the first ever election for the post. He was inaugurated on 7 October 2007. Seeking a second term as governor in the 2012 gubernatorial election, he was defeated by Joko Widodo on 20 September 2012 after a second-round runoff.
Women of Steel
Women of Steel is a bronze sculpture that commemorates the women of Sheffield who worked in the city's steel industry during the First World War and Second World War. A work of the sculptor Martin Jennings, it was unveiled in June 2016. Women of Steel was given the Keith Hayman Award in the Sheffield Design Awards 2016 and the Public Monuments and Sculpture Association's 2017 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.

Public Monuments and Sculpture Association
The Public Monuments and Sculpture Association (PMSA) was an organisation established in 1991 to bring together individuals and organisations with an interest in British public sculptures and monuments, their production, preservation and history. It was wound up in the summer of 2020, although members dissatisfied with this decision established a successor organisation with similar objectives, the Public Statues and Sculpture Association, in the autumn of the same year.
Patricia Willis
Patricia Willis is an American author of historical novels for middle-grade readers. She won the Western Writers of America Spur Award for her novel Danger Along the Ohio. She lives in North Canton, Ohio.

North Canton, Ohio
North Canton is a city in Stark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 17,842 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 17,677 in 2024. It is a suburb in the Canton–Massillon Metropolitan statistical area.
Gram-negative toe web infection
Gram-negative toe web infection is a skin condition that often begins with dermatophytosis.: 272

Gram-negative toe web infection is a relatively common infection. It is commonly found on people who are engaged in athletic activities while wearing closed-toe or tight fitting shoes. It grows in a moist environment.  Gram-negative is mixed bacterial infection with the following organisms:

Moraxella

Alcaligenes

Acinetobacter

Pseudomonas

Proteus

Erwinia

This mixing of infection and organisms may also cause a mild secondary infection of athlete's foot.

Moraxella
Moraxella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Moraxellaceae. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax. The organisms are short rods, coccobacilli, or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis, diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase-positive, and catalase-positive properties. M. catarrhalis is the clinically most important species under this genus.
Abellio (crater)
Abellio is a crater on the surface of the dwarf planet and large asteroid Ceres. It is a corner of the Fejokoo Quadrangle, located northwest of the namesake crater. It is named after the Gaul agricultural deity of apple trees much like other craters on Ceres. Its name was officiated on December 4, 2015 by the International Astronomical Union.

Through the use of Lunar-Derived Absolute Model, it was determined that Abellio is less than 80 million years old. It is made up of primarily magnesium and calcium carbonate with the crater having an above average number of carbonates.

Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite, most notably in chalk and limestone, eggshells, gastropod shells, shellfish skeletons and pearls. Materials containing much calcium carbonate or resembling it are described as calcareous. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime.  Limescale is calcium carbonate produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions. Calcium carbonate has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.
King Johan
King Johan is a sixteenth-century English play. Written by a former Carmelite friar named John Bale, it is considered a possible influence on William Shakespeare's later work King John. The play was groundbreaking as it was the first English-language play to cast a historical English monarch as a character of virtue.

John Bale
John Bale (21 November 1495 – November 1563) was an English churchman, historian controversialist, and Bishop of Ossory in Ireland. He wrote the oldest known historical verse drama in English (on the subject of King John), and developed and published a very extensive list of the works of British authors down to his own time, just as the monastic libraries were being dispersed. His contention that Joseph of Arimathea had brought a  proto-Protestant faith to Britain that was purer than Catholicism was to have far-reaching ramifications; but his unhappy disposition and habit of quarrelling earned him the nickname "bilious Bale".
Wild Planet
Wild Planet is the second studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released in August 1980 by Warner Bros. (US) and Island Records (Europe, Japan).

As with their first album, the B-52's traveled to Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas to record Wild Planet. Several of the songs from the album had been concert staples since 1978. The band did not record them for their first album, as they had more songs than could fit in a quality LP record.

Compass Point Studios
Compass Point Studios was a music recording studio in the Bahamas, established in 1977 by Chris Blackwell, founder and owner of Island Records. The concept of the studio was of a recording facility supported by in-house artists, musicians, producers and audio engineers, all dedicated to a specific and recognisable sound and style. The session band at the studios, as well as visiting recording artists, became known as the Compass Point All Stars.

Located 16 kilometres west of Nassau, on the island of New Providence, the studio attracted musical artists from around the world to record at its facilities during the 1970s and 1980s. AC/DC's Back in Black (1980), one of the best-selling albums of all time, was one of many albums recorded there. The studio closed in September 2010.
Sarro, Mali
Sarro (or Saro) is a village and seat of the commune of Saloba in the Cercle of Macina in the Ségou Region of southern-central Mali.

The town was founded by a marabout from the Manding region who had trained at Dia. He made a name for himself, and entered the service of Ngolo Diarra, faama of the Segou Empire in the 1760s. He was given land on the empire's eastern frontier, and Sarro became an important military garrison defending the state against the Massina Empire. This position in between powers allowed the ruling Traore family, after Segou's fall to El Hajj Umar Tall, to craft an independent statelet for themselves, precursor to the colonial-era canton.

Manding region
Manding, Manden or even Mandé is a region located in West Africa, a space between southern Mali and eastern Guinea. It is the historic home of the Mandinka community.

The Malinke are at the origin of the foundation of the largest empires in West Africa. Among the many groups linked to or originating from Manding, there are the Bambara, the Dyula, the Khassonke, the Konianké, the Mahou, Koyaka, the Dafing, the Bobo-Dioula and the Kuranko.
Inventory (artists)
Inventory are a collective of British artists, writers and art theorists, founded in 1996.

Some of their pieces see them engage in performance art in public spaces.

Coagulum (Oxford Street) in 2000, saw them form into a close group on London's Oxford Street, thus disrupting the flow of pedestrians, before entering a shopping centre and dancing to the piped music. For another piece, they played football on The Mall with a rubber skull, using Buckingham Palace and Admiralty Arch as goals.

Other pieces, such as the installation Requiem for the Empty Quarter at The Approach Gallery in Bethnal Green during 2002, used modified and written-upon objects found on the street.

In 2003, Inventory were nominated for the Beck's Futures prize.

The Mall, London
51°30′15″N 0°8′7″W﻿ / ﻿51.50417°N 0.13528°W﻿ / 51.50417; -0.13528

The Mall (/ˈmæl/) is a ceremonial route and roadway in the City of Westminster, central London, that travels 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) between Buckingham Palace at its western end and Trafalgar Square via Admiralty Arch to the east. Along the north side of The Mall is green space and St. James's Palace with other official buildings, and to the south is St James's Park.  Near the east end at Trafalgar Square and Whitehall it is met by Horse Guards Road and Spring Gardens, near the west end at the Victoria Memorial it is met by the Constitution Hill roadway and the Spur Road to the street of Buckingham Gate. It is closed to traffic on Saturdays, Sundays, public holidays and on ceremonial occasions.
Arthur Howe-Browne
Christianity portal

Arthur Henry Howe Browne  (16 October 1881 – 8 September 1961) was Bishop of Bloemfontein from 1935  to 1951. He was educated at Winchester and  Balliol, and ordained in 1906 after a period of study at Cuddesdon. He began his career  with curacies in Witney and East Dulwich. From 1909 to 1916 he was Vicar of  St John the Baptist, Kensington. From 1921-1934 he was vicar of St John the Divine Kennington and also Chaplain to St Gabriels College Camberwell During this time he was Rural Dean of Kennington and a Canon of Southwark until his appointment to the  Episcopate. After retirement he lived in Rondebosch until his death.

He was consecrated a bishop on 28 January 1935, by Francis Phelps, Archbishop of Cape Town, at St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town.

East Dulwich
East Dulwich is an area of South East London, England in the London Borough of Southwark. It forms the eastern part of Dulwich, with Peckham to the east and Camberwell to the north. East Dulwich is home to the Dog Kennel Hill statue. This South London suburb was first developed in the nineteenth century on land owned by the College of God's Gift.

It was originally part of the much larger, historic parish of Camberwell, which later became the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, and included Camberwell, Peckham, Dulwich, Nunhead, and other London districts.
Energy value of coal
The energy value of coal, or fuel content, is the amount of potential energy coal contains that can be converted into heat. This value can be calculated and compared with different grades of coal and other combustible materials, which produce different amounts of heat according to their grade.

While chemistry provides ways of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal. The grade of a sample of coal does not precisely define its chemical composition, so calculating the coal's actual usefulness as a fuel requires determining its proximate and ultimate analysis (see "Chemical Composition" below).

Chemical composition
A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds.

Chemical formulas can be used to describe the relative amounts of elements present in a compound. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O: this means that each molecule of water is constituted by 2 atoms of hydrogen (H) and 1 atom of oxygen (O). The chemical composition of water may be interpreted as a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms. Different types of chemical formulas are used to convey composition information, such as an empirical or molecular formula.

Nomenclature can be used to express not only the elements present in a compound but their arrangement within the molecules of the compound. In this way, compounds will have unique names which can describe their elemental composition.
Joseph A. Bancroft
Joseph Austin Bancroft (ca 1842 – January 23, 1917) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Annapolis County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1894 to 1911 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Paradise, Nova Scotia. He served as registrar of deeds from 1911 to 1917. Bancroft died at Round Hill, Nova Scotia.

Paradise, Nova Scotia
Paradise is an unincorporated community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located about 30 km (18 mi.) northeast of Annapolis Royal in Annapolis County. The original French name, dating to 1684, was Paradis Terrestre, or Earthly Paradise.
Père Goriot (1915 film)
Père Goriot is a 1915 silent film based on the 1835 novel of the same name by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac. Directed by Travers Vale, the film starred Edward Cecil in the title role. It was made by the Biograph Company, and consisted of three reels.

Biograph Company
The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1916. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over 3000 short films and 12 feature films. During the height of silent film as a medium, Biograph was the most prominent American film studio and one of the most respected and influential studios worldwide, only rivaled by Germany's UFA, Sweden's Svensk Filmindustri and France's Pathé. The company was home to pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, and Lionel Barrymore.
2017 Austrian coup d'état plot
On April 21, 2017, the Austrian Interior Ministry announced that an operation consisting of 454 police arrested 26 members of the "Staatenbund" movement on April 20, for allegedly plotting to topple the Austrian government in a coup with assistance from the Russian government.

Government of Austria
The Government of Austria (German: Bundesregierung der Republik Österreich) is the executive cabinet of the Republic of Austria. It consists of the chancellor, who is the head of government, the vice chancellor and the ministers.
Sysert
Sysert (Russian: Сысе́рть) is a town and the administrative center of Sysertsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Sysert River (Ob basin, right tributary of the Iset), 50 kilometers (31 mi) south of Yekaterinburg. Population:  20,465 (2010 Census); 22,152 (2002 Census); 22,462 (1989 Soviet census).

Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Свердловская область, romanized: Sverdlovskaya oblast, [ʹsvʲɪrdˈlofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as "Sverdlovsk". Its population is 4,268,998 (according to the 2021 Census).
Giuseppe Giacalone
Giuseppe Giacalone was an Italian architect active in the second half of the 16th century, primarily in his native city of Palermo, Sicily. He worked in the Mannerist style.

Giacalone was born into a family of builders (Italian: capomastri) in the Capo neighborhood of the Seralcadi quarter. He contributed to the design of the facades of the Porta Nuova in Palermo and oversaw the roofing of the nave of the Church of Santa Maria la Nova. He also played a role in completing the cloister of the Convent of Santa Cita. In 1586, the Dominican order in town gave him the commission to design and build the new church of Santa Cita, completed in 1622.

Monte di Pietà, Palermo
Monte di Pietà, also called Seralcadi, Seralcadio, or il Capo, is one of the original quarters of Palermo, region of Sicily, Italy.

The four original districts (Italian: mandamenti) were established during the Spanish rule of Palermo. Seralcadi derived from the arabic name Sari al Cadì encompasses the Palermo Cathedral and the mercato il Capo. The quarter has as a patron Santa Ninfa and its coat of arms depicts Hercules slaying the lion.
Stollberg-Schneeberg Reichstag constituency
The Stollberg-Schneeberg Reichstag constituency was constituency No. 19 in the Kingdom of Saxony which returned a deputy to the German Reichstag. It was based upon the towns of Stollberg and Schneeberg.

Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxon entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag. After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire. Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Stollberg-Schneeberg Reichstag constituency returned a series of Reichstag Deputies until 1919 when the existing constituencies were scrapped.

Reichstag (North German Confederation)
The Reichstag (German: [ˈʁaɪçstaːk] ⓘ) of the North German Confederation was the federal state's lower house of parliament. The popularly elected Reichstag was responsible for federal legislation together with the Bundesrat, the upper house whose members were appointed by the governments of the individual states to represent their interests. Executive power lay with the Bundesrat and the king of Prussia acting as Bundespräsidium, or head of state. The Reichstag debated and approved or rejected taxes and expenditures and could propose laws in its own right. To become effective, all laws required the approval of both the Bundesrat and the Reichstag. Voting rights in Reichstag elections were advanced for the time, granting universal, equal, and secret suffrage to men above the age of 25.

When the German Empire was established in 1871, the North German Reichstag formed the basis of the new Reichstag of the German Empire.