hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Isaac de Caus
Isaac de Caus (1590–1648) was a French landscaper and architect. He arrived in England in 1612 to carry on the work that his brother Salomon de Caus had left behind. His first known work in England was a grotto that Caus designed in 1623 located in the basement of Inigo Jones's Banqueting House. He is noted for his work at Wilton House and Lincoln's Inn.

He was the architect in charge of carrying out Inigo Jones's design for Covent Garden.

Documented clients include Mary, Countess of Home at her London townhouse in Aldersgate. Surviving buildings include the stables at Wilton House, designed in 1630s closely following an elevation published by Sebastiano Serlio.

Aldersgate
Aldersgate is a Ward of the City of London, England, named after one of the northern gates in the London Wall which once enclosed the City.

The Ward of Aldersgate is traditionally divided into Aldersgate Within and Aldersgate Without, the suffix denoting whether the part was within the line of the wall or outside it. The ancient ward boundaries were redrawn in 2013; the names are preserved but their location only loosely approximates to their historic extent.

The gate also gave its name to Aldersgate Street, which runs north from the former gate towards Clerkenwell. The street was wholly part of Aldersgate Without ward until a short section further north was renamed and so added to it.
Georgi Bliznakov
Georgi Bliznakov (Bulgarian: Георги Близнаков (14 November 1920 – April 2004) was an eminent Bulgarian chemist. He was head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry and rector at Sofia University, director of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and vice-chairman of the academy.

Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.
San Lazzaro di Savena railway station
San Lazzaro di Savena (Italian: Stazione di San Lazzaro di Savena) is a railway station serving San Lazzaro di Savena, in the region of Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. The station opened in 2008 and is located on the Adriatic railway. The train services are operated by Trenitalia Tper.

The station is currently managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI), a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FSI), Italy's state-owned rail company.

Trenitalia Tper
Trenitalia Tper (TTX) is a company operating train services in the Emilia-Romagna region, in Italy, on railway lines overseen by both Rete Ferroviaria Italiana and Ferrovie Emilia Romagna (FER).

The current company was born on 1 January 2020 from the merger of the railway transport division of TPER, which at that time operated railway transportation services on the network operated by FER, and the division of Trenitalia operating local railway transportation services in Emilia-Romagna, on the network operated by RFI.
UQ Law School
The UQ Law School (also known as TC Beirne School of Law) is the law school of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. Founded in 1936, UQ law school is the sixth oldest law school in Australia and the oldest operating in Queensland.

The entering undergraduate class of 2023 was approximately 67 students. To date, the school has nearly 3000 alumni. Additionally, UQ Law School offers LLM, MICLaw, MICLaw/MCom, MIL, MIR/MIL, MPhil and PhD degrees.

The ULS is home to one of Australia's largest academic law libraries called the Walter Harrison Law Library. The library was built almost 70 years ago in 1949. The school has over 93 professional and academic staff. According to the University of Queensland, 81% of 300 students who had graduated from UQ Law school in 2016 had current employment.

Master of Philosophy
A Master of Philosophy (MPhil or PhM; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister) is a postgraduate degree. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated MPhil (or, at times, as PhM in other countries). With a few exceptions, MPhils are awarded to postgraduate students after completing at least two years of original research, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation. In many fields, the completion of a MPhil is typically required for employment as experts, or researcher. MPhil may also serve as a provisional enrolment for a PhD programme.
Respect for Acting
Respect for Acting is a textbook for use in acting classes written by Uta Hagen and published by Wiley Publishing in 1973. Hagen's instructions and examples guide the user through practical problems such as: "How do I talk to the audience?" and "How do I stay fresh in a long run?". She advocates the actor's use of substitution in informing and shaping the actions of the character the actor is playing.

Hagen later said that she "disassociated" herself from Respect for Acting. In a follow-up book, Challenge for the Actor (1991), she renamed "substitution" as "transference". Although Hagen wrote that the actor should "identify" the character they play with feelings and circumstances from their (the actor's) own life, she also makes it clear that "Thoughts and feelings are suspended in a vacuum unless they instigate and feed the selected actions, and it is the characters actions which reveals the true 'you'," as the character in the play.

Acting
Acting is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode.

Acting involves a broad range of skills, including a well-developed imagination, emotional facility, physical expressivity, vocal projection, clarity of speech, and the ability to interpret drama. Acting also demands an ability to employ dialects, accents, improvisation, observation and emulation, mime, and stage combat. Many actors train at length in specialist programs or colleges to develop these skills. The vast majority of professional actors have gone through extensive training. Actors and actresses will often have many instructors and teachers for a full range of training involving singing, scene-work, audition techniques, and acting for camera.

Most early sources in the West that examine the art of acting (Ancient Greek: ὑπόκρισις, hypokrisis) discuss it as part of rhetoric.
Volleyball at the 2024 Bolivarian Youth Games
Volleyball competition at the 2024 Bolivarian Youth Games in Sucre, Bolivia was held from 10 to 13 April 2024 at Coliseo Jorge Revilla Aldana.

The girls' tournament was the only event scheduled to be contested. A total of 40 athletes (10 per team) competed in the event. Athletes had to be born between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2008 to be eligible (ages 16 to 19).

Chile won the girls' tournament and claimed the only gold medal of the volleyball event.

2024 Bolivarian Youth Games
The 2024 Bolivarian Youth Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos de la Juventud 2024), officially known as the I Bolivarian Youth Games "Sucre 2024" and simply known as Sucre 2024, is the first edition of the Bolivarian Youth Games, a regional multi-sport event for athletes of up to 19 years old, organized by the Organización Deportiva Bolivariana (ODEBO). Originally scheduled to be held in Sucre, Bolivia from 17 April to 1 May 2020, the inaugural edition of the Bolivarian Youth Games underwent several postponements until finally held from 4 to 14 April 2024.
Teufelsturm (Saxon Switzerland)
The Teufelsturm (also Butterweckfels or Mittagstein) is a prominent rock tower and climbing rock formed of Elbe Sandstone, about forty metres high in Saxon Switzerland in northeastern Germany. It is located east of the River Elbe on the upper edge of the valley between Schmilka and Bad Schandau in the Schrammsteinen. The Teufelsturm is also referred to as the "Symbol of Saxon Climbing".

Climbing rock
A climbing rock (German: Kletterfelsen; regionally also Kletterfels or Klettergipfel) is a term used especially in Germany for an individual rock formation, rock face or rock group on which climbing is permitted. Designated climbing rocks are listed in climbing guidebooks and are usually incorporated and marked within the climbing areas of the alpine clubs. The concept is mainly relevant to climbing outside or on the fringes of the Alps. Special climbing regulations normally apply to climbing rocks, such as those for Saxon Switzerland, and there are usually restrictions to take account of conservation laws and requirements.

Examples of climbing rocks in Germany are the Alpawand (over 600 metres height difference), the Asselstein (58 m) and the Falkenstein in Saxon Switzerland. The German Alpine Club (DAV) maintains a website listing over 3,000 individual rocks in 28 climbing regions with around 250 climbing areas.
George Frost (Australian politician)
George Clement Frost (24 February 1869 – 29 October 1942) was an English-born Australian politician.

He was born in Lowestoft in Suffolk to master mariner George Frost and Mary Ann Harding Moore. He left school at nine and began work as a baker's assistant. He migrated to Victoria in 1889 and worked for a baker in Maryborough; he bought the bakery in 1894. Around 1893 he married Christina Ogilvie, with whom he had eight children. From 1913 to 1927 he served on Maryborough Borough Council, with three terms as mayor (1917–18, 1923–24, 1926–27). He sold his bakery in 1919 and in 1920 was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Maryborough. He transferred to Maryborough and Daylesford in 1927, and served until his death in Maryborough in 1942.

City of Maryborough (Queensland)
The City of Maryborough was a local government area located in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia, containing the urban locality of Maryborough as well as the southern half of Fraser Island (also known as K'Gari and Gari). The City covered an area of 1,233.9 square kilometres (476.4 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1861 until 2008, when it was amalgamated with the City of Hervey Bay, Shire of Woocoo and the 1st and 2nd divisions of the Shire of Tiaro to form the Fraser Coast Region.
Plaça d'Urquinaona
The Plaça d'Urquinaona is one of the principal squares in central Barcelona. It is officially part of Dreta de l'Eixample neighbourhood, in the Eixample district, and is located at the intersection of the Ronda Sant Pere and Carrer d'Ausiàs Marc.

The square is traversed by a few major streets, including Carrer de Pau Claris, Via Laietana, and Carrer Roger de Llúria. Its urbanised surface amounts to 18,050 square meters, and has a green central area. It was named after José María de Urquinaona y Vidot, born in Cádiz and made bishop of Barcelona in 1878. The modern square is crowned by the Torre Urquinaona building, though it was created in 1857, after the demolition of the Sant Pere and Jonqueres bastions. It was originally named Plaça Nova de Jonqueres. Prior to the approval of the square's current name in 1980, it bore a number of other names, including Bisbe Urquinaona; Ferrer i Guàrdia, Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia, Bisbe Urquinaona and Nova de Junqueres.

Bastion
A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and the adjacent bastions. Compared with the medieval fortified towers they replaced, bastion fortifications offered a greater degree of passive resistance and more scope for ranged defence in the age of gunpowder artillery. As military architecture, the bastion is one element in the style of fortification dominant from the mid 16th to mid 19th centuries.
John of Kelso
John (died 1207) was a late 12th century and early 13th century Tironensian monk and bishop. By the time he first appears in the records, as Bishop-elect of Aberdeen in December 1199, he was the prior of Kelso Abbey, that is, deputy to the Abbot of Kelso. He achieved consecration as Bishop of Aberdeen by 20 June 1200, though the date on which this took place is unknown.

John's episcopate, like many from this era, is badly documented, and little is known about his activities. He assisted at the Provincial Council held by the Papal legate, John of Salerno, at Perth in December 1200. His name occurs as a witness to three charters of David of Huntingdon, Lord of Garioch and Earl of Huntingdon, charters preserved in the cartulary of Lindores Abbey. Ratifications of grants made by Gille Críst, Earl of Mar are recorded. He died on 13 October 1207.

Garioch
Garioch (Scots: The Geerie, /ˈɡɪəri/ GEER-ee, Scottish Gaelic: Gairbheach) is one of six committee areas in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It has a population of 46,254 (2006 estimate), which gives it the largest population of Aberdeenshire's six committee areas. The Garioch consists primarily of the district drained by the River Ury and its tributaries the Shevock and the Gadie Burn.
Amazon Appstore
Amazon Appstore is an app store operated by Amazon.com Services, LLC, a subsidiary of Amazon.  The store is primarily used as the storefront for Amazon's Android-based Fire OS. including Amazon Fire tablets, and Amazon Fire TV digital media players, and can be sideloaded and installed manually on third-party Android devices. Some Android devices may also be bundled with Amazon Appstore as part of compensation agreements. It was also used as a source of Android software for runtime environments on BlackBerry 10 and Windows 11.

On August 20, 2025, the Amazon Appstore became inaccessible on third party Android devices and apps bought from the Amazon Appstore no longer work on those devices, but will continue for Fire Tablets.

Pre-installed software
Pre-installed software (also known as bundled software) is software already installed and licensed on a computer or smartphone bought from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The operating system is usually factory-installed, but because it is a general requirement, this term is used for additional software apart from the bare necessary amount, usually from other sources (or the operating system vendor).

Unwanted factory-installed software (also known as crapware or bloatware) can include major security vulnerabilities, like Superfish, which installs a root certificate to inject advertising into encrypted Google search pages, but leaves computers vulnerable to serious cyberattacks that breach the security used in banking and finance websites.

Some mirror sites for freeware use unwanted software bundling that similarly installs unwanted software.
Orexigen Therapeutics
Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc. is a public American pharmaceutical company focused on development of treatments for obesity. The company is based in La Jolla, California and was established by Eckard Weber in 2002.  As a public company, Orexigen is publicly listed on the NASDAQ exchange under the stock symbol OREX.

The company has a single product, Contrave, approved for use in the United States in 2014. Contrave was designed not only to curb hunger but also reduce cravings. Observation of the market performance of Qsymia and Belviq suggest overall low demand for pharmaceutical obesity therapies, calling into question earnings potential for Orexigen's offering.

Orexigen declared bankruptcy in 2018 and was sold to Nalpropion.

Lorcaserin
Lorcaserin, marketed under the brand name Belviq, was a weight-loss drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals. It reduces appetite by activating the 5-HT2C serotonin receptor in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain which is known to control appetite. It was approved in 2012, and in 2020 was removed from the market in the United States due to an increased risk of cancer detected in users of Belviq.
Electronic hardware
Electronic hardware consists of interconnected electronic components which perform analog or logic operations on received and locally stored information to produce as output or store resulting new information or to provide control for output actuator mechanisms.

Electronic hardware can range from individual chips/circuits to distributed information processing systems. Well designed electronic hardware is composed of hierarchies of functional modules which inter-communicate via precisely defined interfaces.

Hardware logic is primarily a differentiation of the data processing circuitry from other more generalized circuitry. For example nearly all computers include a power supply which consists of circuitry not involved in data processing but rather powering the data processing circuits. Similarly, a computer may output information to a computer monitor or audio amplifier which is also not involved in the computational processes.

Data processing
Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of information processing, which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.
Veronika Mayerhofer
Veronika Mayerhofer (born 10 July 1992) is an Austrian cross-country skier. She competed at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 in Val di Fiemme. She competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in 10 kilometre classical, and was part of the Austrian team that placed thirteenth in the relay.

Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 10 kilometre classical
The women's 10 kilometre classical cross-country skiing competition at the 2014 Sochi Olympics took place on 13 February at Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex. Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland won the race after taking a commanding lead early on, then never threatened. Swede Charlotte Kalla won her second silver medal of the 2014 Olympic Games, and Therese Johaug of Norway edged into third place to win the bronze medal.
Najib Zerouali Ouariti
Najib Zerouali Ouariti (Arabic: نجيب الزروالي الواريتي ; born 15 May 1950, Fes) is a Moroccan politician of the National Rally of Independents party. He held the position of Minister of the Modernization of the Public Sector in the cabinet of Driss Jettou, and Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the cabinet of Abderrahmane Youssoufi. Since 10 January 2006, he is Ambassador of Morocco to Tunisia.

Zerouali Ouariti is a physician and a Surgeon. He was the Principal of the Medical school of Casablanca.

Abderrahmane Youssoufi
Abderrahmane Youssoufi (/ɑːbdɛˈræxmɑːn ˈjuːsuːfi/ ⓘ ahb-deh-RAH-mahn YOO-soo-fee; Arabic: عبد الرحمن اليوسفي;  8 March 1924 – 29 May 2020) was a Moroccan politician and human rights lawyer who served as Prime Minister of Morocco from 1998 to 2002, serving under King Hassan II and King Mohammed VI. He was the Secretary General of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (French: Union Socialiste des Forces Populaires, USFP).
Seward, Alaska
Seward (Alutiiq: Qutalleq; Dena'ina: Tl'ubugh) is an incorporated home rule city in Alaska, United States. Located on Resurrection Bay, a fjord of the Gulf of Alaska on the Kenai Peninsula, Seward is situated on Alaska's southern coast, approximately 120 miles (190 km) by road from Alaska's largest city, Anchorage.

With a population of 2,717 people as of the 2020 census, Seward is the fourth-largest city in the Kenai Peninsula Borough, behind Kenai, Homer, and the borough seat of Soldotna. The city is named for former United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, who orchestrated the United States' purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 while serving in this position as part of President Andrew Johnson's administration.

Seward is the southern terminus of the Alaska Railroad and the historic starting point of the original Iditarod Trail to Interior Alaska, with Mile 0 of the trail marked on the shoreline at the southern end of town.

Interior Alaska
Interior Alaska is the central region of Alaska's territory, roughly bounded by the Alaska Range to the south and the Brooks Range to the north. It is largely wilderness. Mountains include Denali in the Alaska Range, the Wrangell Mountains, and the Ray Mountains. The native people of the interior are Alaskan Athabaskans. The largest city in the interior is Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city, in the Tanana Valley. Other towns include North Pole, just southeast of Fairbanks, Eagle, Tok, Glennallen, Delta Junction, Nenana, Anderson, Healy, and Cantwell. The interior region has an estimated population of 113,154.
Moluag
Saint Moluag (c. 510 – 592; also known as Lua, Luan, Luanus, Lugaidh, Moloag, Molluog, Molua, Murlach, Malew) was a Scottish missionary, and a contemporary of Saint Columba, who evangelized the Picts of Scotland in the sixth century. Saint Moluag was the patron saint of Argyll as evidenced by a charter in 1544, from the Earl of Argyll, which states "in honour of God Omnipotent, the blessed Virgin, and Saint Moloc, our patron". The House of Lorne became the kings of Dalriada and eventually united with the Picts to become the kings of Scots.

Duke of Argyll
Duke of Argyll (Scottish Gaelic: Diùc Earraghàidheil) is a title created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1701 and in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1892. The earls, marquesses, and dukes of Argyll were for several centuries among the most powerful noble families in Scotland.  As such, they played a major role in Scottish history throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The Duke of Argyll also holds the hereditary titles of chief of Clan Campbell and Master of the Household of Scotland.

Since 2001, Torquhil Campbell has been Duke of Argyll and is the thirteenth man to hold the title.
Mülheim (Ruhr) West station
Mülheim (Ruhr) West station is located in the German city of Mülheim in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on the Witten/Dortmund–Oberhausen/Duisburg line and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

The station was opened 1 March 1862 by the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company and was called Mülheim (BM) station until 1892, when it was renamed Mülheim (Ruhr). Although it was larger than the station now known as Mülheim (Ruhr) Hauptbahnhof, it was not accepted as the town's main station, because it was too far from its central area. On 26 May 1974, it was renamed to its current name.

It is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S 3 every 30 minutes, tram line 112 (every 10 minutes) operated by Stadtwerke Oberhausen and Ruhrbahn, and bus line 130 (every 20 minutes) operated by Ruhrbahn. The former tram line 110 was replaced by bus 128 on 4 October 2015.

Mülheim
Mülheim, officially Mülheim an der Ruhr (German pronunciation: [ˈmyːlhaɪm ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈʁuːɐ̯] ⓘ, lit. 'Mülheim on the Ruhr'; Low German: Mölm; Kölsch: Müllem) and also described as "City on the River", is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia in western Germany. It is located in the Ruhr Area between Duisburg, Essen, Oberhausen and Ratingen. It is home to many companies, and two Max Planck Institutes.

Mülheim an der Ruhr was granted city rights in 1808, and a century later its population surpassed 100,000, officially making it a major city.