hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Additive number theory
Additive number theory is the subfield of number theory concerning the study of subsets of integers and their behavior under addition. More abstractly, the field of additive number theory includes the study of abelian groups and commutative semigroups with an operation of addition. Additive number theory has close ties to combinatorial number theory and the geometry of numbers. Principal objects of study include the sumset of two subsets A and B of elements from an abelian group G,

and the h-fold sumset of A,

Abelian group
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers form abelian groups, and the concept of an abelian group may be viewed as a generalization of these examples. Abelian groups are named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.

The concept of an abelian group underlies many fundamental algebraic structures, such as fields, rings, vector spaces, and algebras. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their non-abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood and fully classified.
2025 Men's FIH Indoor Hockey World Cup
The 2025 Men's FIH Indoor Hockey World Cup was the seventh edition of the Men's FIH Indoor Hockey World Cup, the international indoor hockey championship contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of the International Hockey Federation. It was held alongside the women's tournament at the Žatika Sport Centre in Poreč, Croatia from 3 to 9 February 2025.

Austria were the two-time defending champions after defeating the Netherlands in the 2023 final. They did not defend their title as they were beaten 2–1 in the final in a shoot-out by Germany, who won a record-extending fourth title, after the match finished 6–6 in regular time. South Africa won the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 6–5, it was the first medal for an African country at the Indoor World Cup.

Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)
In field hockey, a penalty shootout is a method used to decide which team progresses to the next stage of a tournament (or wins the tournament) following a tied game. Two methods have been used: the original penalty stroke competition is a best-of-five penalty strokes with sudden death if scores were level after five strokes. An alternate penalty shoot-out competition was introduced at major tournaments in 2011. Sometimes known as a penalty shuffle, the method is similar to penalty shots in ice hockey and consists of one-on-ones between an attacking player and a goalkeeper. Up to 2013, up to two 7.5-minute golden goal periods were played first; that method ceased after.
Malino, Russia
Malino (Russian: Малино) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Malino, Moscow Oblast, a work settlement in Stupinsky District of Moscow Oblast

Rural localities

Malino, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Fedotyevsky Rural Okrug of Spassky District of Ryazan Oblast

Malino, Tver Oblast, a village in Kesovogorsky District of Tver Oblast

Malino, Ferapontovsky Selsoviet, Kirillovsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Ferapontovsky Selsoviet of Kirillovsky District of Vologda Oblast

Malino, Sukhoverkhovsky Selsoviet, Kirillovsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Sukhoverkhovsky Selsoviet of Kirillovsky District of Vologda Oblast

Malino, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Krutovsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District of Yaroslavl Oblast

Kirillovsky District
Kirillovsky District (Russian: Кири́лловский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north of the oblast and borders with Kargopolsky and Konoshsky Districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Vozhegodsky and Ust-Kubinsky Districts in the east, Vologodsky District in the southeast, Sheksninsky District in the south, Cherepovetsky District in the southeast, Belozersky and Vashkinsky Districts in the west, and with Vytegorsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 5,400 square kilometers (2,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kirillov. Population: 15,877 (2010 Census); 18,627 (2002 Census); 21,702 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kirillov accounts for 48.7% of the district's total population.
The Mystery of Three Quarters
The Mystery of Three Quarters is a work of detective fiction by Sophie Hannah. It is the third in her series of Hercule Poirot novels, after being authorised by the estate of Agatha Christie to write new stories for the character. The previous two are The Monogram Murders (2014) and Closed Casket (2016).

Golden Age of Detective Fiction
The Golden Age of Detective Fiction was an era of classic murder mystery novels of similar patterns and styles, predominantly in the 1920s and 1930s. While the Golden Age proper is usually taken to refer to works from that period, this type of fiction has been written since at least 1911 and is still being written.

In his history of the detective story, Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel, the author Julian Symons heads two chapters devoted to the Golden Age as "the Twenties" and "the Thirties". Symons notes that Philip Van Doren Stern's article, "The Case of the Corpse in the Blind Alley" (1941), "could serve ... as an obituary for the Golden Age." Authors Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, Margery Allingham, and Ngaio Marsh have been collectively called the Queens of Crime.
Alfred Powis
Alfred Powis OC (16 September 1930 – 10 October 2007) was a Canadian businessman. After graduating from Westmount High School, he earned a BComm degree from McGill University. At McGill University, Powis was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity's Tau Alpha chapter. After graduation in 1950, Powis first went to work as an investment analyst at Sun Life Assurance. In 1950, he joined Noranda Mines where he eventually became its president and CEO in 1968 and chairman in 1977.

Alfred Powis was inducted into the Order of Canada in 1984, the Canadian Business Hall of Fame in 1995, and the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame in 1997.

Delta Kappa Epsilon
Delta Kappa Epsilon (ΔΚΕ), commonly known as DKE or Deke, is one of the oldest fraternities in the United States, with fifty-six active chapters and five active colonies across North America. It was founded at Yale College in 1844 by fifteen sophomores who were discontented with the existing fraternity order on campus. The men established a fellowship where the candidate most favored was "he who combined in the most equal proportions the Gentleman, the Scholar, and the Jolly Good Fellow."
Upside Down (The Jesus and Mary Chain song)
"Upside Down" is the debut single from the Scottish alternative rock band the Jesus and Mary Chain. The song was written by William Reid and Jim Reid, and was produced by The Jesus and Mary Chain. The B-side is a cover of the Syd Barrett song "Vegetable Man" and was produced by Joe Foster.

It is the band's only early period release for the Creation Records label. And with about 50,000 copies sold it was the first success for the label.

The sleeves for the first 1,000 copies (in black with red words and an address to write to the band under the credits) were printed by Bobby Gillespie (the next drummer in the band) in Glasgow, and featured handwritten messages from the group. Subsequent copies (without the band address) were produced in several colour variations including red, yellow, blue and pink. In 1985, the single was re-released with a different sleeve with the same catalogue number.

Bobby Gillespie
Robert Gillespie (/ɡɪˈlɛspi/ ghih-LES-pee; 22 June 1961) is a Scottish musician, singer-songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He is the lead singer, founding member, primary lyricist, and sole continuous member of the alternative rock band Primal Scream. He was the drummer for The Jesus and Mary Chain in the mid-1980s, leaving after the release of the band's debut album Psychocandy, and was once the bassist for The Wake.

In October 2021, Gillespie published his memoir Tenement Kid.
KLVG-LD
KLVG-LD (channel 6) is a low-power television station in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The station is owned by Obidia Porras.

KLVG-LD is operated as a hybrid radio/TV station. The TV portion broadcasts in the ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) standard and airs programming from Diya TV. The radio station is broadcast at 87.75 MHz.

K251BS
K251BS (98.1 FM) is a translator radio station licensed to Henderson, Nevada, and is owned through licensee Latino Hustle Group LLC. The station carries a genre hybridization and markets itself as "the only radio station that combines two of the more listened-to genres in Spanish—Regional Mexican and Reggaeton."
Rowena Spencer
Rowena Spencer (July 3, 1922 – May 13, 2014) was an American physician who specialized in pediatric surgery at a time when it was unusual for a female to become a surgeon. She was the first female surgical intern at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first female appointed to the full-time surgery staff at Louisiana State University, and the first female surgeon in Louisiana.

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) is a children's hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its primary campus is located in the University City neighborhood of West Philadelphia, next to the University of Pennsylvania. The hospital has 692 beds and more than 1.6 million outpatient and inpatient visits annually. It is one of the world's largest and oldest children's hospitals and was the first hospital in the United States dedicated to the healthcare of children.

CHOP has been ranked among the best ten children's hospitals in the United States by U.S. News & World Report since 2009. As of 2024, it was ranked number one in the nation by U.S. News & World Report for two out of eleven specialties. The hospital treats infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21.

The hospital also treats adults who would benefit from advanced pediatric care. Most of its physicians serve in the pediatrics and other specialty departments of the Perelman School of Medicine.
1811 in New Zealand
There are still far fewer ships visiting New Zealand than before 1810. This is due to the economic depression which started in New South Wales in 1810 and continues until 1815. The concern that the Boyd massacre might be repeated abates somewhat as a number of reports that it was provoked reach Port Jackson. As more ships resume visits to the Bay of Islands they consistently report that they are well treated.

The sealing rush to Macquarie Island continues, and Campbell Island is also occasionally visited. Most travel via Foveaux Strait. More whalers operate off the north and east coasts of New Zealand than the previous year. A few Māori are crewing on ships and one or two visit Marsden at Parramatta.

Bay of Islands
The Bay of Islands (Māori: Te Pēwhairangi) is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the most popular fishing, sailing and tourist destinations in the country, and has been renowned internationally for its big-game fishing since American author Zane Grey publicised it in the 1930s. It is 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the city of Whangārei. Cape Reinga, at the northern tip of the country, is about 210 km (130 mi) by road further to the north-west.
Tajikistan Second League
The Ligai Duvvumi Tojikiston (Tajik: Лигаи Дуввуми Тоҷикистон; Russian: Вторая лига Таджикистана), or Tajikistan Second League is a football league in Tajikistan, at the third level of importance.

It is operated under the auspices of the Tajikistan Football League Organization and Tajikistan Football Federation. The year of foundation of the Tajikistan First League is 1992.

The Tajikistan Second League is held in the form of regional tournaments.  The winners of these regional tournaments will be able to play in the Tajikistan First League next season. In some seasons, the winners of zonal tournaments play with each other, and the strongest club or clubs get a ticket to the First League.

Regional zones of the Tajikistan Second League:

Tajikistan Football Federation
The Tajikistan Football Federation (TFF) is the governing body of football in Tajikistan. The federation was founded in 1936 in the Tajikistan SSR as a sub-federation of the Soviet Football Federation. It was not until 1994 when the Federation was accepted by the international community including the continental and global associations.
X-Factor (Ukrainian TV series)
X-Factor (Ukrainian: Ікс-Фактор) is the Ukrainian version of The X Factor, a show originating from the United Kingdom. It is a television music talent show for aspiring pop singers drawn from public auditions. Auditions were held in major cities of Ukraine: Dnipro, Lviv, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Kyiv, Poltava, Korosten, Zaporizhzhia, Simferopol, Mykolaiv, Chernivtsi, Uzhhorod, Lutsk, and Rivne.

So far there have been ten winners of the show: Oleksiy Kuznetsov, Viktor Romanchenko, Aida Nikolaychuk, Alexander Poryadinsky, Dmitry Babak, Kostyantyn Bocharov, Sevak Khanagyan, Misha Panchishyn, ZBSband and Elina Ivashchenko.

Uzhhorod
Uzhhorod is a city on the Uzh River in western Ukraine, on the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the Black Sea (650–690 km) making it the most inland city in this part of Europe. It is the administrative center of Zakarpattia Oblast (region), as well as the administrative center of Uzhhorod Raion (district) within the oblast.  Its population is 115,449 (2022 estimate).
Ronald Coleridge
Ronald Hamilton Coleridge (27 October 1905 – 1979) was an English first-class cricketer and tea planter in Colonial India.

The son of F. A. Coleridge, he was born in British India at Madanapalle. Coleridge was educated in England at Marlborough College, where he was involved with the cricket, rugby and field hockey teams, in addition to representing the college in racquets. Following the completion of his education, he returned to British India where he became a tea planter. In India, he made two appearances first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians in the Madras Presidency Matches of 1926–27 and 1936–37. He scored 38 runs in these two matches, with a highest score of 17. Coleridge served in the Second World War as a lieutenant with the Royal Indian Navy Volunteer Reserve. He later returned to England, where he died at Wallingford in 1979. He was married to Maud Coleridge, a cipher for the Special Operations Executive in the Far-East.

Madras Presidency Match
The Madras Presidency Match was an annual first-class cricket fixture played in Madras (now Chennai) from the 1915–16 season to 1951–52 between teams called the Indians and the Europeans (i.e., Europeans who were living in India). The matches were played in the Chepauk Grounds (the present M. A. Chidambaram Stadium) usually in mid-January around the time of Pongal festival, and the fixture was sometimes called the Pongal match. Of the 37 matches played, 33 were first-class and the Indians won 15 of those, the Europeans eight and ten were drawn.
Ait Ben Yacoub
Ait Ben Yacoub is a commune in Midelt Province of the Drâa-Tafilalet administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 4310 people living in 810 households.

2004 Moroccan census
The 2004 Moroccan census, formally the General Population and Housing Census for the year 2004, was held in Morocco in 2004, conducted by the High Planning Commission. The previous census was taken in 1994.
Gledzianów
Gledzianów [ɡlɛˈd͡ʑanuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witonia, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Witonia, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Łęczyca, and 41 km (25 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Łęczyca
Łęczyca (pronounced [wɛnˈt͡ʂɨt͡sa]; in full the Royal Town of Łęczyca, Polish: Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; German: Lentschitza; Yiddish: לונטשיץ, romanized: Lintshits, Luntshits) is a town of 13,587 inhabitants in central Poland. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the county seat of the Łęczyca County. Łęczyca is a capital of the historical Łęczyca Land.
Phichit Hospital
Phichit Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลพิจิตร) is the main hospital of Phichit Province, Thailand. It is classified under the Ministry of Public Health as a general hospital. It has a CPIRD Medical Education Center which trains doctors for the Faculty of Medicine of Naresuan University.

Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)
The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH; Thai: กระทรวงสาธารณสุข, RTGS: Krasuang Satharanasuk) is a Thai governmental body responsible for the oversight of public health in Thailand. It is commonly referred to in Thailand by its abbreviation so tho (สธ.).

The headquarters of the ministry is located in Mueang Nonthaburi, Nonthaburi, and served by Ministry of Public Health MRT station on the MRT Purple Line.
Battle of Abraq
The Battle of Abraq occurred in the Abraq area, situated approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) north of Al Hinakiyah. It is within the Nejd region, a central-western part of Saudi Arabia, and the battle took place in mid-August of the year 632. It battled the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Abu Bakr, against rebellious Arab tribes led, according to Agha Ali Ibrahim Akram, by General Hibal ibn Khuwailid.

This victory for the Rashidun Caliphate marked the end of defensive operations for Medina, and the beginning of large-scale offensive attack throughout the Arabian Peninsula by Abu Bakr and the regrouping of the defeated tribes that fled the battle into a unified force at Buzakha.

Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid
Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi (Arabic: طليحة بن خويلد بن نوفل الأسدي) was a wealthy Arab clan chief and military commander during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad; he belonged to the Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah tribe.

In 625 he was defeated in the Expedition of Qatan, a Muslim expedition against him. He also took part in the Battle of the Trench in 627 against Muhammad and in Battle of Buzakha and Battle of Ghamra in 632 against the Rashidun caliphate. He later submitted to the caliphate and participated in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Battle of  Jalula, and the Battle of Nahavand on the Muslim side.

He along with Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib were praised by Umar for their strength in battlefield and military wisdom during the Muslim conquest of Persia.
Maendeleo
Maendeleo is an administrative ward in the Mbeya Urban district of the Mbeya Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 3,161 people in the ward, from 5,223 in 2012.: 95 : 119

National Bureau of Statistics (Tanzania)
The National Bureau of Statistics is a branch of the Government of Tanzania which has the mandate to provide official statistics to the Government of Tanzania, business community and the public at large. It is based in Dodoma and obtains a wide range of economic, social and demographic statistics about the country. The bureau compiled data on every village in Tanzania for the censuses of 2002, 2012 and 2022, but also provides the results of the previous censuses of 1967, 1978 and 1988.
Duncan Saal
Duncan Saal (born (1996-10-24)24 October 1996) is a South African rugby union player for the Cheetahs in Super Rugby Unlocked and Free State Cheetahs in the Currie Cup. His regular position is wing.

Saal was named in the Cheetahs squad for the Super Rugby Unlocked competition. He made his debut for the Cheetahs in Round 4 of the 2020 Currie Cup Premier Division against the Pumas.

Pumas (Currie Cup)
The Pumas are a South African professional rugby union team that competes in the Premier Division of the Currie Cup. The team draws their players from Mpumalanga Province (formerly known as the South Eastern Transvaal) and plays at the Mbombela Stadium in Mbombela, having previously also played at the Puma Stadium in Witbank.

The Pumas are a well supported team throughout Mpumalanga Province, with large fan bases located in Witbank, Middelburg, Ermelo and Mbombela.
Bullet Train for Australia
Bullet Train for Australia, formerly known as Bullet Train for Canberra, was an Australian political party, registered from 2013 to 2017. It was a single-issue party campaigning for a fast implementation of high-speed rail. It advocated that the first stage of the bullet train should run from Melbourne to Newcastle via Canberra and Sydney, and be built within 5 years.

The party first contested the 2012 ACT election, gaining around 9,000 votes, representing 4% of first preference votes.
The party was renamed to Bullet Train For Australia in 2013 and had 18 candidates in the federal election that year, in the ACT, NSW and Victoria.

The party was involved in Glenn Druery's Minor Party Alliance (MPA) and the Alliance for Progress.

The party fielded four candidates for seats in the House of Representatives in the ACT, NSW and Victoria in the 2016 federal election.

On 23 May 2017, the Australian Electoral Commission approved the party's application for voluntary deregistration.

Australian Electoral Commission
The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) is the independent statutory agency of the Australian Government responsible for the management and oversight of Australian federal elections, plebiscites, referendums and some trade union elections.
Coccyx fracture
A coccyx fracture is a fracture of the coccyx, commonly called a broken tailbone or ‘puzzle fracture.’

The coccyx is located at the base of the spine, under the sacrum.  It is the last section of the ape vertebral column.  Most commonly in humans it comprises  3 to 5 fused (or, more rarely, separate) vertebrae, and is approximately 4 to 10 cm in length.  The coccyx is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, called the sacrococcygeal symphysis, allowing for some (but little) movement.

Cartilaginous joint
Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).  Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.  Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
Banking foundation
Banking foundation is a type of foundation that originated as a bank. The banking reforms split the banks (usually local and community owned savings banks, as a statutory corporation) into limited company and holding company (or banking foundation).

Statutory corporation
A statutory corporation is a corporation created by statute. Their precise nature varies by jurisdiction, but their powers are defined in, and controlled by, the creating legislation.

Bodies described in the English language as "statutory corporations" exist in the following countries in accordance with the associated descriptions (where provided).