hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Capital punishment in Wisconsin
Capital punishment in Wisconsin was abolished in 1853. Wisconsin was one of the earliest United States jurisdictions to abolish capital punishment, and is the only state that has performed only one execution in its history.

Since its admission to the Union in 1848 as the 30th state, the only execution carried out in Wisconsin was a botched execution of immigrant farmer John McCaffary, who was hanged on August 21, 1851, in Kenosha County for drowning his wife in a backyard cistern.

Wisconsin abolished the death penalty in 1853 just two years after McCaffary's execution.

In 2006, an advisory referendum was carried out, with 55.5% of Wisconsin voters in favor of allowing capital punishment. The state legislature did not adopt any statute to implement the popular vote.

A 2013 poll by Marquette Law School showed that 46.6% of Wisconsin voters supported allowing capital punishment, while 50.5% opposed.

Wisconsin State Legislature
The Wisconsin State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The legislature is a bicameral body composed of the upper house, Wisconsin State Senate, and the lower Wisconsin State Assembly, both of which have had Republican majorities since January 2011. With both houses combined, the legislature has 132 members representing an equal number of constituent districts. The legislature convenes at the state capitol in Madison.

The current sitting is the 107th Wisconsin Legislature.
Marco Crespi (basketball)
Marco Crespi (born 2 June 1962) is an Italian professional basketball coach. He served as a Head Coach of Baskonia and Scaligera Verona of the Italian League. He ended his career 2021 as Head Coach for Sweden women's national basketball team.

Sweden women's national basketball team
The Sweden women's national basketball team (Swedish: Sveriges damlandslag i basket) represents Sweden in international women's basketball competition and is controlled by the Swedish Basketball Federation. The national team has entered five EuroBasket Women finals, the first in 1978 where they lost all of their matches and finished in 13th place. At the EuroBasket Women 1987 Sweden finished in 7th place, a feat repeated in 2013.  In 2019 Sweden reached the quarter-finals and was ranked 5th, a result that secured a spot in the 2020 Olympic qualifying tournament. Sweden will be the co-host of the FIBA Women's EuroBasket in 2027 alongside Belgium, Finland and Lithuania.

Comparing with earlier decades, Sweden improved significantly during the 2010s.  This was much thanks to the "Golden Generation" who won medals in junior championships on both European and world levels.
Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir
Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir are the ethnic Kashmiri people who reside in Azad Kashmir, a territory which constitutes part of Pakistani-administered Kashmir since the end of the First Kashmir War. Their demographic includes up to 40,000 registered Kashmiri refugees who have fled the Kashmir Valley, located in Indian-administered Kashmir, to Pakistan since the late 1980s due to conflict in the region.

As of 2010, only around 60 percent of Kashmiri refugees had acquired Pakistani citizenship. As of 2025, according to an official communiqué, over 9,500 refugee families, comprising approximately 46,000 individuals, continued to live in poor conditions in camps and rented accommodations across various areas of Azad Kashmir, including Mirpur, Kotli, Bagh, Muzaffarabad, and Jhelum Valley.

Muzaffarabad
Muzaffarabad is a city in Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It is the largest city and the capital of Azad Kashmir, which is a Pakistani-administered administrative territory.

The city is located in Muzaffarabad District, near the confluence of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers. The district is bounded by the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, the Kupwara and Baramulla districts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the east, and the Neelum District in the north.
Electrolytic detector
An electrolytic detector, or liquid barretter, is a type of detector (demodulator) used in early radio receivers. It was first used by Canadian radio researcher Reginald Fessenden in 1903, and used until about 1913, after which it was superseded by crystal detectors and vacuum tube detectors such as the Fleming valve and Audion (triode). It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other detectors available at the time such as the magnetic detector and the coherer.  It was one of the first rectifying detectors, able to receive AM (sound) transmissions.  On December 24, 1906, US Naval ships with radio receivers equipped with Fessenden's electrolytic detectors received the first AM radio broadcast from Fessenden's Brant Rock, Massachusetts transmitter, consisting of a program of Christmas music.

Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts
Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States, composed of the neighborhoods of Ocean Bluff, Brant Rock, Fieldston, and Rexhame in the town of Marshfield. The population of the CDP was 4,970 at the 2010 census.
Philiris
Philiris is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Australasian realm (New Guinea, Bismarck Islands, Molucca Islands and eastern Australia,( Queensland)), mostly inhabiting tropical rainforests. Philiris was erected by Julius Röber in 1891.
It is a speciose genus. Tite decided on 56 species. Sands added 11 species and placed the taxa into 21 species groups (broadly accepted by Parsons). Most species are in New Guinea. Tite considered Philiris and Candalides Hübner, 1819 to be sisters. Eliot (1973) placed Philiris in Luciini Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914, close to Hypochrysops C. et R. Felder, 1860. Compared to other members of the tribe, Philiris have relatively uniform ventral patterns with usually silvery-white ground color.

Australasian realm
The Australasian realm is one of eight  biogeographic realms that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua), and the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, including the island of Sulawesi, the Moluccas (the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku), and the islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, and Timor, often known as the Lesser Sundas.

The Australasian realm also includes several Pacific island groups, including the Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia. New Zealand and its surrounding islands are a distinctive sub-region of the Australasian realm.  The rest of Indonesia is part of the Indomalayan realm. In the classification scheme developed by Miklos Udvardy, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and New Zealand are placed in the Oceanian realm.
Venetz Peak
Venetz Peak (80°23′S 25°30′W﻿ / ﻿80.383°S 25.500°W﻿ / -80.383; -25.500) is a peak rising to about 1,500 m and surmounting the southeast rim of Bonney Bowl in the Herbert Mountains, Shackleton Range. It was photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy in 1967 and surveyed by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) between 1968 and 1971. In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area, it was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1971 after Ignaz Venetz-Sitten (known as Venetz, 1788–1859), a Swiss engineer and glacial geologist who, in 1821, first expressed in detail the idea that alpine glaciers were formerly much more extensive.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Venetz Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Bonney Bowl
Bonney Bowl is a cirque to the southeast of Sumgin Buttress in the west-central part of the Herbert Mountains, Shackleton Range. It was photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy, 1967, and surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey, 1968–71. In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1971 after the Reverend Thomas George Bonney (1833–1923), English geologist who worked on the origin of cirques; he was Professor of Geology, University College London, 1877–1901.
Joyce Hillman-Kortum
Joyce Elaine Hillman-Kortum (née Higel, June 10, 1936 – November 20, 2019) was a Democratic politician from Nebraska who served as a member of the Nebraska Legislature from the 48th district from 1991 to 1999.

Gering, Nebraska
Gering is a city in and the county seat of Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, United States, in the Panhandle region of the state. The population was 8,564 at the 2020 census, making it the 17th most populous city in Nebraska.
Chad Willett
Chad Willett (born October 10, 1971, in British Columbia), is a Canadian actor and producer who has worked for over 30 years as a professional in film, television and theatre. His selected films include Alive, directed by Frank Marshall and produced by Kathleen Kennedy. Hector and the Search for Happiness, starring Simon Pegg, Monster Trucks directed by Chris Wedge, Broken Diamonds alongside Ben Platt and Lola Kirke and Steal This Movie with Vincent D'Onofrio

Willett produced and starred in the film Becoming Redwood in 2011. The film won the 2012 Vancouver International Film Festival Most Popular Canadian Film Award. In 2010, Willett received a Leo Award for his portrayal of the small town redneck antagonist in the film Cole, directed by Carl Bessai. His last credit was a performance in the 2021 TV movie A Dickens of a Holiday!.

Carl Bessai
Carl Bessai (born 1966 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian film director and screenwriter. Bessai studied at OCAD University and at York University in Toronto graduating with a Master of Fine Arts Degree. He got his start directing documentary films before moving to Vancouver and directing his debut feature film Johnny in 1999.

Bessai was nominated for the Genie Award for Best Director at the 29th Genie Awards for his 2007 film Normal, which was also a nominee for Best Motion Picture.

He is a member of the Directors Guild of Canada, the Writers Guild of Canada, and the Canadian Film and Television Producers Association.
Will Wolford
William Charles Wolford (born May 18, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills, Indianapolis Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football for the Vanderbilt Commodores.

Vanderbilt Commodores football
The Vanderbilt Commodores football program represents Vanderbilt University in the sport of American football. The Commodores compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) within the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They are led by head coach Clark Lea. Vanderbilt plays their home games at FirstBank Stadium, located on the university's Nashville, Tennessee campus.
Dickson Lake (Vancouver Island)
Dickson Lake is a lake located north of Great Central Lake in Newcastle Land District, British Columbia.  Robert Brown in 1864 on the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition named the lake after Dr. James Dickson.

James Dickson (botanist)
James (Jacobus) J. Dickson (1738–1822) was a Scottish nurseryman, plant collector, botanist and mycologist. Between 1785 and 1801 he published his Fasciculus plantarum cryptogamicarum Britanniae, a four-volume work in which he published over 400 species of algae and fungi that occur in the British Isles He is also the editor of the exsiccata work Hortus siccus Britannicus, being a collection of dried British plants, named on the authority of the Linnean herbarium and other original collections (1793–1802).

The plant genus Dicksonia is named after him.
East (Croydon ward)
East was an electoral ward in the London Borough of Croydon from 1965 to 1978. The ward was first used in the 1964 elections and last used for the 1974 elections. It returned three councillors to Croydon London Borough Council. For elections to the Greater London Council, the ward was part of the Croydon electoral division from 1965 and then the Croydon North East division from 1973.

Croydon North East (electoral division)
Croydon North East was an electoral division for the purposes of elections to the Greater London Council. The constituency elected one councillor for a four-year term in 1973, 1977 and 1981, with the final term extended for an extra year ahead of the abolition of the Greater London Council.
60th Battalion (Australia)
The 60th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army. It was raised for service during World War I in 1916 and took part in the fighting on the Western Front for two-and-a-half years. Following the end of the war it was disbanded before being re-raised in 1921 as a part-time unit of the Citizen Force. In 1930, as a result of manpower shortages, the 60th was amalgamated with the 57th Battalion to form the 57th/60th Battalion and this unit subsequently saw service in the South West Pacific during World War II fighting against the Japanese, before being disbanded in 1946.

Battle of Amiens (1918)
The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy  was the opening phase of the Allied offensive which began on 8 August 1918, later known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which ultimately led to the end of World War I. Allied forces advanced over 11 kilometres (7 mi) on the first day, one of the greatest advances of the war, with Gen Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army, with nine of its 19 divisions supplied by the fast-moving Australian Corps of Lt General John Monash and Canadian Corps of Lt General Arthur Currie, and Gen Marie Eugène Debeney's French First Army playing a decisive role. The battle is also notable for its effects on both sides' morale and the large number of surrendering German forces. This led Erich Ludendorff to later describe the first day of the battle as "the black day of the German Army". Amiens was one of the first major battles involving armoured warfare.
Tasque (software)
Tasque is an unmaintained open source task management application, part of the GNOME community. Its name was partially inspired by the French village by the same spelling. "Tasque" in French is pronounced the same as the word "task" is in English. It is released under the MIT License.

As of 2018, Tasque is listed as an inactive, archived project.

MIT License
The MIT License is a permissive software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the late 1980s. As a permissive license, it puts few restrictions on reuse and has high license compatibility.

Unlike copyleft software licenses, the MIT License allows reuse within proprietary software, provided that all copies of the software or its substantial portions include a copy of the terms of the MIT License and also a copyright notice. In 2015 and 2025, the MIT License was the most popular software license on GitHub.

Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System, Ruby on Rails, Node.js, Lua, jQuery, .NET, Angular, and React.
Allan J. Baker
Allan John Baker (9 July 1943 – 20 November 2014) was a Canadian ornithologist of New Zealand descent. He was an authority on wading birds; red knots in particular were one of his main research fields.

Red knot
The red knot or just knot (Calidris canutus) is a medium-sized shorebird which breeds in tundra and the Arctic Cordillera in the far north of Canada, Europe, and Russia. It is a large member of the Calidris sandpipers, second only to the great knot. Six subspecies are recognised.

Their diet varies according to season; arthropods and larvae are the preferred food items at the breeding grounds, while various hard-shelled molluscs are consumed at other feeding sites at other times. North American breeders migrate to coastal areas in Europe and South America, while the Eurasian populations winter in Africa, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. This species forms enormous flocks when not breeding.
Vertical Hummingbird
The Vertical Hummingbird is an American helicopter, produced by Vertical Aviation Technologies of Sanford, Florida that was introduced in 1991. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Lycoming O-540
The Lycoming O-540 is a family of air-cooled six-cylinder, horizontally opposed fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter engines of 541.5 cubic inches (8.9 L) displacement, manufactured by Lycoming Engines. The engine is a six-cylinder version of the four-cylinder Lycoming O-360.
2006 Colonial Athletic Association baseball tournament
The 2006 Colonial Athletic Association baseball tournament was held at Brooks Field in Wilmington, North Carolina, from May 24 through 28.  The event determined the champion of the Colonial Athletic Association for the 2006 season.  Fifth-seeded UNC Wilmington won the tournament for the second time and earned the CAA's automatic bid to the 2006 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

Entering the event, former member East Carolina had won the most championships, with seven.  Among active members, Old Dominion and VCU led with three titles while George Mason had won twice and UNC Wilmington and William & Mary had each won once.

George Mason Patriots baseball
The George Mason Patriots baseball team is an intercollegiate baseball team representing George Mason University in NCAA Division I college baseball and has made six appearances in the NCAA tournament.

George Mason participates as a full member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They have won four regular season championships and two tournaments as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association.
Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia
Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia is a species of Australian rock fern from the family Pteridaceae. Once a common understory plant along streams in moist areas of Southern Australia, Cheilianthes austrotenuifolia is still quite widespread in remnant bush-land, such as areas of the Adelaide Hills, although it has been affected significantly by land clearance and competition from invasive species.

Bright green fronds grow from an underground rhizome. The plant spreads through division of this rhizome, and also by spores held under the fronds. Fronds die down in summer and return with the rain in Autumn.

The plant is very difficult to propagate using spores, but it may be more easily done using sections of the rhizome.

Adelaide Hills
The Adelaide Hills region is located in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges east of the city of Adelaide in the state of South Australia. The largest town in the area, Mount Barker, is one of Australia's fastest-growing towns. Before British colonisation of South Australia, the area was inhabited by the Peramangk people.

The Adelaide Hills wine region comprises areas of the Adelaide Hills above 300 m (980 ft).
2003 Mississippi elections
A general election was held in Mississippi on November 4, 2003, to elect to four-year terms all members of the state legislature (122 representatives, 52 senators), the offices of governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, state treasurer, state auditor, secretary of state, commissioner of agriculture and commerce, and commissioner of insurance, plus all three members of the Transportation Commission and all three members of the Public Service Commission.

Dick Hall (Mississippi politician)
Dick Hall (May 12, 1938 – November 2, 2022) was a Mississippi politician who served on the Mississippi Transportation Commission for the Central District from 1999 to 2019, the longest tenure of any commissioner in state history. He also served in the Mississippi State Senate and Mississippi House of Representatives for three terms each. He was a Republican.
2019 Formula Regional European Championship
The 2019 Formula Regional European Championship was a multi-event, Formula 3 open-wheel single seater motor racing championship held across Europe. The championship features a mix of professional and amateur drivers, competing in Formula 3 cars that conform to the FIA Formula 3 regulations for the championship. In the inaugural season of the championship, Frederik Vesti was the drivers' champion.

The season commenced on 14 April at Circuit Paul Ricard and concluded on 20 October at Autodromo Nazionale Monza, after eight meetings.

Formula Three
Formula Three (F3) is a third-tier class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America and Asia form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers.
Telling All My Secrets
Telling All My Secrets is the second studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Mitchell Tenpenny, and his major-label debut. It was released through Columbia Nashville and Riser House Records on December 14, 2018. The lead single, "Drunk Me", reached the top 10 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart. Tenpenny co-wrote all eleven tracks on the album. Tenpenny produced the album with Jordan Schmidt except for "Alcohol You Later", which was produced by Sam Sumser, and "I Get the Picture", "Somebody Ain't You", and the title track, which Tenpenny produced with Paul DiGiovanni.

Country Airplay
Country Airplay is a chart published weekly by Billboard magazine in the United States since October 20, 2012, although the magazine also retrospectively recognizes the Hot Country Songs charts from January 20, 1990, through October 13, 2012, as part of the history of the Country Airplay listing.  The chart lists the 60 most-listened-to records played on 150 mainstream country radio stations across the country as monitored by Nielsen BDS, weighted to each station's Nielsen ratings.

The first number-one song actually published under the Country Airplay banner was "Take a Little Ride" by Jason Aldean; but as Billboard also recognizes the history of the Hot Country Songs chart since 1990 as part of this chart, the magazine recognizes the first chart-topper as "Nobody's Home" by Clint Black.
Deviant logic
Deviant logic is a type of logic incompatible with classical logic. Philosopher Susan Haack uses the term deviant logic to describe certain non-classical systems of logic. In these logics:

the set of well-formed formulas generated equals the set of well-formed formulas generated by classical logic.

the set of theorems generated is different from the set of theorems generated by classical logic.

The set of theorems of a deviant logic can differ in any possible way from classical logic's set of theorems: as a proper subset, superset, or fully exclusive set. A notable example of this is the trivalent logic developed by Polish logician and mathematician Jan Łukasiewicz. Under this system, any theorem necessarily dependent on classical logic's principle of bivalence would fail to be valid.  The term deviant logic first appears in Chapter 6 of Willard Van Orman Quine's Philosophy of Logic, New Jersey: Prentice Hall (1970), which is cited by Haack on p. 15 of her book.

Jan Łukasiewicz
Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvit͡ʂ] ⓘ; 21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher who is best known for Polish notation and Łukasiewicz logic.  His work centred on philosophical logic, mathematical logic and history of logic.  He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, offering one of the earliest systems of many-valued logic. Contemporary research on Aristotelian logic also builds on innovative works by Łukasiewicz, which applied methods from modern logic to the formalization of Aristotle's syllogistic.

The Łukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley that inform modern translations of Prior Analytics by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009. Łukasiewicz is regarded as one of the most important historians of logic.