hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Megradina
Megradina festiva is a grasshopper species in the monotypic genus Megradina, found in Vietnam. It is in the family Pyrgomorphidae, subfamily Orthacridinae, and tribe Nereniini. It is closely related to the New Guinea grasshopper genus Megra.

Megradina festiva is a medium-sized grasshopper with a large, finely punctate head and a slender, elongated body. The total body length reaches 25.8 mm (1.0 in) in males and 45 mm (1.8 in) in females. The holotype is a male collected in the Central Highlands of Vietnam in 1995 by Andrey Vasil'evich Gorochov.

Central Highlands (Vietnam)
The Central Highlands (Vietnamese: Cao nguyên Trung phần), South Central Highlands (Vietnamese: Cao nguyên Nam Trung Bộ), Western Highlands (Vietnamese: Tây Nguyên) or Midland Highlands (Vietnamese: Cao nguyên Trung bộ) was a former region located in the south central part of Vietnam. It contained parts of the provinces of Đắk Lắk, Gia Lai, Quảng Ngãi, and Lâm Đồng. On June 12 2025 the region merged with South Central Coast.
Mahmoud Salavati
Mahmoud Salavati (Persian: محمود صلواتی; born 21 March 1953 in Khomeini Shahr, Isfahan Province) is a jurist, author, commentator and translator of the Quran and Nahj, religious scholar and member of the Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers. He is a co-founder of the Islamic Revolution and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. He is also the founder and the first president of the Center for Research and ideological – political Iranian Revolutionary Guards and outstanding student of Ayatollah Montazeri and Ayatollah Yousef Sanei and close associate of the late Ayatollah Taheri Esfahani is. ِِDr fazlollah Salavati is his cousin.

Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers
The Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers (also Association of Researchers and Teachers of Qom) is a political party and association of Shia Islamic clerics in Iran's religious capital of Qom. It was founded in 2001, as a support group for the Reformist movement and then-President of Iran Mohammad Khatami. Many of its members were students of Ayatollah Montazeri, who was a major patron of the association until his death in 2009. Ayatollah Musavi Tabrizi serves as its Secretary-General and representative to the House of Parties of Iran. He became their leader in 2004 when their first leader Ayatollah Abayi Khorasani died. It has been linked to the marājiʿ Ayatollah Sane’i and Ayatollah Ardabili.
Keith Topping
Keith Andrew Topping (born 26 October 1963 in Walker, Tyneside) is an author, journalist and broadcaster. He is best known for his work relating to the BBC Television series Doctor Who and for writing numerous official and unofficial guide books to a wide variety of television and film series, particularly Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

He is also the author of two books of rock music critique. To date, Topping has published more than 40 books.

Lists of books based on Doctor Who
Lists of books based on Doctor Who cover different types of book in the Doctor Who media franchise.
These include novels, audiobooks, and short story anthologies. The lists are organized by publisher and imprint.
Architectural design values
Architectural design values make up an important part of what influences architects and designers when they make their design decisions. However, architects and designers are not always influenced by the same values and intentions. Value and intentions differ between different architectural movements. It also differs between different schools of architecture and schools of design as well as among individual architects and designers.

The differences in values and intentions are directly linked to the pluralism in design outcomes that exist within architecture and design. It is also a big contributing factor as to how an architect or designer operates in his/her relation to clients.

Different design values tend to have a considerable history and can be found in numerous design movements. The influence that each design value has had on design movements and individual designers has varied throughout history.

Timeline of architecture
This is a timeline of architecture, indexing the individual year in architecture pages.  Notable events in architecture and related disciplines including structural engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning. One significant architectural achievement is listed for each year.

Articles for each year (in bold text, below) are summarized here with a significant event as a reference point.
Eskil (bishop of Aarhus)
Eskil was a bishop of the Ancient See of Aarhus in Aarhus, Denmark, who died around 1165. Eskil is mentioned for the first time in 1158 when king Valdemar I is recorded as giving Vitskøl to the Cistercian order. It is not known when Eskil was born or when he died, only that he died during a raid to Wendland c. 1165. In the church-conflict at the time Eskil, as many other bishops, and king Valdemar was on the side of the imperial pope. However, King Valdemar's policies changed and soon he supported the French side and the archbishop Eskil of Lund which he proved by donating land in the diocese to the Cistercians. The initial offering of Vitskøl proved undesirable and the Cistercians had it swapped for another property at Sminge in 1165. The monks later swapped lands again until finally they had lands at Mossø near Skanderborg, where Øm Abbey would eventually be built. The Cistercian monks brought their relics with them whenever they moved, including the body of Eskil.

Eskil of Lund
Eskil was a 12th-century Archbishop of Lund, in Skåne, Denmark (now in Sweden).

He was one of the most prominent princes of the Church in Scandinavia. Known for his piety, he was always zealous for the welfare of the church, and was a defender of the rights of the hierarchy in its struggle against the civil power and clerical usurpers.
Sem Benelli
Sem Benelli (August 10, 1877 – December 18, 1949) was an Italian playwright, essayist and librettist.  He provided the texts for several noted Italian operas, including Italo Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re and L'incantesimo, and Umberto Giordano's La cena delle beffe, based on Benelli's own play of the same title.

Italo Montemezzi
Italo Montemezzi (August 4, 1875 – May 15, 1952) was an Italian composer. He is best known for his opera L'amore dei tre re (The Love of the Three Kings), once part of the standard repertoire. It is now seldom performed.
Peruvian Immortal
The Peruvian Immortal is the name given to a  chess game played by the Peruvian master (later grandmaster) Esteban Canal against an unknown amateur in a simultaneous exhibition he gave at Budapest in 1934. In just 14 moves, Canal sacrificed both his rooks and his queen, finishing with Boden's mate.

Julius du Mont calls it, "A charming game." Irving Chernev writes, "In 13 moves, Canal sacrifices both Rooks and his Queen—and then mates on his 14th move! ... A man might play a million games of chess and never duplicate Canal's feat." Fred Reinfeld writes,

When Anderssen sacrificed two Rooks, the Queen etc. against Kieseritzky, the finished product was described as 'the immortal game'. It might be more accurate to call it 'an immortal game', for since that time there have been many claimants to the title. Not the least deserving is [this] little gem, on which Canal may have lavished something less than five minutes. The game has the blazing quality of a Liszt improvisation.

Simultaneous exhibition
A simultaneous exhibition or simultaneous display is a board game exhibition (commonly chess or Go) in which one player (typically of high rank, such as a grandmaster or dan-level player) plays multiple games at a time with a number of other players.  Such an exhibition is often referred to simply as a "simul".
Stretcher (furniture)
A stretcher is a horizontal support element of a table, chair or other item of furniture; this structure is normally made of exposed wood and ties vertical elements of the piece together.  There are numerous styles of the stretcher including circumferential, double and spindle design.  This term is sometimes referred to as a stretcher beam. A very common pattern for chairs has each front leg connected to the back by the lateral stretchers, which in turn are connected by a medial stretcher. In the William and Mary period chi (from the Greek letter chi - Χ) stretchers were common, connecting the legs diagonally, frequently with a finial where the stretchers crossed.

Vertical and horizontal
In astronomy, geography and related sciences and contexts, an orientation or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point.

Conversely, a orientation, plane or surface is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is everywhere perpendicular to the vertical orientation.

More generally, something that is vertical can be drawn from "up" to "down" (or down to up), such as the y-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system.
Ivan Zubkov
Ivan Ivanovych Zubkov (Ukrainian: Іван Іванович Зубков; 1 November 1973 – 20 January 2015) was a Ukrainian Airmobile Forces senior lieutenant and a posthumous Hero of Ukraine. He fought in the war in Donbas as a fire support officer and was killed during the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport. Zubkov was posthumously awarded the title Hero of Ukraine and the Order of the Gold Star on 9 June 2015.

Hero of Ukraine
A Hero of Ukraine (abbr.  HOU; Ukrainian: Герой України, romanized: Heroi Ukrainy) is the highest national decoration that can be conferred upon an individual citizen by the president of Ukraine.

The decoration was created in 1998 by President Leonid Kuchma. As of January 26, 2026, the total number of recipients was no less than 1,255 (of which decrees awarding 1,216 individuals were published, and for at least 39 individuals, the decrees were not made public).

The decoration is granted to two classes of recipients: to civilians, the Order of the State (abbr.  OS, Ukrainian: Орден Держави, romanized: Orden Derzhavy); and to military recipients, the Order of the Gold Star (abbr.  OGS, Орден «Золота Зірка», Orden "Zolota Zirka").

The first foreigner awarded the decoration was Belarusian Mykhailo Zhyznevskyi in June 2017.
Pertusaria lichexanthoverrucosa
Pertusaria lichexanthoverrucosa is a rare species of crustose and corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Pertusariaceae. Found in Bahia, Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors near the Cachoeira do Mosquito (in Chapada Diamantina National Park, Lençóis) at an altitude between 450 and 500 m (1,480 and 1,640 ft); here the lichen was found growing on tree bark in Atlantic Forest near a river. Pertusaria lichexanthoverrucosa is only known to occur at the type locality, which is part of the Chapada Diamantina mountains. The specific epithet lichexanthoverrucosa refers to both the presence of lichexanthone as well as the verrucose (warty) thallus.

Lençóis
Lençóis is a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil. The population is 11,499 (2020 est.) in an area of 1277 km2. The town has a well-preserved colonial atmosphere and is the starting point for treks into Chapada Diamantina.
Gesser
Gesser is a surname of South German origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Bella Gesser, Israeli chess player

Jason Gesser (born 1979), American football player and coach

Samuel Gesser (1930–2008), Canadian record producer

Bella Gesser
Bella Gesser (Hebrew: בלה גסר), née Igla (Hebrew: בלה איגלה; Russian: Белла Игла; born June 2, 1985), is an Israeli chess player holding the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM). In 2004, she won the Israel Women's Chess Championship.

Igla started her career at the Russian Chess Federation, playing in competitions including the Russian Youth Chess Championship (ru), in the categories U12 and U16. She moved to Israel in 1998. Igla transferred national federations from Russia to Israel in 2001.

Igla represented Israel in three Chess Olympiads:

The 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004, Calvià, Majorca (Spain), at board 3, with a 69% result (+6 =6 −1).

The 37th Chess Olympiad in 2006, Turin, Italy, at board 3, with a 59% result (+5 =3 −3).

The 38th Chess Olympiad in 2008, Dresden, Germany, playing at the second/third boards. She achieved an 80% result (+8 =0 −2), helping her country arrive at the ninth place in the women's competition.
Bestumkilen
Bestumkilen is a bay in Lysakerfjorden in the inner Oslofjord area of Norway.

Located west of the Bygdøy peninsula and east of Vækerø, it is bordered by the islet Killingen in the southwest and the mouth of the river Hoffselva at Sjølyst in the northeast. It was formerly known, together with Frognerkilen, under the name Ladegaardsfjordene. This stems from older times, when Bygdøy was an island, named Ladegaardsøen. Bygdøy later became a peninsula due to post-glacial rebound, separating Bestumkilen from Frognerkilen. Propositions to reconnect Bestumkilen and Frognerkilen through a canal were made in 1928 and 1937, but not carried out.

The rowing club Bestumkilen RK and the canoeing club Oslo KK are based in Bestumkilen. There is also a harbor for leisure boats.

Oslo KK
Oslo Kajakklubb is a sports club from Oslo, Norway.

Established on 1 March 1931, its only sport is canoe racing. It is based at Bestumkilen outside of Skøyen, sharing the locality with the rowing club Bestumkilen RK. Member-wise, the club languished under the 1000 mark until the early 2000s, when membership was more than doubled. Among its 2,200 members in 2012, 40% were female.

Well-known members include 1936 Olympian Ivar Iversen, 1948 Olympic bronze medallist Eivind Skabo, 1976 Olympian Morten Opsahl, 1984 Olympian Finn Borchgrevink, and 2000 Olympic gold medallist Knut Holmann.

Among its head coaches are Tom Selvik. Among its chairmen of the board are Gerhard Aspheim. At times, the club has also had the chair and vice chair of the Norwegian Canoe Association, such as in 1961 with Reidar Webster and Ivar Iversen respectively.
Loaded, Leather, Moonroof
Loaded, Leather, Moonroof is an album by Canadian guitarist Don Ross, released in 1997. Ross plays 6 and 7-string guitar and dobro on this release.

It was rated four out of five stars by L'Acadie Nouvelle.

L'Acadie Nouvelle
L'Acadie Nouvelle is an independent French newspaper published in Caraquet, New Brunswick, Canada since June 6, 1984. It is published from Monday through Saturday and is the only French-language daily newspaper in New Brunswick.
Yerdos Akhmadiyev
Yerdos Akhmadiyev (Ердос Жаксимбинович Ахмадиев, born 6 March 1985) is a Kazakh cross-country skier who has competed since 2010. Akhmadiyev was selected to carry the Kazakh flag during the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.

Akhmadiyev is also scheduled to carry the Kazakh flag during the opening ceremony of the 2017 Asian Winter Games.

Opening ceremony
An opening ceremony, grand opening, or ribbon-cutting ceremony marks the official opening of a newly constructed location or the start of an event. Opening ceremonies at significant events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, and the Rugby World Cup might involve thousands of participants and be watched worldwide. Such tournaments often also include a closing ceremony at the end of the event.
Labidochromis gigas
Labidochromis gigas is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi where it is only known to occur in areas with rocky substrates around Likoma Island and Chisumulu Island.  This species can reach a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) SL.  It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

Likoma Island
Likoma Island is the larger of two islands in Lake Malawi, in East Africa, the smaller being the nearby Chizumulu. Likoma and Chizumulu both belong to Malawi, and together they make up the Likoma District. Although both islands lie just a few kilometres from Mozambique, and are entirely surrounded by Mozambican territorial waters, they are both exclaves of Malawi.
Vicente Vega
Vicente Vega (21 February 1955 – 13 January 2025) was a Venezuelan footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He was part of Venezuela's squads for the 1975, 1979 and 1983 Copa Américas. Vega died from complications of diabetes on 13 January 2025, at the age of 69.

1975 Copa América
The 1975 edition of the Copa América football tournament was played between 17 July and 28 October. The tournament saw many significant shifts to its format, such as changing its name from South American Championship to Copa América and altering from a round-robin tournament to incorporating a group stage, a knockout round, and a final. Additionally all ten CONMEBOL countries participated for the first time, with defending champions Uruguay receiving a bye into the semi-finals and the rest starting in the group stage. For this tournament there was also no fixed venue, and all matches were played throughout the year in each country.
Château de Frœnsbourg
The Château de Frœnsbourg is a ruined French castle north west of the town of Lembach, within the Bas-Rhin département. It has been listed since 1898 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. It is partially a troglodyte structure (built into the side of a cliff or mountain, using caves as connecting halls), with two main buildings making up the rest of the structure.

Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin (French pronunciation: [bɑ ʁɛ̃] ⓘ) is a department in Alsace which is a part of the Grand Est region of France. The name means 'Lower Rhine', referring to its lower altitude among the two French Rhine departments: it is downstream of the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine) department. Both belong to the European Upper Rhine region. It is, with the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), one of the two departments of the traditional Alsace region which until 1871, also included the area now known as the Territoire de Belfort. The more populous and densely populated of the pair, it had 1,152,662 inhabitants in 2021. The prefecture is based in Strasbourg. The INSEE and Post Code is 67.

On 1 January 2021, the departemental councils of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin merged into the European Collectivity of Alsace.

The inhabitants of the department are known as Bas-Rhinois or Bas-Rhinoises.
HSwMS Psilander (18)
HSwMS Psilander (18) was a Psilander-class destroyer of the Swedish Navy from 1940 to 1947. The ship was purchased from Italy by Sweden in 1940, along with her sister ship HSwMS Puke. Before that, she served in the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) as Giovanni Nicotera, one of four members of the Italian Sella class. Psilander was scrapped in 1949.

Regia Marina
The Regia Marina (Italian for 'Royal Navy', pronounced [ˈrɛːdʒa maˈriːna]) (RM) or Royal Italian Navy was the navy of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the birth of the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), the Regia Marina changed its name to Marina Militare ("Military Navy").
Michael Leinert
Michael Leinert (born 1942 in Meldorf / Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) is a stage director, dramaturg, editor and author. His father, Friedrich Leinert was a composer, conductor and professor of music in Hannover. Leinert's mother was an operatic and concert singer.

Hamburg State Opera
The Hamburg State Opera (in German: Staatsoper Hamburg) is a German opera company based in Hamburg. Its theatre is near the square of Gänsemarkt. Since the 2025/26 season, the Intendant of the company is Tobias Kratzer, and the Generalmusikdirektor is Omer Meir Wellber.
Tang (blade)
A tang or shank is the back portion of the blade component of a tool or weapon where it extends into stock material or connects to a handle – as on a knife, sword, spear, arrowhead, chisel, file, coulter, pike, scythe, screwdriver, etc. One can classify various tang designs by their appearance, by the manner in which they attach to a handle, and by their length in relation to the handle.

Nakago is the term in Japanese, used especially when referring to the tang of the katana or the wakizashi.

Chisel
A chisel is a hand tool with a characteristic wedge-shaped cutting edge on the end of its blade. A chisel is useful for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal.

Using a chisel involves forcing the blade into some material to cut it. The driving force may be applied by pushing by hand, or by using a mallet or hammer. In industrial use, a hydraulic ram or falling weight ('trip hammer') may be used to drive a chisel into the material.

A gouge is a type of chisel that serves to carve small pieces from the material; particularly in woodworking, woodturning and sculpture.
Tejirli
Tejirli (Turkish: Tecirli, Tâcirli, or Tüccarlı)  is a Turkoman tribe densely inhabiting Çukurova but also the provinces of Gaziantep, Kilis, Sivas, Kars, Erzurum in Turkey, parts of Cyprus, and Raqqa in Syria.

Raqqa Governorate
Raqqa Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة الرقة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah; Kurmanji Kurdish: Parêzgeha Reqayê) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in the north of the country and covers an area of 19,618 km2. The capital is Raqqa.
Clipping (computer graphics)
Clipping, in the context of computer graphics, is a method to selectively enable or disable rendering operations within a defined region of interest. Mathematically, clipping can be described using the terminology of constructive geometry. A rendering algorithm only draws pixels in the intersection between the clip region and the scene model. Lines and surfaces outside the view volume (aka. frustum) are removed.

Clip regions are commonly specified to improve render performance. A well-chosen clip allows the renderer to save time and energy by skipping calculations related to pixels that the user cannot see. Pixels that will be drawn are said to be within the clip region. Pixels that will not be drawn are outside the clip region. More informally, pixels that will not be drawn are said to be "clipped."

Region of interest
A region of interest (often abbreviated ROI) is a sample within a data set identified for a particular purpose. The concept of a ROI is commonly used in many application areas. Existing as a vicinity, or within one. For example, in medical imaging, the boundaries of a tumor may be defined on an image or in a volume, for the purpose of measuring its size. The endocardial border may be defined on an image, perhaps during different phases of the cardiac cycle, for example, end-systole and end-diastole, for the purpose of assessing cardiac function. In geographical information systems (GIS), a ROI can be taken literally as a polygonal selection from a 2D map. In computer vision and optical character recognition, the ROI defines the borders of an object under consideration. In many applications, symbolic (textual) labels are added to a ROI, to describe its content in a compact manner. Within a ROI may lie individual points of interest (POIs).
Hofmann rearrangement
The Hofmann rearrangement (Hofmann degradation) is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one less carbon atom. The reaction involves oxidation of the nitrogen followed by rearrangement of the carbonyl and nitrogen to give an isocyanate intermediate. The reaction can form a wide range of products, including alkyl and aryl amines.

The reaction is named after its discoverer, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, and should not be confused with the Hofmann elimination, another name reaction for which he is eponymous.

Alkyl group
In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen.
The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. 
An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of −CnH2n+1. A cycloalkyl group is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula −CnH2n−1.
Typically an alkyl is a part of a larger molecule. In structural formulae, the symbol R is used to designate a generic (unspecified) alkyl group. The smallest alkyl group is methyl, with the formula −CH3.