hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Camel wrestling
Camel wrestling (Turkish: deve güreşi) is a sport in which two male Tülü camels wrestle, typically in response to a female camel in heat being led before them. It is most common in the Aegean region of Turkey, but is also practiced in other parts of the Middle East and South Asia.

Estrous cycle
The estrous cycle (from Latin  oestrus 'frenzy', originally from Ancient Greek  οἶστρος (oîstros) 'gadfly') is a set of recurring physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammalian subclass Theria. Estrous cycles start after sexual maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases, otherwise known as "rest" phases, or by pregnancies. Typically, estrous cycles repeat until death. These cycles are widely variable in duration and frequency depending on the species. Some animals may display bloody vaginal discharge, often mistaken for menstruation. Many mammals used in commercial agriculture, such as cattle and sheep, may have their estrous cycles artificially controlled with hormonal medications for optimum productivity. The male equivalent, seen primarily in ruminants, is called rut.
Battle of the Amu Darya
Battle of the Amu Darya (1788–1789) was a series of engagements and manoeuvres fought between forces of the Durrani Empire under Timur Shah Durrani and the forces of the Emirate of Bukhara under Shah Murad Khan along the Amu Darya and in the districts of Balkh, Aqcha and Qataghan. The campaign combined sieges, large-scale marches across the Hindu Kush and a decisive field engagement in which Bukharan columns were heavily beaten. The result was a negotiated settlement that largely reaffirmed earlier agreements but left the Durrani position in the north precarious.

Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara was an Uzbek absolute monarchy in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now parts of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. The Turco-Mongol tribe of Uzbeks known as "Manghits" were the rulers.
Washington legislative districts
The following is a list of the forty-nine legislative districts in the U.S. state of Washington since the 2024 redistricting. From the time Washington achieved statehood in 1889, it has elected members for representation to the state legislature.  Each district elects a state senator and two district representatives.  The districts have changed throughout state history through periodical redistricting, most recently in 2024 following the Soto Palmer v. Hobbs court case  District lines in Washington are drawn by the Washington State Redistricting Commission, which is made up of four members appointed by the legislature's party leaders and a fifth non-voting chair.

King County, Washington
King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The population was 2,269,675 in the 2020 census, making it the most populous county in Washington, and the 12th-most populous in the United States. The county seat is Seattle, also the state's most populous city.

Originally named after US representative, senator, and then vice president-elect William R. King in 1852, the county government amended its designation in 1986 to honor Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent activist and leader during the civil rights movement. The change was approved by the state government in 2005.

It is one of three Washington counties that are included in the Seattle metropolitan area along with Snohomish County to the north and Pierce County to the south. About two-thirds of King County's population lives in Seattle's suburbs, which largely developed in the late 20th century and early 21st century as bedroom communities before becoming job centers for the technology industry.
Swing, Swang, Swung
Swing, Swang, Swung is the fourth studio album of Christian rock band Guardian. It was released in 1994 by Pakaderm Records.

The album takes the band into experimental grounds in folk and acoustic music. However, it was harshly criticized by fans for leaving behind their rock and metal roots.

Tony Palacios
Tony Palacios is the lead guitarist of the Christian hard rock band, Guardian. Palacios joined the band in 1986 and has remained with them since, releasing nine studio albums, including three in Spanish.

In 1998, Palacios released his first instrumental guitar solo album entitled Epic Tales of Whoa! on Cadence Records. The album was assembled over a ten-year period, and received critical acclaim from the metal community. Presently he is working as a sound mixer, engineer, and producer for various Christian artists.

Palacios is best known for his use of synthetic noises in combination with "natural" guitars and other instruments to create interesting or inspiring sounds.
Gallabat
Gallabat (Arabic: القلابات) is a village in the Sudanese state of Al Qadarif. It lies at one of the country's border crossing points with Ethiopia; on the other side of the border is Ethiopia's corresponding border village Metemma.

Ethiopia–Sudan border
The Ethiopia–Sudan border (Arabic: الحدود الإثيوبية السودانية; Amharic: የኢትዮ ሱዳን ድንበር, romanized: ye’ītiyo sudani diniberi) is a disputed border between the Federal Republic of Ethiopia and the Republic of the Sudan since the 19th century. Ethiopia and Sudan share a long boundary of 744 km (462 mi) in length. The Ethiopian-Sudan border was not settled during the colonial period and was not clear since it mainly relies on natural landmarks such as mountains, trees, and rivers.

One of the most disputed areas is the fertile agricultural region of al-Fashaga, where Ethiopia claims the land up to the Atbarah and Tekezé River while Sudan claims the border is further east.
Periungual wart
Periungual warts are warts that cluster around the fingernail or toenail.  They appear as thickened, fissured, cauliflower-like skin around the nail plate.  Periungual warts often cause loss of the cuticle and paronychia. Nail biting increases susceptibility to these warts.

Warts of this kind often cause damage to the nail either by lifting the nail from the skin or causing the nail to detach partially. If they extend under the nail, then the patient may suffer pain as a result. Sometimes periungual wart infections resemble the changes that are found in onychomycosis. In worst cases, if the infection causes injury or damage to the nail matrix, deformity in the nail may become permanent.

As with other wart types, several treatments are available, including laser therapy, cryotherapy, salicylic acid, and other topical treatments.

Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C7H6O3. A colorless (or white), bitter-tasting solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). It is a plant hormone, and has been listed by the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory as an experimental teratogen. The name is from Latin salix for willow tree, from which it was initially identified and derived. It is an  ingredient in some anti-acne products. Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.
Frank Fletcher (baseball)
Oliver Frank Fletcher (March 6, 1891 – October 7, 1974) was an American baseball player.  Born in Hildreth, Illinois, he played shortstop and third base and batted and threw right-handed. He sometimes played under the name Fletcher Franks.

Fletcher played minor league baseball with the Harrisburg Coal Miners of the Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League and the Syracuse Stars of the New York State League. He originally played as a third baseman, but switched to shortstop upon joining the Stars in 1914. The Syracuse Herald called him "one of the snappiest young players" in his league.

Fletcher made his only major league appearance in 1914, when he played in one game for the Philadelphia Phillies. He struck out in his only at-bat. Phillies manager Pat Moran gave him a trial during the next season, but he did not appear in any major league games that year.

Fletcher later served as a coach for Clearwater High School's baseball team. He died in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1974.

New York State League (1885–1917)
The New York State League was a minor league baseball league that played between 1885 and 1917. The league began play as an Independent level league before playing from 1902 to 1917 as a Class B level league. League franchises were based in New York and Pennsylvania. John H. Farrell served as president of the league from 1897 to 1917.
Chigusa
Chigusa (written: 千種, 千草 or ちぐさ in hiragana) is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

Chigusa Ikeda (池田 千草, born 1976), Japanese voice actress

Chigusa Kitani (木谷 千種, 1895–1947), Japanese painter

Chigusa Nagayo (長与 千種, born 1964), Japanese professional wrestler

Chigusa Takaku (高久 ちぐさ, born 1978), Japanese actress

Chigusa (written: 千種) is also a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Nobuo Chigusa (千種 信雄, born 1948), Japanese basketball player

Chigusa Kotoko (千種 任子, born 1855 - 1944), Japanese concubine of Emperor Meiji

Chigusa Takaku
Chigusa Takaku (高久 ちぐさ, Takaku Chigusa; born 11 August 1978 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actress. She has appeared in a number of Japanese TV dramas and films.

In 2010, she appeared in Aparna Sen's Bengali Film The Japanese Wife as the leading female opposite Rahul Bose.
DWKD-FM
DWKD (98.5 FM), broadcasting as 98.5 iFM, is a radio station owned and operated by the Radio Mindanao Network. The station's studio and transmitter are located at the 3rd Floor, OMA Bldg. Rizal Ave., Cauayan, Isabela.

Cauayan, Isabela
Cauayan, officially the City of Cauayan (Ibanag: Siyudad nat Cauayan; Gaddang: Siyudad na Cauayan; Ilocano: Siudad ti Cauayan; Filipino: Lungsod ng Cauayan), is a component city in the province of Isabela, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 143,539 people.
Arthur Riky Hogan
Arthur Riky Hogan (23 May 1832 – 15 October 1880) was an Irish clergyman and entomologist from Dublin.

Hogan, who gained his M.A. at the University of Dublin, was the curate of Corsham, from 1856 to 1858, curate of Piddleton, Dorset, from 1860 to 1863, then, after 1865,  Vicar of Watlington, Oxfordshire. He was one of the editors of the Natural History Review (the others were William Henry Harvey, Samuel Haughton, Alexander Henry Haliday and Edward Percival Wright). Hogan spent his last years in Italy with Haliday.

He was an Honorary Member of the Oxford Entomological Society. He died in Southport, Lancashire, aged 48.

Watlington, Oxfordshire
Watlington is a small market town and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, about 7 miles (11 km) south of Thame. It is near Oxfordshire's eastern edge and less than 2 miles (3 km) from its border with Buckinghamshire. The parish includes the hamlets of Christmas Common, Greenfield and Howe Hill, all of which are in the Chiltern Hills. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 2,727.
Statue rubbing
Statue rubbing is the act of touching a part of a public statue. Popular among tourists, it is a form of superstition that is believed to bring good luck, ensure a return to the city, improve love life or make a wish come true.

The parts that are supposed to be rubbed are usually the most protruding or characteristic ones, for example noses or feet. In Springfield, Illinois, at Lincoln's Tomb, rubbing the nose of Honest Abe's large bust is good luck. Some of those superstitions also involve touching breasts or genitalia of the person depicted on the statue – this is usually supposed to bring luck in love or improve fertility. One example is the statue of Juliet in Verona.

Rubbing statues can have negative effects on them as it causes erosion. Because of that some well-known statues had to be replaced with a replica and some places discourage or ban tourists from doing it. It is also possible to acquire a bacterial infection from touching statues.

Foot
The foot (pl.: feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is an organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.
Social risk management
Social risk management (SRM) is a conceptual framework developed by the World Bank, specifically its Social Protection and Labor Sector under the leadership of Robert Holzmann, since the end 1990s.  The objective of SRM is to extend the traditional framework of social protection to include prevention, mitigation, and coping strategies to protect basic livelihoods and promote risk taking. SRM focuses specifically on the poor, who are the most vulnerable to risk and more likely to suffer in the face of economic shocks. Through its strategies SRM aims to reduce the vulnerability of the poor and encourage them to participate in riskier but higher-return activities in order to transition out of chronic poverty.

Crop
A crop is a plant or plant product harvested for human use. Crops are cultivated at scale to produce food, fiber, fuel, and other products. Crops have been central to human civilization since the first agricultural revolution, a key stage in the broader history of agriculture, when early societies domesticated plants for food and trade. Today, a small number of staple crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and sugarcane account for the majority of global production. Because of their economic importance, crops are studied within several scientific disciplines, including agronomy, agricultural science, horticulture, and forestry.
Hyacinthe Gaëtan de Lannion
Hyacinthe Gaëtan de Lannion (1719–1762) was a French politician and administrator. From 1735 to 1762 he was the Governor of Vannes in Brittany, a hereditary post he inherited from his father Anne de Lannion along with the title Count of Lannion. In 1756 following France's successful siege of the strategic British base of Minorca he was appointed Governor of Minorca a position he held until 1758 and then again between 1760 and 1762.

He was made a Knight of the Holy Spirit (2 February 1759) and promoted to lieutenant general of His Majesty's armies (17 December 1759).
He died in 1762, and was succeeded in his title by Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles.

Order of the Holy Spirit
The Order of the Holy Spirit (French: Ordre du Saint-Esprit; sometimes translated into English as the Order of the Holy Ghost) is a French order of chivalry founded by Henry III of France in 1578. Today, it is a dynastic order under the House of France.

It should not be confused with the Congregation of the Holy Ghost or with the religious Order of the Holy Ghost. It was the senior chivalric order of France by precedence, although not by age, since the Order of Saint Michael was established more than a century earlier.

Although officially abolished by the government authorities in 1830 following the July Revolution, its activities carried on. It is still recognised by the International Commission for Orders of Chivalry.
Zeuhl
Zeuhl (pronounced [zœl]; lit. 'celestial') is a music genre that is a hybrid of jazz fusion, symphonic rock and neoclassical music, established in 1969 by the French band Magma. The term comes from Kobaïan, the fictional language created by Magma's Christian Vander and Klaus Blasquiz for Magma, in which Zeuhl Ẁortz means approximately 'celestial force'.

Ruins (Japanese band)
Ruins is a Japanese music duo composed only of drummer/vocalist Tatsuya Yoshida and a bass guitarist (there have been four such bassists in the band's history). The group, formed in 1985, was supposedly intended to be a power trio; the guitarist, however, never showed up to the band's first rehearsal so the group remained a duo. The music touches on progressive rock, jazz fusion and noise rock.
The Anchor, Bankside
The Anchor is a pub in the London Borough of Southwark. It is in the Bankside locality on the south bank of the River Thames, close to Southwark Cathedral and London Bridge station. A tavern establishment (under various names) has been at the pub's location for over 800 years. Behind the pub are buildings that were operated by the Anchor Brewery.

The Anchor started life as the "brewery tap room" for the Anchor Brewery, first established in 1616. Michelin's travel guide incorrectly states that the Anchor was rebuilt in 1676 after the Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed it.  This was impossible as the fire never reached the southern side of the Thames outside of the limits of the City of London. The book The Rough Guide to London states that the establishment was first built in 1770. The establishment was also rebuilt again in the 19th century.

The establishment has been described as "Bankside's oldest surviving tavern" in the book Secret Bankside: Walks in the Outlaw Borough.

Bankside
Bankside is an area of London, England, within the London Borough of Southwark. Bankside is located on the southern bank of the River Thames, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Charing Cross, running from a little west of Blackfriars Bridge to just a short distance before London Bridge at St Mary Overie Dock. It is part of a business improvement district known as 'Better Bankside'.
Curt Meyer
Curt Meyer (19 November 1919 – 18 April 2011) was a German mathematician. He made notable contributions to number theory.

A native of Bremerhaven, Meyer obtained his doctorate from the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1950, under supervision of Helmut Hasse. In 1966 he became professor of mathematics at the University of Cologne, a position he held until 1985.

Among his most important results is an alternative solution to the class number 1 problem, building on the original Stark–Heegner theorem.

Stark–Heegner theorem
In number theory, the Heegner theorem or Stark-Heegner theorem establishes the complete list of the quadratic imaginary number fields whose rings of integers are  principal ideal domains.  It solves a special case of Gauss's class number problem of determining the number of imaginary quadratic fields that have a given fixed class number.

Let Q denote the set of rational numbers, and let d be a square-free integer. The field  is a quadratic extension of Q. The class number of  is one if and only if the ring of integers of  is a principal ideal domain. The Baker–Heegner–Stark theorem can then be stated as follows:

If d < 0, then the class number of  is one if and only if

These are known as the Heegner numbers.

By replacing d with the discriminant D of  this list is often  written as:
John A. Cherry
John Anthony Cherry (born July 4, 1941) is a Canadian hydrogeology researcher and university professor.

He was the recipient of the 2016 Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize, awarded at Singapore International Water Week in July 2016 for his work in groundwater research, protection and management. In 2020, Cherry received the Stockholm Water Prize. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus from the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. He revolutionized the field of groundwater research by researching the migration of contaminants in groundwater and developing technologies for groundwater monitoring and remediation. His research resulted in a "paradigm shift in groundwater pollution control measures", leading to new groundwater remediation guidelines to be adopted in the United States and other countries in the 1990s.

Singapore International Water Week
The Singapore International Water Week (SIWW) is a conference in Singapore for the global water industry.

SIWW's flagship programmes include The Water Leaders Summit, the Water Convention, the Water Expo, Business Forums, Hydro-Gen and Industrial Water Solutions. The programme culminates with the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize.

SIWW was launched in 2008. Since 2012, SIWW has been held biennially in conjunction with the World Cities Summit and CleanEnviro Summit Singapore. In 2013, the attention was focused on the water utility sector with the SIWW Water Utilities Leaders Forum (SWULF).

In 2018, the SIWW featured and served NEWBrew, a beer brewed from NEWater.

In 2021, the SIWW was held virtually.
Lenneborg
Lenneborg (formerly named Manisa Bella and Lingediep), is a general cargo vessel, registered in Delfzijl, Netherlands, having previously been registered in Monrovia and Groningen. The ship was built in China, being delivered to her first owners in 2008. It delivers cargo around northern Africa and Europe to as far north as Oulu, Finland.

Delfzijl
Delfzijl (Dutch: [dɛl(ə)fˈsɛil] ⓘ; Gronings: Delfziel [dɛlfˈsil]) is a city and former municipality (which now belongs to the municipality of Eemsdelta) with a population of 25,651 in the province of Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands. Delfzijl was a sluice between the Delf and the Ems, which became fortified settlement in the 16th century. The fortifications were removed in the late 19th century. Delfzijl is the fifth largest seaport in the Netherlands, and the largest port in the North East of the country.
A Group Called Smith
A Group Called Smith is the debut album by American rock band Smith, released in 1969. It contains their biggest hit, a cover version of the Shirelles' song, "Baby, It's You", which peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 1, 1969 (spending a total of 15 weeks on the chart). "Baby, It's You" was used in Quentin Tarantino's 2007 film, Death Proof.

The album reached No. 17 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Death Proof
Death Proof is a 2007 American slasher film written, co-produced, shot and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Kurt Russell as a stuntman who murders young women with modified cars he describes as "death-proof". Rosario Dawson, Vanessa Ferlito, Jordan Ladd, Rose McGowan, Sydney Tamiia Poitier, Tracie Thoms, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, and Zoë Bell co-star as the women he targets.

The film was originally released theatrically by Dimension Films on April 6, 2007 as part of Grindhouse, a double feature that combined Death Proof with Robert Rodriguez's Planet Terror. After Grindhouse underperformed at the domestic box office, Death Proof was released as a standalone feature in other countries and on home media. It received mostly positive reviews for its stunt sequences and tribute to exploitation cinema, although its pacing was criticized, while grossing $31.1 million against a $30 million budget.
1832 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1832.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.