hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing
Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, or Strand-seq, is a technique for the selective sequencing of a daughter cell's parental template strands.
This technique offers a wide variety of applications, including the identification of sister chromatid exchanges in the parental cell prior to segregation, the assessment of non-random segregation of sister chromatids, the identification of misoriented contigs in genome assemblies, de novo genome assembly of both haplotypes in diploid organisms including humans, whole-chromosome haplotyping, and the identification of germline and somatic genomic structural variation, the latter of which can be detected robustly even in single cells.

Photodissociation
Photodissociation, photolysis, photodecomposition, or photofragmentation is a chemical reaction in which molecules of a chemical compound are broken down by absorption of light (photons). It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule that dissociates into two fragments.

Here, “light” is broadly defined as radiation spanning the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. To break covalent bonds, photon energies corresponding to visible, UV, or VUV light are typically required, whereas IR photons may be sufficiently energetic to detach ligands from coordination complexes or to fragment supramolecular complexes.
Gnaneswara Rao (cricketer)
Yalaka Gnaneswara Rao (born 25 August 1984) is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler. He made his first-class debut in 2000/01 season and was also a member of Kochi Tuskers Kerala in 2011 IPL season. He also captained India Under-19 cricket team in its tour of England which included future international cricketers like Ambati Rayudu, Suresh Raina, Irfan Pathan, and Timil Patel. His older brother, Venugopal Rao played international cricket for India.

India national under-19 cricket team
The Indian men’s national Under-19 cricket team represents India in cricket at Under-19 level. The team has won six Under-19 World Cups and has the best win percentage in ODIs among all Under-19 national teams.

The team has won the Under-19 World Cup six times and finished runners-up four times. In 2000, they won it under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif, in 2008, they won it under Virat Kohli's leadership, in 2012 under Unmukt Chand, in 2018 under Prithvi Shaw, and in 2022 under Yash Dhull. Ayush Mhatre led the team to their 6th title in 2026.

The team is currently captained by Ayush Mhatre, and coached by former India cricketer Hrishikesh Kanitkar.
Hilarion the Younger
Hilarion the Younger (Greek: Ἱλαρίων ὁ νέος) was an abbot of the Pelekete Monastery in Bithynia, and a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

He lived in the late 8th or early 9th century, and was an opponent of Byzantine Iconoclasm. Miracles were attributed to his tomb, and he is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on 27 or 28 March. It has been suggested that he might be the anonymous abbot of Pelekete who died in 823, but the latter entertained a more moderate position against the iconoclasts, and was prepared to make concessions to them.

Bithynia
Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, romanized: Bithynía) is a geographical region of northwestern Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It borders Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 3rd century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus (region) region as the province of Bithynia and Pontus.

In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme. It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333.
CoEvolution Quarterly
CoEvolution Quarterly (1974–1985) was a journal originally edited by Stewart Brand.  Brand established the CoEvolution Quarterly using proceeds from the Whole Earth Catalog.  It evolved out of the original Supplement to the Whole Earth Catalog. Fred Turner notes that in 1985, Brand merged CoEvolution Quarterly with The Whole Earth Software Review (a supplement to The Whole Earth Software Catalog) to create the Whole Earth Review.

CoEvolution Quarterly was the first place to publish Ivan Illich's essays "Vernacular Values" which later became the book Shadow Work.

Ivan Illich
Ivan Dominic Illich (/ɪˈvɑːn ˈɪlɪtʃ/ iv-AHN IL-itch; German: [ˈiːvan ˈɪlɪtʃ]; 4 September 1926 – 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic. His 1971 book Deschooling Society criticises modern society's institutional approach to education, an approach that demotivates and alienates individuals from the process of learning. His 1975 book Medical Nemesis, importing to the sociology of medicine the concept of medical harm, argues that industrialised society widely impairs quality of life by overmedicalising life, pathologizing normal conditions, creating false dependency, and limiting other more healthful solutions. Illich called himself "an errant pilgrim."
Sarah Wild
Sarah Wild is a British-South African science journalist and author. In November 2017 she became the first African to win a AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award.

Wild is the author of Searching African Skies: The Square Kilometre Array and South Africa’s Quest to Hear the Songs of the Stars (2012) and Innovation: Shaping South Africa through Science (2015), which was published in Afrikaans as Innovasie: Hoe wetenskap Suid-Afrika vorm. In 2023 she published Human Origins: A Short History, which was published in Chinese in 2024.

Wild was named the Siemens pan-African Profile Awards for science journalism winner in 2013, and received the Dow Technology and Innovation Reporting award at the 2015 CNN Multichjoice African Journalist of the Year awards.

Wild has written for Nature, Science, Scientific American, The Guardian, The Observer, The Atlantic, The Economist, Undark Magazine, Quartz, AfricaCheck, Mail & Guardian, and Business Day.

Business Day (South Africa)
Business Day is a national daily newspaper in South Africa, published weekdays (Monday to Friday) and also available as an e-paper. Based in Parktown, Johannesburg, it is edited by Alexander Parker and published by Arena Holdings, which is also the parent company of the Financial Mail magazine and Business Day TV (formerly known as Summit TV).

The newspaper, launched on 1 May 1985, covers all major national and international news, with a specific focus on the South African economy and business sector, companies and financial markets. It also contains an influential opinion section with several popular columnists, along with coverage of sport, travel, books, arts and entertainment.

Business Day has its digital identity on BusinessLIVE. It also has apps for the iPhone and iPad, Android devices and Huawei devices.
Blackfriars, Leicester
Blackfriars Leicester, also known as St Clement's Church, Leicester and 
St Clement's Priory, Leicester, is a former priory of the Order of Preachers (also called Dominican Friars or Black Friars) in the city of Leicester in Leicestershire, England. It is also the name of a former civic parish, and a neighbourhood in the city built on and around the site of the old priory.

Priory
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. They are found in the Catholic Church, Lutheran Churches, and Anglican Communion. Priories may be monastic houses of monks or nuns (such as the Benedictines, the Cistercians, or the Charterhouses). Houses of canons & canonesses regular also use this term, the alternative being canonry. Mendicant houses, of friars, nuns, or tertiary sisters (such as the Friars Preachers, Augustinian Hermits, and Carmelites) also exclusively use this term.

In pre-Reformation England, if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status, the abbey became a cathedral priory. The bishop, in effect, took the place of the abbot, and the monastery itself was headed by a prior.
Jugroom Fort
Jugroom Fort is a complex of fortified buildings south-west of Garmsir in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, on the east bank of the Helmand River. The fort is several centuries old, and in 2007 it was used as a Taliban base.

Garmsir
Garmsir (Pashto: ګرمسير; from Persian گرمسیر, meaning "hot place") is the center of Garmsir District in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Helmand River on 31°07′00″N 64°12′00″E﻿ / ﻿31.1167°N 64.2000°E﻿ / 31.1167; 64.2000 at 714 m altitude and 63 km southwest of Lashkargah.  The major road at Garmsir is Route 605.  The hospital is called Hazar Juft Comprehensive Health Clinic.

Prince Harry spent time in the village during his 2008 period in the country.
Maspero demonstrations
The Maspero demonstrations began in October 2011 by a group dominated by Egyptian Copts in reaction to the demolition of a church in Upper Egypt claimed to be built without the appropriate license. The peaceful protesters who intended to stage a sit-in in front of the Maspiro television building were attacked by security forces and the army, resulting in 24 deaths, mostly among the Coptic protestors, and 212 injuries, most of which were sustained by Copts.

Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt (Arabic: صعيد مصر Ṣaʿīd Miṣr, shortened to الصعيد, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [es.sˤe.ˈʕiːd], locally: [es.sˤɑ.ˈʕiːd]) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel North. It thus starts at Beni Suef and stretches down to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).
Disciples: Sacred Lands
Disciples: Sacred Lands is a turn-based strategy game published by Strategy First in 1999. Set in a fantasy world known as the Sacred Lands, it depicts a battle for dominance between the races of the world of Nevendaar. In 2001, an expanded version of the game was released titled Disciples: Sacred Lands - Gold Edition, which added 25 new scenarios.

Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.
Jonathan Mendelsohn (singer)
Jonathan Mendelsohn (born 19 June 1980) is an American singer and songwriter. He has worked with EDM DJs such as Hardwell, Brennan Heart and Blasterjaxx. Their collaborations "We Are Legends", "Imaginary" and "Ghost In The Machine" held the number one position on the respective Beatport Top 100, while the song "Till Tonight" with Laidback Luke was ranked in the Dutch national charts. Also two tracks with Dash Berlin received a nomination for 'Best Trance Track' at the IDMA's.

Laidback Luke
Lucas Cornelis van Scheppingen (born 22 October 1976), better known under his stage name Laidback Luke, is a Filipino-born Dutch DJ and record producer. He notably remixed the Robin S. song, "Show Me Love" which charted at No. 11 on the UK charts in 2009. He is also the founder of Mixmash Records.
Issoria mackinnonii
Issoria mackinnonii is a small brown-chequered-with-black (fritillary) butterfly found in the Palearctic region that belongs to the family Nymphalidae. It was first described by Lionel de Nicéville in 1891. It is found in the Nila and Baspa river valleys, the northwest Himalayas and central Nepal.

Baspa River
Baspa River rises near the Indo-Chinese border and forms the Baspa Valley (also known as the Sangla Valley) - one of the most scenic in Himalayas. The Chung Sakhago Pass lies at the head of the valley. It is fed by the perennial glaciers and shares the catchment area with the Ganges.

Baspa starts at the Baspa hills, joins Sutlej River from the left bank near Karcham. The upper and middle slopes of the valley along the river are covered with pine and oak forests. Pastures, meadows and fields cover the lower slopes. Some of the most picturesque villages in the Himalayas can be found here. Only the lower half of the 95 kilometers length of the valley is inhabited - all the way from Chitkul (3,475 m) to where the Baspa meets the Sutlej River at Karcham (1,830 m).

Though gentle most of the way, it would be difficult to raft in Baspa as some stretches have sheer falls.
Peter Scharmann
Peter Scharmann (born 26 February 1950, in Klagenfurt) is an Austrian racecar driver who competed in German and European motor sports in the 1970s in Formula Vee and Formula Super Vee classes, and later in the Formula 3 and Formula 2, with numerous successes.

Formula Two
Formula Two (F2) is a type of open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009 to 2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The name returned again in 2017 when the former GP2 Series became known as the FIA Formula 2 Championship.
Allen V. Evans
Allen V. Evans is an American politician who was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1990 to 2018, representing Mineral County and Grant County. He served as a Minority Chair of the Agriculture committee.

Grant County, West Virginia
Grant County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,976. Its county seat is Petersburg. The county was created from Hardy County in 1866 and named for Civil War General and the 18th president of the United States Ulysses S. Grant.
Canton of Ault
50°6′7″N 1°26′58″E﻿ / ﻿50.10194°N 1.44944°E﻿ / 50.10194; 1.44944

The Canton of Ault  is a former canton situated in the department of the Somme and in the Picardie region of northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 10 communes, which joined the canton of Friville-Escarbotin in 2015. It had 10,193 inhabitants (2012).

Canton of Friville-Escarbotin
50°5′29″N 1°33′2″E﻿ / ﻿50.09139°N 1.55056°E﻿ / 50.09139; 1.55056

The  Canton of Friville-Escarbotin  is a canton situated in the department of the Somme and in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.
Apollo 18: The Moon Missions
Apollo 18: The Moon Missions is a simulation video game developed by American studio AIM Software and published by Project Two Interactive on March 31, 1999, for Windows.

The game tales place on two disks: a video-heavy tutorial disk, and the simulation training at Johnson Space Center. Players learn proper commands and sequence, and then apply this to the Apollo 18 to ensure a successful launch.

While the Apollo 18 is fictitious, the game is based on the real events that led to the 1969 Moon landing.

American craft
American craft is craft work produced by independent studio artists working with traditional craft materials and processes. Examples include wood (woodworking and furniture making), glass (glassblowing and lampworking),  clay (ceramics), textiles, and metal (metalworking). Studio craft works tend to either serve or allude to a functional or utilitarian purpose, although they are just as often handled and exhibited in ways similar to visual art objects.
Nicobar imperial pigeon
The Nicobar imperial pigeon (Ducula nicobarica) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Nicobar Islands. Its natural habitats are lowland forests, but it also feeds on fruiting trees in agricultural landscapes.

This species was formerly treated as subspecies of the green imperial pigeon (Ducula aenea). It is now considered as a separate species based on the big differences in both plumage and vocalization compared to all other green imperial pigeon subspecies.

Nicobar Islands
The Nicobar Islands /ˈnɪkəbɑːr/ are an archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are located in Southeast Asia, 150 kilometres (93 mi) northwest of Aceh on Sumatra, and separated from Thailand to the east by the Andaman Sea. Located 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) southeast of the Indian subcontinent, across the Bay of Bengal, they are part of India, as the Nicobar district within the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Together with the Andaman Islands to their north, the Nicobar Islands serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east.

In 2013, UNESCO added the Great Nicobar Island to its World Network of Biosphere Reserves, a list of internationally designated protected areas.
2754 Efimov
2754 Efimov, provisionally named 1966 PD, is a stony asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 August 1966, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian aviator Mikhail Efimov.

Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (CrAO, observatory code: 095) is located at Nauchnij research campus, near the Central Crimean city of Bakhchysarai, on the Crimean peninsula. CrAO is often called simply by its location and campus name, Crimea–Nauchnij, still ranks among the worldwide most prolific discovery sites for minor planets.

CrAO has also been publishing the Bulletin of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory since 1947, in English since 1977. The observatory facilities (IAU code 095) are located on territory of settlement of Nauchnyi since the mid-1950s; before that, they were further south, near Simeiz. The latter facilities still see some use, and are referred to as the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory–Simeiz (IAU code 094).
Salman bin Khalifa Al Khalifa
Sheikh Salman bin Khalifa Al Khalifa is a member of the Bahraini ruling family. He is the current Minister of Finance and National Economy.

Salman got a bachelor of science degree in 1999 in investments and economics from Babson College. He worked at UBS investment bank in United Kingdom from 2000 to 2005. Then he worked as managing director of global markets from 2008 to 2012 for the Middle East region at Deutsche Bank AG in Dubai. He was a director general in the office of the First Deputy Prime Minister since 2013.

In December 2018 Salman was appointed Minister of Finance and National Economy. He is also vice chairman of the board of the National Oil and Gas Authority.

Deputy Prime Minister of Bahrain
The deputy prime minister of Bahrain is a political position in the Cabinet of Bahrain. Historically, several deputy prime ministers have served concurrently. The first time when deputy prime ministers were appointed took place in November 2002.
Marsha K. Caddle
Marsha K. Caddle is a politician and economist from Barbados, who is a Member of Parliament and the former Minister of Industry, Innovation, Science and Technology. She was also formerly Minister of Economic Affairs and Investment.

House of Assembly of Barbados
The House of Assembly of Barbados is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Barbados. It has 30 Members of Parliament (MPs), who are directly elected in single member constituencies using the simple-majority (or first-past-the-post) system for a term of five years.  The House of Assembly sits roughly 40–45 days a year and is presided over by a Speaker. If the Speaker elected by the Assembly is not an MP currently in the House of Assembly, that Speaker becomes the 31st member of the Assembly, having a vote on motions that are tied.

The Barbadian House of Assembly chamber is located in the east-wing of The Public Buildings on Broad Street, in Bridgetown, Barbados.
Sunny Honey Girl
"Sunny Honey Girl" is a song by the British musical group the Pipkins. It was written by Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway, John Goodison and Tony Hiller and was released as a single only in New Zealand in August 1970, charting for one week at number 18 on the New Zealand Listener Pop-O-Meter chart. The song appeared on the Pipkins' 1970 album Gimme Dat Ding.

Tony Hiller
Anthony Toby Hiller (30 July 1927 – 26 August 2018) was an English songwriter and record producer. He was best known for writing and/or producing hits for Brotherhood of Man, including "United We Stand" (1970) and "Save Your Kisses for Me" (1976).
Punjabi Malaysians
Punjabi Malaysians are people of full or partial Punjabi descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. Originating from the Punjab region of present-day India and Pakistan, Punjabi immigration to Malaysia began in the 19th century from what was then British India to British Malaya. The Punjabi Malaysian community today numbers over 100,000 – the majority of whom are Sikhs, although there are also sizeable Muslim, Hindu and Christian minorities. They form the largest Punjabi diaspora group in Southeast Asia, while within Malaysia, Punjabis are the fourth largest ethnicity of Indian or South Asian descent after the Tamils, Malayalis and Telugus.

Malaysian Telugus
Malaysian Telugus (Telugu: మలేషియా తెలుగువారు, romanized: Malēṣiyā Teluguvāru; consist of people of full or partial Telugu descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. Most Malaysian Telugus are descended from migrants from Madras Presidency during the colonial period. Historically, most Malaysian Telugus originated from the Uttarandhra region with some from the East Godavari and Chittoor regions of present-day Andhra Pradesh.

The current population of Malaysian Telugus are mostly third and fourth generation Telugus who descended from plantation workers under the Kangani system who arrived in the 19th and early 20th century.  While most Telugus came to Malaysia as plantation workers, some were professionals and traders who arrived as refugees. For example, in the 1930s following anti-Indian riots, and during World War II when the Japanese invaded, some ethnic Telugus fled from Burma to Malaya. More recently the Telugu language and culture have been resurgent.
Club Day
Club Day, also known as Gala Day or Field Day, is an annual community celebration, common in rural communities in North West England, during which clubs, churches and other organizations process and gather for various activities such as competitions for fancy dress, arts and crafts, cooking, and produce.

Many of these events originated in processions of the churches and some have, or have had, a strong agricultural background.

Most villages hold club events on the same weekend each year to avoid conflicting with neighbouring villages.

The events often have at their centre a Rose or Field Day Queen. These are young girls, selected for the year, whose duties include the official opening of the event and a central role in any procession. In some villages, such as Ribchester, the Field Day Queen is responsible for opening other village events.

Girl
A girl is a young female human, usually a child or an adolescent.  While the term girl has other meanings, including young woman, daughter or girlfriend regardless of age, the first meaning is the most common one.

The treatment and status of girls in any society is usually closely related to the status of women in that culture.  In cultures where women have or had a low social position, girls may be unwanted by their parents, and society may invest less in girls.  The difference in girls' and boys' upbringing ranges from slight to completely different.  Mixing of the sexes may vary by age, and from totally mixed to total sex segregation.