hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
CSF tap test
The CSF tap test, sometimes lumbar tap test or Miller Fisher Test, is a medical test that is used to decide whether shunting of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) would be helpful in a patient with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The test involves removing 30–50 ml of CSF through a lumbar puncture, after which motor and cognitive function is clinically reassessed. The name "Fisher test" is after C. Miller Fisher, a Canadian neurologist working in Boston, Massachusetts, who described the test.

Clinical improvement showed a high predictive value for subsequent success with shunting. A "negative" test has a very low predictive accuracy, as many patients may improve after a shunt in spite of lack of improvement after CSF removal.

Cerebral shunt
A cerebral shunt is a device permanently implanted inside the head and body to drain excess fluid away from the brain. They are commonly used to treat hydrocephalus, the swelling of the brain due to excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If left unchecked, the excess CSF can lead to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which can cause intracranial hematoma, cerebral edema, crushed brain tissue or herniation. The drainage provided by a shunt can alleviate or prevent these problems in patients with hydrocephalus or related diseases.

Shunts come in a variety of forms, but most of them consist of a valve housing connected to a catheter, the lower end of which is usually placed in the peritoneal cavity. The main differences between shunts are usually in the materials used to construct them, the types of valve (if any) used, and whether the valve is programmable or not.
Traci Hale
Traci Hale is an American R&B songwriter. She began her career as a backing vocalist for R&B singers Keith Sweat and Aaliyah before shifting focus to songwriting work. She has since written songs for music industry artists such as Rihanna, Blu Cantrell, Mýa and Brandy.

Hale has been credited on Rihanna's 2011 single "What's My Name?", which peaked atop the Billboard Hot 100, as well as Mýa's 2000 single "Case of the Ex", which peaked at number two on the chart.

Keith Sweat
Keith Douglas Sweat (born July 22, 1961) is an American singer, producer and songwriter. An early figure in the new jack swing musical movement, he is known for his collection of hits including "I Want Her," "Make It Last Forever," "I'll Give All My Love to You," "Make You Sweat," "Get Up on It," "Twisted," "Nobody." He has released 13 solo albums (two as a part of the R&B supergroup LSG) and discovered the groups Silk and Kut Klose.  Sweat's sound reportedly was influenced by Slave front man Steve Arrington and go-go music.
Pooja Ojha
Pooja Ojha (born 1990) is an Indian para athlete from Madhya Pradesh who competes in canoeing. She qualified for the 2024 Summer Paralympics in the canoeing women's KL1 event. India earned quota places for the following events through the 2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Duisburg, Germany; and 2024 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Szeged, Hungary. Earlier, she represented India at the 2022 Asian Para Games at Hangzhou, China.

India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics
India competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris from 28 August to 8 September 2024. The nation made its official debut at the 1968 Summer Paralympics and has appeared in every edition of the Summer Paralympics since 1984. This was India's 13th appearance at the Summer Paralympics.

India sent a contingent consisting of 84 athletes competing across 12 sports in the Paralympic Games. Bhagyashree Jadhav and Sumit Antil were the flag bearers during the opening ceremony. Later, Preethi Pal and Harvinder Singh served as the flag bearers during the closing ceremony.

India won 29 medals including seven gold, nine silver, and thirteen bronze medals. This marked India's highest ever medal tally in Paralympic Games surpassing the tally of 19 medals won in the 2020 Games.
Osthoff
Osthoff is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hermann Osthoff (1847–1909), German linguist

Markus Osthoff (born 1968), German football player

Oscar Osthoff (1883–1950), American athlete and coach

Susanne Osthoff (born 1962), German archaeologist

Tom Osthoff (1936–2025), American politician

Hermann Osthoff
Hermann Osthoff (18 April 1847 – 7 May 1909) was a German linguist. He was involved in Indo-European studies and the Neogrammarian school. He is known for formulating Osthoff's law and published widely on Indo-European word-formation and morphology.
Martha Craig
Martha Craig (8 August 1866 – 2 April 1950) was an explorer, writer and lecturer on scientific theories from Ireland. She was considered to be the first European woman to explore the Labrador region of Canada, assisted by indigenous guides in 1905. She claimed to have been made a princess by "the Indian chiefs" of Labrador, and lectured in the US, Canada and Europe as 'Princess Ye-wa-ga-no-nee'. She wrote and lectured on her scientific theories based on her observations in Labrador and her belief in reincarnation. She was invited to meet US President McKinley and was the first woman to lecture in the University of Salamanca. She wrote poetry, non-fiction and science fiction books. Some of her poetry was published as Maeve Carrig and she may also have written under the pseudonym Mithra. In 2021, a plaque commemorating her was erected in her home town of Gleno, Co Antrim.

Labrador
Labrador (/ˈlæbrədɔːr/) is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.  It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its population. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in the four Atlantic provinces.

Labrador occupies most of the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and south by the province of Quebec. Labrador also shares a small land border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island.

The indigenous peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern-Inuit of NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Nitassinan.
Ole Petter Skonnord
Ole Petter Skonnord (born 6 July 1968) is a retired Norwegian football striker.

He hails from Ridabu. He joined Hamarkameratene as a child and got one season on senior level before moving on to Elverum in 1989. In 1994 he rejoined Hamarkameratene, now in Eliteserien, and got 12 games. He moved down one level to Skeid, but won promotion to 1996 Eliteserien where he played 24 games. Not offered a new contract with Skeid in 1997, he went on trial with Dundee F.C. during the winter of 1996–97, but was ultimately not offered a transfer. Instead he joined Kjelsås, where he managed 15 goals in the 1998 1. divisjon.

His son Olav Henrik Skonnord has also played for Kjelsås as well as Nardo.

Kjelsås Fotball
Kjelsås Fotball is the association football section of the sports club Kjelsås IL, based in the Kjelsås/Grefsen area of Oslo, Norway. The club was founded in 1913. It currently plays in the 2. divisjon, having been relegated from the 1. divisjon in 2001.

Kjelsås played play-off against Kongsvinger to earn promotion to Tippeligaen in 1998, but lost 7–2 on aggregate. On 11 May 2011, Kjelsås eliminated the top-tier team Vålerenga in the second round of the 2011 Norwegian Cup.

Kjelsås Fotball had 1370 players (of these about 460 female) registered in 2019, divided in 55 teams.
Des McNulty
Desmond "Des" McNulty (born 28 July 1952), is a Scottish Labour Party politician, who served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Clydebank and Milngavie constituency from 1999 to 2011, serving as Labour's Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning until he was defeated at the 2011 election.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP; Scottish Gaelic: Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, BPA; Scots: Memmer o the Scots Pairliament, MSP) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament.
Thierry Vatrican
Thierry Vatrican (born 19 August 1975) is a Monegasque former judoka and former footballer who played as goalkeeper for Sun Casino. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics and was the Monegasque flag bearer at both those games.

Challenge Prince Rainier III
The Challenge Prince Rainier III is a domestic football cup in Monaco, featuring teams from across the country. The tournament has been organised annually since 1975 and since then has been known as the premier footballing tournament for amateur teams within the principality.

Because Monaco is not a member of UEFA, there is no qualification for the winners into either the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, or UEFA Conference League.
Cygnaeus Gallery
The Cygnaeus Gallery (Finnish: Cygnaeuksen galleria, Swedish: Cygnaei galleri) is an art gallery in Helsinki.

The art gallery was founded by the professor of aesthetics Fredrik Cygnaeus. It was built as a villa in 1869–1870 to designs by architect J.F.W. Mieritz. Cygnaeus donated the gallery to the Finnish nation in his testament. It opened to the public in 1882, and is today owned by the Finnish Heritage Agency. It has been claimed to be the oldest still operating art museum in Finland. The gallery contains mainly Finnish art from the 19th century, c. 200 works in total. Among artists represented are Albert Edelfelt, the Von Wright brothers, Fanny Churberg and Helene Schjerfbeck.

Apart from the permanent collections the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions and is used, among other things, as concert venue.

In 2014 it was closed down for the time being for lack of funding by the Heritage Agency.

Albert Edelfelt
Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt (21 July 1854 – 18 August 1905) was a Finnish painter noted for his naturalistic style and Realist approach to art. He lived in the Grand Duchy of Finland and made Finnish culture visible abroad, before Finland gained independence. He was considered the greatest Finnish artist of the second half of 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, and one of the most prominent contributors to the Golden Age of Finnish Art.
Aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
In enzymology, aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The three substrates of this enzyme are 4-aminobutanal, oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and water. Its products are γ-aminobutyric acid, reduced NADH, and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-aminobutanal:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ambiguous), ABAL dehydrogenase, 4-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, 4-aminobutanal dehydrogenase, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase, ABALDH, and YdcW.  This enzyme participates in the urea cycle and the metabolism of amino groups and beta-alanine.

Β-Alanine
β-Alanine (beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon atom (i.e. the carbon atom two carbon atoms away from the carboxylate group) instead of the more usual α-carbon atom for alanine (α-alanine).  The IUPAC name for β-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.  Unlike its counterpart α-alanine, β-alanine has no stereocenter.
Montmartre Synagogue
The Montmartre Synagogue (French: Synagogue de la rue Sainte-Isaure) is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located on the Rue Sainte-Isaure, in the XV111e arrondissement of Paris, France.

Since 1904 a small Jewish temple has been functioning at this location. In 1907, baron Edmond de Rothschild contributed to its expansion.

During the Second World War, in 1941 the synagogue was damaged by far-right French collaborators.

From 1975 to 2006, Chief Rabbi Meyer Zini served at the synagogue and led the Montmartre community for over thirty years. When he arrived, this Ashkenazi synagogue was sparsely attended, if not nearly abandoned. He revitalized community life, attracted a large congregation, and established a Talmud Torah. His spiritual leadership, characterized by strong Zionist commitment and a central emphasis on the Land of Israel, deeply influenced the community’s youth, many of whom eventually chose to emigrate to Israel.

Edmond James de Rothschild
Baron Abraham Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild (Hebrew: הברון אברהם אדמונד בנימין  ג'יימס  רוטשילד, romanized: HaBaron Avraham Edmond Binyamin Ya'akov Rotshield; 19 August 1845 – 2 November 1934) was a French member of the Rothschild banking family. A strong supporter of Zionism, his large donations lent significant support to the first Jewish settlements in Palestine (the First Aliyah), which eventually led to the establishment of the State of Israel—where he is simply known as "Baron Rothschild", "HaBaron" (lit. 'The Baron'), or "Hanadiv Hayeduah" (lit. 'The noble philanthropist').
State Highway 1 (Madhya Pradesh)
Madhya Pradesh State Highway 1 (MP SH 1) is State Highway running from Rau till Mandleshwar. It is popularly known as Mhow-Mandleshwar Road.

It travels through dense forests and has various places of tourism interest along the route.
Jam Gate being one of them. It is a historic Gate built by erstwhile rulers which looks upon the Ghats and Valleys.

Jam Gate
The Jam Gate is a picnic spot in Maheshwar Tehsil of Khargone District in the state of  Madhya Pradesh, India. It is on Mhow-Mandleshwar Road (Now Khargone - Indore state highway no.1). It was built by Rani Ahilyabai Holkar in 1791. It is approximately 30 km from Mhow, 50 km from Indore, 33 km from Maheshwar and 75 km from district headquarter Khargone. Jam gate is the gateway of Malwa - Nimar.
Thomond Park
Thomond Park is a stadium in Limerick in the Irish province of Munster. The stadium is owned by the Munster Rugby and has Shannon RFC and UL Bohemian RFC as tenants. Limerick FC played home games in Thomond Park from 2013 to 2015 in the League of Ireland while the Markets Field was being redeveloped. The capacity of the stadium is 25,600 following its large-scale redevelopment in 2008. This was expanded to 26,500 for the first time when Munster played Northampton Saints in the Heineken Cup on 12 November 2022. This was reduced to 25,100 in October 2025, for safety & comfort reasons.

Provinces of Ireland
There are four provinces of Ireland: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. The Irish word for this territorial division, cúige, meaning "fifth part", suggests that there were once five, and at times Meath has been considered to be the fifth province. In the medieval period, however, there were often more than five. The number of provinces and their delineation fluctuated until 1610, when they were permanently set by the administration of James I. The provinces of Ireland no longer serve administrative or political purposes but function as historical and cultural entities.
Epaulettes (stamp)
Epaulettes (French: Épaulettes, Dutch: Epauletten) is the name given by philatelists to the first series of postage stamps issued by Belgium. The stamps, which depicted King Leopold I with prominent epaulettes from which the name derives, became legally usable on 1 July 1849. Two denominations with the same design were issued simultaneously: a brown 10 centimes and a blue 20 centimes. They were produced as the result of a series of national reforms to the postal system in Belgium, based on the success of similar British measures adopted in 1840. The stamps allowed postal costs to be pre-paid by the sender, rather than the receiver, and led to a sharp increase in the volume of mail. Although quickly superseded by new types, Epaulettes proved influential and have since inspired several series of commemorative stamps.

Epaulette
Epaulette (/ˈɛpəlɛt/; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. Flexible metal epaulettes (usually made from brass) are referred to as shoulder scales.

In the French and other armies, epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. It may bear rank or other insignia, and should not be confused with a shoulder mark – also called a shoulder board, rank slide, or slip-on – a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder strap of a uniform (although the two terms are often used interchangeably).
Leray
Leray or LeRay is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Leray (born 1984), French footballer

Francis Xavier Leray (1825–1887), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church

Jean Leray (1906–1998), French mathematician

Marie-Pierre Leray (born 1975), French figure skater

Coi Leray, stage name of American rapper and singer Coi Leray Collins (born 1997)

Francis Xavier Leray
Francis Xavier Leray (April 20, 1825 – September 23, 1887) was a French-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Natchitoches in Louisiana (1877–1879) and as archbishop of the Archdiocese of New Orleans (1883–1887).
Tetrapleura (plant)
Tetrapleura is a genus of flowering plants in the mimosoid clade of the family Fabaceae. It includes two species of trees native to sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from Senegal to Kenya and Tanzania, and south to Angola. They grow in tropical lowland rain forest, secondary thicket, and fringing forest in the Guineo-Congolian forest and Lake Victoria basin.

Species in this genus include:

Tetrapleura chevalieri (Harms) Baker f.

Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. – Prekese tree

Guineo-Congolian region
The Guineo-Congolian region is a biogeographical region in Africa straddling the Equator and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean through the Congo Basin to the Congo / Nile divide in Rwanda and Burundi. Formerly, this region was largely covered in rain forest, on both well-drained sites and in swamp forests, but little undisturbed primary forest now remains, having been replaced in many areas by savanna and secondary-growth forest.
2003 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden
The 2003 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden was the second round of the 2003 Speedway Grand Prix season (the world championship). It took place on 31 May 2003 at the Stadion Brovalla in Avesta, Sweden.

It was the 9th time that the Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden had been held.

The Grand Prix was by the Australian rider Ryan Sullivan (his 3rd career Grand Prix win).

Ryan Sullivan
Ryan Geoffrey Sullivan (born 20 January 1975, in Fitzroy, Victoria) is a former Australian international motorcycle speedway rider who has won the Australian Solo Championship, Australian Under-21 Speedway Championship, and Under-16 championships during his career. Sullivan achieved a career best third in the 2002 Speedway Grand Prix, winning two of the ten Grand Prix run during the year.
Newton Valence
Newton Valence is a village and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 4.4 miles (7.1 km) south of Alton, just off the A32 road.

The nearest railway station is Liss, 4.5 miles (7.3 km) southeast of the village, although the station at Alton is a similar distance to the north.

The village sits high in the westernmost chalk hills of the South Downs: maximum elevation 191 metres (627 feet) above sea level. Much of the surrounding landscape is within the East Hampshire Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Farming is the most obvious economic activity. Arable farming (mainly wheat, maize and oil-seed rape) and sheep-grazing predominate.

Alton, Hampshire
Alton (/ˈɔːltən/ AWL-tən) is a market town and civil parish in East Hampshire, England, near the source of the northern branch of the River Wey. It had a population of 19,425 at the 2021 census.

Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone. During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun. The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War. It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen.
Ryskino
Ryskino (Russian: Рыскино) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Ryskino, Republic of Mordovia, a selo in Kazenno-Maydansky Selsoviet of Kovylkinsky District in the Republic of Mordovia; 53°54′N 44°7′E﻿ / ﻿53.900°N 44.117°E﻿ / 53.900; 44.117

Ryskino, Tver Oblast, a village in Knyashchinskoye Rural Settlement of Vyshnevolotsky District in Tver Oblast

Kovylkinsky District
Kovylkinsky District (Russian: Ковы́лкинский райо́н; Moksha: Лашмонь аймак, Lašmoń ajmak; Erzya: Ковёлбуе, Kovölbuje) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-two in the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is 2,013 square kilometers (777 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kovylkino (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,523.
Cwmardy
Cwmardy is a 1937 novel by Welsh writer Lewis Jones, based on his experiences in the Rhondda mining community. Set in the fictional mining village of Cwmardy (Welsh for "valley of horses"), modelled on Jones's hometown of Clydach Vale, the novel chronicles the Lovely family across several generations and depicts major industrial disputes similar to the Cambrian Combine strike and Tonypandy riots.

Considered one of the most important works of Welsh industrial fiction, Cwmardy was followed by a sequel, We Live (1939).

Mining village
A pit village, colliery village or mining village is a settlement built by colliery owners to house their workers. The villages were built on the coalfields of Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution where new coal mines were developed in isolated or unpopulated areas. Such settlements were developed by companies for the incoming workers.
Amaya Gastaminza
Amaya Gastaminza Ganuza (born 27 February 1991) is a Spanish professional basketball player. She plays for Hondarribia-Irún and Spain women's national basketball team. She has represented several junior teams in European competitions. She won EuroLeague Women 2010–11 with Perfumerías Avenida Baloncesto.

Spain women's national basketball team
The Spain women's national basketball team (Spanish: Selección Española de Baloncesto Femenina) represents Spain in international women's basketball competition and are regulated by the Spanish Basketball Federation, the governing body for basketball in Spain. Spain has one of the most successful women's national teams in the world, being the current FIBA Women's EuroBasket 2023 silver medallists.
Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's doubles
This was the first ever Commonwealth tournament held, Mahesh Bhupathi and Leander Paes of India were the top seed. But they lost in the semifinals to the champions Paul Hanley and Peter Luczak, and had to settle for the bronze medal. Hanley and Luczak defeated Ross Hutchins and Ken Skupski of England 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 to win the gold medal.

Paul Hanley (tennis)
Paul Jason Hanley (born 12 November 1977) is a retired professional male tennis player from Australia, specialising in doubles and owning 26 ATP titles in this discipline.

He made the 2005 Wimbledon and 2011 Australian Open finals in mixed doubles, playing with Tatiana Perebiynis and Chan Yung-jan respectively, falling short on both occasions.  His best results came alongside Wayne Arthurs and Kevin Ullyett, with whom Hanley formed long-term doubles partnerships. Hanley has an 8–4 win–loss record on the Australian Davis Cup Team.  The Australian's highest doubles ranking was World Number 5.  His parents, Jay and Judy, co-own a tennis centre, which is one of the main reasons why Hanley pursued a career in the sport.