hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
David Shulman
David Shulman (November 12, 1912 – October 30, 2004) was an American lexicographer and cryptographer.

Shulman contributed many early usages to the Oxford English Dictionary and is listed among "Readers and contributors from collections" for the 1989 second edition of the OED.  He said that he felt most at home in the New York Public Library, undertaking his lexicographic research there and donating many valuable items to it. Shulman described himself as "the Sherlock Holmes of Americanisms".

Shulman was a member of the American Cryptogram Association from 1933, and was a champion Scrabble player. At the age of 23 he wrote "Washington Crossing the Delaware," a 14-line sonnet in which every line is an anagram of the title.

Sonnet
A sonnet is a fixed poetic form with a structure traditionally consisting of fourteen lines adhering to a set rhyming scheme. The term derives from the Italian word sonetto (lit. 'little song', from the Latin word sonus, lit. 'sound'). Originating in 13th-century Sicily, the sonnet was in time taken up in many European-language areas, mainly to express romantic love at first, although eventually any subject was considered acceptable. Many formal variations were also introduced, including abandonment of the quatorzain limit – and even of rhyme altogether in modern times.
Asad Qureshi (producer)
Asad Qureshi, is a Pakistani producer, and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Geo Entertainment, a leading entertainment television network of Pakistan.

Asad Qureshi is also a producer at 7th Sky Entertainment.

Geo Entertainment
Geo Entertainment or Har Pal Geo is a Pakistani entertainment television channel established by Geo Television Network in May 2002. Its test transmission started on 14 August 2002 on the PAS 10 digital satellite whereas on 1 October 2002 the regular transmission of Geo Entertainment was started.
Lubna bint Hajar
Lubnā bint Hājar (Arabic: لُبنى بنت هاجَر) was a wife of Abd al-Muttalib and the mother of Abū Lahab.

Her father, Hajar ibn Abd Manaf ibn Datir ibn Hubashiya ibn Salul ibn Ka'b ibn 'Amr, was from the Khuza'a tribe. Her mother, Hind bint 'Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murra, was from the Taym clan of the Quraysh. Hind's mother was Sawda bint Zuhra ibn Kilab,.

By her marriage to Abd al-Muttalib, Lubna had one son, Abd al-Uzza, known as Abu Lahab ("father of the flame") "because of his beauty and charm".

According to later Muslim historians, Lubna was known as al-Samajij, which could mean "ill-favoured" (ugly) or even "without any good quality".

Banu Taym
Banū Taym (Arabic: بَنُو تَيْم; alternatively transliterated as Banu Taim) were an Arab clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. Their descendants are present in many countries throughout the Middle East such as in the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant and North Africa.

The first Caliph of Islam, Abu Bakr Al Siddiq, hailed from the Banu Taym, as did another prominent companion of Muhammad, Talha ibn Ubaydallah, as well as the third wife of Muhammad, Aisha bint Abi Bakr.
Russell Ciochon
Russell L. Ciochon (born March 11, 1948) is an American paleoanthropologist. He was born in Altadena, California and received three degrees (B.A. in 1971; M.A. in 1974; and PhD. in 1986) in anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley. He is currently a professor of anthropology at the University of Iowa. He is known primarily for his research into Gigantopithecus.

Altadena, California
Altadena (/ˌɑːltəˈdiːnə/pronunciationⓘAL-tə-DEE-nə) is an unincorporated area, and census-designated place in the San Gabriel Valley and the Verdugos regions of Los Angeles County, California. Directly north of Pasadena, it is located approximately 14 miles (23 km) from Downtown Los Angeles. Its population was 42,846 at the 2020 census, up slightly from a 2010 figure of 42,777. In early 2025, the community was severely impacted by the Eaton Fire.
Constitutional Tribunal of Myanmar
The Constitutional Tribunal of the Union (Burmese: နိုင်ငံတော်ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာခုံရုံး) is the constitutional court of Myanmar under the 2008 Constitution. There is one chairperson and eight members on the Tribunal, who serve five year terms. Members of the tribunal are constitutionally elected proportionally by the President, Pyithu Hluttaw, and Amyotha Hluttaw. However, under the current military government, members are appointed unilaterally by the junta, the State Administration Council. The members of the Constitutional Tribunal are all required to be legal experts. Its headquarters is located in Office No. 54, Ottarathiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw City, Myanmar.

Amyotha Hluttaw
The Amyotha Hluttaw (Burmese: အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော်, IPA: [ʔəmjóðá l̥ʊʔtɔ̀]; lit. 'National Assembly') is one of the de jure houses of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 224 members, of which 168 are directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces. The last elections to the Amyotha Hluttaw were held in November 2015. At its second meeting on 3 February 2016, Mahn Win Khaing Than and Aye Thar Aung were elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw and Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw as a whole. There is no upper house and lower house in Pyidaungsu Hluttaw as both Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyotha Hluttaw enjoy equal status as per the constitution.

After the coup d'état on 1 February 2021, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw was dissolved by Acting President Myint Swe, who declared a one-year state of emergency and transferred all legislative powers to Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing.
Philip Hands
Philip Albert Myburgh Hands (14 April 1890 – 27 April 1951), was a South African cricketer who played in seven Tests from 1913 to 1924. His elder brother Reginald also played Test cricket for South Africa, whilst his younger brother Kenneth was also a cricketer, although he didn't play Test cricket.

Hands was born in Claremont, Cape Town, son of Sir Harry Hands KBE and Lady Aletta Hands (née Myburgh) OBE. He died in Parys, Orange Free State, in 1951.

Like his brothers, he was educated at Diocesan College, Rondebosch and up to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1908. Initially starting a law degree, he switched to accounting.

Serving in the Royal Garrison Artillery, he was awarded the DSO and the MC in the First World War and reached the rank of major.

He was a hard-hitting batsman whose highest Test score was 83 against England in 1913–14, scored out of 98 in 105 minutes. He toured England in 1924, but was not successful.

Claremont, Cape Town
Claremont is a suburb of Cape Town, South Africa, situated in the Southern Suburbs region of the city. It is a mixed-use area, with both residential properties and economically-important commercial sections.

The suburb contains numerous retail centers, including Cavendish Square, Stadium on Main, and Palmyra Junction.
Susannah Beck
Susannah Beck is a retired American distance runner who specialized in marathons and ultra trail running. She placed fourth at the 2000  U.S. Olympic Trials Marathon and eighth in 2004. Beck shifted to long-distance trail racing in her later career.

Beach to Beacon 10K
The TD Beach to Beacon 10K is a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) road running event that takes place along the coastline of Cape Elizabeth, Maine. It begins at Crescent Beach State Park and ends at the Portland Head Light in Fort Williams Park. One of the most competitive 10K road races in the United States, it was founded in 1998 by U.S. women's marathon runner Joan Benoit Samuelson, who in 1984, won the first ever women's Olympic marathon. The race is managed by DMSE, Inc. whose president, Dave McGillivray, directs the Boston Marathon and more than 30 other races each year. The current President of the race is attorney, David Backer.
Pure spinor
In the domain of mathematics known as representation theory, pure spinors (or simple spinors) are spinors that are annihilated, under the Clifford algebra representation, by a maximal isotropic subspace of a vector space  with respect to a scalar product .  
They were introduced by Élie Cartan in the 1930s and further developed by Claude Chevalley.

They are a key ingredient in the study of spin structures and higher dimensional generalizations of twistor theory, introduced by Roger Penrose in the 1960s. 
They have been applied to the study of supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in 10D, superstrings, generalized complex structures
  and  parametrizing solutions of integrable hierarchies.

Superstring theory
Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings.

'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that accounts for both fermions and bosons and incorporates supersymmetry to model gravity.

Since the second superstring revolution, the five superstring theories (Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB, HO and HE) are regarded as different limits of a single theory tentatively called M-theory.
Vasylivka, Ochakiv urban hromada, Mykolaiv Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast
Vasylivka (Ukrainian: Василівка; Russian: Василевка; formerly Oleksandrivka (Олександрівка), also known as Shkadivka (Шкадівка)) is a village on the Kinburn Peninsula in Mykolaiv Raion (district) of Mykolaiv Oblast in southern Ukraine that is located at about 52.6 kilometres (32.7 mi) south-southwest (SSW) of the centre of Mykolaiv city. It belongs to Ochakiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Vasylivka belonged to Ochakiv Raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Mykolaiv Oblast to four, Ochakiv Raion was merged into Mykolaiv Raion.

Points of the compass
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each separated by 90 degrees, and secondarily divided by four ordinal (intercardinal) directions—northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest—each located halfway between two cardinal directions. Some disciplines such as meteorology and navigation further divide the compass with additional azimuths. Within European tradition, a fully defined compass has 32 "points" (and any finer subdivisions are described in fractions of points).

Compass points or compass directions are valuable in that they allow a user to refer to a specific azimuth in a colloquial fashion, without having to compute or remember degrees.
Badhaai Ho (soundtrack)
Badhaai Ho is the soundtrack album to the 2018 film of the same name directed by Amit Ravindernath Sharma starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Sanya Malhotra, Gajraj Rao and Neena Gupta. The soundtrack featured five songs composed by Tanishk Bagchi, Rochak Kohli, JAM8 and Sunny and Inder Bawra, and lyrics written by Vayu Shrivastav, Kumaar and MellowD. T-Series released the soundtrack on 27 September 2018.

Neena Gupta
Neena Gupta (born 4 June 1959) is an Indian actress and television director who works in Hindi films and other language films alongside TV series. Gupta has received several awards including three National Film Awards, a Filmfare Award and two Filmfare OTT Awards.

Known for her work in both art-house and commercial films, she won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing a young widow in Woh Chokri (1994) and for Uunchai (2022). In 2018, she saw career resurgence for starring as a middle-aged pregnant woman in the comedy-drama Badhaai Ho, for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics) and received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.

Gupta's television appearances include a leading role in the drama series Saans (1999) and as the host of the Indian version of the television quiz show The Weakest Link, named Kamzor Kadii Kaun. In June 2021, publisher Penguin Random House India released her autobiography Sach Kahun Toh.
Angarnsjöängen
Angarnsjöängen (Swedish: Lake Angarn Meadow, also spelt Angarnssjöängen) is a nature reserve circa 3 kilometres (3.0 km; 1.9 mi) northeast of Vallentuna, in Southern Uppland, Sweden.

It is a wetland with a varying water level depending on the weather. The water rises dramatically each spring as the snow melts and becomes very low by late summer and autumn, creating a good resting place for wading birds. A wetlands restoration project carried out in 1992 markedly increased both the numbers and the variety of birds visiting the site and nesting there. A total of 250 bird species have been observed there during a year.

Among the bird species known to typically nest in the nature reserve are western marsh harrier, northern lapwing, common redshank and western yellow wagtail.

The Bronze Age Örstar petroglyphs and Runestone U 211 are both in the immediate vicinity. Angarn Church, dating from the 13th century, also lies close to the nature reserve.

Vallentuna
Vallentuna is the seat of Vallentuna Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden, with 33,219 inhabitants in 2018. Vallentuna's cultural landscape is well preserved, and human habitation in the area has been traced back as far as the Stone Age. Archeological excavations in southern Vallentuna, near Lilla Gävsjö, uncovered remains of a Stone Age settlement.

During the Bronze Age, population settlements increased in Vallentuna and the surrounding Roslagen area, when the landmass gradually rose as a result of the retreating ice glaciers.
Loch Anna
Loch Anna is a small, upland, freshwater loch approximately 2.4 km (1.5 mi) north of Loch Alsh at Ardelve, in Lochalsh, Scotland. It lies in a northwest to southeast direction, is approximately 0.5 km (0.31 mi) in length, and is at an altitude of 317 m (1,040 ft). The loch is irregular in shape, is on average 4 m (13 ft) deep, with a maximum depth of 8.2 m (27 ft). It was surveyed in 1904 by James Murray as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

Ardelve
Ardelve (Scottish Gaelic: Àird Eilbh) is a village in Highland, Scotland, on Loch Alsh. It overlooks the Eilean Donan Castle, which is in Dornie, also on Loch Alsh, to the east of Skye. A caravan park, several guest houses, a bakery, and pizzeria are located within Ardelve.

Willie McRae (18 May 1923 – 7 April 1985) was a Scottish lawyer, orator, naval officer, politician and anti-nuclear campaigner. His ancestors lived here and he used the family croft as a holiday home. He died in suspicious circumstances while en route here.
2001 NAPA Auto Parts 500
The 2001 NAPA Auto Parts 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race held on April 29, 2001, at California Speedway in Fontana, California. Contested over 250 laps on the 2-mile (3.2-kilometre) asphalt D-shaped oval, it was the tenth race of the 2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Rusty Wallace of Penske Racing won the race.

Fontana, California
Fontana is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Founded by Azariel Blanchard Miller in 1913, it remained essentially rural until World War II, when entrepreneur Henry J. Kaiser built a large steel mill in the area. It is now a regional hub of the trucking industry, with the east–west Interstate 10 and State Route 210 crossing the city and Interstate 15 passing diagonally through its northwestern quadrant. The city is about 46 miles (74 km) east of Los Angeles.

The United States Census Bureau reported that Fontana's 2020 population was 208,393, making it the second-most-populous city in San Bernardino County and the 20th largest in the state.
St. Sava Orthodox School
St. Sava Orthodox School is a Serbian-American private school located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The school offers a preschool and schooling for children in pre-kindergarten to the 8th grade. The school works in tandem with the Serbian Orthodox Church, and seeks to promote bilingual education and cultural growth to the city's Serbian community. Lessons are taught in both the Serbian and English languages.

The school was established in 1997, making it the oldest daily Serbian school in the United States.

Students at St. Sava Orthodox School are encouraged to take advantage of the extracurricular activities available. Some of them include: academic competitions, athletics, and folklore.

Pre-kindergarten
Pre-kindergarten (also called pre-K or PK) is a voluntary classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada, Turkey and Greece (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.
Tarcisio Gitti
Tarcisio "Ciso" Gitti (18 April 1936 – 6 May 2018) was an Italian lawyer and politician. Born in Gardone Val Trompia, he was the son of Salvatore Angelo Gitti, a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He was a lawyer by profession, and was President of the Province of Brescia from 1972 to 1975. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1979 and served until 1994. He was Undersecretary of the Treasury from 30 July 1897 to 22 July 1989, and President of COPASIR from 29 January 1991 to 22 April 1992. From 1992 to 1994, he was Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies. He was a member of the Christian Democracy (DC) party, but joined the Italian People's Party in 1994 after the DC's collapse.

Gitti died in Brescia of the evening of 6 May 2018, aged 82. His son, Gregorio Gitti, is a Democratic member of the Chamber of Deputies and a consultant to Giovanni Bazoli, former President of Intesa Sanpaolo.

1979 Italian general election
The 1979 Italian general election was held in Italy on 3 June 1979. This election was called just a week before the European elections.

Terrorist attacks by the Red Brigades led to a reversal of the results of the previous election three years before: for the first time the Italian Communist Party lost significant numbers of seats, delaying the government change that had seemed imminent in 1976. The Communist defeat gave new strength to minor parties, as tactical voting for Christian Democracy seemed less necessary to prevent a communist victory. The Christian Democrats remained stable nonetheless, while the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement was weakened by the success of its spin-off National Democracy.
2008 Tyrolean state election
The 2008 Tyrolean state election was held on 8 June 2008 to elect the members of the Landtag of Tyrol.

The election saw major losses of almost ten percentage points for the governing Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), with each suffering its worst ever result up to this point. The ÖVP lost its absolute majority for only the second time in history, while the SPÖ fell to third place for the first time. The major winner of the election was the Fritz Dinkhauser List, which debuted at a strong 18.4%, immediately becoming the second largest party. The Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) made gains, while The Greens fell by almost five points compared to their best-ever result from 2003.

Despite its losses, the ÖVP under Governor Herwig van Staa remained by far the largest party. After leading post-election coalition negotiations, in which the ÖVP secured a coalition with the SPÖ, van Staa resigned and was replaced by Günther Platter on 23 June.

Günther Platter
Günther Platter (born 7 June 1954) is an Austrian politician for the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and was the governor of Tyrol between 2008 and 2022, succeeding Herwig van Staa. Before becoming governor, Platter served as interior minister and as Minister of Defence in the cabinets of Gusenbauer and Schüssel.
Peter von Bilderling
Baron Peter von Bilderling (Russian: Пётр Александрович Бильдерлинг; 26 May 1844 – 25 September 1900) was an engineer and an officer in the Engineering Corps of the Imperial Russian Army.

He was a humanist known for his writings, notably his book on the military horse, and his reorganisation of the Ijevsk arms factory, the manufacture of Berdanka carbines, and the creation of the no 4 line carbine. He founded the Tsaritsin refinery with Robert Nobel and the Branobel oil company in Baku with Ludwig Nobel. Finally, he established an agricultural and meteorological station in Zapolie, where he invented the roséomètre, an instrument for measuring the dew point. He was the brother of Baron Alexandre von Bilderling, the general who participated in the Russo-Japanese War.

Dew point
The dew point is the temperature that air, of a constant absolute humidity and pressure, must be cooled to in order for the relative humidity to rise to 100%. This temperature is a thermodynamic property that depends on the pressure and water content of the air. When the air at a temperature above the dew point is cooled, its moisture capacity is reduced, and when the temperature passes below the dew point water vapor will condense, or precipitate, to form liquid water. When this occurs through the air's contact with a colder surface, the precipitate on that surface is dew.

The dew point is affected by the air's absolute humidity. The more moisture the air contains, the higher its dew point.

When the temperature is below the freezing point of water, the dew point is called the frost point, as frost is formed via deposition rather than condensation.
In liquids, the analog to the dew point is the cloud point.
Bedford City School District
The Bedford City School District is a school district located in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, serving the communities of Bedford, Bedford Heights, Oakwood, and Walton Hills. The district educates about 3,000 students from pre-kindergarten to 12th grade.

Pre-kindergarten
Pre-kindergarten (also called pre-K or PK) is a voluntary classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada, Turkey and Greece (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.
Kuldīga county
Kuldīga county (Latvian: Kuldīgas apriņķis, German: Kreis Goldingen, Russian: Гольдингенский уезд) was a historic county of the Courland Governorate and of the Republic of Latvia. Its capital was Kuldīga (Goldingen).

Courland Governorate
Courland Governorate, also known as the Province of Courland or Governorate of Kurland, and known from 1795 to 1796 as the Viceroyalty of Courland, was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire. Its area roughly corresponded to Kurzeme, Zemgale and Sēlija of modern-day Latvia.