hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Calligraphy in Azerbaijani culture
Calligraphy in Azerbaijani culture (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan mədəniyyətində xəttatlıq; South Azerbaijani: آذربایجان مدنیتنده خطاطلق) is the role played by calligraphy in Azerbaijani literature and visual arts. In the Middle Ages, various examples of calligraphy were used in the writing of Azerbaijani manuscripts (naskh, nastaliq, taliq, shikaste, suls, reyhani, divani, ruga, muhaqqiq, tougi), and scientific works were written in the naskh line. In the 19th century, the works "Inshai-Mirza Kazim", "Majmaul-khosh Khatih" by Abdulqani Khalisagarizade Nukhavi and "Khatti-taliq va nastalig" by Abdussalam Akhundzadeh were written. Although calligraphy declined in Azerbaijan during the Soviet era, it is still used in modern times.

Nastaliq
Nastaliq is one of the main calligraphic hands used to write Persian script and Arabic script and is used for significant Indo-Iranian languages (namely all of the Iranic and some of the Indo-Aryan), predominantly Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Urdu, Sindhi, Saraiki, Kashmiri and Punjabi. It is often used also for Ottoman Turkish, but rarely for Arabic (particularly in Iraq). Nastaliq developed in Iran from the combination of naskh and ta'liq, beginning in the 13th century and remains widely used in Iran, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and other countries for written poetry and as a form of art.
Upton, Bexley
Upton was a hamlet in the southwest of today's Bexleyheath in the London Borough of Bexley, in the historic county of Kent.

Originally, it was on fertile, south- and west-facing slopes, below the main heathland/pasture of the parish of Bexley. As the town known as Bexleyheath arose during the late 19th century and in early half of the next century, Upton became absorbed into it.

In 1860, Red House, the elegant brick and tile home designed by Philip Webb for William Morris, was built on the heath in Upton. Red House is now preserved by the National Trust.

From 1887 to 1978, it was heavily associated with a hospital on Upton Road. The building was still there in 2019.

London Borough of Bexley
The London Borough of Bexley (/ˈbɛksli/ ⓘ) is a London borough in south-east London, forming part of Outer London. It has a population of 248,287. The main settlements are Sidcup, Erith, Bexleyheath, Belvedere, Crayford, Welling and Old Bexley. The London Borough of Bexley is within the Thames Gateway, an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. The local authority is Bexley London Borough Council.
School of the Holy Child
School of the Holy Child, established in 1904, is an American all-girls, Catholic, independent, college-preparatory school for grades 5 through 12, located in Harrison, New York (with a Rye postal address).

The school is guided by the educational philosophy of Cornelia Connelly, the founder of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, and her dedication to developing "young women of conscience and action".

Rye, New York
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States, within the New York City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, Rye had a population of 16,592. It received its charter as a city in 1942, making it the most recent such charter in the state. The city has an area of 5.85 square miles.

Rye is notable for its waterfront, and two National Historic Landmarks (NHLs). The first NHL is the Boston Post Road Historic District, designated in 1993. It is also the only National Historic Landmark District (NHLD) in Westchester County, and includes the Jay Estate, the childhood home and final resting place of John Jay, a Founding Father and the first Chief Justice of the United States, Marshlands Conservancy, Rye Golf Club, Lounsbury and the Jay Cemetery. The second NHL in Rye is Playland, a historic amusement park designated in 1987, which features one of the oldest wooden roller coasters in the Northeast, the Dragon Coaster.
Gaoligongshan Tunnel
Gaoligongshan Tunnel or Gaoligong Mountain Rail Tunnel (Chinese: 高黎贡山隧道) is a 34.5 km (21.4 mi) tunnel, currently under construction, between Nujiang Station and Longling Station on the Dali–Ruili railway in Yunnan, China. It passes through the entirety of Longling County and then into Mangshi.

Upon completion, it will be the longest mountain railway tunnel in Asia. The tunnel is the key project of Dali–Ruili railway between Dali and Ruili.

Construction started on 1 December 2015. The tunnel boring machine "Colorful Cloud No.1"(Chinese: 彩云一号) began work on 28 August 2017. The expected completion date for 1st phase is 31 May 2022, for a cost of CN¥ 3.628 billion and 30 November 2025 for the 2nd phase.

Dali City
Dali City (Chinese: 大理市, Bai: Dallit sil or Guiphet) is the county-level seat of the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in northwestern Yunnan, China. Dali City is administered through 12 township-level districts, two of which are also commonly referred to as Dali.

Xiaguan (下关) is the modern city centre and usually conflated with Dali City by virtue of being its seat. This town is the destination of most long-distance transportation heading to Dali and is sometimes referred to as Dali New Town (大理新镇) to avoid confusion.

Dali Town (大理镇), formerly known as Tali, is another division of Dali City, located 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Xiaguan. This town, commonly referred to as Dali Old Town (大理古城) to distinguish it from the city seat in Xiaguan, is usually the Dali referred to in tourist publications. The old town is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Yunnan, known for its natural scenery, historical and cultural heritage, and vibrant nightlife.
National Model Railroad Association
The National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) is an American non-profit organization for those involved in the hobby or business of model railroading.  It was founded in the United States in 1935, and is also active in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. It was previously headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was based in Chattanooga, Tennessee next to the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) from 1982 to 2013 and has since relocated to Soddy Daisy.

Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee
Soddy-Daisy is a city in Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 13,070 at the 2020 census and estimated to be 13,619 in 2022. The city was formed in 1969 when the communities of Soddy (to the north) and Daisy (to the south), along with nearby developed areas along U.S. Route 27, merged to form Soddy-Daisy. It is becoming a bedroom community of nearby Chattanooga and is part of the Chattanooga Metropolitan Statistical Area. Sequoyah Nuclear Generating Station is located in Soddy-Daisy.
Adobe Creek Reservoir
Adobe Creek Reservoir lies in a remote area of Bent and Kiowa counties in Colorado, U.S. The reservoir is an off-stream storage impoundment used to store water for agricultural irrigation. Only a few small unnamed intermittent creeks flow into the lake. The lake is chiefly fed by the Adobe Creek Inlet, a human-made ditch that draws water from nearby Adobe Creek and from the Fort Lyon Storage Canal. The reservoir's outlet is the Adobe Creek Reservoir Outlet Ditch, which empties into Adobe Creek. The reservoir, which lies at an elevation of 4,131 feet (1,259 meters) on Colorado's Eastern Plains, is also used for recreation and is a Colorado state wildlife area.

Kiowa County, Colorado
Kiowa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,446, making it the fifth-least populous county in Colorado. The county seat is Eads. The county was named for the Kiowa Nation of Native Americans.
Green Party of California
The Green Party of California (GPCA) is a California political party. The party is led by a coordinating committee, and decisions are ultimately made by general assemblies. The GPCA is affiliated with the Green Party of the United States (GPUS).

As of September 5, 2025, there are 113,050 people registered to vote with Green party-preference, 0.49%, the seventh-largest. As of January 2022, there are twenty-nine California Green elected officials, including two elected-mayors and three in municipal councils.

Secretary of State of California
The secretary of state of California is the chief clerk of the U.S. state of California, overseeing a department of 500 people. The secretary of state is elected for four year terms, like the state's other constitutional officers; the officeholder is restricted by term limits to two terms. The current secretary of state is Shirley Weber, who assumed the role in 2021 after Alex Padilla's appointment to the US Senate.
Kolbermoor
Kolbermoor (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔlbɐmoːɐ̯] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Rosenheim, in Bavaria, Germany.

It is situated 5 km west of Rosenheim on the river Mangfall.

In 1859 Kolbermoor railway stop was built for the new Bavarian Maximilian's Railway. Kolbermoor became a village in 1863 and a town in 1963.

A museum of local history and industry is located in Kolbermoor.

Kolbermoor is the birthplace of football players Paul Breitner and Bastian Schweinsteiger.

On 9 February 2016, the Bad Aibling rail accident between Kolbermoor and Bad Aibling-Kurpark to the west claimed 12 lives.

Bavarian Maximilian Railway
The Bavarian Maximilian Railway (German: Bayerische Maximiliansbahn) was as an east–west line built between the Bavarian border with Württemberg at Neu-Ulm in the west via Augsburg, Munich and Rosenheim to the Austrian border at Kufstein and Salzburg in the east as part of the Royal Bavarian State Railways. The Munich–Augsburg section of the line had already been built by the Munich-Augsburg Railway Company and opened in 1840. The line was named after the reigning King of Bavaria from 1848 to 1864 Maximilian II.
Pectinopitys
Pectinopitys is a small genus of conifers from South America and Australasia belonging to the podocarp family, Podocarpaceae. It was split out from the Prumnopitys complex by British botanist Chris Page in 2019. It is still considered as closely allied to this genus and Sundacarpus.

Australasian realm
The Australasian realm is one of eight  biogeographic realms that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua), and the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, including the island of Sulawesi, the Moluccas (the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku), and the islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, and Timor, often known as the Lesser Sundas.

The Australasian realm also includes several Pacific island groups, including the Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia. New Zealand and its surrounding islands are a distinctive sub-region of the Australasian realm.  The rest of Indonesia is part of the Indomalayan realm. In the classification scheme developed by Miklos Udvardy, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and New Zealand are placed in the Oceanian realm.
Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School
The Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School is a scientific school of thought in the field of semiotics that was formed in 1964 and led by Juri Lotman. Among the other members of this school were Boris Uspenskij, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Vladimir Toporov, Mikhail Gasparov, Alexander Piatigorsky, Isaak I. Revzin, and others. As a result of their collective work, they established a theoretical framework around the semiotics of culture.

Semiosphere
The semiosphere is a concept in cultural semiotics and biosemiotic theory, according to which—contrary to ideas of nature determining sense and experience—the phenomenal world is a creative and logical structure of processes of semiosis where signs operate together to produce sense and experience.
Kamal Ahmed
Kamal Ahmed is the name of:

Kamal Ahmed (comedian) (born 1966), American comedian

Kamal Ahmed (journalist) (born 1967), British journalist

Kamal Ahmed (politician), Bahraini politician

Kamal Ahmed (singer) (born 1965), Bangladeshi singer

Kamal Ahmed (director) (born 1935), Bangladeshi director

Kamal Ahmed (music director) (1937–1993), Pakistani music director

Kamal Ahmed (journalist)
Kamal Ahmed (born 15 November 1967) is a British journalist, who was Editorial Director of BBC News. He was Economics Editor at the BBC until November 2018, and Business Editor from March 2014, until Simon Jack was appointed as his successor in February 2016.

Ahmed was formerly the political editor of The Observer, business editor of The Sunday Telegraph and Director of Communications at the Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Joaquín Gutiérrez Cano
Joaquín Gutiérrez Cano (1920–2009) was a Spanish diplomat and politician who was a member of the FET y de las JONS. He was one of the diplomats and civil servants served in the Franco regime. Between January 1974 to December 1975 he was the minister of development planning. El Mundo regards him as one of ten closest persons to Francisco Franco. Following the transition to democracy he worked at the World Bank as a representative of Spain.

FET y de las JONS
The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (lit. 'Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx of the Councils of the National Syndicalist Offensive'), shortened to FET y de las JONS, just "FET", and the Falange, and alternatively referred to as the Movimiento Nacional, was the sole legal party of the Francoist regime in Spain. It was created by General Francisco Franco in 1937 as a merger of the fascist and national syndicalist Falange Española de las JONS (FE de las JONS) with the monarchist Carlist movement. In addition to the resemblance of names, the party formally retained most of the platform of FE de las JONS (26 out of 27 points) and a similar inner structure. The membership in the party was automatic for all civil servants and officers of the regime, however, the significance of such membership was often purely nominal.
Xin Meng
Xin Meng (Chinese: 孟昕) FASSA is a Chinese economist and professor at the Research School of Economics, College of Business and Economics (CBE), Australian National University (ANU). She is also a member of the Association for Comparative Economic Studies, the American Economic Association, the Society of Labor Economics and Royal Economic Society. Her main research interests include Labour Economics, Development Economics, Applied Microeconomics and Economics of Education. She focuses on researching issues about the Chinese labour market during transition, the influence of corporations and gender discrimination, the economic assimilation of immigrants and the economic implications of major catastrophes. Meng was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 2008.

Labour economics
Labour economics is the subfield of economics concerned with the study of labour as an input to economic production. Broadly, it surveys labor markets and the economic decisions of agents participating in such markets. Topics of study include the labour supply of workers and how it is affected by variables such as age, education, gender and childbearing, as well as the labour demand by firms searching for different forms of labour as an input in the production of goods and services. In addition, labour economics studies, amongst others, phenomena such as schooling, human capital, inequality, unemployment, trade unions, discrimination, technological change, and public policies related to labour markets, such as unemployment benefits, pensions and health care.
Ronald Citrine, 3rd Baron Citrine
Ronald Eric Citrine, 3rd Baron Citrine of Wembley, MRCS (19 May 1919 — 5 August 2006) was one of the Westminster Hospital medical students who assisted at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. In 1955, he registered as a medical practitioner in New Zealand and lived at Paihia.

Westminster Hospital
Westminster Hospital was a hospital in Westminster, England, founded in 1719. In 1834 a medical school attached to the hospital was formally founded.
In 1939 a newly built hospital and medical school opened in Horseferry Road, Westminster. In 1994 the hospital closed, and its resources were moved to the new Chelsea and Westminster Hospital at the old St Stephen's Hospital site on Fulham Road.
Wood Shop BBQ
Wood Shop BBQ is a restaurant in Seattle's Atlantic / Central District area, in the U.S. state of Washington. The restaurant has been featured on the TV series, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives. Wood Shop BBQ has operated outposts.

Central District, Seattle
The Central District (commonly called the Central Area or The CD) is a mostly residential neighborhood in Seattle located east of downtown and First Hill (12th Avenue and Rainier Avenue); west of Madrona, Leschi and Mt. Baker neighborhoods; south of Capitol Hill, and north of Rainier Valley. Historically, the Central District has been one of Seattle's most racially and ethnically diverse neighborhoods, and was once the center of Seattle's black community and a major hub of African-American businesses.
Emīls Dārziņš
Emīls Dārziņš (November 3, 1875 – August 31, 1910) was a Latvian composer, conductor and music critic. Dārziņš' work bears a distinct romantic character, with a strong trend towards national themes. His main musical authorities and influences were Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Jean Sibelius. Dārziņš musical contribution is mainly to vocal music (choral and art songs), but he also composed orchestral music, though only one piece, Melanholiskais valsis (Melancholic waltz) has survived. His only opera, Rožainās dienas (Rosy days), remained unfinished after his early death at the age of 34.

Latvians
Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts, especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.
Jelynn Dela Cruz
Jelynn Angelique Dela Cruz (born December 30, 1999) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 2023 Manitoba general election by defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative cabinet minister James Teitsma. She represents the district of Radisson as a member of the Manitoba New Democratic Party. She serves as Legislative Assistant to the Minister of Health. At the age of 23, her 2023 election win made her the youngest woman ever elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.

Prior to being elected, she worked in administration and fund development at L'Arche Winnipeg. While attending the University of Manitoba, she served as the President of the University of Manitoba Students' Union. She speaks English, French and Tagalog.
She has come out as bisexual.

2023 Manitoba general election
The 2023 Manitoba general election was held on October 3, 2023, to elect 57 members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. The New Democratic Party of Manitoba, led by Wab Kinew, formed a majority government, defeating the two-term Progressive Conservative government. Following the election, Kinew became the second Indigenous premier of Manitoba and the first First Nations person to become premier of a Canadian province.

The incumbent Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba, led by Premier Heather Stefanson, had attempted to win a third term in government, having previously won the 2016 and 2019 elections under the leadership of Brian Pallister.
Dhandaur
Dhandaur is a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 27 kilometres (17 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 147 kilometres (91 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Jalandhar district
Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar.

Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.
Ctenostoma johnsoni
Ctenostoma johnsoni, or Johnson's comb-mouthed beetle, is a species of tiger beetle. This species is found in Ecuador, where it has only been recorded from central west slope of the Ecuadorian Andes.

Adults are small in size (8.5 mm) and have a shiny dark brown colour, with a broad bright yellow middle band and bright yellow large spot on the elytra.

Elytron
An elytron (/ˈɛlɪtrɒn/; from Ancient Greek  ἔλυτρον (élutron) 'sheath, cover'; pl.: elytra,  /ˈɛlɪtrə/) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes alternatively spelled as "hemielytra"), and in most species only the basal half is thickened while the apex is membranous, but when they are entirely thickened the condition is referred to as "coleopteroid". An elytron is sometimes also referred to as a shard.
Kemar Reid
Kemar David Reid (born 15 August 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Maltese Premier League club Birkirkara. Born in Jamaica, he plays for the Malta national team.

Birkirkara F.C.
Birkirkara Football Club is a professional football club based in the town of Birkirkara, on the island of Malta. The club was formed in 1950, following the amalgamation of Birkirkara United and Birkirkara Celtic. Birkirkara currently play in the Maltese Premier League, which it has won on four occasions, most recently in the 2012–13 season.

Birkirkara is one of the founding members of the European Club Association.

The club also has a women's team.
Sonipat Municipal Corporation
Sonipat Municipal Corporation or Municipal Corporation of Sonipat is the governing civic body of the Urban Area city Sonipat in Sonipat district, Haryana, India. The Municipal Committee Sonipat was established in 1933. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762.  Sonipat Municipal Corporation has been formed with functions to improve the infrastructure of town.

Municipal corporation (India)
A municipal corporation is a 
type of local government in India which administers an urban area having a population of one million or more. The growing population and urbanization of various Indian cities highlighted the need for a type of local governing body that could provide services such as healthcare, education, housing and transport by collecting property taxes and administering grants from the state government.

The municipal corporation carries out its function through divisions or departments. For example, water supply and sewage disposal Undertaking, Housing Board, Education Department and Electricity Department.

The 74th Amendment Act defined the formations of urban local governments and their activities.
Lactarius subserifluus
Lactarius subserifluus is a member of the milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. Found in the United States, it was scientifically described by botanist Burton Orange Longyear in 1902 from collections made in Michigan. Its fruitbodies are reddish orange with a dense stipe that has a tuft of rust-colored hairs at its base. The latex is watery and colorless. The fungus grows under hardwoods, usually in stands of oak and hickory. Spores are spherical or nearly so, measuring 6–7.5 to 6–7 μm.

Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma (pl. basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.