hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Amos Frumkin
Amos Frumkin (Hebrew: עמוס פרומקין; born in 1953) is an Israeli geologist, speleologist, and professor of geology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Frumkin was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 1953. His expertise is the geology of caves. As an active speleologist, he founded and directs the Cave Research Center of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Speleology
Speleology (from Ancient Greek  σπήλαιον (spḗlaion) 'cave' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their composition, structure, physical properties, history, ecology, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term speleology is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as caving, potholing (British English), or spelunking (United States and Canadian English). Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for in situ study are the same.

Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of chemistry, biology, geology, physics, meteorology, and cartography to develop portraits of caves as complex, evolving systems.
State-space planning
In artificial intelligence and computer programming, state-space planning is a process used in designing programs to search for data or solutions to problems.  In a computer algorithm that searches a data structure for a piece of data, for example a program that looks up a word in a computer dictionary, the state space is a collective term for all the data to be searched.  Similarly, artificial intelligence programs often employ a process of searching through a finite universe of possible procedures for reaching a goal, to find a procedure or the best procedure to achieve the goal.  The universe of possible solutions to be searched is called the state space.  State-space planning is the process of deciding which parts of the state space the program will search, and in what order.

Data structure
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization and storage format that is usually chosen for efficient access to data. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data, i.e., it is an algebraic structure about data.
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the study of traumatic injuries. It was established in 1961 as the Journal of Trauma by Williams & Wilkins, obtaining its current name in 2012. The journal is currently published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and is the official journal of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, the Trauma Association of Canada, and the Western Trauma Association. The editor-in-chief is Raul Coimbra (Riverside University Health System).

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW) is an American imprint of the American Dutch publishing conglomerate Wolters Kluwer. It was established by the acquisition of Williams & Wilkins and its merger with J.B. Lippincott Company in 1998. Under the LWW brand, Wolters Kluwer, through its Health Division, publishes scientific, technical, and medical content such as textbooks, reference works, and over 275 scientific journals (most of which are medical or other public health journals). Publications are aimed at physicians, nurses, clinicians, and students.

Lippincott had its headquarters in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with other United States locations in Baltimore, Maryland, New York City, New York, Hagerstown, Maryland, and Ambler, Pennsylvania, as well as locations in London, Hong Kong, and Sydney. Most of those offices are still in service under Wolters Kluwer.
Leila T. Bauman
Leila T. Bauman (active c. 1855–1870) was an American painter.  Almost nothing is known of her life.

Bauman is known to have come from Verona, New Jersey, near Newark, but a search of genealogical and other records has as yet provided no further information about her life and career. It is possible that she worked for Currier and Ives at some point. Two oil-on-canvas river landscapes in the Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch Collection in the National Gallery of Art are currently her only known paintings. One is titled Geese in Flight, and the other U.S. Mail Boat; internal evidence dates the two paintings to the 1850s, and suggests that they were inspired by views around the New York City area.

Geese in Flight was included in the inaugural exhibition of the National Museum of Women in the Arts, American Women Artists 1830–1930, in 1987.

National Museum of Women in the Arts
The National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA), located in Washington, D.C., is "the first museum in the world solely dedicated" to championing women through the arts. NMWA was incorporated in 1981 by Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay. Since opening in 1987, the museum has acquired a collection of more than 6,000 works by more than 1,000 artists, ranging from the 16th century to today. The collection includes works by Mary Cassatt, Alma Woodsey Thomas, Élisabeth Louise Vigée-LeBrun, and Amy Sherald. NMWA also holds the only painting by Frida Kahlo in Washington, D.C., Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky.

The museum occupies the old Masonic Temple, a building listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. In 2021 the museum temporarily closed to undergo a $66 million transformative renovation. The museum reopened to the public on October 21, 2023.
Yanchang Road station
Yanchang Road (Chinese: 延长路; pinyin: Yáncháng Lù) is a station on Shanghai Metro Line 1. It is located in Jing'an District along Gonghexin Road (which is underneath the North–South Elevated Road), and is the first station outside the Inner Ring Road when travelling northbound from the central Huangpu District. This station is part of the northern extension of that line from Shanghai Railway Station to Gongfu Xincun that opened on 28 December 2004.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
American Council of Trustees and Alumni
The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) is an American non-profit organization whose stated mission is to "support liberal arts education, uphold high academic standards, safeguard the free exchange of ideas on campus, and ensure that the next generation receives a philosophically rich, high-quality college education at an affordable price."

ACTA primarily encourages trustees to take on a more assertive governing role. It is based in Washington, D.C., and its current president is Michael Poliakoff.

Karrin Taylor Robson
Karrin Margaret Taylor Robson (/ˈroʊbsən/ ROBE-sən, née Kunasek, born February 7, 1965) is an American attorney, businesswoman, and politician. A member of the Republican Party, she was a member of the Arizona Board of Regents from 2017 until 2021, appointed by Governor Doug Ducey.

Taylor Robson ran in the Republican primary in the 2022 Arizona gubernatorial election finishing second to Donald Trump-backed Kari Lake. On February 12, 2025, she announced her run for governor again for the 2026 Arizona gubernatorial election, this time with the endorsement of Donald Trump. A couple of months later, Trump co-endorsed Robson's Republican opponent, Andy Biggs. However, she withdrew her candidacy exactly a year later on February 12, 2026.
Pleasant Run (painting)
Pleasant Run (French: Run Carino) is an oil-on-canvas painting created in 1885 by American Impressionist painter T. C. Steele, the leader of the Hoosier Group, and known for his Indiana landscapes. The dimensions of the painting are 45.72 by 66.04 centimeters. It is housed at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Pleasant Run was painted soon after the artist returned from five years of study in Munich, Germany. It portrays an area which at the time defined the eastern and southern limits of Indianapolis.

American Impressionism
American Impressionism was a style of painting related to European Impressionism and practiced by American artists in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century through the beginning of the twentieth. The style is characterized by loose brushwork and vivid colors with a wide array of subject matters but focusing on landscapes and upper-class domestic life.
Günther Knauss
Günther Knauss (14 February 1943 – 6 February 2022) was a German ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics. Knauss died in Füssen, Bavaria on 6 February 2022, at the age of 78.

1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver), were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France. Thirty-seven countries participated.

The 1968 Winter Games marked the first time the IOC permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.

Norway won the most gold and overall medals, the first time since the 1952 Winter Olympics that the Soviet Union did not top the medal table by both parameters.
George Forrester (cricketer)
George Douglas Forrester (22 May 1890 – 6 May 1959) was a Scottish first-class cricketer.

The son of Henry Forrester, he was born in the Edinburgh suburb of Colinton in May 1890. He was educated in England at Rugby School, before going up to University College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1912 and 1913, making a total of six appearances. Forrester scored a total of 235 runs in his six matches, at an average of 21.36 and with a high score of 82.

After graduating from Oxford, he travelled to British Burma to take up employment as an assistant at the Burma Oil Company. During the First World War, he was commissioned in April 1917 as a second lieutenant in the Rangoon Mounted Rifles. He later emigrated to Australia, where he died in May 1959 at Barwon Heads, Victoria.

Rugby School
Rugby School is a private boarding school for pupils aged 13–18, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England.

Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity. Its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian public school. It was one of nine schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission of 1864 and later regulated as one of the seven schools included in the Public Schools Act 1868. Originally a boys' school, it became fully co-educational in 1992.

The school's alumni – or "Old Rugbeians" – include a UK prime minister, a French prime minister, several bishops, poets, scientists, writers and soldiers.

Rugby School is the birthplace of rugby football.
Museum of the Islamic Era
The Museum of the Islamic Era (Persian: موزه دوران اسلامی) is one of the museums of the National Museum of Iran, located near  Imam Khomeini Square, Tehran, Iran. Most of the objects in this museum are selected from the works of scientific excavations or prestigious collections such as Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble. The National Museum of Iran has two main sections: Museum of Ancient Iran and Museum of the Islamic Era; The Museum of the Islamic Era is dedicated to displaying historical monuments and objects of Islamic Iran.

In the Museum of the Islamic Era, a large section is dedicated to the Qurans and manuscripts, in which gold-plated Qurans with Kufic scripts of early Islam can be seen. In another part, there are inscriptions of manuscripts or Quran and hadiths in the form of Epigraphy or Mihrab.

Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble
Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble (Persian: مجموعه آرامگاه و خانقاه شیخ صفی‌الدین; Arabic: مجمع ضريح وتكية الشيخ صفي الدين) is a Sufi khānegāh and shrine complex that contains the tomb of Sheikh Safi-ad-Din Ardabili. It is located in the city of Ardabil, in the province of Ardabil, Iran. In 2010, the religious funerary complex was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The mausoleum was added to the Iran National Heritage List on 6 January 1932 and is administered by the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran.
1986–87 Golden State Warriors season
The 1986–87 Golden State Warriors season was the Warriors' 41st season in the NBA and 24th in the San Francisco Bay Area.

In the playoffs, the Warriors defeated the Utah Jazz in five games in the First Round, before losing to the eventual NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers in five games in the Semi-finals.

1986–87 Utah Jazz season
The 1986–87 Utah Jazz season was the team's 13th in the NBA. They began the season hoping to improve upon their 42–40 output from the previous season. They bested it by two wins, finishing 44–38 and qualified for the playoffs for the fourth straight season.
Abington Farm
The Abington Farm, or Abbington Manor & Farm, is a historic home and stables at Crownsville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story frame, side-passage, double-pile house with additions on both gable ends. The main block dates from about 1840. On the property are several outbuildings, including a frame summer kitchen; a stone and frame ice house; a frame, brick, and stone springhouse/dairy; a frame privy, chicken house, tool shed, and corncrib; a large, elaborate frame stable; and a frame tenant house.

The Abbington Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Ice house (building)
An ice house or icehouse is a building used to store ice throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator. Some were underground chambers, usually man-made, located near natural sources of winter ice, such as freshwater lakes, but many were buildings with various types of insulation.

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months.

The main application of ice was food preservation, but it could also be used to cool drinks or to prepare desserts such as ice cream and sorbet. During the heyday of the ice trade, a typical commercial ice house would store 2,700 tonnes (3,000 short tons) of ice in a 9-by-30-metre (30 by 100 ft) and 14-metre-high (45 ft) building.
2018 Michigan Attorney General election
The 2018 Michigan Attorney General election took place on November 6, 2018, alongside elections to elect Michigan's governor, Class I United States Senator, Secretary of State, Michigan's 14 seats in the United States House of Representatives, all 38 seats in the Michigan Senate, and all 110 seats in the Michigan House of Representatives. Incumbent Republican Attorney General Bill Schuette was prohibited from seeking a third term due to term limits, and unsuccessfully ran for governor of Michigan instead. The Michigan GOP was unsuccessful in winning its 5th straight attorney general election. Along with the offices of lieutenant governor and secretary of sftate, the nominees for attorney general were chosen by party delegates at their respective party conventions.

Nessel defeated Leonard by 115,000 votes, becoming the first Democratic attorney general of Michigan since 2003, when Jennifer Granholm left office to become governor.

Bill Schuette
William Duncan Schuette (/ˈʃuːti/ SHOO-tee; born October 13, 1953) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 53rd attorney general of Michigan from 2011 to 2019. He was the unsuccessful Republican nominee in Michigan’s 1990 U.S. Senate race and for Governor of Michigan in 2018.
Dan Chicoine
Daniel Chicoine (born November 30, 1957) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played 31 games in the National Hockey League for the Cleveland Barons and Minnesota North Stars between 1977 and 1980.

Cleveland Barons (NHL)
The Cleveland Barons were a professional ice hockey team based in Richfield, Ohio. They competed in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Adams Division in the Prince of Wales Conference (1976–1978). The Barons played at Richfield Coliseum. They were a relocation of the California Golden Seals franchise that had played in Oakland since 1967. After just two seasons, the team merged with the Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars). As a result, the NHL operated with 17 teams during the 1978–79 season.

Until 2024, the Barons were the last franchise in the NHL to cease operations. Ohio did not have another NHL team until the Columbus Blue Jackets joined the league 22 years later in 2000.
Blow the Wind: Pie Jesu
Blow the Wind: Pie Jesu is a piece by Jocelyn Pook with vocals by Pook, Kathleen Ferrier and Melanie Pappenheim. Composed in 1994, it first appeared on the album The Best...Classical Album in the World...Ever!.

Jocelyn Pook
Jocelyn Pook (/ˈdʒɒslɪn ˈpʊk/, rhyming with "book") (born 14 February 1960) is an English composer who is known for her scores for many films, including Eyes Wide Shut, The Merchant of Venice and The Wife. Her principal instrument is the viola. Her scores and performances have been widely recorded, and have received multiple awards.
Alcohol laws of India
The legal drinking age in India and the laws which regulate the sale and consumption of alcohol vary significantly from state to state. In India, consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Nagaland, and Mizoram, as well as the union territory of Lakshadweep. There is partial ban on alcohol in some districts of Manipur. All other Indian states permit alcohol consumption but fix a legal drinking age, which ranges at different ages per region. In some states the legal drinking age can be different for different types of alcoholic beverage.

In spite of legal restrictions, alcohol consumption in India has risen over 55% over a period of 20 years (according to OECD figures) as the laws are generally not followed in a customer business relationship. The maximum permitted ABV is 45.5%.

Sura (alcoholic drink)
Sura or Sooraa (Sanskrit and Pāli; Devanāgarī: सुरा) is a strong distilled alcoholic drink originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is referred to as an anaesthetic by Suśruta (a surgeon in India circa 400 BCE). Other ancient medical authorities also mention it ; Charaka referred to making a woman with a miscarriage senseless to pain by administering alcoholic drinks like sooraa, sīdhu, ariṣṭa, madhu, madirā or āsava.
Winnipeg Commodity Exchange
ICE Futures Canada (IFCA)—known as the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange (WCE) until 2008—was a derivatives market based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and was Canada's only commodity futures exchange.

Prior to 2008, WCE was the subsidiary of WCE Holdings Inc., which also owned WCE Clearing Corporation, and Canadian Climate Exchange Inc. In 2007, WCE was purchased by the U.S.-based Intercontinental Exchange. In mid 2018, IFCA's futures and options contracts transitioned to ICE Futures U.S. (IFUS). Under the IFUS trading name, ICE continues to electronically trade Canadian contracts for milling wheat, durum, western barley, and canola (rapeseed).

ICE's operations in Manitoba are regulated by the Manitoba Securities Commission. In contrast, the Ontario Securities Commission has provided ICE an order that exempts it from the requirement to be recognized as a stock exchange and as a commodity futures exchange in Ontario.

Derivatives market
The derivatives market is the financial market for derivatives - financial instruments like futures contracts or options - which are derived from other forms of assets.

The market can be divided into two, that for exchange-traded derivatives and that for over-the-counter derivatives. The legal nature of these products is very different, as well as the way they are traded, though many market participants are active in both. The derivatives market in Europe has a notional amount of €660 trillion.
Howard James Banker
Howard James Banker (April 19, 1866 in Schaghticoke, New York – November 13, 1940) was an American mycologist. He received his PhD from Columbia University in 1908. Banker was an associate editor of the journal Mycologia starting from its establishment in 1909, until it became the official publication of the Mycological Society of America in 1933. He published several papers in the journal, including a revision of the North American Hydnaceae, which discussed 62 species in 10 genera. Banker died at his home in Huntington, New York, in 1940. The genus Bankera is named after him.

Huntington, New York
Huntington is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The town's population was 204,127 at the time of the 2020 census, making it the 11th most populous city/town in the state.

Founded in 1653, the Town of Huntington is located on the North Shore of Long Island in northwestern Suffolk County, with the Long Island Sound to its north and Nassau County adjacent to the west. It is part of the New York metropolitan area.
Gregory de Rokesley
Gregory de Rokesley (died 1291) was an English goldsmith, Mayor of London and Warden of the Mint. He was originally from Rokesley in Kent and was a wealthy wool merchant and goldsmith. In 1263, 1265 and 1270, he served as Sheriff of London and then served as Lord Mayor of London for a total of 8 occasions from the years 1274 through to 1280 and again in the year 1284. In 1276 he was made Kings Chamberlain and acted in that capacity for two years. He was joint Warden of the Mint from 1279 to 1292.

The site of his house, which existed near Lombard Street near where the Church of St Mary Woolnoth now stands is commemorated by a City of London blue plaque.

He was married to Avice, with whom he had two sons, Sir Reginald and Sir Richard.

St Mary Woolnoth
St Mary Woolnoth is an Anglican church in the City of London, located on the corner of Lombard Street and King William Street near Bank junction. The present building is one of the Queen Anne Churches, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor. The parish church continues to be used for services, with Holy Communion every Tuesday. St Mary Woolnoth lies in the ward of Langbourn.
Jezersko–Solčava
The Jezersko–Solčava is a breed of domestic sheep from the eastern Alpine region of Europe. Until the outbreak of the First World War it was the most numerous sheep breed in southern Carinthia, in Friuli and in Slovenia. Its name derives from the regions of Jezersko and of Solčava, formerly in the Austrian Empire, now in Slovenia. It is raised also in parts of Austria, Germany and Italy; a small number were imported to Serbia in 1991. It may also be known as the German: Kärntner Brillenschaf, Seeländer Schaf or Villnösser Schaf.

Solčava
Solčava (pronounced [sɔlˈtʃaːʋa]; German: Sulzbach) is a village in the Upper Savinja Valley in northern Slovenia close to the Austrian border. It is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Solčava. Traditionally it belonged to the region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.