hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Forest-tundra
In physical geography, a forest-tundra  is a type of terrestrial ecosystem (biome) which is transitional zone (ecotone) between tundra and forest.

The term was coined by Frederic Clements in 1936, for the transitional zone between subalpine forest and alpine tundra. Later its meaning was extended to include the transition between taiga and tundra.

The forest-tundra is found almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere within the Southern Arctic Ecozone. In North America, the tundra extends southwards to below 50° N. In Eurasia, the approximately 20–200 km wide strip of the tundra between 40° and 90° E straddling the Arctic Circle (66°30' N).

In the framework of the altitudinal gradation of mountainous ecology, the forest-tundra corresponds to the krummholz and prostrate shrub zones.

Larger cities within the ecozone include Murmansk, Vorkuta, Norilsk, and Tiksi.

Map of forest-tundra

Map of forest-tundra

Southern Arctic Ecozone
The Southern Arctic Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is a Canadian terrestrial ecozone which spans the northern coast of mainland Northwest Territories, most of northern mainland Nunavut excepting the northeast peninsula, and a portion of northwestern Quebec. Its two constituent territories are interrupted by Hudson Bay.  The ecozone can also be described as including the northernmost part of the Interior Plains of Western Canada and parts of the Canadian Shield located on both sides of northern Hudson Bay.

It is sparsely populated, with less than 10,000 inhabitants in 17 major settlements, the largest of which is Rankin Inlet. About 80% of the population is Inuit.
Rowland Salley
Rowland Salley (born November 2, 1949) is an American musician, sometimes called Roly Salley. He is a bass guitarist and vocalist for Chris Isaak's band Silvertone. His best-known tune is "Killing the Blues", which has been covered by John Prine, Chris Smither, Shawn Colvin, Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, Shooter Jennings and Billy Ray Cyrus, Lo-Fang and Sean Keane. As a band member for Chris Isaak, he was a regular on The Chris Isaak Show.

Lo-Fang
Matthew Jordan Hemerlein (born 20 October 1983), better known by the stage name Lo-Fang, is a singer-songwriter and classically trained musician. His stage name came to him while he was driving through Sedona, Arizona on his way to Los Angeles. He chose it mainly because of the symmetry of the letters and his attempt to balance the feminine and masculine elements in his music. As he sees it: " 'Lo' relates 'soft and soothing' and the strings and kind of the way I sing, and the 'Fang' element is more like the harsh, electronic sounds and the bass."

His debut album Blue Film was released on 25 February 2014, by 4AD.
Basharat Mosque
The Basharat Mosque (Spanish: Mezquita Basharat, lit. 'Good News Mosque'), also known as Masjid Basharat, is a mosque in Pedro Abad, Córdoba, Spain.

The foundation stone was laid on October 9, 1980 by Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the Caliphate of worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.  It was inaugurated on 10 September 1982 by the fourth head of Ahmadiyya Community, Mirza Tahir Ahmad. The mosque is the centre of Ahmadiyya-Movement in Spain.

Jalsa Salana, the annual gathering of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Spain, is celebrated in Pedro Abad.

Jalsa Salana
Jalsa Salana (Urdu: جلسہ سالانہ, lit. 'Annual Gathering') is a formal, annual gathering of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. It was initiated in 1891 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the community, in Qadian, India. Usually, the gathering spans three days, beginning with the flag hoisting ceremony following the Friday Sermon. Although the convention held in the UK is deemed to be the major and 'international Jalsa' attended by Ahmadis from across the world, Ahmadis in other countries hold their own national Jalsas, sometimes attended by the Khalifatul Masih.
Anne Auger
Anne Auger is a French numerical analyst and computer scientist interested in benchmarks and performance analysis of black-box methods for numerical optimization. She is a director of research for the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria), and the leader of RandOpt, the Randomized Optimization team at the Inria Saclay research center.

Auger earned an agrégation in mathematics in 2000 at Paris-Sud University and a diploma in numerical analysis at Pierre and Marie Curie University in 2001. Next she completed a Ph.D. in 2004 at  Pierre and Marie Curie University, with the dissertation  Contributions théoriques et numériques à l'optimisation continue par Algorithmes Evolutionnaires, jointly supervised by 
Claude Le Bris and Marc Schoenauer. She earned a habilitation in 2016 at Paris-Sud University.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Benzscaline
Benzscaline (BZ), also known as 4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (4-BzlO-3,5-DMPEA), is a serotonin receptor agonist and possible serotonergic psychedelic of the phenethylamine and scaline families.

Substituted phenethylamine
Substituted phenethylamines (or simply phenethylamines) are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents. Phenylethylamines are also generally found to be central nervous system stimulants with many also being entactogens/empathogens, and hallucinogens.
St. Boniface Seals
The St. Boniface Seals were a Canadian Junior Hockey Team in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League from 1934 to 1939.

In the 1937–38 season, the St. Boniface Seals beat the defending National Champion Winnipeg Monarchs for the Turnbull Cup before going on to defeat the Oshawa Generals to win the Memorial Cup championship. The 1937–38 team was inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame following this success.

The team was renamed to the St. Boniface Athletics in 1939 and played until 1945.

Billy Reay
William Tulip Reay (August 21, 1918 – September 23, 2004) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Reay played ten seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1943 to 1953, winning two Stanley Cups. He then coached from 1957 to 1959 in the NHL and again from 1963 to 1977, primarily with the Chicago Black Hawks, who he coached to the Stanley Cup Finals three times. While he did not win a Cup as a coach, Reay won over 500 games as a head coach, and he was the second coach to win 500 games with one team. When he retired, he was second in NHL history in wins, and he currently is one of 29 coaches to have won 500 games.
Nati (surname)
Nati is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Germano Nati (1946–2008), Eritrean politician

Kimiora Nati (born 1988), New Zealand rugby league player

Romolo Nati (born 1968), Italian architect and businessman

Valerio Nati (born 1956), Italian professional boxer

Kimiora Breayley-Nati
Kimiora Breayley-Nati (née Nati; born 17 June 1988) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays for the Burleigh Bears in the QRL Women's Premiership.

Primarily a five-eighth, she is a New Zealand representative. She previously played for the Brisbane Broncos and St George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL Women's Premiership, winning a premiership with the Broncos in 2018.
Damaturu Specialist Hospital
The Damaturu Specialist Hospital or State Specialist Hospital, Damaturu is a public hospital, located in Damaturu, Damaturu Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria. It was  established in 1979 and operates on 24 hours basis. It was upgraded to a Specialist Hospital in the year 2022.

Damaturu
Damaturu Listenⓘ is a Local Government Area and the capital city of Yobe State in northern Nigeria. It is the headquarters of the Damaturu Emirate.

Damaturu is the capital and administrative headquarters of Yobe State and where the governor resides and host to State Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies.

Damaturu hosts three tertiary institutions Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State University and Shehu Sule College of Nursing . It is home to the Damaturu Central Mosque.
Maireana pentagona
Maireana pentagona, commonly known as hairy bluebush or slender fissure-weed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae, and is endemic to Australia. It is a prostrate to low-lying perennial with woolly branches, densely hairy linear leaves, flowers arranged singly and a woolly fruiting perianth, the upper surface with a thick, hard ridge.

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
Venulus
Venulus was an ambassador sent by Turnus of Ardea to the Greek hero Diomedes to request assistance in a war against Aeneas.  He appears as a character in Vergil's Aeneid (in Books 8 and 11, where he was killed by Tarchon) and Ovid's Metamorphoses (Book 14); in both epics, he seems to serve as a proxy or counterpart of the goddess Venus (Paschalis 288, Barchiesi 119), whose name is incorporated in his own.  There is no evidence for his existence beyond (or prior to) the Aeneid and Metamorphoses.

Venus (mythology)
Venus (/ˈviːnəs/; Classical Latin: [ˈwɛnʊs]) is a Roman goddess whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.

The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpart Aphrodite for Roman art and Latin literature. In the later classical tradition of the West, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of Greco-Roman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality. As such, she is usually depicted nude.
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
The New Jersey Register of Historic Places is the official list of historic resources of local, state, and national interest in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The program is administered by the New Jersey's state historic preservation office within the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.

The register was established under the terms of the New Jersey Register of Historic Places Act of 1970. The New Jersey Register mirrors the National Register of Historic Places, and uses the same criteria for eligibility.

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) is a government agency in the U.S. state of New Jersey that is responsible for managing the state's natural resources and addressing issues related to pollution. NJDEP now has a staff of approximately 2,850.

The department was created on April 22, 1970, America's first official Earth Day, making it the third state in the country to combine its environmental activities into a single, unified agency, with about 1,400 employees in five divisions, charged with responsibility for environmental protection and conservation efforts. Governor William T. Cahill appointed Richard J. Sullivan as the first commissioner.

In December 2017, Catherine McCabe was nominated by New Jersey governor-elect Phil Murphy to serve as Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Shawn M. LaTourette succeeded her in January 2021. Other former Commissioners have included Lisa P. Jackson and Bradley M. Campbell.
Yonne
Yonne (French: [jɔn], in Burgundian: Ghienne) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the river Yonne, which flows through it, in the country's north-central part. One of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's eight constituent departments, it is located in its northwestern part, bordering Île-de-France. It was created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Its prefecture is Auxerre, with subprefectures in Avallon and Sens. Its INSEE and postcode number is 89.

Yonne is Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's fourth-most populous department, with a population of 335,707 (2019). Its largest city is its prefecture Auxerre, with a population of about 35,000 within city limits and 68,000 in the urban area.

Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques
The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (French: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, pronounced [ɛ̃stity nɑsjɔnal də la statistik e dez‿etyd(z‿)ekɔnɔmik]), abbreviated INSEE or Insee (/ɪnˈseɪ/ in-SAY, French: [inse]), is the national statistics bureau of France. It collects and publishes information about the French economy and people and carries out the periodic national census. Headquartered in Montrouge, a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, it is the French branch of Eurostat. The INSEE was created in 1946 as a successor to the Vichy regime's National Statistics Service (SNS). It works in close cooperation with the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED).
4th United States Colored Infantry Regiment
The 4th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an African-American unit of the Union Army during the American Civil War. A part of the United States Colored Troops, the regiment saw action in Virginia and North Carolina, taking part in the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign, the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington, North Carolina, and the Carolinas campaign.

Mathews County, Virginia
Mathews County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,533. Its county seat is Mathews.

Located on the Middle Peninsula, Mathews County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Holothuria parvula
Holothuria parvula, the golden sea cucumber, is a species of echinoderm in the class Holothuroidea. It was first described by Emil Selenka in 1867 and has since been placed in the subgenus Platyperona, making its full scientific name Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula. It is found in shallow areas of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico and is unusual among sea cucumbers in that it can reproduce by breaking in half.

Emil Selenka
Emil Selenka (27 February 1842 – 20 February 1902) was a German zoologist. He is known for his research on invertebrates and apes and the scientific expeditions he organized to Southeast Asia and South America.
KMOE
KMOE (92.1 FM, "The Bullet") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Butler, Missouri. The station's broadcast license is held by Bates County Broadcasting Company.

KMOE has been owned and operated by members of the Thornton family since it was founded in 1975. The station was assigned the call sign "KMOE" by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

Butler, Missouri
Butler is a city in and the county seat of Bates County, Missouri, United States and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.  The population was 4,220 at the 2020 census. The city is named for William Orlando Butler, an American military and political figure of the early and mid-19th century. It is located approximately 50 mi (80 km) south of Kansas City, Missouri on Interstate 49.
Metamerism (chemistry)
In chemistry, metamerism is used to define the isomeric relationship between compounds with the same polyvalent, heteroatomic, functional group but differ in the main carbon chain or any of the side chains. It has rather been an obsolete term for isomerism, which has not been recognised by IUPAC in its publications. When Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius used the term in 1831, he did so to describe those substances which possess the same percentage composition but had different properties. What Berzelius implied to be called metamerism is now considered as isomerism.

Catenation
In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms of the same element into a series, called a chain. A chain or a ring may be open if its ends are not bonded to each other (an open-chain compound), or closed if they are bonded in a ring (a cyclic compound). The words to catenate and catenation reflect the Latin root catena, "chain".
2014 Heineken Open – Singles
David Ferrer was the three-time defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Lu Yen-hsun.

John Isner won the title, defeating Lu in the final, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(9–7). It was the 8th career title for Isner, the 2nd in Auckland having previously won in 2010, and only his 2nd outside the United States.

Bradley Klahn
Bradley Klahn (born August 20, 1990) is an American former professional tennis player from Poway, California.

Klahn played collegiate tennis at Stanford University, where he won the 2010 NCAA Singles Championships as a sophomore.  His next year as a junior, he was a finalist in the NCAA Doubles Championship.  He played at the 2010 US Open, taking a set from 20th seed Sam Querrey before being defeated in four sets. Klahn received a wild card into the 2011 SAP Open. He underwent back surgery in February 2015 and did not resume playing until late 2016, accepting a wild card into qualifying for the Challenger event in Champaign-Urbana and winning three matches to reach the main draw, where he defeated Sam Groth in the first round and Tennys Sandgren in the second before falling to Jared Donaldson in the quarterfinals.
Chain fountain
The chain fountain phenomenon, also known as self-siphoning beads, Newton's beads, or Mould effect, is a physical phenomenon observed with a chain placed inside a jar. One end of the chain is pulled from the jar and is allowed to fall under the influence of gravity. This process establishes a self-sustaining flow of the chain which rises over the edge and goes down to the floor or ground beneath it, as if being sucked out of the jar by an invisible siphon. For chains with small adjacent beads, the arc can ascend into the air over and above the edge of the jar with a noticeable gap; this gap is greater when the chain falls farther.

The self-siphoning effect is also observed in non-Newtonian fluids.

Jar
A jar is a rigid, cylindrical, or slightly conical container, typically made of glass, ceramic, or plastic, with a wide mouth or opening that can be closed with a lid, screw cap, lug cap, cork stopper, roll-on cap, crimp-on cap, press-on cap, plastic shrink, heat-sealed lidding film, an inner seal, a tamper-evident band, or other suitable means. The English word "jar" originates from the Arabic word jarra, which means an earthen pot or vessel.
Philip T. Metzger
Philip T. Metzger is an American planetary physicist with the Florida Space Institute. In 2012 he co-founded NASA's Swamp Works, and in May 2018 he was honoured with the Outstanding Technical Contribution Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers, later that year he worked with Honeybee Robotics to develop the WINE spacecraft prototype. Metzger disagrees with the IAU definition of a planet.

A 4.6 km (2.9 mi) wide main-belt asteroid discovered on June 1, 2000 at the Anderson Mesa Station has been named after Metzger: 36329 Philmetzger.

American Society of Civil Engineers
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a tax-exempt professional body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is the oldest national engineering society in the United States. Its constitution was based on the older Boston Society of Civil Engineers from 1848.

ASCE is dedicated to the advancement of the science and profession of civil engineering and the enhancement of human welfare through the activities of society members. It has more than 143,000 members in 177 countries. Its mission is to provide essential value to members, their careers, partners, and the public; facilitate the advancement of technology; encourage and provide the tools for lifelong learning; promote professionalism and the profession; develop and support civil engineers.
German submarine U-463
German submarine U-463 was a Type XIV supply and replenishment U-boat ("Milchkuh") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Her keel was laid down on 8 March 1941 by Deutsche Werke of Kiel. She was launched on 20 December 1941 and commissioned on 2 April 1942 with Korvettenkapitän Leo Wolfbauer in command. Wolfbauer remained in charge for the boat's entire career.

Deutsche Werke
Deutsche Werke Kiel AG was a German shipbuilding company that was founded in 1925 when Kaiserliche Werft Kiel and other shipyards were merged. It came as a result of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I that forced the German defense industry to shrink. The company was owned by the government of the Weimar Republic and its headquarters was in Berlin while the manufacturing location was in Kiel.
Centennial Trail (South Dakota)
The South Dakota Centennial Trail, also called the Black Hills Centennial Trail, is a long-distance trail in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. It runs 123 miles (198 km) south to north from Wind Cave National Park to Bear Butte State Park. The trail is blazed by a white diamond with a black "89" on the top half and a bison skull on the bottom half. It is one of two long-distance hiking trails in Western South Dakota, the other being the nearby George S. Mickelson Trail, which is generally considered easier than the Centennial Trail. The trail has 21 official trailheads. In addition to hiking, the trail is open to mountain biking and horseback riding in most areas. The Centennial Trail was certified as a National Recreation Trail in 2005.

Trail blazing
Trail blazing or way marking is the practice of marking paths in outdoor recreational areas with signs or markings that follow each other at certain, though not necessarily exactly defined, distances and mark the direction of the trail.

A blaze in the beginning meant "a mark made on a tree by slashing the bark" (The Canadian Oxford Dictionary). Originally a waymark was "any conspicuous object which serves as a guide to travellers; a landmark" (Oxford English Dictionary). Today, paint (most prevalent), carvings, affixed markers, posts, flagging, cairns, and crosses, are commonly used.

Blaze frequency and recognizability varies significantly. In some wilderness areas, such as those governed by the US Wilderness Act requiring that the land seem "untrammeled by man," blazes are kept to a minimum. Alternatively, highly utilized public areas, such as busy municipal, county, or state parks, will use frequent and highly visible blazes to maximize trail recognition.