hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Enzyme induction and inhibition
Enzyme induction is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) the expression of an enzyme.

Enzyme inhibition can refer to

the inhibition of the expression of the enzyme by another molecule

interference at the enzyme-level, basically with how the enzyme works. This can be competitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition or partially competitive inhibition.

If the molecule induces enzymes that are responsible for its own metabolism, this is called auto-induction (or auto-inhibition if there is inhibition). These processes are particular forms of gene expression regulation.

These terms are of particular interest to pharmacology, and more specifically to drug metabolism and drug interactions. They also apply to molecular biology.

Uncompetitive inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition (which Laidler and Bunting preferred to call anti-competitive inhibition, but this term has not been widely adopted) is a type of enzyme inhibition in which the apparent values of the Michaelis–Menten parameters   and  are decreased in the same proportion.

It can be recognized by two observations: first, it cannot be reversed by increasing the substrate concentration , and second, linear plots show effects on   and , seen, for example, in the Lineweaver–Burk plot as parallel rather than intersecting lines. It is sometimes explained by supposing that the inhibitor can bind to the enzyme-substrate complex but not to the free enzyme. This type of mechanism is rather rare, and in practice uncompetitive inhibition is mainly encountered as a limiting case of inhibition in two-substrate reactions in which one substrate concentration is varied and the other is held constant at a saturating level.
Iwan Bally
Iwan Bally (13 December 1876 - 2 August 1965) also nicked Mr. Iwan was a Swiss industrialist, philanthropist, philatelist and politician who served on the Council of States (Switzerland) from 1937 to 1943 and on the Cantonal Council of Solothurn from 1921 to 1933. He was a prominent member of the Bally family.

Bally has been involved in the management of the fashion house Bally since 1907. He served as president of the board of directors for several decades.

Cantonal Council of Solothurn
The Cantonal Council of Solothurn (German: Solothurner Kantonsrat) is the legislature of the canton of Solothurn, in Switzerland. Solothurn has a unicameral legislature. The Cantonal Council has 100 seats, with members elected every four years.

In the 7 March 2009 election, the centre-right maintained its dominance of the Cantonal Council. FDP.The Liberals lost three seats, but remained the largest party, with 27 seats. The Christian Democrats added two seats, becoming the second-largest party, on 24 seats. The Social Democrats lost ground, falling three seats to 21 overall, whilst the Swiss People's Party gained one seat to 18. The left-wing Green Party and centre-right Green Liberal Party also gained two seats apiece.
Taekwondo at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.  It was the first time that the sport was included in the Olympic program; it would become an official sport twelve years later at the 2000 Games.  A total of 120 men and 62 women from 35 nations competed in eight weight classes.  Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner.  Competition was held at the Changchung Gymnasium from September 17 to 20.  Fighters from the host nation of South Korea won nine of the sixteen events.

Weight class
Weight classes are divisions of competition used to match competitors against others of their own size. Weight classes are used in a variety of sports including rowing, weight lifting, and especially combat sports such as boxing, kickboxing, mixed martial arts, wrestling, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Alternatives to formal weight classes include catch weight and openweight.

The existence of weight divisions gives rise to the practice of weight cutting. To be  the largest individual in a weight division is perceived as advantageous; therefore many athletes lose weight through dieting and dehydration prior to weigh-ins to qualify for a lower weight class.
Haras du Mezeray
Haras du Mezeray is a French Thoroughbred horse breeding farm located at Ticheville, Orne, in the Lower Normandy region of France. This 500-acre (2.0 km2) property was founded in 1962 by prominent horseman Paul de Moussac (1924–1995). The farm maintains one hundred horse stalls and a pre-training center suitable for all-weather galloping.

Now run by Charles-Henri de Moussac, Haras du Mezeray maintains up to seventy mares, and its current stallion roster includes Ballingarry, Muhtathir, and Trempolino.

Since its founding, Haras du Mezeray has produced notable horses such as Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners Trempolino (1987) and Subotica (1992), the 1988 Arlington Million winner Mill Native, and in Kentucky, Artie Schiller, the winner of the 2005 Breeders' Cup Mile.

Breeders' Cup Mile
The  Breeders' Cup Mile is a 1-mile (1.6 km) Grade 1 Weight for Age stakes race for thoroughbred racehorses three years old and up, run on a turf course. It has been conducted annually as part of the Breeders' Cup World Championships since the event's inception in 1984. All Breeders' Cups to date have been held in the United States except for the 1996 event in Canada.

The purse was raised from $1.5 million US to $2 million in 2007.

Freddy Head has won this race twice as a jockey and three times as a trainer.

There is no official stakes record for the Breeders' Cup Mile as it is run on different racecourses each year, some of which are significantly faster than others. In 2012, Wise Dan set a then-course record at Santa Anita with his time of 1:31.78. Although Tourist ran faster than this with a time of 1:31.71 in 2016, he just missed the current Santa Anita course record of 1:31.69.
Tillandsia utriculata
Tillandsia utriculata, commonly known as the spreading airplant, the giant airplant, or wild pine is a species of bromeliad that is native to Florida and Georgia in the United States, the Caribbean, southern and eastern Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, the Yucatán Peninsula), Central America, and Venezuela.

Two varieties are recognized:

Tillandsia utriculata subsp. pringlei (S.Watson) C.S.Gardner – eastern Mexico

Tillandsia utriculata subsp. utriculata – most of species range

Florida populations of Tillandsia utriculata are highly susceptible to attack by the invasive weevil Metamasius callizona, and have been devastated throughout their range. Tillandsia utriculata holds more impounded water in its leaf axils, known as its tank, (up to a liter) than does any other Florida bromeliad. It is a major host of many species of aquatic invertebrates. With T. utriculata on a steady decline, a loss of habitat is occurring for many of these animal species.

Metamasius callizona
Metamasius callizona, the Mexican bromeliad weevil, is a type which of beetle. It is an invasive species in Florida, US that targets several species of bromeliad. This species is native to southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, and was first documented in Florida in 1989.
Ubuntu Cola
Ubuntu Cola was a soft drink certified by The Fairtrade Foundation. Made with Fairtrade sugar from Malawi and Zambia, Ubuntu Cola was the first UK cola to be Fairtrade certified. It was available for sale in the United Kingdom, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, Poland, Luxembourg and online.

It was available in 330 ml cans, 500 ml PET plastic bottles, and 275 ml glass bottles.

It was produced from 2007 to 2019.

Glass bottle
Common uses for bottles made from glass include food condiments, soda, liquor, cosmetics, pickling and preservatives; they are occasionally also notably used for the informal distribution of notes. A glass bottle can vary in size considerably, but are most commonly found in sizes ranging between about 200 millilitres and 1.5 litres.
Sohail Sangi
Sohail Sangi (Sindhi: سهيل سانگي) is a senior journalist and activist of the leftist movement in Pakistan, presently working with the daily newspaper Dawn. He has been on the visiting faculty of the Mass Communication Department at the University of Sindh. Currently, he is on the visiting faculty of the Department of Mass Communication (Abdul Haq Campus Karachi) at the Federal Urdu University.

Federal Urdu University
The Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology (Urdu: وفاقی جامعہ اردو), alternatively known as FUUAST, is a public university primarily located at Islamabad, Pakistan, with a sub-campus at Karachi.

Of the university's two campuses, the central campus is located in Islamabad while the secondary campus is located in Karachi. The administrative and degree awarding units of the university are currently based in Karachi, which also acts as the university's present headquarters. The university offers a wide range of academic programs in undergraduate and post-graduate. The university is noted for its engaging research in fine arts, languages, engineering, social sciences and philosophy. With an tentative approximated of ~13,500 enrolled students currently attending the university.
George Washington Whistler
George Washington Whistler (May 19, 1800 – April 7, 1849) was an American civil engineer best known for building steam locomotives and railroads. He is credited with introducing the steam whistle to American locomotives.

In 1842, Tsar Nicholas I hired him to build the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway, Russia's first large-scale railroad. One of Whistler's important influences was the introduction of the Howe truss for the Russian railroad's bridges. This inspired the renowned Russian engineer Dmitrii Ivanovich Zhuravskii to perform studies and develop structural analysis techniques for Howe truss bridges.

He was the father of American artist James McNeill Whistler, whose painting Whistler's Mother (of his second wife Anna Whistler) is among the most famous paintings in American art.

Whistler's Mother
Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, best known under its colloquial name Whistler's Mother or Portrait of Artist's Mother, is a painting in oils on canvas created by the American-born painter James McNeill Whistler in 1871. The subject of the painting is Whistler's mother, Anna McNeill Whistler. The painting is 56.81 by 63.94 inches (1,443 mm × 1,624 mm), displayed in a frame of Whistler's own design. It is held by the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, having been bought by the French state in 1891. It is one of the most famous works by an American artist outside the United States. It has been variously described as an American icon and a Victorian Mona Lisa.
John Joseph Swaine
Sir John Joseph Swaine, CBE, QC, SC, JP (Traditional Chinese: 施偉賢爵士; 22 April 1932 – 7 August 2012) was the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1993 to 1995. A barrister by training, Swaine was an appointed and unofficial member of the council. Before 1993, the President was the Governor of Hong Kong.

Ex officio member
An ex officio member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic.

According to Robert's Rules of Order, the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting.

Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch.
Benno Mengele
Benno Mengele (11 December 1898 in Zwettl, Lower Austria – 15 September 1971 in Vienna) was an Austrian electrical engineer.

Mengele studied from 1918 to 1923 at the Vienna University of Technology and worked from 1922 at the Austrian Siemens-Schuckert. He developed protective earthing and fault current, and in 1929, he and Gustav Markt developed the overhead power line (bundle conductors) for high-voltage and ultrahigh-voltage power transmission. He also built the first hydrogen-cooled three-phase motor in Austria. In 1965, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Vienna University of Technology.

Earthing system
An earthing system (internationally) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system, such as the conductive surfaces of equipment, with the ground for safety and functional purposes.   The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants.
Semicircle
In mathematics (and more specifically geometry), a semicircle is a one-dimensional locus of points that forms half of a circle. It is a circular arc that measures 180° (equivalently, π radians, or a half-turn). It only has one line of symmetry (reflection symmetry).

In non-technical usage, the term "semicircle" is sometimes used to refer to either a closed curve that also includes the diameter segment from one end of the arc to the other or to the half-disk, which is a two-dimensional geometric region that further includes all the interior points.

By Thales' theorem, any triangle inscribed in a semicircle with a vertex at each of the endpoints of the semicircle and the third vertex elsewhere on the semicircle is a right triangle, with a right angle at the third vertex.

All lines intersecting the semicircle perpendicularly are concurrent at the center of the circle containing the given semicircle.

Thales's theorem
In geometry, Thales's theorem states that if A, B, and C are distinct points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter, the angle ∠ ABC is a right angle. Thales's theorem is a special case of the inscribed angle theorem and is mentioned and proved as part of the 31st proposition in the third book of Euclid's Elements. It is generally attributed to Thales of Miletus, but it is sometimes attributed to Pythagoras.
Taractrocera ilia
Taractrocera ilia, the northern grass-dart or rock grass-dart, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Irian Jaya, Australia's Northern Territory (Darwin and Melville Island) and Papua New Guinea (Morobe, Madang, East Sepik and Western Highlands).

The wingspan is about 20 mm.

Western Highlands Province
Western Highlands is a province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Mount Hagen. The province covers an area of 4,299 km2, and there are 362,850 inhabitants (2011 census), making the Western Highlands the most densely populated province (apart from the National Capital District). Tea and coffee are grown in the Western Highlands.
Ajitendu Chakraverti
Rear Admiral Ajitendu Chakraverti was a Flag Officer in the Indian Navy. He served as the second Indian Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet, succeeding Rear Admiral Ram Dass Katari. He was the first Indian to be promoted to the high rank of Commodore in the Royal Indian Navy.

INS Mysore (C60)
INS Mysore was a Fiji-class light cruiser commissioned in the Indian Navy in 1957. She was acquired from the Royal Navy, where she served in World War II as HMS Nigeria.

Mysore was the second cruiser to be purchased by independent India. She was commissioned into the Indian Navy in August 1957. The crest for Mysore depicted the mythological double-headed eagle Gandaberunda from the coat of arms of the former Mysore state. The ship's motto Na bibheti kadachana was taken from the Taittiriya Upanishad.
Message of Fátima Movement
The Message of Fátima Movement (Portuguese: Movimento da Mensagem de Fátima) is an association of the faithful in the Catholic Church, instituted by the Portuguese Episcopal Conference. The aim of the movement is to promote and spread the message of the apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima in 1917; to this aim, it bases its apostolic action in Portugal at the national, diocesan, and parish levels.

The superior religious guidance of the Movement is delegated on the Bishop of Leiria–Fátima, with the title of Assistant-General.

It was originally instituted on 20 April 1932, as the Pious Union "Crusaders of Our Lady of Fátima" (Pia União "Cruzados de Nossa Senhora de Fátima"). On 25 July 1984, the Portuguese Episcopal Conference approved new statutes that renamed it the "Crusaders of Fátima Movement" (Movimento dos Cruzados de Fátima). It gained its present name in 1997.

Pious Association
Pious association or pious union in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church is the legal concept that describes an organization of Catholic persons, approved by the local ordinary, engaged in the practice of the spiritual and corporal works of mercy in the name of and in accordance with the teachings of the Church.
Ini Akpan Udoka
Ini Akpan Udoka is a Nigerian politician who served as a member of the National House of Representatives, representing the Ikono/Ini Federal Constituency of Akwa Ibom State. He was elected under the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and served during the 6th National Assembly from 2007 to 2011.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Edgemont, Calgary
Edgemont is a residential neighbourhood in northwest Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and is located north of the community of Dalhousie. It is also bounded by John Laurie Boulevard to the south, Sarcee Trail to the west, Country Hills Boulevard to the north, and Shaganappi Trail to the east.

Much of Edgemont is a northwest extension of Nose Hill, as evidenced by the steep escarpments at the southeast end of the community. The elevated position of Edgemont (1245m at its highest) provides views of the city to the south and the Rocky Mountains to the west.

The community began development in 1978, and was recently completed. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 4 councillor.

Sarcee Trail
Sarcee Trail is a major limited-access road in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is divided into two portions, one in the south end of the city, and one in the north end of the city.  Originally planned as one continuous route, plans to connect the two halves have been shelved as it would involve the demolition of homes in Bowness and the disruption of the Bowmont Natural Area park. The urban arterial road is named for the Tsuu T'ina, who were also known as the Sarcee.
Fiangpui
Fiangpui is a locality in Haflong town, the headquarters of Dima Hasao district, in Assam, India. With a population of 2051 people as of 2011, it is home to the Biate people. Located at a distance of 2 km from the main town area, one can experience the feeling of a blend of both village and urban lives in Fiangpui.

Dima Hasao district
Dima Hasao district (/ˈdɪmə həˈsaʊ/), is an administrative district in the state of Assam, India. As of 2011, it is the least populous district of Assam.

Dima Hasao district is one of two autonomous hill districts of Assam. The district headquarters Haflong is the only hill station in the state.
Ghost Fleet Overlord
Ghost Fleet Overlord  is a fleet of test unmanned surface vehicles operated by the U.S. Navy.

Ghost Fleet Overlord is being developed by the Department of Defense’s Strategic Capabilities Office. It is a partnership between the War Department's Strategic Capabilities Office and the Navy.

Unmanned surface vehicle
An unmanned surface vehicle, unmanned surface vessel or uncrewed surface vessel (USV), colloquially called a drone boat, drone ship or sea drone, is a boat or ship that operates on the surface of the water without a crew. USVs operate with various levels of autonomy, from remote control to fully autonomous surface vehicles (ASV).
Lac des Quinze
The Lac des Quinze (French pronunciation: [lak de kɛ̃z]) is a freshwater body extending into the municipalities of Moffet, Laverlochère-Angliers, Latulipe-et-Gaboury, Quebec, Guérin, and Rémigny in the Témiscamingue (RCM), in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative region, in Quebec, in Canada.

Ottawa River
The Ottawa River (French: Rivière des Outaouais, Algonquin: Kichi-Sìbì/Kitchissippi) is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is named after the Algonquin word "to trade", as it was the major trade route of Eastern Canada at the time. For most of its length, it defines the border between these two provinces. It is a major tributary of the St. Lawrence River and the longest river in Quebec.
Jean-Louis Descloux
Jean-Louis Descloux (born 3 November 1937) is a Swiss sprinter. He is best known for winning a bronze medal at the 1962 European Athletics Championships.

He won a bronze medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1962 European Championships, running together with Bruno Galliker, Marius Theiler and Hansruedi Bruder. Descloux also competed in the 100 and 200 metres without reaching the final.

At the 1964 Summer Olympics he competed in the 200 metres and the 4 × 400 metres relay without reaching the final. He also competed in the 400 metres at the 1966 European Indoor Games without reaching the final.

His personal best times were 21.2 seconds in the 200 metres (1962) and 47.2 seconds in the 400 metres (1964).

1962 European Athletics Championships
The 7th European Athletics Championships were held from 12–16 September 1962 in the JNA Stadium in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (present-day Serbia).  Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald. Just before the meet, the IAAF council approved the use of glass fibre poles for pole vaulting.  As a consequence, competitors were able to use them during the meet if they wished.
Pantanal snipe
The Pantanal snipe (Gallinago paraguaiae) is a bird in tribe Scolopancinai and subfamily Scolopacinae of family Scolopacidae, the sandpipers and relatives. It is found on Trinidad and Tobago and in every mainland South American country (though only as a vagrant in Ecuador.)

Vagrancy (biology)
Vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology whereby an individual animal (usually a bird) appears well outside its normal range; they are known as vagrants. The term accidental is sometimes also used. There are a number of poorly understood factors which might cause an animal to become a vagrant, including internal causes such as navigation errors (endogenous vagrancy)  and external causes such as severe weather (exogenous vagrancy). Vagrancy events may lead to colonisation and eventually to speciation.