hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rivalry (economics)
In economics, a good is said to be rivalrous or a rival if its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers, or if consumption by one party reduces the ability of another party to consume it. A good is considered non-rivalrous or non-rival if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero. A good is anti-rivalrous and inclusive if each person benefits more when other people consume it.

A good can be placed along a continuum from rivalrous through non-rivalrous to anti-rivalrous. The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous is sometimes referred to as jointness of supply or subtractable or non-subtractable. Economist Paul Samuelson made the distinction between private and public goods in 1954 by introducing the concept of nonrival consumption. Economist Richard Musgrave followed on and added rivalry and excludability as criteria for defining consumption goods in 1959 and 1969.

Consumer
A consumer is a person or a group who intends to order, or use purchased goods, products, or services primarily for personal, social, family, household and similar needs, who is not directly related to entrepreneurial or business activities.  The term most commonly refers to a person who purchases goods and services for personal use.
Macroscope (novel)
Macroscope is a science fiction novel by British-American writer Piers Anthony. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1970.

Macroscope was first published in 1969 and in some respects reflects the idealistic values of that time. The plot involves, among other things, an extension of the Peckham Experiment, mathematicians John Conway and Michael Paterson's game of sprouts, astrology, the poetry of Sidney Lanier, the history of Phoenicia, and commentary on the value of a dedicated teacher of a subject contrasted with a practicing engineer of that subject attempting to teach it, all in a kaleidoscopic combination. The book fills a unique place in Anthony's work as one that has garnered good reviews from hard-core science fiction fans as well as his usual audience of fantasy fans.

Piers Anthony
Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob (born August 6, 1934) is an American author in the science fiction and fantasy genres, publishing under the name Piers Anthony. He is best known for his long-running novel series set in the fictional realm of Xanth.

Many of his books have appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list, and he claims one of his greatest achievements has been to publish a book beginning with every letter of the alphabet, from Anthonology to Zombie Lover.
Rokszyce, Rawa County
Rokszyce [rɔkˈʂɨt͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała Rawska, within Rawa County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of Biała Rawska, 15 km (9 mi) east of Rawa Mazowiecka, and 68 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Rawa Mazowiecka
Rawa Mazowiecka [ˈrava mazɔˈvʲɛt͡ska] is a town in central Poland, with 16,090 inhabitants (2022). It lies in the Łódź Voivodeship and is the capital of the Rawa County.

Rawa is a former medieval ducal seat of the Piast dynasty and an early modern provincial capital and royal city of Poland. From 1562 the city hosted the Rawa Treasury for the Polish army. It prospered thanks to its location on important trade routes, then in the 19th century it became a center of cloth manufacturing, and currently it is a center of the food and light industries. The town features heritage sites in a variety of styles, including Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassical and a regional museum.
Lepsimandus
Lepsimandus or Lepsimandos (Ancient Greek: Ληψίμανδος) was a city of ancient Caria, mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium. Lepsimandus was located on an island of the same name in the Aegean Sea. Lepsimandus was a polis (city-state) and member of the Delian League. It appears in the Athenian tribute lists and paid an annual tribute of 17 drachmae, 1 obol.

Its site is located on Kalolimnos.

Caria
Caria (/ˈkɛəriə/; from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Turkish: Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Carians were described by Herodotus as being Anatolian mainlanders and they called themselves Caria because of the name of their king. He reports the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians spoke Carian, a native Anatolian language closely related to Luwian. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians.
Seven Day Weekend (album)
Seven Day Weekend is a collection of demos by rock band the New York Dolls. The tracks were recorded at Planet Studios in 1973 but the collection was not released until 1992. In addition to early versions of tracks released on New York Dolls and Too Much Too Soon, there are five tracks that were not released on the studio albums: "Seven Day Weekend", "Back in the USA", "Endless Party", "Great Big Kiss", and "Hoochie Coochie Man". Guitarist Johnny Thunders performed a version of "Great Big Kiss" on his 1978 album So Alone.

Give Him a Great Big Kiss
"Give Him a Great Big Kiss" (sometimes titled "Great Big Kiss") is a song written by Shadow Morton and performed by the Shangri-Las. It was released as a single in December 1964, debuting at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 in late December, and peaking at number 18 for two weeks in late January and early February 1965. The song was the Shangri-Las' fifth single, their third to hit the charts, and later became the opening track on their 1965 debut album Leader of the Pack. It was produced by Shadow Morton and released by Red Bird Records.
Reform Front Party
The Reform Front Party (El Isla) is a Salafist political party in Tunisia. It is the first Salafi political party of the country, though the Salafist Justice and Development Party has since been licensed.
The party was established in 2012. The party calls for the annulment of the Tunisian Code of Personal Status.

Code of Personal Status in Tunisia
The Code of Personal Status (CPS) (Arabic: مجلة الأحوال الشخصية) is a series of progressive Tunisian laws aiming at the institution of equality between women and men in a number of areas. It was promulgated by beylical decree on August 13, 1956 and came into effect on January 1, 1957. This Code is one of the most significant deeds of Habib Bourguiba, who was Prime Minister and later President.

The code outlawed polygamy, set minimum ages for marriage, required mutual consent for marriage, and allowed either spouse to file for divorce in secular court. Bourguiba's successor, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, reaffirmed the government's commitment to the Code. He himself introduced modifications that reinforced it, in particular with the July 1993 amendment.
Dusk (Mxmtoon EP)
Dusk is the third extended play by American musician Mxmtoon. The EP was self-released by the artist (and distributed by AWAL) on October 1, 2020 and is the sequel to her earlier EP Dawn. It was promoted by the singles "Bon Iver" and "OK On Your Own", the latter featuring Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen. The EPs were originally going to be promoted through the Dusk & Dawn tour across North America in summer 2020, though due to the COVID-19 pandemic that did not occur.

AWAL
AWAL (an initialism of Artists Without a Label) is a global recording business that serves as an alternative to the traditional record label, offering deal structures that provide artists with the resources and expertise of a global label while allowing them to retain ownership and control of their music.

Since 2021, AWAL has been owned by Sony Music, following its acquisition from Kobalt Music Group for $430 million.
Charles R. Acland
Charles Reid Acland (born October 4, 1963) is a Canadian professor in the Communications Studies Department at Concordia University, Montreal.  He specializes in cultural theory and his research interests include film studies, media studies and popular culture. He is the Editor of the Canadian Journal of Film Studies and co-editor of Useful Cinema (Duke University Press, 2011), Residual Media (2007), and Harold Innis in the New Century (1999).

He is also the author of four books: Swift Viewing: The Popular Life of Subliminal Influence (2012), Screen Traffic: Movies, Multiplexes, and Global Culture (2003), Youth, Murder, Spectacle: The Cultural Politics of "Youth in Crisis," (1995), and American Blockbuster (2020).

Robert Chambers (criminal)
Robert Emmet Chambers Jr. (born September 25, 1966) is an American criminal. Dubbed the Preppy Killer and the Central Park Strangler, Chambers gained notoriety for the August 26, 1986, strangulation death of 18-year-old Jennifer Levin in New York City's Central Park, for which he was originally charged with second degree murder. Chambers changed his story several times during the course of the ensuing investigation, ultimately claiming that Levin's death was the accidental result of him pushing her off of him as she purportedly sexually assaulted him, an account that was characterized by media accounts as one of "rough sex." Chambers later pleaded guilty to manslaughter after a jury failed to reach a verdict after nine days of deliberation.
1924 Wimbledon Championships – Women's doubles
Suzanne Lenglen and Elizabeth Ryan were the defending champions, but Lenglen was forced to withdraw from their quarterfinal match due to health problems.

Hazel Wightman and Helen Wills defeated Phyllis Covell and Kitty McKane in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the ladies' doubles tennis title at the 1924 Wimbledon Championships.

Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
Hazel Virginia Hotchkiss Wightman, CBE (née Hotchkiss; December 20, 1886 – December 5, 1974) was an American tennis player and founder of the Wightman Cup, an annual team competition for British and American women. She dominated American women's tennis before World War I and won 45 U.S. titles during her life.
Six Flags Atlantis
Six Flags Atlantis (later operated as Atlantis the Water Kingdom) was a water park in Hollywood, Florida, that occupied 65 acres on the southeastern intersection of Stirling Road (State Road 848) and I-95.

The $12-million park included a wave pool, a lake with water ski shows, a seven-story slide tower, picnic area, stores and arcades, shows, and activities for all ages.

Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is a suburb in the Miami metropolitan area. The population of Hollywood was 153,067 as of 2020, making it the third-largest city in Broward County.
Gulf of Finland U-boat campaign
The Gulf of Finland U-boat campaign lasted in the Gulf of Finland during the World War II against the Soviet Union between summer 1944 and spring 1945. During the campaign Finland switched sides and joined the Allies.

German submarine U-479
German submarine U-479 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel on 19 November 1942 as yard number 310, launched on 14 August 1943 and was commissioned  on 27 October 1943 with Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Joachim Förster, a Knights Cross winner, in command. He was replaced shortly afterwards by Oberleutnant Friedrich-Wilhelm Sons.
Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia
The timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia is split into the following pages:

November 8, 2016–January 2017

Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

2017

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)

2018

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)

2019

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (January–June 2019)

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2019)

2020–2022

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (2020–2022)

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)
This is a timeline of major events in the second half of 2017 related to the investigations into links between Trump associates and Russian officials relating to the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. It follows the timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections before and after July 2016 up until election day November 8, the post-election transition, and the first half of 2017. The investigations continued in the first and second halves of 2018, the first and second halves of 2019, 2020, and 2021.
Haddon Donald
Haddon Vivian Donald, DSO, MC, ED (20 March 1917 – 23 April 2018) was a New Zealand soldier, businessman and politician of the National Party. He was the oldest living former New Zealand Member of Parliament, and at the time of his death, was the highest-ranking New Zealand army officer of World War II living. During the war, Donald served as an officer for the 22nd Battalion rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. After his military service, Donald represented Wairarapa in the parliament from 1963 to 1969.

Efficiency Decoration
The Efficiency Decoration, post-nominal letters TD for recipients serving in the Territorial Army of the United Kingdom or ED for those serving in the Auxiliary Military Forces, was instituted in 1930 for award to part-time officers after twenty years of service as an efficient and thoroughly capable officer. The decoration superseded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration, the Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration and the Territorial Decoration.

In the British Commonwealth, the decoration was gradually superseded by national decorations in some member countries, in Canada by the  Canadian Forces' Decoration in 1951, in the Union of South Africa by the John Chard Decoration in 1952 and in Australia by the Reserve Force Decoration in 1982. In the United Kingdom, the decoration was superseded by the Volunteer Reserves Service Medal in 1999. New Zealand continues to award the Efficiency Decoration (New Zealand) and is one of a few countries still to do so.
Big River (Troy Cassar-Daley album)
Big River is the third studio album by Australian country music artist Troy Cassar-Daley. It was released in August 1999 and peaked at number 49 on the ARIA Charts.  The name of the album was in memory of the area of his Grafton home. At the 2000 Australia Country Music Awards, Troy won Best Male Vocal and Song of The Year for "They Don't Make 'Em Like That Anymore".

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2000, the album won the ARIA Award for Best Country Album.

Grafton, New South Wales
Grafton (Bundjalung: Gumbin Gir) is a city in the Northern Rivers region of the Australian state of New South Wales. It is located on the Clarence River, on a floodplain, approximately 620 kilometres (385 mi) by road north-northeast of the state capital Sydney.

The closest major cities, Brisbane and the Gold Coast, are located across the border in South East Queensland. At the 2021 census, Grafton had a population of 19,255. The city is the largest settlement and, with Maclean, the shared administrative centre of the Clarence Valley Council local government area, which is home to over 50,000 people in all.
Rebel Riddim
Rebel Riddim is the official debut album from Dog Boy, released on April 3, 2007 with Suburban Noize Records. This album was most notable for its mixture of a variety of styles used worldwide including the odd mix of reggae and punk rock. As of May 12, 2007 Rebel Riddim reached #11 on the Billboard's Top Reggae Albums chart.

Suburban Noize Records
Suburban Noize Records, also known as Subnoize, is an independent record label based in Burbank, California that specializes in punk rock and hip hop music. The label was founded in 1997 by Kevin Zinger
Snaregade 10
Snaregade 10 is a Neoclassical property located close to Gammel Strand in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. The book printing business  J. D. Qvist & Co was from some time during the 19th century and until at least the 1950s based in the building. The football club KB was on 26 April 1876 founded in the apartment of one of the owners. The property was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1945. Its most characteristic feature is the inwardly curved facade of a former warehouse in the courtyard on its rear.

Gammel Strand
Gammel Strand (modern Danish for "old beach"; originally meant "the old shoreline", i.e. prior to land reclamations) is a street and public square in central Copenhagen, Denmark. On the south side it borders on the narrow Slotsholmens Canal while the north side is lined by a row of brightly coloured houses from the 18th and 19th century. Across the canal, Thorvaldsens Museum and Christiansborg Palace are seen on the island Slotsholmen.

The art gallery Kunstforeningen and the Ministry of Culture are the most notable institutions facing the street.
Newport railway station, Melbourne
Newport station is a railway station operated by Metro Trains Melbourne on the Werribee and Williamstown lines, which are part of the Melbourne rail network. It serves the western suburb of Newport, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Newport station is a ground level premium station, featuring two side platforms. It opened on 1 March 1859.

Initially opened as Geelong Junction, the station was renamed two times. It was renamed to Williamstown Junction in January 1869, then was given its current name of Newport on 1 November 1881.

Two sidings exist at the northern (up) end of the station, used for the stabling of trains that operate the Williamstown line shuttle services. The Western standard gauge line to Adelaide runs to the west of the station, behind Platform 1, and the Newport Railway Workshops are located to the south.

Newport Workshops
The Newport Railway Workshops is a facility in the Melbourne suburb of Newport, Australia, that builds, maintains and refurbishes railway rollingstock. It is located between the Williamstown and Werribee railway lines.
Marjorie Morningstar
Marjorie Morningstar is a fictional character created by American writer Herman Wouk and can refer to:

Marjorie Morningstar (novel), a 1955 novel, which introduced the character

Marjorie Morningstar (film), a 1958 film, based on the novel

Herman Wouk
Herman Wouk (/woʊk/ WOHK; May 27, 1915 – May 17, 2019) was an American author. He published 15 novels, many of them historical fiction such as The Caine Mutiny (1951), for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1952. Other well-known works included The Winds of War and War and Remembrance (historical novels about World War II), the bildungsroman Marjorie Morningstar; and non-fiction such as This Is My God, an explanation of Judaism from a Modern Orthodox perspective, written for Jewish and non-Jewish readers. His books have been translated into 27 languages.

The Washington Post described Wouk, who cherished his privacy, as "the reclusive dean of American historical novelists". Historians, novelists, publishers, and critics who gathered at the Library of Congress in 1995 to mark his 80th birthday described him as an American Tolstoy. Wouk's career was extensive and he lived to 103.
Castle Bottom to Yateley and Hawley Commons
Castle Bottom to Yateley and Hawley Commons is a 922.7-hectare (2,280-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Fleet in Hampshire. It is part of Thames Basin Heaths Special Protection Area for the conservation of wild birds and an area of 30.8 hectares (76 acres) is designated a national nature reserve called Castle Bottom.

This site of heathland and conifer plantation has an internationally important population of Dartford warbler and populations of two other protected birds, woodlark and nightjar. It also has an outstanding assemblage of dragonflies and damselflies, with 19 out of the 37 British species. Other invertebrates include the nationally rare conopid fly, Myopa fasciata.

Special Protection Area
A special protection area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened birds. Together with special areas of conservation (SACs), the SPAs form a network of protected sites across the EU, called Natura 2000. Each SPA has an EU code – for example the North Norfolk Coast SPA has the code UK9009031.
Tondu
Tondu (English: Black Meadow) is a village in Bridgend County Borough, Wales, located about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the town of Bridgend, in the community of Ynysawdre.

Tondu lies on the A4063 from Bridgend to Maesteg, and was established in the late 18th century as a coal mining village servicing the Parc Slip Colliery. In later years, an iron works was also established, and in the 19th century, a brick works was constructed using the clay from the carboniferous coal measures to make a variety of bricks, mostly for engineering. The brick works was demolished in 1977. The association with the coal industry was also reflected in the large area office of the National Coal Board in the village and a centre for the Mines Rescue Service.

Bridgend County Borough
Bridgend County Borough (Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) is a county borough in the south-east of Wales.  The county borough was formed in 1996 and contains the town of Bridgend, after which it is named.

The county borough lies at the geographical heart of south Wales. Its land area of 110 mi2 (285 km2) stretches 12 miles (20 km) from east to west and occupies the Llynfi, Garw and Ogmore valleys. The largest town is Bridgend, followed by Maesteg and Porthcawl. The county borough lies on the River Ogmore and its tributaries, although the Ewenny and Ogwr Fach rivers form the border with the Vale of Glamorgan for much of their length.
Marc-André Grondin
Marc-André Grondin (born March 11, 1984) is a Canadian actor, known for his role as Xavier Laflamme in the 2011 ice hockey film Goon. He also played Zachary Beaulieu in Jean-Marc Vallée's film C.R.A.Z.Y. (2005), for which he won a Jutra Award for best actor.

Gala Québec Cinéma
The Gala Québec Cinéma is a Quebec film award, presented annually by Québec Cinéma, which recognizes talent and achievement in the mainly feature film industry of Quebec. Until 2016, it was known as La soirée des prix Jutra (The evening of the Jutra prizes) in reference of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra, but Jutra's name was withdrawn from the awards following the publication of Yves Lever's biography of Jutra, which alleged that he had sexually abused children.

It should not be confused with the Claude Jutra Award, a special award presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television as part of the separate Canadian Screen Awards program which was also renamed in 2016 following the allegations against Jutra.
The Best of Flo & Eddie
The Best of Flo & Eddie (Flo and Eddie: Mark Volman "Flo" and Howard Kaylan "Eddie") is a 1987 compilation consisting of selections from their first four albums on Warner Bros. and Columbia Records from 1972 to 1976. The last two tracks are from the films Dirty Duck (1974) and Texas Detour (1978).

Down and Dirty Duck
Down and Dirty Duck, first shown under the abbreviated titles Cheap! and Dirty Duck, is a 1974 American adult animated comedy film written and directed by Charles Swenson and starring Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan (Flo & Eddie) as the voices of a strait-laced, low-level white-collar worker named Willard and an unnamed duck, among other characters. The plot consists of a series of often abstract sequences, including plot material created by stars Kaylan, Volman, Robert Ridgely, and, according to the film's ending credits, various people Swenson encountered during the making of the film. The film received mostly negative reviews and became relegated to late shows.