hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fifteenth and tenth
Fifteenth and tenth was a form of parliamentary taxation in medieval and early modern England, most commonly levied from the late 13th century until the 17th century. Originally conceived as a fractional tax on movable property, it later became a fixed-sum tax assessed by locality rather than by individual wealth.

Taxation in medieval England
Taxation in medieval England was the system of raising money for royal and governmental expenses. During the Anglo-Saxon period, the main forms of taxation were land taxes, although custom duties and fees to mint coins were also imposed. The most important tax of the late Anglo-Saxon period was the geld, a land tax first regularly collected in 1012 to pay for mercenaries. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, the geld continued to be collected until 1162, but it was eventually replaced with taxes on personal property and income.
Arvydas Anušauskas
Arvydas Anušauskas (born 29 September 1963) is a Lithuanian politician and historian. He focuses on the history of the interwar Lithuanian secret services, KGB actions in Lithuania, and Soviet repressions in Lithuania. As a member of the Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats, he was elected to the Seimas (parliament) in 2008 and reelected in 2012, 2016 and 2020.

On 7 December 2020, he was approved to be the Minister of National Defence in the Šimonytė Cabinet.
On 15 March 2024, he announced his resignation.

Ministry of National Defence (Lithuania)
The Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos krašto apsaugos ministerija) is the government institution of Lithuania responsible for the organization of national defence. It was originally established in 1918 upon the independence of Lithuania and reestablished following the end of Soviet rule in 1991.
2011 A Championship
The 2011 A Championship was the fourth and final season of the A Championship in Ireland. The season was sponsored by Newstalk. The league featured 16 teams. Derry City A were the champions, while UCD A finished as runners up.

Newstalk
Newstalk (formerly NewsTalk 106) is a national independent radio station in Ireland. It is operated by News 106 Limited, a subsidiary of Bauer Media Audio Ireland, and broadcasts under a sound broadcasting contract with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland ( which since 2024 has been renamed Commusiun Na Mean)

Newstalk is Ireland's only commercial all-talk station, broadcasting opinion, analysis, entertainment and sport.
VH1 Uno
VH1 Uno (or VHUno in some promotional materials and TV listings) was a digital cable and satellite television channel which was a sister channel of VH1. It featured a mix of Latin pop and ballads, tropical, salsa, merengue, tejano, Latin soul, reggaeton and urban hip hop, featuring top artists like Marc Anthony, Jennifer Lopez, Celia Cruz, Shakira and Luis Miguel.

As with CMT's digital sister network CMT Pure Country (formerly VH1 Country), VH1 Uno could be thought of as an all-music video version of MTV Tr3s.

On February 2, 2008, the channel was discontinued by what was then MTV Networks to expand distribution of the college-focused cable channel MTVU into normal cable homes.

Latin pop
Latin pop (Spanish: pop latino), also referred to as Spanish-language pop (Spanish: pop en español), is a subgenre of popular music defined primarily as pop music performed in Spanish. While its foundation lies in the structural and commercial conventions of international pop music—memorable melodies, rhythmic regularity, electric instrumentation, and broad appeal—it is often enriched by stylistic influences from Latin American and Iberian musical traditions.

Emerging from Spanish-speaking musicians, Latin pop remains distinct from other Latin genres such as rock en español, tropical, reggaeton, and dance, though it may incorporate elements of these styles. In this sense, the fusion with Latin or Hispanic folk genres is characteristic but secondary to its central definition as pop music in Spanish.
Gable Island
54°53′S 67°29′W﻿ / ﻿54.883°S 67.483°W﻿ / -54.883; -67.483

Gable Island (Spanish: Isla Gable) is an Argentine island part of Tierra del Fuego Province. The island is located on the northern side of east–west Beagle Channel less than 300 metres (980 ft) from Tierra del Fuego Island and about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) from Chilean Navarino Island. The island has an irregular shape with many shoal banks extending into bays and open channel. The islands surface is mostly covered by Magallanic forest. Drumlins from the last ice age dominate topography which has allowed the formation of several small lagoons on the island.

Magellanic subpolar forests
The Magellanic subpolar forests (Spanish: Bosque subpolar magallánico) are a terrestrial ecoregion of southernmost South America, covering parts of southern Chile and Argentina, and are part of the Neotropical realm. It is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion, and contains the world's southernmost forests.
Stephen L. Chipman
Stephen L. Chipman (1864–1945) was a member of the Utah State Legislature in 1903 and a leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Utah County.  He was also the first president of the Salt Lake Temple who was not also an apostle in the LDS Church.

Salt Lake Temple
The Salt Lake Temple is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. At 253,015 square feet (23,505.9 m2), it is the largest Latter-day Saint temple by floor area. Dedicated in 1893, it is the sixth temple completed by the church, requiring 40 years to complete, and the fourth temple built since the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1846. The temple was closed in December 2019 for a general remodelling and seismic renovations, which were initially estimated to take approximately four years. Subsequent updates extended the estimated completion to 2026, for a total renovation timeline lasting an anticipated six or seven years.
Roger Aandalen
Roger Aandalen (born 8 June 1965) is a Norwegian boccia player.

He won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, as well as a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics He has competed at the Paralympic Games in Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, and London 2012.

He has cerebral palsy.

Boccia
Boccia (/ˈbɒtʃə/ BOTCH-ə) is a precision ball sport, similar to bocce, and related to bowls and pétanque. The name "boccia" is derived from the Latin word for "boss" – bottia. The sport is contested at local, national and international levels by athletes with severe physical disabilities.  It was originally designed to be played by people with cerebral palsy but now includes athletes with other severe disabilities affecting motor skills.  In 1984, it became a Paralympic sport and as of 2020, 75 boccia national organizations have joined one or more of the international organizations. Boccia is governed by the Boccia International Sports Federation (BISFed) and is one of two Paralympic sports (along with goalball) that have no counterpart in the Olympic program, although it is a Paralympic variant of bocce (boules).
Kumluca, Bartın
Kumluca (formerly: Kocanos) is a town (belde) and municipality in the Ulus District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,064 (2021). It is situated along the Kocanaz River. The distance to Ulus is 29 kilometres (18 mi) and to Bartın 38 kilometres (24 mi).

Belde
Belde (literally "town", also known as kasaba) means "large village with a municipality" in Turkish.

All Turkish province centers and district centers have municipalities, but the villages are usually too small to have municipalities. The population in some villages may exceed 2000 and in such villages a small municipality may be established depending on residents' choice. Such villages are called belde. Up to 2014 the number of belde municipalities was about 1400.

On 30 March 2014 by the act no. 6360 all villages (those with and without municipality) were included in the urban fabric of the district municipalities in 30 provinces. Thus belde municipalities in 30 provinces were abolished. The number of abolished belde municipalities is 1040.

Presently, in 51 provinces, which are not in the scope of the act no 6360, there are still 394 belde municipalities.
Hindu iconography
Over the millennia of its development, Hinduism has adopted several iconic symbols, forming part of  Hindu iconography, that are imbued with spiritual meaning based on either the scriptures or cultural traditions. The exact significance accorded to any of the icons varies with region, period and denomination of the followers. Over time some of the symbols, for instance the Swastika has come to have wider association while others like Om are recognized as unique representations of Hinduism. Other aspects of Hindu iconography are covered by the terms murti, for icons and mudra for gestures and positions of the hands and body.

Hindu texts
Hindu texts or Hindu scriptures are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. Some of the major Hindu texts include the Vedas, the Upanishads,  the Itihasa (Mahabharata and the Ramayana) and Puranas. Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of Hinduism, but many list the Agamas as Hindu scriptures, and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu scriptures as well.
Swanson Industries
Swanson Industries, Inc. is an American company that manufactures, remanufactures and repairs hydraulic cylinders for the mining and industrial industries. It is also a producer of hydraulic, drilling and mining products and mechanical parts. It was officially incorporated in 1999 and is headquartered in Morgantown, WV.

Other manufacturing sites are located in Pennsylvania, Utah, Kentucky, Montana, Chile and China.

Morgantown, West Virginia
Morgantown is a city in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States, and its county seat. Located along the Monongahela River in north-central West Virginia, it is home to West Virginia University. With a population of 30,347 at the 2020 census, Morgantown is the third-most populous city in West Virginia. The Morgantown metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents. The local economy is largely driven by education and healthcare, anchored by West Virginia University and the Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center.
2012–13 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season
The 2012–13 ACC men's basketball season followed by the start of the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. in November Conference play started in early January 2013 and concluded in March with the 2013 ACC men's basketball tournament at the Greensboro Coliseum in Greensboro.

2013 ACC men's basketball tournament
The 2013 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball tournament took place from March 14 to 17 at the Greensboro Coliseum in Greensboro, North Carolina.  For the second consecutive year, a team from the state of Florida captured its first-ever ACC Men's Basketball Tournament title, as the Miami Hurricanes won the championship. The 2013 tournament was the final ACC Tournament with 12 teams, as Pittsburgh, Syracuse, and Notre Dame joined the ACC for the 2013–14 season.
Daithí Burke
Daithí Burke (born 16 November 1992) is an Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer who plays at senior level for the Galway county hurling team and for his clubs Turloughmore and Corofin.

Burke made his debut for Galway against Laois, and was part of the team that reached the 2015 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final after defeating Tipperary in the semi-final.

On 3 September 2017, Burke started at full-back for Galway as they won their first All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 29 years against Waterford.

He has also played for NUI Galway.

In February 2022, Burke was named captain of the Galway senior hurling team.

Waterford county hurling team
The Waterford county hurling team represents Waterford in hurling and is governed by Waterford GAA, the county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association. The team competes in the three major annual inter-county competitions; the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Munster Senior Hurling Championship and the National Hurling League.

Waterford's home grounds are Walsh Park, Waterford, and Fraher Field, Dungarvan. The team's manager is Peter Queally.

The team last won the Munster Senior Championship in 2010, the All-Ireland Senior Championship in 1959 and the National League in 2022.

The team is nicknamed the Déise men.
Nagata ring
In commutative algebra, an N-1 ring is an integral domain  whose integral closure in its quotient field is a finitely generated -module. It is called a Japanese ring (or an N-2 ring) if for every finite extension  of its quotient field , the integral closure of  in  is a finitely generated -module (or equivalently a finite -algebra). A ring is called universally Japanese if every finitely generated integral domain over it is Japanese, and is called a Nagata ring, named for Masayoshi Nagata, or a pseudo-geometric ring if it is Noetherian and universally Japanese (or, which turns out to be the same, if it is Noetherian and all of its quotients by a prime ideal are N-2 rings). A ring is called geometric if it is the local ring of an algebraic variety or a completion of such a local ring, but this concept is not used much.

Prime ideal
In algebra, a prime ideal is a subset of a ring that shares many important properties of a prime number in the ring of integers. The prime ideals for the integers are the sets that contain all the multiples of a given prime number, together with the zero ideal.

Primitive ideals are prime, and prime ideals are both primary and semiprime.
2016 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships
The 2016 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships were the 42nd annual Junior World Championships for track cycling, held at the World Cycling Centre in Aigle, Switzerland from 20 to 24 July.

The Championships had ten events for men (sprint, points race, individual pursuit, team pursuit, 1 kilometre time trial, team sprint, keirin, madison, scratch race, omnium) and nine for women (sprint, individual pursuit, 500 metre time trial, points race, keirin, scratch race, team sprint, team pursuit, omnium), and one demonstration event for women (madison).

Points race
A points race is a mass start track cycling event involving large numbers of riders simultaneously on track. It was an Olympic event for men from 1984 to 2008 and for women from 1996 to 2008. Since 2012, the points race has been one of the omnium events in the Olympics.
Hongik University
Hongik University (Korean: 홍익대학교; colloquially as Hongdae) is a private university in Mapo, Seoul, South Korea. It was founded in 1946. The university also maintains a branch campus in Sejong City. The university's colloquial name, "Hongdae," is a metonymy for the neighborhood, Hongdae area.

AOMG
AOMG is a South Korean hip-hop and R&B record label founded in 2013 by rapper and singer-songwriter Jay Park. The label currently houses 20 musicians, UFC fighter Chan Sung Jung, and cartoonist Kian84.
Vazirovs
Vazirovs or Vezirovs (Azerbaijani: Vəzirovlar) are an Azerbaijani noble family from Karabakh and a part of Javanshir clan. Vazirov or Vezirov is a Russified version of the word vizier. First person to adopt the surname was Azerbaijani historian and later Imperial Russian army officer Mirza Jamal Javanshir, who was a vizier of Ibrahim Khalil Khan and Mehdigulu Khan of Karabakh.

Vizier
A Vizier (/ˈvɪziər/; Arabic: وزير, romanized: wazīr; Persian: وزیر, romanized: vazīr) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the countries of "greater Persia". The Abbasid caliphs gave the title wazir to a minister formerly called katib (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the dapir (official scribe or secretary) of the Sassanian kings.

In modern usage, the term has been used for government ministers in much of the Middle East and beyond. Several alternative spellings are used in English, such as vizir, wazir, and vezir.

A collection of Vizier may introduce a Grand Vizier, within their civilization.
Peter Prendergast (hurler)
Peter Prendergast (1924 - 14 July 1991) was an Irish hurler who played as a centre-back for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Thomastown, County Kilkenny, Prendergast first arrived on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team, making his debut in the 1947 championship. Prendergast was a regular member of the team over the next few years. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and two Leinster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

Prendergast also represented the Leinster inter-provincial team, however, he never won a Railway Cup medal. At club level he won one championship medal with Thomastown.

Thomastown, County Kilkenny
Thomastown (Irish: Baile Mhic Andáin), historically known as Grennan, is a town in County Kilkenny in the province of Leinster in the south-east of Ireland. It is a market town along a stretch of the River Nore which is known for its salmon and trout, with a number of historical landmarks in the vicinity. Visitor attractions include Jerpoint Abbey, Kilfane Glen gardens, and Mount Juliet Golf Course. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.  As of the 2022 census, Thomastown had a population of 2,305, making the town the third most populous in the county.
Hjelset
Hjelset is a village in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.  It is located on the north shore of the Fannefjorden, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of the village of Kleive and about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east of the town of Molde. The European route E39 highway runs through the village on its way northeast from the town of Molde to the village of Batnfjordsøra in Gjemnes Municipality.

The 1.04-square-kilometre (260-acre) village has a population (2024) of 1001 and a population density of 963 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,490/sq mi).

European route E39
European route E39 is the designation of a 1,330-kilometre (830 mi) north–south road in Norway and Denmark from Klett, just south of Trondheim, to Aalborg via Bergen, Stavanger and Kristiansand. In total, there are nine ferries, more than any other single road in Europe.

In Trondheim, there are connections to E6 and E14; in Ålesund, to E136, in Bergen to E16, in Haugesund, to E134, in Kristiansand to E18, and in Aalborg to E45.
Ayah Bdeir
Ayah Bdeir (Arabic: آية بدير; born 1982 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Lebanese-Canadian entrepreneur, inventor, and innovator. She is the inventor of littleBits, a company that produces modular electronics kits for education and prototyping, and that was acquired by Sphero in 2019. She is also the co-founder of Daleel Thawra, a directory of protests, initiatives, donations for the Lebanese Revolution.

Bdeir is also known for her contributions to the Maker Movement, advocacy for open-source hardware, and her promotion of gender-neutrality in STEAM education. She co-founded the Open Hardware Summit and has been recognized as a TED Senior Fellow.

Bdeir was named one of BBC's 100 Most Influential Women, has appeared on the covers of The New York Times Magazine, WIRED and the Wall Street Journal. Her inventions are included in the permanent collection of The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and she holds over a dozen patents.

Maker culture
The maker culture is a contemporary subculture representing a technology-based extension of DIY culture that intersects with hardware-oriented parts of hacker culture and revels in the creation of new devices as well as tinkering with existing ones. The maker culture in general supports open-source hardware. Typical interests enjoyed by the maker culture include engineering-oriented pursuits such as electronics, robotics, 3-D printing, and the use of computer numeric control tools, as well as more traditional activities such as metalworking, woodworking, and, mainly, its predecessor, traditional arts and crafts.

The subculture stresses a cut-and-paste approach to standardized hobbyist technologies, and encourages cookbook re-use of designs published on websites and maker-oriented publications. There is a strong focus on using and learning practical skills and applying them to reference designs. There is also growing work on equity and the maker culture.
Antoni Szczęsny Godlewski
Antoni Szczęsny Godlewski, (nom-de-guerre Antek the Sprayer) (January 11, 1923 in Warsaw – August 8, 1944, in Warsaw) was a legendary soldier of the Home Army and participant in the Warsaw Uprising.

He was the son of the lawyer Franciszek and Aniela. He started high school in Warsaw but after the Nazi invasion of Poland, the Germans banned secondary education for Poles. As a result, Antoni finished his studies and obtained a high school diploma and continued his studies at an underground university of the Warsaw Polytechnic. At this time he joined the Home Army and became a member of its Security Corps.

He was killed on 8 August 1944 after the break out of the Uprising, on the corner of Bracka St. and Aleje Jerozolimskie. His place of death is marked by a memorial plaque. For his bravery in battle he was posthumously awarded the Cross of Valour and the Order of Virtuti Militari, Fifth Class. Today, a street in the Wola neighborhood of Warsaw is named after him.

Wola
Wola (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvɔla] ⓘ) is a district in western Warsaw, Poland. An industrial area with traditions reaching back to the early 19th century, it underwent a transformation into a major financial district, featuring various landmarks and some of the tallest office buildings in the city.
Store Blåmannen
Store Blåmannen (lit. '[the] big negro')  or Blåmannen (Norwegian) or Goardilčohkka (Northern Sami) is a mountain in Tromsø Municipality in Troms county, Norway. At 1,044 metres (3,425 ft), it is the highest mountain on the island Kvaløya. It is located on the northwestern part of the island about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) northwest of the city of Tromsø.

The mountain summit can be accessed without special climbing skills or equipment, but caution is advised on the last part of the climb, which can be difficult in wet conditions.

Northern Sámi
Northern Sámi (or North Sámi; US: /ˈsɑːmi/ SAH-mee, UK: also /ˈsæmi/ SAM-ee; Northern Sami: davvisámegiella [ˈtavːiːˌsaːmeˌkie̯lːa]; Finnish: pohjoissaame [ˈpohjoi̯sˌsɑːme]; Norwegian: nordsamisk; Swedish: nordsamiska; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages. The area where Northern Sámi is spoken covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland.
Henry N. Culbertson
Henry N. Culbertson (August 6, 1860 – May 13, 1943) was a farmer and politician.

Born in the unincorporated community of Medina, town of Dale, Outagamie County, Wisconsin, Culbertson was a farmer and was involved with the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry in Outagamie County. Culbertson served as chairman of the town board and on the Outagamie County Board of Supervisors. From 1912 to 1917, Culbertson served in the Wisconsin State Senate. He was never involved with partisan politics but was involved with the progressive movement. He died at his home in Medina, in Outagamie County.

Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Outagamie County (/ˌaʊtəˈɡeɪmi/ OW-tə-GAY-mee) is a county in the Fox Cities region of the U.S. state of Wisconsin, in the northeast of the state. As of the 2020 census, the population was 190,705. Its county seat is Appleton.

Outagamie County is part of the Appleton Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is itself part of the Appleton-Neenah-Oshkosh Combined Statistical Area. It was named for the historic Meskwaki (Fox) people.