hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Resentful demoralization
Resentful demoralization is an issue in controlled experiments in which those in the control group become resentful of not receiving the experimental treatment. Alternatively, the experimental group could be resentful of the control group, if the experimental group perceive its treatment as inferior.
They may become angry, depressed, uncooperative, or non-compliant. This may lead to significant systematic differences in the outcome of the control group, obscuring the results of the study and threatening their validity.

Resentful demoralization can also make participants less likely to join future studies. If people feel treated unfairly or get upset with their treatment, they might not want to be part of research again. This can lead to fewer participants and affect the quality of future studies. So, it's important to address these feelings to keep participants engaged and ensure good research outcomes.

Resentment
Resentment (also called ranklement or bitterness) is a complex, multilayered emotion that has been described as a mixture of disappointment, disgust and anger. Other psychologists consider it a mood or as a secondary emotion (including cognitive elements) that can be elicited in the face of insult or injury.

Inherent in resentment is a perception of unfairness (i.e. from trivial to very serious), and a generalized defense against unfair situations (e.g. relationships or unfavourable circumstances).

The word originates from French "ressentir", re-, intensive prefix, and sentir "to feel"; from the Latin "sentire". The English word has become synonymous with anger, spite, and holding a grudge.
Westmere (microarchitecture)
Westmere (formerly Nehalem-C) is a CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel. It is a 32 nm die shrink of its predecessor, Nehalem, and shares the same CPU sockets with it. Some Westmere models have integrated graphics processors, branded as Intel HD Graphics, that support DirectX 10.1 and OpenGL 2.1 API.

The first Westmere-based processors were released on January 7, 2010. They were labeled under Intel's Core, Pentium, Celeron, and Xeon brandings.

Die shrink
The term die shrink (sometimes optical shrink or process shrink) refers to the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices.  The act of shrinking a die creates a somewhat identical circuit using a more advanced fabrication process, usually involving an advance of lithographic nodes. This reduces overall costs for a chip company, as the absence of major architectural changes to the processor lowers research and development costs while at the same time allowing more processor dies to be manufactured on the same piece of silicon wafer, resulting in less cost per product sold.

Die shrinks are the key to lower prices and higher performance at semiconductor companies such as Samsung, Intel, TSMC, and SK Hynix, and fabless manufacturers such as AMD (including the former ATI), NVIDIA and MediaTek.
Belém (district of São Paulo)
23°32′24″S 46°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿23.540°S 46.604°W﻿ / -23.540; -46.604

Belém is one of 96 districts in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Although administratively part of the Southeast Zone of São Paulo, Belém is located slightly northeast of the historic downtown in the subprefecture of Mooca.

Subdivisions of São Paulo
São Paulo in Brazil is a large metropolitan city that has several levels of subdivision.  Administratively, the municipality is divided into 32 boroughs, each in turn divided into 96 wards (distritos, or districts).  Locally, wards may contain one or more neighborhoods (bairros).
Amorfoda
"Amorfoda" (transl. "Fuck Love") is a song by Puerto Rican rapper and singer Bad Bunny. It was released as a single by Rimas Entertainment on February 14, 2018. Bad Bunny co-wrote the song with Noah Assad, and its producers DJ Luian and Mambo Kingz. Departing from Bad Bunny's original Latin trap and reggaeton sound, "Amorfoda" is a piano ballad about regret in a relationship gone awry. The singer said it is about "something almost everyone has experienced. Everyone has been in love". Its title translates to "Fuck Love".

Rimas Entertainment
Rimas Entertainment, commonly known as Rimas, is a Puerto Rican independent record label based in San Juan, Puerto Rico, with offices in Miami, Florida, Caracas, Venezuela and Medellín, Colombia. It mainly focuses on reggaeton and Latin trap. It represents artists such as Bad Bunny, Karol G (through Habibi Management), RaiNao, Mora, Arcángel, Tempo, Eladio Carrión, Pailita, Cris MJ, Amenazzy, Corina Smith, Neutro Shorty, Gigolo & La Exce, Jowell & Randy, Big Soto, Vico C (through Nain Music), Nino Neil, Quevedo and Sech among several others. Music is distributed through The Orchard.
Off Our Backs
Off Our Backs (stylized in all lowercase; oob) was an American radical feminist periodical that ran from 1970 to 2008, making it the longest-running feminist periodical in the United States. Marilyn Salzman-Webb and Marlene Wicks were among Off Our Backs original founders, creating the periodical in Washington, D.C. as a response to what many felt was an underrepresentation of the women’s liberation movement in mainstream media. It was a self-sustaining periodical edited and published by a collective of women consisting mainly of volunteers who practiced consensus decision-making. Reporting on feminism related topics, the periodical transitioned from a monthly to a bi-monthly newspaper, and ultimately to a quarterly magazine before financial difficulties led to its termination in 2008.

Off Our Backs dealt with some controversy in 1984 during the creation of On Our Backs.

Archives of Off Our Backs are housed at Hornbake Library, University of Maryland.

Collective
A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together to achieve a common objective. Collectives can differ from cooperatives in that they are not necessarily focused upon an economic benefit or saving, though they can be.

The term "collective" is sometimes used to describe a species as a whole—for example, the human collective.

For political purposes, a collective is defined by decentralized, or "majority-rules" decision-making styles.
Margaret P. Sinclair
Margaret Patricia Sinclair (1950–2012) was a Canadian mathematics educator whose research publications included works on the use of dynamic geometry software in mathematics education[A] and the use of blended learning, a combination of traditional teaching and educational technology, in professional development for secondary-school teachers.[B]

Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) is the school of education at the University of Toronto.

It is located at 252 Bloor Street West in Toronto, Ontario, directly above the St. George subway station. The OISE-affiliated Jackman Institute of Child Study is situated nearby at 45 Walmer Street. Although it is based on the St. George campus, OISE also offers its language and literacies education program on the University of Toronto's Mississauga campus.
TT Grandstand
The TT Grandstand including the startline, pit lane, re-fuellers, merchandising, scoreboard and paddocks for the Isle of Man TT and Manx Grand Prix races is situated on the A2 Glencrutchery Road, in the town of Douglas, Isle of Man.

Douglas, Isle of Man
Douglas (Manx: Doolish, pronounced [ˈdðuːlʲəʃ]) is the capital city and largest settlement of the Isle of Man, with a population of 26,677 (2021) and an area of 4.1 square miles (10.5 km2). It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas, and on a sweeping bay of two miles (three kilometres). The River Douglas forms part of the city's harbour and main commercial port.

Douglas was a small settlement until it grew rapidly as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century. Further population growth came in the following century, resulting during the 1860s in a staged transfer of the High Courts, the Lieutenant Governor's residence (actually located in nearby Onchan), and finally the seat of the legislature, Tynwald, to Douglas from the ancient capital, Castletown.

The city is the island's main hub for business, finance, legal services, shipping, transport, shopping, and entertainment. The annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas.
Timeline of category theory and related mathematics
This is a timeline of category theory and related mathematics. Its scope ("related mathematics") is taken as:

Categories of abstract algebraic structures including representation theory and universal algebra;

Homological algebra;

Homotopical algebra;

Topology using categories, including algebraic topology, categorical topology, quantum topology, low-dimensional topology;

Categorical logic and set theory in the categorical context such as algebraic set theory;

Foundations of mathematics building on categories, for instance topos theory;

Abstract geometry, including algebraic geometry, categorical noncommutative geometry, etc.

Quantization related to category theory, in particular categorical quantization;

Categorical physics relevant for mathematics.

In this article, and in category theory in general, ∞ = ω.

Homotopical algebra
In mathematics, homotopical algebra is a collection of concepts comprising the nonabelian aspects of homological algebra, and possibly the abelian aspects as special cases.  The homotopical nomenclature stems from the fact that a  common approach to such generalizations is via abstract homotopy theory, as in nonabelian algebraic topology, and in particular the theory of closed model categories.

This subject has received much attention in recent years due to new foundational work of Vladimir Voevodsky, Eric Friedlander, Andrei Suslin, and others resulting in the A1 homotopy theory for quasiprojective varieties over a field.  Voevodsky has used this new algebraic homotopy theory to prove the Milnor conjecture (for which he was awarded the Fields Medal) and later, in collaboration with Markus Rost, the full Bloch–Kato conjecture.
Simranjit Singh Mann
Simranjit Singh Mann (born 20 May 1945) is a former Indian Police Service officer and a former Member of the Parliament in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, representing the constituency of Sangrur from 2022 till 2024. He lost elections in 2024 to Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer. He is the president of the political party Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar). Mann has served three-times as an MP; once from Taran Tarn between 1989 and 1991, and twice from Sangrur between 1999-2004 and between 2022 and 2024.

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
A Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of a legislative constituency in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 550. This includes the maximum 530 members to represent the constituencies and states and up to 20 members to represent the union territories (both chosen by direct elections). Between 1952 and January 25, 2020, two seats were reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The current elected strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India.

All Members of Lok Sabha rank 21st in the Order of Precedence of India.
Henchir-Mâtria
Henchir-Mâtria is an archaeological and prehistoric site in northern Tunisia.
Henchir-Mâtria is at 36°31′23.4″N 9°13′11.1″E﻿ / ﻿36.523167°N 9.219750°E﻿ / 36.523167; 9.219750, between Béja and Dougga and elevation of 407 metres (1,335 feet). It is on the Oued el Beida River.

Dougga
Dougga or Thugga or TBGG (Arabic: دقة, romanized: Duqqah; Tunisian Arabic: دڨة, romanized: Duggaⓘ) was a Berber, Punic and Roman settlement near present-day Téboursouk in northern Tunisia. The current archaeological site covers 75 hectares (190 acres). UNESCO qualified Dougga as a World Heritage Site in 1997, believing that it represents "the best-preserved Roman small town in North Africa". The site, which lies in the middle of the countryside, has been protected from the encroachment of modern urbanization, in contrast, for example, to Carthage, which has been pillaged and rebuilt on numerous occasions. Dougga's size, its well-preserved monuments and its rich Numidian-Berber, Punic, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history make it exceptional. Amongst the most famous monuments at the site are a Libyco-Punic Mausoleum, the Capitol, the Roman theatre, and the temples of Saturn and of Juno Caelestis.
Rodney Bruce Hall
Rodney Bruce Hall (born 1960, Marshalltown, Iowa, United States) is an American Professor of International Relations and among those scholars known as Second Generation Constructivists. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees in physics and subsequently a master's degree in international relations and a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania under the supervision of Friedrich Kratochwil, one of the founding scholars of constructivism in international relations.

Marshalltown, Iowa
Marshalltown is a city in Marshall County, Iowa, United States and the county seat of the county. The population was 27,591 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 27,886 in 2024, making it the 17th-most populous city in Iowa. Marshalltown is home to the Iowa Veterans Home and Marshalltown Community College.
Tom Draper
Thomas Edward Draper (born November 20, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.  He was chosen in the eighth round, 165th overall, the 8th pick of the Winnipeg Jets in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft.

1985 NHL entry draft
The 1985 NHL entry draft was the 23rd NHL entry draft. It was the first draft outside Montreal. The event was held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, and attended by 7,000 fans. The National Hockey League (NHL) teams selected 252 players eligible for entry into professional ranks, in the reverse order of the 1984–85 NHL season and playoff standings.

Toronto hosted and made the first overall pick; this coincidence would not occur again until Montreal hosted and drafted first at the 2022 draft.

The last active players in the NHL from this draft class were Sean Burke and Joe Nieuwendyk, who both played their last NHL games in the 2006–07 season.
Barra de Guabiraba
Barra de Guabiraba (Guabiraba Bar) is a city located in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. It is located 132.6 km away from Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco. The city has an estimated (Ibge 2020) population of 14,510 inhabitants.

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Portuguese: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; IBGE) is the agency responsible for official collection of statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil. The IBGE performs a decennial national census; questionnaires account for information such as age, household income, literacy, education, occupation and hygiene levels.

The IBGE is a public institute created in 1936 under the name National Institute of Statistics. Its founder and chief proponent was statistician Mário Augusto Teixeira de Freitas. The current name dates from 1938. Its headquarters are located in Rio de Janeiro, and its current president is Marcio Pochmann, replacing Eduardo Rios Neto. It was made a federal agency by the Federal Decree-Law No. 161 of February 13, 1967, and is linked to the Ministry of the Economy, inside the Secretariat of Planning, Budget and Management.
Listed buildings in Parlington
Parlington is a civil parish in the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.  The parish contains 18 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, two are listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The parish was centred on the country house of Parlington Hall, but this was largely demolished in 1952.  Most of the listed buildings are in the remaining estate, and include a triumphal arch, a bridge, a tunnel, the home farm, a garden house and associated garden walls, an icehouse, a group of stallion pens, a deer shelter, and lodges at the entrances to the grounds. The other listed buildings are a group of almshouses and associated structures, a farmhouse, and a milepost.

Ice house (building)
An ice house or icehouse is a building used to store ice throughout the year, commonly used prior to the invention of the refrigerator. Some were underground chambers, usually man-made, located near natural sources of winter ice, such as freshwater lakes, but many were buildings with various types of insulation.

During the winter, ice and snow would be cut from lakes or rivers, taken into the ice house, and packed with insulation (often straw or sawdust). It would remain frozen for many months, often until the following winter, and could be used as a source of ice during the summer months.

The main application of ice was food preservation, but it could also be used to cool drinks or to prepare desserts such as ice cream and sorbet. During the heyday of the ice trade, a typical commercial ice house would store 2,700 tonnes (3,000 short tons) of ice in a 9-by-30-metre (30 by 100 ft) and 14-metre-high (45 ft) building.
Centese Calcio
Centese Calcio Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica  (commonly referred to as Centese) is an Italian association football club located in Cento, Emilia-Romagna. It currently plays in Promozione. Its colors are blue and white.

The current club took the place of the historical Associazione Calcio Centese that went bankrupt in 2016. The club was formerly known as Centese Calcio .

Centese spent the 1947–48 season in Serie B North.

Promozione
The Promozione ([promotˈtsjoːne], "promotion") is the sixth level in the Italian football league system.  Each individual league winner within the Promozione level progresses to their closest regional league in the Eccellenza level.  Depending on each league's local rules, a number of teams each year are relegated from each league, to the 7th level of Italian football, the Prima Categoria. This level of Italian football is completely amateur and is run on a regional level.
1956 Moyen-Congo municipal elections
Municipal elections were held for the first time in Moyen-Congo on 18 November 1956. Voting took place in three municipalities; Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire and Dolisie. The Democratic Union for the Defence of African Interests won the polls in all three municipalities. Fulbert Youlou became mayor of Brazzaville.

French Congo
The French Congo (French: Congo français), also known as Middle Congo (French: Moyen-Congo), was a French colony which at one time comprised the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo and parts of Gabon, and the Central African Republic. In 1910, it was made part of the larger French Equatorial Africa.

The modern Republic of the Congo is considered French Congo's successor state, having virtually identical borders, and having inherited rights to sovereignty and independence from France through the dissolution of French Equatorial Africa in the late 1950s.
Lasse Karjalainen
Lasse Karjalainen (born 22 October 1974) is a Finnish former footballer. He was born in Sweden but spent most of his childhood at Pori, Finland.

Karjalainen played 14 seasons in the Finnish premier division Veikkausliiga for FC Jazz and FC Haka. He capped 15 times for the Finland national team. Karjalainen is the player with most Finnish Championship titles.

FC Jazz
Football Club Jazz, commonly known as just Jazz, is a Finnish football club based in Pori, which plays in the Finnish third tier, Ykkönen. The club was founded in 1934 as Porin Pallo-Toverit. PPT changed its name to FC Jazz in November 1991.

FC Jazz is tied with several other clubs as the 13th most successful Finnish club by Finnish Championship titles. FC Jazz won the Finnish Championship twice (1993, 1996). Other medals for the club include Finnish Championship bronze (1992), Finnish Cup silver (1994) and Finnish League Cup silver (1994).
German submarine chaser UJ-121 Jochen
UJ-121 Jochen was a steam trawler that was built in Germany in 1939, and converted into a submarine chaser at the beginning of the Second World War. A mine sank her in the North Sea in 1940, with the loss of 13 of her crew.

Fishing trawler
A fishing trawler is a commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers. Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth. A trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously (double-rig and multi-rig).

There are many variants of trawling gear. They vary according to local traditions, bottom conditions, and how large and powerful the trawling boats are. A trawling boat can be a small open boat with only 30 horsepower (22 kW) or a large factory ship with 10,000 horsepower (7457 kW). Trawl variants include beam trawls, large-opening midwater trawls, and large bottom trawls, such as "rock hoppers" that are rigged with heavy rubber wheels that let the net crawl over rocky bottom.
Jaiva
Jaiva, Township jive (TJ),  Soweto jive, Soweto sound or Soweto beat is a subgenre of South African township music and African dance form that influenced Western breakdance and emerged from the shebeen culture of the apartheid-era townships.

Township (South Africa)
In South Africa, the terms township and location usually refer to an under-developed, racially segregated urban area, from the late 19th century until the end of apartheid, which were reserved for non-whites, namely Black Africans, Coloureds and Indians. Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities. The term township also has a distinct legal meaning in South Africa's system of land title, which carries no racial connotations.

Townships for non-whites were also called locations or lokasies in Afrikaans and are often still referred to as such in the smaller towns. The slang term "kasie / kasi", a popular short version of "lokasie" is also used. Townships sometimes have large informal settlements nearby.
Álvaro Magalhães
Álvaro Monteiro Magalhães (born 3 January 1961), known simply as Álvaro as a player, is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

In 11 seasons in the Primeira Liga, he appeared in 224 matches and scored six goals. He spent nine years of his career with Benfica, winning ten major titles.

Magalhães represented Portugal at the 1986 World Cup and Euro 1984. In 1994, he began working as a manager.

Girabola
Girabola, or Campeonato Nacional de Futebol de Séniores Masculinos, is the top division of Angolan football. It is organized by the Angolan Football Federation.

The term "Girabola" (lit. 'spin ball') is a creation of the nationalist, radio broadcaster and sports reporter Rui Carvalho, in 1972, at a time when the Angolan championship was still officially called "Campeonato do Estado Ultramarino de Angola". The name "Girabola" differentiated the competition from the other overseas provinces and was a subtle form of anti-colonial protest.

The league winner and runner-up qualify for the CAF Champions League.