hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hochstetler
Hochstetler is a surname originating in Switzerland, particularly in Bern-Mittelland.

The current Swiss spelling of the name is Hostettler. Among non-Swiss there are a variety of spellings: Hochstetler, Hochstettler, Hostetler, Hostettler and Hochstedler are among the most common. Hochstetler is common among Amish and Mennonite families.

Notable people with the family name Hochstetler include:

Jacob Hochstetler, early Amish immigrant to North America

Thomas J. Hochstettler, president of Lewis & Clark College

Dallas Hostetler, originator of Tax Freedom Day

Dave Hostetler, former professional baseball player

Jeff Hostetler, former Super Bowl winning quarterback

John A. Hostetler, Amish and Mennonite historian

Joseph C. Hostetler, founding partner of Baker & Hostetler

John Hostettler, former member of United States House of Representatives representing Indiana 1995–2007

Tax Freedom Day
Tax Freedom Day is a concept developed and trademarked by American businessman Dallas Hostetler, which aims to calculate the first day of the year on which a nation as a whole has theoretically earned enough income to pay its taxes. Every dollar that is officially considered income by the government is counted, and every payment to the government that is officially considered a tax is counted. Taxes at all levels of government – local, state and federal – are included.
Vusi Shongwe
Vusumuzi Robert Shongwe (born 22 April 1958) is a South African politician who served in the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature. He formerly served in the Executive Council in Mpumalanga province. Between September and November 2015, Shongwe served as acting Premier of Mpumalanga while Premier David Mabuza was on sick leave. He is a member of the African National Congress and was formerly treasurer of the party's provincial executive committee in Mpumalanga, previously the chairperson of the ANC in the  Gert Sibande region.

Executive Council of Mpumalanga
The Executive Council of Mpumalanga is the cabinet of the executive branch of the provincial government in the South African province of Mpumalanga. The Members of the Executive Council (MECs) are appointed from among the members of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature by the Premier of Mpumalanga, an office held since June 2024 by Mandla Ndlovu.
Kohlberg, Pennsylvania
Kohlberg (from German: Kohle Berg, "Coal Mountain"), Coal Hill or Spring Hill is a low mountain in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. The main peak, which rises to 971 feet (296 m), is located in Lower Saucon Township between Hellertown and Springtown. A small portion of the mountain reaches into Springfield Township in Bucks County.

It is a part of the Reading Prong of the Appalachian Mountains.

Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Bucks County is in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 646,538, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Doylestown. The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. The county is part of the Southeast region of the commonwealth.

The county represents the northern boundary of the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area.

To its southwest, Bucks County borders Montgomery County and Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city. To its east, the county borders the Delaware River and U.S. state of New Jersey. To its north, the county borders Lehigh and Northampton counties in the state's Lehigh Valley region. The county is approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 40 miles (64 km) north of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.
Howlett Line
The Howlett Line was a critical Confederate earthworks dug during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign of the United States Civil War in May 1864. Specifically, the line stretched across the Bermuda Hundred peninsula from the James River to the Appomattox River.
  It was named for the Dr. Howlett's House that overlooked the James River at the north end of the line. The Howlett Line became famous as the "Cork in the Bottle" by keeping  the 30,000-man strong General Butler's Army of the James at bay.

Appomattox River
The Appomattox River is a tributary of the James River, approximately 157 miles (253 km) long, in central and eastern Virginia, named for the Appomattocs Indian tribe who lived along its lower banks in the 17th century. It drains a cotton and tobacco-growing region of the Piedmont and coastal plain southwest of Richmond.
Sialography
Sialography (also termed radiosialography) is the radiographic examination of the salivary glands. It usually involves the injection of a small amount of contrast medium into the salivary duct of a single gland, followed by routine X-ray projections.

The resulting image is called a sialogram.

Sialography has largely been replaced by sialoendoscopy and cross-sectional imaging, such as CT, MRI and ultrasonography.

Radiocontrast agent
Radiocontrast agents are substances used to enhance the visibility of internal structures in X-ray-based imaging techniques such as computed tomography (contrast CT), projectional radiography, and fluoroscopy. Radiocontrast agents are typically iodine, or more rarely barium sulfate. The contrast agents absorb external X-rays, resulting in decreased exposure on the X-ray detector. This is different from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine which emit radiation.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functions through different principles and thus MRI contrast agents have a different mode of action. These compounds work by altering the magnetic properties of nearby hydrogen nuclei.
Wieprz, Silesian Voivodeship
Wieprz (Polish: [ˈvjɛpʂ] ⓘ, lit. '"Boar"') is a village in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Radziechowy-Wieprz.

It is one of the oldest villages in Żywiec Basin. It was first mentioned in Liber beneficiorum (1470-1480) as Wyeprze Maior and Wyeprze Minor.

Żywiec County
Żywiec County (Polish: powiat żywiecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Żywiec, which lies 64 kilometres (40 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice.

The county covers an area of 1,039.96 square kilometres (401.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 152,877, out of which the population of Żywiec is 31,194 and the rural population is 121,683.

The county includes part of the protected area known as Żywiec Landscape Park.
Red Bluff Municipal Airport
Red Bluff Municipal Airport (IATA: RBL, ICAO: KRBL, FAA LID: RBL) is two miles south of Red Bluff, located just off Interstate 5 in Tehama County, California. It was previously known as Bidwell Airport. It has no scheduled airline flights; United Airlines dropped Red Bluff in 1952, Pacific Air Lines left in 1962 and the airport has had few or no airline flights since. RBL sees general aviation and occasional transient aircraft.

United Airlines
United Airlines, Inc. is a major airline in the United States headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It operates an extensive domestic and international route network across the United States and to destinations on six continents. Regional service is provided by independent carriers operating under the United Express brand, and the Star Alliance, of which United was one of the five founding airlines, extends its network throughout the world.

The principal figure behind the formation of the airline was William E. Boeing, founder of the Boeing Aircraft Company in 1916. He launched an air service between Victoria, British Columbia, and Seattle and later acquired three additional airlines, completing the merger by 1931 to form United Air Lines. Through successive mergers and acquisitions, United has remained one of the largest airlines in the world for much of its history.
Concord Biotech
Concord Biotech Limited (CBL) is an Indian biotechnology company headquartered in Ahmedabad. The company manufactures fermentation-based biopharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) sold worldwide.

It manufactures biopharmaceutical products across therapy segments such as immunosuppressant, oncology, antifungal, antibacterial and anthelmintic. It has two manufacturing facilities–at Dholka near Ahmedabad, which is approved by USFDA, and at Limbasi in Kheda district.

Dholka
Dholka is a City and municipality in the Ahmedabad District of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the headquarters of Dholka Taluka, and is 48 km by road via National Highway 8A southwest of the city of Ahmedabad. Dholka has an average elevation of 17 metres (56 ft).
Cucujus cinnaberinus
Cucujus cinnaberinus is a species of beetles in the family Cucujidae, the flat bark beetles. It is native to Europe, being most common in Central Europe and rare in much of Southern and Western Europe.

This beetle lives under tree bark. It is associated with oaks (Quercus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), and poplars (Populus spp.). It can be found in various habitat types, including forests and urban areas. It is a saproxylic species, often feeding on decomposing wood. It has also been observed eating maggots and the larvae of other beetles.

This beetle is on the IUCN Red List as a near-threatened species. It is on many national lists of threatened species in Europe. Forest management practices include the removal of dead wood and dying trees, reducing available habitat and food sources for the beetle.

Maggot
A maggot is the larva of a fly (order Diptera); it is applied in particular to the larvae of Brachycera flies, such as houseflies, cheese flies, hoverflies, and blowflies, rather than larvae of the Nematocera, such as mosquitoes and crane flies.
Sachtleben
Sachtleben is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bethany Sachtleben (born 1992), American long-distance runner

Horst Sachtleben (1930–2022), German actor and director

William Sachtleben (1866–1953), American journalist and activist

William Sachtleben
William Lewis Sachtleben (March 29, 1866 – December 13, 1953) was a 19th-century American journalist and lecturer who was one of the early globe-circling bicyclists, at one time holding a world record for long-distance bicycling.

He was a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis. His attempt in 1895 to rescue, recover, and achieve justice for fellow cyclist Frank Lenz, who had disappeared in Turkey (then in the Ottoman Empire) at the time of the Hamidian Massacres, was seen as akin to the earlier search for David Livingstone in Africa. He later went on to explore for fortune and entered the business world.
2023 Judo World Masters
The 2023 Judo World Masters was held at the László Papp Budapest Sports Arena in Budapest, Hungary, from 4 to 6 August 2023 as part of the IJF World Tour and during the 2024 Summer Olympics qualification period.

László Papp Budapest Sports Arena
The László Papp Budapest Sports Arena (Hungarian: Papp László Budapest Sportaréna), also known as Budapest Sports Arena or locally just Arena, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Budapest, Hungary. It is the second biggest sports complex in the country after MVM Dome, which is also in the capital, and it is named after Hungarian boxer László Papp. The venue can hold up to 12,500 people in its largest concert configuration, up to 11,390 for boxing and 9,479 for ice hockey. It was built as a replacement for the Budapest Sports Hall (Hungarian: Budapest Sportcsarnok, or BS for short) which stood in the same place and was destroyed in a fire in December 1999. A long-distance bus station is situated under the building.
Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of neurosciences. The editors-in-chief are Mathias Bähr (University of Göttingen), Alain Chédotal (Sorbonne University), Henrik Zetterberg (University of Gothenburg), and Noam E. Ziv (Technion). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.626.

University of Gothenburg
The University of Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborgs universitet) is a public university in Gothenburg, Sweden. Founded in 1891, the university is the third-oldest of the current Swedish universities and, with 53,624 students and 6,707 staff members, it is one of the largest universities in the Nordic countries.
Patrick Proisy
Patrick Proisy (French: [patʁik pʁwazi]; born 10 September 1949) is a French former professional tennis player best remembered for reaching the final of the French Open in 1972 (where he beat top seed and defending champion Jan Kodeš in the quarter-finals and fourth seed Manuel Orantes in the semi-finals before losing the final against sixth seeded Spaniard Andrés Gimeno in four sets). He added to that one more final (in Florence, 1976) and singles titles in Hilversum, 1977 and Perth, 1972. Proisy reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 16 in October 1972.

Dutch Open (tennis)
The Dutch Open is a professional tennis tournament currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour since 2019. It is played on outdoor clay courts in Amersfoort (until 2024) and later Bunschoten, Netherlands (since 2025).

Originally known as the International Championships of the Netherlands  and then known as the  Dutch Open Tennis, it was a Grand Prix circuit and subsequently an ATP Tour event held in three different locations in The Netherlands between 1957 and 2008. No tournament was organized in 1967. From 1957 to 1973 the tournament consisted of both men's and women's events (singles, doubles, mixed doubles) but from 1975 onward only men's singles and doubles events were held.
Jimmy Webb (stylist)
James Kenneth Webb (August 28, 1957 – April 14, 2020) was a punk fashion stylist and the long-time manager of New York City's Trash and Vaudeville. Webb worked at Trash and Vaudeville from 1999 until the store moved off of St. Marks Place in 2016. As a stylist, Webb helped to dress artists and musicians such as the Ramones, Beyoncé, Lady Gaga, Joan Jett, Sebastian Bach and many others. On October 13, 2017, Webb opened his own rock boutique in New York City called "I Need More", named after a song by Iggy Pop, at 75A Orchard Street. The grand opening was attended by Slash and Duff from Guns N' Roses.

Orchard Street
40°43′21″N 73°59′17″W﻿ / ﻿40.72250°N 73.98806°W﻿ / 40.72250; -73.98806

Orchard Street is a street in Manhattan which covers the eight city blocks between Division Street in Chinatown and East Houston Street on the Lower East Side. Vehicular traffic runs north on this one-way street. Orchard Street starts from Division Street in the south and ends at East Houston Street in the north.
Postgraduate research
Postgraduate research represents a formal area of study that is recognized by a university or institute of higher learning. The notion of "postgraduate" refers to studies following a undergraduate degree. Postgraduate research either occurs within a postgraduate degree that also includes taught elements, such as the thesis completed after the all but dissertation stage of an American-style Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, or refers to research degrees common in Commonwealth countries such as a masters by research or British-style doctorate.

Undergraduate degree
An undergraduate degree (also called a first degree or simply a degree) is an academic degree awarded to a student who has completed an undergraduate program of study. In the United States, undergraduate degrees are typically offered at institutions of higher education such as colleges and universities. The most common types are the associate degree and the bachelor's degree, with the latter usually requiring at least three to four years of full-time study to complete.

In other higher education systems, the scope of undergraduate education may extend up to the level of a master's degree. This structure is found, for example, in certain science courses in the United Kingdom and in some long-cycle medicine programs in continental Europe. Such qualifications are sometimes categorized as basic academic degrees or as first professional degrees.
Pedestrian separation structure
A pedestrian separation structure is any structure that removes pedestrians from a roadway, street or railway track.  This creates a road junction where vehicles and pedestrians do not interact.

This can be considered a type of grade separation structure on the road.

These structures can be located either above the roadway or below the roadway.  In the U.S., access under the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements means that stairs cannot be the only access to these structures.  An elevator must be provided or a ramp built that conforms to the grade requirements under the ADA regulations.

In the broadest sense, building codes that limit the number of driveways that cross sidewalks may be viewed as making the sidewalks a separation structure.

In many areas, wildlife crossings are provided in wilderness areas to allow wildlife to cross roadways without risking accidents.  While not specifically built for people, they could be used by people in those areas.

Railway track
Railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (per way) (CwthE) or "P way" (BrE and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable, low-friction surface on which steel wheels can roll. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast-iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers. Since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
112 Ukraine
112 Ukraine (Ukrainian: 112 Україна) was a private Ukrainian TV channel which provided 24-hour news coverage. 112 Ukraine was available on satellites AMOS 2/3, via the DVB-T2 network, and was also available in packages of all major Ukrainian cable operators until it was banned from broadcasting in Ukraine in February 2021. The channel was focused on live broadcasting.

It was reportedly affiliated with the pro-Russian politician and businessman Viktor Medvedchuk. Since December 2018, the channel has been owned by Taras Kozak, a parliament member of Opposition Platform — For Life who is reportedly an associate of Medvedchuk. The broadcasting of the channel was prohibited on 2 February 2021 by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine as part of the imposed sanctions on Kozak. The channel was immediately shut down but continued to livestream its content on the Internet. On 5 March 2021, YouTube blocked the live broadcasts of the channel.

Russophilia
Russophilia is the identification or solidarity with, appreciation of, or support for the country, people, language, and history of Russia. One who espouses Russophilia is called a russophile. Its antonym is Russophobia. In the 19th century, Russophilia was often linked to variants of pan-Slavism, since the Russian Empire and autonomous Serbia were the only two Slavic sovereign states during and after the Springtime of Nations.

In politics, the term has been used to describe political actors who support closer relations with the Russian government or support its policies. Particularly in the Post-Soviet states, Russophile politicians may also support maintaining or increasing Russification policies, such as Alexander Lukashenko.
St. Columba (tune)
St. Columba is a traditional Irish tune. It was first published by George Petrie in 1855, and it was republished in Charles Villiers Stanford's edited compilation of the tunes Petrie collected. It was described as having been "sung on the dedication of a chapel" in County Londonderry. The tune was paired with the hymn The King of Love My Shepherd Is in The English Hymnal (1906), and it rose in popularity with the hymn.

The St Columba melody has also been used as the tune for the Latin hymn 'Labente jam solis rota' by the French hymn writer and poet Charles Coffin, published in 1736 in his Hymni Sacri Auctore Carolo Coffin. It was later translated into English by John Chandler with the first line 'As now the sun's declining rays' and the chorus 'All glory to the Father be'.

The English Hymnal
The English Hymnal is a hymn book which was published in 1906 for the Church of England by Oxford University Press. It was edited by the clergyman and writer Percy Dearmer and the composer and music historian Ralph Vaughan Williams, and was a significant publication in the history of Anglican church music.
Fencing at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's foil
The women's foil competition of the fencing events at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, was held on October 24 at the Multipurpose Gymnasium. The defending champion was Mariana González from Venezuela.

The foil competition consisted of a qualification round followed by a single-elimination bracket with a bronze medal match between the two semifinal losers. Fencing was done to 15 touches or the completion of three three-minute rounds if neither fencer reached 15 touches by then. At the end of time, the higher-scoring fencer was the winner; a tie resulted in an additional one-minute sudden-death period. This sudden-death period was further modified by the selection of a draw-winner beforehand; if neither fencer scored a touch during the minute, the predetermined draw-winner won the bout.

Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a flexible weapon of total length 110 cm (43 in) or under, rectangular in cross section, weighing under 500 g (18 oz), with a blunt tip. As with the épée, points are only scored by making contact with the tip. The foil is the most commonly used weapon in fencing.
Elwin Marg
Elwin Marg (March 23, 1918 – July 15, 2010) was an American optometrist and neuroscientist at the University of California at Berkeley. He was the first to receive a PhD from UC Berkeley School of Optometry. It was he who gave the name electrooculogram, a technique for measurement of nerve impulse in the eye.

He developed an improved tonometer that avoided use of anaesthetics for the first time in optometrical diagnosis. With his wife he established a non-profit neuroscience organisation, the Minerva Foundation in 1983.

Ocular tonometry
Tonometry is the procedure that eye care professionals perform to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) of aqueous humor, the fluid pressure inside the eye. It is an important test in the evaluation of patients at risk from glaucoma. Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), with the normal eye pressure range between 10 and 21 mmHg (13–28 hPa).
Hongqiao Subdistrict, Guangzhou
Hongqiao Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 洪桥街道; traditional Chinese: 洪橋街道; pinyin: Hóngqiáo Jiēdào; lit. 'great bridge') is a subdistrict of Yuexiu District in the heart of Guangzhou, located near important landmarks such as Zhenhai Tower and the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall. As of 2011, it has 11 residential communities (社区) under its administration.

Yuexiu, Guangzhou
Yuexiu District (Chinese: 越秀区; Jyutping: jyut6 sau3 keoi1) is one of 11 urban districts and the seat of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, China, located west of the Tianhe District and east of the Liwan District. It is the commercial, political and cultural centre of Guangdong and noted for its high-quality education. The area has served as a regional administrative center for nearly 2,000 years, and assumed its current boundaries in September 2005. The Guangdong provincial government and the Guangzhou city government are both located in the Yuexiu District. Yuexiu District has 18 subdistricts under its jurisdiction. The total area is 33.8 square kilometres (13.1 mi2). According to the 2020 Chinese Census, the permanent population of Yuexiu District was 1,038,643.