hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Languages of Portugal
The languages of Portugal are Portuguese, Mirandese, Portuguese Sign Language, Leonese and Caló, with the inclusion of other linguistic entities like argots and transitional languages.
Historically, Celtic and Lusitanian were spoken in what is now Portugal.

Mixed language
A mixed language, also referred to as a hybrid language or fusion language, is a type of contact language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole or pidgin language in that, whereas creoles/pidgins arise where speakers of many languages acquire a common language, a mixed language typically arises in a population that is fluent in both of the source languages.

Because all languages show some degree of mixing by virtue of containing loanwords, it is a matter of controversy whether the concept of a mixed language can meaningfully be distinguished from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages. Scholars debate to what extent language mixture can be distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing.
John Bard Manulis
John Bard Manulis (born September 8, 1956) is an American film, television and theater producer and director, entrepreneur and social justice activist. He has produced or executive produced more than 20 films, television programs, and theater productions, including Charlotte Sometimes, The Basketball Diaries, Swing Kids, Arctic Tale, Foxfire, HBO's Blindside, and The Umbilical Brothers: THWAK.

Manulis's projects integrate social and political themes  such as drug addiction (The Basketball Diaries); repression and rebellion (Swing Kids); AIDS, individual freedom, and biracial relationships (Daybreak); the Vietnam War (Intimate Strangers); female empowerment (Foxfire, V.I. Warshawski); poverty (American Idol Gives Back) and climate change/environmental consciousness (Arctic Tale).

Daybreak (1993 film)
Daybreak is a 1993 American sci-fi thriller television film written and directed by Stephen Tolkin, based on the 1987 Off-Broadway play Beirut by Alan Bowne. It stars Moira Kelly, Cuba Gooding Jr., Martha Plimpton, and Omar Epps, and aired on HBO on May 8, 1993.
2022 Championship League (invitational)
The 2022 Championship League Invitational (officially the 2022 BetVictor Championship League Snooker Invitational) was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place from 20 December 2021 to 4 February 2022 at the Morningside Arena in Leicester, England. It was the 18th staging of the Championship League.

Kyren Wilson was the defending champion, having beaten Mark Williams 3–2 in the final of the previous invitational edition of the tournament. His defence of the title ended in the Group 7 semi-finals, where he was beaten 3–1 by John Higgins.

John Higgins went on to win the tournament for the third time, beating Stuart Bingham 3–2 in the final.

Leicester Arena
The Leicester Arena (officially known as the Mattioli Arena due to sponsorship reasons) is a multi-purpose sports arena located in Leicester, England.

The arena has a seating capacity for 3,000 spectators and its main tenants are the Leicester Riders of the British Basketball League, whilst regularly hosting darts and snooker competitions.

From 2018 to 2024, the arena was known as Morningside Arena.
299 West 12th Street
299 West 12th Street is a residential building facing south onto Abingdon Square Park in the Greenwich Village Historic District on the west side of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was built by the developer brothers Bing & Bing and noted architect Emery Roth whose other works include The Beresford and The El Dorado.

The building was granted an occupancy license on July 30, 1931, opening initially as an "apartment hotel" with a kitchen on the ground floor. In 1986, 299 West 12th Street and its sister building, 302 West 12th Street, were converted into condominiums, containing mainly studio and one bedroom units. It houses 183 condominium apartments.

West Side (Manhattan)
The West Side of Manhattan refers to the side of Manhattan Island that abuts the Hudson River and faces the U.S. state of New Jersey. The major neighborhoods on the West Side are (from north to south) Inwood, Hudson Heights, Washington Heights, West Harlem, Morningside Heights, Manhattan Valley, the Upper West Side, Hell's Kitchen, Chelsea, the West Village, SoHo, and Tribeca. The 8th Avenue and West Side subway lines connect all parts of the West Side.

The main north–south roads servicing the West Side are the Henry Hudson Parkway in the north and the West Side Highway in the south. The Hudson River Greenway separates these highways from the island's western shore.
Ayran Tunnel (railway)
The Ayran Tunnel (Turkish: Ayran Tüneli), also known as the Amanus Tunnel (Turkish: Amanus Tüneli) or Bahçe Tunnel (Turkish: Bahçe Tüneli), is a 4,905 m (16,093 ft) long railway tunnel in southern Turkey. It carries the Adana-Aleppo railway through the Nur Mountains, at the eastern end of the Amanian Gate. Built by the Baghdad Railway between 1908 and 1917, the tunnel is currently owned by the Turkish State Railways. The tunnel begins just east of Bahçe and ends just north of Fevzipaşa.

Because the original alignment of the railway head south to Aleppo, all trains heading to eastern Turkey must reverse at Fevzipaşa. Due to the steep geography of the junction, no wyes or loops can be constructed, resulting in a bottle-neck along Turkey's busiest freight corridor. To circumvent this problem, a new tunnel is under construction. While the Ayran Tunnel heads south from Bahçe, the Nurdağ Tunnel will head east and connect directly to the Fevzipaşa-Kurtalan railway.

Fevzipaşa
Fevzipaşa is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of İslahiye, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,173 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is inhabited by Yörüks.
Moises Teixeira da Silva
Moises Teixeira da Silva is a convicted robber who escaped São Paulo, Brazil's Carandiru prison with about 100 others through a tunnel in 2001. He was serving a 25-year sentence at the time.

Since his escape, Moisés  is suspected of masterminding two major bank robberies in Brazil in 2005. In the second, Moisés  and his fellow thieves allegedly dug a 78-meter (256 ft) long tunnel from a rented house to Fortaleza's Central Bank's vault in Brazil, stealing €54.8m ($67.8m).

Renting
Renting, also known as hiring or letting, is an agreement where a payment is made for the use of a good, service or property owned by another over a fixed period of time. Typically a written agreement is signed to establish the roles and expectations of both the tenant and landlord.  There are many different types; a rental agreement tends to refer to short-term rental, whereas lease refers to longer-term rental, also known as leasing.
Steers (surname)
Steers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred E. Steers (1860–1948), American city magistrate and politician

Barry Steers (1927–2011), Canadian diplomat

Burr Steers (born 1965), American actor

Edward Steers, Jr., American historian

Edwin K. Steers (1915-1992), American politician

George Steers (1815–1856), American yacht designer

Henry Steers, American shipbuilder

Henry Steers (1832) (1832–1903), American shipbuilder

Hugh Auchincloss Steers (1963–1995), American painter

James Alfred Steers (1899–1987), British geographer and author

James Rich Steers (1808–1896), American yacht builder

Larry Steers (1888–1951), American actor

Newton Steers (1917–1993), American Republican politician

Thomas S. Steers (1804–1884), American police officer

Thomas Steers (1672–1750), English civil engineer

William D. Steers (born 1955), American urologist

Henry Steers
Henry Steers (1779 in Dartmouth, England – 1850 in New York, US) was a prominent nineteenth-century American shipbuilder of English descent, and the ancestor of a line of important businessmen in various boatbuilding and maritime construction concerns.
Snap cap
A snap cap is a firearm accessory device shaped like a standard cartridge/shotshell but contains no functional components, namely the primer, propellant (gunpowder) and projectile (bullet or slug). It serves the same purpose as a dummy round, but different in that a dummy is usually modified from a real cartridge with its propellant and primer removed (but still has the projectile crimped to the casing), while a snap cap has a monolithic outer shell and is specifically designed to be a fake cartridge from the very beginning.

The term "snap cap" is a generic trademark of the fake cartridge originally introduced by American firearm accessory brand "A-Zoom", and is a word play on percussion cap. It is now used to refer to any accessory product made to perform similar function.

Wordplay
Wordplay (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which words used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Examples of wordplay include puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, double entendres, and telling character names (such as in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, Ernest being a given name that sounds exactly like the adjective earnest).

Wordplay is quite common in oral cultures as a method of reinforcing meaning. Examples of text-based (orthographic) wordplay are found in languages with or without alphabet-based scripts, such as homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese.
John Philip II, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Salm-Dhaun
John Philip II of Salm-Dhaun (28 October 1645 – 26 June 1693) was Rhinegrave of Salm-Dhaun from 1673 until his death.  He was the son of Count John Louis of Salm-Dhaun and his wife, Elisabeth of Salm-Neufville.

Graf
Graf (German pronunciation: [ɡʁaːf] ⓘ; feminine: Gräfin [ˈɡʁɛːfɪn] ⓘ) is a historical title of the German nobility and later also of the Russian nobility, usually translated as "count". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title of "earl" (whose female version is "countess").

The German nobility was gradually divided into high and low nobility. The high nobility included those counts who ruled immediate imperial territories of "princely size and importance" for which they had a seat and vote in the Imperial Diet.
Second Battle of Tuxpan
The Second Battle of Tuxpan was one of the three small battles of the Mexican–American War to occur in Tuxpan, Mexico. The exact date is unknown but was fought between a landing force of Matthew C. Perry's Mosquito Fleet and Mexican soldiers and or militiamen. The engagement resulted in the death of one American sailor and the wounding of six others, two of which were wounded severely. Mexican casualties are unknown. The American occupation and blockade of Tuxpan continued, on June 30, another small skirmish erupted at the town, known as the Third Battle of Tuxpan.

Matthew C. Perry
Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a United States Navy officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War. He led the Perry Expedition that ended Japan's isolationism and signed the Convention of Kanagawa between Japan and the United States in 1854.

Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States.
Type 922 rescue and salvage ship
Type 922 rescue and salvage ship is a series of rescue and salvage ships developed by China for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), and after decades of service they still remain active in other Chinese governmental establishments.

Salvage tug
A salvage tug, also known historically as a wrecking tug, is a specialized type of tugboat that is used to rescue ships that are in distress or in danger of sinking, or to salvage ships that have already sunk or run aground.
Amidol
Amidol is a colorless crystalline compound with the molecular structure C6H3(NH2)2OH.  It is a dihydrogen chloride salt and is used as a photographic developer. It was introduced as a developing agent for photographic papers in 1892. It is unusual amongst developing agents as it works most effectively in slightly acid conditions rather than the strongly alkaline conditions required for most other developers. As amidol ages it changes color to a dark red-brown. Developing dishes and equipment used to prepare amidol solutions are also frequently stained brown, a stain that is very persistent.

Prints developed in amidol are typically a very warm brown-black color, but overdevelopment can quickly lead to chemical fogging.

Amidol's color change upon oxidation is used to advantage as a convenient colorimetric method for measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration in water supplies, rivers, etc.

Fogging (photography)
Fogging in photography is the deterioration in the quality of the image or the negative  caused either by extraneous light, other electromagnetic radiation, radioactivity or the effects of a processing chemical. It is seen either as deposition of silver or dyes across all or part of the image unrelated to the original exposure. It can be confused with chemical staining that can be produced from poorly compounded developer, contamination of processing baths or poor washing after processing.
Daniel Grodnik
Daniel Grodnik (born May 30, 1952) is an American film producer living in Los Angeles, California.

In 1989/1990, he and partner actor Tim Matheson took over National Lampoon, with Grodnik becoming the company's chairman and CEO.

Mr. Grodnik is a member of the Producers Guild of America and the Writers' Guild.

Grodnik is also an adjunct professor at the Dodge College of Film and Media Arts at Chapman University and annually grades the master's thesis in the Peter Stark producing program at his alma mater, the University of Southern California.

Dodge College of Film and Media Arts
Dodge College of Film and Media Arts is one of 10 schools constituting Chapman University, located in Orange, California, 40 miles (64 km) south of Los Angeles. The school offers undergraduate and graduate degrees, with programs in film production, screenwriting, creative producing, news, documentary, public relations, advertising, digital arts, film studies, television writing, producing, and screen acting.

Dodge College has approximately 1,465 students: 1,209 in the undergraduate program and 256 in the graduate program.

The school has regularly ranked in the top 10 of The Hollywood Reporter's annual Best U.S. Film School rankings.
Nihal Silva
Dahanayakage Nihal Ranjith Silva (Sinhala:නිහාල් සිල්වා) (10 January 1954 – 3 December 1989), popularly known as Nihal Silva, was a Sri Lankan comedian and actor. He rose to fame playing Sargeant  Nallathambi in the play of the same name. The character was a stereotypical Tamil Hindu with a bald head, small moustache, police suit and Vibhuti, three lines of ash, on his forehead.

Vibhuti
In Hinduism, vibhuti (Sanskrit: विभूति, romanized: vibhūti), also called bhasmam or tirunīru, is sacred ash made of burnt dried wood, burnt cow dung and/or cremated bodies used in Agamic rituals. Devotees of Shiva apply vibhuti traditionally as three horizontal lines across the forehead (also known as tripundra) and other parts of the body.

According to the Shiva Purana, the particles of ash which cling to the skin when tripundra is applied are to be considered to be individual lingams. The scriptures further state that bhasma purifies the soul and elevates the devotee of Shiva, and that works done without wearing bhasma are fruitless. There are various methods for the application of the ashes, according to the Shiva Purana, and various mantras to be recited during application.
James McManus (Iowa politician)
James McManus (10 November 1804 – 15 February 1879) was an American politician.

McManus was born in Newark, Delaware, on 10 November 1804. He settled on Long Island, New York, where he worked as a stonemason at Fort Hamilton. McManus married Mystic, Connecticut native Sarah Whittlesey on 10 March 1831. He moved to what is now Iowa in the 1830s, and sent for his wife and seven children the following year. They lived in Davenport, and owned a farm.

Politically, McManus was affiliated with the Whigs and served in the first convocation of the Iowa General Assembly in 1846 as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives. He was also the founding treasurer and a founding trustee of Iowa College, established in the same year. McManus died on 15 February 1879.

Mystic, Connecticut
Mystic is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in Groton and Stonington, Connecticut.

Mystic was a significant Connecticut seaport with more than 600 ships built over 135 years starting in 1784. Mystic Seaport, located in the village, is the largest maritime museum in the United States and has preserved a number of sailing ships, such as the whaling ship Charles W. Morgan. The village is located on the Mystic River which flows into Fishers Island Sound. The Mystic River Bascule Bridge crosses the river in the center of the village.  The name "Mystic" is derived from the Pequot term "missi-tuk" describing a large river whose waters are driven into waves by tides or wind. The population was 4,348 at the 2020 census.
Paseo del Prado
The Paseo del Prado is one of the main boulevards in Madrid, Spain. It runs north–south between the Plaza de Cibeles and the Plaza del Emperador Carlos V (also known as Plaza de Atocha), with the Plaza de Cánovas del Castillo (the location of the Fuente de Neptuno, and of the Ritz and Palace five-star hotels) lying approximately in the middle. The Paseo del Prado forms the southern end of the city's central axis (which continues to the north of Cibeles as the Paseo de Recoletos, and further north as the Paseo de la Castellana). It enjoys the status of Bien de Interés Cultural (BIC), and as part of a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site with Buen Retiro Park.

Boulevard
A boulevard is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America, any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district.

In Europe, boulevards were originally circumferential roads following the line of former city walls.

In North American usage, boulevards may be wide, multi-lane thoroughfares divided with only a central median.
Martial Masters
Martial Masters (Chinese: 形意拳 Xíngyìqúan) is an arcade  fighting game developed by International Game System (IGS) of Taiwan and originally released in 1999 on their PolyGame Master arcade board. The game was released in Japan in 2000 as Shin-Ī Ken (シンイーケン), and was brought over to the United States by Andamiro in 2001 as Martial Masters. The setting and characters draw inspiration from Hong Kong martial arts films. It was not ported to other platforms until 2023 when it was released as part of  IGS Classic Arcade Collection on Nintendo Switch.

The Scorpion King (1992 film)
The Scorpion King (released in Hong Kong as Operation Scorpio) (Chinese: 羯子戰士) is a 1992 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by David Lai, and produced by Sammo Hung. The film stars Chin Kar-lok, Lau Kar-leung and Kim Won-jin. The film was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 12 November 1992.
John Green (footballer, born 1894)
John A. Green (September 1894 – 1966), sometimes known as Jack Green, was an English professional footballer who played as an inside right in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers. He also played in non-League football for Prescot Cables and Formby

Prescot Cables F.C.
Prescot Cables Football Club is a supporter-owned football club based in Prescot, Merseyside. It was established in 1884 and has also been known as Prescot and Prescot Town. They compete in the Northern Premier League Premier Division and play their home games at Valerie Park. They are a member of the Liverpool County Football Association.

The "Cables" in their name came from the largest local employer in Prescot, British Insulated Cables, which was founded in 1890 as the British Insulated Wire Company, and later became part of British Insulated Callender's Cables. Prescot Wire Works were founder members of the Liverpool County Football Combination league and were runners three times in the years leading up to the First World War.
Warren Shire
Warren Shire is a local government area in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Macquarie River and the Mitchell and Oxley Highways.  The use of the area is mainly for wool and cotton growing.

The shire was formed on 1 January 1957 through the amalgamation of Marthaguy Shire with the Municipality of Warren. The shire includes the regional towns of Warren and Nevertire.

On October 10, 2024, Cr. Greg Whiteley was elected unopposed as the new mayor of Warren Shire Council,
stepping into the role previously held by long-serving Mayor Milton Quigley.

Oxley Highway
Oxley Highway is a rural highway in New South Wales, Australia, linking Nevertire, Gilgandra, Coonabarabran, Tamworth, and Walcha to Port Macquarie, on the coast of the Tasman Sea. It was named to commemorate John Oxley, the first European to explore much of inland New South Wales in 1818.
Talking to India
Talking to India is a book authored by E. M. Forster, Ritchie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and others, and published by Allen and Unwin in 1943. It was edited by George Orwell following his time at the BBC Radio Eastern Service. It includes a chapter by Venu Chitale.

Xiao Qian
Xiao Qian (Chinese: 萧乾; born Xiao Bingqian (Chinese: 蕭秉乾); 27 January 1910 – 11 February 1999), also known by the alias Ruoping (若萍), was a famous essayist, editor, journalist and translator from China. His life spanned the country's history before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
Mayasura
Maya (Sanskrit: मय) or Mayāsura (मयासुर), also called Maya Danava, is a figure in Hindu history, described as the king of the Danavas, a race of beings descending from Kashyapa and his wife Danu. He is known for his architectural expertise, credited with creating the Mayasabha (Hall of Illusions) for the Pandavas and Tripura (Three cities) for the sons of Tarakasura. In the Ramayana, he is mentioned as the father-in-law of Ravana. He is presented as an architect of Maya (the illusory material reality). In the Surya Siddhanta 1.02, Mayāsura is described as a Daitya who received divine astronomical knowledge from the Sun God sometime around the end of Satya Yuga.

Hindu mythology
Hindu mythology refers to the collection of myths associated with Hinduism, derived from various Hindu texts and traditions. These myths are found in sacred texts such as the Vedas, the Itihasas (the Mahabharata and the Ramayana), and the Puranas. They also appear in regional and ethnolinguistic texts, including the Bengali Mangal Kavya and the Tamil Periya Puranam and Divya Prabandham. Additionally, Hindu myths are also found in widely translated fables like the Panchatantra and the Hitopadesha, as well as in Southeast Asian texts influenced by Hindu traditions.