hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Najaf (2007)
The Battle of Najaf took place on 28 January 2007 at Zarqa (also spelled Zarga) near Najaf, Iraq, between Iraqi Security Forces (later assisted by U.S. and UK forces) and fighters, initially thought to be Sunni insurgents but later reported to be members of the Shia Islam cult Soldiers of Heaven, who had joined a gathering of worshippers – or, by other accounts, a conflict, originally between an Iraqi government forces checkpoint and 200 armed pilgrims, which then expanded to include local residents, the Soldiers of Heaven group, and UK and U.S. forces. Reportedly, over 250 cult members and 11-25 members of the Iraqi security forces, and two U.S. soldiers were killed.

Iraqi security forces
The Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) was a term used by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) to describe law enforcement and military forces of the federal government of the Republic of Iraq. During the initial U.S. phase of the Iraq War from 2003-2010, these entities received training and instruction from the multinational Multi-National Force – Iraq. After U.S. forces reentered Iraq, after the rise of the Islamic State, they received training and assistance from the U.S. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.

According to Article 121 of Iraq's constitution, the federal regions are responsible for the establishment and organization of internal security forces of their respective regions. Therefore, Peshmerga is not within the scope of this term.
The Eagle and the Wolves
The Eagle and The Wolves is a 2003 novel by Simon Scarrow, the fourth book in the Eagles of the Empire series where main characters Macro and Cato command two cohorts of soldiers made up of warriors and nobles from the Atrebatan kingdom. This book follows their adventures in 44 AD during the occupation of Britain by  Rome and Caratacus's following rebellion.

Cohort (military unit)
A cohort (from the Latin cohors, pl.: cohortes; see wikt:cohors for full inflection table) was a standard tactical military unit of a Roman legion. Although the standard size changed with time and situation, it was generally composed of 480 soldiers. A cohort is considered to be the equivalent of a modern military battalion. The cohort was the most important tactical unit in the Roman army. They could operate independently and offered flexibility and maneuverability, allowing the legions to quickly adapt to different combat situations. The cohort replaced the maniple. From the late second century BC and until the middle of the third century AD, ten cohorts (about 5,000 men total) made up a legion. Cohorts were named "first cohort", "second cohort", etc. The first cohort consisted of experienced legionaries, while the legionaries in the tenth cohort were less experienced.
Swimming at the 1979 Pan American Games – Men's 400 metre individual medley
The men's 400 metre individual medley competition of the swimming events at the 1979 Pan American Games took place on 3 July at the Piscina Olimpica Del Escambron. The last Pan American Games champion was Steve Furniss of the United States.

This race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. The first two lengths were swum using the butterfly stroke, the second pair with the backstroke, the third pair of lengths in breaststroke, and the final two were freestyle.

Breaststroke
Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. In most swimming classes, beginners learn either the breaststroke or the freestyle (front crawl) first. However, at the competitive level, swimming breaststroke at speed requires endurance and strength comparable to other strokes. Some people refer to breaststroke as the "frog" stroke because the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming in the water. The stroke itself is the slowest of any competitive strokes and is thought to be the oldest of all swimming strokes.
Rachel Rath
Rachel Rath (born 2 October 1976, Gorey, County Wexford, Ireland) is an Irish film, television and theatre actress.

She has appeared in the films The Actors (2003), Laws of Attraction (2004), Ella Enchanted (2004) and Anton (2007). She has worked on a number of occasions with novelist and playwright Irvine Welsh, including starring in the European premiere of his play Babylon Heights and featuring in his short film directorial debut Nuts.

She also appeared in three feature films for Robbie Moffat: Cycle (2005), Axe Raiders (2005), and Dark Side of Heaven (2006). She founded 'The Attic Studio' with director Graham Cantwell in 2003, a network of Irish-based actors, writers and directors.

Graham Cantwell
Graham Cantwell (born 25 March 1974) is an Irish film and television director. He is best known for directing feature film Anton which achieved a three-week domestic cinema release and was nominated for three Irish Film and Television Awards in 2009. His short film A Dublin Story was shortlisted for Academy Award Nomination in 2004 having picked up several film festival awards. In 2010 he directed a new television drama The Guards for TV3 in Ireland. Most recently he directed a romantic comedy set in the film industry in London, The Callback Queen, which premiered at The Galway Film Fleadh in July 2013 and screened in the U.S. at The Jean Cocteau Cinema, owned and run by George R. R. Martin.

In addition to his directing works he is co-founder of Film Venture London and The Attic Studio in Dublin. In 2006 he developed and staged the European premiere of Babylon Heights by Irvine Welsh (of Trainspotting fame) and Dean Cavanagh.

He is represented by Felix de Wolfe in London.
Węgry, Pomeranian Voivodeship
Węgry ([ˈvɛnɡrɨ]) (German: Wengern) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sztum, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Sztum County
Sztum County (Polish: powiat sztumski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sztum, which lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. The only other town in the county is Dzierzgoń, lying 21 km (13 mi) east of Sztum.

The county was created, as a result of local pressure, in 2002. The area had been part of Malbork County.

The county covers an area of 730.85 square kilometres (282.2 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 41,476, out of which the population of Sztum is 9,940, that of Dzierzgoń is 5,364, and the rural population is 26,172.

Sztum County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Sztum County is bordered by Malbork County to the north, Elbląg County to the north-east, Ostróda County to the east, Iława County to the south-east, Kwidzyn County to the south and Tczew County to the west.
Horace Andy
Horace Andy (born Horace Keith Hinds, 19 February 1951) is a Jamaican roots reggae songwriter and singer, known for his distinctive vocals and hit songs such as "Skylarking", as well as "Government Land", "Angel", "Spying Glass", and "Five Man Army" with English trip hop group Massive Attack. He is also famous for a cover version of "Ain't No Sunshine". Andy is often described as one of the most respected and influential singers in Jamaica.

On-U Sound Records
On-U Sound Records is an English record label known for releasing its own unique flavour of dub music since the 1980s. The label was founded by Adrian Sherwood in 1979/1980 and is home to acts such as Tackhead, Dub Syndicate, African Head Charge, Akabu, The London Underground, Little Annie, Creation Rebel, Mark Stewart, Gary Clail (who would have a number of Top 40 hits, like "Human Nature", credited to Gary Clail On-U Sound System), New Age Steppers, Audio Active, Asian Dub Foundation, and the dub collective Singers & Players.
Lysa Tchaptchet
Lysa Tchaptchet Defo (born 20 December 2001) is a professional handballer who plays as a pivot for Danish club Odense Håndbold. Born in Cameroon, she moved to Spain at the age of 5, and she represents Spain at international level.

She is primarily a defensive player.

Tchaptchet represented Spain at the 2020 European Women's Handball Championship.

Spain women's national handball team
The Spain women's national handball team is governed by the Royal Spanish Handball Federation. Spain has been world and twice continental finalist. They also have won medals in the three main international competitions: one Olympic in 2012, two World Championship (2011, 2019) and two European Championship (2008, 2014).
Nada Lavrač
Nada Lavrač (born 1953) is a Slovenian computer scientist, the former head of the Department of Knowledge Technologies of the Jožef Stefan Institute in Ljubljana. Her research has involved expert systems, logic programming, and rule induction in data mining, especially for applications in medicine.

Rule induction
Rule induction is an area of machine learning in which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations.  The rules extracted may represent a full scientific model of the data, or merely represent local patterns in the data.

Data mining in general and rule induction in detail are trying to create algorithms without human programming but with analyzing existing data structures.: 415-  In the easiest case, a rule is expressed with “if-then statements” and was created with the ID3 algorithm for decision tree learning.: 7 : 348  Rule learning algorithm are taking training data as input and creating rules by partitioning the table with cluster analysis.: 7  A possible alternative over the ID3 algorithm is genetic programming which evolves a program until it fits to the data.: 2

Creating different algorithm and testing them with input data can be realized in the WEKA software.: 125  Additional tools are machine learning libraries for Python, like scikit-learn.
Andrew Young School of Policy Studies
The Andrew Young School of Policy Studies is a school of public policy and one of twelve colleges and schools that constitute Georgia State University. Founded in 1996 as the School of Policy Studies, it was renamed in 1999 for civil rights leader Andrew Young. The school offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degrees, as well as graduate certificate programs, through its Departments of Criminal Justice & Criminology, Economics, and Public Management & Policy, the School of Social Work, and the Urban Studies Institute. Its research centers include the Georgia Health Policy Center, the Georgia Policy Labs, and the Experimental Economics Center, along with the Public Finance Research Cluster, which encompasses the Fiscal Research Center, Center for State and Local Finance, and International Center for Public Policy.

Undergraduate degree
An undergraduate degree (also called a first degree or simply a degree) is an academic degree awarded to a student who has completed an undergraduate program of study. In the United States, undergraduate degrees are typically offered at institutions of higher education such as colleges and universities. The most common types are the associate degree and the bachelor's degree, with the latter usually requiring at least three to four years of full-time study to complete.

In other higher education systems, the scope of undergraduate education may extend up to the level of a master's degree. This structure is found, for example, in certain science courses in the United Kingdom and in some long-cycle medicine programs in continental Europe. Such qualifications are sometimes categorized as basic academic degrees or as first professional degrees.
Guicheng station
Guicheng Station (Chinese: 桂城站; pinyin: Guìchéng Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Gwaisìhng Jaahm) is an interchange station between the Guangfo line and Line 3 of the Foshan Metro.   It is located at the underground of the junction of Nanhai Avenue North (南海大道北) and Nangui Road (南桂路) in Guicheng Subdistrict, Nanhai District, Foshan, China. The station is situated at the central business district of Nanhai District, near the headquarters of Nanhai municipal government. Construction started in 2007 and was completed on 3 November 2010. The Line 3 station opened on 23 August 2024.

Interchange station
An interchange station or a transfer station is a train station for more than one railway route in a public transport system that allows passengers to change from one route to another, often without having to leave a station or pay an additional fare.

Transfer may occur within the same mode, or between rail modes, or to buses (for stations with bus termini attached). Such stations usually have more platforms than single route stations. These stations can exist in either commercial centers or on the city outskirts in residential areas. Cities typically plan for land use around interchange stations for development. Passengers may be required to pay extra fare for the interchange if they leave a paid area.
Steelend Victoria F.C.
Steelend Victoria Football Club (commonly known as Steelend Vics) were a Scottish football club. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, the club were historically based at Woodside Park in the village of Steelend by Saline, Fife (west of Dunfermline) before being dissolved in 2013.

An original Steelend Victoria side ran from 1946 until 1963, winning the Fife Junior Football League in 1951, before changing their name to Comrie Colliery F.C. after accepting assistance from the National Coal Board. This side were runners-up in the Fife League in 1976 before folding in 1988; the most recent version of the club was revived in 1995.

The SJFA was restructured prior to the 2006–07 season, and the Vics were positioned in the twelve-team East Region, Central Division. They finished eighth in the first and 10th in their second season in the division. In season 2013–14, Steelend could not complete their fixtures and withdrew membership of the Scottish Junior FA.

Saline, Fife
Saline (Scottish Gaelic: Sabhlan, earlier Sabhlaín, lit. 'little barn'; probably because tributes for the Crown were collected in a barn here in ancient times) is a village and parish in Fife, Scotland, situated 5 miles (8.0 km) to the north-west of Dunfermline. It lies in an elevated position on the western slopes of the Cleish Hills.

At the 2001 census the population was 1188, a decline from the 1235 recorded in the 1991 census. The village has a primary school, a parish church and a golf course. The glen runs from the bottom of the main street through to neighbouring Steelend.

The civil parish has a population of 1,762 (in 2011) and an area of 8,757 acres.

The village is dominated to the east-north-east by Saline Hill, 359 meters OD, with a hill fort on the eastern summit. The smaller hill to the south of east at Bandrum has a standing stone on the peak.
Adolescence
Adolescence (from Latin  adolescere 'to mature') is a transitional stage of human physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood (typically corresponding to the age of majority). Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins during preadolescence, particularly in females. Physical growth (particularly in males) and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late as 30. The World Health Organization definition officially designates adolescence as the phase of life from ages 10 to 19.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the scientific study of the processes by which animals and plants grow and develop. The field of developmental biology is further defined by its study of phenomena such as regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells within the adult organism.
Defoe (surname)
Defoe is a surname. Its origin is uncertain, it may be a variation of Foe or Fow or an Anglicized form of a French name, possibly Thevoz, Thevoux, de Vaux or Devaux, Dufau or Dufou. Notable people with the surname include:

Annette DeFoe (1890–1960), American silent film actress

Daniel Defoe (c. 1660–1731), English trader, writer, and journalist best known for writing Robinson Crusoe

David Defoe (born 1949), Dominican-Dutch cricketer

Gideon Defoe (born 1975), author of Pirates!

Jermain Defoe (born 1982), English footballer

Dr Peter Stanley Defoe (born 1952), Chartered Building Surveyor and author on Rights of Light The Validity of Daylight Calculations in Rights to Light Cases

Annette DeFoe
Annette DeFoe (born Gertrude Marie Aucoin; 1888 or 1889 – August 6, 1960), also known as Annette De Foe, was an American silent screen actress, known for her work in early romantic comedies.

DeFoe acted in stock theater in New Orleans before going to Los Angeles to perform for the E & R Jungle Film Company. She debuted with that company in the farce Hitting the High Places. She also acted with the Kalem Company in Jacksonville, Florida. In the early 1902s, DeFoe had leading roles in films made by John M. Stahl and Louis B. Mayer.

DeFoe died on August 6, 1960, at age 71 at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital.
Busby, Clarkston and Eaglesham (ward)
Busby, Clarkston and Eaglesham was one of six multi-member wards used to elect members of the East Renfrewshire Council between 2007 and 2017. It elected three Councillors.

As its name implies, the ward covered the suburban village of Busby and much of the suburban town of Clarkston (including the Carolside and Sheddens neighbourhoods) plus the village of Eaglesham, surrounded by an extensive rural hinterland including part of the developing Whitelee Wind Farm and the affluent hamlet of Waterfoot.

Prior to the 2017 Scottish local elections, arrangements across the country were subject to review, which concluded that East Renfrewshire's wards should be redrawn and the total number of representatives reduced from 20 to 18. Busby, Clarkston and Eaglesham was the ward which ceased to exist in this amendment, its territory divided between the Clarkston, Netherlee and Williamwood ward and the Newton Mearns South & Eaglesham ward.

Busby, East Renfrewshire
Busby is a village in East Renfrewshire, Scotland. Busby is in the Greater Glasgow urban area, but is administratively separate from Glasgow. It lies on the White Cart Water six miles (ten kilometres) south of Glasgow city centre and 3⁄4 mile (1.2 kilometres) northwest of the outskirts of East Kilbride. It directly adjoins the town of Clarkston, with which the village is closely associated.
São Tomé paradise flycatcher
The São Tomé paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone atrochalybeia), also known as São Tomé flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. The species was described by Thomas Richard Heywood Thomson in 1842, with Tchitrea atrochalybeia the binomial and Fernando Po given as the type locality. The species is endemic to São Tomé Island.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

Monarch flycatcher
The monarchs or monarch flycatchers (family Monarchidae) comprise a family of over 100 passerine birds which includes shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.

Monarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails. They inhabit forest or woodland across sub-Saharan Africa, south-east Asia, Australasia, and a number of Pacific islands. Only a few species migrate. Many species decorate their cup-shaped nests with lichen.
Vincent Ngema
Mzikayise Vincent Ngema (born 17 July 1950) is a South African politician who served in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2009. He was elected as a member of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) but crossed the floor to the National Democratic Convention (Nadeco) in September 2005. He was elected as secretary-general of Nadeco in April 2007.

Floor crossing (South Africa)
Floor crossing was a system introduced to the post-apartheid South African political system in 2002, under which members of Parliament, members of provincial legislatures and local government councillors could change political party (or form a new party) and take their seats with them when they did so. Floor crossing in South Africa was abolished in January 2009.
The Scribbler (film)
The Scribbler is a 2014 American science fiction thriller film directed by John Suits and written by Daniel Schaffer, based on his own graphic novel of same name. The film stars Katie Cassidy, Garret Dillahunt, Michelle Trachtenberg, Michael Imperioli, Gina Gershon, Sasha Grey, Kunal Nayyar, Ashlynn Yennie, Eliza Dushku, and Billy Campbell.

Sasha Grey
Marina Ann Hantzis (born 1988), known professionally as Sasha Grey, is an American actress, model, writer, musician, and former pornographic film actress. She began her acting career in the pornographic film industry, winning 15 awards for her work between 2007 and 2010, including the AVN Award for Female Performer of the Year in 2008.  In 2023, she was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame and the XRCO Hall of Fame.

After her 2009 feature film debut as the lead in Steven Soderbergh's The Girlfriend Experience, Grey starred in independent films including Open Windows, the Canadian black comedy horror film Smash Cut and the horror film Would You Rather. In 2011, she played a fictionalized version of herself in the HBO comedy-drama series Entourage.

Grey was a co-founder, singer, and writer of aTelecine, an industrial music band. She is the author of The Juliette Society trilogy of novels and also writes, directs, and co-produces films and music videos.
Ghost (Ghost album)
Ghost is the debut album by the Japanese band Ghost. It was originally released in 1990 and reissued by Drag City in 1997. The song Sun is Tangging also appeared on the compilation Tokyo Flashback Vol. 2 (1992).

Drag City (record label)
Drag City is an American independent record label based in Chicago, Illinois, established in the city in 1989 by Dan Koretzky and Dan Osborn. It specializes in indie rock, noise rock, psychedelic folk, alternative country, and experimental music. The label has featured numerous artists, including Bonnie "Prince" Billy, Bill Callahan, Joanna Newsom, and Silver Jews.
Água de Prata Aqueduct
38°34′34″N 7°54′44″W﻿ / ﻿38.57604°N 7.91221°W﻿ / 38.57604; -7.91221

The Aqueduct of Água de Prata (Portuguese: Aqueduto da Água de Prata), also known as the Évora Aqueduct, the Prata Aqueduct, and the Água de Prata Aqueduct, is a 16th-century water supply structure that brings water from springs northeast of Évora to the historic centre of the city in the Alentejo region of Portugal. The aqueduct is made of a linear series of arches and piping that is integrated into the city and has been protected as a national monument since 1910. The aqueduct is around 11 miles (18km) long.

Francisco de Arruda
Francisco de Arruda, (d. November 30, 1547), was a Portuguese architect and sculptor, most notable for his design of the Belém Tower in Lisbon, Portugal.

He was the younger brother of Diogo de Arruda and father of Miguel de Arruda. Francisco and Diogo de Arruda assimilated the flamboyant Gothic style and developed the Manueline style in their buildings.
Chenar Pakaneh
Chenar Pakaneh (Persian: چنارپاكنه, also Romanized as Chenār Pākaneh) is a village in Hana Rural District, Abadeh Tashk District, Neyriz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 5 families.

Hana Rural District (Bakhtegan County)
Hana Rural District (Persian: دهستان حناڈ) is in Hana District of Bakhtegan County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qasemabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Tom Shuli, now a city.