hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bhegadewadi
Bhegadewadi is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India. Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district.  Nearest railway stations around the village are  Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station

Khalapur taluka
Khalapur taluka is a subdistrict/upazila/tehsil in Raigad district of Maharashtra. The headquarters of the taluka is Khalapur village. This taluka belongs to the Karjat sub-division, and comprises 130 villages, 5 revenue circles and 25 sajas. 56 villages of this taluka come under NAINA. Khalapur toll naka is one of the busiest tolls in the state as it serves as an important transit point for goods from the Nhava Sheva port to automative and industrial belt of Pimpri-Chinchwad.
1996 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
The football (soccer) Campeonato Brasileiro Série B 1996, the second level of Brazilian National League, was played from August 8 to December 8, 1996. The competition had 25 clubs and two of them were promoted to Série A and three were to be relegated to Série C. The competition was won by União São João.

União São João finished the final phase group with the most points, and was declared 1996 Brazilian Série B champions, claiming the promotion to the 1997 Série A along with América-RN, the runners-up. The three worst ranked teams (Goiatuba, Sergipe and Central) were originally relegated to play Série C in 1997. However, with the cancellation of the relegations of Fluminense and Bragantino in the Série A, the three teams were kept in the Série B for 1997.

Campeonato Brasileiro Série C
The Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, commonly known as the Série C or the Brazilian Série C to distinguish it from the Italian Serie C, is the third tier of the Brazilian football league system.

Unlike the first and second divisions, the Série C is not played in a double round robin system, and the tournament is organized in a different format.

From 1981 to 2008, it was the lowest national division of the country. However, beginning in 2009, the Série C was reduced from 64 teams to 20 and the new Campeonato Brasileiro Série D was introduced. In its current format, the first phase is played in a single round, with 19 matches. The top eight teams qualify for a second stage and the top two of each 4-team group are promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, and the group winners decide the title. The four lowest-placed teams are relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.
Wilhelminism
The Wilhelmine period or Wilhelmian era (German: Wilhelminische Zeit, Wilhelminische Epoche) comprises the period of German history between 1888 and 1918, embracing the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II in the German Empire from the death of Kaiser Friedrich III until the end of World War I and Wilhelm's abdication during the November Revolution.

It represented an era of creative ferment in the society, politics, culture, art, literature, and architecture of Germany. It also roughly coincided with the late Victorian and Edwardian eras in the British Empire, the Gilded Age in the United States, the Belle Époque in the Third French Republic, and the Silver Age in the Russian Empire.

George-Kreis
The George-Kreis (German pronunciation: [ɡeːˈɔʁ.gə kʁaɪ̯s] ⓘ; George Circle) was an influential German literary group centred on the charismatic author Stefan George. Formed in the late 19th century, when George published a new literary magazine called Blätter für die Kunst ("Journal for the Arts"), the group featured many highly regarded writers and academics. In addition to sharing cultural interests, the circle reflected mystical and political themes within the sphere of the Conservative Revolutionary movement. The group disbanded when George died in December 1933.
Bracciano
Bracciano is a small town in the Italian region of Lazio, 30 kilometres (19 miles) northwest of Rome.  The town is famous for its volcanic lake (Lake Bracciano or "Sabatino", the eighth largest lake in Italy) and for a particularly well-preserved medieval castle Castello Orsini-Odescalchi.  The lake is widely used for sailing and is popular with tourists; the castle has hosted a number of events, especially weddings of actors and singers.

The town is served by an urban railway (Line FR3) which connects it with Rome (stations of Ostiense and Valle Aurelia) in about 55 minutes. Close to it lie the two medieval towns of Anguillara Sabazia and Trevignano Romano.

Trevignano Romano
Trevignano Romano is a small town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy. With a population of about 5,000, it is located on the volcanic Lake Bracciano. It is about 47 kilometres (29 mi) away from Rome.
Brussels tram route 82
The tram route 82 in Brussels, Belgium, is operated by STIB/MIVB, and connects Berchem-Sainte-Agathe railway station in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe to Drogenbos Castle in the Flemish municipality of Drogenbos. After 8 p.m., the route terminates at Brussels-South railway station, with connections to Drogenbos provided by tram route 32.

Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company
The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (French: Société des Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles or STIB; Dutch: Maatschappij voor het Intercommunaal Vervoer te Brussel or MIVB) is the local public transport operator in Brussels, Belgium. It is usually referred to in English by the double acronym STIB/MIVB, or by its French acronym, STIB.

STIB/MIVB is responsible for the Brussels Metro, Brussels trams and Brussels buses, linking with the De Lijn network in Flanders and the TEC network in Wallonia.
2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles
Bob and Mike Bryan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen.

Marray and Nielsen defeated Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău in the final, 4–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(5–7), 6–3 to win the gentlemen's doubles title at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships. Marray became the first British player to win the men's doubles title at Wimbledon since Pat Hughes and Raymond Tuckey in 1936. At the time, Nielsen was only the second Danish winner of a Grand Slam title, following his own grandfather, Kurt Nielsen, who won the mixed doubles at the 1957 U.S. National Championships.

Raymond Tuckey
Charles Raymond Davys Tuckey (15 June 1910 – 15 October 2005) was an English tennis player.

Raymond Tuckey and Pat Hughes won the doubles in Wimbledon in 1936, defeating Charles Hare and Frank Wilde in five sets. In 1937 he again reached the men's doubles finals at Wimbledon but this time lost with Pat Hughes against American team of Don Budge and Gene Mako in four sets. He was part of the winning British Davis Cup team in 1935 (against the US) and 1936 (against Australia) and of the 1937 team that lost the final to the US.

His mother, Agnes Tuckey, was, with Hope Crisp, the first winner of the Wimbledon mixed doubles in 1913. Agnes,  when in her fifties, partnered Raymond in the mixed doubles in 1931 and 1932, the only instance of a parent and child teaming up at the championships. His sister, Kay Tuckey, was also a tennis player.
Veterans' Advisory Committee on Education Improvement Act of 2013
The Veterans' Advisory Committee on Education Improvement Act of 2013 (H.R. 2011) is a bill that would extend through the end of 2015 the Veterans' Advisory Committee on Education.  It would also change the composition of people sitting on that board by including members from more recent wars.  Committee members include veterans from various wars and experts in fields such as education and management.  The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

113th United States Congress
The 113th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2013, to January 3, 2015, during the fifth and sixth years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States census. It first met in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2013, and it ended on January 3, 2015. Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress.

The Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House had a Republican majority; such a split would not be repeated until the 118th Congress. This was the last time Democrats held control of the Senate until the 117th Congress in 2021.
Regional airliner
A regional airliner, commuter airliner or feeder liner is a small airliner that is designed to fly up to 100 passengers on short-haul flights, usually feeding larger carriers' airline hubs from small markets. This class of airliners is typically flown by the regional airlines that are either contracted by or subsidiaries of the larger airlines. Regional airliners are used for short trips between smaller towns or from a larger city to a smaller city. Feeder liner, commuter, and local service are all alternative terms for the same class of flight operations.

Airline hub
An airline hub or hub airport is an airport used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations. Hubs serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to help get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system. An airline may operate flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve (via an intermediate connection) city-pairs that could otherwise not be economically served non-stop. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in which there are no hubs and nonstop flights are instead offered between spoke cities. Hub airports also serve origin and destination (O&D) traffic.
Elena Nurgalieva
Elena Leonidovna Nurgalieva (born 9 January 1976 in Perm Krai; Russian: Елена Леонидовна Нургалиева) is a Russian ultramarathon runner. She won the Comrades Marathon 8 times and the Two Oceans Marathon 4 times, and with her identical twin Olesya Nurgalieva dominated the Comrades and Two Oceans Marathons, South Africa's main ultramarathons, from 2003 to 2014.

Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, romanized: Permskiy kray, IPA: [ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj]; Komi-Permyak: Перем ладор, romanized: Perem lador) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Census).

The krai was formed on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relied heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.

The final period of the Paleozoic era, the Permian, is named after the Perm region.
Carrier generation and recombination
In solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistors and p-n junction diodes.

The electron–hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination in inorganic semiconductors, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band where generation of an electron is a transition from the valence band to the conduction band and recombination leads to a reverse transition.  Slow recombination rates (or equivalently, long carrier lifetimes) are a favorable attribute of the semiconductors that comprise solar cells.

Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale properties. Thus, solid-state physics forms a theoretical basis of materials science. Along with solid-state chemistry, it also has direct applications in the technology of transistors and semiconductors.
4 Lacertae
4 Lacertae is a single blue supergiant star in the northern constellation Lacerta, located about 2,600 light years away. This object visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.55. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −26 km/s. This star is a suspected member of the Lac OB1 association.

This blue supergiant star has a stellar classification of A0 Ib. The surface abundances show evidence of material that has been processed via the CNO cycle at the core. It has ten times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to about 59 times the Sun's radius. The star is around 25 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 28 km/s. It is believed to be a blue loop star that has already spent time as a red supergiant after fusing the hydrogen within its core.

OB association
An OB association is a loosely organized, gravitationally unbound group of young, massive, main sequence stars primarily of spectral types O and B, characterized by their high temperatures, blue color, luminous, and massive stars with masses between 10 and 90 times that of the Sun. Sometimes these late O and Early B stars are referred as OB stars. These associations typically contain 10 to 100 (or more) massive stars alongside numerous lower-mass stars, all sharing common motion vectors, ages, and chemical compositions, indicating a shared origin. Unlike denser star clusters, OB associations lack sufficient gravitational binding and can disperse over millions of years.
Flying Colors (band)
Flying Colors is an American supergroup composed of Mike Portnoy, Dave LaRue, Casey McPherson, Neal Morse, and Steve Morse. The band's mission, chartered by executive producer Bill Evans, is to combine complex music with accessible songwriting. Flying Colors, on Mascot Label Group, has released three studio albums, and three live albums, to commercial success and critical acclaim.

Kerry Livgren
Kerry Allen Livgren (born September 18, 1949) is an American musician, best known as one of the founding members and primary songwriters for the American rock band Kansas.

Livgren, raised in Topeka, Kansas, developed an early interest in music and songwriting. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he played in various bands, exploring spiritual themes in his lyrics. Livgren formed bands such as the Gimlets, Saratoga, and eventually Kansas. With Kansas, he achieved commercial success, writing hit songs like "Carry On Wayward Son" and "Dust in the Wind". In 1979, Livgren converted to evangelical Christianity, which influenced his subsequent work. He continued to work with Kansas, formed a new band called AD, and pursued a solo career. Livgren later formed a band called Proto-Kaw, which released new material until 2011. As the primary songwriter for Kansas, Livgren contributed to the band's worldwide success, with numerous Gold and multi-Platinum albums and over 14 million recordings sold.
Acizzia
Acizzia is a genus of psyllids belonging to the monotypic subfamily Acizziinae, with a worldwide distribution; it was erected by George Heslop-Harrison in 1961.

Species primarily feed on Acacia and Albizia species in Australia and have become widespread as their host plants are popular garden specimens. Damage to the leaves is generally mild, but economic damage on plantation species is occasionally reported.  Species are monophagous or oligophagous, for example:

Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae is common on Acacia baileyana,

Acizzia dodonaeae feeds on Dodonaea viscosa,

Acizzia jamatonica feeds on Albizia julibrissin,

Acizzia solanicola feeds on the genus Solanum,

Acizzia uncatoides feeds on Acacia melanoxylon and some Albizia species.

Dodonaea viscosa
Dodonaea viscosa, also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the Dodonaea (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, southern Asia and Australasia. Dodonaea is part of Sapindaceae, the soapberry family.

This species is notable for its extremely wide distribution, which it achieved only over the last 2 million years (from its region of origin in Australia) via oceanic dispersal. Harrington and Gadek (2009) referred to D. viscosa as having "a distribution equal to some of the world's greatest transoceanic dispersers".
Border Saddlemates
Border Saddlemates is a 1952 American Western film directed by William Witney, written by Albert DeMond and starring Rex Allen, Mary Ellen Kay, Slim Pickens, Roy Barcroft, Forrest Taylor and Jimmy Moss. The film was released on April 15, 1952 by Republic Pictures.

William Witney
William Nuelsen Witney (May 15, 1915 – March 17, 2002) was an American film and television director. He is best remembered for the action films he made for Republic Pictures, particularly serials: Dick Tracy Returns, G-Men vs. the Black Dragon, Daredevils of the Red Circle, Zorro's Fighting Legion, and Drums of Fu Manchu. Prolific and pugnacious, Witney began directing while still in his 20s, and continued working until 1982.
WYPX-TV
WYPX-TV (channel 55) is a television station licensed to Amsterdam, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as an affiliate of Ion Television. Owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings, the station has offices on Charles Boulevard in Guilderland, and its transmitter is located in the Helderberg Escarpment in New Scotland.

Guilderland, New York
Guilderland is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. In the 2020 census, the town had a population of 36,848. The town is named for the  Gelderland province in the Netherlands.
The town of Guilderland is on the central-northwest border of the county. It is just west of Albany, the capital of the U.S. state of New York.
Sjoerd Soeters
Sjoerd Soeters (born 2 August 1947 in Nes) is a well-known postmodern Dutch architect.  Among other projects, he is known for his work on Amsterdam's Java Island and Houthaven, Copenhagen's Sluseholmen, the apartment complex "The Pyramids" (De Piramides), and for the redevelopment of Zaandam.

Zaandam
Zaandam (Dutch pronunciation: [zaːnˈdɑm] ⓘ) is a city in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad and received city rights in 1811. It is located on the river Zaan, just north of Amsterdam.

The statistical district Zaandam, which encompasses both the city and the surrounding countryside, has about 76,804 residents. Zaandam was a separate municipality until 1974, when it became a part of the new municipality of Zaanstad.
Kress High School
Kress High School is a public high school located in Kress, Texas (USA) and classified as a 1A school by the UIL.  It is part of the Kress Independent School District located in southern Swisher County.  In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Swisher County, Texas
Swisher County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 6,971. Its county seat is Tulia. The county was created in 1876 and later organized in 1890. It is named for James G. Swisher, a soldier of the Texas Revolution and signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence.

At one time, the large JA Ranch, founded by Charles Goodnight and John George Adair, and later owned by Goodnight and Cornelia Adair, reached into six counties, including Swisher.
Electoral district of Glenorchy
The electoral district of Glenorchy was a single-member electoral district of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. It was based in the northern suburbs of Tasmania's capital city, Hobart, and included New Town, Moonah and Glenorchy.

The seat was created ahead of the Assembly's first election held in 1856, and was abolished when the Tasmanian parliament adopted the Hare-Clark electoral model in 1909.

Glenorchy, Tasmania
Glenorchy is a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Glenorchy is bound by the River Derwent to the east, Mount Wellington to the west, Hobart City to the south and Brighton to the north. The city officially begins at Creek Road New Town, in Hobart's northern suburbs, and includes, Moonah, Derwent Park, Lutana, Goodwood, Montrose, Rosetta, Berriedale, Chigwell, Claremont and Austins Ferry. It is the seat of the local government area of the same name, the City of Glenorchy.

Glenorchy draws its name from Glen Orchy, Scotland, meaning "Glen of tumbling waters".
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks (German: Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen) is an incomplete book by Friedrich Nietzsche. He had a clean copy made from his notes with the intention of publication. The notes were written around 1873. In it he discussed five Greek philosophers from the sixth and fifth centuries BC. They are Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Anaxagoras. He had, at one time, intended to include Democritus, Empedocles, and Socrates. The book ends abruptly after the discussion of Anaxagoras's cosmogony.

Empedocles
Empedocles (/ɛmˈpɛdəkliːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἐμπεδοκλῆς; c. 494 – c. 434 BC, fl. 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is known best for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements. He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements, respectively.

Empedocles challenged the practice of animal sacrifice and killing animals for food. He developed a distinctive doctrine of reincarnation. He is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to have recorded his ideas in verse. Some of his work survives, more than is the case for any other pre-Socratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.
Iuda Grossman
Iuda Solomonovich Grossman (7 February 1883 – 6 June 1934), also known by his pen name Iuda Roshchin, was a Ukrainian anarchist-communist and art critic. During the 1905 Revolution, he led the Black Banner organisation in Białystok and became a vocal critic of anarcho-syndicalism after the death of his brother Abram Grossman. After the revolution was suppressed, he fled into exile, where he joined the internationalist opposition to World War I. He returned from exile during the 1917 Revolution and became a supporter of the Bolsheviks, for which he was labelled a "Soviet anarchist". He later became a literary critic for the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers.

Social revolution
Social revolutions are sudden changes in the structure and nature of society. These revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed society, economy, culture, philosophy, and technology along with, though more than solely, the political systems.