hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of Libya
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Libya. Libya is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.

Postal history
Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is attributed to Robson Lowe, a professional philatelist, stamp dealer and stamp auctioneer, who made the first organised study of the subject in the 1930s and described philatelists as "students of science", but postal historians as "students of humanity".  More precisely, philatelists describe postal history as the study of rates, routes, markings, and means (of transport).
Timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war (29 August – 11 November 2022)
This timeline of the Russo-Ukrainian war covers the period from 29 August 2022, when Ukraine's Kherson counteroffensive started, to 11 November 2022 when Ukrainian troops retook Kherson. In between, Ukraine launched a successful counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast. Starting in October, Russia began a campaign of massive strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure.

This timeline is a dynamic and fluid list, and as such may never satisfy criteria of completeness. Please note that some events may only be fully understood and/or discovered in retrospect.

Darya Dugina
Darya Aleksandrovna Dugina (Russian: Дарья Александровна Дугина; 15 December 1992 – 20 August 2022), also known under the pen name Daria Platonova (Russian: Дарья Платонова), was a Russian journalist, political scientist, and activist. She was the daughter of Aleksandr Dugin, a far-right political philosopher, whose political views and support for Vladimir Putin she shared.

She was killed in August 2022 in a car bombing on the outskirts of Moscow. Later, Vasyl Malyuk, the head of the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), indirectly confirmed Ukraine's involvement in the assassination.
Excirolana chiltoni
Excirolana chiltoni, commonly known as "sand piranha", is a species of isopod in the family Cirolanidae. They are native to warm tropical/subtropical nearshore shallow waters of Pacific coasts, from Japan and Korea to South China in the west and from the Pacific Northwest to Chocó Colombia in the east, being commonly described as a "water-line isopod".

E. chiltoni grows to be around 8 mm (0.31 in) long and can form swarms of more than 1,000 individuals. They are scavengers/detritivores that spend most of their lives burrowed beneath the sandy beaches (i.e. arenicolous), and are most active during high tides. They feed on proteinaceous materials such as decaying carcasses of dead aquatic animals that are washed ashore, and can occasionally vigorously bite and chew on the skin of beachgoing humans and other animals.

Shallow water marine environment
Shallow water marine environment refers to the neritic marine environment between the shore and the shelf break. This environment is characterized by oceanic, geological and biological conditions, as described below, and water in this environment is shallow and clear, allowing the formation of different sedimentary structures, carbonate rocks, coral reefs, and allowing certain organisms to survive and become fossils.
2797 Teucer
2797 Teucer /ˈtjuːsər/ is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 110 kilometers (68 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 June 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The dark D-type asteroid belongs to the 20 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 10.15 hours. It was named after the Greek hero and great archer, Teucer.

Anderson Mesa Station
Anderson Mesa Station is an astronomical observatory established in 1959 as a dark-sky observing site for Lowell Observatory. It is located at Anderson Mesa in Coconino County, Arizona, about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Lowell's main campus on Mars Hill in Flagstaff, Arizona.
HMS Amethyst (1799)
HMS Amethyst was a Royal Navy 36-gun Penelope-class fifth-rate frigate, launched in 1799 at Deptford. Amethyst served in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, capturing several prizes. She also participated in two boat actions and two ship actions that won her crew clasps to the Naval General Service Medal. She was broken up in 1811 after suffering severe damage in a storm.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Listed buildings in Old Laund Booth
Old Laund Booth is a civil parish in Pendle, Lancashire, England. It contains 17 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  All of the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish contains the villages of Fence and Wheatley, and surrounding countryside.  Most of the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings, the others being two churches, a school, and a public house.

Borough of Pendle
Pendle is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire, England. The council is based in Nelson, the borough's largest town. The borough also includes the towns of Barnoldswick, Brierfield, Colne and Earby along with the surrounding villages and rural areas. Part of the borough lies within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Burnley, Ribble Valley, North Yorkshire, Bradford and Calderdale.
Lenny Lipton
Leonard Lipton (May 18, 1940 – October 5, 2022) was an American author, filmmaker, lyricist, and inventor. At age 19, Lipton wrote the poem that became the basis for the lyrics to the song "Puff, the Magic Dragon". He wrote books on independent filmmaking and was a pioneer in the field of projected three-dimensional imagery. Lipton developed 3D technology that is used in RealD 3D theaters and is used to show 3D films on more than 30,000 theater screens worldwide.

In 2021, he published The Cinema in Flux, an 800-page illustrated book on the history of cinema technology.

Cinémathèque française
The Cinémathèque française (French pronunciation: [sinematɛk fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; French cinematheque), founded in 1936, is a French non-profit film organization that holds one of the largest archives of film documents and film-related objects in the world. Based in Paris' 12th arrondissement, the archive offers daily screenings of films from around the world. It is the second oldest cinematheque in France, after Cinematheque de Saint-Etienne, which was founded in 1922.
Hit Me Up (Danny Fernandes song)
"Hit Me Up" is a song by Canadian singer Danny Fernandes. The song features Josh Ramsay, lead vocalist for pop punk band Marianas Trench and rapper Belly. It was the fourth single released from his second album AutomaticLUV. The song was released in October 2011 on radio and was later released on iTunes on December 13, 2011.

Marianas Trench (band)
Marianas Trench is a Canadian pop rock band from Vancouver. They have released six studio albums: Fix Me (2006), Masterpiece Theatre (2009), Ever After (2011), Astoria (2015), Phantoms (2019), and Haven (2024). The band has been nominated for seven Juno Awards and won Group of the Year in 2013. They have received praise for their showmanship, vocal harmonies, and genre-blending music. Their albums Masterpiece Theatre and Ever After have reached double-platinum status, while their singles "Haven't Had Enough", "Desperate Measures", "Fallout", "Stutter", and "All to Myself" are certified 3× platinum in Canada.
USS Osprey II
USS Osprey II (SP-928) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1918.

Osprey II was built as a private motorboat of the same name by Williams-Whittlesey Co. in New York City. On 10 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her from her owner, C. R. Runyon, for use as a section patrol boat during World War I. She was commissioned as USS Osprey II (SP-928) on 5 November 1917.

Assigned to the 3rd Naval District Osprey II operated on patrol duties in the Marine Basin and New York Harbor.

In July 1918, Osprey II was deemed to have proven unsuitable for naval use. Decommissioned at the shipyard of the Charles L. Seabury Company at Morris Heights in the Bronx, New York, she was returned to Runyon on 26 December 1918.

Morris Heights, Bronx
Morris Heights is a residential neighborhood located in the West Bronx. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: West Burnside Avenue to the north, Jerome Avenue to the east, the Cross-Bronx Expressway to the south, and the Harlem River to the west. University Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Morris Heights.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 5, and its ZIP Codes include 10452 and 10453. The area is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 46th Precinct. New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) property in the area is patrolled by P.S.A. 7 at 737 Melrose Avenue in the Melrose section of the Bronx.
Malcolm Licari
Malcolm Licari (born 18 April 1978 in Pietà, Malta) is a retired professional footballer playing for Pietà Hotspurs, Marsaxlokk, Floriana, Balzan and Rabat Ajax in the Maltese Premier League, where he plays as a striker, and also occasionally as a defender. Malcolm Licari used to be captain of Marsaxlokk before his move to Floriana at the end of 2011.

During the early stages of his career with Pietà Hotspurs, Malcolm was usually employed as a flank player or forward, but later on during his Marsaxlokk career, Licari became primarily a right-sided wingback. He is also a set piece taker, and was often Marsaxlokk's a penalty kick taker.

Rabat Ajax F.C.
Rabat Ajax Football Club is a Maltese football club based in Rabat. The last promotion to the Maltese Premier League was achieved in the 2011–12 season, when they earned promotion after finishing second behind Melita. In the 2020–21 National Amateur League season, the club finished 4th in group B, qualifying for the promotion playoffs. After beating Msida St. Joseph and Marsaskala in the quarter and semi finals respectively, they reached the final against Kirkop United. The Magpies won the final 2–1, securing themselves the fourth and final promotion spot to the following seasons Challenge League.
Four corner fusion
Four corner fusion, or partial wrist arthrodesis, is a procedure which involves resection/removal of the scaphoid bone and fixation of the remaining wrist bones with a plate or wires. The procedure is usually performed due to wrist arthritis or due to scaphoid collapse. This surgical intervention is often needed as treatment for patients with wrist osteoarthritis.

Scaphoid bone
The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist (also called the lateral or radial side). It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium cashew nut.
You Won't Let Me
"You Won't Let Me" is a song by American recording artist Rachael Yamagata from her third studio album Chesapeake (2011). It was written by Yamagata and Mike Viola, with Indaba Music producing the track. Described as a "pleading ballad", the song is about "showing someone how to laugh".

Rachael Yamagata
Rachael Amanda Yamagata (born September 23, 1977) is an American singer-songwriter and pianist from Arlington, Virginia. She began her musical career with the band Bumpus before becoming a solo artist and releasing five EPs and four studio albums. Her songs have appeared on numerous television shows and she has collaborated with Jason Mraz, Rhett Miller, Bright Eyes, Ryan Adams, Toots and the Maytals, Ray Lamontagne and Matt Nathanson.
Priscilla Lun
Priscilla Lun (born 21 October 1990) is an American badminton player. She started playing badminton at aged 11, and in 2008, she won the gold medal at the Pan Am Junior Badminton Championships. She also part of the USA women's team who competed at the 2010 Uber Cup in Malaysia.

Pan Am Junior Badminton Championships
The Pan Am Junior Badminton Championships is a tournament organized for the 29th time in July 2021 by the Badminton Pan Am (BPA) confederation to crown the best badminton junior players in the Americas.

The tournament is played in a juniors mixed team event for under 19 and a juniors individual event for different age groups simultaneously.  Member countries of Badminton Pan Am can apply in advance as candidates to organize the event. The Pan Am Junior Team Badminton Championship is being played annually for the Charles Nowles Memorial Trophy.
Nyack Water Works
Nyack Water Works, also known as the Nyack Water Works Company was established on March 28, 1873 by William Voorhis and initially drew water from springs and wells. Population growth led to the use of three reservoirs, the Hackensack River and a steam-powered pump house. The Nyack Water Department was created when the Village of Nyack purchased Nyack Water Works from Voorhis' family via eminent domain for $107,000 in 1896 (equivalent to $4,044,172 in 2024) after other attempts to provide water to the villages.

Hackensack River
The Hackensack River is a river, about 45 miles (72 km) long, in the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey, emptying into Newark Bay, a back chamber of New York Harbor. The watershed of the river includes part of the suburban area outside New York City just west of the lower Hudson River, which it roughly parallels, separated from it by the New Jersey Palisades. It also flows through and drains the New Jersey Meadowlands. The lower river, which is navigable as far as the city of Hackensack, is heavily industrialized and forms a commercial extension of Newark Bay.

Once believed to be among the most polluted watercourses in the United States, it staged a modest revival by the late 2000s. The river is divided into the upper river, north of the Oradell Reservoir and Oradell Dam, and lower river, south of the reservoir and dam.
Film Festival Kitzbühel
Film Festival' Kitzbuehel is an Austrian international film festival focusing on emerging filmmakers that takes place in Kitzbuehel/Tyrol in the last week of August each year.
The Film Festival Kitzbuehel offers filmmakers from all over the world the opportunity for their works to be shown, discussed and promoted. The festival comprises competitive sections for national and international fiction and documentary feature films as well as short films and a group of out-of-competition sections, including the Spotlights, In Persona, Heimat, Mountain Sport Shorts and a Retrospective.
A particular emphasis is put on films from the EU and, starting in 2017, Film Festival Kitzbuehel has entered partnerships with Transilvania International Film Festival, Sofia International Film Festival, and Bolzano Filmfestival

Mario Adorf
Mario Adorf (German: [ˈmaː.ʁio ˈaː.dɔʁf] ⓘ; born 8 September 1930) is a German actor, considered to be one of the great veteran character actors of European cinema.  Since 1954, he has played both leading and supporting roles in over 200 film and television productions, among them the 1979 Oscar-winning film The Tin Drum. He is also the author of several successful mostly autobiographical books.
Jacquez Green
D'Tanyian Jacquez "Quezi" Green (born January 15, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver and punt returner in the National Football League (NFL) for five seasons during the 1990s and early 2000s.  Green played college football for the Florida Gators, earning consensus All-American honors in 1997.  He was a second-round pick in the 1998 NFL draft, and played professionally for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Washington Redskins and the Detroit Lions of the NFL.

Return specialist
A return specialist, subcategorized as kick or punt returners, is a player on the special teams unit of a gridiron football team who specializes in returning kickoffs and punts. There are few players who are exclusively return specialists; most also play another position such as wide receiver, cornerback, or running back. The special teams counterpart of a return specialist is a kicking specialist.

According to All-American Venric Mark, "Returning punts is harder. You have to judge the ball more, you have to know when to fair catch and when not to. You can't be a superhero and try to catch everything. With kickoff returns, you catch the ball and—boom—you're going."
Stupidedia
Stupidedia (from Stupid and encyclopedia) is a German-language wiki featuring satirically themed and humorous articles. Stupidedia is the largest German-language wiki of this kind, with over 23,942 articles as of January 2018. It uses MediaWiki software, like many other wikis. Some articles of celebrities which are considered overly offensive, such as their article on Heino or Bushido, have been blocked. The site was launched in 2004, a year prior to its English counterpart, Uncyclopedia, which has since surpassed the website in popularity due to its closure to new users since 1 February 2018.

Heino
Heinz Georg Kramm (born 13 December 1938), known professionally as Heino, is a German singer of Schlager and traditional Volksmusik. Having sold a total of over 50 million records, he is one of the most successful German musicians of all time.

Heino is known for his baritone voice and trademark combination of light blond hair and dark sunglasses (which he wears due to exophthalmos). He lives in the town of Bad Münstereifel, where he owned a café until June 2012. His interest in music started at age 10 when his mother gave him an accordion in 1948, although his family could barely afford it.
Scandiano
Scandiano (Reggiano: Scandiân) is a town and comune in Emilia-Romagna, in the northeast part of the country of Italy, near the city of Reggio nell'Emilia and the Secchia river. It had a population of 25,663 as of 31 December 2016.

Emilian language
Emilian (Reggiano, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân; Bolognese: emigliàn; Piacentino: emigliän; Italian: emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna.

Emilian has a default word order of subject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction, which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from the Italian (Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics.
Feminist theology
Feminist theology is a movement found in several religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Jainism, Neopaganism, Baháʼí Faith, Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religions from a feminist perspective. Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting patriarchal (male-dominated) imagery and language about God, determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood, studying images of women in the religions' sacred texts, and matriarchal religion.

Baháʼí Faith and gender equality
One of the fundamental teachings of the Baháʼí Faith is that men and women are equal and that equality of the sexes is a spiritual and moral standard essential for the unification of the planet and a prerequisite for peace. Baháʼí teachings stress the importance of implementing this principle in individual, family, and community life. Nevertheless, the Baháʼí notion of the full spiritual and social equality of the two sexes does not imply sameness, so that gender distinction and differentiation are observed in certain areas of life. Significantly, while women can and do serve in an extensive range of elected and appointed positions within the Baháʼí administration at both national and international levels, they are not permitted to serve as members of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing institution of the Baháʼí Faith.
Take Back the Universe and Give Me Yesterday
Take Back the Universe and Give Me Yesterday is a studio album by Creeper Lagoon.  The song "Wrecking Ball" was featured in the films Vanilla Sky and Hellboy.  The song "Under the Tracks" was featured in the movie Orange County.

Orange County (film)
Orange County is a 2002 American comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan, written by Mike White and starring Colin Hanks and Jack Black. The film follows Shaun Brumder, a high school student who aspires to attend Stanford University in hopes of becoming a writer, but his guidance counselor mistakenly enters an incorrect transcript, causing him to be rejected.

The film was released by Paramount Pictures on January 11, 2002 to mixed reviews from critics while grossing $43.3 million against an $18 million budget.
Ecuador at the Olympics
Ecuador has competed in 12 Summer Olympic Games. They debuted in the Winter Olympic Games in 2018. The nation won its first medal when Jefferson Pérez won the gold medal in the men's 20 km walk at  the 1996 Olympic Games. The Ecuadorian National Olympic Committee was created in 1948 and recognized by the IOC in 1959.

The country made its Winter Olympics debut in 2018.

Jefferson Pérez
Jefferson Leonardo Pérez Quezada (born 1 July 1974) is an Ecuadorian retired race walker. He specialised in the 20 km event, in which he won the first two medals his country achieved in the Olympic Games.
Sacramento Hall of Justice
The Sacramento Hall of Justice, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a historic building located in Sacramento, California. It is a premiere local example of Beaux Arts Classicism. The inspiration for the building comes from local architect Rudolph Herold, who sought the contract for the Hall of Justice, as well as the City Beautiful movement during the early 20th century. Shea & Lofquist were awarded the contract and their design was required to be compatible with the Herold-designed Sacramento County Courthouse at Seventh and I streets.

City Beautiful movement
The City Beautiful movement is a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the progressive social reform movement in North America under the leadership of the upper-middle class, which was concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.

Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform. Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult."