hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clostridioides difficile toxin A
Clostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile. It is similar to Clostridioides difficile Toxin B. The toxins are the main virulence factors produced by the gram positive, anaerobic, Clostridioides difficile bacteria. The toxins function by damaging the intestinal mucosa and cause the symptoms of C. difficile infection, including pseudomembranous colitis.

TcdA is one of the largest bacterial toxins known. With a molecular mass of 308 kDa, it is usually described as a potent enterotoxin, but it also has some activity as a cytotoxin. The toxin acts by modifying host cell GTPase proteins by glucosylation, leading to changes in cellular activities. Risk factors for C. difficile infection include antibiotic treatment, which can disrupt normal intestinal microbiota and lead to colonization of C. difficile bacteria.

Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.: 38

Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant, in its more widely accepted scientific meaning, is often used as a synonym. The main difference lies in the realm of practice: medicine (clinical practice) versus public health. As an example from clinical practice, low ingestion of dietary sources of vitamin C is a known risk factor for developing scurvy. Specific to public health policy, a determinant is a health risk that is general, abstract, related to inequalities, and difficult for an individual to control. For example, poverty is known to be a determinant of an individual's standard of health.

Risk factors may be used to identify high-risk people.
Hanna Hajishirzi
Hannaneh Hajishirzi is an Iranian-American computer scientist specializing in natural language processing. She is Torode Family Professor in Computer Science & Engineering in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington, head of the H2Lab in the Allen School, and a senior director of natural language processing in the Allen Institute for AI.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
Elmo Saves Christmas
Elmo Saves Christmas is a Sesame Street Christmas musical fantasy comedy drama television special which was released on PBS on December 2, 1996. It was released to VHS that same year. Inspired by the 1892 short story "Christmas Every Day" by William Dean Howells, Elmo wishes for Christmas to occur every day, only to be taken to the future to learn the adverse consequences of his wish. The program was filmed in Sesame Street's usual home, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in New York City. Footage from the film It's a Wonderful Life also appears in the program and after the credits.

Kaufman Astoria Studios
The Kaufman Astoria Studios is a film studio located in the Astoria neighborhood of Queens in New York City. The studio was constructed for Famous Players–Lasky in 1920, since it was close to Manhattan's Theater District. The property was taken over by real estate developer George S. Kaufman in 1982 and renamed Kaufman Astoria Studios.

The studio is home to New York City's only backlot, which opened in December 2013. The property was designated a national historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
Operation Sarbakaf
Operation Sarbakaf is an ongoing Pakistan Army-led counterterrorism offensive launched on 29 July 2025 in Bajaur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Security forces began the operation in Loi (Lowi) Mamund tehsil around 9:00 AM, supported by gunship helicopters and artillery, and simultaneously imposed a three-day curfew in 16 villages. Federal authorities and provincial authorities described the aim as eliminating militant hideouts and restoring security in the troubled border region, where a resurgence of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) activity had been reported.

Authorities imposed an extended curfew from 11 to 14 August in 27 areas of Mamund Tehsil. In anticipation of large-scale displacement, tents and mattresses were deployed at the Bajaur Sports Complex to accommodate internally displaced persons.

Gunship
A gunship is a military aircraft armed with heavy aircraft guns, primarily intended for attacking ground targets either as airstrike or as close air support.

In modern usage the term "gunship" refers to fixed-wing aircraft having laterally-mounted heavy armaments (i.e. firing to the side) to attack ground or sea targets. These gunships are configured to circle the target instead of performing strafing runs. Such aircraft have their armament on one side harmonized to fire at the apex of an imaginary cone formed by the aircraft and the ground when performing a pylon turn (banking turn). The term "gunship" originated in the mid-19th century as a synonym for gunboat and also referred to the heavily armed ironclad steamships used during the American Civil War.

The term helicopter gunship is commonly used to describe armed helicopters.
White Noise (Linkin Park song)
"White Noise" is a song by American rock musicians Chester Bennington, Dave Farrell, Joe Hahn, and Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park, and Alec Puro of Deadsy. Warner Bros. Records and Machine Shop Records released it on October 17, 2014.

The song promoted the 2014 American drama film Mall, based on Eric Bogosian’s novel of the same name. It is one of four unreleased Linkin Park demos included in the film’s soundtrack.

Joe Hahn
Joseph Hahn (born March 15, 1977) is an American musician, DJ, director, and visual artist best known as the DJ and creative director of the rock band Linkin Park, doing the scratching, turntables, sampling, and programming for all eight of Linkin Park's albums. Hahn and bandmate Mike Shinoda are responsible for most of Linkin Park's album artwork. Hahn also directed many of the band's music videos.
Olive-backed tailorbird
The olive-backed tailorbird (Orthotomus sepium) is a species of passerine bird formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage, it but now placed in the family Cisticolidae.

It is endemic to the islands of Java, Madura Island, Bali and Lombok. It resides in open forests, often perching on short trees and shrubs.

Old World warbler
The Old World warblers are a large group of birds formerly grouped together in the bird family Sylviidae. They are not closely related to the New World warblers. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and were the source of much taxonomic confusion. Two families were split out initially, the cisticolas into Cisticolidae and the kinglets into Regulidae. In the past 20–30 years they have been the subject of much research and many species are now placed into other families, including the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae. In addition some species have been moved into existing families or have not yet had their placement fully resolved. Only a small number of warblers, in just two genera, are now retained in the family Sylviidae.
Swider (surname)
Swider is a surname of Polish-language origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Cole Swider (born 1999), American basketball player

Józef Świder (1930–2014), Polish composer

Larry Swider (1955–2021), American football player

Mike Swider (born 1955), American football coach

Nancy Swider-Peltz (born 1956), American speed skater

Nancy Swider-Peltz Jr. (born 1987), American speed skater

Nancy Swider-Peltz
Nancy Louise Swider-Peltz (born August 20, 1956, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American former Olympic speed skater (1976, 1980, 1984, 1988) who held the world record in the 3,000 meters in 1976. She was the first U.S. Olympian to compete in four different Winter Olympics.  She was elected to the National Speed Skating Hall of Fame.

She is a graduate of Maine South High School in Park Ridge, Illinois.

Swider-Peltz coaches her daughter, Nancy Jr., who competed for the US at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

She is also a graduate of Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois.
She now coaches at Park Ridge Speedskating Club.
Kōsa, Kumamoto
Kōsa (甲佐町, Kōsa-machi) is a town located in Kamimashiki District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.  As of 31 July 2024, the town had an estimated population of 10,004 in 4,441 households, and a population density of 24 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 57.93 km2 (22.37 sq mi).

Uki, Kumamoto
Uki (宇城市, Uki-shi) is a city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2024, the city had an estimated population of 56,491 in 25302 households, and a population density of 300 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 188.67 km2 (72.85 sq mi).
Orrin Bacon
Orrin Bacon (October 4, 1820 – November 17, 1893) was an American miller and politician.

Born in Barnstable, Massachusetts, Bacon moved to Wisconsin in 1848. He first settled in Janesville, Wisconsin and then in 1855 moved to Green County, Wisconsin living in Monticello, Wisconsin. Bacon was a miller. In 1871, Bacon served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Republican. He then served in the Wisconsin State Senate in 1872 and 1873. Bacon died of influenza in Monticello, Wisconsin. He was buried at Lima Center Cemetery in Lima Center, Wisconsin.

Janesville, Wisconsin
Janesville is a city in and the county seat of Rock County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 65,615 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 66,428 in 2024, making it the tenth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Janesville–Beloit Metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Rock County, has an estimated 165,461 residents in the 2024 estimate. It is located along the Rock River in southern Wisconsin.
Bluegrass Stallions
The Bluegrass Stallions were a basketball team in the Premier Basketball League.  They debuted in the American Basketball Association in 2009–10.  The Stallions' first head coach was Kyle Macy, a former Kentucky Wildcats three-time All-American college basketball player.

Kyle Macy
Kyle Robert Macy (born April 9, 1957) is an American basketball commentator. He played college basketball for the Purdue Boilermakers and Kentucky Wildcats, and spent seven years in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns, Chicago Bulls and Indiana Pacers; he then spent three seasons in the Italian Lega Serie A. After his playing career, he has held various basketball-related positions, including coach, general manager, and broadcaster.
John Deere Model GP
The John Deere Model GP tractor was a two-plow, and later a three-plow row-crop tractor produced by John Deere from 1928 to 1935. Initially called the John Deere Model C, the name was changed to GP as a result of difficulties in distinguishing between the Model C and Model D over the telephones of the time. It was intended as a response to the Farmall Regular line of general-purpose tractors produced under the Farmall brand by International Harvester..

Farmall Regular
The Farmall Regular, or just the Farmall, was the first in the Farmall line of general-use row-crop tractors manufactured by International Harvester. The Regular was the first affordable tractor that could be used for plowing, stationary threshing, or cultivating. For most of its product life it was marketed as the "Farmall," with the "Regular" added when the Farmall F-20 and F-30 appeared as its successors. More than 134,000 were sold from 1924 to 1931.
Coca-Cola Fiber+
Coca-Cola Fiber+ or Coca-Cola plus is a diet variant of the soft drink Coca-Cola with added dietary fiber in the form of dextrin. It was developed by Coca-Cola Asia Pacific and launched locally in Japan during March 2017. The soft drink has been approved by the Japanese FOSHU as a functional beverage and is meant to serve as an option for health-conscious consumers who have varying desires when it comes to beverages, such as sweetened/non-sweetened, more/less caffeinated, or in the case of Coca-Cola Fiber+, having more fiber.  According to Dr. David Machiels, product development director at Coca-Cola Asia Pacific, "Drinking one Coca-Cola Plus per day with food will help suppress fat absorption and help moderate the levels of triglycerides in the blood after eating. … so we hope people will drink it with meals."

These health claims are disputed as exaggerating the positive effects of consuming dextrin.

Functional beverage
A functional beverage is a conventional liquid food marketed to highlight specific product ingredients or supposed health effects.

Beverages marketed as "functional" include dairy drinks, sports and performance drinks, energy drinks, ready-to-drink teas, kombucha, "smart" drinks, fortified fruit drinks, plant milks, and enhanced water. Although these beverages may serve to hydrate a consumer, they have no proven health effects, and accordingly appear not to be "functional". For example, there is no good clinical evidence that kombucha provides any benefit to human health.
Fritz Mouson
Friedrich Karl Mouson, named Fritz (10 June 1884 – 20 May 1926) was a German industrialist for soap and perfume and partner of the company J.G. Mouson & Cie. The high point of his entrepreneurial work was to build the ten-storey Mouson tower, the first high-rise building in Frankfurt.

Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a base. Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon around 2800 BC.
The Rocket (painting)
The Rocket is a 1909 oil on canvas painting by Edward Middleton Manigault. It depicts a fireworks display over water, in the fall of 1909 on the Hudson River. The painting shows an intense, almost fauvist color palette. In the middle of a radiant circle of light reflecting on the water, a boat can be seen, filled with people viewing the fireworks from the river.

Color scheme
In color theory, a color scheme is a combination of 2 or more colors used in aesthetic or practical design. Aesthetic color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create a harmonious feeling when viewed together are often used together in aesthetic color schemes. Practical color schemes are used to inhibit or facilitate color tasks, such as camouflage color schemes or high visibility color schemes. Qualitative and quantitative color schemes are used to encode unordered categorical data and ordered data, respectively. Color schemes are often described in terms of logical combinations of colors on a color wheel or within a color space.
Blosseville Coast
The Blosseville Coast (Danish: Blosseville Kyst) is a long stretch of coastline in King Christian IX Land, eastern Greenland. Administratively it belongs to the Sermersooq Municipality.

The Blosseville Coast is steep and difficult to access by ship owing to the great number of ice floes, frequent fog, dangerous currents and lack of good anchorages.

Sermersooq
Sermersooq (Greenlandic pronunciation: [sɜm.mɜs.sɔːq̚]) is a municipality in Greenland, formed on 1 January 2009 from five previous, smaller municipalities, and is the largest municipality in the world by area. Its administrative seat is the city of Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, and it is the most populous municipality in the country, with 24,229 inhabitants as of January 2025.
Station P (ocean measurement site)
Station P, or Station PAPA, is an ocean measurement site used to collect data on the salinity, density, pressure, and other variables found in the ocean. It is located at 50 degrees north latitude, 145 degrees west longitude (water depth, 4220 meters). Since December 19th, 1949, Station PAPA has been used to measure ocean climate, and has one of the oldest records of oceanic time series data.

The site was established by the US Navy in 1943.  In 1951, US funding to maintain continual presence ran out and observational responsibility was passed to Canada. The site was staffed continuously until 1981.  Starting in 2007, automated observations have been made by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.: 445  Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure.

Various units are used to express pressure. Some of these derive from a unit of force divided by a unit of area; the SI unit of pressure, the pascal (Pa), for example, is one newton per square metre (N/m2); similarly, the pound-force per square inch (psi, symbol lbf/in2) is the traditional unit of pressure in the imperial and US customary systems. Pressure may also be expressed in terms of standard atmospheric pressure; the unit atmosphere (atm) is equal to this pressure, and the torr is defined as 1⁄760 of this. Manometric units such as the centimetre of water, millimetre of mercury, and inch of mercury are used to express pressures in terms of the height of column of a particular fluid in a manometer.
Staromryasovo
Staromryasovo (Russian: Старомрясово; Bashkir: Иҫке Мерәҫ, İśke Meräś) is a rural locality (a selo) in Imay-Karmalinsky Selsoviet, Davlekanovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 259 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

Davlekanovsky District
Davlekanovsky District (Russian: Давлека́новский райо́н; Bashkir: Дәүләкән районы, Däwläkän rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders with Blagovarsky and Chishminsky Districts in the north, Karmaskalinsky District in the northeast, Aurgazinsky District in the east, Alsheyevsky District in the south, Belebeyevsky District in the west, and with Buzdyaksky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 1,907 square kilometers (736 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Davlekanovo (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 18,392.
County of Novellara and Bagnolo
The County of Novellara and Bagnolo (Italian: Contea di Novellara e Bagnolo) was a small imperial fiefdom which existed in Northern Italy from 1501 to 1728. Previously, since 1371, the county had been in the form of a lordship of an uncertain legal nature in the possession of the Novellara branch of the House of Gonzaga, who ruled it for a total period of approximately three and a half centuries.

House of Este
The House of Este (UK: /ˈɛsti/ EST-ee, US: /ˈɛsteɪ/ EST-ay, Italian: [ˈɛste]) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria and of Brunswick. This branch produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs, as well as one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI) and one Holy Roman Emperor (Otto IV).

The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena (900–1859) and Reggio (1288–1796). This branch's male line became extinct with the death of Ercole III in 1803.
Lymphoproliferative disorders
Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) refer to a specific class of diagnoses, comprising a group of several conditions, in which lymphocytes are produced in excessive quantities. These disorders primarily present in patients who have a compromised immune system.  Due to this factor, there are instances of these conditions being equated with "immunoproliferative disorders"; although, in terms of nomenclature, lymphoproliferative disorders are a subclass of immunoproliferative disorders—along with hypergammaglobulinemia and paraproteinemias.

Class (biology)
In biological taxonomy, class (Latin: classis) is  a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit (i.e., a taxon) in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class ranking between phylum and order.
Eidothea zoexylocarya
Eidothea zoexylocarya is a species of tall rainforest trees endemic to north-eastern Queensland, Australia, and constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. These trees were only recognised in recent decades, first from the slopes of Mount Bartle Frere, the Queensland mountain which reaches the highest altitude. In 1995, scientific descriptions of the trees, as this genus and type species, were published for the first time by Andrew W. Douglas and Bernie Hyland. The species name refers to the almost identical fossil fruit Xylocaryon lockii F.Muell. (picture below), from Ballarat, southern Australia, still extant (zoe means life) in this north-eastern Australian species.

Eidothea zoexylocarya's rare, endemic, geographically isolated distribution has obtained the conservation status "vulnerable", officially listed in the regulation current as of 27 September 2013, of the Queensland government legislation, the Nature Conservation Act 1992.

Xylocaryon
Xylocaryon is an extinct genus of plants in the family Proteaceae. The sole species is Xylocaryon lockii from south-eastern Australia, described from fossilised fruits found at Nintingbool near Ballarat, Victoria and Flinders Island in Tasmania. The fruit structure suggests a close relationship with the extant genus Eidothea.
Bernard Campmans
Bernard Campmans (died 1642), a native of Douai, was the 40th Abbot of Dunes from 1623 to 1642. He reclaimed the rights of the defunct Ter Doest Abbey for the mother house, and was responsible for the community's re-establishment in Bruges after decades of temporary accommodation at a monastic grange following the destruction of the medieval abbey buildings in Koksijde during the Dutch Revolt.

Campmans sat in the States of Flanders and in the Estates General of 1632 for the First Estate of the County of Flanders.

He owned a 14th-century manuscript of Jacques de Vitry's Historia Occidentalis that is now in the possession of Bruges seminary, as well as a rare Delftware jug with a silver lid, now in the Gruuthusemuseum.

He died in Bruges on 21 December 1642 and was buried in the monastery chapel, his grave marked with a small white marble tombstone. On 2 May 1673 his corpse was found to be incorrupt.

States of Flanders
The States of Flanders were a representative institution in the medieval and early modern County of Flanders. Initially it consisted only of the Third Estate, with representatives of the three cities of Bruges, Ghent and Ypres. Around 1350, the rural Liberty of Bruges also obtained representation in the States.
Uhlman
Uhlman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Diana Uhlman (1912–1999), English art gallery administrator

Fred Uhlman (1901–1985), German-English writer

Jay Uhlman (born 1974), baseball coach

Wesley C. Uhlman (born 1935), American attorney

Jay Uhlman
Jay Uhlman (born February 26, 1974) is an American baseball coach and former shortstop, who is the current head baseball coach of the Tulane Green Wave. He began his playing career at Los Angeles Harbor College from 1993 to 1994 before transferring to Nevada where he played in 1995 and 1997. He also served as the head coach of the Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks (2000–2001).