hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colt model 1839 carbine
The Colt model 1839 carbine is an early percussion revolving smoothbore carbine manufactured by the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company between 1838 and 1841. Produced alongside the Colt second model ring lever rifle (preceded by the first model ring lever rifle, Samuel Colt's first manufactured firearm), the model 1839 was the most popular longarm of the Patent Arms period. The model 1839 carbine is differentiated from Colt's ring lever rifles by the lack of a cocking ring lever and the presence of an external hammer, which, when manually cocked, would rotate the six-shot cylinder to the next position. Approximately 950 model 1839 carbines were manufactured, and an additional shotgun variant, the model 1839 shotgun, was produced from 1839 to 1841 with approximately 225 manufactured. Though the United States Navy and the Texas Navy purchased a number of model 1839 carbines, sales suffered due to the gun's high price and quality control issues.

Carbine
A carbine (/ˈkɑːrbiːn/ KAR-been or /ˈkɑːrbaɪn/ KAR-byn) is a long gun that has a barrel shortened from its original length. Most modern carbines are rifles that are compact versions of a longer rifle or are rifles chambered for less powerful cartridges.

The smaller size and lighter weight of carbines make them easier to handle. They are typically issued to high-mobility troops such as special operations soldiers and paratroopers, as well as to mounted, artillery, logistics, or other non-infantry personnel whose roles do not require full-sized rifles, although there is a growing tendency for carbines to be issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the M4 carbine, the standard issue carbine of the United States Armed Forces.
Secularism in Kosovo
Secularism in Kosovo has a complex history and is influenced by political and social developments in the country. Since the declaration of independence in 2008, Kosovo has followed a clear course towards the separation of religion from the state, promoting freedom of belief and human rights.

The Constitution provides that secularism is a key element in building a democratic and just society, ensuring that all religious communities and individuals have the right to freely exercise their faith, while the state remains neutral and separate from religious matters.

Religious denomination
A religious denomination is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name and tradition, among other activities.
The term refers to the various Christian denominations (for example, non-Chalcedonian, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and the branches of Protestantism, such as Lutheranism). It is also used to describe the five major branches of Judaism (Karaite Judaism, Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist). Within Islam, it can refer to the branches or sects (such as Sunni and Shia), as well as their various subdivisions, such as sub-sects, schools of jurisprudence, schools of theology and religious movements.

The world's largest religious denomination is Sunni Islam.
Łukowiec, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Łukowiec [wuˈkɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koprzywnica, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-east of Koprzywnica, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 80 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

Sandomierz
Sandomierz (pronounced: [sanˈdɔmjɛʂ] ⓘ; Latin: Sandomiria, Yiddish: צויזמר, צוזמיר, romanized: Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017), situated on the Vistula River near its confluence with the San, in the Sandomierz Basin. It is the capital of Sandomierz County within the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared a National Monument of Poland in 2017.

In the past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only of Lesser Poland, but also of the whole country. It was a royal city of the Polish Crown and functioned as a regional administrative centre from the High Middle Ages to the 19th century.
Aria vexans
Aria vexans, commonly known as bloody whitebeam, is a rare species of tree in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to England and is found along the coast between Culbone in Somerset and an area just west of Trentishoe in Devon. It can be seen in the Exmoor National Park.  It is threatened by habitat loss.

Trentishoe
Trentishoe is a village and civil parish in North Devon, England. The parish lies on the coast of the Bristol Channel.  The village is 5 miles (8 km) east of Combe Martin, at an elevation of 180 metres, separated from the coast by high cliffs.

The village was mentioned in the Domesday Book as Trendesholt.  The name is of Old English origin, and appears to mean "hill-spur of a circular hill named Trendel".
Tuxworth
Tuxworth is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hilda Tuxworth (1908–1994), Australian nurse, community worker and historian

Ian Tuxworth (1942–2020), Australian politician, son of Hilda

Hilda Tuxworth
Hilda Elise (Biddy) Tuxworth MBE (25 June 1908 – 19 January 1994) was a nurse, community worker and historian who spent much of her life living in the Northern Territory of Australia. She was the mother of politician Ian Tuxworth.
Venus Asks Vulcan to Forge Arms for her Son Aeneas
Venus Asks Vulcan to Forge Arms for her Son Aeneas or Venus at Vulcan's Forge is a 1630–1632 oil on canvas painting by Anthony van Dyck, now in the Louvre Museum, in Paris. It depicts a scene from Virgil's Aeneid (Book VIII, lines 370–385) in which Venus asks her husband Vulcan to forge weapons for Aeneas, her son by Anchises, with her other son Cupid appearing in the centre foreground.

It does not appear in the 1683 Charles Le Brun inventory of Louis XIV's collections, but was acquired by the latter sometime before the compilation of the 1709 inventory by Jacques Bailly. It had been expanded at the top and bottom by 1709, probably in the late 17th century. It was first exhibited at its present home in 1793.

Venus (mythology)
Venus (/ˈviːnəs/; Classical Latin: [ˈwɛnʊs]) is a Roman goddess whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. In Roman mythology, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. Julius Caesar claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many religious festivals, and was revered in Roman religion under numerous cult titles.

The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her Greek counterpart Aphrodite for Roman art and Latin literature. In the later classical tradition of the West, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of Greco-Roman mythology as the embodiment of love and sexuality. As such, she is usually depicted nude.
Einstein v. 357 LLC
Einstein v 357 LLC is a United States New York Supreme Court landmark decision which addresses a party's discovery obligations and the safeguarding of evidence. In particular, this decision addresses the issue of the intentional destruction of digital evidence when litigation has commenced or is reasonably anticipated. In short, this decision eradicates
the excuse of ignorance in terms of how electronically stored information is saved, deleted, and retrieved.

New York Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the superior court in the Judiciary of New York.  It is vested with unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction, although in many counties outside New York City it acts primarily as a court of civil jurisdiction, with most criminal matters handled in county courts.

New York is the only state where supreme court is a trial court rather than a court of last resort (which in New York is the Court of Appeals). Also, although it is a trial court, the Supreme Court sits as a "single great tribunal of general state-wide jurisdiction, rather than an aggregation of separate courts sitting in the several counties or judicial districts of the state." The Supreme Court is established in each of New York's 62 counties.

A separate branch of the Supreme Court called the Appellate Division serves as the highest intermediate appellate court in New York.
André Jardin
André Jardin (1912–1996) was a French biographer and historian, best known for his studies on Alexis de Tocqueville and 18th-century French history. His biography Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1858), written in 1984, and translated into English in 1988 as Tocqueville: A Biography by Lydia Davis and Robert Hemenway, received wide acclaim.

Lydia Davis
Lydia Davis (born July 15, 1947) is an American short story writer, novelist, essayist, and translator from French and other languages, who often writes very short stories. Davis has produced several new translations of French literary classics, including Swann's Way by Marcel Proust and Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert.
Saint-Géry Island
Saint-Géry Island (French: île Saint-Géry) or Sint-Goriks Island (Dutch: Sint-Gorikseilandⓘ) was the largest island in the river Senne in Brussels, Belgium. It was named after Saint Gaugericus of Cambrai, who according to legend, built a chapel there around 580. It ceased to exist as an island when the Senne was covered over in the late 19th century, and a former covered market, the Halles Saint-Géry/Sint-Gorikshallen, was built in its centre. Since the late 20th century, this building has been rehabilitated as a cultural centre and exhibition space.

Senne (river)
The Senne (French, pronounced [sɛn] ⓘ) or Zenne (Dutch, pronounced [ˈzɛnə]) is a small river that flows through Brussels, Belgium. Its source is in the village of Naast near the municipality of Soignies. It is an indirect tributary of the Scheldt, through the Dyle and the Rupel. It joins the Dyle at Zennegat in Battel, north of the municipality of Mechelen, only a few hundred metres before the Dyle itself joins the Rupel.

In total, the Senne is 103 km (64 mi) long. The Woluwe and the Maelbeek are some of its tributaries.
Saint-Martial-de-Mirambeau
Saint-Martial-de-Mirambeau (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ maʁsjal də miʁɑ̃bo], literally Saint-Martial of Mirambeau) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁɑ̃t maʁitim] ⓘ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Chérente-Marine; Occitan: Charanta Maritima) is a department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, on the country's west coast. Named after the river Charente, its prefecture is La Rochelle. As of 2019, it had a population of 651,358 with an area of 6,864 square kilometres (2,650 sq mi).
Robert Tweedie Middleton
Robert Tweedie Middleton (5 December 1831 – 9  December 1891) was a Scottish Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885.

Middleton was the son of James Middleton of Glasgow and his wife Mary Tweedie, daughter of Robert Tweedie. He was a merchant in Glasgow and a J.P. for Lanarkshire and Dumbarton.

Middleton put himself forward as a parliamentary candidate at Glasgow in 1879 but withdrew to prevent a party division. At the 1880 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for Glasgow. He held the seat until 1885.

Middleton died at the age of 60 and is buried in Glasgow Necropolis.

Middleton married Rachel Milne Watson, daughter of Sir James Watson of Glasgow.

Glasgow Necropolis
The Glasgow Necropolis is a Victorian cemetery in Glasgow, Scotland. It is on a low but very prominent hill to the east of Glasgow Cathedral (St Mungo's Cathedral) in an area bordered by the Townhead and Dennistoun districts to the north east of the modern city centre. Fifty thousand individuals have been buried here. Typical for the period, only a small percentage are named on monuments and not every grave has a stone. Approximately 3,500 monuments exist here.
Common cardinal veins
The common cardinal veins, also known as the ducts of Cuvier, are veins that drain into the sinus venosus during embryonic  development. These drain an anterior cardinal vein and a posterior cardinal vein on each side. Each of the ducts of Cuvier receives an ascending vein. The ascending veins return the blood from the parietes of the trunk and from the Wolffian bodies, and are called cardinal veins. Part of the left common cardinal vein persists after birth to form the coronary sinus.

Coronary sinus
The coronary sinus (from Latin  corona 'crown') is the largest vein of the heart. It drains over half of the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium. It begins on the backside of the heart, in between the left atrium, and left ventricle; it begins at the junction of the great cardiac vein, and oblique vein of the left atrium. It receives multiple tributaries. It passes across the backside of the heart along a groove between left atrium and left ventricle, then drains into the right atrium at the orifice of the coronary sinus (which is usually guarded by the valve of coronary sinus).
Orsborn
Orsborn is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Addison Orsborn (born 2003), American flag football player

Albert Orsborn (1886–1967), British Salvationist

Chuck Orsborn (1917–2017), American basketball player, head coach, and athletic director

Addison Orsborn
Addison Orsborn (born 2003) is an American international flag football player. She has represented the United States national team since 2023, winning the 2024 IFAF Women's Flag Football World Championship. She plays college flag football for the Ottawa Braves, winning four consecutive NAIA national championships.
Aquatics at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Aquatics at the 1990 Commonwealth Games was the 14th appearances of both Swimming at the Commonwealth Games and Diving at the Commonwealth Games. It also featured the second appearance of Synchronised swimming at the Commonwealth Games. Competition featured 6 diving events, 32 swimming events and 3 synchronised swimming events, held in Auckland, New Zealand, from 24 January to 3 February 1990.

The events were held at the West Auckland Swimming Centre on Alderman Drive in Henderson. The venue had been specifically built for the Games but faced late issues relating to the 3,200 grandstand seating. It was however described as technologically advanced with a variable floor and movable bulkhead.

Australia topped the aquatics medal table with 24 gold medals.

*   Host nation (New Zealand)

Diving at the Commonwealth Games
Diving is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition. It has been a Commonwealth Games sport since the inaugural edition of the event's precursor, the 1930 British Empire Games. It is an optional sport and may or may not be included in the sporting programme of each edition of the games.
Escape from Innsmouth
Escape from Innsmouth is a 1992 role-playing game supplement published by Chaosium for Call of Cthulhu. Large parts of this scenario would also be adapted for Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth by Headfirst Productions in 2005.

Chaosium
Chaosium Inc. (/keɪˈɒsiəm/ kay-OSS-ee-əm) is a publisher of tabletop role-playing games established by Greg Stafford in 1975. Chaosium's major product lines include RuneQuest, set in Stafford's fictional world of Glorantha; Call of Cthulhu, based on the horror fiction stories of H. P. Lovecraft; Pendragon, based on Thomas Mallory's Le Morte d'Arthur; and 7th Sea, "swashbuckling and sorcery" set in a fantasy 17th-century Europe.

Many of Chaosium's product lines are based upon literary sources. Other notable game designers have written for Chaosium. These include David Conyers, Matthew Costello, Larry DiTillio, David A. Hargrave, Rob Heinsoo, Keith Herber, Jennell Jaquays, Katharine Kerr, Reiner Knizia, Charlie Krank, Robin Laws, Steve Perrin, Sandy Petersen, Ken Rolston, Ken St. Andre, Jonathan Tweet, John Wick, and Lynn Willis; among others.
Dipkun
55°07′52″N 126°46′37″E﻿ / ﻿55.1311°N 126.7769°E﻿ / 55.1311; 126.7769

Dipkun (Russian: Дипкун) is a settlement in Tyndinsky District of Amur Oblast, Russia, located 162 kilometers (101 mi) east of Tynda on the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM).

The settlement was founded in 1975 with the construction of the BAM, built by Komsomol brigades from around Moscow.  The name of the settlement comes from the Evenk word for the number eight.

While Dipkun is located on the same latitude as Moscow, its climate is far more severe, with long, cold winters.

Tyndinsky District
Tyndinsky District  (Russian: Ты́ндинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty in Amur Oblast, Russia. The area of the district is 83,258 square kilometers (32,146 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Tynda (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 16,065 (2010 Census); 16,701 (2002 Census); 35,067 (1989 Soviet census).
IRS tax forms
The United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) uses various forms to collect financial information from taxpayers and tax-exempt organizations. These forms are used to report income, calculate federal taxes owed, and disclose other required information in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). The IRS provides more than 800 different forms and schedules for various tax-related purposes. In addition to federal forms, other tax forms are filed separately with state and local tax authorities.

The IRS numbered the forms sequentially as they were introduced.

Tax credit
A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit they have accrued from the total they owe the state. It may also be a credit granted in recognition of taxes already paid or a form of state "discount" applied in certain cases. Another way to think of a tax credit is as a rebate.
Cissa (bird)
Cissa is a genus of relatively short-tailed magpies, sometimes known as hunting cissas, that reside in the forests of tropical and subtropical southeast Asia and adjacent regions. The four species are quite similar with bright red bills, primarily green plumage, black mask, and rufous wings.

Due to a low-carotenoid diet they often appear blue or turquoise in captivity; the structural color of their feathers. They are carnivorous, and mainly feed on arthropods and small vertebrates.

Rufous
Rufous (/ˈruːfəs/) is a color that may be described as reddish-brown or brownish-red, as of rust or oxidised iron. The first recorded use of rufous as a color name in English was in 1782. However, the color is also recorded earlier in 1527 as a diagnostic urine color.

The word "rufous" is derived from the Latin rufus, meaning "red", and is used as an adjective in the names of many animals—especially birds—to describe the color of their skin, fur, or plumage.
Gis, Iran
Gis (Persian: گيس, also Romanized as Gīs; also known as Gīseh, Gīshū’īyeh-ye Bāla, Gīshū’īyeh-ye Pā’īn, and Kīsa) is a village in Dar Agah Rural District, in the Central District of Hajjiabad County, Hormozgan province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 721, in 170 families.

Hajjiabad County
Hajjiabad County (Persian: شهرستان حاجی‌آباد) is in Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Hajjiabad, about 100 km north of Bandar Abbas (the capital of the province), and best known for its citrus produce.
Coleophora annulicola
Coleophora annulicola is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in the United States, including Montana and Utah.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Aster and Solidago species. They create an annulate case.

Aster (genus)
Aster is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Its circumscription has been narrowed, and it now encompasses around 170 species, all but one of which are restricted to Eurasia; many species formerly in Aster are now in other genera of the tribe Astereae. Aster amellus is the type species of the genus and the family Asteraceae.

The name Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning 'star', referring to the shape of the flower head. Many species, varieties, and hybrids, sometimes known as Michaelmas daisies for their late blooming, are popular as garden plants because of their attractive and colourful flowers. 'Aster' species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.
Executive Council of Gauteng
The Executive Council of Gauteng is the cabinet of the executive branch of the provincial government in the South African province of Gauteng. The Members of the Executive Council (MECs) are appointed from among the members of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature by the Premier of Gauteng, an office held since October 2022 by Panyaza Lesufi.

Nomantu Nkomo-Ralehoko
Nomantu Nkomo-Ralehoko (born 8 June 1966) is a South African politician and a member of the African National Congress. She has served as the Gauteng MEC (Member of the Executive Council) for Health and Wellness since October 2022. She was the MEC for Finance and e-Government from May 2019 until October 2022. Nkomo-Ralehoko was elected to the Gauteng Provincial Legislature in June 1999.

She briefly served as the Education MEC in May 2019. She was the deputy speaker of the Gauteng legislature from March 2018 until May 2019. Nkomo-Ralehoko was also the Gauteng MEC for Agriculture and Rural Development between May and June 2009.
Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice
The Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice (RE:MDSJ), also known as Keste Damena Ethiopia, was a political party in Ethiopia. At the 2005 legislative elections, the party was part of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy in the Council of People's Representatives, which later became Unity for Democracy and Justice. In an electoral upset that year, the city council of Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa was taken by the opposition coalition, including Rainbow Ethiopia.

The founding chairman was Dr. Berhanu Nega. The public relations head of the party was Professor Mesfin Woldemariam.

2005 Ethiopian general election
General elections were held in Ethiopia on 15 May 2005, for seats in the House of Peoples' Representatives and four regional government councils. Under pressure from the international community, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi promised that this election would be proof that more democracy would come in this multi-ethnic nation; international elections observers from the European Union (EU) and the U.S.-based Carter Center were present to observe the results. This election succeeded in attracting about 90% of the registered voters to the polls. A government ban on protests was imposed throughout the election period.
Manuela Malsiner
Manuela Malsiner (born 15 December 1997) is an Italian ski jumper. She has competed at World Cup level since the 2012/13 season, with her best individual result being second place in Zaō on 20 January 2017. At the 2017 Junior World Championships in Park City, she won an individual gold medal in the normal hill competition.

Her younger sister is Lara Malsiner, who also competes in the World Cup.

Utah Olympic Park
The Utah Olympic Park is a winter sports complex in the United States built for the 2002 Winter Olympics, located in Summit County northwest of Park City, Utah, and 28 miles (45 km) east of Salt Lake City. During the 2002 Games, the park hosted competitions in bobsleigh, skeleton, luge, ski jumping, and Nordic combined. Since the Olympics, the park has continued to operate as a training center for athletes and is scheduled to reprise its role as an Olympic venue during the 2034 Winter Olympics, hosting bobsleigh, luge, skeleton, ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding (cross and parallel), and freestyle skiing (ski cross) events.