hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spearman's hypothesis
Spearman's hypothesis is a conjecture that has played a historical role in debates surrounding race and intelligence. Its original formulation was that the magnitudes of black–white differences on tests of cognitive ability positively correlate with the tests' g-loading. The subsequent formulation was that the magnitude of black–white difference on tests of cognitive ability is entirely or mainly a function of the extent to which a test measures general mental ability, or g.

Spearman's hypothesis has been criticized by scientists on both methodological and empirical grounds. Historically, it has been used to support racial pseudoscience.

Arthur Jensen
Arthur Robert Jensen (August 24, 1923 – October 22, 2012) was an American psychologist and writer. He was a professor of educational psychology at the University of California, Berkeley.  Jensen was known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology, the study of how and why individuals differ behaviorally from one another.

He was a major proponent of the hereditarian position in the nature and nurture debate, the position that genetics play a significant role in behavioral traits, such as intelligence and personality. He was the author of over 400 scientific papers published in refereed journals and sat on the editorial boards of the scientific journals Intelligence and Personality and Individual Differences.

Jensen was controversial, largely for his conclusions regarding the causes of race-based differences in IQ.
Stephen Dark
Stephen Neate Dark (1815 – 10 January 1872) was an Australian politician.

He was the son of farmer Stephen Dark and Mary Neate, and migrated to New South Wales around 1840. On 19 February 1841 he married Eliza Whiteman, with whom he had seven children. He ran a store at Dungog and a sawmill and flour mill at Stroud. In 1859 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Williams, but he resigned in 1860. Dark died at Dungog in 1872.

Dungog, New South Wales
Dungog is a country town on the Williams River in the Hunter region and a small part of the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. Located in the middle of dairy and timber country, it is the centre of the Dungog Shire Local Government Area and at the 2021 Census it had a population of 9,541. The area includes the Fosterton Loop, 22 kilometres (14 mi) of road, used in the annual Pedalfest. A small portion of Dungog lies in the Mid-Coast Council Local Government Area.
Talanoa Hufanga
Talanoa Hufanga (/ˌtæləˈnoʊə huˈfɑːŋɡə/ TA-lə-NOH-ə hoo-FAHN-gə; born February 1, 2000) is an American professional football safety for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans and was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the fifth round of the 2021 NFL draft.

Pro Football Focus
Pro Football Focus (also written as ProFootballFocus, and often referred to by its initials, PFF) is a sports analytics company that focuses on thorough analysis of the National Football League (NFL) and NCAA Division-I football in the United States. PFF produces 0–100 Player Grades and a range of advanced statistics for teams and players by watching, charting, and grading every player on every play in every game both at the NFL and FBS level.

The company publishes their data as a collection of various mostly web-based products. Some basic information is made freely available, while other more advanced products are on a fee or subscription basis.
Włodzimierz Kalicki
Włodzimierz Kalicki (born 1955) is a Polish writer and journalist. He published his first articles in the underground bibuła papers in the 1970s in the People's Republic of Poland. He received an underground award during martial law in Poland in 1981. In 1989 he joined the team of Gazeta Wyborcza, the first independent Polish newspaper. He has received several journalism awards for his articles and has written several books.

Polish underground press
The Polish underground press, devoted to prohibited materials (sl. Polish: bibuła [biˈbu.wa] ⓘ, lit. semitransparent blotting paper or, alternatively, Polish: drugi obieg [ˈdru.ɡi ˈɔ.bjɛk], lit. second circulation), has a long history of combatting censorship of oppressive regimes in Poland. It existed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including under foreign occupation of the country, as well as during the totalitarian rule of the pro-Soviet government. Throughout the Eastern Bloc, bibuła published until the collapse of communism was known also as samizdat (see below).
Conceptus
A conceptus (from Latin: concipere, to conceive) is an embryo and its appendages (adnexa), the associated membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord; the products of conception or, more broadly, "the product of conception at any point between fertilization and birth." The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes: amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac.

Yolk sac
The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to an embryo, formed by cells of the hypoblast layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc. This is alternatively called the umbilical vesicle by the Terminologia Embryologica (TE), though yolk sac is far more widely used. The yolk sac is one of the fetal membranes and is important in early embryonic blood supply. In humans much of it is incorporated into the primordial gut during the fourth week of embryonic development.
1938 City of London by-election
The 1938 City of London by-election was a by-election held on 6 April 1938 for the British House of Commons constituency of City of London, which covered the "Square Mile" which was the United Kingdom's traditional financial district.

The by-election was caused by the death of one of the City's two Conservative Party Members of Parliament (MPs) Thomas Vansittart Bowater, who had held the seat since a by-election in 1924, having contested the seat in an earlier by-election in 1922.

The Conservative candidate, Sir George Broadbridge, who had been Lord Mayor of London in 1936, was returned unopposed.

Vansittart Bowater
Sir Thomas Vansittart Bowater, 1st Baronet (29 October 1862 – 28 March 1938) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Lord Mayor of London from 1913 to 1914 and as one of the city's Members of Parliament (MPs) from 1924 to 1938.
Susan McLain
Susan McLain is an American politician. A Democrat, she currently serves as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives from District 29, representing Cornelius, Forest Grove, and parts of Hillsboro. She served as a councilor for Metro, the regional government covering the urban portions of Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington counties, for 16 years, first winning election in 1990. She was an unsuccessful candidate for Washington County commissioner in 2006. She was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 2014, defeating Republican Mark Richman.

Forest Grove, Oregon
Forest Grove is a city in Washington County, Oregon, United States, 25 miles (40 km) west of Portland, within the Tualatin Valley. Originally a small farm town, it is now primarily a commuter town in the Portland metro area . Settled in the 1840s, the town was platted in 1850, then incorporated in 1872, making it the first city in Washington County.

The population was 26,225 at the 2020 census, an increase of 8% over 2010 figure (21,083).

Pacific University is located here. Old College Hall on campus, and nine other sites in the city, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
North American Safe Boating Campaign
The Safe Boating Campaign is a year-round campaign focused on spreading the message of boating safety, encouraging boater education, and helping to save lives. It kicks off each year the full week before Memorial Day Weekend with National Safe Boating Week, with focused efforts during the peak boating season of May – September. Promoting life jacket wear by every boater is the leading goal of the Campaign.

Created in 1958 as National Safe Boating Week, the official entrance of Canada in 2000 transformed the event into a larger, international campaign known as North American Safe Boating Campaign. The Campaign is a core program of the National Safe Boating Council.

Boating
Boating is the leisurely activity of travelling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat whether powerboats, sailboats, or man-powered vessels (such as rowing and paddle boats), focused on the travel itself, as well as sports activities, such as fishing or waterskiing. It is a popular activity, and there are millions of boaters worldwide.
Kork station
Kork station (German: Bahnhof Kork (Kehl)) is a railway station in Kork, a suburb of Kehl, in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg. It is on the Appenweier–Strasbourg railway, with trains crossing the Rhine into France to reach the latter destination. Both sides being within the Schengen Area, no passport or border controls apply.

The station opened in 1844. Its two platforms are staggered, rather than being opposite each other, with a level crossing separating them.

TGV services between Paris, Stuttgart and Munich have passed through the station since 2010, albeit at reduced speed. The line also forms part of the Magistrale for Europe initiative, for the creation of a high-speed railway line between Paris and Bratislava, with a branch-off to Budapest.

Ortenaukreis
Ortenaukreis (Low Alemannic: Ortenaukrais; French: Arrondissement de l'Ortenau) is a Landkreis (district) in the west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (clockwise from north) Rastatt, Freudenstadt, Rottweil, Schwarzwald-Baar and Emmendingen. To the west it borders the French Bas-Rhin département.
Fort Firelands
Fort Firelands is a recreation of a 19th-century-style frontier fort located in Lakeside-Marblehead, Ohio, United States.  It was built in 1968 with the original construction including stockade fencing, corner blockhouses with gun ports, and barracks.  A pioneer village and early western-style museum were some of the original attractions.

Today, what remains of the original structures are being repaired and rehabilitated. An RV resort is located behind the fort complex.

Renewed interest in the unique, neo-historical structure is being shown and events are again to be held in the fort complex. Several postcards were issued that illustrate the initial construction.

Recreational vehicle
A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or trailer that includes living quarters designed for accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, coaches, caravans (also known as travel trailers and campers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, and truck campers.

Typical amenities of an RV include a kitchen, a bathroom, and one or more beds. RVs can range from utilitarian – containing only sleeping quarters and basic cooking facilities – to luxurious, with features like air conditioning (AC), water heaters, televisions and satellite receivers, and quartz countertops.
Banca Rasini
Banca Rasini was an Italian bank in Milan, founded in the 1950s and acquired by Banca Popolare di Lodi in 1992. Its main claim to fame is the presence among its customers of Pippo Calò, Totò Riina, Bernardo Provenzano and Silvio Berlusconi. Silvio's father Luigi Berlusconi was an employee of the bank.

With the Michele Sindona trial linking the bank to organized crime, it ended up being mentioned by The New York Times journalist Nick Tosches in his book Power On Earth.

Michele Sindona
Michele Sindona (Italian: [miˈkɛːle sinˈdoːna]; 8 May 1920 – 22 March 1986) was an Italian banker and convicted felon. Known in banking circles as "The Shark", Sindona was a banker for the Sicilian Mafia and the Vatican. Sindona was a member of Propaganda Due (#0501), a secret Masonic lodge of the Grand Orient of Italy. He was fatally poisoned in prison while serving a life sentence for the murder of lawyer Giorgio Ambrosoli.
Volunteer's Medal 1940–1945
The Volunteer's Medal 1940–1945 (French: "Médaille du Volontaire 1940–1945", Dutch: "Medaille van de Oorlogsvrijwilliger 1940–1945") was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 16 February 1945  and awarded to Belgian and foreign civilians who voluntarily enlisted in the Belgian Armed Forces during the Second World War.  The medal could also be awarded to volunteers serving in the Belgian units of the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy or British merchant navy.

Belgian Armed Forces
The Belgian Armed Forces are the combined national military forces of Belgium. The King of the Belgians is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Belgian Armed Forces was established after Belgium became independent in October 1830. Since then, the Belgian armed forces have fought in World War I, World War II, the Cold War (Korean War and the Belgian occupation of the Federal Republic of Germany), Kosovo, Rwanda, Somalia and Afghanistan. The Armed Forces comprise five branches: the Belgian Army, the Belgian Air Force, the Belgian Navy, the Belgian Medical Service and the Belgian Cyber Force.
2024 Open 13 Provence – Singles
Ugo Humbert defeated Grigor Dimitrov in the final, 6–4, 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2024 Open 13 Provence. It was his fifth ATP Tour singles title.

Hubert Hurkacz was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Humbert.

Maxime Cressy
Maxime Cressy (born May 8, 1997) is a French-American inactive professional tennis player. He has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 31 by the ATP, achieved on 8 August 2022. He has been ranked as high as world No. 64 in doubles, achieved on 8 May 2023. Cressy has won one title on the ATP Tour and four singles titles and two doubles titles on the ATP Challenger Tour. Before 2018, he played for his country of birth, France.
Polyptychus affinis
Polyptychus affinis is a moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan in 1903. It is known at elevations up to 6,000 feet (1,800 m) in forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo, Uganda and western Kenya.

The larvae feed on Detarium senegalense and Albizia species.

Albizia
Albizia is a genus of more than 160 species of mostly fast-growing subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae. The genus is pantropical, occurring in Asia, Africa, Madagascar, America and Australia, but mostly in the Old World tropics. In some locations, some species are considered weeds.

They are commonly called silk plants, silk trees, or sirises. The obsolete spelling of the generic name – with double 'z' – is still common, so the plants may be called albizzias. The generic name honors the Italian nobleman Filippo degli Albizzi, who introduced Albizia julibrissin to Europe in the mid-18th century. Some species are commonly called mimosa, which more accurately refers to plants of genus Mimosa. Species from southeast Asia used for timber are sometime termed East Indian walnut.
Baku International School
Baku International School (BIS) is an international school located in Baku, Azerbaijan, which was established by the Quality Schools International (QSI) group in 1994. The school provides preschool education, elementary education, middle school, and secondary education. The school programs are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools (MSA) in the United States.

As an international school, there are students from the United States, Azerbaijan, India, Poland, Greece, South Korea, Turkey, Germany, Japan, Colombia, Spain, Russia, Australia, Trinidad, and Romania.

For after-school activities, there are Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and ballet for preschool and elementary students. For middle and high school students, there are sports activities such as cross-country running, soccer, basketball, and track and field.

Girl Scouts of the USA
Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA), commonly referred to as Girl Scouts, is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. 
It was founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, a year after she had met Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting (formerly Boy Scouts).

The stated mission of Girl Scouts is to "[build] girls of courage, confidence, and character, who make the world a better place" through activities involving camping, community service, and practical skills such as first aid. Members can earn badges by completing certain tasks and mastering skills. More senior members may be eligible for awards, such as the Bronze, Silver, and Gold Awards. Membership is organized according to grade level, with activities designed for each level. The organization is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS).
Keon Broxton
Keon Darell Broxton (born May 7, 1990) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Milwaukee Brewers, New York Mets, Baltimore Orioles, and Seattle Mariners.

Acereros de Monclova
The Acereros de Monclova (English: Monclova Steelers) are a professional baseball team in the Mexican League (LMB) based in Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico. Their home ballpark is Estadio de Béisbol Monclova, which has a capacity of 8500 people. The Acereros replaced the Mineros de Coahuila in the 1976 season.
This Is That Productions
This Is That Productions (also known as This is that corporation) was one of the leading independent feature film production companies.  Established in 2002, and based in New York City, the company was founded and fully owned by Ted Hope, Anne Carey, Anthony Bregman, and Diana Victor. The four partners previously worked together at the groundbreaking Good Machine, which Ted Hope co-founded in 1991.

The partners at This Is That were responsible for over fifty feature films. In addition to their seven Academy Award nominations their films received eighteen Independent Spirit Award nominations.  Three of their films won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival.

The Ex (2006 film)
The Ex is a 2006 American comedy film directed by Jesse Peretz and starring Zach Braff, Amanda Peet and Jason Bateman. The film had a wide release planned for January 19, 2007, and then March 9, 2007. It was originally promoted under the working title Fast Track. It was released on May 11, 2007. Co-stars include Charles Grodin, in his first film appearance since 1994, Donal Logue and Mia Farrow.

The film generally received negative reviews from critics. It had a gross of $5.1 million.
Alessio Innocenti
Alessio Innocenti (born 4 February 1993) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for F.C. Cinisello.

The central midfielder played previously for Argentine side Estudiantes La Plata and the Italian clubs Pro Vercelli, Barletta in the Lega Pro Prima Divisione and Südtirol on loan from AC Milan.

FC Südtirol
Fußball Club Südtirol, commonly referred to as Südtirol, is an Italian association football club, based in the city of Bolzano, in the autonomous province of South Tyrol. The club was formerly known as its bilingual name F.C. Südtirol – Alto Adige. They played for the first time in their history in Serie B during the 2022–23 season after having been crowned Serie C champions in the 2021–22 campaign.
2015 WTA Elite Trophy – Doubles
2015 WTA Elite Trophy doubles was a doubles tennis competition held as part of the 2015 WTA Elite Trophy tournament. 2015 was the event's first year. Liang Chen and Wang Yafan won the title, defeating Anabel Medina Garrigues and Arantxa Parra Santonja in the final, 6–4, 6–3.

Liang Chen
Liang Chen (Chinese: 梁辰; pinyin: Liáng Chén; born 25 February 1989) is a former professional Chinese tennis player.

Liang has a career-high singles ranking of 342, achieved on 21 September 2009. Her career-high WTA doubles ranking of 35, she reached on 26 October 2015.

Liang made her WTA Tour main-draw doubles debut, partnering Zhou Yimiao at the 2009 Guangzhou International Women's Open. They lost in the first round to Peng Shuai and Xu Yifan.

At the 2011 Guangzhou International Women's Open, partnering Tian Ran, they defeated Alona Bondarenko and Mariya Koryttseva 4–6, 6–3, [12–10] in the first round before losing to the second seeds Alberta Brianti and Petra Martić in the quarterfinals.

Playing for China Fed Cup team, she has a win-loss record of 3–2.
In Old Alsace (1933 film)
In Old Alsace (French title:L'ami Fritz) is a 1933 French drama film directed by Jacques de Baroncelli and starring Lucien Duboscq, Simone Bourday and Madeleine Guitty. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne. It is based on an 1864 novel by Alexandre Chatrian and Emile Erckmann.

Alexandre Chatrian
Alexandre Chatrian (18 December 1826 – 3 September 1890) was a French writer, associated with the region of Alsace-Lorraine. Almost all of his works were written jointly with Émile Erckmann under the name Erckmann-Chatrian.
Fujikyu 2000 series
The Fujikyu 2000 series (富士急行2000系, Fuji Kyūkō 2000-kei) was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Fuji Kyuko (Fujikyu) on Fujisan Limited Express (フジサン特急, Fujisan Tokkyū) limited-stop services on the Fujikyuko Line in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, from February 2002 until February 2016.

Fuji Kyuko
Fujikyuko Co., Ltd. (富士急行株式会社, Fuji Kyūkō kabushiki gaisha), commonly abbreviated as Fujikyu, is a passenger transportation company headquartered in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan.

The company operates the Fujikyuko Line railway and regional and long-distance bus routes. The company also operates the Tenjō-Yama Park Mt. Kachi Kachi Ropeway, and Fuji-Q Highland amusement park.
Michaël Van Geele
Michaël Van Geele (born 1 August 1986) is a Belgian professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Belgian side KSV Bornem. He formerly played for Union Saint-Gilloise, Verbroedering Geel, Waasland-Beveren, FC Brussels, Royal Antwerp and FC Eindhoven.

Royal Antwerp F.C.
Royal Antwerp Football Club (commonly referred to as Royal Antwerp or simply Antwerp) is a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Antwerp. They compete in the Belgian Pro League, the top flight of Belgian football. Founded in 1880, Royal Antwerp is considered to be the oldest football club in Belgium.

The team has won the Belgian league title five times and the Belgian Cup four times, including a domestic double in 2022–23. In European competitions, it reached the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1992–93 and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in 2023.

The club's home colours are red and white and, since 1923, they have played their home games at Bosuilstadion in the Deurne district of Antwerp.