hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pitch detection algorithm
A pitch detection algorithm (PDA) is an algorithm designed to estimate the pitch or fundamental frequency of a quasiperiodic or oscillating signal, usually a digital recording of speech or a musical note or tone. This can be done in the time domain, the frequency domain, or both.

PDAs are used in various contexts (e.g. phonetics, music information retrieval, speech coding, musical performance systems) and so there may be different demands placed upon the algorithm. There is as yet no single ideal PDA, so a variety of algorithms exist, most falling broadly into the classes given below.

A PDA typically estimates the period of a quasiperiodic signal, then inverts that value to give the frequency.

Digital recording
In digital recording, an audio or video signal is converted into a stream of discrete numbers representing the changes over time in air pressure for audio, or chroma and luminance values for video.  This number stream is saved to a storage device.  To play back a digital recording, the numbers are retrieved and converted back into their original analog audio or video forms so that they can be heard or seen.

In a properly matched analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) pair, the analog signal is accurately reconstructed, within the constraints of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, which dictates the sampling rate and quantization error dependent on the audio or video bit depth. Because the signal is stored digitally, assuming proper error detection and correction, the recording is not degraded by copying, storage or interference.
Jordan Mang-osan
Jordan Mang-osan (born 21 September 1967 in Acupan, Itogon Benguet) is a Filipino artist who harnesses the power of the sun to create pyrography drawings. Pyrography is the art of decorating wood or other materials with burn marks.

Mang-osan is an Igorot from the Cordilleras who stays true to his roots by working with raw indigenous materials and focusing on matters that celebrate the rich heritage of his people and his country.

He is one of the founders and current president of the Chanum Foundation, an organization founded in 1996, which aims to create an artist village in the middle of Baguio. It has since become a hub for art and a studio for budding artists all throughout the country.

Benguet
Benguet (/bɛŋˈɡɛt/), officially the Province of Benguet (Ibaloi: Probinsya ne Benguet; Kankanaey: Probinsyan di Benguet; Pangasinan: Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet; Ilocano: Probinsia ti Benguet; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Benguet), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad.

The highland province is known as the Salad Bowl of the Philippines due to its huge production of upland vegetables.

Situated within the interior of Benguet is the highly urbanized city of Baguio, which is administered independent from the province and also its largest city and regional center of Cordillera Administrative Region.
Canton of Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy
The canton of Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy is a former administrative division in southeastern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of the 4 communes Agnières-en-Dévoluy, La Cluse, Saint-Disdier and Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy until 2013, when these communes merged into the new commune Dévoluy, which joined the canton of Veynes in 2015. It had 1,013 inhabitants (2012).

Agnières-en-Dévoluy
Agnières-en-Dévoluy (French pronunciation: [aɲɛʁ ɑ̃ devɔlɥi], lit. 'Agnières in Dévoluy'; Vivaro-Alpine: Anhera de Devolui) is a former commune of the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. Mountainous, to the west is Rocher Rond. On 1 January 2013, Agnières-en-Dévoluy, La Cluse, Saint-Disdier, and Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy amalgamated into the new commune of Dévoluy.
Action of 18 February 1639
The action of 18 February 1639 was a naval battle of the Eighty Years' War fought off Dunkirk between a Dutch fleet under the command of Admiral Maarten Tromp and the Spanish Dunkirk Squadron under Miguel de Horna. Horna, who had orders to join with his ships Admiral Antonio de Oquendo's fleet at A Coruña, escorted at the same time a transport convoy carrying 2,000 Walloon soldiers to Spain, where they were needed. The attempt to exit Dunkirk was done in sight of the Dutch blockading squadron of Maarten Tromp. A 4-hour battle ensued and Horna was forced to retreat into Dunkirk leaving behind two of his galleons, whilst another ran aground. Despite his success in stopping the sortie, many of Tromp's ships suffered heavy damage, and the Dutch Admiral was forced to abandon the blockade. Therefore, De Horna, after repairing his squadron, was able to accomplish his mission.

A Coruña
A Coruña (Galician pronunciation: [ɐ koˈɾuɲɐ] ⓘ; in Spanish: La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; also informally called just Coruña; historical English: Corunna or The Groyne) is a city and municipality in Galicia, Spain. With a population of 249,255, it is the 2nd-largest city in Galicia behind Vigo. The city is the provincial capital of the province of A Coruña, having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982.

A Coruña is located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro, a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the main industrial and financial centre of northern Galicia, and holds the headquarters of the Universidade da Coruña. A Coruña is the city with the tallest mean-height of buildings in Spain, also featuring a population density of 21,972 inhabitants per square kilometre (56,910/sq mi) of built land area.
Buckeye chicken
The Buckeye is an American breed of chicken. It was created in Ohio in the late nineteenth century by Nettie Metcalf. The color of its plumage was intended to resemble the color of the seeds of Aesculus glabra, the Ohio Buckeye tree for which the state is called the 'Buckeye State'.

It is a dual-purpose chicken, kept for both meat and eggs. It is yellow-skinned, and the eggs are brown. It is the only breed in the American Class to have a pea comb.

Aesculus glabra
Aesculus glabra, commonly known as Ohio buckeye, Texas buckeye, fetid buckeye
is a species of tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) native to North America.

Its natural range is primarily in the Midwestern and lower Great Plains regions of the United States, extending southeast into the geological Black Belt of Alabama and Mississippi. It is also found locally in the extreme southwest of Ontario, on Walpole Island in Lake St. Clair.

It is found in a variety of natural habitats, including streambanks, upland mesic forests, and along the margins of old fields. It is typically found in calcareous areas.
Adams & Woodbridge
Adams and Woodbridge was an American architectural firm in the mid-twentieth-century New York City, established in 1945 by Lewis Greenleaf Adams, AIA, and Frederick James Woodbridge, FAIA, and disestablished in 1974 after the latter's death. It was the successor to the firms Evans, Moore & Woodbridge,  Malmfeldt, Adams & Prentice, Adams & Prentice (fl. 1929–1941), and Malmfeldt, Adams & Woodbridge

Adams & Woodbridge estimated in 1953 that their firm and its predecessors had been responsible for “about 100 residences and alterations.”

Clinton, Oneida County, New York
Clinton (or Ka-dah-wis-dag, "white field" in Seneca language) is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,942 at the 2010 census, declining to 1,683 in the 2020 census, 13% decline). It was named for George Clinton, the first Governor of New York.

Hamilton College and the former Kirkland College are in proximity to the village.

In describing the attractions of Hamilton College in 1833, it was stated to be "situated in one of the most healthful, delightful, and fertile parts of our country; surrounded by a numerous, increasing, virtuous, and enterprising population." In 1903, another school catalogue, besides "the unrivalled beauty of the surrounding scenery" and "the remarkable healthfulness of the vicinity," commented on "the high moral fiber of the community and its superior educational advantages", all of which made Clinton "a most highly favored place for mental and moral culture."
Amittere legem terrae
Amittere legem terrae (literally, "to lose the law of the land") is a Latin phrase used in law, signifying the forfeiture of the right of swearing in any court or cause, or to become infamous. Historically, this has been the punishment of champions overcome, or yielding in the combat; of jurors found guilty in a writ of attaint; and of persons outlawed.

Combat
Combat is a purposeful violent conflict between multiple combatants with the intent to harm the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed (not using weapons). Combat is resorted to either as a method of self-defense or to impose one's will upon others. An instance of combat can be a standalone confrontation or part of a wider conflict, and its scale can range from a fight between individuals to a war between organized groups. Combat may also be benign and recreational, as in the cases of combat sports and mock combat.

Combat may comply with, or be in violation of, local or international laws regarding conflict. Examples of rules include the Geneva Conventions (covering the treatment of people in war), medieval chivalry, the Marquess of Queensberry Rules (covering boxing), and the individual rulesets of various combat sports.
Frank Varley
Frank Bradley Varley (18 June 1885 – 17 March 1929) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Born in Alfreton in Derbyshire, Varley became a coal miner before winning election as a checkweighman.  He undertook part-time study at the University of Sheffield, and became active in the Nottinghamshire Miners' Association, serving as its Financial Secretary and President.  He also served on the executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain.

Varley was a supporter of the Labour Party, and won election to Derbyshire County Council in 1913, serving until 1919.  In 1921/22, he served on the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party.

He was elected at the 1923 general election as member of parliament (MP) for Mansfield in Nottinghamshire, and held the seat until his death in 1929, aged 43. The date of the 1929 general election was announced on 24 April, and no by-election was held before Parliament was dissolved on 10 May.

Miners' Federation of Great Britain
The Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB) was established after a meeting of local mining trade unions in Newport, Wales in 1888. The federation was formed to represent and co-ordinate the affairs of local and regional miners' unions in England, Scotland and Wales whose associations remained largely autonomous. At its peak, the federation represented nearly one million workers.  It was reorganised into the National Union of Mineworkers in 1945.
Methanobrevibacter oralis
Methanobrevibacter oralis is a methanogenic archaeon species considered to be a member of the human microbiota, mainly associated to the oral cavity. M. oralis is a coccobacillary shaped, single-cell, Gram-positive, non-motile microorganism of the Archaea domain of life. This species has been isolated and sequenced from humans in dental plaque and in their gastrointestinal tract. As a methanogen and a hydrogenotroph, this prokaryote can produce methane by using hydrogen and carbon dioxide as substrates through a process called methanogenesis.

Microbiota
Microbiota are the range of microorganisms that may be commensal, mutualistic, or pathogenic found in and on all multicellular organisms, including plants. Microbiota include bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and viruses, and have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal, and metabolic homeostasis of their host.

The term microbiome describes either the collective genomes of the microbes that reside in an ecological niche or else the microbes themselves.

The microbiome and host emerged during evolution as a synergistic unit from epigenetics and genetic characteristics, sometimes collectively referred to as a holobiont. The presence of microbiota in human and other metazoan guts has been critical for understanding the co-evolution between metazoans and bacteria. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses via their fermentation product (short-chain fatty acid), acetate.
Lajos Pósa (mathematician)
Lajos Pósa (born 9 December 1947 in Budapest) is a Hungarian mathematician working in the topic of combinatorics, and one of the most prominent mathematics educators of Hungary, best known for his mathematics camps for gifted students. He is a winner of the Széchenyi Prize.
Paul Erdős's favorite "child", he discovered theorems at the age of 13. Since 2002, he has worked at the Rényi Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; earlier he was at the Eötvös Loránd University, at the Departments of Mathematical Analysis, Computer Science.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students, and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads. It is widely regarded as the most prestigious mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers.

The contest takes place over two days, and consists of six problems (three given on each day). The problems are extremely difficult, and may include topics not conventionally covered in school, but they avoid the use of calculus. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring is unofficially compared more than individual scores.
Miss Grand Malaysia 2024
Miss Grand Malaysia 2024 was the 9th edition of the Miss Grand Malaysia pageant, held on 22 August 2024 at the Galaxy Banque, HGH Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur.  Twelve candidates, who qualified for the national final through the state pageant in Sabah and the national audition in Kuala Lumpur, competed for the title. Of whom a 25-year-old Chinese-Indian television personality from Selangor, Melisha Lin, was announced the winner. Melisha later represented Malaysia in the international parent stage, Miss Grand International 2024, held in Thailand on October 25, 2024.

The event was co-organized by the Miss Grand Malaysia license holder HyperLive Entertainment and a private-firm event organizer SunStrong Entertainment. It was broadcast on the organizer's YouTube channel. Miss Grand International 2023, Luciana Fuster of Peru, and the vice president of Miss Grand International, Teresa Chaivisut, also presented at the event.

Teresa Chaivisut
Teresa Yuphayao Chaivisut (Thai: เทเรซ่า ยุพเยาว์ ชัยวิสุทธิ์) is a Thai businessperson who has been serving as the vice president of the Miss Grand International pageant since 2013. Chaivisut plays major roles in the organization's international affairs, such as international franchise management, as well as the responsibility of supervising the day-to-day business affairs of the Miss Grand International titleholders.

In addition to Miss Grand International, Chaivisut is also involved in the hotel and travel industries. She is currently the managing director of a Düsseldorf-based travel agency, REPS Unlimited.
Roy Lester (rugby league)
Roy Lester is an English former professional rugby league footballer and coach. He played as a prop for Leigh, Warrington and Fulham RLFC, and Lancashire at representative level. He later coached Fulham and Carlisle, and was also assistant coach at Warrington before the advent of Super League.

Leigh Leopards
The Leigh Leopards are a professional rugby league club based in Leigh, Greater Manchester, England. Leigh play homes games at Leigh Sports Village and compete in Super League, the top tier of British rugby league.

Leigh Leopards have won the League Championship twice and Challenge Cup three times.

The clubs traditional home colours are red and white. They have a local rivalry with Wigan Warriors.
Ágústína Jónsdóttir
Ágústína Jónsdóttir (born 4 May 1949) is an Icelandic writer, artist and educator.

She was born in Reykjavík, studied cosmetics and later graduated as a pre-school teacher. In 1991, she received a teaching diploma from the Iceland College of Education. She works as an elementary school teacher in Kópavogur, a suburb of Reykjavík.

In 1994, she published her first collection of poetry Að baki mánans ("Behind the Moon"). She has since published several other collections. Her work has been translated into English and French. One of her books was nominated for Dagblaðið Vísir's literary prize in 1997.

Iceland College of Education
Iceland College of Education was a normal college in Iceland. It merged with the University of Iceland in July 2008 and is now called the School of Education. Enrollment was around 2300 students with more than half of them being distance learning students. The university offered B.A., Bf B
Ed. and B.S degree programmes as well as M.Ed. and doctorate degrees.

The main campus is located in Reykjavík. The main building is at Stakkahlid and the art department is nearby at Skipholt 37. The division of Sport and Physical Education is located at Laugarvatn campus in the south of Iceland, approximately 90 kilometres from Reykjavík.
Motez
Moutaiz Al-Obaidi, known professionally as Motez, is an Australian record producer, musician, installation artist and DJ. Motez was a refugee born in Iraq and moved to Adelaide in 2006. Motez's Song "The Future" featuring Antony and Cleopatra was certified Platinum in Australia. He has won several South Australian Music Awards for Best Solo Artist (2021) and Most Popular Electronic Artist (2016, 2018, 2020 and 2021)

Flight Facilities
Flight Facilities is an Australian electronic music production duo that also performs as Hugo & Jimmy. In 2009, they began mixing songs by other artists before crafting their own original material. The duo consists of Hugo Gruzman and James Lyell. Their debut album Down to Earth was released in October 2014 and features prominent names in the industry such as Kylie Minogue, Emma Louise, Reggie Watts, Bishop Nehru, Christine Hoberg, Owl Eyes, and Stee Downes.
Stinear Island
Stinear Island is one of the Flat Islands, lying 0.37 kilometres (0.2 nmi) north of Béchervaise Island in Holme Bay, Mac. Robertson Land. It is one of several islands plotted as a part of "Flatoy" (flat island) by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. Found to be a separate island by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) in 1954 and named for B.H. Stinear, geologist at Mawson Station in 1954, 1957 and 1959.

Mawson Station
Mawson Station, commonly called Mawson, is one of three permanent bases and research outposts in Antarctica managed by the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). Mawson lies in Holme Bay in Mac. Robertson Land, East Antarctica in the Australian Antarctic Territory, a territory claimed by Australia. Established in 1954, Mawson is Australia's oldest Antarctic station and the oldest continuously inhabited Antarctic station south of the Antarctic Circle. It houses approximately 20 personnel over winter and up to 53 in summer.

Mawson was named in honour of the Australian Antarctic explorer Sir Douglas Mawson.

Mawson was listed on the Register of the National Estate in 2001 and listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004, reflecting the post-World War Two revival of Australia's scientific research and territorial interests in Antarctica.
Dudinka (inhabited locality)
Dudinka (Russian: Дудинка) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Dudinka, a town in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai

Rural localities

Dudinka, Oryol Oblast, a village in Druzhensky Selsoviet of Dmitrovsky District of Oryol Oblast

Dmitrovsky District, Oryol Oblast
Dmitrovsky District (Russian: Дмитровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Oryol Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,249.8 square kilometers (482.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Dmitrovsk. Population: 12,196 (2010 Census);  15,841 (2002 Census); 18,217 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Dmitrovsk accounts for 46.3% of the district's total population.
Sabnah
Sabnah (Arabic: سبنة) is a Syrian village in the Al-Tall District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Sabnah had a population of 94 in the 2004 census.

Al-Tall District
al-Tall District (Arabic: منطقة التل, romanized: manṭiqat al-Tall) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of al-Tall. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 115,937. As of July 2023, the population was estimated to be 275,252, of whom 188,263 were IDPS.
Peter Checkland
Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK) is a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University. He is the developer of soft systems methodology (SSM): a methodology based on a way of systems thinking systems practice. Systems practice is the idea of uncovering an optimal solution within complex environments, thus leading to a thorough understanding of the system, analysing and adapting to change in the environment. In an important way his work preceded data science and change management disciplines in the next century.

Systems thinking
Systems thinking is a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than by splitting it down into its parts. It has been used as a way of exploring and developing effective action in complex contexts, enabling systems change. Systems thinking draws on and contributes to systems theory and the system sciences.
Anita Coleman
Anita Coleman is an academic librarian, faculty and researcher in digital libraries. Coleman's research focuses on the design and organization, user behaviors and evaluation, of complex systems and interdisciplinary information infrastructures. These include  digital libraries, knowledge organization systems, and open access digital repositories.   Her  research investigates the representation of anti-racism in Library of Congress Subject Headings and library catalogs. She is the founder of the interdisciplinary open access repository, dLIST - Digital Library of Information Science and Technology.

Digital library
A digital library, also referred to as an online library, an internet library, a digital repository,  a library without walls, or a digital collection, is an online database of digital resources that can include text, still images, audio, video, digital documents, or other digital media formats or a library accessible through the internet. Objects can consist of digitized content, such as print or photographs, as well as originally produced digital content, including word processor files or social media posts. In addition to storing content, digital libraries provide mechanisms for the organization, searching, and retrieving of content from the collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals or organizations. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. These information retrieval systems are able to exchange information with each other through interoperability and sustainability.