hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charpy impact test
In materials science, the Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A disadvantage is that some results are only comparative. The test was pivotal in understanding the fracture problems of ships during World War II.

The test was developed around 1900 by S. B. Russell (1898, American) and Georges Charpy (1901, French). The test became known as the Charpy test in the early 1900s due to the technical contributions and standardization efforts by Charpy.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Robert Jenison House
The Robert Jenison House is a historic house at 1 Frost Road in Natick, Massachusetts.  It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney, and clapboard siding.  The house was built c. 1738 by Robert Jenison.  It is one of the town's oldest buildings, and its builder is known to have built a number of other houses in Sudbury and Sherborn. The house was originally part of a 200-acre tract of land that was sold by the Natick Indians despite protests from John Eliot. There is an outbuilding on the property that is marked as the site where Vice President Henry Wilson learned to make shoes.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, where it is listed at 470 Winter Street.

Natick, Massachusetts
Natick (/ˈneɪtɪk/ NAY-tik) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is near the center of the MetroWest region of Massachusetts, with a population of 37,006 at the 2020 census. 10 miles (16 km) west of Boston, Natick is part of the Greater Boston area. Massachusetts's center of population was in Natick at the censuses of 2000–2020, most recently in the vicinity of Hunters Lane.
Domodossola railway station
Domodossola railway station (Italian: Stazione di Domodossola) serves the city and comune of Domodossola, in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy.  Opened in 1888, it forms a major break of gauge junction between standard gauge lines to Milan, Brig and Novara, and a metre gauge line to Locarno.

The station is managed by Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI), the commercial area of the passenger building by Centostazioni, while train services on the line to Novara are operated by Trenitalia. Each of these companies is a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), Italy's state-owned rail company. The link with Milan is operated by both Trenitalia and Trenord.

Train services on the line to Brig are operated by BLS AG and Swiss Federal Railways, and those on the line to Locarno by the Società Subalpina Imprese Ferroviarie (SSIF).  These two lines combine to form an international link, via Domodossola, between the German and Italian speaking parts of Switzerland.

Centostazioni
Centostazioni S.p.A. (English: 100 Stations) is a subsidiary of Italian holding company Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane. The company was created to redevelop and manage 103 medium-sized Italian railway stations.
Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
Philip of Artois (1358 – 16 June 1397), sometimes Philip I, son of John of Artois, Count of Eu, and Isabeau of Melun, was Count of Eu from 1387 until his death, succeeding his brother Robert.

Philip was an ignoble and hotheaded soldier. In 1383, he captured the town of Bourbourg from the English. He went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and was imprisoned there by Barquq, the Sultan of Egypt, being released through the mediation of Jean Boucicaut and the Venetians. In 1390, he joined the unsuccessful expedition of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, against Mahdia. In 1393, Philip was created Constable of France.

As a prominent crusader, Philip was one of the French contingent sent to take part in the Battle of Nicopolis. After forcing the French into battle, he was captured after the battle and subsequently died in captivity.

Mahdia
Mahdia (Arabic: المهدية al-Mahdīyahⓘ) is a Tunisian coastal city with 76,513 inhabitants, south of Monastir and southeast of Sousse.

Mahdia is a provincial centre north of Sfax. It is important for the associated fish-processing industry, as well as weaving. It is the capital of Mahdia Governorate.
The City Circle
The City Circle is a network body of mainly young Muslim professionals located in England and is a registered charity (Reg. No.1088931).  On 7 November 2006, The City Circle announced that it had appointed Yahya Birt as its first director with effect from December 2006. On 3 January 2008, it announced the appointment of Usama Hasan, whose father is Suhaib Hasan, as its new director.

Usama Hasan
Usama Hasan is a British Senior Analyst at the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change and has described himself as a "a full-time counter-extremism practitioner since 2012". He was also a senior researcher in Islamic Studies at the Quilliam Foundation until it was closed down in April 2021. He is a former senior lecturer in business information systems at Middlesex University, and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Listed buildings in Aldbrough St John
Aldbrough St John is a civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England.  It contains 25 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish contains the village of Aldbrough St John and the surrounding countryside.  Most of the listed buildings are houses, cottages and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings.  The others include a packhorse bridge, a road bridge, a well, a pinfold, a water pump and a church.

Packhorse bridge
A packhorse bridge is a bridge intended to carry packhorses (horses loaded with sidebags or panniers) across a river or stream. Typically a packhorse bridge consists of one or more narrow (one horse wide) masonry arches, and has low parapets so as not to interfere with the panniers borne by the horses. Multi-arched examples sometimes have triangular cutwaters that are extended upward to form pedestrian refuges.: 24–25

Packhorse bridges were often built on the trade routes (often called packhorse routes) that formed major transport arteries across Europe and Great Britain until the coming of the turnpike roads and canals in the 18th century. Before the road-building efforts of Napoleon, all crossings of the Alps were on packhorse trails. Travellers' carriages were dismantled and transported over the mountain passes by ponies and mule trains.
Tchimpounga Sanctuary
The Tchimpounga Sanctuary, also known as the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center, for primates is located on a coastal plain of savanna and forest in the Republic of the Congo, and was built in 1992. The site covers an area of 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi). The sanctuary, part of the Jane Goodall Institute, is located 50 km (31 miles) north of Pointe-Noire in the Kouilou Department and is the largest chimpanzee sanctuary on the African continent. It has conducted research comparing food-sharing and social inhibition among chimpanzees and bonobos.

The sanctuary is a refuge west of the Congo Basin for chimpanzees orphaned by bushmeat hunters; authorities deliver the young animals after confiscating them from sellers in the pet or entertainment trades.

The sanctuary is a member of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance.

Coastal plain
A coastal plain (also coastal plains, coastal lowland, coastal lowlands) is an area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a sea coast. A fall line commonly marks the border between a coastal plain and an upland area.
Bomma Borusa
Bomma Borusa (transl. Heads or Tails?) is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by K. Balachander.
It is a remake of the Tamil film Poova Thalaiya, directed by K. Balachander himself. The film stars Rama Krishna, Chandra Mohan, S. Varalakshmi, Chalam, Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Allu Ramalingaiah, Mukkamala, Raja Babu and Ramaprabha.
It was produced by Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar and distributed by AVM Productions. The film music was composed by R. Goverdhanam and lyrics were written by Kosaraju Raghavaiah.

Raja Babu (actor)
Punyamurthula Appalaraju (20 October 1937 – 14 February 1983), better known by his stage name Raja Babu, was an Indian actor and comedian known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is noted as one of the finest Telugu comedians. A 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) bronze statue of Rajababu was unveiled in his birthplace of Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh in 2011.
Cynthia Lui
Cynthia Lillian Lui (born 17 February 1977) is an Australian former politician. She was the Australian Labor Party member for Cook in the Queensland Legislative Assembly from 2017 to 2024. Originally from Yam Island in the Torres Strait, Lui is the first Torres Strait Islander to be elected to any parliament. She worked as a community worker in Cairns to win internally as a representative for Cook, she then went on to secure her place within the Labor Party as the preferred candidate. Lui gave her maiden speech in the Queensland Parliament on 15 February 2018.

Electoral district of Cook
Cook is an electoral district in Queensland, Australia.

Cook covers the vast Cape York Peninsula north of Cairns, including the resort town of Port Douglas and the Torres Strait Islands. It is named after British navigator James Cook, who charted the coast and landed on Possession Island – one of the Torres Strait islands – in 1770.
Swimming at the 1983 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre breaststroke
The women's 200 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 1983 Pan American Games took place on 18 August. The last Pan American Games champion was Anne Gagnon of Canada.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.

Swimming at the 1979 Pan American Games – Women's 200 metre breaststroke
The women's 200 metre breaststroke competition of the swimming events at the 1979 Pan American Games took place on 5 July at the Piscina Olimpica Del Escambron. The last Pan American Games champion was Lauri Siering of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.
Pakistan women's national under-20 football team
The Pakistan women's national under-20 football team is a youth women's football team operated under the Pakistan Football Federation. The team has so far represented Pakistan at the AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup and the SAFF U-20 Women's Championship.

AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup
The AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup is an association football tournament for women's national teams under the age of 20, organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) every two years, and serves as a qualifying competition for the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. It was first played in 2002 as the AFC U-19 Women's Championship with an upper age limit of 19. Starting from the 2022 edition, the age limit was raised to 20. Moreover, the tournament was rebranded from the "AFC U-19 Women's Championship" to the "AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup".

The current champion is North Korea, which won the 2024 final 2–1 against Japan. Japan is also the most successful team in the tournament, having won six times.
Barbara Bloom (artist)
Barbara Bloom (born 1951) lives and works in New York City. She is a conceptual artist best known for her multi-media installation works. Bloom is loosely affiliated with a group of artists referred to as The Pictures Generation.
For nearly twenty years she lived in Europe, first in Amsterdam then Berlin. Since 1992, she has lived in New York City with her husband, the writer-composer Chris Mann, and their daughter.

The Pictures Generation
The Pictures Generation, 1974–1984 was an exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met) in New York City that ran from April 29 – August 2, 2009.  The exhibition took its name from Pictures, a 1977 five person group show organized by art historian and critic Douglas Crimp (1944–2019) at New York City's Artists Space gallery. The artists exhibited from September 24 to October 29, 1977 were Troy Brauntuch, Jack Goldstein, Sherrie Levine, Robert Longo and Philip Smith.

Artists in the 2009 Met exhibition included well known artists of the 1980s such as Cindy Sherman, Barbara Kruger, Louise Lawler, Robert Longo, David Salle, Richard Prince, Laurie Simmons, Jack Goldstein and Sherrie Levine, together with lesser-known contemporaries such as Troy Brauntuch and Michael Zwack. It also featured some of the group's artistic predecessors including John Baldessari and Allan McCollum.
County Road 17 (Elkhart County, Indiana)
County Road 17 (CR 17) is a 23.08-mile-long (37.14 km) north–south county highway in Elkhart County, Indiana. It is currently undergoing improvements to become a four-lane divided road with non-limited traffic. CR 17 begins at the state line, connecting with state highway M-217 in Michigan. The roadway enters Indiana and becomes CR 17. Currently the improved section of CR 17 ends between CR 40 and CR 38 (CR 17 continues south in its original configuration, as part of Elkhart County's grid-numbered county road system, becoming North County Road 200 West at the Kosciusko County line).

Numbered highways in Indiana
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is responsible for the establishment and classification of a state highway network which includes Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, and State Roads.  There is no rule preventing the same numbering between state roads, U.S. routes, and Interstate highways, although traditionally, INDOT has avoided state road numbers which are the same as those on U.S. routes within the state.

Indiana has a mileage cap of 12,000 miles (19,000 km) for its highway system.
Milena Penkowa
Milena Penkowa (born 1973) is a Danish neuroscientist who was a professor at the Panum Institute at the University of Copenhagen from 2009–2010. In 2010 she was convicted of fraud and embezzlement of funds from The Danish Society of Neuroscience. In the same year, she was suspended by the University of Copenhagen and consequently resigned her professorship. In 2012, the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty concluded that she had been guilty of scientific misconduct. As of 2020 Penkowa has had nine of her research publications retracted, and four others have received expressions of concern.

Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist specializing in neuroscience that deals with the anatomy and function of neurons, neural circuits, and glia, and their behavioral, biological, and psychological roles in health and disease.

Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists design and conduct scientific experiments on the nervous system and its functions. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to expand current understanding of the nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder.

Neuroscientists have numerous career opportunities outside of academic research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. A neuroscientist commonly holds a doctorate in a medical science.
Goat Mountain (Whatcom County)
Goat Mountain is a 6,844-foot (2,086-metre) summit in the Skagit Range which is a subset of the North Cascades of Washington state. It is located south of Mount Larrabee and north of Mount Shuksan in the Mount Baker Wilderness, which is managed by the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Goat Mountain has a subsidiary 6,725 ft summit known as the west peak, and remnants of what was colloquially known as the Swamp Creek Glacier rest on the northern slope between the two summits. The nearest higher neighbor is Mount Chardonnay, 2.75 mi (4.43 km) to the east. The Silver Tip Mine was located on the south slope of the mountain near the 3,000 ft level. The mine produced silver and gold in the 1940s. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Fraser River and the Nooksack River.

Nooksack River
The Nooksack River is a river in western Whatcom County of the northwestern U.S. state of Washington, draining extensive valley systems within the North Cascades around Mount Shuksan, Mount Baker and the Twin Sisters, and a portion of Fraser Lowland south of the Canada–United States border.

The river proper begins with the merging of three main tributaries, namely the North Fork, Middle Fork and South Fork, near Deming. All three forks originate in the Mount Baker Wilderness, and the North Fork, the longest of the three, is sometimes considered the main river. The Nooksack is approximately 75 miles (121 km) in total length measuring from the North Fork headwaters. The lower Nooksack flows as a northerly loop through the fertile southern Fraser Lowland agricultural area before emptying into Bellingham Bay and, via the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia, communicating with the Pacific Ocean.
Brough of Birsay
The Brough of Birsay is an uninhabited tidal island off the north-west coast of The Mainland of Orkney, Scotland, in the parish of Birsay. It is located around 13 miles north of Stromness and features the remains of Pictish and Norse settlements as well as a modern lighthouse.

Stromness
Stromness (locally /ˈstrʌmnɪs/, Old Norse: Straumnes; Norn: Stromnes) is the second-most populous town in Orkney, Scotland. It is in the southwestern part of Mainland, Orkney. It is a burgh with a parish around the outside with the town of Stromness as its capital.
Chhaang
Chhaang or chhyang (Tibetan: ཆང་, Wylie: chang, Nepali: छ्याङ, Newar: थो:, Limbu: ᤌᤡᤡ: (Thhee in Limbu) is a Nepalese and Tibetan alcoholic beverage popular in parts of the eastern Himalayas among the Yakkha, Limbu, Dura, Newar, Sunuwar, Rai, Bhutia, Gurung, Magar, Sherpa, Tamang, Tharus and Lepcha communities. Among the Lepcha, it is called Chi. It is also known as jaarh in Nepal.

Sunuwar people
The Sunuwar or Koinch are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group (Nepali:सुनुवार जाति|Sunuwār Jāti), a Kirati tribe native to Nepal, parts of India (West Bengal and Sikkim) and southern Bhutan. They speak the Sunuwar language. According to the 2001 census of Nepal, 17% of the tribe follow the Kirant religion and adopt the Mundhum (Kiranti) culture.

The Kõinchs (Sunuwar) number 82,705 in total. The term ‘Kõinchs’ is also the name of the mother tongue. Other terms like Mukhiya or Mukhia are exonyms of the tribe. Sunuwar have a distinct language, religion, culture and social customs.
On the Shape, Location, and Size of Dante's Inferno
On the Shape, Location, and Size of Dante's Inferno is the title of two lectures by Galileo Galilei presented in 1588 upon invitation by the Florentine Academy. The lectures secured him a job as a lecturer of mathematics at the University of Pisa. Galileo attempted to mathematically map Dante's description of hell, trying to bridge the Divine Comedy and scientific thinking. According to professor Mark Peterson, Galileo may have had a secondary aim, to attack the cosmological model of hell proposed by Alessandro Vellutello of Lucca, while supporting another model by the Florentine architect Antonio Manetti during the animosity between the two cities. The lectures were not mentioned by Galileo's first biographer, Vincenzo Viviani, but are available in the standard 20-volume Opere of Galileo among the
"literary" writings in Volume 9.

University of Pisa
The University of Pisa (Italian: Università di Pisa, UniPi) is a public research university in Pisa, Italy. Founded in 1343, it is one of the oldest universities in Europe. Together with Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, it is part of the Pisa University System.
Orton, Alberta
Orton is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Willow Creek No. 26. It is located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of Highway 3, approximately 31 kilometres (19 mi) west of Lethbridge.

Southern Alberta
Southern Alberta is a region located in the Canadian province of Alberta.  In 2016, the region's population was approximately 291,112. The primary cities are Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. The region is known mostly for agricultural production, but other sectors, such as alternative energy, film production and tourism, are emerging.
Luding Bridge
Luding Bridge (simplified Chinese: 泸定桥; traditional Chinese: 瀘定橋; pinyin: Lúdìng Qiáo) is a bridge over the Dadu River in Luding County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China, located about 80 kilometers west of the city of Ya'an. The bridge dates from the Qing Dynasty and is considered a historical landmark. It was an important crossing on the road between Sichuan and Tibet. The bridge was the location of the Battle of Luding Bridge, one of the most important events in the Long March.

Ya'an
30°00′36″N 103°02′29″E﻿ / ﻿30.0100°N 103.0415°E﻿ / 30.0100; 103.0415

Ya'an (Chinese: 雅安; pinyin: Yǎ'ān; Wade–Giles: Ya-an) is a prefecture-level city in the western part of Sichuan province, China, located just below the Tibetan Plateau. The city is home to Sichuan Agricultural University, the only 211 Project university and the largest regional comprehensive university in Ya'an. As of the 2020 Chinese census, Ya'an has a population of 1,434,603.
Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Normal hill individual
The Men's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato, Italy. It began on 11 February, and concluded on 12 February.

Lars Bystøl of Norway won his country's first gold and his second international victory of the season, beating Matti Hautamäki to the title by only one point.

Dmitry Vassiliev could have won Russia's second ski jumping gold medal ever because he had the best jump in the first round. But as the last starter in the second round, he failed and finished tenth

This was the last highly ranked official event participated by Masahiko Harada - who won 2 Olympic medals in Nagano and 1 in Lillehammer - and it was after a break of over 3 years from participating in Ski jumping World Cup. Unfortunately for him, he was disqualified in the qualifying and did not compete in the final. Later he started only in FIS Cup event in Sapporo.

Matti Hautamäki
Matti Antero Hautamäki (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈmɑtːi ˈɑntero ˈhɑu̯tɑmæki]; born 14 July 1981) is a Finnish former ski jumper who competed from 1997 to 2012. He is one of Finland's most successful ski jumpers, having won sixteen individual World Cup competitions; multiple medals at the Winter Olympics, Ski Jumping World Championships and Ski Flying World Championships; the Nordic Tournament twice; and four ski flying world records.