hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ethiopian nationality law
Ethiopian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Ethiopia, as amended; the Ethiopian Nationality Proclamation, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Ethiopia. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Ethiopian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus sanguinis, born to parents with Ethiopian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.

1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ ሕገ መንግሥት, romanized: Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk Ḥige Menigišit), also known as the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, is the supreme law of Ethiopia. The constitution came into force on 21 August 1995 after it was drawn up by the Constituent Assembly that was elected in June 1994. It was adopted by the Transitional Government of Ethiopia on 8 December 1994 and came into force following the general election held in May–June 1995.
Op. 52
In music, Op. 52 stands for Opus number 52. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Brahms – Liebeslieder Walzer

Britten – Winter Words

Chopin – Ballade No. 4

Mendelssohn – Lobgesang

Reger – Three chorale fantasias, Op. 52

Roussel – Sinfonietta

Schubert – Ave Maria

Schumann – Overture, Scherzo and Finale

Sibelius – Symphony No. 3 in C major (1907)

Strauss – Taillefer

Tchaikovsky – All-Night Vigil

Sinfonietta (Roussel)
Sinfonietta, Op. 52, is a small symphony for string orchestra by Albert Roussel composed in 1934. It was premiered on 19 November 1934 by the Orchestre féminin de Paris, conducted by Jane Evrard. It  was written at the same time as his fourth symphony. The first movement is in sonata form.
Zandkhoy
Zandkhoy, Zandakhoy (Chechen: Зандакъой, Зандкъой, Zandaq̇oy, Zandq̇oy) is a Chechen teip (clan) from the historic region of Ichkeria and belongs to the tukkhum Nokhchmakhkakhoy, also called Ichkerians. The centre of the teip is the village Zandak, which is located in the Nozhay-Yurtovsky District.

Nozhay-Yurtovsky District
Nozhay-Yurtovsky District (Russian: Ножа́й-Ю́ртовский райо́н; Chechen: Нажи-Йуьртан кӀошт, Naƶi-Yürtan khoşt) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifteen in the Chechen Republic, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic. The area of the district is 629 square kilometers (243 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Nozhay-Yurt. Population: 49,445 (2010 census); 40,542 (2002 Census); 48,770 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Nozhay-Yurt accounts for 13.6% of the district's total population.
William Crowhurst
William Crowhurst (24 October 1849 – 4 July 1915) was an English cricketer. He was a right-arm fast bowler who played one first-class cricket match for Kent County Cricket Club in 1877.

Crowhurst was born at Chislehurst in Kent in 1849. He made his only first-class appearance for Kent against Nottinghamshire in June 1877 at Canterbury. He died in St Mary Cray in 1915 aged 65.

St Lawrence Ground
The St Lawrence Ground is a cricket ground in Canterbury, Kent. It is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club and since 2013 has been known as The Spitfire Ground, St Lawrence, due to commercial sponsorship. It is one of the oldest grounds on which first-class cricket is played, having been in use since 1847, and is the venue for Canterbury Cricket Week, the oldest cricket festival in the world. It is one of the two grounds used regularly for first-class cricket that have had a tree, the St Lawrence Lime, within the boundary.

Capacity at the ground was increased to 15,000 in 2000, and four One Day International matches have been played there, one each in 1999 (part of the 1999 Cricket World Cup), 2000, 2003 and 2005. The ground was the venue for the first day/night County Championship match, played as a trial in September 2011.
Samuel Dalziel Heron
Samuel Dalziel Heron (18 May 1891 – 10 July 1963) was a British born aerospace engineer who made major contributions to the design of piston engines. While working in Britain he carried out the first systematic research into air-cooled cylinders. In the U.S.A he contributed to the design of the Curtiss R-1454, invented the sodium cooled poppet valve and became technical director for aeronautical research for the Ethyl Corporation.

Poppet valve
A poppet valve (also sometimes called mushroom valve) is a valve typically used to control the timing and quantity of petrol (gas) or vapour flow into or out of an engine, but with many other applications.

It consists of a hole or open-ended chamber, usually round or oval in cross-section, and a plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft known as a valve stem. The working end of this plug, the valve face, is typically ground at a 45° bevel to seal against a corresponding valve seat ground into the rim of the chamber being sealed. The shaft travels through a valve guide to maintain its alignment.

A pressure differential on either side of the valve can assist or impair its performance. In exhaust applications higher pressure against the valve helps to seal it, and in intake applications lower pressure helps open it.
Syncrude
Syncrude Canada Ltd. is one of the world's largest producers of synthetic crude oil from oil sands and the largest single source producer in Canada. It is located just outside Fort McMurray in the Athabasca Oil Sands, and has a nameplate capacity of 350,000 barrels per day (56,000 m3/d) of oil, equivalent to about 13% of Canada's consumption. It has approximately 5.1 billion barrels (810,000,000 m3) of proven and probable reserves (11.9 billion when including contingent and prospective resources) situated on 8 leases over 3 contiguous sites. Including fully realized prospective reserves, current production capacity could be sustained for well over 90 years.

As of 2021, Syncrude's Mildred Lake site remains the largest single greenhouse gas emitter in Canada.

Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
The Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (abbreviated RMWB) is a specialized municipality in northeast Alberta, Canada. It is the largest regional municipality in Canada by area, covering 105,650.88 square kilometres (40,792.03 sq mi); this number includes the Wood Buffalo National Park of Canada. It is home to oil sand deposits known as the Athabasca oil sands.
Suicide in South Africa
Suicide in South Africa is a public health and social problem that contributes to premature mortality and disability, particularly among young people and men. National estimates and international modelling indicate that South Africa experiences approximately 14,000 deaths from intentional self-harm each year, though official recorded figures are often lower due to under-reporting. As reported in 2024, the country's estimated suicide rate is 23.5 per 100,000, while the WHO's most recent age standardized rate for 2021 is 22.3 per 100,000.

Under-reporting
Under-reporting usually refers to some issue, incident, statistic, etc., that individuals, responsible agencies, or news media have not reported, or have reported as less than the actual level or amount. Under-reporting of crimes, for example, makes it hard to figure the actual incidence of crimes.

Under-reporting is a failure in data reporting.
Neaera (album)
Neaera is the self-titled seventh studio album by German melodic death metal band Neaera. It was released on 28 February 2020 through Metal Blade Records, their first album in seven years. Music videos were made for the singles "Torchbearer", "Catalyst", and "Deathless".

The cover artwork was created by Terje Johnsen, who has made most of the band's cover arts since their 2007 album Armamentarium. The album was mixed and mastered by Jacob Hansen (Volbeat, Heaven Shall Burn).

Heaven Shall Burn
Heaven Shall Burn is a German extreme metal band from Saalfeld, formed in 1995. The band consists of vocalist Marcus Bischoff, guitarists Maik Weichert and Alexander Dietz, bassist Eric Bischoff and drummer Christian Bass. They are currently signed to Century Media. They have released ten studio albums, as well as a number of other records. One of their albums, Veto, entered the German album charts at number 2 in 2013, with their latest, Of Truth and Sacrifice, reaching number 1.
Doris Emerson Chapman
Doris Emerson Chapman (1903 – 1990) was a British artist and prehistorian.  She trained in Paris and then exhibited paintings in London during the 1920s and 1930s. She was associated with the Bloomsbury Group.  She then joined the Morven Institute of Archaeological Research to draw the megaliths of Avebury and produced measured drawings as they were excavated. In 1939 she wrote a guidebook titled Is This Your First Visit to Avebury?.

She also pioneered artistic facial reconstruction from skulls and in 1939 she published several illustrations of individuals from Lanhill long barrow in The Illustrated London News.

Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. More than 35,000 megalithic structures have been identified across Europe, ranging geographically from Sweden in the north to the Mediterranean Sea in the south.

The word was first used in 1849 by the British antiquarian Algernon Herbert in reference to Stonehenge and derives from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas), meaning "great", and λίθος (líthos), meaning "stone". Most extant megaliths were erected between the Neolithic period (although earlier Mesolithic examples are known) through the Chalcolithic period and into the Bronze Age.
Pacific Northern Academy
Pacific Northern Academy (PNA) is a private, independent school located in Anchorage, Alaska. Founded in 1995, it holds the unique position of being the only non-sectarian, independent day school in Alaska affiliated with the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) and the Northwest Association of Independent Schools (NWAIS).  Situated in a new facility in south Anchorage, the school serves students from all over the Anchorage bowl, from Girdwood to Eagle River.

Pacific Northern Academy was recently ranked as the 10th best private elementary school in the United States.

The school has also been named as GreatSchool's Parent's Choice for private schools in Alaska.

National Association of Independent Schools
The National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) is a U.S.-based membership organization for private, nonprofit, K-12 schools. Founded in 1962, NAIS represents independent schools and associations in the United States, including day, boarding, and day/boarding schools; elementary and secondary schools; boys', girls', and coeducational schools.  NAIS also has affiliate members internationally.
Affieux
Affieux (French pronunciation: [afjø]; Occitan: Afièu) is a commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Affieucois or Affieucoises.

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔʁɛz] ⓘ; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in France, named after the river Corrèze which runs through it. Although its prefecture is Tulle, its most populated city is Brive-la-Gaillarde. Corrèze is located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, on the border with Occitania and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

In 2019, Corrèze had a population of 240,073, divided among 279 communes. Its inhabitants are called Corréziens (masculine) and Corréziennes (feminine). Its INSEE and postal code is 19.
Jarlath McDonagh
Jarlath McDonagh (born 1 June 1945) is a former Fine Gael politician from County Galway in Ireland.

A former teacher, McDonagh was a senator from 1993 to 2002, elected on the Labour Panel. He was a member of Galway County Council for the Oranmore  electoral area since the 1980s, and retired at the 2014 local elections.

Galway County Council
Galway County Council (Irish: Comhairle Chontae na Gaillimhe) is the local authority of County Galway, Ireland. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, environment, and local fire services. The council has 39 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Cathaoirleach (chairperson). The county administration is headed by a chief executive, Liam Conneally. The county seat is at Áras an Chontae (County Hall) in Galway city.
Arginyltransferase
In enzymology, an arginyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-arginyl-tRNA + protein  tRNA + L-arginyl-protein

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-arginyl-tRNA and protein, whereas its two products are tRNA and L-arginyl-protein.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the aminoacyltransferases.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-arginyl-tRNA:protein arginyltransferase. Other names in common use include arginine transferase, arginyl-transfer ribonucleate-protein aminoacyltransferase, arginyl-transfer ribonucleate-protein transferase, and arginyl-tRNA protein transferase.  It has 2 cofactors: mercaptoethanol,  and Cation.

2-Mercaptoethanol
2-Mercaptoethanol is the organosulfur compound with the formula HOCH2CH2SH. ME or βME, as it is commonly abbreviated, is used to reduce disulfide bonds.  It is widely used because the hydroxyl group confers solubility in water and lowers the volatility.  Due to its diminished vapor pressure, its odor, while unpleasant, is less objectionable than related thiols.
Ed Thompson (Wisconsin politician)
Allan Edward Thompson (December 25, 1944 – October 22, 2011) was an American businessman and politician. He served as Mayor of Tomah, Wisconsin for two non-consecutive terms, and was the Libertarian candidate for Governor of Wisconsin in 2002, receiving nearly 11% of the vote in that race.  His older brother, Tommy Thompson, was the 42nd governor of Wisconsin.

Governor of Wisconsin
The governor of Wisconsin is the head of government of Wisconsin and the commander-in-chief of the state's army and air forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Wisconsin Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

The 46th and current governor is Tony Evers, a Democrat in his second term. He took office on January 7, 2019. He will not seek re-election in the 2026 election.

The position was first filled by Nelson Dewey on June 7, 1848, the year Wisconsin became a state. Prior to statehood, there were four governors of Wisconsin Territory.
Psychiatric technician
A psychiatric technician is a mental health professional who works with psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses. They provide hands-on direct care to developmentally or emotionally disabled people, as well as those diagnosed with mental illnesses such as psychosis; or a brain disease such as dementia. Also they secure patients' compliance with personal hygiene routine, their medicines consumption, daily meal, and other everyday trivial matters, which might deviate in mental cases and require external help and sometimes even limited use of force. They are employed in public and private hospitals and long-term care facilities, and, in certain countries, also serve on the ambulance daily and nightwatches to provide assistance in case of handling potential mental patients, who conduct disorderly in public, when police interference is deemed inappropriate or unnecessary, or when detainees may not necessarily conduct themselves disorderly but still present obvious medical interest.

Hygiene
Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refers to maintaining the body's cleanliness. Hygiene activities can be grouped into the following: home and everyday hygiene, personal hygiene, medical hygiene, sleep hygiene, and food hygiene. Home and every day hygiene includes hand washing, respiratory hygiene, food hygiene at home, hygiene in the kitchen, hygiene in the bathroom, laundry hygiene, and medical hygiene at home.

While often equated with cleanliness in common usage, hygiene is a term encompassing the personal practices and environmental conditions that maintain health and prevent disease.
Credigree Weed St. Patrick's Day Special
"Credigree Weed St. Patrick's Day Special" is the sixth episode and the season finale of the twenty-fifth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 317th episode overall of the series, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on March 16, 2022.

Season finale
A season finale (British English: series finale; Australian English: season final) is the final episode of a season of a television program. This is often the final episode to be produced for a few months or longer, and, as such, will attempt to attract viewers to continue watching when the series begins again.

A season finale may contain a cliffhanger ending to be resolved in the next season. Alternatively, a season finale could bring storylines to a close, "going out on a high" and similarly maintaining interest in the series' eventual return.
Asterix and the Goths
Asterix and the Goths (French: Astérix et les Goths) is a French comic story, written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo. It is the third story in the Asterix comic book series, and was originally published by Dargaud as a serial for Pilote magazine in 1962, before being later released as a comic album in 1963.

The story focuses on Asterix and Obelix travelling into the lands of the Goths in Germania in order to rescue their druid from his kidnappers, who seek his power to conquer the Gauls and the Romans.

Following its publication, Uderzo regretted the Germanophobic tone of the story, which led to him and Goscinny changing how German characters appeared in the series in later stories. While several translations were made, including an English version in 1974, one translation for West Germany later drew criticism from the creators for including political propaganda and had to be reprinted as a result.

Pilote
Pilote (French: [pilɔt]), for a while subtitled the magazine of Asterix and Obelix (French: Le Journal D’Astérix et D’Obélix ) was a French comics magazine published from 1959 to 1989. Showcasing most of the major French or Belgian comics talents of its day the magazine introduced major series such as Astérix, Barbe-Rouge, Blueberry, Achille Talon, and Valérian et Laureline.  Major comics writers like René Goscinny, Jean-Michel Charlier, Greg, Pierre Christin and Jacques Lob were featured in the magazine, as were artists such as Jijé, Morris, Albert Uderzo, Jean (Mœbius) Giraud, Enki Bilal, Jean-Claude Mézières, Jacques Tardi, Philippe Druillet, Marcel Gotlib, Alexis, and Annie Goetzinger.

Pilote also published several international talents such as Hugo Pratt, Frank Bellamy and Robert Crumb.
Melvin Mitchell
Melvin Mitchell (born February 21, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL).

Mitchell was born and raised in Dallas, Texas and attended Tennessee State University. As a senior he was named to the Pittsburgh Courier's 51st Annual Black All-American Team.

He was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the fourth round of the 1976 NFL draft.

Tennessee State Tigers football
The Tennessee State Tigers football program represents Tennessee State University in the sport of American football. The Tigers compete in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as member of the OVC–Big South Football Association.
Vetus Testamentum
Vetus Testamentum is a quarterly academic journal covering various aspects of the Old Testament. It is published by Brill Publishers for its sponsor, the International Organisation for the Study of the Old Testament. It is a major Old Testament scholarly journal.

International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament
The International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament (IOSOT) is a scientific organization of Old Testament scholars, established in 1950 in Leiden. The first congress was held in 1953 in Copenhagen.
1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown
On 11 February 1990, an active service unit of the Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade shot down a British Army Gazelle helicopter (serial number ZB687) along the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It took place between Augher in County Tyrone and Derrygorry in County Monaghan. The helicopter was hit several times by heavy machine-gun fire and crash-landed on an open field, injuring three members of its crew of four.

County Monaghan
County Monaghan (/ˈmɒnəhən/ MON-ə-hən; Irish: Contae Mhuineacháin) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster and is part of Border strategic planning area of the Northern and Western Region. It is named after the town of Monaghan. Monaghan County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 65,288, according to the 2022 census.

The county has existed since 1585 when the Mac Mathghamhna rulers of Airgíalla agreed to join the Kingdom of Ireland. Following the 20th-century Irish War of Independence and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Monaghan was one of three Ulster counties to join the Irish Free State rather than Northern Ireland.
Turn Around, Look at Me
"Turn Around, Look at Me" is a song written by Jerry Capehart and Glen Campbell, though Campbell is not officially credited.

In 1961, Glen Campbell released his version as a single. This was his first song to achieve national success by means of two hit parades in the United States, hitting position No.62 on the Billboard Hot 100 hit parades and peaking at position No.15 on the Adult Contemporary hit parades. In Canada, this tune had reached No.9 in the CHUM Hit Parades. This version included session drummer Earl Palmer on drums.

Earl Palmer
Earl Cyril Palmer (October 25, 1924 – September 19, 2008) was an American drummer. Considered one of the inventors of rock and roll, he is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Palmer was one of the most prolific studio musicians of all time and played on thousands of recordings, including nearly all of Little Richard's hits, many of Fats Domino's hits, "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" by the Righteous Brothers, and a long list of classic TV and film soundtracks. According to one obituary, "his list of credits read like a Who's Who of American popular music of the last 60 years".