hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Internal circulation reactor
The internal circulation reactor (IC reactor) is a form of anaerobic digester. It is primarily designed to treat wastewater. The IC reactor is an evolution of the UASB and EGSB digestion systems. The digester typically produces biogas with a high concentration methane (c80%). In essence the IC to improve digestion rates and gas yields. The foot print for the IC reactor is therefore typically smaller. However, it is taller due to the increased complexity of the reactor.

The IC reactor typically comes as part of a two-stage anaerobic digestion system where it is preceded by an acidification and hydrolysis tank. Effluent leaving the IC reactor will often require aerobic treatment to reduce biochemical (BOD) and COD to discharge consent levels.

Wastewater
Wastewater (or waste water) is water generated after the use of drinking water, fresh water, raw water, or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes.: 1  Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer infiltration or sewer inflow".: 175  In everyday usage, wastewater is commonly a synonym for sewage (also called domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater), which is wastewater that is produced by a community of people.
LIU Sharks men's soccer
The LIU Sharks men's soccer team represents Long Island University in NCAA Division I college soccer. LIU men's soccer competes in the Northeast Conference (NEC). The Shark play their home games at LIU Soccer Park, located in Old Westbury, New York, since 2014. The venue is also used by the women's team.

LIU has won the NEC regular season four times, and the tournament seven times.

Old Westbury, New York
Old Westbury is a village in the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 4,289 at the time of the 2020 census.

The Incorporated Village of Old Westbury is one of the nation's wealthiest municipalities and is the second-richest zip code in the state of New York – topped only by Harrison in Westchester County. In 2007, Business Week dubbed Old Westbury as New York's most expensive suburb. Old Westbury Gardens – located within the village – has been recognized as one of the three best public gardens in the world by Four Seasons Hotels magazine.
Osterode (district)
Osterode (German: [ˌɔstəˈʁoːdə] ⓘ) was a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was bounded by (from the southwest and clockwise) the districts of Göttingen, Northeim and Goslar, and by the state of Thuringia (districts of Nordhausen and Eichsfeld).

House of Welf
The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th century to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century. The originally Franconian family from the Meuse-Moselle area was closely related to the imperial family of the Carolingians.
Del Valle High School (Travis County, Texas)
Del Valle High School is a public high school located in the Del Valle community in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, United States and is part of the Del Valle Independent School District. The high school serves the communities of Austin, Creedmoor, Garfield, Mustang Ridge, Pilot Knob, Elroy, Webberville, and Hornsby Bend.

It is affiliated with Austin Community College.

It was given a "recognized" rating by TEA (Texas Education Agency) for the 2008-2009 school year.

Travis County, Texas
Travis County is located in Central Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,290,188. It is the fifth-most populous county in Texas. Its county seat and most populous city is Austin, the state's capital. The county was established in 1840 and is named in honor of William Barret Travis, the commander of the Republic of Texas forces at the Battle of the Alamo. Travis County is part of the Austin–Round Rock–Georgetown metropolitan area. It is located along the Balcones Fault, the boundary between the Edwards Plateau to the west and the Blackland Prairie to the east.
11th Canadian Parliament
The 11th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 20, 1909, until July 29, 1911 (2 years and 191 days).  The membership was set by the 1908 federal election on October 26, 1908, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1911 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry.  The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Robert Borden.

The Speaker was Charles Marcil.  See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1907-1914 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)
The speaker of the House of Commons (French: président de la Chambre des communes) is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. A member of Parliament (MP), a speaker is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow MPs. The speaker's role in presiding over the House of Commons of Canada is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system.

The 40th speaker of the House of Commons is Francis Scarpaleggia, who assumed the role on May 26, 2025. The speaker with the longest tenure is Peter Milliken who was elected for four consecutive terms lasting 10 years, 124 days.
1980 New South Wales Open
The 1980 New South Wales Open  was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the White City Stadium in Sydney, Australia. The men's event, also known by its sponsored name Nabisco NSW Open, was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix circuitand was held from 15 December through 21 December 1980. The women's event, also known by its sponsored name NSW Building Society Classic, was part of the 1980 Colgate Series and was held from 1 December through 7 December 1980. It was the 88th edition of the event. The singles titles were won by unseeded Fritz Buehning and third-seeded Wendy Turnbull.

Pam Shriver
Pamela Howard Shriver (born July 4, 1962) is an American former professional tennis player and current tennis broadcaster, pundit, and coach. She was ranked as high as world No. 3 in singles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), and world No. 1 in doubles. During the 1980s and 1990s, Shriver won 133 WTA Tour-level titles: 21 in singles and 112 in doubles. This includes 22 major titles, 21 in women's doubles and one in mixed doubles, as well as an Olympic gold medal in women's doubles at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, partnering Zina Garrison. Shriver and regular doubles partner Martina Navratilova are the only women's pair to complete the Grand Slam in a calendar year, winning all four majors in 1984.
Rendezvous Rocks
The Rendezvous Rocks (69°35′S 67°38′W﻿ / ﻿69.583°S 67.633°W﻿ / -69.583; -67.633) is an isolated line of south-facing crags (about 945 m), located south of Khamsin Pass and 5 nautical miles (9 km) southwest of the Kinnear Mountains on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Surveyed by British Antarctic Survey (BAS), 1970–72, and so named because the feature was used as a rendezvous for two sledge parties traveling from opposite sides of the plateau in 1970.

British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on behalf of the UK. It is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). With over 400 staff, BAS takes an active role in Antarctic affairs, operating five research stations, one ship and five aircraft in both polar regions, as well as addressing key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations.

Having taken shape from activities during World War II, it was known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey until 1962.
Teemenaarus
Teemenaarus is a monotypic genus of Australian araneomorph spiders in the family Cyatholipidae containing the single species, Teemenaarus silvestris. It was first described by V. T. Davies in 1978, and has only been found in Australia.

Araneomorphae
The Araneomorphae (also called the Labidognatha or "true spiders") are an infraorder of spiders. They are distinguishable by chelicerae (fangs) that point diagonally forward and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to those of Mygalomorphae (tarantulas and their close kin), which point straight down. Araneomorphs comprise the vast majority (about 92%) of living spiders.
Scotty Bowers
George Albert "Scotty" Bowers (July 1, 1923 – October 13, 2019), active from 1945 to 1980, is best known for procuring prostitutes for Hollywood industry insiders, many closeted about bisexual or homosexual liaisons. Bowers was described as having "a savant-like quality: a result of his refusal to be embarrassed by sex."

Unconfirmed tales of his exploits circulated for years; Bowers eventually revealed his story after the studio-era Hollywood celebrities had died, claiming "the truth can't hurt them anymore." The 2012 publication of his memoir Full Service drew broad media attention. The subsequent documentary film Scotty and the Secret History of Hollywood reunites Bowers with some of his hustlers shortly after the book's release.

Classical Hollywood cinema
In film criticism, classical Hollywood cinema is both a narrative and visual style of filmmaking that first developed in the 1910s to 1920s during the later years of the silent film era. It then became characteristic of United States cinema during the Golden Age of Hollywood from 1927, with the advent of sound film, until the 1960s and the arrival of New Hollywood productions such as Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate. During the intervening forty years, it was the most powerful and pervasive style of filmmaking worldwide.

Similar or associated terms include classical Hollywood narrative, Old Hollywood, and classical continuity. The period is also referred to as the studio era, which may also include films of the late silent era but ended before the 1970s with the studios’ loss of both their own movie theaters and the creative talent they had held under contract.
Burundi Human Rights Initiative
The Burundi Human Rights Initiative (BHRI) is an independent, non-profit and non-government human rights organization.    It was founded in the buildup to 2020 Burundian general elections to expose and keep accurate records of human rights violations that would help bring perpetrators of violence to justice. BHRI investigations cover human rights abuses by Burundian government and armed  opposition groups. In January 2020, BHRI released a report titled a Facade of Peace in the Land of Fear  which detailed wide spread human rights violations by Burundian government and armed opposition groups.

2020 Burundian general election
General elections were held in Burundi on 20 May 2020 to elect both the president and the National Assembly. Évariste Ndayishimiye of the ruling CNDD–FDD was elected president with 71% of the vote. In the National Assembly elections, the CNDD–FDD won 72 of the 100 elected seats.
1910 North East Cork by-election
The 1910 North East Cork by-election was held on 2 March 1910.  The by-election was held due to the incumbent All-for-Ireland MP, William O'Brien, also being elected to sit for Cork City.  It was won by the All-for-Ireland candidate Maurice Healy, who was unopposed.

UK parliamentary by-elections
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary by-election occurs following a vacancy arising in the House of Commons. They are often seen as a test of the rival political parties' fortunes between general elections.
Rhiwbina railway station
Rhiwbina railway station is a suburban railway station serving Rhiwbina, Cardiff, Wales. It is located on the Coryton Line 4.25 miles (6.84 km) north of Cardiff Central. Passenger services are provided by Transport for Wales as part of the Valley Lines network. The line is served by the Sprinter classes of DMUs, as well as the newly-introduced Class 756 tri-mode trains.

Sprinter (British Rail)
The Sprinter is a name given to several classes of diesel multiple unit trains in use on the British railway system. They were built in the 1980s and early 1990s by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL), Metro-Cammell and Leyland. Sprinters operate in almost every part of Great Britain, from rural branch lines to commuter expresses into major cities.

The group includes Class 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158 and 159. Most have Cummins engines with Voith hydraulic transmissions, although 47 Class 158 units have Perkins engines instead.

Originally British Rail coined the Sprinter name for the units, mainly to promote the superior acceleration capabilities of the units compared with the first-generation diesel multiple units (DMUs) that they replaced. Advertisements such as "The Sprinters are coming" were advertised locally in newspapers when these trains were scheduled to be introduced. Great play was also made of, in many cases, reduced journey times.
Radical 78
Radical 78 or radical death (歹部) meaning "death", "decay", "bad" or "vicious" is one of the 34 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 4 strokes.

In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 231 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.

歹 is also the 67th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China, with 歺 being its associated indexing component.

Chinese character radicals
A radical (Chinese: 部首; pinyin: bùshǒu; lit. 'section header'), or indexing component, is a visually prominent component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary. The radical for a character is typically a semantic component, but it can also be another structural component or an artificially extracted portion of the character. In some cases, the original semantic or phonological connection has become obscure, owing to changes in the meaning or pronunciation of the character over time.

The use of the English term radical is based on an analogy between the structure of Chinese characters and the inflection of words in European languages. Radicals are also sometimes called classifiers, but this name is more commonly applied to the grammatical measure words in Chinese.
Video Italia
Video Italia was an Italian television channel owned by Gruppo Radio Italia. With Radio Italia Solo Musica Italiana, it telecasted Italian music videos and concerts on SKY Italia channel 712. On 31 December 2012, it was closed and merged with Radio Italia TV.

Sky Italia
Sky Italia S.r.l. is an Italian satellite television platform owned by the American media conglomerate Comcast. Sky Italia also broadcasts three national free-to-air television channels: TV8, Cielo, and Sky TG24.

Pay TV services on the Sky Italia satellite platform are broadcast on the Hot Bird satellites at 13.0°E and are encrypted in NDS VideoGuard.
KOOK (TV series)
KOOK (Persian: کوک, lit. 'tuning, tune') is BBC Persian TV's weekly music magazine programme. The show features both established and un-discovered music acts from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Kook recently made a series of programmes from the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. The programme has featured interviews and performances from artists such as Arash, Ebi, Dariush and others. Kook recently hosted a concert in Dubai.

In addition the programme has a sister programme called Close-Up which features in depth interviews and longer performances with key artists. The show's presenter is Behzad Bolour.

Close-up
A close-up or closeup in filmmaking, television production, still photography, and the comic strip medium is a type of shot that tightly frames a person or object. Close-ups are one of the standard shots used regularly with medium and long shots (cinematic techniques). Close-ups display the most detail, but they do not include the broader scene. Moving toward or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming. A close up is taken from head to neck, giving the viewer a detailed view of the subject's face.
Afghan cricket team in Qatar in 2025–26
The Afghanistan cricket team toured Qatar in November 2025 to play the Qatar cricket team. The tour consisted of three Twenty20 (T20) matches, the last of which played with official Twenty20 International (T20I) status. All the matches were played at West End Park International Cricket Stadium at Doha. These matches were played to prepare Afghanistan for the 2025 Asia Cup Rising Stars held at the same venue.

The series marked Qatar's first-ever matches against a full member team. It also marked Afghanistan's first T20I match in Qatar, while they have played against Netherlands at the same venue in an ODI series in 2022.

The first match of the series had a delayed start due to "technical problem". Initially, there was confusion regarding the T20I status of these matches with contradicting reports from the boards; it was confirmed that only the final match of the series would have T20I status.

2025 Asia Cup Rising Stars
The 2025 Asia Cup Rising Stars (also known as DP World Asia Cup Rising Stars for sponsorship reasons) was the inaugural edition of the Asia Cup Rising Stars that was played in November 2025 in Qatar. Eight teams competed in the tournament, including 'A' teams, i.e. the reserve squads from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, as well as three qualifiers from the 2024 ACC Men's Premier Cup. The tournament was organised by the Asian Cricket Council (ACC).
Mélanie Turgeon
Mélanie Turgeon (born October 21, 1976) is a skier and former member of the Canadian national ski team.

A member of the Mont Ste. Anne ski club, Turgeon joined the Canadian national ski team in 1992 at the age of only sixteen. Two years later she collected five medals at the World Junior Championships, including two gold medals in the giant slalom and combined events.

She competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano and the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.

In 2003, she won a gold medal in the downhill event at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in St. Moritz.

Turgeon sustained a back injury that forced her to sit out the entire 2003–2004 season. She announced her retirement from skiing in October 2005.

Alpine skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine Skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events. The speed events were held at Hakuba and the technical events at Shiga Kogen. There were a number of race postponements due to weather; the events began on 10 February and ended on 21 February.
Riverdale High School (Port Byron, Illinois)
Riverdale High School (RHS) is a public four-year high school located at 9622 256th Street North in Port Byron, a village in Rock Island County, Illinois, in the Midwestern United States. RHS is part of Riverdale Community Unit School District 100, which also includes Riverdale Middle School and Riverdale Elementary School. The campus is located 3 miles east of Port Byron, 13 miles northeast of East Moline, and serves a mixed village and rural residential community. The school is a short commute to the Quad Cities and part of the Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, Iowa-metropolitan statistical area.

Rock Island, Illinois
Rock Island is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. The population was 37,108 at the 2020 census. Located at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, it is one of the Quad Cities along with neighboring Moline and East Moline in Illinois and the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. The Quad Cities metropolitan area had a population of 384,324 in 2020.

The city is home to Rock Island Arsenal, the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States, which employs 6,000 people. The original Rock Island, from which the city name is derived, is now called Arsenal Island.
Logsdon
Logsdon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gene Logsdon (1931–2016), American author, critic and farmer

Jimmie Logsdon (1922–2001), American country and rockabilly singer-songwriter

John Logsdon, American political scientist

Joseph Logsdon (1938–1999), American historian

Mayme Logsdon (1881–1967), American mathematician

Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015), American nuclear physicist

Gene Logsdon
Gene Logsdon (November 5, 1931 – May 31, 2016) was an American man of letters, cultural and economic critic, and farmer. He was a prolific author of essays, novels, and nonfiction books about agrarian issues, ideals, and techniques.

Gene Logsdon farmed in Upper Sandusky, Ohio. He wrote many books and hundreds of articles for numerous publications including New Farm, Mother Jones, Orion, Utne Reader, Organic Gardening, Draft Horse Journal[usurped] and the Wall Street Journal.
Troparil
Troparil (also known as (–)-2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-phenyltropane, WIN 35,065-2, or β-CPT) is a stimulant drug used in scientific research. Troparil is a phenyltropane-based dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) that is derived from methylecgonidine. Troparil is a few times more potent than cocaine as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, but is less potent as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and has a duration spanning a few times longer, since the phenyl ring is directly connected to the tropane ring through a non-hydrolyzable carbon-carbon bond. The lack of an ester linkage removes the local anesthetic action from the drug, so troparil is a pure stimulant. This change in activity also makes troparil slightly less cardiotoxic than cocaine. The most commonly used form of troparil is the tartrate salt, but the hydrochloride and naphthalenedisulfonate salts are also available, as well as the free base.

Local anesthetic
A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes unconsciousness. Local anesthetics are most commonly used to eliminate pain during or after surgery. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (local anesthetic nerve block), paralysis (loss of muscle function) also can be induced.
Dzze
Dzze (Ꚉ ꚉ; italics: Ꚉ ꚉ) is a letter of the old Abkhaz, Ossetic and Komi alphabets. It represents the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate (d͡ʑ).

In Ossetian, it was later replaced with digraph Dz (currently Дз).

It is used to distinguish the affricate /d͜z/ from the sequence d-z in some phonetic dictionaries.

Affricate
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, generally spelled ch and j, respectively.
Killing of Hunter Brittain
At approximately 3:00 am (CDT) on Wednesday, June 23, 2021, 17-year-old Hunter Brittain, who was unarmed, was fatally shot by Lonoke County sheriff's deputy Sgt. Michael Davis near Cabot, Arkansas, United States. He later died at North Little Rock Hospital.

Cabot, Arkansas
Cabot is the largest city in Lonoke County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 26,569, and in 2024 the population was an estimated 27,575, ranking it as the state's 19th largest city, behind Jacksonville. It is part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway metropolitan area.