hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spectral power distribution
In radiometry, photometry, and color science, a spectral power distribution (SPD) measurement describes the power per unit area per unit wavelength of an illumination (radiant exitance). More generally, the term spectral power distribution can refer to the concentration, as a function of wavelength, of any radiometric or photometric quantity (e.g. radiant energy, radiant flux, radiant intensity, radiance, irradiance, radiant exitance, radiosity, luminance, luminous flux, luminous intensity, illuminance, luminous emittance).

Knowledge of the SPD is crucial for optical-sensor system applications. Optical properties such as transmittance, reflectivity, and absorbance as well as the sensor response are typically dependent on the incident wavelength.

Optical properties
The optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light. The optical properties of matter are studied in optical physics (a subfield of optics) and applied in materials science. The optical properties of matter include:

Refractive index

Dispersion

Transmittance and Transmission coefficient

Absorption

Scattering

Turbidity

Reflectance and Reflectivity (reflection coefficient)

Albedo

Perceived color

Fluorescence

Phosphorescence

Photoluminescence

Optical bistability

Dichroism

Birefringence

Optical activity

Photosensitivity

A basic distinction is between isotropic materials, which exhibit the same properties regardless of the direction of the light, and anisotropic ones, which exhibit different properties when light passes through them in different directions.

The optical properties of matter can lead to a variety of interesting optical phenomena.
Dęby Wolskie-Kolonia
Dęby Wolskie-Kolonia [ˈdɛmbɨ ˈvɔlskʲɛ kɔˈlɔɲa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rusiec, within Bełchatów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-west of Rusiec, 33 km (21 mi) west of Bełchatów, and 68 km (42 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Bełchatów County
Bełchatów County (Polish: powiat bełchatowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Bełchatów, which lies 47 kilometres (29 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Zelów, lying 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Bełchatów.

The county covers an area of 969.21 square kilometres (374.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 112,640, out of which the population of Bełchatów is 62,062, that of Zelów is 8,173, and the rural population is 42,405.
2009–10 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Women's 3000 and 5000 metres
The 3000 and 5000 metres distances for women in the 2009–10 ISU Speed Skating World Cup were contested over six races on six occasions, out of a total of nine World Cup occasions for the season, with the first occasion taking place in Berlin, Germany, on 6–8 November 2009, and the final occasion taking place in Heerenveen, Netherlands, on 12–14 March 2010.

Martina Sáblíková of the Czech Republic successfully defended her title from the previous season, while Stephanie Beckert of Germany came second, and Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, also of Germany, came third.

Heerenveen
Heerenveen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦeːrə(ɱ)ˈveːn] ⓘ, West Frisian: It Hearrenfean [ət ˌjɛrn̩ˈfɪən] ⓘ, Stellingwerfs: et Vene) is a town and municipality in the province of Friesland (Fryslân), in the Northern Netherlands. In 2021, the town had a population of 29,790 (1 January) while the municipality had a population of 50,859 (1 July).

The town itself is located southeast of Sneek and southwest of Drachten. Heerenveen is the oldest peat canal village in the Netherlands. Heerenveen is the fourth-largest place in Friesland in terms of population, but is not one of the eleven Frisian cities.

The municipality was formed on 1 July 1934, from parts of former municipalities Aengwirden and Schoterland, and a portion of the municipality of Haskerland. Boarnsterhim also merged into Heerenveen on 1 January 2014.
Leopoldine Kulka
Leopoldine Kulka (31 March 1872 – 2 January 1920) was an Austrian writer and editor. As editor of Neues Frauenleben she controversially met women from combatant countries at the 1915 Women's conference at the Hague which led to the creation of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) is a non-profit non-governmental organization working "to bring together women of different political views and philosophical and religious backgrounds determined to study and make known the causes of war and work for a permanent peace" and to unite women worldwide who oppose oppression and exploitation. WILPF has national sections in 37 countries.

The WILPF is headquartered in Geneva and maintains a United Nations office in New York City.
Raney Peak
Raney Peak (77°13′02″S 160°31′17″E﻿ / ﻿77.21722°S 160.52139°E﻿ / -77.21722; 160.52139) is a symmetrical peak rising to 2,050 metres (6,730 ft) between Rim Glacier and Sprocket Glacier, Victoria Land. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2007 after Michele E. Raney, who was a physician with the 1979 winter party at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. She was the first female to winter at an Antarctic inland station.

Willett Range
The Willett Range (77°18′S 160°25′E﻿ / ﻿77.300°S 160.417°E﻿ / -77.300; 160.417﻿ (Willett Range)) is the range extending north from Mistake Peak and running for 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) as a high shelf along the edge of the continental ice to the Mackay Glacier, in Victoria Land. 
The range is breached by several glaciers flowing east from the plateau.
Jubilant Bhartia Group
The Jubilant Bhartia Group is an Indian conglomerate with interests in pharmaceuticals, food services, agribusiness, energy, and other services. It was founded in 1978 by Shyam Sundar Bhartia and Hari Bhartia and is headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

Domino's
Domino's IP Holder LLC is an American multinational pizza restaurant chain founded in 1960. The corporation is Delaware-domiciled and headquartered at the Domino's Farms office park in Ann Arbor Township, near Ann Arbor, Michigan. As of 2018, Domino's had approximately 15,000 stores, with 5,649 in the United States, 1,500 in India, and 1,249 in the United Kingdom. Domino's has stores in more than 83 countries and 5,701 cities worldwide.
Grant Blackwood
Grant Blackwood (born June 7, 1964) is an American thriller writer and ghostwriter from Austin, Minnesota. He wrote the Briggs Tanner series. He co-authored with Clive Cussler Spartan Gold which reached number 10 on the New York Times Hardcover Fiction Best Sellers list. Blackwood spent three years as an Operations Specialist and pilot rescue swimmer aboard a guided missile frigate and is a veteran of the United States Navy.

Austin, Minnesota
Austin is a city in and the county seat of Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 26,174 at the 2020 census. The town was originally settled along the Cedar River and has two artificial lakes, East Side Lake and Mill Pond. It was named for Austin R. Nichols, the area's first European settler. It is part of the Rochester–Austin combined statistical area.

Hormel Foods Corporation is Austin's largest employer, and the city is sometimes called "SPAM Town USA". Austin is home to Hormel's corporate headquarters, a factory that makes most of North America's SPAM tinned meat, and the Spam Museum. Austin is also home to the Hormel Institute, a leading cancer research institution operated by the University of Minnesota with significant support from the Mayo Clinic.
Kavbiuro
The Kavbiuro or Kavburo (Russian: Кавбюро), officially the Caucasus Bureau (Russian: Кавказское бюро), was the regional decision-making organ of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in the Caucasus from 1920 to 1922. Established on April 8, 1920 under the leadership of Sergo Ordzhonikidze, it aimed to "coordinate the work of [the] Communists in Caucasia." The organization was based at Pyatigorsk until July 1920, at Armavir until October 1920, at Rostov-on-Don until March 1921, and finally at Tiflis.

Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don, or simply Rostov, is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don river delta. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural, educational, economic and logistical centre of Southern Russia.
Cat Stevens' comments about Salman Rushdie
Following Ayatollah Khomeini's 14 February 1989 death fatwa against author Salman Rushdie, after the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses, British musician Yusuf Islam (previously and better known by his stage name Cat Stevens), made statements endorsing the killing of Rushdie, generating sharp criticism from commentators in the West.

In response, Yusuf Islam said that some of his comments were "stupid and offensive jokes" made in "bad taste," while others were merely giving his interpretation of Islamic law but not advocating any action. Islam also said that later in the same programme he promised to accept the judgment of a British court if it found Rushdie innocent of any crime, blasphemy or otherwise.

Geoffrey Robertson
Geoffrey Ronald Robertson (born 30 September 1946) is an Australian and British barrister, academic, author and broadcaster. Robertson is a founder and a former joint head of Doughty Street Chambers. He serves as a Master of the Bench at the Middle Temple, a recorder, and visiting professor at Queen Mary University of London.
2009–10 Welsh Premier League
The 2009–10 Welsh Premier League was the 18th season of the Welsh Premier League since its establishment in 1992 as the League of Wales. It began on 14 August 2009 and ended on 24 April 2010. Rhyl were the defending champions.

Port Talbot Town F.C.
Port Talbot Town Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Pêl Droed Port Talbot) is a Welsh football club from Port Talbot. It was founded in 1901 as Port Talbot Athletic, one of the first clubs in the country. The club plays in the South Wales Premier League, and is based at Victoria Road.
Per Terje Vold
Per Terje Vold ( 6 April 1945 - 30 July 2025) was a Norwegian civil servant and businessperson.

He grew up at the Engan farm in Røros Municipality, and attended school both at Røros and at Orkdal. He studied science at the University of Oslo and economics at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in Bergen, Norway, and started his career in the oil section of the Norwegian Ministry of Industry. He then worked in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris.  He was Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in Storebrand from 1992 to 1994.

After Storebrand he worked in Statoil. He was also a board member of DnB NOR and Oslo Jazzfestival. In 1998 he became the new director of the Federation of Norwegian Process Industries, a position he left in 2004. He was succeeded by Stein Lier-Hansen. Vold was then director of the Norwegian Oil Industry Association from 2004 to 2010. He was succeeded by Gro Brækken on 1 January 2010.

Federation of Norwegian Process Industries
The Federation of Norwegian Process Industries (Norwegian: Prosessindustriens Landsforening, PIL) was an employers' organisation in Norway, organized under the national Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise. On 1 January 2006 it was merged with the Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries to form the Federation of Norwegian Industries.
George's Creek and Cumberland Railroad
The Georges Creek and Cumberland Railroad (GC&C) was a railroad that operated in Maryland from 1876 until 1917, when it was merged with the Western Maryland Railway (WM). The main line ran from Cumberland to Lonaconing.

Lonaconing, Maryland
Lonaconing is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States, located along the Georges Creek Valley. It is part of the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Lonaconing had a population of 1,001.
Samurai Girl: Real Bout High School
Samurai Girl: Real Bout High School (Japanese: 召喚教師リアルバウトハイスクール, Hepburn: Shoukan Kyoushi Riaru Bauto Hai Sukūru) is a Japanese light novel series written by Reiji Saiga and illustrated by Sora Inoue. It was serialized in Dragon Magazine from 1997 to 2010. A manga adaptation by the same authors was serialized in Monthly Comic Dragon from 1998 to 2001. A 13-episode anime television series was produced by Gonzo in 2001. It is set in a school called Daimon High, where disagreements among the student body are settled by martial arts matches called K-Fights. (The "K" stands for kenka, meaning "street fight".)

Kendo
Kendo (Japanese: 剣道, Hepburn: Kendō; lit. 'sword way'  or 'sword path'  or 'way of the sword') is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world.
Armin von Büren
Armin von Büren (20 April 1928 – 10 February 2018) was a Swiss cyclist. A professional from 1948 to 1962 and a specialist in six-day races, he competed in 58 and won 13. He also won the European Madison Championships in 1953 and 1954 and the European Omnium Championships in 1956. He also occasionally competed on the road and won the Tour du Lac Léman in 1951 and 1953.

His brothers Oskar and Émile were also professional cyclists.

Six Days of Hanover
The Six Days of Hanover was a six-day track cycling race held annually in Hanover, Germany until 1981.

Émile Carrara won in two editions.

In 2011, 30 years after the last edition, an attempt to reorganize the event failed.
Annie Kibanji
Annie Kibanji  (born 13 May 1991) is a Zambian footballer who plays as a defender for the Zambia women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 2014 African Women's Championship. On club level she played for Green Buffaloes F.C. in Zambia.

Green Buffaloes F.C.
Green Buffaloes Football Club is a Zambian professional football club based in Lusaka that competes in the Zambia Super League, the top flight of Zambian football. Founded in 1965 as the Zambian Army Football Club, an association football extension of the Zambian Army, it plays its home matches at the Independence Stadium.

Having previously dominated Zambian football from the early 1970s until the late 1990s, it is one of the country's most successful club winning every single current and historic title on offer. This collection includes 5 League Cups, 4 Shield Challenge Cups, 3 Charity Shields, 2 Heroes and Unit Cups, 3 Champion of Champions Cups and one of the Zambian Challenge Cup, Mosi Cup and Barclays/ABSA Cup.

Green Buffaloes is among four Zambian teams to have won three league titles in a row. In 1975 and 1979, the club won the domestic treble of the League, Champion of Champions and Shield Challenge Cup titles.
Marber
Marber is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andreas Marber (born 1961), German playwright and dramaturge

Ian Marber (born 1963), nutrition therapist and author

Patrick Marber (born 1964), English comedian, playwright, director, puppeteer, actor and screenwriter

Romek Marber (1925–2020), Polish freelance designer

Andreas Marber
Andreas Marber (born 1961 in Radolfzell) is a German playwright and dramaturge.

Marber wrote began his career at the Children and Young People's State of Esslingen. In 1988 he moved to the Municipal Theater Bielefeld, 1989 to 1993 he worked under Friedrich Schirmer at the Theater Freiburg. After the change to the State Theater in Stuttgart in 1996, Marber worked as an executive dramaturge at the Schauspielhaus Bochum. After a short stint at the Schauspielhaus in Hamburg in 2000, he worked as a freelance writer and now lives in Hamburg.

Marber has worked among others with Stephan Kimmig, Jürgen Kruse, Leander Haußmann, and Johann Kresnik. In 1994 he received a scholarship from the Arts Foundation of Stuttgart. In 1995 he received the Schiller Memorial Prize of Baden-Wuerttemberg.

Besides his own pieces, he wrote numerous adaptations, including Lüsistrata (1984), Der 'kleine Unterschied' und seine großen Folgen (1991) und Beat Generation (2007).
Texas State Highway 155
State Highway 155 (SH 155) is a highway in the U.S. state of Texas. It runs from Palestine to Linden as a mostly divided highway by way of Tyler.

From Palestine to Linden, SH 155 is part of the Blue Star Memorial Highway.

Blue Star Memorial Highway
Blue Star Memorial Highways are highways in the United States that are marked to pay tribute to the U.S. armed forces. The National Council of State Garden Clubs, now known as National Garden Clubs, Inc., started the program in 1945 after World War II. The blue star was used on service flags to denote a service member fighting in the war. The program has since been expanded to include Memorial Markers and Memorial By-ways (since 1994). These markers are used in National Cemeteries, parks, veterans facilities, and gardens.
Syrianska FC
Syrianska Football Club, also known as Syrianska FC or simply Syrianska, is a Swedish professional football club based in Södertälje in Stockholm County. The club was founded by Syriac-Aramean immigrants in 1977 as Suryoyo Sportklubb, or Suryoyo SK. In 1986, its name was changed to Syrianska SK. The club adopted its present name as it grew and advanced through the league system. In 2010, after two years in Superettan, Syrianska was promoted to Allsvenskan (the highest tier in Swedish football) for the first time in club history. This made Syrianska FC the 61st team to play in Allsvenskan. Since the Syriac people do not have an official national team, Syrianska is often seen as a substitute.

Syrianska FC has a worldwide fan base. Their promotion to Allsvenskan received extensive coverage on Swedish TV sports programs and in documentaries and domestic and foreign magazines.

Swedish football league system
The Swedish football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in Sweden which is controlled by the Swedish Football Association and consists of 288 teams in 22 leagues divided into five levels. Below those five levels, additional regional levels numbered six to ten exist but these lower leagues are controlled by the regional associations and not by the nationwide association. There is, however, promotion and relegation to and from all levels. As of 2013, there were a total of 2510 teams in the Swedish league system of which 299 of them were reserve teams.
Herbert Asbury
Herbert Asbury (September 1, 1891 – February 24, 1963) was an American journalist and writer best known for his books detailing crime during the 19th and early-20th centuries, such as Gem of the Prairie: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld, The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld, Sucker's Progress: An Informal History of Gambling in America  and The Gangs of New York.

The Gangs of New York was later adapted for film as Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002). However, the film adaptation of Gangs of New York was so loose that Gangs was nominated for "Best Original Screenplay" rather than as a screenplay adapted from another work.

Francis Asbury
Francis Asbury (August 20 or 21, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was a British-American Methodist minister who became one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. During his 45 years in the colonies and the newly independent United States, he devoted his life to ministry, traveling on horseback and by carriage thousands of miles to those living on the frontier.

Asbury spread Methodism in British colonial America and the United States as part of the Second Great Awakening. He also founded several schools during his lifetime, although his own formal education was limited. His journal is valuable to scholars for its account of frontier society, with references to many towns and villages in Colonial America.  Along with John and Charles Wesley, Asbury is often celebrated as one of the founders of the Methodist Church in the USA.
Rich Renner
Rich L. Renner (born c. 1974) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Midwestern State University, a position he has held since 2024. He also coached for Louisville, Austin Peay, and West Texas A&M before becoming a long-time assistant for Midwestern State from 2006 to 2023. He played college football for Louisville as a linebacker.

Midwestern State University
Midwestern State University (MSU Texas) is a public liberal arts university in Wichita Falls, Texas. As of fall 2025, MSU Texas enrolled 5,287 students. It is the state's only public institution focused on the liberal arts.
2001 Volvo Women's Open – Doubles
Yayuk Basuki and Caroline Vis were the defending champions, but Vis did not compete this year. Basuki teamed up with Tamarine Tanasugarn and lost in semifinals to tournament winners Åsa Carlsson and Iroda Tulyaganova.

Carlsson and Tulyaganova won the title by defeating Liezel Huber and Wynne Prakusya 4–6, 6–3, 6–3 in the final.

Iroda Tulyaganova
Iroda Tulyaganova (Uzbek: Ирода Тўлаганов, romanized: Iroda To'laganova; born 7 January 1982) is a former professional tennis player from Uzbekistan.

Tulyaganova has career-high WTA rankings of 16 in singles (reached in June 2002) and 28 in doubles (September 2002). She won three singles titles and four doubles titles on the WTA Tour.

Tulyaganova retired from professional tennis in 2010.
Fort Lisa (Nebraska)
Fort Lisa (1812–1823) was established in 1812 in what is now North Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska by famed fur trader Manuel Lisa and the Missouri Fur Company, which was based in Saint Louis.  The fort was associated with several firsts in Nebraska history: Lisa was the first European farmer in Nebraska; it was the first settlement by American citizens set up in the then-recent Louisiana Purchase; Lisa's wife (his third) was the first woman resident of European descent in Nebraska; and the first steamboat to navigate Nebraska waters, the Western Engineer, arrived at Fort Lisa in September 1819.

Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands.

Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas.