hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Appenzell
Appenzell (German pronunciation: [ˈapn̩ˌtsɛl] ⓘ) was a canton in the northeast of Switzerland, and entirely surrounded by the canton of St. Gallen, in existence from 1403 to 1597.

Appenzell became independent of the Abbey of Saint Gall in 1403 and entered a league with the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1411, becoming a full member in 1513. It was divided into Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden in 1597 (in a process called the Landteilung) as a result of the Swiss Reformation.

The territory of Appenzell as a geographical entity is known as Appenzellerland. In political contexts, the two cantons (until 1999 half-cantons) are referred to as beide Appenzell ('both Appenzells').

Partition (politics)
In international relations, a partition is a division of a previously unified territory into two or more parts.

Brendan O'Leary distinguishes partition, a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community, from secession, which takes place within existing recognized political units. For Arie Dubnov and Laura Robson, partition is the physical division of territory along ethno-religious lines into separate nation-states.: 1
Barmouth Bay
Barmouth Bay (Welsh: Bae Bermo) is a bay in Gwynedd on the west coast of Wales, forming a part of the much larger Cardigan Bay. The coast fronting onto the bay is within the Snowdonia National Park at its northern and southern extremities but the coastal town of Barmouth and village of Fairbourne at the back of the bay are excluded from the designated area. Inland of the bay is the sandy Mawddach estuary, through which the tidal channel of the river winds before emptying into the bay beyond Fairbourne Spit, a shingle promontory stretching north from Fairbourne. A sandbank known as 'The Bar' guards the entrance to this channel from Cardigan Bay. The Cambrian Coast Line runs along the narrow coastal strip at the back of the bay, crossing the Mawddach via Barmouth Bridge which also carries the Wales Coast Path.

Barmouth
Barmouth (formal Welsh: Abermaw, or Abermawddach; colloquially Y Bermo) is a seaside town and community in the county of Gwynedd, north-west Wales; it lies on the estuary of the Afon Mawddach and Cardigan Bay. Located in the historic county of Merionethshire, the Welsh form of the name is derived from aber (estuary) and the river's name, Mawddach. The English form of the name is a corruption of the earlier Welsh form Abermawdd. The community includes the villages of Llanaber, Cutiau and Caerdeon.
Tom Brown (British Army soldier)
Sir Thomas Brown (1705–1746) was born in Kirkleatham, in Yorkshire, in the north-east region of England.  He was a hero of the Battle of Dettingen (27 June 1743), in Bavaria during the War of the Austrian Succession; the last time that a British monarch, in this case King George II, personally led his own country's troops into battle.

North East England
North East England, often referred to as simply the North East within England, is one of nine official regions of England. It consists of County Durham, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear and part of North Yorkshire. With 2.6 million residents in 2022, it is the least populous region of England. Its largest settlements include Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, Middlesbrough, Gateshead, Darlington and Hartlepool. The North East is covered by two mayoral combined authorities: North East Combined Authority and Tees Valley Combined Authority. It is one of three regions, the other two being North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber, that make up Northern England.
2005 Dwars door Vlaanderen
The 2005 Dwars door Vlaanderen was the 60th edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 23 March 2005. The race started in Kortrijk and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Niko Eeckhout.

Niko Eeckhout
Niko Eeckhout (born 16 December 1970) is a Belgian former road racing cyclist who rode professionally between 1992 and 2013. He was the 2005–2006 UCI Europe Tour Series Champion and won the 2006 Belgian National Cycling Championship Road Race. After retiring from racing he became a coach, initially with his final professional team An Post–Chain Reaction.
Dicey
Dicey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

A. V. Dicey (1835–1922), British jurist and constitutional theorist

Bill Dicey (1936–1993), American blues harmonicist and singer

Cluer Dicey  (1715–1775), English newspaper proprietor and publisher

Edward Dicey (1832–1911),  British author, editor and journalist

William Dicey (1690–1756), British  printer, publisher, and medicine seller

Cluer Dicey
Cluer Dicey (28 January 1715 – 3 October 1775) was an English newspaper proprietor, publisher of street literature, printseller and patent medicine seller, in London and later in Northampton. He was also proprietor of the Northampton Mercury newspaper from 1756 until his death in October 1775. Likewise he inherited and developed a huge distribution network in England for patent medicines.
Johann Salver
Johann Salver (ca. 1670–1738) was a German engraver from the town of Forchheim, and the father of Johann Octavian Salver.

Salver is the author of Die Gross und Landmeister des Deutschen Ordens containing 51 plates, published in Würzburg in 1716, and the series on the Würzburg prince-bishops titled Geschicht-Schreiber von dem Bischoffthum Wirtzburg, published in 1713.

Prince-bishop
A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty, as opposed to Prince of the Church itself, a title associated with cardinals. Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell, Catalonia, who has remained ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra, along with the French president.
Group 13 Rugby League
The Group 13 Rugby league Competition is a defunct New South Wales Country Rugby League group competition which was run under the auspices of the Club Rugby League. It was disbanded after the 1991 Season. It covered an area comprising the southernmost parts of inland New South Wales and even some parts of Northern Victoria. The group was born from the Far South Rugby League and Wagga Rugby League, and was originally called Group 18 between 1934 and 1936.

The Far South Rugby League comprised Albury, Holbrook, Henty, Culcairn, Tumbarumba, The Rock and Yerong Creek whilst Wagga Rugby League comprised Wagga Magpies, Wagga Old Boys, Borambola, Farm and Militia.

Many towns and teams competed in Group 13 between 1934 and 1991. Four Grades were contested: First Grade, Reserve Grade, Under 18s and Under 16s. After the 1991 season, the remaining clubs joined the Group 9 Rugby League Competition or went into recess; many later ended up in the Victorian-administered Murray Cup.

NRL Victoria
NRL Victoria (abbreviated as NRLVic, and formerly the Victorian Rugby League) is responsible for administering the game of rugby league in Victoria, Australia. Victoria is an Affiliated State of the overall Australian governing body the National Rugby League. The VRL commenced in 1952 and has been running each year since.

NRL Victoria administers the Storm Premiership in Melbourne, and the regional Goulburn Murray Storm Premiership competitions.

Prior to 2013 NRL Victoria was known as the Victorian Rugby League before the NRL completed a full rebranding exercise and renamed all affiliate states.

Over the years the VRL have produced a number of juniors for the Melbourne Storm, SG Ball, NYC and NRL teams.
Edward A. Burdick
Edward Arthur Burdick (December 26, 1921 – March 9, 2011) was a nonpartisan former chief clerk and parliamentarian of the Minnesota House of Representatives and the past national president of the American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries (ASLCS).

Burdick served the citizens of the State of Minnesota more than 60 years until his "final" retirement from the legislature in 2005. According to Minnesota Public Radio and the Board of Commissioners of Blue Earth County in Minnesota, Burdick introduced 80,953 bills and 23,268 were signed into law by the Governor. Former Governor Tim Pawlenty characterized Burdick as "a Minnesota icon and a Minnesota institution" for his legendary service to the nation. Burdick was nationally known as the "Dean" of parliamentary procedures and legislative affairs. To recognize and honor his public service, the Minnesota Legislature erected a bronze bust of Burdick in the State Capitol at his "first" retirement in 1994.

National Conference of State Legislatures
The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), established in 1975, is a "nonpartisan public officials' association composed of sitting state legislators" from the states, territories and commonwealths of the United States.
Ped Chern-yim
Thanya Phowichit, better known by the stage name Ped Chern-yim (born June 8, 1954 at Huai Yot District Trang Province) is a Thai comedian. He is best known as co-founder of famous comedian group Chern-yim which he also played, and once the president of National Comedy Association of Thailand. He was also Vice-Mannger of BEC-TERO.

Besides working in show business, he also served as football manager for Trang F.C. and Thailand women's national under-19 football team. He was also a member of central committee of Football Association of Thailand.

He graduated at Chandrakasem Rajabhat University Ramkhamhaeng University and PhD. in sports science from Kasetsart University in 2015

He is married to Kampu Patamasut daughter of director and actor Suprawat Patamasut.

Ramkhamhaeng University
Ramkhamhaeng University (RU; Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง, RTGS: Mahawitthayalai Ramkhamhaeng) is Thailand's largest public university. It was named in honour of King Ramkhamhaeng, one of the 5 children of Por Khun Sri-Intharathitaya and Nang Sueng, who was believed to have created the Thai alphabet and for establishing of Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of the Sukhothai Kingdom.: 197 : 25  The university provides an effective and economical way to meet public demand for higher education.

Once completed, Ramkhamhaeng University MRT station on MRT Orange Line will serve the university.

Famous university chant "พ่อกูชื่อศรีแม่กูนางเสืองลูกหลานเต๊มเมือง รามคำแหง" meaning, "My father is Sri, my mother is Sueng, with their abundance of descendants, Ramkhamhaeng".
Trial of Daniel Sickles
The trial of Daniel Sickles was an American criminal trial. It was the first time that a defense of "temporary insanity" was used in American law, and it was one of the most controversial trials of the 19th century. Daniel Sickles was a U.S. representative from the State of New York, and Philip Barton Key II was the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia. On 27 February 1859, Sickles, after learning that Key was having an affair with his wife, Teresa, approached Key in Lafayette Square and shot and killed him. Sickles turned himself in and was charged with murder. Sickles' defense team, which included lawyers James T. Brady and Edwin Stanton, argued that Sickles had been "temporarily insane" at the time of the murder, and therefore was not guilty. The trial was the subject of extensive media coverage, which created its own controversies and destroyed Teresa's reputation. The jury acquitted Sickles after deliberating for 70 minutes.

James T. Brady
James Topham Brady (April 9, 1815 – February 9, 1869) was an American lawyer. Called "one of the most brilliant of all the members of the New York bar", he was born in New York City. Brady studied law in his father's practice before being admitted to the New York bar himself. He is most notable for his career as a criminal lawyer, being involved in numerous high-profile proceedings. He handled fifty-two murder trials and lost only one. Brady died at his home after having suffering two strokes, and was interred in the family vault at Old St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York.
Japanese submarine Ro-57
Ro-57, originally named Submarine No. 46, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type L submarine of the L3 subclass. Except for a few months in 1938, she was in commission from 1922 to 1945. During World War II, she served on second-line duties in Japan.

Japanese Type L submarine
The Type L submarine (L型潜水艦, L-gata Sensuikan) submarines were medium-sized submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), serving during the 1920s and World War II. The Type L submarines were built with Vickers naval technical guidance. All boats were built in the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-Kobe Shipyard by the contract with Vickers.
Resuscitation of a Hanged Man
Resuscitation of a Hanged Man is a novel by Denis Johnson published in 1991 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

The story explores the struggles of a private investigator, Leonard English, to become a person of religious faith, and his isolated descent into madness.

Private investigator
A private investigator (often abbreviated to PI; also known as a private detective, an inquiry agent or informally a private eye) is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake investigatory law services. Private investigators often work for attorneys to problem solve in civil and criminal cases.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)
The following is a timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom from July 2022 to December 2022.

There are significant differences in the legislation and the reporting between the countries of the UK: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. The numbers of cases and deaths are reported on a government Web site updated daily during the pandemic. The UK-wide COVID Symptom Study based on surveys of four million participants, endorsed by authorities in Scotland and Wales, run by health science company ZOE, and analysed by King's College London researchers, publishes daily estimates of the number of new and total current COVID-19 infections (excluding care homes) in UK regions, without restriction to only laboratory-confirmed cases.

Isle of Man Government
The Isle of Man Government (Manx: Reiltys Ellan Vannin) is the government of the Isle of Man. The formal head of the Isle of Man Government is the Lieutenant Governor, the personal representative of the Lord of Mann (currently Charles III). The executive head is the Chief Minister.

Douglas, the capital city in the Isle of Man, home to the seat of government, is where most Government offices and the parliament chambers (Tynwald) are located.

The Civil Service has more than 2,000 employees and the total number of public sector employees including civil servants, teachers, nurses, police, etc. was 7,413 full-time equivalent on 31 March 2019. This is just under 10% of the population of the Island and 21% of the working population. This does not include any military forces, as defence is the constitutional responsibility of the United Kingdom.
Mount Fraser (South Georgia)
Mount Fraser (54°37′S 36°21′W﻿ / ﻿54.617°S 36.350°W﻿ / -54.617; -36.350) is a mountain, 1,610 metres (5,280 ft) high, standing on the south coast of South Georgia immediately north of Novosilski Bay. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey in the period 1951–57, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Francis C. Fraser, a British zoologist who was a member of the scientific staff at the Discovery Investigations Marine Station, Grytviken, 1926–27, 1928–29, and 1930, and who also worked on the Discovery in 1927, and on the Discovery II between 1929 and 1931.

RRS Discovery II
RRS Discovery II was a British Royal Research Ship which, during her operational lifetime of about 30 years, carried out considerable hydrographical and marine biological survey work in Antarctic waters and the Southern Ocean in the course of the Discovery Investigations research program.  Built in Port Glasgow, launched in 1928 and completed in 1929, she was the first purpose-built oceanographic research vessel and was named after Robert Falcon Scott's 1901 ship, RRS Discovery.
Prune juice
Prune juice is a fruit juice derived from prunes (dried plums) that have been rehydrated. It is mass-produced, usually via hot extraction, though juice concentrate is typically produced using a low-temperature method. It may be used as a dietary supplement to act as a laxative.

It is an ingredient in many novelty cocktails, such as the Purple Dragon and Constipolitan. It is also sometimes used as a flavor enhancer in tobacco products.

Cocktail
A cocktail is a mixed drink, usually  alcoholic. Most commonly, a cocktail is a combination of one or more spirits mixed with other ingredients, such as juices, flavored syrups, tonic water, shrubs, and bitters. Cocktails vary widely across regions of the world, and many websites publish both original recipes and their own interpretations of older and more famous cocktails.
Oppey Abbey
Oppey Abbey (November 5, 1945 – February 22, 2019) was a Ghanaian politician and a member of the Fourth Parliament of the Fourth Republic representing the Awutu-Senya Constituency in the Central Region of Ghana.

Central Region (Ghana)
The Central Region is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. Ashanti and Eastern regions border it to the north, Western region to the west, Greater Accra region to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Central Region is renowned for its many elite high schools and an economy based on an abundance of industrial minerals and tourism. The Central region has tourist attractions including castles, forts and beaches along the region's coastline.
Emil Caswell
Christianity portal

Emil George Henry Caswell was the Dean of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown, Guyana, from 1894 until 1910.

Born in 1854,  he was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and began his career with curacies at St Mary, West Rainton, and St Andrew's, Auckland, before incumbencies at Hunwick and Bishopwearmouth. After his spell overseas, he returned to the North East as Vicar of St John's, Darlington, now defunct.

Caswell died of heart failure in Darlington on 16 May 1913, aged 59. He and his wife, Ethel, had six children.

North East England
North East England, often referred to as simply the North East within England, is one of nine official regions of England. It consists of County Durham, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear and part of North Yorkshire. With 2.6 million residents in 2022, it is the least populous region of England. Its largest settlements include Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, Middlesbrough, Gateshead, Darlington and Hartlepool. The North East is covered by two mayoral combined authorities: North East Combined Authority and Tees Valley Combined Authority. It is one of three regions, the other two being North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber, that make up Northern England.
Willem III Rowing Club
Willem III Rowing Club is one of the largest and oldest rowing clubs in The Netherlands. It is located on the south side of Amsterdam, on the bank of the River Amstel. The club also has training facilities near the Bosbaan, the former Olympic course on the south-west side of Amsterdam. It is a member of the Royal Dutch Rowing Federation (KNRB).

Willem III members include famous rowers like Nico Rienks (gold medals at the 1996 and 1988 Olympic games), Ester Workel (silver medal at the 2004 Olympic games and 2005 World Championship and Herman Boelen (medal at the 1964 Olympic games).

Willem III organises the Head of the River Amstel every year. This is an annual rowing race between Amsterdam and Ouderkerk aan de Amstel Austel.

Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
Ouderkerk aan de Amstel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʌudərkɛr(ə)k aːn də ˈʔɑmstəl]) is a town in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It is largely a part of the municipality of Ouder-Amstel; it lies about 9 km south of Amsterdam. A small part of the town lies in the municipality of Amstelveen. It is connected to Amsterdam by the river Amstel. There is another village called Ouderkerk in South Holland, Ouderkerk aan den IJssel.
Doug Graber
Douglas Graber (born September 26, 1944) is an American former football coach. He graduated from Wayne State University (1966) in Detroit, Michigan. He began his coaching career at St. Frances Cabrini Elementary School and High School in Allen Park, Michigan. He served as the head football coach at Montana State University in 1982 and at Rutgers University – New Brunswick from 1990 to 1995, compiling a career college football record of 35–41–1. Graber was also the head coach of the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe from 2001 to 2003. He led the Galaxy to an overall record of 16–15, including a World Bowl XI championship.

World Bowl XI
World Bowl XI was NFL Europe's 2003 championship game. It was played at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland on June 14, 2003.

The crowd were entertained pre-match by Scottish rock legend Fish performing a rousing rendition of “Caledonia”. Half time entertainment was headlined by the popular Sugababes.

The game was between the 6–4 Rhein Fire and the 6–4 Frankfurt Galaxy. The Fire was hoping to avenge last year's loss to Berlin, while the Galaxy was looking for their first World Bowl title since 1999. 28,138 fans were in attendance, as the Galaxy easily won 35–16 over the Fire. Galaxy running back Jonas Lewis earned Most Valuable Player honors, when he ran 16 times for 126 yards (World Bowl record) and a touchdown, with his longest run being 42 yards.
Douglas Harrison
Christianity portal

Douglas Ernest William Harrison (30 March 1903 – 22 February 1974) was an Anglican priest.

Born in Bristol, Harrison was educated at Bristol Grammar School and St John's College, Oxford.  He was ordained in 1926 and was a curate at St John's Waterloo, Liverpool. After this he was Vice-Principal of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford until 1942 and then Archdeacon of Sheffield until his appointment as Dean of Bristol.

He was the Dean of Bristol from 1957 to 1972.

St John's College, Oxford
St John's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. Founded as a men's college in 1555, it has been coeducational since 1979. Its founder, Sir Thomas White, intended to provide a source of educated Roman Catholic clerics to support the Counter-Reformation under Queen Mary.

St John's is the wealthiest college in Oxford, with assets worth over £790 million as of 2022, largely due to nineteenth-century suburban development of land in the city of Oxford of which it is the ground landlord.

The college occupies a site on St Giles' and in 2024 had a student body of 419 undergraduates and 244 postgraduates. There are over 100 academic staff, and a like number of other staff. In 2018 St John's topped the Norrington Table, the annual ranking of Oxford colleges' final results, and in 2021, St John's ranked second with a score of 79.8.
Jan-Olof Borgén
Major General Jan-Olof Borgén (born 6 December 1937) is a retired Swedish Army officer. Borgén graduated from the Military Academy Karlberg in Stockholm in 1962. He served in various positions, including platoon leader and company commander, before being promoted to captain in 1970. Over the years, he undertook training courses and held roles in the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. He achieved the rank of major general and served as the Chief of Home Guard from 1994 to 1997, and also held leadership roles in organizations like the National Association of Volunteer Motor Transport Corps.

Chief of Home Guard
The Chief of Home Guard, also called the Chief of the National Swedish Home Guard (Swedish: Rikshemvärnschefen, RiksHvC) is the Swedish Home Guard chief representative. The chief reports to the Chief of Armed Forces Training & Procurement. The Home Guard function and its development are the responsibility of the Chief of Home Guard. As support in their work at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters the Chief of Home Guard has the staff of the Home Guard Department (Rikshemvärnsavdelningen). The Chief of Home Guard with staff (the Home Guard Department, PROD RIKSHV) is part of the Training & Procurement Staff.