hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geology of Togo
The geology of Togo is largely of gneisses and granitic rocks of Proterozoic age in the central and southern part of the country. These are overlain in the coastal zone by Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments. The northern part of Togo has a basement of Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Paleoproterozoic granite. The south of the country is covered in sedimentary basins, covering 3,300 km2 of land. The West African Craton is made up of crystalline structures, ranging in age from the Neoarchean to the Paleoproterozoic age. The North-Dapaong zone, which is located in the West African Craton, migmatites, gneisses, amphibolites, granodiorites and granites are commonly found. The Neoproterozoic Volta Basin contains sedimentary formations on the Birimian bedrocks. These sedimentary formations are divided into two groups: an intra-tillite group and a supra-tillite group.

Basement (geology)
In geology, basement and crystalline basement are crystalline rocks lying above the mantle and beneath all other rocks and sediments. They are sometimes exposed at the surface, but often they are buried under miles of rock and sediment. The basement rocks lie below a sedimentary platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way, the sediments or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a "cover" or "sedimentary cover".

Basement rock consists of continental crustal rock which has been modified several times through tectonic events including deformation, metamorphism, deposition, partial melting and magmatism.
John Colenso
Christianity portal

John William Colenso (24 January 1814 – 20 June 1883) was a British cleric and mathematician, defender of the Zulu people, and biblical scholar, who served as the first Bishop of Natal. He was a scholar of the Zulu language. In his role as an Anglican theologian, Colenso is now remembered for views of the Bible that set off intense controversy.

Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible, with Bible referring to the books of the canonical Hebrew Bible in mainstream Jewish usage and the Christian Bible including the canonical Old Testament and New Testament, respectively. For its theory and methods, the field draws on disciplines ranging from ancient history, historical criticism, philology, theology, textual criticism, literary criticism, historical backgrounds, mythology, and comparative religion.
Mutilated chessboard problem
The mutilated chessboard problem is a tiling puzzle posed by Max Black in 1946 that asks:

Suppose a standard 8×8 chessboard (or checkerboard) has two diagonally opposite corners removed, leaving 62 squares. Is it possible to place 31 dominoes of size 2×1 so as to cover all of these squares?

It is an impossible puzzle: there is no domino tiling meeting these conditions. One proof of its impossibility uses the fact that, with the corners removed, the chessboard has 32 squares of one color and 30 of the other, but each domino must cover equally many squares of each color. More generally, if any two squares are removed from the chessboard, the rest can be tiled by dominoes if and only if the removed squares are of different colors. This problem has been used as a test case for automated reasoning, creativity, and the philosophy of mathematics.

John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. He was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence, and part of just a small group of artificial intelligence researchers in the 1950s and 1960s. He co-authored the proposal for the Dartmouth workshop which coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), led the development of the symbolic programming language family Lisp and had a large influence in the language ALGOL, popularized time-sharing, and created garbage collection.

McCarthy spent most of his career at Stanford University. He received many accolades and honors, such as the 1971 Turing Award for his contributions to the topic of AI, the United States National Medal of Science, and the Kyoto Prize.
Penthouse TV (Canada)
Penthouse TV is a Canadian English language specialty channel that broadcasts adult entertainment material, primarily in the form of pornographic films. The channel's name is licensed from the American men's magazine Penthouse. Penthouse TV is owned by Fifth Dimension Properties Inc, a company wholly owned by Stuart Duncan, majority owner of Ten Broadcasting.

Sex industry
The sex industry, also called the sex trade, consists of businesses that either directly or indirectly provide sex-related products and services or adult entertainment. The industry includes activities involving direct provision of sex-related services, such as prostitution, strip clubs, host and hostess clubs, and sex-related pastimes, such as pornography, adult magazines, sex movies, sex toys, and fetish or BDSM paraphernalia. Sex channels for television and pre-paid sex movies for video on demand, are part of the sex industry, as are adult movie theaters, sex shops, peep shows, and strip clubs. The sex industry employs millions of people worldwide, mainly women. These range from the sex worker, also called adult service provider (ASP), who provides sexual services, to a multitude of support personnel.
Alastair Norcross
Alastair Norcross is an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado at Boulder, specializing in normative ethics, applied ethics, and political philosophy.  He is a defender of utilitarianism.

Applied ethics
Applied ethics is the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadership. For example, bioethics is concerned with identifying the best approach to moral issues in the life sciences, such as euthanasia, the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research. Environmental ethics is concerned with ecological issues such as the responsibility of government and corporations to clean up pollution. Business ethics includes the duties of whistleblowers to the public and to their employers.
Konstantinos (occultist)
Konstantinos is the name of a practicing occultist and neopagan and the author of seven spiritual and occult books on nocturnal witchcraft, all published by Llewellyn Worldwide. In a 2002 interview he mentioned additional plans for an Occult Truth series which was to begin with Vampires: The Occult Truth, with the following book being titled Demons: The Occult Truth. This book was not published, and the following title in the Occult Truth series was Werewolves: The Occult Truth which was released in 2010.

Konstantinos has been working on occult and paranormal topics for over twenty years. He has been a guest on various shows and documentaries. He has also written numerous articles over the years. He appeared on Coast to Coast AM hosted by George Noory.

George Noory
George Ralph Noory (born June 4, 1950) is an American radio talk show host. Since January 2003, Noory has been the weekday host of the late-night radio talk show Coast to Coast AM. The program is syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the U.S. and Canada by Premiere Networks. Noory has also appeared in the History Channel series Ancient Aliens and in Beyond Belief, a subscription-based online video series presented by Gaia.
Who shot J.R.?
"Who shot J.R.?" is an advertising catchphrase created in 1980 by American network CBS to promote the television soap opera Dallas. It referred to the fictional mystery surrounding a murder attempt against arch-villain J.R. Ewing (Larry Hagman) in the show's third-season finale "A House Divided". The mystery and its catchphrase became an American phenomenon, with American, Canadian and Western European odds-makers setting odds for the culprit. The mystery was not resolved until the fourth episode of the fourth season titled "Who Done It" which aired eight months later, with an estimated 83 million American viewers tuning in, one of the most watched television broadcasts in history. The catchphrase has a strong legacy in pop culture and the format helped popularize the cliffhanger ending for television series.

Kristin Shepard
Kristin Marie Shepard is a fictional character on the American television series Dallas, played by Mary Crosby (1979–1981) and, briefly, by Colleen Camp (1979). The character also made one appearance on Dallas's spin-off series, Knots Landing, during its second season.
Klára Peslarová
Klára Peslarová (born 23 November 1996) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. She previously played for the Boston Fleet of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL), and for Brynäs IF Dam and Modo Hockey of the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL). She is also a member of the Czech Republic women's national ice hockey team.

Czechia women's national ice hockey team
The Czech women's national ice hockey team is the national women's ice hockey team of the Czech Republic. Since 2021, the team has been officially known in English as Czechia. The women's national team is controlled by Czech Ice Hockey Association. As of 2021, Czech Republic has 4,142 female players.
Elizabeth Lennox
Elizabeth Lennox (March 16, 1894 – May 3, 1992), also known as Louise Terrell, was an American contralto singer. She made over 150 musical recordings in the 1920s, on the Brunswick, Edison, Victor, and Columbia labels.

Victor Talking Machine Company
The Victor Talking Machine Company was an American recording company and phonograph manufacturer, incorporated in 1901. Victor was an independent enterprise until 1929 when it merged with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and became the  RCA Victor Division of the Radio Corporation of America.

Established in Camden, New Jersey, Victor was the largest and most prestigious firm of its kind in the world, best known for its use of the iconic "His Master's Voice" trademark, the design,  production and marketing of the popular "Victrola" line of phonographs and the company's extensive catalog of operatic and classical music recordings by world famous artists on the prestigious Red Seal label. After Victor merged with RCA in 1929, the company maintained its eminence as America's foremost producer of records and phonographs until the 1960s.
Lobo, Indonesia
Lobo is a village (kampung) in Kaimana district, Kaimana Regency, West Papua, Indonesia, off the coast of Bay of Kaimana. The settlement was established in 1828 by the Dutch. They established the Fort Du Bus at Lobo with the official opening on August 24, 1828.

Fort Du Bus
Fort Du Bus was a Dutch administrative and trading post established in 1828 on Triton Bay on the southwest coast of New Guinea, in the current Indonesian regency of Kaimana, West Papua. Intended to counter British encroachment, it was the first European settlement in the region; it was abandoned in 1835, due to the unhealthy climate and attacks by natives. A monument currently stands on the original site of Fort du Bus.
Leistomorpha brontoscopa
Leistomorpha brontoscopa is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is known from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria.

The larvae feed on the dead leaves of Eucalyptus species, including Eucalyptus bicostata and Eucalyptus bridgesiana. They can be found in dead leaf litter.

Eucalyptus bridgesiana
Eucalyptus bridgesiana, commonly known as apple box, apple, apple gum or but-but, is a medium to large sized tree. It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth grey bark above, glossy green, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and hemispherical fruit.
Arthur Ogus
Arthur Edward Ogus is an American mathematician. His research is in algebraic geometry; he has served as chair of the mathematics department at the University of California, Berkeley.

Ogus did his undergraduate studies at Reed College, graduating in 1968, and earned his doctorate in 1972 from Harvard University under the supervision of Robin Hartshorne. His doctoral students at Berkeley include Kai Behrend.

In September 2015, a conference in honor of his 70th birthday was held at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in France.

Reed College
Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1908, Reed is a residential college with a campus in the Eastmoreland neighborhood, Tudor-Gothic style architecture, and a forested canyon nature preserve at its center. Reed alumni include 123 Fulbright Scholars, 73 Watson Fellows, and three Churchill Scholars.
Chilliwack City Council
Chilliwack City Council is the governing body for the City of Chilliwack, British Columbia. Its powers and responsibilities are regulated through the Local Government Act, and the Community Charter. It has the power of a natural person, the power to expropriate, and the power to establish and enforce bylaws. It raises funds through property taxes and user fees, and can borrow a limited amount through the Municipal Finance Authority of British Columbia to pay for capital costs.

Property tax
A property tax (whose rate is expressed as a percentage or per mille, also called millage) is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.

The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a national government, a federated state, a county or other geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property.

Often a property tax is levied on real estate. It may be imposed annually or at the time of a real estate transaction, such as in real estate transfer tax. This tax can be contrasted with a rent tax, which is based on rental income or imputed rent, and a land value tax, which is a levy on the value of land, excluding the value of buildings and other improvements.

Under a property tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value.
The Sibyl's Visions (Valhalla)
The Sybil's Visions (Danish Vølvens syner, literally The Visions of the Völva) is the 15th and final volume in the Valhalla comic series. The volume is a retelling of the myth of Ragnarök and is, as the original title suggests, primarily based on the Völuspa. Like the other later volumes in the series, it was extensively researched. The result of this research is described in the afterword and in detail in writer Henning Kure's book I begyndelsen var skriget: Vikingetidens myter om skabelsen. ähzfy XOXO cnn

Völuspá
Völuspá (also Vǫluspá, Vǫlospá, or Vǫluspǫ́; Old Norse: 'Prophecy of the völva, a seeress') is the best known poem of the Poetic Edda. It dates back to the tenth century and tells the story from Norse Mythology of the creation of the world, its coming end, and its subsequent rebirth that is related to the audience by a völva addressing Odin. Her name is given twice as Heiðr. The poem is one of the most important primary sources for the study of Norse mythology. Parts of the poem appear in the Prose Edda, but the earliest known wholly preserved version of the poem is in the Codex Regius and Hauksbók manuscripts.
Gaussian optics
Gaussian optics is a technique in geometrical optics that describes the behaviour of light rays in optical systems by using the paraxial approximation, in which only rays which make small angles with the optical axis of the system are considered. In this approximation, trigonometric functions can be expressed as linear functions of the angles. Gaussian optics applies to systems in which all the optical surfaces are either flat or are portions of a sphere. In this case, simple explicit formulae can be given for parameters of an imaging system such as focal length, magnification and brightness, in terms of the geometrical shapes and material properties of the constituent elements.

Gaussian optics is named after mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss, who showed that an optical system can be characterized by a series of cardinal points, which allow one to calculate its optical properties.

Optical properties
The optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light. The optical properties of matter are studied in optical physics (a subfield of optics) and applied in materials science. The optical properties of matter include:

Refractive index

Dispersion

Transmittance and Transmission coefficient

Absorption

Scattering

Turbidity

Reflectance and Reflectivity (reflection coefficient)

Albedo

Perceived color

Fluorescence

Phosphorescence

Photoluminescence

Optical bistability

Dichroism

Birefringence

Optical activity

Photosensitivity

A basic distinction is between isotropic materials, which exhibit the same properties regardless of the direction of the light, and anisotropic ones, which exhibit different properties when light passes through them in different directions.

The optical properties of matter can lead to a variety of interesting optical phenomena.
Perozzi
10027 Perozzi, a minor planet

Christina Perozzi and Hallie Beaune, pair of authors, who together maintain the website TheBeerChicks.com

Teresa Perozzi, a retired Bermudian boxer and former WBA female middleweight champion

Butler-Perozzi Fountain, a fountain in Ashland, Oregon, United States

Christina Perozzi and Hallie Beaune
Christina Perozzi and Hallie Beaune are a pair of authors, who together maintain the website TheBeerChicks.com (originally called "Beer for Chicks"), where they cover beer and alcohol related topics.

In 2009 Perozzi was named "Best Beer Sommelier" by Los Angeles Magazine and in 2012 Perozzi and Beaune published The Naked Pint: An Unadulterated Guide to Craft Beer and hosted the Cooking Channel special Eat This, Drink That.

The two met while working together at Father's Office, a pub in Santa Monica, California.
Crescent Bar, Washington
Crescent Bar is a resort area and census-designated place (CDP) in Grant County, Washington, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 325.

The CDP is on the western edge of the county, on the east side of the Columbia River. A portion of the community occupies an island (Crescent Bar) in the river. The community is 2 miles (3 km) south of Washington State Route 28 at Trinidad. SR 28 leads east 7 miles (11 km) to Quincy and northwest 24 miles (39 km) to Wenatchee.

Resort
A resort (North American English) is a self-contained commercial establishment that aims to provide most of a vacationer's needs. This includes food, drink, accommodation, sports, entertainment and shopping, on the premises. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort and the term resort may be used for a hotel that provides an array of entertainment and recreational activities.

Some resorts are also condominium complexes that offer timeshares or fractional ownership, in addition to wholly owned condominiums. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a single company, but in the late 20th century, this type became more common.

In British English, "resort" means a town which people visit for holidays and day trips, typically containing hotels where holidaymakers stay. Blackpool and Brighton in UK and Ayia Napa in Cyprus are examples of such places.
Zhuganpo Formation
The Zhuganpo Formation is a Triassic geologic unit found in southern China. It has historically been known as the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation. A diverse fossil assemblage known as the Xingyi biota or Xingyi Fauna can be found in the upper part of the Zhuganpo Formation. Fossils of the Xingyi biota include articulated skeletons of marine reptiles, abundant fish, and a plentiful assortment of invertebrates indicating a Ladinian to Carnian age for the sediments of the formation.

Stratigraphic unit
A stratigraphic unit is a volume of rock of identifiable origin and relative age range that is defined by the distinctive and dominant, easily mapped and recognizable petrographic, lithologic or paleontologic features (facies) that characterize it.

Units must be mappable and distinct from one another, but the contact need not be particularly distinct. For instance, a unit may be defined by terms such as "when the sandstone component exceeds 75%".
Davis–Stirling Common Interest Development Act
The Davis–Stirling Common Interest Development Act is the popular name of the portion of the California Civil Code beginning with section 4000, which governs condominium, cooperative, and planned unit development communities in California. Contrary to what the title of the Act suggests, the bill was authored/drafted by University of San Diego School of Law Professor Katharine N. Rosenberry while she served as a Senior Consultant to the California Assembly Select Committee on Common Interest Developments. Assemblymen Lawrence W. "Larry" Stirling and Gray Davis added their names as authors prior to the bill being passed/enacted by the California State Legislature in September 1985. The Act was comprehensively reorganized and recodified by Assembly Bill 805 as of 2014.

Planned unit development
A planned unit development (PUD) is a type of flexible, non-Euclidean zoning device that redefines the land uses allowed within a stated land area. PUDs consist of unitary site plans that promote the creation of open spaces, mixed-use housing and land uses, environmental preservation and sustainability, and development flexibility. Areas rezoned as PUDs include building developments, designed groupings of both varied and compatible land uses—such as housing, recreation, commercial centers, and industrial parks—within one contained development or subdivision. Developed areas vary in size and by zoned uses, such as industrial, commercial, and residential.: 2  Other types of similar zoning devices include floating zones, overlay zones, special district zoning, performance-based codes, and transferable development rights.: 2
Memphis Express
The Memphis Express was a professional American football franchise based in Memphis, Tennessee. It was a member of the Alliance of American Football (AAF) during its single season in 2019. They played their home games at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, and were coached by former NFL player and head coach Mike Singletary.

On April 2, 2019, the league's football operations were reportedly suspended, and on April 4 the league allowed players to leave their contracts to sign with NFL teams.

Mark Malone
Mark M. Malone (born November 22, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils.
Manish Sharma (cricketer, born 1981)
Manish Sharma (born 30 June 1981 in Amritsar, Punjab) is an Indian cricketer who plays for the Chandigarh Lions in the Indian Cricket League. He is a right-hand middle order batsman.

Sharma began playing first-class cricket for Punjab at the age of 19. He played 32 first class matches for Punjab and made his last appearance in 2006. He played 17 matches in list A for Punjab also playing his last match in 2006. He has played 6 matches for Chandigarh Lions in ICL 2007.

Punjab cricket team (India)
The Punjab cricket team is a first-class cricket team that represents the Indian state of Punjab. They have qualified for only one Ranji Trophy semi-final in the last five seasons and made it to the final in the 2004–05 tournament, where they lost to Railways in the first innings. They also play in other domestic cricket tournaments in India. They have been winners of the Ranji Trophy only once, in the 1992–93 season. In 2023-24, they won their maiden Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.